Biotechnologia

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    <title>Biotechnologia</title>
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      <comment>de optogenetica</comment>
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      <text bytes="4345" sha1="cothnsx98swbkxdegdah5hgze173txn" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Protein alignment.jpg|thumb|500px|[[Quattuor]] sequentiae [[acidum aminicum|acidorum aminicorum]] [[haemoglobinum|haemoglobini]], principalis [[sanguis]] [[proteinum|proteini]].]]
'''Biotechnologia''' (-ae, ''f.'') est [[technologia|ars biologica]] quae [[bacterium|bacteriis]], [[fungus|fungis]], [[planta|plantis]], [[animal]]ibus, [[organismus|organis]], [[cellula|cellulis]], [[organellum|organellisque]] utitur ad varia bona creanda, sicut [[cibus|cibos]], [[vestimenta|vestita]], [[medicina]]s, et caetera. Productio [[panis]], [[cervisia]]e, [[vinum|vini]], [[acetum|acetique]] biotechnologia longe utitur. [[Homo|Homines]] temporibus [[Aegyptus|Aegyptorum]] [[faex|faece]] utebantur ut [[carbonii dioxidum]] in [[panis|pane]] cervisiaque efficeretur. [[Romani antiqui|Romani]] [[acetobacterium|acetobacteriis]] usi sunt ut [[vinum]] in [[acetum]] mutetur, sed biotechnologia omnes [[agricultura]]e [[ars|artes]] antiquas cohibet, etiam novas hodiernas laboratioriales{{dubsig}} quas ut agriculturales hodie non considerant. Ecce bona hodierna biotechnologica: [[penicillinum]], [[antibiotica]], [[vaccina]]. At biotechnologia saepe [[Diversitas biologica|biodiversitatem]] violare potest, e.g. [[clonizatio]] humana, si non recte utentur.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Bioethica]]
* [[Biologia molecularis]]
* [[Conventio de Diversitate Biologica]]
* [[Clonizatio]]
* [[Genetica]]
* [[Informatio genetica]]
* [[Ingeniaria biomedica]]
* [[Optogenetica]]
* [[Organismus genetice mutatus]]
* [[Psychotechnologia]]
* [[Prosthesis (instrumentum)]]
* [[Res novae virides]]
* [[Securitas cibaria]]
* [[Transhumanismus]]
* [[Technologia genetica]]
{{div col end}}

==Bibliographia==
* {{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Yali|title=Building Biotechnology: Starting, Managing, and Understanding Biotechnology Companies |url=http://www.buildingbiotechnology.com |publisher=Logos Press |location=Vasingtoniae |year=[[2008]] |isbn=978-0973467635}}
* {{cite book |author=Oliver, Richard W. |title=The Coming Biotech Age |year=2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/comingbiotechage00oliv |isbn=0-07-135020-9 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Powell, Walter W.; White, Douglas R.; Koput, Kenneth W.; Owen-Smith, Jason |title=Network Dynamics and Field Evolution: The Growth of Interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sociology_2005-01_110_4/page/1132 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=1132–1205 |year=[[2005]] |doi=10.1086/421508}} Viviana Zelizer Best Paper in Economic Sociology Award (2005–2006), American Sociological Association.
* {{cite book |last=Zaid |first=A. |coauthors= H. G. Hughes, E. Porceddu, F. Nicholas|title= Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture: A Revised and Augmented Edition of the Glossary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Available in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, Russian, Polish, Serbian, Vietnamese and Kazakh |url= http://www.fao.org/biotech/biotech-glossary/en/|year=[[2001]] |publisher=[[FAO]] |location= Romae|isbn=92-5-104683-2}}

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Biotechnology|Biotechnologiam}}
* [http://naldr.nal.usda.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/E6870001.XML?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&amp;Client=National%20Agricultural%20Library%20Digital%20Repository&amp;Index=AH|AH2|AIB|BIC|Books|ERS|FVMNR|JAR|MP|ROS|Rural|TB|USDA_Div_Bulletin|WPC|YOA1|YOA2&amp;Docs=&amp;Query=biotechnology&amp;Time=&amp;EndTime=&amp;SearchMethod=1&amp;TocRestrict=n&amp;Toc=&amp;TocEntry=&amp;QField=&amp;QFieldYear=&amp;QFieldMonth=&amp;QFieldDay=&amp;UseQField=&amp;IntQFieldOp=1&amp;ExtQFieldOp=1&amp;XmlQuery=&amp;Doc=%3Cdocument%20name%3D%22E6870001.XML%22%20path%3D%22\\NALDR\DIGITAL\ZYFILES\INDEXDATA\ERS\XML\2008\00000002\%22%20index%3D%22ERS%22%2F%3E&amp;File=\\NALDR\DIGITAL\ZYFILES\INDEXDATA\ERS\XML\2008\00000002\E6870001.XML&amp;User=ANONYMOUS&amp;Password=&amp;SortMethod=h|-&amp;MaximumDocuments=20&amp;FuzzyDegree=0&amp;ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&amp;Display=hpfrw&amp;DefSeekPage=f&amp;SearchBack=ZyActionL&amp;Back=ZyActionS&amp;BackDesc=Results%20page ''Agricultural Biotechnology: An Economic Perspective''] (USDA Economic Research Service, 1994), naldr.nal.usda.gov

{{Ars ingeniaria}}
{{Technologia}}

[[Categoria:Biotechnologia]]
[[Categoria:Scientia]]&lt;!--PRO TEM, pro Biotechnologia--&gt;
[[Categoria:Technologia]]&lt;!--PRO TEM, pro Biotechnologia--&gt;
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Technologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hungaria</title>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="11947" sha1="0rqzrtguoea4ymlmjtkmlsnj0b1myav" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa civitatis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Hungaria}}&lt;ref&gt;Forma usitatissima, e.g. in [[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus|Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon universale|Lexico universali]]'' (Lugduni Batavorum: 1698), [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0550a.html p. 550].&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|Ungaria}}&lt;ref&gt;Forma non rara, e.g. in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LEtZAAAAcAAJ Decretis, constitutionibus, et articulis regum inclyti regni Ungariae]'' ([[Tyrnavia]]e: 1696).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Hungarice]] ''Magyarország'' 'Terra Hungarica') est [[res publica]] [[civitas sui iuris|sui iuris]] in [[Europa Media]] sita. [[Caput (oppidum)|Caput]] est [[Budapestinum]].

== Historia ==
=== Origines ===
{{vide-etiam|Praehistoria Hungarica}}
De origine [[gens|gentis]] Hungaricae sub iudice lis est: certum est [[lingua Hungarica|linguam Hungaricam]] [[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|Indoeuropaeam]] non esse. Veri simile videtur Hungaricam [[familia linguarum|familiae linguarum]] [[linguae Uralicae|Uralicarum]] esse adnumerandam, etsi [[vocabulum|vocabula]] plurima e [[lingua|linguis]] [[lingua Turcica|Turcicis]] et ceteris linguis originem capiant.

Hungari, priusquam in [[regio]]ne ubi Hungaria nunc est, sedem figerent, nomadesque fuerunt (sicut [[Scythia|Scythae]]) ac in [[Europa Orientalis|Europa Orientali]], &quot;in Levedia&quot; vixerunt (unde vero huc pervenerint nescitur). Levedia [[regio]] olim fuit, nisi [[historicus|rerum gestarum scriptores]] falluntur, inter fluvios [[Borysthenes|Borysthenem]] et [[Tanais Flumen|Tanaim]] sita, unde Hungari demigraverunt in terram quam Atelküzü sive Etelköz nominare solebant; quae regio in occidentali hodiernae [[Ucraina]]e territorio extendebatur traditur. Non liquet ex antiquis operibus utrum illo tempore Chazaros (gens Turcica, aeque nomades) dominos an solum socios habuerint. Postquam Bisseni, sive Patczinaciti, gens Hungaris infesta, [[colonia]]s Hungaras in Etelköz, absente [[exercitus|exercitu]] Hungarico, infestarunt, Hungari gravi necessitate coacti porro migraverunt, annoque [[896]] regionem [[Montes Carpatici|Montibus Carpaticis]] cinctam (ubi nunc Hungaria est) occupaverunt, [[natio]]nibus ibi habitantibus—[[Bulgari]]s, [[Slavi]]s, [[Moravia|Moravicis]], [[Franci]]s—feliciter debellatis.&lt;ref&gt;Haec omnia ex magna parte ex opere [[Constantinus Porphyrogenitus|Constantini Porphyrogeniti]], [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|imperatoris Constantinopolitani]] condisci possunt, quod ''de administrando imperio'' inscribitur, in quo opere multa de Hungaris antiquis leguntur.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== In Europa ===
Postquam ergo [[Hungari]] duce Árpád anno [[896]] [[Pannonia]]m et quae circa sunt, occupaverunt, expeditiones bellicas fecerunt in diversa [[Europa]]e regna, partim, ut [[potestas (politiac)|potestatem]] suam in Pannonia tutiorem redderent terrorem vicinis populis inicientes, partim, ut penitius [[Europa Occidentalis|Europam Occidentalem]] cognoscerent. Longum foret has expeditiones sigillatim recensere: certe, Hungaricae turmae usque ad [[Francia]]m, [[Hispani]]am, ac [[Byzantium]] pervenerunt. [[Equus|Equos]] habebant non magnos, sed fortes ac [[calor]]em [[frigus]]que aeque tolerantes; et, quantopere [[Arcus (arma)|arcu]] [[sagitta (arma)|sagittisque]] valerent, satis testatur oratio illius temporis: &quot;A sagittis Hungarorum libera nos Domine!&quot; Diu ergo nullus fuit populus qui [[exercitus|exercitum]] Hungaricum superare posset; sed [[Germani]] tandem, artibus Hungarorum in proelio intellectis (postquam enim Hungari simulanter terga verterunt, hostem palantem subito aggredi solebant), exercitum magnum conlegerunt, ac ad [[Merseburga]]m ([[933]]), tum ad [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustam Vindelicorum]] (sive Augsburgum) anno [[955]] Hungaros maxima clade vicerunt. Qua calamitate compulsi Hungari expeditionibus finem fecerunt, ac non multo post [[Geysa]], dux Hungarorum ([[971]]–[[997]]) nuntios in [[Germania]]m misit ad [[sacerdos|sacerdotes]] [[Religio Christiana|christianos]] in Pannoniam invitandos.
[[Fasciculus:Országház (Parlament), 1055 Budapest Kossuth Lajos tér 1-3, Magyarország (Hungary) - panoramio (5).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Aedificium]] parlamenti Hungarici.]]

Geysa mortuo, [[Stephanus I (rex Hungariae)|Stephanus]], Geysae [[filius]], a proceribus princeps electus est. Qui genero suo Koppányio, qui regnum capessere voluisset, feliciter debellato. a [[Sancta Sedes|Sancta Sede]] coronam adeptus die [[25 Decembris]] anni [[1000]] coronatus est. Qui Stephanus, primus Hungariae [[rex]] ([[1000]]–[[1038]]) [[religio Christiana|religionem Christianam]] in regno stabiliavit. Dioeceses decem, ac archidioeceses duo condidit; plura [[monasterium|monasteria]] fundavit; plurimae denique [[lex|leges]], quibus [[mores]] Christiani inter Hungaros tum plerumque [[Paganismus|paganos]] propagarentur, ab eodem Stephano latae sunt. Regnum ille in comitatus dividit, ad quos comitatus gubernandos comites sive ispános creavit; Hungariam a hostibus fortiter defendit, immo limites regni cum Deo dilatavit. Nil mirum est,  anno [[1083]], tempore [[Ladislaus I (rex Hungariae)|Ladislai I]], (sancti), illum Stephanum [[Canonizatio|canonizatum]] sive sanctum proclamatum esse.

Post mortem Stephani in tantam miseriam Hungaria est redacta, ut haud procul abesset, quin omnia, quae a rege primo piissimo aedificata essent, prorsus delerentur. Longius esset nunc recensere, quot bella externa ac, quod peius est, civilia, quot rebelliones paganorum Hungarorum fidem Christianam repudientium secuta essent. [[Ladislaus I]], postquam anno [[1077]] rerum potitus est, fortissima manu hostes et exteros et intestinos debellavit, atque mores Hungarorum legibus severis compescuit. Rex est beatissimae [[memoria]]e, quem adhuc viventem Hungari venerati sunt; post mortem vero eius ([[1095]]) plurima [[carmen|carmina]] [[fabula]]sque de eo composuerunt. Ladislaus a [[pontifex maximus|pontifice Romano]] in fine [[saeculum 12|saeculi 12]] canonizatus est.

===Saeculum undevicesimum===
{{vide-etiam|Res novae Hungaricae annorum 1848/49}}
Hungaricae quidem nationi saeculum undevicesimum maximi momenti est, quum et [[Romanticismus]] Hungarorum in litteris hinc ortus sit et [[Res novae Hungaricae annorum 1848/49|res novae Hungaricae]] contra imperium [[Austria|Austriae]] (annis 1848/49) illo in saeculo factae sint.&lt;ref&gt;https://marcius15.kormany.hu/a-12-pont-tortenete-2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Praetereā autem saepissime nexa est emotio Romanticismi cum eisdem rebus novis - aliis in terris talis nexus inter Romanticismum et res politicas vix invenitur. 

Multi poetae rebus novis māximē favebant - exempli grātiā [[Alexander Petőfi]] carmen polticum notissimum scripsit quod die 15 Maii 1848 abs grege iuvenum in scalis Theatri Nationalis [[Budapestinum|Budapestini]] magna voce palam cantatum est.

Qua de causa dicitur cantum carminis rerum novarum initium fuisse.

En pars carminis celeberrima, qua Petőfi congregationem populi ante theatrum ad fatum rectum eligendum exhortatur:

{{locus| Simusne servi vel liberi? /
Hoc rogo - nunc seligatis!
|20px|Pars notissima carminis nationalis abs Alexandro Petőfi compositi Latineque redditi}}

{{locus| Rabok legyünk vagy szabadok? /
Ez a kerdés, válasszatok!
|20px|Versio originalis Alexandri Petőfi}}

Etiam hodiernis diebus Hungari memores manent rerum novarum creduntque amorem erga patriam per memoriam firmari. Immo dies festus (15 Martii) ad eventum rerum novarum celebrandum institutus est.&lt;ref&gt;https://marcius15.kormany.hu/a-12-pont-tortenete-2012&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saeculum vicesimum ===
Hungaria in [[bellum mundanum primum|bello mundano primo]] velut pars [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Imperii Austro-Hungarici]] apparuit, civitatis quae ab anno 1867 constitit. Imperium id [[bellum]] gessit una cum Germania contra Imperia Foederata inter annos 1914 et 1918. Imperium Austro-Hungaricum victum et dilapsum est anno 1918. Anno [[1920]], Hungaria ob cladem in bello divisum est perdens maximam suae areae partem. Propter quod Hungariae praesentis populus est integer, id est Hungaria facta est civitas nationalis. Inter duo bella mundana Hungaria erat &quot;regnum sine rege,&quot; gubernatore Nicolao Horthy dirigebatur inter 1920 et [[1944]]. Ab [[1938]] ad [[1941]] Hungaria pluries denuo nacta est partes ex sublatis areis a vicinis suis. Post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] Hungaria sub iugo [[communismus|communismi]] gemebat. Tunc politici homines multos supprimebant, velut [[Gabriel Péter]], famosus vigilis secretus summus.

== Regiones ==
Hungaria in undeviginti partes divisa est. Terram praeterea flumen [[Danuvius]] duas in partes dividit. Inde ad occidentem sita est [[Pannonia]], quae quondam ad [[Imperium Romanum]] pertinebat. [[Budapestinum]], urbs maxima Hungariae, situm est ad oram Danuvii, qui eam in duas partes dividit, quarum occidentalis est [[Buda]], orientalis autem [[Pestinum]]. In Hungaria imprimis plana adsunt at etiam habentur montes humiliores. Lacus maximus est [[Pelso]], qui in media Pannonia situs est. In Pannonia inferiore, iuxta Pelsonem, colles et montes adsunt. In Pannonia superiore plana sunt parva. Altera Hungariae pars est ad orientem ab Pannonia. Haec duas continet [[regio]]nes, quarum maior est in [[meridies|meridie]] et in medio, Plana appellata; in regione [[septentrio]]nali sunt [[mons|montes]] et [[collis|colles]] parvi.

==Litterae==

===Medium aevum===
Inter prima opera abs Hungaris scripta opusculum historicum ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' numeratur.&lt;ref&gt;https://mek.oszk.hu/19800/19808/19808.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Litterae Hungarice scriptae originem suam abs quadam oratione in [[Medium aevum|medio aevo]] compositā capiunt, quae sub titulo ''Oratio Mortis et Prex'' (Hungarice ''Halotti beszéd és könyörgés'') nota est.&lt;ref&gt;https://hu.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Halotti_besz%C3%A9d_%C3%A9s_k%C3%B6ny%C3%B6rg%C3%A9s&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Renascentia===
[[Renascentia litterarum|Renascentia]] Hungariae iam saeculo quinto decimo florabat, quo [[Ianus Pannonius]], Bálint Balassy aliique auctores multa praeclara carmina Latine composuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00010204/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&amp;id=00010204&amp;seite=2&lt;/ref&gt; Quibus literis rex [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias]] maxime favebat.

===Saeculum septimum decimum===

Dum bellum contra Turcorum imperium gerebatur, Nicolaus Zrínyi scripsit opus de proelio urbis [[Sigethum|Sigethi]], quae Turcis obsidebatur.&lt;ref&gt;https://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00001/00197/pdf/ITK_EPA00001_1955_04_464-465.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Nicolaus Zrínyi contendit sese et pennā et ense pro libertate Hungariae certavisse.

===Saeculum undevicesimum===

Saeculo undevicesimo [[Alexander Petőfi]] et [[Mór Jókai]] opera [[Romanticismus|Romanticismi]] scripsere - exempli gratiā et carmen nationale et opusculum „Filii hominis corde lapideo praediti“ (Hungarice ''A kőszívű ember fiai'') illo tempore composita sunt.

===Saeculum vicesimum et unum===

Etiam extra fines Hungaricas notus est [[Emericus Kertész]], qui anno [[2002]] ob opus suum „Sine fato“ (Hungarice „Sorstalanság“) [[Praemium Nobelianum litterarum|Praemio Nobeliano]] laureatus est.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/index.htm?we_objectID=54931&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ars coquinaria Hungarica]]
* [[Pannonia]]
* [[Politica aliter possunt]]
* [[Regnum Hungariae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Magyarország|Hungariam}}
{{Grc|Οὑγγαρία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Hungaria|politica|{{Principes Hungariae 1918-}}{{Primi ministri Hungariae}}{{Ministri rerum externarum Hungarici}}{{Consilium Hungaricum Orbán II}}}}
{{Capsae collectae|Hungaria|geographica|{{Comitatus Hungariae hodiernae}}}}
{{Capsae collectae|Hungaria|historica|{{Reges Hungariae}}}}

[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Europa Media]]
[[Categoria:Europa Orientalis]]
[[Categoria:Hungaria|!]]
[[Categoria:Historia Europae Orientalis]]
{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index urbium Germaniae</title>
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      <text bytes="6948" sha1="3qbf6srbdxqkhxx0tmtknyeyxu2k8x3" xml:space="preserve">Hic habes '''indicem urbium Germaniae'''.
[[Fasciculus:Urbes in Germania.png|thumb|Urbes Germaniae]]

== Urbes autonomae ==
*[[Berolinum]], Caput Germaniae (''Berlin'')
*[[Brema]], (''Bremen'')
*[[Hamburgum]], etiam ''Hammonia'' (''Hamburg'')

== Civitates ==

=== [[Badenia-Virtembergia]] ===
*[[Achara]] (''Achern'')
*[[Ala (Germania)|Ala]] (''Aalen'')
*[[Arguna]] (''Langenargen'')
*[[Aquae]] (''Baden-Baden'')
*[[Arae Flaviae]] (''Rottweil'')
*[[Bruchsalia]] vel Bruxalium (''Bruchsal'')
*[[Calewa]] (''Calw'')
*[[Carolsruha]] (''Karlsruhe'')
*[[Cella Cuprum]] (''Kupferzell'')
*[[Condistat]] (''Bad Cannstatt'')
*[[Crailsheimum]] (''Crailsheim'')
*[[Cuppenheim]]
*[[Doneschinga]] (''Donaueschingen'')
*[[Ediningum]] (''Ettlingen'')
*[[Eslinga]] (''Esslingen'')
*[[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] (''Freiburg'')
*[[Gamundia]] (''Schwäbisch Gmünd'')
*[[Heidelberga]] (''Heidelberg'')
*[[Hailprunna]] (''Heilbronn'')
*[[Halla Suevica]] (''Schwäbisch Hall'')
*[[Isininga]] (''Eislingen'')
*[[Kornwestheimium]] (''Kornwestheim'')
*[[Lauriacum Suevicum]] (''Lorch (Württ.)'')
*[[Laviacum]] (''Lauffen am Neckar'')
*[[Lopodunum]] (''Ladenburg'')
*[[Ludoviciburgum]] (''Ludwigsburg'')
*[[Marbachum]] (''Marbach am Neckar'')
*[[Manhemium]] (''Mannheim'')
*[[Neufra]]
*[[Neulußheim]]
*[[Nurtinga]] (''Nürtingen'')
*[[Oberndorfium]] (''Oberndorf am Neckar'')
*[[Pascuum Konzi]] (''Künzelsau'')
*[[Phorca]] (''Pforzheim'')
*[[Redlinga]] (''Riedlingen'')
*[[Rotovilla]] (''Rottweil'')
*[[Sumelocenna]] (''Rottenburg'')
*[[Sindelfinga]] (''Sindelfingen'')
*[[Solicinium]] (''Schwetzingen'')
*[[Sumelocenna]] (''Rottenburg'')
*[[Stuttgartum]], caput [[terra (regio)|terrae]] foederalis (''Stuttgart'')
*[[Tubinga]] (''Tübingen'')
*[[Ulma]] (''Ulm'')
*[[Waiblinga]] (''Waiblingen'')
*[[Weil der Stadt]]
*[[Wimpina]] (''Wimpfen'')

=== [[Bavaria]] ===
*[[Abdiacum]] (''Füssen'')
*[[Altdorfii]] (''Altdorf, Baden'')
*[[Aschaffenburgum]] (''Aschaffenburg'')
*[[Augusta Vindelicorum]] (''Augsburg'')
*[[Baruthum]]) (''Bayreuth'')
*[[Batavia Bavariae|Batavia]] (''Passau'')
*[[Bedaium]] (''Seebruck'')
*[[Caesarea (Bavarorum)]] (''Kaisheim'')
*[[Caesarea (Bavarorum)]] (''Kempten'')
*[[Castra Regina]] (''Regensburg'')
*[[Coburgum]] (''Coburg'')
*[[Crana]] (''Kronach'')
*[[Curia Variscorum]] (''Hof'')
*[[Dachanum]] (''Dachau'')
*[[Dilinga]] (''Dillingen an der Donau'')
*[[Epininga]] (''Bad Aibling'')
*[[Guntia]] (''Günzburg'')
*[[Ingolstadium]] (''Ingolstadt'')
*[[Kitzinga]] (''Kitzingen'')
*[[Monachium]], caput provinciae (''München'', Anglice ''Munich'')
*[[Neoforum]], etiam ''Novoforum'' (''Neumarkt'')
*[[Landeshuetta]] (''Landshut'')

=== [[Brandenburgum]] ===
*[[Potestampium]], caput provinciae (Potsdam)
*[[Arausionis castrum]] (''Oranienburg'')
*[[Cottbusia]] (Theod. ''Cottbus'')
*[[Brandenburgum (oppidum)|Brandenburgum ad Avelum]] (''Brandenburg an der Havel'')
*[[Ratenovia]] (''Rathenow'')
*[[Rupina]] (''Neuruppin'')

=== [[Hassia]] ===
*[[Aquae Mattiacae]], caput provinciae (''Wiesbaden'')
*[[Byvera]] (''Bebra'')
*[[Cassala|Castellum vel Cassellae vel Cassala]] (''Kassel'')
*[[Castellum Mattiacorum]] (''Mainz-Kastell'') 
*[[Escevegia]] (''Eschwege'') 
*[[Francofurtum ad Moenum]] (''Frankfurt am Main'') 
*[[Fulda]] (''Fulda'') 
*[[Laudenbachia]] (''Laudenbach im Werra-Meißner-Kreis'', vide pagus Verrae Visnerique)
*[[Lauriacum Pagus Rheni]] (Lorch im Rheingau)
*[[Lauriacum Caroli Magni]] (Lorsch/Bergstraße), [[Patrimonium totius mundi]]
*[[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] (''Limburg an der Lahn'') 
*[[Magna Almeroda]] (''Großalmerode'') 
*[[Mursina]] (''Morschen'')
*[[Rodgau]] (''Rodgau'') 
*[[Villesinderothis]] (''Wilsenroth'') 
*[[Witflaria]] (''Wetzlar'') 
*[[Witzenhusa]] (''Witzenhausen'')

=== [[Megapolis et Pomerania Citerior]] ===
*[[Gryphisvaldia]] (''Greifswald'')
*[[Rostochium]] (''Rostock'')
*[[Stralsunda]] (''Stralsund'')
*[[Suerinum]] (''Schwerin'')
*[[Vismaria]] (''Wismar'')

=== [[Rhenania-Palatinatus|Rhenania-Palatinatum]] ===
*[[Augusta Treverorum]] (''Trier'')
*[[Borbetomagus]] sive Vormatia (''Worms'')
*[[Confluentes]] (''Koblenz'')
*[[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus]] (''Ludwigshafen'')
*[[Moguntiacum]], caput provinciae (''Mainz'')

=== [[Rhenania Septentrionalis-Vestfalia]] ===
*[[Aquisgranum]] (etiam, Aquae Grani, ''Aachen'')
*[[Assindia]] (''Essen'')
*[[Bilivelda]] (''Bielefeld'')
*[[Bonna]] (''Bonn'')
*[[Colonia Agrippina]] (''Köln'')
*[[Detmolda]] (''Detmold'')
*[[Thuiscoburgum]] (''Duisburg'')
*[[Divitia]] (Köln-''Deutz'')
*[[Durnomagus]] (''Dormagen'')
*[[Dusseldorpium]] (''Düsseldorf'')
*[[Lupiaepolis]] (''Lippstadt'')
*[[Monasterium (Germania)]] (''Münster'')
*[[Rigomagus]] (''Remagen'')
*[[Roisdorpium]] (''Roisdorf'')
*[[Tremonia]] (''Dortmund'')
*[[Verina]] (''Werne'')
*[[Castra Vetera|Vetera]] sive [[Xantum]] (''Xanten'')
*[[Varburgum Vestphalorum]] (''Warburg'')
*[[Warendorp]] (''Warendorf'')
*[[Porta Westfalica]] (''Porta Westfalica'')
*[[Wiperfordia]] (''Wipperfürth'')

=== [[Saravia]] sive Terra Sarrae ===
*[[Saravipontus]] seu [[Sarabrucca]], caput provinciae (''Saarbrücken'')

=== [[Saxonia]] ===
*[[Chemnicium]] (''Chemnitz'')
*[[Dresda]] (''Dresden'')
*[[Lipsia]] (''Leipzig'')

=== [[Saxonia-Anhaltinum]] ===
*[[Cusne]] (''Bad Kösen'')
*[[Islebia]] (''Eisleben'')
*[[Leucopetra]] (''Weißenfels'')
*[[Leucorea]] (''Lutherstadt Wittenberg'')
*[[Magdeburgum]] sive [[Parthenopolis]], caput provinciae (''Magdeburg'')
*[[Quedlinburgum]]
*[[Salinae Saxonicae]] (''Halle / Saale'')
*[[Stendalia]] (''Stendal'')
*[[Tucherina]] (''Teuchern'')

=== [[Saxonia Inferior]] ===
*[[Brunsvicum]] (''Braunschweig'')
*[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]] (''Celle'')
*[[Emda]] (''Emden'')
*[[Gottinga]] (''Göttingen'')
*[[Hamala]] (''Hameln'')
*[[Holtisminni]] (''Holzminden'')
*[[Hannoveria]] (''Hannover'') caput provinciae 
*[[Northemium]]
*[[Osnabrugensis]] (''Osnabrück'')
*[[Oldenburgum]] (''Oldenburg'')
*[[Petrimons]] (''Bad Pyrmont'')
*[[Wilhelmshaven]] (''Wilhelmshaven'')
*[[Winsenia]] ad flumen [[Luya]]m appellatum (''Winsen an der Luhe''), sedes administrationis regionis Harburgensis
*[[Wolfsburgum]]

=== [[Slesvicum et Holsatia]] ===
*[[Ekerenforda]] (''Eckernförde'')
*[[Kielia]] vel Chilonium, caput [[Terra Foederalis Germaniae|terrae foederalis]] (''Kiel'')
*[[Lubeca]] (''Lübeck'')
*[[Novum Monasterium]] (''Neumünster'')
*[[Oldenburgum (Holsatia)|Oldenburgum]] (''Oldenburg'')
*[[Ploena]] (''Plön'')
*[[Raceburgum]] (''Ratzeburg'')
*[[Sliasvig]] (''Schleswig'')

=== [[Thuringia]] ===
*[[Altenburgum in Misnia]] (''Altenburg, Thüringen'')
*[[Erfordia]] ''(Erfurt)''
*[[Gerapolis]] ''(Gera)''
*[[Iena]] ''(Jena)''
*[[Vimaria]] ''(Weimar)''
*[[Ilmenavia]] ''(Ilmenau)''
*[[Ysenacum]] (''Eisenach'')

{{NexInt}}
{{fn|Urbes Romanae Germaniae}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[:de:Liste lateinischer Ortsnamen#Deutschland (Germania)|Index nominum Latinorum apud vicipaediam theodiscam]]

{{De Germania}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Germaniae|*]]
[[Categoria:Indices urbium|Germania]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Obligatio</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; -{{[[Formula:Titulus italicus|titulus italicus]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3812" sha1="kfa8l9x1dh5m7xg7mfigg4l3gjk5eqv" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Obligatio}} est [[terminus technicus]] [[Ius Romanum|iuris Romani]], quo [[ius|iuris]] prudentes relationem inter [[creditum|creditorem]] et [[debitum|debitorem]] significabant aut, ut elegantioris [[institutiones|Institutionum]] [[Iustinianus|Iustinianorum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|definitio|definitione|en|qid=Q101072}} utamur, &quot;iuris vinculum, quo necessitate adstringimur alicuius solvendae rei secundum nostrae [[civitas sui iuris|civitatis iura]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;IJ 3, 13pr.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De obligationum generibus ==
Obligationum genera varia sunt. Secundum summam divisionem a [[Gaius|Gaio]]{{dubsig}} iuris consulto introductam omnes obligationes aut ex contractu aut ex delicto nascuntur.&lt;ref&gt;Gai inst. 3, 88.{{dubsig}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ex his enim causis creditor ius agendi contra debitorem adquirit, ergo inter eos obligatio constituitur. Exempli gratia, si stipulor te mihi decem denarios dare, tu promittis, mihi ad dandos decem denarios obligaris. Si rem meam tibi vendo, ad rem tradendam obligor. In utroque casu obligatio ex contractu inter nos constituitur. Si rem tuam te nolente aut ignorante contrector, furti actione tibi teneor. Item si rem tuam destruo, ut tibi actio ex lege Aquilia competat, hoc facto debitor tuus constituor. Quibus casibus ex delicto natam esse obligationem dicendum est.

Haec Gaii divisio non omnes species obligationum continet. Ipse vere in alio loco docet tertium genus obligationum esse, quae nascuntur &quot;proprio quodam iure ex variis causarum figuris.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dig. 44.7.1pr.{{dubsig}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qua re in Iustiniani Imperatoris Institutionibus non solum de obligationibus ex contractu delictoque sed et de obligationibus quasi ex contractu quasique ex delicto loquitur.&lt;ref&gt;IJ 3, 13, 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Quam divisionem iuris consulti posteriorum temporum secuti sunt. Hic autem de his obligationibus quae nec ex delicto nec ex [[contractus|contractu]] proprie dictis nascuntur non plus dicendum.

Obligationis notio generalis doctrinae iuris perutilis: quae si inventa non fuisset, iuris prudentes nunquam regulas generales et ad omnia obligationum genera pertinentia dare potuissent.

== De usu hodierno huius notionis ==
Propter maximam suam utilitatem, de qua supra diximus, obligatio et [[doctrina]] ad eam pertinens inter rationes a veteribus [[iuris consultus|iuris consultis]] Romanis conceptas sunt, quibus hodie adhuc usus est, quaeque commune fundamentum [[ius civile|iuris civilis]] omnium gentium [[Europa continentalis|Europae continentalis]] constituunt: [[Anglice]] et [[Francogallice]] ''obligation,'' [[Italiane]] ''obbligazione,'' [[Theodisce]] ''Schuldverhältnis'' dicitur. De qua re in codicibus iuris civilis hodiernis multae dicuntur atque ordinantur. Vide librum secundum (paragraphos 242-853) Codicis Iuris Civilis Germanici (vulgo ''Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch''), item partem secundam secundae (paragraphos 859-1341) Codicis Austriaci (vulgo ''Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch''). Helvetii praeter codicem generalem iuris civilis (Theodise ''Zivilgesetzbuch'') codicem alterum ius obligationum solum continentem (Theodisce ''Obligationenrecht'') tulerunt. Francogallici a [[Napoleon]]e Imperatore conditi Codicis (vulgo ''Code Civil'') vide titulos a tertio usque ad decimum sextum (articulos 1101-2061), Italici vero Codicis (vulgo ''Codice civile'') librum tertium (articulos 1173-2059).

{{NexInt}}
* [[Confusio]]
* [[Ius in rem]]
* [[Officium]]
* [[Pactum]]
* [[Persona iuridica]]
* [[Reparatio damni]]

== Bibliographia ==
* Bujuklić, Žika. [[2015]]. ''Rimsko privatno pravo.'' Belgradi: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu. ISBN 978-86-7630-579-7.
* Zimmermann, Reinhard. [[1990]]. ''The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.

[[Categoria:Ius]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</title>
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      <text bytes="18118" sha1="ot5r6rrh58lxmf9wqll7zgth5b6aqzf" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{videdis|Pompeius (nomen)}}
[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.

Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeretur (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon 37.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;.

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.

Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeretur (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales  nec umquam ante Pompeius acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphaverat atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegerat&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.&lt;/ref&gt;

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeretur (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales  nec umquam ante Pompeius acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphaverat atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegerat&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.&lt;/ref&gt;

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales  nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.&lt;/ref&gt;

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales  nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.&lt;/ref&gt;. Posteris vero res postea gestas cogitantibus visum est tunc mori Pompeium optimum fuisse ne &quot;magni nominis umbra&quot; fieret. Reliqua vita eius non tantum foeda sed etiam reipublicae Romanae perniciosa fuit postquam primum [[Triumviratus|triumviratum]] cum Caesare et Crasso sociavit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 46.&lt;/ref&gt;.

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Finis enim fuit [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] quo Romani per triginta annos multa damna acceperant. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales  nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.&lt;/ref&gt;. Posteris vero res postea gestas cogitantibus visum est tunc mori Pompeium optimum fuisse ne &quot;magni nominis umbra&quot; fieret. Reliqua vita eius non tantum foeda sed etiam reipublicae Romanae perniciosa fuit postquam primum [[Triumviratus|triumviratum]] cum Caesare et Crasso sociavit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 46.&lt;/ref&gt;.

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Finis praeterea fuit [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] quo Romani per triginta annos multa damna acceperant. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales  nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.&lt;/ref&gt;. Posteris vero res postea gestas cogitantibus visum est tunc mori Pompeium optimum fuisse ne &quot;magni nominis umbra&quot; fieret. Reliqua vita eius non tantum foeda sed etiam reipublicae Romanae perniciosa fuit postquam primum [[Triumviratus|triumviratum]] cum Caesare et Crasso sociavit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 46.&lt;/ref&gt;.

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Finis praeterea fuit [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] quo Romani per triginta annos multa damna acceperant. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales  nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.&lt;/ref&gt;. Posteris vero res postea gestas cogitantibus visum est tunc mori Pompeium optimum fuisse ne &quot;magni nominis umbra&quot;&lt;ref&gt;D. C. Feeney, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/638958 Stat magni nominis umbra.' Lucan on the Greatness of Pompeius Magnus]&quot;, ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1986: 239-243&lt;/ref&gt; fieret. Reliqua vita eius non tantum foeda sed etiam reipublicae Romanae perniciosa fuit postquam primum [[Triumviratus|triumviratum]] cum Caesare et Crasso sociavit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 46.&lt;/ref&gt;.

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Finis praeterea fuit [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] quo Romani per triginta annos multa damna acceperant. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales  nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.&lt;/ref&gt;. Posteris vero res postea gestas cogitantibus visum est tunc mori Pompeium optimum fuisse ne &quot;magni nominis umbra&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lucanus]], ''Pharsalia'' I.135. D. C. Feeney, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/638958 Stat magni nominis umbra.' Lucan on the Greatness of Pompeius Magnus]&quot;, ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1986: 239-243&lt;/ref&gt; fieret. Reliqua vita eius non tantum foeda sed etiam reipublicae Romanae perniciosa fuit postquam primum [[Triumviratus|triumviratum]] cum Caesare et Crasso sociavit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 46.&lt;/ref&gt;.

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
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[[Fasciculus:Hw-pompey.jpg|thumb|Effigies Pompeii [[Holmia]]e ostentata.]]

'''Gnaeus Pompeius,''' appellatus '''Magnus,''' fuit ductor exercitus [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus antiquus]], ter [[consul]] et ter [[Triumphus|triumphator]]. In discordiis civilibus pro [[Sylla]] et adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]] pugnavit antequam rivalis exercitui [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] ipse succumberet.

== De familiaribus necessitudinibus ==
Gnaeus Pompeius e nobili familia [[Picenum|Picena]] ortus erat, filius consulis anni [[89 a.C.n.]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Gnaei Pompei Strabonis]], viri Romanis ob avaritiam et latrocinia [[Bellum sociale|Bello Sociali]] commissa invisi&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.21.4. [[Iulius Obsequens]] 56. [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 1.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post eius mortem (87 a.C.n.) furti accusatus Pompeius coram iudicibus se purgare debuit.

Quinque uxores habuit Pompeius Magnus. Primo Antistiam, filiam [[praetor|praetoris]] qui iudicio de bonis Pompei praeerat, circa [[86 a.C.n.|86]] uxorem duxit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 4.4-6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post paucos annos eam repudiavit cogente [[Dictatura|dictatore]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]], qui ut Pompeium artius sibi constringeret [[Privigna|privignam]] suam Aemiliam, filiam uxoris [[Caecilia Metella Dalmatica|Metellae]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Aemilii Scauri]] prioris mariti eius consulis anni [[115 a.C.n.]], apud eum collocare voluit quamvis praegnantem e marito Manio Acilio Glabrione. Quae post paucos menses in [[puerperium|puerperio]] obiit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 9.1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deinde Muciam Tertiam uxorem habuit, filiam [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola (consul 95 a.C.n.)|Quinti Mucii Scaevolae]], quae ei tres liberos peperit: Gnaeum, [[Sextus Pompeius|Sextum]] Pompeiamque quae [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Syllae]], [[Dictatura|dictatoris]] filio nupsit. At cum diu in Asia bellaret Muciam solam Romae relictam palam seduxit Gaius Iulius Caesar. Quocirca cum illa quoque divortium fecit redux Pompeius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 42.12-13. [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Iulius'' 10.1. [[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.12.3&lt;/ref&gt;.

Quartam  velut [[triumviratus|primi triumviratus]] pignus habuit [[Iulia (uxor Pompeii Magni)|Iuliam]], filiam Gai Iulii Caesaris antea Servilio Caepioni sponsam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 47.10.&lt;/ref&gt; , quae maritum multum adamasse dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Ibidem 48.8 et 49.4 et 53.1-4. [[Valerius Maximus]] IV.6.4. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXIX.32.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. At et illa in puerperio periit nec infans superfuit (mense septembri [[54 a.C.n.]]). Eius funus fuit triumviratus funus et societatis inter Pompeium et Caesarem interitus.

Postremam duxit Corneliam Metellam, viduam [[Publius Licinius Crassus|Publii Licinii Crassi]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 74.6.&lt;/ref&gt; eandemque filiam [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinti Metelli Scipionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 55 qui hanc feminam litteratam laudabat.&lt;/ref&gt;, quem anno [[52 a.C.n.|52]] collegam in consulatu sibi ipse elegit et qui generum in bello civili comitabatur atque Pompeio mortuo reliquas copias in Africa collegit ubi ad [[Pugna ad Thapsum|Thapsum]] a Caesare victus est.

== De triumphis ==
Ter [[triumphus|triumphavit]] Pompeius. Triumphus primus &quot;ex Africa&quot; die [[12 Martii]] [[79 a.C.n.]] celebratus est: revera non Afros vicit sed [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Cinnae gener)|Gnaeum Domitium Ahenobarbum]], [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] generum, aliosque [[Gaius Marius|Marianarum]] partium profugos qui in hanc provinciam salutem quaerebant&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;. Redux statim triumphare voluit sed [[Dictatura|dictator]] [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sylla]] diu recusavit praecipue quia nec consul nec praetor exercitum duxerat&lt;ref&gt;Magistratum cum imperio non gerebat. Cf Titus Livius XXXI.20:  ''exemplum a maioribus non accepisse ut qui neque dictator neque consul neque praetor res gessisset triumpharet''.&lt;/ref&gt;, antequam manus postremo daret&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum Pompeius [[Quadrigae|quadrigis]] elephantorum Urbem intrare voluit sed quia porta angustior erat equis albis contentus fuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.6. {{Pnh}} VIII.4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et milites obstrepentes quia non satis praemiorum acceperant repulisse narratur dicens triumpho se renuntiare malle quam eos adulari&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 14.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita non erubuit de Romanis triumphare.

Triumphus alter &quot;ex Hispania&quot; pridie [[Kalendae|Kalendas]] Ianuarias [[71 a.C.n.]] celebratus est et postero die Kalendis Ianuariis [[70 a.C.n.]] primum consulatum Pompeius inibat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum de Romanis triumphabat: etsi enim nonnullae gentes Ibericae cum [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorio]] societatem fecerant revera Sertorium et successorem Perpennam vicerat reliquiasque Marianarum partium quae Sullanam civitatem recusabant.
[[Fasciculus:Faustus Cornelius Sulla, AR denarius, 56 BC, RRC 426-4a.jpg|thumb|Denarius in honorem Pompei a genero [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Fausto Sylla]] anno 56 a.C.n. signatus. Nam tres laureae ad tres triumphos alludunt et spica frumenti ad praefecturam annonae nuper Pompeio mandatam. Quae emissio specialiter ad frumentum emendum percussa est. Corona gemmata super globum ad 'triumphatorem mundi' referenda est&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, [https://archive.org/details/descriptionhisto01babe/page/422/mode/2up Cornelia 61]. Crawford 426/4. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_R-8752 Nummus in Museo Britannico].&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
Tertius triumphus ita magnificus et sumptuosus fuit ut per duos dies digeri debuerit (28/9 septembris 61) nec tamen omnia quae praeparata erant populo ostendi tempore deficiente potuerunt. Quattuordecim gentes victas enumerabat: praeter [[Pirata|piratas]] fuerunt Pontus, Armenia, Syria, Iudaea, Arabia etc. Finis praeterea fuit [[Bella Mithridatica|belli Mithridatici]] quo Romani per triginta annos multa damna acceperant. Et in tabellis in pompa prolatis pecunia ingens in [[aerarium]] deposita et novae urbes (circiter 39) ab illo conditae legebantur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 45. {{Pnh}} VII.98-99 necnon XXXVII.13. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 116-117. Velleius Paterculus II.40.3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quod tamen maxime animadverterunt aequales  nec umquam ante Pompeium cuiquam acciderat hoc fuit quod tribus triumphis Pompeius de tribus mundi partibus (Africa, Europa, Asia) tunc notis triumphasset atque velut orbem terrarum Romanis subegisset&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro Balbo'' 4.9 et VI.16. ''Pro Sestio'' 129. Quod idem in denariis suis celebrabat [[Faustus Cornelius Sulla (mortuus 46 a.C.n.)|Faustus Stylla]], Pompei gener.&lt;/ref&gt;. Posteris vero res postea gestas cogitantibus visum est tunc mori Pompeium optimum fuisse ne &quot;magni nominis umbra&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lucanus]], ''Pharsalia'' I.135. D. C. Feeney, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/638958 Stat magni nominis umbra.' Lucan on the Greatness of Pompeius Magnus]&quot;, ''The Classical Quarterly'', 1986: 239-243&lt;/ref&gt; fieret. Reliqua vita eius non tantum foeda sed etiam reipublicae Romanae perniciosa fuit postquam primum [[Triumviratus|triumviratum]] cum Caesare et Crasso sociavit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 46.&lt;/ref&gt;.

De quo vide etiam [[Triumphi Gnaei Pompei Magni]].

== Vita ==
Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. [[Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo|Pompeii pater]] suo [[Exercitus|exercitui]] ob avaritiam erat invisus; itaque facta est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata est. Ipse nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius tum districtu ense, ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. Pompeii consul sine collega a senatu nominatus, Caesari aemulus erat.

Pompeius eodem bello civili partes [[Sulla|Sullae]] secutus, ita egit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit, aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem: deinceps ei venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire; quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in [[Sicilia|Siciliam]] profectus est, ut eam a Carbone Sullae inimico occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci iussit. Tunc ille, qui ter consul fuerat, demisse ac muliebriter mortem extimuit: voce flebili petiit ut sibi alvum levare liceret, sicque brevem miserrimae vitae usuram rapuit, donec miles morae impatiens caput in sordido loco sedentis amputavit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium Siculae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset qua sibi adversata fuerat, exclamavit Sthenius, eum inique facturum si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, &quot;Ego, inquit Sthenius, qui meos cives ad id induxi.&quot; Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius, omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in [[Africa|Africam]] Pompeius, Iarbam [[Numidia|Numidiae]] regem, qui [[Marius|Marii]] partibus favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterae a Sulla redditae sunt, quibus iubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius paruit: tamen, et Romam reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius; aususque est dicere plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam vero crescere. Ea voce audita, Sulla iuvenis constantiam admiratus, exclamavit: &quot;Triumphet, triumphet.&quot; A Pompeio militari triumpho perfecto, titulum Magnum accipit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in [[Hispania]] segnius gerenti collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit periculum: cum enim in eum vir vasta corporis magnitudine impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio, cum [[Metellus]] Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse fertur: &quot;Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.&quot; Metellum anum appellabat, quia is iam senex ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexerat. Tandem Sortorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum [[Pirata|piratae]] maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos, cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catulus; qui cum in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Gnaeum Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: &quot;Si quid ei acciderit, ecquemnam in eius locum substituetis?&quot;

Acclamavit universa contio: &quot;Te ipsum, Quinte Catule.&quot; Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium praesidio, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum orat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen noctu Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento: nam cum eam Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; unde decepti regii milites, in umbras tanquam in propinquum hostem tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

Pompeius deinde Tigranem [[Armenia|Armeniae]] regem, qui Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recreavit, et in regnum restituit, aeque pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed demisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerunt Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si quem gloriae, eumdem vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex. Pompeius effecit ut et magnitudinem et potentiam Senatus augeret.

A [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] anno [[48 a.C.n.]] apud [[Pugna apud Pharsalum|Pharsalum]] victus in [[Aegyptus|Aeqyptum]] fugit, atque die [[28 Septembris]] eiusdem anni, [[Pelusium|Pelusii]] appulsus, necatus est. Inter interfectores et [[Lucius Septimius]] fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes praecipui ==
[[Fasciculus:RSC 0017.jpg|thumb|Caput Pompei in [[Denarius|denario]] a filio Sexto signato.]]
* [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bella civilia'' I-II et ''Mithridatica''
*[[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]], ''De bello civili''
* [[Cicero]], Epistulae et orationes passim
*[[Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]''
*[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]''
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]''
*[[Sallustius]], ''Historiae''
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''
*[[Velleius Paterculus]], ''[[Historiae (Velleius)|Historiae]]''

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Henricus Antonius Cornelius Chais Van Buren,	''Dissertatio historico-juridica inauguralis de Cn. Pompeio Magno, et de legibus ab eo latis''..., Lugduni Batavorum, 1823 
*	Karl Christ, ''Pompeius : der Feldherr Roms ; eine Biographie'', C.H. Beck, 2004 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=IN-8tQcnJiEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ViewAPI&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	 Matthias Dingmann, ''Pompeius Magnus : Machtgrundlagen eines spätrepublikanischen Politikers'', M. Leidorf, 2007 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2010_num_79_1_4002_t21_0656_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.academia.edu/165291002/Matthias_Dingmann_Pompeius_Magnus_Machtgrundlagen_eines_sp%C3%A4trepublikanischen_Politikers Altera recensio critica]
*	Mathias Gelzer, ''Pompeius. Lebensbild eines Römers'', Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005 (prima editio 1948) [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2007_num_109_1_6738_t1_0400_0000_3 Recensio critica]
*Charles-Alban Horvais, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_2017_num_195_1_1841 Pompée, les Italiens et le Sénat (de 62 à 49 av. J.-C.)]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 2017: 5-21
*John Leach,	''Pompey the Great'', Routledge, 1978 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=ASYiAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*	Alessandro Moretti, ''Crescere nella discordia : la vita di Pompeo'', Bononiae, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DRAEEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] 
*Nicole Schemmel, ''Rhōmaiōn kratistos : die Rezeption des Pompeius in der römischen Kaiserzeit'', Wellem Verlag, 2015
*Francesco Paolo Rizzo S. J., ''Le Fonti per la Storia della Conquista Pompeiana della Siria'', Banca di Sicilia, 1963 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1964_num_33_2_1428_t1_0551_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1964_num_77_364_3778_t1_0308_0000_1 Altera recensio critica]
*Georg-Philipp Schietinger (curator), ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus : Ausnahmekarrierist, Netzwerker und Machtstratege : Beiträge zur Heidelberger Pompeius-Tagung am 24. September 2014'', Marie Leidorf, 2019
*J. Van Ooteghem,  ''Pompée le Grand, bâtisseur d'Empire'', Bruxellis, 1954 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1955_num_33_4_1970_t1_0952_0000_1 Recensio critica]
*Donata Villani, « [https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1061#article-1061 Entre imitatio Alexandri et imitatio Herculis : Pompée et l’universalisme romain] », ''Pallas'', 2013: 335-350.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicicitatio|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus}}
{{CommuniaCat|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum }}
{{Viri Illustres}}
* &quot;[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0003.001/485?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=pompeius C. Pompeius Magnus]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} vol. 3 pp. 477-488
{{Fontes biographici}}
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores= [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus]] et [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]]|
annus= 55 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marco Licinio Crasso]] II|
successores= [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] et [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 a.C.n.)|L. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]}} 
{{Index consulum rei publicae|
praedecessores=[[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]]|
annus= 52 a.C.n.&lt;br /&gt;cum&lt;br /&gt;[[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica|Quinto Caecilio Metello Pio Scipione Nasica]]|
successores=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 a.C.n.)|M. Claudius Marcellus]] et [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]]}} 

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|48 a.C.n.|Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus}}

[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Pompeia|Magnus, Gnaeus]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Mithridaticorum]]
[[Categoria:Participes Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
[[Categoria:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|!]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>3 Octobris</title>
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      <text bytes="7076" sha1="6gqzlftyi99ppo5mw56nffaz2k3o2c9" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Octobris}}
'''3 Octobris''' [[dies]] 276ª anni est (277ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 89 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] '''ante diem quintum Nonas Octobres''' (a.d. V Non. Oct.) est.

[[Fasciculus:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b31 322-3.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.45|Coronatio [[Catharina II (imperatrix Russiae)|Catharinae II]]]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 18===
* [[1762]] - [[Catharina II (imperatrix Russiae)|Catharina II]] imperatrix [[Russia]]e coronatur.
* [[1789]] - [[Festum Gratias Agendi]] in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] primum celebratur.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1897]] - [[Alexander Zaimes]] [[Primi ministri Graeciae|primus minister]] [[Graecia]]e nominatur. Antecessor eius [[Demetrius Ralles]] erat.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1918]]
** [[Maximilianus de Baden]]novus cancellarius [[Germania|Germanicus]] nominatur. Primo et legati dietae imperii administri nominantur.
** [[Boris III (rex Bulgariae)|Boris III]], postquam pater [[Ferdinandus I (rex Bulgariae)|Ferdinandus I]] abdicavit, [[Index regum praesidumque Bulgariae|rex]] [[Bulgaria]]e nominatur.
* [[1935]] - [[Italia]]e dictator [[Benitus Mussolini]] [[Aethiopia]]e bellum crudele diu cogitatum infert.
* [[1976]] - In Germania [[Index legatorum Dietae Foederalis VIII|diaeta Foederalis VIII]] eligitur: [[Helimutus Schmidt]] cancellarius factionis [[SPD]] [[Helimutus Kohl|Helimutum Kohl]] ([[CDU]]) vincit.
* [[1990]] - Germania ab anno [[1945]] in res publicas duas divisa iterum [[Reunificatio Germaniae|unificatur]].
* [[1993]] - [[Boris Ieltsin]] praeses [[Russia]]e vi militum seditionem communistarum reprimi iubet.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2004]] - [[Ioannes Paulus I]] imperatorem [[Carolus I (imperator Austriae)|Carolum I]] [[beatificatio|beatificat]].
* [[2016]] - [[Christina Kaljulaid]] praeses [[Estonia]]e eligitur.
* [[2025]] - [[Gulielmus V (magnus dux Luxemburgi)|Gulielmus V]] magus ducatus [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgi]] fit.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1784]] - [[Ioannes Carolus Ehrenfried Kegel]], agronomus exploratorque Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1863]])
* [[1792]] - [[Franciscus Morazán]], politicorum peritus [[Media America]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1842]])
* [[1797]] - [[Leopoldus II Tusciae|Leopoldus II]], magnus dux [[Tuscia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1870]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1824]] - [[Ioannes Nikitin]], [[scriptor]] [[Russia|Russicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1861]])
* [[1858]] - [[Alienora Duse]], actrix [[Italia|Italica]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1924]])
* [[1873]]
** [[Ioannes Šmelëv]], scriptor Russicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1950]])
** [[Venceslaus Šiškov]], scriptor Russicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1945]])
* [[1889]] - [[Carolus de Ossietzky]], pacifista Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1938]])
* [[1890]] - [[Aemilius Portes Gil]], praeses [[Mexicum|Mexici]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1978]])
* [[1895]]
** [[Sergius Esenin]], [[poeta]] Russicus (†&amp;nbsp;1925)
** [[Ioannes Comisso]], scriptor Italicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1969]])
* [[1896]] - [[Gerardus Diego]], scriptor et poeta [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1863]])
* 1897 - [[Ludovicus Aragon]], poeta et mythistoriarum scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1982]])
* [[1899]] - [[Arturus da Costa e Silva]], politicorum peritus [[Brasilia]]nus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1969]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1904]] - [[Carolus J. Pedersen]], chemicus Americanus  [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1989]])
* [[1913]] - [[Anastasius Albertus Ballestrero]], [[archiepiscopus]] [[Archidioecesis Barensis-Bituntina|Barensis]], deinde [[Archidioecesis Tarurinensis|Taurinensis]] ac [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae catholicae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1998]])
* [[1919]] - [[Iacobus M. Buchanan]], oeconomicus Americanus, [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum|praemio Nobeliano scientiarum oeconomicarum]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2013]])
* 1925 - [[Gore Vidal]], scriptor Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2012]])
* [[1927]] - [[Kenojuak Ashevak]], artifex [[Canada|Canadiensis]] (†&amp;nbsp;2013)
* [[1928]] - [[Ericus Bruhn]], saltator et choreographus [[Dania|Danicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1986]])
* [[1935]] - [[Armen Dschigarchanjan]], [[actor]] [[Armenia|Armenicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2020]])
* [[1938]] - [[Petrus Paulus Kuczynski]], praeses [[Peruvia]]e
* [[1940]] - [[Sheila Fearn]], actrix [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannica]]
* [[1944]] - [[Robertus Renfroe Riley]], gubernator [[Alabama]]e 
* [[1949]] - [[Lindsey Buckingham]], musicus Americanus
* [[1961]] - [[Ludgerus Stühlmeyer]], [[cantor]], [[organista]], magister et [[compositor]] Germanicus 
* [[1964]] - [[Clive Owen]], histrio [[Anglia|Anglicus]]
* 1969 - [[Guendolina Stefani]], cantrix Americana 
* [[1971]] - [[Svenus Lorig]], [[televisio]]nis diurnarius Germanicus
* [[1973]] - [[Lena Headey]], actrix Britannica
* [[1978]]
** [[Geraldus Asamoah]], [[pedilusor]] Germanicus
** [[Claudius Pizarro]], pedilusor Peruvianus
* [[1981]]
** [[Zlatan Ibrahimović]], pedilusor [[Suecia|Suecicus]]
** [[Andreas Isaksson]], pedilusor Suecicus
** [[Florianus Keller]], athleta Germanicus

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 1 a.C.n. ===
* [[42 a.C.n.]] - [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]], vir publicus Romanus (natus anno 85 a. C. n.)

=== Saeculo 13 ===
* [[1226]] - [[Sanctus Franciscus Assisiensis]] (natus anno [[1181]] vel [[1182]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1826]] - [[Jens Immanuel Baggesen]], scriptor Danicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1764]])
* [[1884]] - [[Ioannes Makart]], pictor [[Austria]]cus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1840]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1914]] - [[Philippus Fortunatov]], linguista Russicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1848]])
* [[1929]] - [[Gustavus Stresemann]], cancellarius et administer rerum exterarum Germaniae (*&amp;nbsp;[[1878]])
* [[1932]] - [[Maximus Wolf]], astronomus Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;1863)
* [[1951]] - [[Morley Isaac Griswold]], gubernator [[Nivata]]e (*&amp;nbsp;1890)
* [[1952]] - [[Paulus de Chapeaurouge]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis Nationalis Liberalis, deinde [[DVP]], postremo [[CDU]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1876]])
* [[1967]] - [[Woody Guthrie]], musicus et scriptor Americanus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1912]])
* [[1987]] - [[Ioannes Anouilh]], scriptor Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1910]])
* [[1981]] - [[Thaddaeus Kotarbinski]], philosophus, logicus et ethicus [[Polonia|Polonicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1886]])
* [[1988]] - [[Franciscus Iosephus Strauß]], praeses ministrorum [[Bavaria]]e et praeses factionis [[CSU]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1915]])
* [[1994]] - [[Henricus Rühmann]], actor Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1915]])                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
* [[1998]] - [[Roddy McDowall]], histrio Britannicus (*&amp;nbsp;1928)

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2003]] - [[Gulielmus Steig]], scriptor Americanus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1907]])
* [[2004]] - [[Janet Leigh]], actrix Americana (*&amp;nbsp;1927)
* [[2015]] - [[Dionysius Healey]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1917]])

== Festa et Feriae ==
* [[Germania]]: [[Dies integritatis Germanicae restitutae]]

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Araceae</title>
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      <text bytes="964" sha1="2xgto0a5qyclfehzvop5xpj1lr2mngp" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Araceae
| image = Arum maculatum 0 700.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[Arum maculatum]]
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Alismatales]]
| familia = '''Araceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antonius Laurentius de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamiliae
| subdivision = 
* [[Aroideae]]
* [[Calloideae]]
* [[Gymnostachydoideae]]
* [[Lasioideae]]
* [[Lemnoideae]]
* [[Monsteroideae]]
* [[Orontioideae]]
* [[Pothoideae]]
}}

'''Ăraceae''' sunt familia plantarum quae flores in [[spadix (biologia)|spadicibus]] ferunt. Araceae praecipuae sunt [[colocasia]], [[xanthosoma]], [[zantedeschia]], et [[anthurium]].

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Anthurium obovatum]]''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Araceae|araceas}}
{{Fontes de plantis}}

{{Biologia-stipula}}
{{Myrias|Biologia}}

[[Categoria:Ordines plantarum]]
[[Categoria:Araceae|!]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Jussieu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Colores</title>
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|titulus = [[Color]]es Latini: series paginarum brevium
|imago  = [[Fasciculus:Info-Icon.png|80px]]
|grex1  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:white;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Albus|album]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index1 = [[Albus]] • [[Candidus]] • [[Niveus]] • [[Lacteus]] • [[Albidus]] • [[Eburneus]]
|grex2  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Flavus|flavum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index2 = [[Flavus]] • [[Flavus (capillus)|Flavus (de capillis)]] • [[Luteus]] • [[Croceus]] • [[Luridus]] • [[Helvus]] et [[helvolus]] • [[Alutaceus]] •  [[Gilvus]] • [[Chlorus]]
|grex3  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:orange;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Fulvus|fulvum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index3 = [[Fulvus]] • [[Aurantius]] • [[Aureus (color)|Aureus]] • [[Aureolus]] • [[Rufus]]
|grex4  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:red;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Ruber|rubrum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index4 = [[Roseus]] • [[Vermiculatus]] • [[Flammeus]] • [[Rufus]] • [[Ruber]] • [[Rubicundus]] • [[Rubidus]] • [[Rutilus]] • [[Sanguineus]] • [[Coccineus]] • [[Russus]] • [[Xerampelinus]] • [[Githagineus]] • [[Puniceus]]
|grex5  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:brown;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Fuscus|fuscum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index5 = [[Ravus]] • [[Ochroleucus]] • [[Gilvus]] • [[Ochraceus]] • [[Badius]] ([[castaneus]]) • [[Spadiceus]] • [[Brunneus]] • [[Fuscus]] • [[Aquilus]] • [[Ferrugineus]] • [[Aeruginosus]]
|grex6  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:green;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Viridis|viridem]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index6 = [[Viridis]] • [[Virens]] • [[Prasinus]] • [[Olivaceus]] • [[Chlorus]] • [[Gilvus]] • [[Callainus]]
|grex7  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:blue;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Caeruleus|caeruleum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index7 = [[Azureus]] • [[Caeruleus]] • [[Indigoticus]] • [[Lividus]] • [[Caeruleus ultramarinus|Ultramarinus]]  • [[Caesius]] • [[Glaucus]] • [[Cyaneus]] • [[Cyaninus]] • [[Callainus]] • [[Venetus]] • [[Aeruginosus]]
|grex8  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:violet;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Violaceus|violaceum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index8 = [[Purpureus]] • [[Rubropurpureus]] • [[Violaceus]] • [[Puniceus]] • [[Lilacinus]]
|grex9  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:gray;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Canus|canum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index9 = [[Argenteus]] • [[Canus]] • [[Cinereus]] • [[Griseus]] • [[Caesius]] • [[Glaucus]]
|grex10 = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:black;color:white;&quot;&gt; Circa [[Niger (color)|nigrum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index10 = [[Ater]] • [[Atratus]] • [[Niger (color)|Niger]] • [[Nigritus]] • [[Furvus]] • [[Piceus]] • [[Pullus]] • [[Fuligineus]]
}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Categoria:Paginae conexae]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis paginarum brevium]]
[[Categoria:Colores|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <comment>+nexuli recensorii</comment>
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      <text bytes="2664" sha1="ggfvqca0tedd8zkourwnkheped75ird" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa navigationis
|formula = Colores
|titulus = [[Color]]es Latini: series paginarum brevium
|imago  = [[Fasciculus:Info-Icon.png|80px]]
|grex1  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:white;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Albus|album]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index1 = [[Albus]] • [[Candidus]] • [[Niveus]] • [[Lacteus]] • [[Albidus]] • [[Eburneus]]
|grex2  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:yellow;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Flavus|flavum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index2 = [[Flavus]] • [[Flavus (capillus)|Flavus (de capillis)]] • [[Luteus]] • [[Croceus]] • [[Luridus]] • [[Helvus]] et [[helvolus]] • [[Alutaceus]] •  [[Gilvus]] • [[Chlorus]]
|grex3  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:orange;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Fulvus|fulvum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index3 = [[Fulvus]] • [[Aurantius]] • [[Aureus (color)|Aureus]] • [[Aureolus]] • [[Rufus]]
|grex4  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:red;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Ruber|rubrum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index4 = [[Roseus]] • [[Vermiculatus]] • [[Flammeus]] • [[Rufus]] • [[Ruber]] • [[Rubicundus]] • [[Rubidus]] • [[Rutilus]] • [[Sanguineus]] • [[Coccineus]] • [[Russus]] • [[Xerampelinus]] • [[Githagineus]] • [[Puniceus]]
|grex5  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:brown;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Fuscus|fuscum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index5 = [[Ravus]] • [[Ochroleucus]] • [[Gilvus]] • [[Ochraceus]] • [[Badius]] ([[castaneus]]) • [[Spadiceus]] • [[Brunneus]] • [[Fuscus]] • [[Aquilus]] • [[Ferrugineus]] • [[Aeruginosus]]
|grex6  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:green;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Viridis|viridem]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index6 = [[Viridis]] • [[Virens]] • [[Prasinus]] • [[Olivaceus]] • [[Chlorus]] • [[Gilvus]] • [[Callainus]]
|grex7  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:blue;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Caeruleus|caeruleum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index7 = [[Azureus]] • [[Caeruleus]] • [[Indigoticus]] • [[Lividus]] • [[Caeruleus ultramarinus|Ultramarinus]]  • [[Caesius]] • [[Glaucus]] • [[Cyaneus]] • [[Cyaninus]] • [[Callainus]] • [[Venetus]] • [[Aeruginosus]]
|grex8  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:violet;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Violaceus|violaceum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index8 = [[Purpureus]] • [[Rubropurpureus]] • [[Violaceus]] • [[Puniceus]] • [[Lilacinus]]
|grex9  = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:gray;&quot;&gt;Circa [[Canus|canum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index9 = [[Argenteus]] • [[Canus]] • [[Cinereus]] • [[Griseus]] • [[Caesius]] • [[Glaucus]]
|grex10 = &lt;div style=&quot;background-color:black;color:white;&quot;&gt; Circa [[Niger (color)|nigrum]]&lt;/div&gt;
|index10 = [[Ater]] • [[Atratus]] • [[Niger (color)|Niger]] • [[Nigritus]] • [[Furvus]] • [[Piceus]] • [[Pullus]] • [[Fuligineus]]
}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Categoria:Paginae conexae]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis paginarum brevium]]
[[Categoria:Colores|ß]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Color</title>
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      <comment>/* Colores in Latinitate biologica */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10846" sha1="c9ooq9ronheqc3guobi0uco4bnpohze" xml:space="preserve">{{colores2}}
'''Color''' est [[proprietas physica|proprietas]] [[perceptio oculorum|perceptionis]] [[oculus|oculorum]], quae in [[homo sapiens|hominibus]] ad categorias ''[[ruber|rubram]],'' ''[[viridis|viridem]],'' ''[[caeruleus|caeruleam]],'' et alias appellatas spectat. Notio coloris ex [[spectrum lucis|spectro lucis]] (distributione potestatis [[lux|lucis]] contra [[unda|longitudinem undarum]] plerumque inter 400 [[nanometrum|nm]] et 700 [[nanometrum|nm]]) deducitur.

==Colores spectri lucis visibiles==
{{vide etiam|Arcus caelestis}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable toccolours&quot;
|+ '''''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | color
! abbr=&quot;wavelength&quot; | intervallum longitudinis undae
! abbr=&quot;frequency&quot;  | intervallum frequentiae
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[ruber]]
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF0000;color:white;&quot; | ~ 625–740&amp;nbsp;nm
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF0000;color:white;&quot; | ~ 480–405&amp;nbsp;THz
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[fulvus]] vel [[aurantius]]
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF6600;color:white;&quot; | ~ 590–625&amp;nbsp;nm
| style=&quot;background-color:#FF6600;color:white;&quot; | ~ 510–480&amp;nbsp;THz
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[flavus]] vel [[luteus]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFFF00&quot; | ~ 565–590&amp;nbsp;nm
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFFF00&quot; | ~ 530–510&amp;nbsp;THz
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[viridis]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#00FF00&quot; | ~ 500–565&amp;nbsp;nm
| bgcolor=&quot;#00FF00&quot; | ~ 600–530&amp;nbsp;THz
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[caeruleus]] vel [[cyaneus]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#00E0E0&quot; | ~ 485–500&amp;nbsp;nm
| bgcolor=&quot;#00E0E0&quot; | ~ 620–600&amp;nbsp;THz
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[indigoticus]] vel [[caeruleus Berolinensis]]
| style=&quot;background-color:#0000FF;color:white;&quot; | ~ 440–485&amp;nbsp;nm
| style=&quot;background-color:#0000FF;color:white;&quot; | ~ 680–620&amp;nbsp;THz
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[violaceus]] vel [[purpureus]]
| style=&quot;background-color:#8F00FF;color:white;&quot; | ~ 380–440&amp;nbsp;nm
| style=&quot;background-color:#8F00FF;color:white;&quot; | ~ 790–680&amp;nbsp;THz
|}

==Fontes==
De nominibus colorum Latinitatis classicae [[Antonius Thylesius|Antonius Thylesius Consentinus]] librum composuit.

[[Fasciculus:Spectrum441pxWithnm.png|thumb|Totum spectrum aspectabile.]]
==Colores in Latinitate biologica==

[[Biologia|Biologica]] [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] [[binomen|binomina]] multas definitiones coloris continent, quae interdum systhematice describuntur. [[Carolus Linnaeus]] hoc systema reliquit&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Caroli_Linnaei_Philosophia_botanica/RxQAAAAAQAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=0 ''Philosophia botanica'', 1809, p. 378–379.]&lt;/ref&gt;, quod a perspicuitate et coloris absentia incipit:

*[[hyalinus]], ''[[aqua|aqueus]], [[vitrum|vitreus]], ([[crystallum|crystallinus]]).'' 
*[[albus]], ''[[lacteus]], [[niveus]], ([[candidus]]). ''
*[[sordidus]].
*[[cinereus]], ''[[incanus]], [[lividus]], [[plumbum|plumbeus]], ([[mus|murinus]], [[griseus]], [[nebula|nebulosus]]).'' 
*[[niger]], ''[[pullus]].''
**[[ater]], ''[[piceus]].''
**[[fuscus]], ''([[luridus]], [[brunneus]], [[badius]], [[aes (mixtura)|aeneus]], [[fuligineus]], [[umbrinus]]).''
*[[luteus]], ''([[limon|citrinus]], [[aureus]], [[vitellus|vitellinus]]).''
**[[flavus]], ''[[sulphur|sulphureus]], ([[alutaceus]], [[helvolus]], [[cera|cerinus]]).''
**[[fulvus]], ''[[croceus]], [[flammeus]], ([[cinnamomum|cinnamomeus]], [[miniatus]]).''
**[[gilvus]], ''[[testa|testaceus]], [[ferrugineus]], ([[vaccinus]], [[ochraceus]], [[argilla]]ceus, [[cervus|cervinus]]).''
*[[ruber]], ''[[sanguineus]], ([[xerampelinus]], [[spadiceus]]).''
**[[caro|incarnatus]], ''([[pallidus]], [[later|lateritius]]).''
**[[coccineus]], ''[[puniceus]], ([[roseus]], [[cinnabaris|cinnabarinus]]).''
**([[rutilus]], ''[[rufus]], [[rubigo|rubiginosus]]).''
*[[purpureus]], ''[[phoeniceus]].''
**[[violaceus]], ''caeruleo-purpureus.''
*[[caeruleus]], ''([[caesius]], [[azureus]]).''
*[[viridis]], ''[[prasinus]], ([[aeruginosus]], [[chalybs|chalybeus]], [[beryllus]], ''(viridi-caesius)'' [[glaucus]], [[olivaceus]]).''

Additamenta inveniuntur in systemate {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Franciscus Xaverius Britzger|Francisci Xaverii Britzger|d|qid=Q55901727}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Introductio_ad_artem_botanicam_etc/-ZVWAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=0 ''Introductio ad artem botanicam'', 1850, p. 56]&lt;/ref&gt;:

*'''[[albus]]''': [[hyalinus]], [[niveus]], [[candidus]], [[lacteus]], [[creta (minerale)|cretaceus]];
*'''[[canus]]''': [[incanus]], [[griseus]], [[cinereus]], [[fumus|fumeus]], [[mus|murinus]], [[plumbum|plumbeus]], [[lividus]];
*'''[[niger]]''': [[ater]], [[Corvus corax|coracinus]], [[piceus]];
*'''[[fuscus]]''': [[badius]], [[castaneus]], [[hepaticus]], [[brunneus]], [[luridus]], [[ferrugineus]];
*'''[[flavus]]''': [[luteus]], [[cera|cerinus]], [[sulphur|sulphureus]], [[stramen|stramineus]], [[helvolus]], [[gilvus]], [[vitellus|vitellinus]], [[croceus]], [[aurantius]] ([[aurantiacus]]), [[fulvus]], [[ochraceus]], [[limon|citrinus]] ([[limon|citreus]]), [[aureus]];
*'''[[viridis]]''': [[prasinus]], [[smaragdus|smaragdinus]], [[olivaceus]], [[glaucus]], [[aeruginosus]];
*'''[[caeruleus]]''': [[azureus]], [[cyaneus]], [[caesius]], [[violaceus]], [[lilacinus]];
*'''[[ruber]]''': [[puniceus]], [[phoeniceus]], [[coccineus]], [[igneus]] ([[flammeus]]), [[roseus]] ([[prunus persica|persicus]]), [[purpureus]], [[caro|carneus]] ([[caro|incarnatus]]), [[cinnabaris|cinnabarinus]], [[miniatus]], [[later|lateritius]], [[cinnamomum|cinnamomeus]], [[sanguineus]], [[cuprum|cupreus]].

Sed et cetera nomina colorum multa in usu sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Videas, exempli gratia, Gulielmi T. Stearn ''Botanical Latin: History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary,'' ed. tertia (Londinii: 1983), 410–420. Ioannis Lindley ''An Introduction to Botany'',  vol. II (Londinii: 1848),  371; [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Explanation_of_Terms_Used_in_Entomology/mn45AQAAMAAJ?hl=ru&amp;gbpv=0 ''Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology'', 1883]; ({{Google Books|Cp8HAQAAIAAJ}}); {{Kirp|sub nominibbus colorum}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Colores artis heraldicae==
{{vide etiam|Tinctura heraldica}}
In [[scientia heraldica]] colores ''tincturae'' appellantur et sua nomina solita habent.

==Nexus interni==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Chromatographia]]
*[[Colores primarii]]
*[[Dichromatismus]]
*[[Lux]]
*[[Philosophia coloris]]
*[[Physica]]
*[[Physichromia]]
*[[Prisma]]
*[[Radiatio electromagnetica]]
*[[Radiatio ultraviolacea]]
*[[Synaesthesia]]
*[[Undae]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==
[[Fasciculus:Colores urinarum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|&quot;Manuale quoddam duodecimi saeculi suadebat: 'Dum diu [[urina]]m inspicis, ad eius colorem, substantiam, quantitatemque, atque ad ea quae in ea sunt—ex quorum diversitate diversa [[morbus|morborum]] genera dignosces—animum advertas.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;q911&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Troubled Waters: Reading Urine in Medieval Medicine | website=The Public Domain Review | date=[[2023]]-04-19 | url=https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/troubled-waters/ | access-date=2025-03-27}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
*Braem, Harald. [[2003]] ''Die Macht der Farben.'' Langen/Müller. ISBN 3784471560.
*Gekeler, Hans. [[1988]]. ''DuMont's Handbuch der Farbe (Systematik und Ästhetik).'' Coloniae: DuMont. ISBN 3770121112.
*Gierling, Rolf. [[2006]]. ''Farbmanagement.'' Ed. tertia. Bonnae: MITP. ISBN 382661626X.
*[[Goethe|Goethe, Ioannes Wolfgangus von]]. [[1810]]. ''Zur Farbenlehre.'' Tubingae: Cotta.
*Heller, Eva, [[2000]]. ''Wie Farben auf Gefühl und Verstand wirken.'' Knaur, Droemer. ISBN 3426271745.
*[[Ioannes Itten|Itten, Johannes]]. [[1970]]. ''Kunst der Farbe.'' Ravensburgi: Otto Maier. ISBN 347361551X.
*[[Haroludus Küppers|Küppers, Harald]]. [[1982]]. ''Die Logik der Farbe.'' Ed. secunda. Theoretische Grundlagen der Farbenlehre. Monaci: Callwey. ISBN 3766706012.
*Mayer, Horst O. [[2005]]. ''Einführung in die Wahrnehmungs-, Lern- und Werbepsychologie.'' Oldenbourg. ISBN 3486576755.
*Ploß, Emil Ernst. [[1967]]. ''Ein Buch von alten Farben: Technologie der Textilfarben im Mittelalter mit einem Ausblick auf die festen Farben.'' Heidelberg et Berolini: Neudruck München.
*Weingart, Petra E., et Rudolf Forster. [[2005]]. ''Ich und die Farbe sind eins.'' Hamburgi: Kovac. ISBN 3830018134.
*Welsch, Norbert, et Claus Christian Liebmann. [[2004]]. ''Farben.'' Spektrum. ISBN 3-8274-1563-2.

==Nexus externi==
* [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gt-dV-jPhJcC/page/n3 Antonii Thylesii libellus de coloribus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091016015726/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/fleursauvageyonne/flsv/Lex/Lexi4.htm De coloribus: lingua Latina et lingua Francogallica,] pagesperso-orange.fr
* Ioannis Lindley ''An Introduction to Botany'',  vol. II, Londinii 1848,  p. 371. {{Google Books|Cp8HAQAAIAAJ}} (de coloribus biologiae)

==Exempla colorum==
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Niger (color)|Niger]]|#000000}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Ater]]|#0D0D0D}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Pullus]]|#291705}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Canus]]|#808080}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Aquilus]]|#553A26}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Furvus]]|#2F2003}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Fuscus]]|#964B00}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Ravus]]|#C3B091}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Caeruleus Berolinus]]|#003264}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Lividus]]|#4682b4}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Caeruleus]]|#0066DD}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Caesius]]|#BDBBD7}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Smaragdus]]|#50C878}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Chlorus]]|#A3FF00}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Virens]]|#00A86B}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Viridis]]|#00AA00}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Glaucus]]|#2E8B57}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Venetus]]|#4F7942}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Roseus]]|#FF007F}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Fuchsia (color)|Fuchsianeus]]|#FF00FF}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Violaceus]]|#8B00FF}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Violeus]]|#991199}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Purpureus]]|#660099}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Rubidus]]|#B22222}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Rutilus]]|#DC143C}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Rufus]]|#E34234}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Sanguineus]]|#FF0000}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Puniceus]]|#FF0000}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Ruber]]|#FF0000}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Rubicundus]]|#FF2400}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Coccinus]]|#E32636}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Russus]]|#FF7518}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Fulvus]]|#FF7F24}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Luteus]]|#f4c430}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Flammeus]]|#FFBF00}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Aurum]]|#FFD700}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Flavus]]|#ffd35f}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Gilvus]]|#ffff00}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Auratus]]|#FFDF00}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Aureolus]]|#FBEC5D}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Eburneus]]|#FFDEAD}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Argenteus]]|#C0C0C0}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Niveus]]|#F0F8FF}}
{{Exemplar coloris|[[Albus]]|#FFFFFF}}

{{Colores}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}

[[Categoria:Colores|!]]
[[Categoria:Qualia]]
[[Categoria:Visus]]&lt;!-- + Image processing--&gt;</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Quadratic equation coefficients.png|thumb|Aequatio in tabula representari potest.  Hae tabulae monstrant aequationem quadraticam &lt;math&gt;a x^2 + b x + c = 0&lt;/math&gt;, ubi quantitates a, b, c valores alios habent secundum colores:  in prima imagine, a = 0 et b = 0;  in seconda, a = 0 et c = 0;  in tertia, b = 0 et c = 0.  Figurae sunt [[parabola]]e.]]
:''Haec est de aequationibus mathematicis. Si de [[chemica]] quaeres, vide [[Aequatio chemica|aequationem chemicam]].''

'''Aequatio'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=e9bPtrEfYbIC&amp;pg=PA206&amp;lpg=PA206&amp;dq=aequatio+differentialis&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=FtE6Y9r9uB&amp;sig=ZnxaJhIn4EtlmY2nkucAX0Dv2Wg&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=QxTcTbz7II_6sgbatf3kDg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=aequatio%20differentialis&amp;f=false Die Streitschriften By Jakob Bernoulli, Jean Bernoulli, Herman Heine Goldstine, P. Radelet-de Grave] {{ling|Anglice|Latine}}&lt;/ref&gt; est [[sententia]] [[mathematica]] quae dicit duas [[quantitas|quantitates]] esse aequas. Omnes aequationes habent symbolum aequalitatis &quot;=&quot;, sicut

:&lt;math&gt;2 + 3 = 5&lt;/math&gt;,

quod verbis dicitur &quot;[[duo]] et [[tres]] sunt/aequant [[quinque]],&quot; et 

:&lt;math&gt;x - x = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

Si sententia dicit quantitatem aliquem maiorem vel minorem esse alia quantitate, est [[inaequatio]], sicut

:&lt;math&gt;2 + 4 &gt; 5&lt;/math&gt; (hoc est, &quot;[[duo]] et [[quattuor]] sunt maiores quam [[quinque]]&quot;).

== Aequationes versus identitates ==
Aequationes supra sunt [[identitas mathematica|identitates]] mathematicae, aequationes quae sunt vera valoribus suarum partium neglectis. Aequatio cui non est identitas est:

:&lt;math&gt;x + 1 = 2&lt;/math&gt;,

quae quippe est falsa infinito numero valoris dato, et vera est solum si &lt;math&gt;x = 1&lt;/math&gt;. ''[[Solutio aequationis|Aequationem solvere]]'' significat invenire unicum valorem vel valores quibus aequatio vera est.

Saepius litterae primae [[abecedarium|abecedarii]], ut ''a, b, c,'' quantitates constantes nominant, et litterae ultimae, ut ''x, y, z,'' nominant quantitates variabiles quarum valores inveniendi.  Exempli gratia,

:&lt;math&gt;x + a = b&lt;/math&gt; significat &lt;math&gt;x = b - a&lt;/math&gt;,

in qua sententia scimus ''a'' et ''b'' et debemus solvere ut ''x'' sciamus.

== Proprietates ==
Si aequatio noscitur vera esse, in eam operationes hae sequentes faciantur et veram etiam habeas:

# Ullum valorem [[additio|adde]] ambobus lateribus:  si a = b, tum a + c = b + c.
# Ullum valorem [[subtractio|subtrahe]] de ambobus lateribus:  si a = b, tum a - c = b - c.
# Ambo latera [[multiplicatio|multiplicentur]] ullo valore:  si a = b, tum ac = bc.
# Ambo latera [[divisio|dividantur]] ullo valore excluso [[zero]]:  si a = b, et c ≠ 0, tum a/c = b/c.
&lt;!--
The algebraic properties (1-4) imply that equality is a [[congruence relation]] for a [[field (mathematics)|field]]; in fact, it is essentially the only one.

The most well known system of numbers which allows all of these operations is the [[real numbers]], which is an example of a [[field (mathematics)|field]].  However, if the equation were based on the [[natural number]]s for example, some of these operations (like division and subtraction) may not be valid as negative numbers and non-[[whole numbers]] are not allowed.  The [[integers]] are an example of an [[integral domain]] which does not allow all divisions as, again, whole numbers are needed.  However, subtraction is allowed, and is the [[inverse operator]] in that system.

If a function that is not [[injective]] is applied to both sides of a true equation, then the resulting equation will still be true, but it may be less useful. Formally, one has an [[Logical conditional|implication]], not an [[Logical biconditional|equivalence]], so the solution set may get larger. The functions implied in properties (1), (2), and (4) are always injective, as is (3) if we do not multiply by [[0 (number)|zero]]. Some generalized [[Product (mathematics)|products]], such as a [[dot product]], are never injective.
--&gt;

== Aequationis gradus et canonica forma ==
Canonica aequationis cuiusdam forma appellatur forma quae formam &quot;[[polynomium]] = [[zero]]&quot; habeat.
Exempli gratia:
:x+2=0 (primus gradus)
:5x&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; - 9x + 17 = 0 (secundus gradus)

Gradus polynomii est denique etiam gradus aequationis.

== Quomodo possumus solvere aequationes gradus secundi ==
Aequationes gradus secundi (aut [[aequatio quadratica|aequationes quadraticae]] nominatae), quae habent formam 

&lt;math&gt; a x^2 + bx + c = 0 &lt;/math&gt;,

habent solutionem

&lt;math&gt;
x = \frac {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}
&lt;/math&gt;
             
ubi

# si &lt;math&gt;\Delta = b^2-4ac &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;, aequatio duas solutiones habet ambas reales,
# si &lt;math&gt;\Delta=0 &lt;/math&gt;, aequatio tantum unam habet solutionem (aut melius, duas habet quae sunt concurrentes), denique, 
# si &lt;math&gt;\Delta&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;, aequatio duas distinctas solutiones complexas (partim realem et partim imaginariam) habet.

&lt;math&gt;\Delta = b^2 - 4ac&lt;/math&gt; dicitur ''discriminans'' formae.

== Quomodo possumus solvere aequationes gradus terti ==

Ab-initio, consideratur aequationes gradus terti, quae habent formam 

&lt;math&gt; y^3 + qy + p = 0 &lt;/math&gt;,

Eae habent solutionem

&lt;math&gt;u=\sqrt[3]{-\frac{q}{2}+\sqrt{\frac{q^2}{4}+\frac{p^3}{27}}};\quad v=\sqrt[3]{-\frac{q}{2}-\sqrt{\frac{q^2}{4}+\frac{p^3}{27}}}.&lt;/math&gt;

ubi Delta est

&lt;math&gt;\Delta =\frac{q^2}{4}+\frac{p^3}{27} &lt;/math&gt;, positivus vel negativus est.

* Si &lt;math&gt;\Delta&lt;/math&gt;  major est  0, calcolantur duos numeros reales  &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; e &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;  qui  equali  sunt sic:
::&lt;math&gt;u=\sqrt[3]{-\frac{q}{2}+\sqrt{\Delta}}; \quad v=\sqrt[3]{-\frac{q}{2}-\sqrt{\Delta}},&lt;/math&gt;

e  solutiones equationes sunt:
::&lt;math&gt;y_1=u+v;&lt;/math&gt;
::&lt;math&gt;y_2=u\left(-\frac{1}{2}+i\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)+v\left(-\frac{1}{2}-i\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right);&lt;/math&gt;
::&lt;math&gt;y_3=u\left(-\frac{1}{2}-i\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)+v\left(-\frac{1}{2}+i\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right).&lt;/math&gt;

* Se &lt;math&gt;\Delta&lt;/math&gt; minor ab 0 necesse est numerus complexus convertire 
::&lt;math&gt;-\frac{q}{2}+i\sqrt{-\Delta}&lt;/math&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Aequatio differentialis]] 
* [[Aequatio massae et energiae]]
* [[Diophantus]]
* [[Inaequatio]]
* [[Perfectio quadri]]
* [[Solutio aequationis]]
* [[Systema aequationum]]
*[[Hieronymus_Cardanus]]
*[[Quantitas_imaginaria]]

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061400/http://www.wessa.net/math.wasp Machina quae aequationes et integralia describit]
* [http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/ EqWorld] — sapientia de multis speciebus aequationum.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028140036/http://www.numberz.co.uk/ES.html EquationSolver]
{{1000 paginae}}

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Mathematica elementaria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Villa de Ax</title>
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'''Villa de Ax''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;villa de Ax&quot;: enumeratio terrarum Fuxiensium in H. Casatillon, ''Histoire du comté de Foix'' (1852)[https://archive.org/details/histoireducomtde01cast/page/466 vol. 1 p. 467]&lt;/ref&gt; Francogallice ''ville d'Ax'' sed rite ''Ax-les-Thermes'', est oppidum [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'363 habitantium (anno 2010) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arigia (praefectura Franciae)|Arigiae]] in regione [[Meridianum et Pyrenaeus|Meridiano et Pyrenaeo]]. Distat 22 milia passuum ab urbe [[Fuxium|Fuxio]].

[[Fasciculus:Ax-les-Thermes, vue panoramique (Ariège).jpg|thumb|Villa de Ax ante annum [[1910]] lucis ope picta]]
Aquae fontium huius loci plurimorum saeculo XIX medio analysatae sunt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Maximus Durand-Fardel]], ''Dictionnaire général des eaux minérales et d'hydrologie médicale'' (Lutetiae, 1860) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2013645/f191.image vol. 1 p. 160]&lt;/ref&gt; hodie aquae sulphidae, sodicae, calidissimae reportantur.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.medecinethermale.fr/medecins/les-stations/details-station/thermes-ax-les-thermes.html La médecine thermale]''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* H. Castillon, '' Histoire d'Ax et de la vallée d'Andorre, avec des notices historiques sur les bains d'Ussat et d'Audinac''. Tolosae, 1851 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5586603k.Image Textus] apud ''Gallica''
* Jeanne Reboul, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rgpso_0035-3221_1939_num_10_2_1126 Ax-les-Thermes. Étude géographique]&quot; in ''Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest'' vol. 10 pars 2 (1939) pp. 117-137

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Arigiae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ax-les-Thermes|Ax}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.mairie-ax.fr/ Ax pagina interretialis] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.histariege.com/ax_les_thermes.htm Historia] villae de Ax apud ''histariege.com''

[[Categoria:Thermae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aurigerae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aurigerae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sphinx</title>
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      <text bytes="5030" sha1="rf7x9rij1nemhzd14ss3gbg7yvs0pva" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Magna Sphinx Gizensis]] pro [[Magna Pyramis Gizensis|Magna Pyramide Gizensi]] iacet.]]
[[Fasciculus:La Granja de San Ildefonso Sfinx01.jpg|thumb|[[Statua]] cuiusdam sphingis [[Segovia]]e in [[Hispania]] sita]]
[[Fasciculus:Bharhut Gateway Sphinx.jpg|thumb|Sphinx [[Buddhismus|Buddhica]] in aditu [[stupa]]e ad [[Bharhut]], [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sphinxes of all sorts occur on the Bharhut gateways&quot; (Kosambi 2002).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Sphinx''' ([[Graece]] Σφίγξ, [[lingua Boeotica|Boeotice]] Φίγξ) est [[monstrum]] [[mythologia|mythicum]], cui sunt [[caput]] [[homo|hominis]], [[corpus]] [[leo]]nis, [[ala]]eque [[falco]]nis.

Sphingi in [[mythologia Graeca]] sunt caput hominis, [[coxa]]e [[clunes]]que leonis, atque aliquando alae [[avis]]. Perfida et immisericors habetur. Qui recte eius [[aenigma]] non respondeant, [[fatum]] patiuntur, ut in talibus [[fabula (mythos)|fabulis]] usitatum est, quia monstrum eos necat et comedit.&lt;ref&gt;Siegel 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; Quod sphingis exemplum in [[mythologia|mytho]] et [[drama]]te de [[Oedipus|Oedipode]] legitur.&lt;ref&gt;Kallich 1968.&lt;/ref&gt; Sphinx autem [[Aegyptus|Aegyptius]], sphingi Graecae dissimilis (quae est [[mulier]]), usitate [[homo]] monstratur, '''Androsphinx''' (Graece Ἀνδρόσφιγξ) appellatus. Praeterea, sphinx Aegyptius benevolus habetur, quamquam saevis [[vis|viribus]] praeditus, exemplo Graeco similis; et ambo [[custos|custodes]] memorantur, qui aditus [[templum|templorum]] saepe custodiunt.&lt;ref&gt;Stewart 1979.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sphingis [[parens|parentes]] sunt [[Echidna]] et [[Orthos]] vel [[Typhon]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Hyginus mythographus|Hyginus]] 151.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quae post [[mors|mortem]] [[Laius|Laii]], [[Creon Thebanus|Creonte]] regente, in [[Mons Phicius|Monte Phicio]] prope [[Thebae (Graecia)|Thebas]] sedet, ubi [[aenigma]] [[via]]toribus proponit: quod [[animal]] mane [[quattuor]] [[pes|pedibus]], [[meridies|meridie]] [[duo]]bus, vesperi [[tres|tribus]] ambulat? [[Oedipus]] aenigma recte explicat: tale animal est [[homo]].

== Fontes ==
*[[Euripides]], ''[[Phoenissae]]'' 1018–42 (tertium stasimon).
*[[Hesiodus]], ''[[Theogonia]]'' 326–7.
*[[Hyginus mythographus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 67, 151.
*[[Sophocles]], ''[[Oedipus rex]]'' 35-6, 139-140, 390–400, 1200–2.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Caldwell, Richard. [[1987]]. ''Hesiod's Theogony,'' Focus Publishing / R. Pullins Company. ISBN 978-0-941051-00-2.
* Clay, Jenny Strauss. [[2003]]. ''Hesiod's Cosmos.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521823920.
* Dessenne, André. [[1957]]. ''Le Sphinx: Étude iconographique.'' Lutetiae: De Boccard.
* Edmunds, Lowell. [[1981]]. ''The Sphinx in the Oedipus Legend.'' [[Lapis Regius (Hassia)|Lapide Regio]]: Hain. ISBN 3-445-02184-8.
* Gantz, Timothy. [[1996]]. ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources.'' 2 voll. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
* Hesiodos. [[2018]]. ''Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia,'' ed. et conv. Glenn W. Most. Loeb Classical Library 57. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99720-2. Online version at Harvard University Press. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml Textus interretialis] apud Harvard University Press.
* Kallich, Martin. [[1968]]. Oepidus and the Sphinx. In ''Oepidus: Myth and Drama.''
* Kosambi, Damodar Dharmanand. [[2002]]. In ''Combined Methods in Indology and Other Writings,'' ed. Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya, p. 459. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195642391.[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Combined_Methods_in_Indology_and_Other_W/0OhtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en Google Books.]
* Regier, Willis Goth. [[2004]]. ''Book of the Sphinx.'' Lincolniae Nebrascae: University of Nebraska Press.
* Stewart, Desmond. [[1979]]. ''Pyramids and the Sphinx.'' ''Newsweek.'' ISBN 0882252712, ISBN 978-0882252711.
* Taheri, Sadreddin. [[2013]]. &quot;Gopat (Sphinx) and Shirdal (Gryphon) in the Ancient Middle East&quot;. نشریه هنرهای زیبا- هنرهای تجسمی. Tehran: ''Honarhay-e Ziba Journal'' 17 (4): 17 (4(زمستان 1391)). {{doi|10.22059/jfava.2013.30063}}.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Aegyptus antiqua]]
*[[Graecia antiqua]]
*[[Monstra]]
*[[896 Sphinx]]
*[[Sphinges (Petropolis)|Sphinges Petropolitanae]]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Sphinxes|sphinges}}
* Siegel, Janice. [[2001]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230325043401/http://people.hsc.edu/drjclassics/texts/Oedipus/sphinx.shtm The Sphinx and ''Oedipus Rex.''] Situs people.hsc.edu.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141127153327/http://www.newslobby.net/2014/10/23/historical-moment-sphinx-head-found-in-greek-tomb/ &quot;Sphinx Head Found in Greek Tomb&quot;] apud Newslobby.net (archivum).

[[Categoria:Aenigmata]]
[[Categoria:Felinae fabulosae]]
[[Categoria:Hybridae fabulosae]]
[[Categoria:Monolithi]]
[[Categoria:Monstra]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia]]
[[Categoria:Mythologia Thebana]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <title>Georgius Diederichs</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F030208-0027, Bonn, Landesvertretung Niedersachsen, Diederichs.jpg|thumb|Georgius Diederichs anno 1969]]
'''Georgius''' (vulgo: ''Georg'') '''Diederichs''' (natus [[2 Septembris]] [[1900]] [[Northemium|Northemii]], mortuus [[19 Iunii]] [[1983]] [[Hannovera]]e) fuit vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Socialis Democratica Factio Germaniae|Socialis Democraticae Factionis Germaniae]] (SPD).

== Munus ==
Diederichs ab anno [[1922]] [[Universitas Regia Georgia Augusta|Gottingae]] rei publicae atque oeconomiae pharmaciaeque studebat et anno [[1926]] studium finiebat. 

== Cursum honorum ==
Eodem anno sodalis Democraticae Factionis Germaniae factus est, sed anno [[1930]] ad SPD transiit. Postquam Nazistae anno [[1933]] rerum potiti sunt, Diederichs clam pro SPD laboravit et idcirco unum annum in carcere inclusus et deinde in [[castra carceralia]] missus est. [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|Bello Orbis Terrarum II]] confecto, ipse liberatus magister civium urbis Northemii a Britannis factus est et ad usque [[1957]] manebat. Anno [[1948]]/[[1949|49]] legatus ad [[Consilium Parlamentaricum Germaniae (1948)|Consilium Parlamentarium]] [[Bonna]]e electus est. Anno 1957 administer rerum socialium [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] factus et [[29 Decembris]] [[1961]], [[Hinricus Gulielmus Kopf|Hinrico Gulielmo Kopf]] (SPD) mortuo, praeses ministrorum eius terrae creatus est. Quem magistratum ad [[8 Iulii]] 1970 duxit, cum [[Alfredus Kubel]] (SPD) successor eius factus est.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132803/http://www.stadtarchiv.goettingen.de/personen/diederichs.htm Curriculum vitae in pagina tabulatorii urbis Gottingae]

{{Praesides Ministrorum Saxoniae Inferioris}}
{{Praesides Consilii Foederalis Germaniae}}

{{Lifetime|1900|1983|Diederichs, Georgius}}

[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Praesides Consilii Foederalis Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Legati Consilii Parlamentarici Germaniae (1948)]]</text>
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    <title>Romanus I Lacapenus</title>
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{{Imperator
| nomen               = Romanus I Lacapenus
| titulus              = Imperator
| image              = Romanus1.jpg
| caption            = Nummus Romani I
| image_size            = 
| principatus              = [[920]] – [[16 Decembris]] [[944]]
| nomen_plenum          = 
| sermo_proprius1       = [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graece]]
| sermo_proprius1_nomen1 = {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανὸς Λακαπηνός}}
| partus         = c. 870
| locus_natalis        = [[Lacape]]
| obitus         = [[15 Iunii]] [[948]]
| locus_mortis        = 
| uxor 1           = [[Theodora (Romani Lacapeni uxor)|Theodora]]
| uxor 2           = 
| domus        = Lacapeni
| pater             = Theophylactus Abastactus
| mater             = 
| prognati           = [[Christophorus Lacapenus|Christophorus]], [[Stephanus Lacapenus|Stephanus]], [[Constantinus Lacapenus|Constantinus]], [[Theophylactus Lacapenus|Theophylactus]], [[Helena Lacapena|Helena]], [[Agatha Lacapena|Agatha]]
| religio           =
}}'''Romanus I Lacapenus''', [[lingua Graeca|Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ῥωμανὸς Λακαπηνός}} (natus circa annum 870, mortuus [[15 Iunii]] [[948]]) fuit [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale|Imperator Byzantinus]] ab anno [[920]]. Ab imperio deiectus est a filiis [[Stephanus Lacapenus|Stephano]] et [[Constantinus Lacapenus|Constantino]] die [[16 Decembris]] [[944]] et ad insulam [[Prote (insula)|Protam]] missus, ubi monachum fieri coactus est.

Romanus fuit filius custodis imperialis Theophylacti Abastacti.&lt;ref&gt;Warren Treadgold, ''A History of the Byzantine State and Society'' (Stanford, 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2) pp. 476-477&lt;/ref&gt; Romanus [[Lacape|Lacapae]] natus est, unde agnomen eius &quot;Lacapenus&quot;, aut, saepius sed corruptius, &quot;Lecapenus&quot;.

Uxorem duxit [[Theodora (Romani Lacapeni uxor)|Theodoram]] e qua filios quattuor genuit filiasque duas, scilicet:
* [[Christophorus Lacapenus|Christophorus]], qui cum patre et genero [[Constantinus VII|Constantino VII]] regnavit
* [[Stephanus Lacapenus|Stephanus]], qui cum patre et genero regnavit
* [[Constantinus Lacapenus|Constantinus]], qui cum patre et genero regnavit
* [[Theophylactus Lacapenus|Theophylactus]] qui [[patriarcha Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus|patriarcha]] electus est
* [[Helena Lacapena|Helena]], quae [[Constantinus VII|Constantino VII]] nupsit eoque peperit [[Romanus II|Romanum II]] imperatorem futurum
* [[Agatha Lacapena|Agatha]], quae [[Romanus Argyrus|Romano Argyro]] nupsit; avia imperatoris futuri [[Romanus III|Romani III]]

== Fontes de vita et principatu ==
* [[Ioannes Scylitzes]], ''[[Synopsis historiarum (Scylitzes)|Synopsis historiarum]]''
* ''[[Theophanes continuatus]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* [[Stephanus Runciman|Steven Runciman]], ''The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1929
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130131/http://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/pbw2011/entity/person/107525 Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos]&quot; in M. Jeffreys et al., ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160610163854/http://www.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/ Prosopography of the Byzantine World]'' (2011-)

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Medlands|http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_Toc204564502|Romanos I (cum filiis)}}

{{Imperatores Constantinopolitani|
praedecessor= [[Constantinus VII]]|
annus-annus= 920-944|
successor= [[Constantinus VII]]}}

[[Categoria:Imperatores Constantinopolitani]]
[[Categoria:Lacapeni]]
[[Categoria:Nati 870]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 948]]</text>
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    <title>Schola Francica Romae</title>
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[[Image:Palazzo Farnese in Rome.jpg|thumb|Palatium Farnese]]
'''Schola Francica Romae''' (''École française de Rome'' seu ''EFR'') est institutum [[Francia|Francicum]], [[Roma]]e anno [[1875]] conditum, quae iuxta [[Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humaniorum|Academiam Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humaniorum]] studia eruditorum Francorum de historia, archaeologia et philologia tam Romanis quam Italianis favet. Labores [[Institutum Epistolarium Archaeologicum|Instituti Epistolarii Archaeologici]] (''Institut de correspondance archéologique''), anno [[1829]] conditi, continuit; e ramo [[Schola Athenarum Francica|Scholae Athenarum Francicae]], anno [[1873]] Romae constituto, effloruit. Una cum [[Legatio Francica (Italia)|legatione Francica]] in [[Palatium Farnesium|Palatio Farnesio]] sedet. Et series librorum (''Collection des l'École française de Rome'' necnon ''Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome'') et libella symbolarum (''Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité'' seu ''MEFRA'', ''Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Moyen Âge'' seu ''MEFRM'', ''Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Italie et Méditerranée'') divulgat.

== Index directorum ==
* 1875-1882 : [[Augustus Geffroy]]
* 1882-1888 : [[Edmundus Le Blant]]
* 1888-1895 : [[Augustus Geffroy]]
* 1895-1922 : [[Ludovicus Duchesne]]
* 1922-1923 ad interim : [[Andreas Pératé]]
* 1923-1937 : [[Aemilius Mâle]]
* 1937-1940 : [[Hieronymus Carcopino]]
* 1945-1952 : [[Albertus Grenier]]
* 1952-1960 : [[Ioannes Bayet]]
* 1960-1970 : [[Petrus Boyancé]]
* 1970-1983 : [[Georgius Vallet]]
* 1983-1991 : [[Carolus Pietri]]
* 1992-1995 : [[Claudius Nicolet]]
* 1995-2003 : [[Andreas Vauchez]]
* 2003- : [[Michael Gras]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141101061633/http://www.ecole-francaise.it/ Situs officialis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091012192605/http://publications.ecole-francaise.it/opencms/export/ecole-francaise.it/index.html Index publicationum]

== Bibliographia ==
* ''L'Histoire et l'œuvre de l'École française de Rome''. Lutetiae: de Boccard, 1931
* [[Hieronymus Carcopino|Jérôme Carcopino]], ''Souvenirs romains''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1968
* ''L’École française de Rome 1875-1975''. Lutetiae, 1975
* ''Annuaire des membres (1873-1986)''. Romae: École française de Rome, 1987

[[Categoria:Schola Francica Romae|!]]</text>
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    <title>Quattuor equites apocalyptici</title>
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      <text bytes="13309" sha1="hb2mblmfq84bmk2jy96zx0ur1nne6de" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Apocalypse vasnetsov.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''Equites apocalyptici''. Tabula a [[Victor Vasnetsov|Victore Vasnetsov]] anno [[1887]] picta.]]

'''Quattuor equites apocalyptici''',&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Kunadus, [http://books.google.fi/books/about/Quatuor_equites_apocalyptici_ad_Apoc_c_V.html?id=XmZbQwAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y ''Quatuor equites apocalyptici''] (Wittenbergae: 1694).&lt;/ref&gt; sive brevius '''equites apocalyptici''',&lt;ref&gt;Christophori Schraderi ''Tabulae chronologicae'' (1745),
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=Smrf-LtTo9AC&amp;pg=PT82&amp;lpg=PT82&amp;dq=%22equites+apocalyptici%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=7jzpI-RGgH&amp;sig=VcWRGCH2NbUQsViRLkehW9vqK88&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=OgMHUbLyMOb54QTh6ICABw&amp;ved=0CFcQ6AEwBg p.33]&lt;/ref&gt; sunt [[quattuor]] figurae symbolicae in ''[[Apocalypsis Ioannis|Apocalypsi Ioannis]]'' 6:1-8 descriptae. In hoc ultimo [[Novum Testamentum|Novi Testamenti]] libro [[scriptor]]i ostenditur [[Deus]] in throno sedens cum viginti quattuor senioribus in thronis sedentibus. Deus in dextra habebat librum septem signaculis clausum, quem nemo nisi [[Agnus Dei|Agnus]] ({{Polytonic|ἀρνίον}})—quo nomine [[Iesus Christus]] in ''Apocalypsi'' saepissime appellatur—dignus sit aperire. In capitulo sexto Agnus signacula aperire incipit. Primis sigillis apertis quattuor [[eques|equites]] arcessuntur suo quisque [[equus|equo]] vecti.

== Equi et equites ==
In hac visione, quam Iesus Ioanni transmittit, equi inter se [[color]]e differunt, itemque equitibus sua cuique armatura est. Constat equorum colores et equitum habitum fortuitos non esse sed vim symbolicam habere. At de interpretatione ambigitur. 

Inter [[Christianus|Christianos]] constat [[Biblia Sacra]] plena esse [[propheta|prophetiarum]], e quibus aliae iam ad litteram impletae sunt, aliae autem nondum. '''Interpretatione prophetali''' quattuor illi equites apocalyptici dicuntur futurum [[Tribulatio magna|tribulationis]] tempus portendere. Alia interpretandi ratio in eo posita est, ut equites apocalyptici ad res saeculo primo tantum gestas referantur. Tali '''interpretatione contemporali''' id agitur, ut equites illi cum certis eventibus contemporaneis coniungantur. Quae ratio facile — quatenus [[Parusia|adventus secundus]] Iesu manet — etiam in novas rerum temporumque contextus quadrare videtur, quo fieri potest, ut nulla inter [[theologia]]m et politicam quotidianam differentia iam animadvertatur. Praesertim colores equorum invitaverunt interpretationes arbitrarias — sicut: equum rufum [[communismus|communismum]] significare&lt;ref&gt;Baxter (1986: cap. 3).&lt;/ref&gt; — de quibus dubium est, utrum de prophetice an politice dicto agatur. 

=== Victor equo albo vectus ===
[[Fasciculus:White Rider from Tolkovy Apocalyps 17th century.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Eques primus]]
{{Citatio|καὶ εἶδον ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὸ ἀρνίον μίαν ἐκ τῶν ἑπτὰ σφραγίδων, καὶ ἤκουσα ἑνὸς ἐκ τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων λέγοντος ὡς φωνὴ βροντῆς, ἔρχου. καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος λευκός, καὶ ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἔχων τόξον, καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῶ στέφανος, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν νικῶν καὶ ἵνα νικήσῃ.|'''Apocalypsis Ioannis''' 6:1-2||Et vidi, cum aperuisset Agnus unum de septem sigillis, et audivi unum de quattuor animalibus dicens tamquam voce tonitrui: “ Veni ”. Et vidi: et ecce equus albus; et, qui sedebat super illum, habebat arcum, et data est ei corona, et exivit vincens et ut vinceret.||}}

Qui equo albo vehitur et calamitosis equitibus in seriem nectis praeest, variis modis cognitus et expositus est.&lt;ref&gt;Allo (1921: 78-85) et Mounce (1997: 140-143) opinionum multitudinem enumerat et inlustrant.&lt;/ref&gt; In capite habet coronam triumphalem,&lt;ref&gt;[[Aulus Gellius|Gell.]], ''[[Noctes Atticae|Noct.Att.]]'' 5.6.5.&lt;/ref&gt; et equus albus insigne victoris triumphantis est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Serv.]] in ''Aen.'' 4.543 ''qui autem triumphat, albis equis utitur quattuor et senatu praeeunte in Capitolio de tauris sacrificat''; [[Titus Livius]] 5.23.5 &amp; 5.28.1; cf. [[Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus|Suet.]] ''[[De vita Caesarum|Nero]]'' 25.1.&lt;/ref&gt; Etiam [[Arcus (arma)|Arcum]] habet — telum quo longe conlineari potest — indicium victoriae futurae quam expugnationibus longe lateque factis consecuturus est. Sunt qui ex arcu concludant agi de [[Parthia|Parthis]],&lt;ref&gt;Et quidem de [[Vologesus I|Vologeso I]], rege Parthorum (Mounce 1997: 140).&lt;/ref&gt; quippe qui arcubus nobiles essent, aut de [[Roma antiqua|Romanis antiquis]], quippe qui suos fines victoriis extenderent. Hae sunt interpretationes contemporales — velut si Ioannes suae aetatis eventus hac imagine indicare velit. 

At ex iis, qui equitibus apocalypticis exponendis operam dederunt, plerique interpretationem prophetalem adpetiverunt. Quaesitum ergo est, eques primus quis sit. Etiam hic opiniones variant. [[Irenaeus (episcopus Lugdunensis)|Iraenaeus]], scriptor ecclesiasticus [[Saeculum 2|saeculi II]], fuit qui primus dixit hunc sagittarium coronatum esse [[Iesus|Iesum Christum]]&lt;ref&gt;Irenaeus, ''[[Adversus haereses (Irenaeus)|Adv.haer.]]'' 4.21.3. Allo (1921: 78) alios quoque veteres, sicut [[Victorinus Poetovionensis|Victorinum Poetovionensem]] (''[[Scholia in Apocalypsin beati Ioannis|In Apocalypsin]]'' 6.1-2) et [[Andreas Caesariensis|Andream Caesariensem]], adfert.&lt;/ref&gt; Similiter interpretati sunt commentatores mediaevales sicut [[Beda|Beda Venerabilis]] et [[Albertus Magnus]],&lt;ref&gt;Allo (1921: 79).&lt;/ref&gt; itemque multi theologi recentioris et modernae aetatis.&lt;ref&gt;Bossuet (1690: 61; Allo (1921: 78-85); Considine (1944); Hodges (1962); Rissi (1964: 407); Chilton (1987: 186).&lt;/ref&gt; At apud recentiores qui equitem primum scriptis pertractaverunt, plus plusque, num vero de Iesu Christo hic agatur, in dubium venit. Haec enim sunt in versiculo 6.8: ''data est illis'' (sc. ''equitibus'') ''potestas super quattuor partes terrae interficere gladio fame et morte et bestiis terrae''. Quae cum ita sint, non tres subsequi tantum equites sed omnes quattuor [[Malum (ethica)|malo]] inservire videntur, nam primus eques, quamquam per coronam, arcum, equum album victor intellegitur, Christi simulator [[antichristus]] esse videtur.&lt;ref&gt;Lenski (1963: 221); Flegg (1999: 90-91).&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== Bellator equo rufo vectus ===
[[Fasciculus:Vitraux Saint-Denis 190110 33.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Eques secundus]]
{{Citatio|καὶ ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν δευτέραν, ἤκουσα τοῦ δευτέρου ζῴου λέγοντος, ἔρχου. καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἄλλος ἵππος πυρρός, καὶ τῶ καθημένῳ ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐδόθη αὐτῶ λαβεῖν τὴν εἰρήνην ἐκ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἵνα ἀλλήλους σφάξουσιν, καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῶ μάχαιρα μεγάλη.|'''Apocalypsis Ioannis''' 6:3-4||Et cum aperuisset sigillum secundum, audivi secundum animal dicens: “ Veni ”. Et exivit alius equus rufus; et, qui sedebat super illum, datum est ei, ut sumeret pacem de terra, et ut invicem se interficiant; et datus est illi gladius magnus.||}}

Equiti secundo datus est gladius magnus ({{Polytonic|μάχαιρα μεγάλη}}), per quem [[bellum]] intellegi inter omnes constat.&lt;ref&gt;Cf. ''[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Matthaeum]]'' 10:34 ''Nolite arbitrari quia venerim mittere pacem in terram; non veni pacem mittere sed gladium'' ({{Polytonic|Μὴ νομίσητε ὅτι ἦλθον βαλεῖν εἰρήνην ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν· οὐκ ἦλθον βαλεῖν εἰρήνην ἀλλὰ μάχαιραν}}).&lt;/ref&gt; Graecum ''machaera'' ({{Polytonic|μάχαιρα}}) redditum est ''gladio'', cui quidem sensus latior est, nam ''machaera'' brevem ac curvatum gladium significabat. Itaque quaeritur, ''gladius magnus'' qualem magnitudinem significet. Vix de magnitudine mensurabili hic agitur sed potius de efficacitate, de eo quod gladius ille efficere valet.&lt;ref&gt;Cf. Lenski (1963: 225).&lt;/ref&gt; Quo de bello agatur variae sunt opiniones. Sunt qui hunc locum ad ''[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Matthaeum]]'' 24:6-7 referant: ''Audituri enim estis proelia et opiniones proeliorum.'' [...] ''Consurget enim gens in gentem, et regnum in regnum, et erunt fames et terrae motus per loca.'' Sunt etiam qui his verbis, ''ut invicem se interficiant'', multum tribuentes putent hic de bello civili agi.

Quod ad colorem rufum (Graece {{Polytonic|πυρρός}}) equi attinet, multae translationes modernae sensu [[etymologia|etymologico]] [[adiectivum|adiectivi]] Graeci nituntur; constat enim ''pyrrhum'' a nomine q.e. {{Polytonic|πῦρ}} 'ignis' deductum esse; itaque {{Polytonic|ἵππος πυρρός}} in nonnullis linguis ut 'equus igneus' reddi solet.&lt;ref&gt;Sicut [[Lingua Anglica|Angl.]] ''fiery''; [[Lingua Theodisca|Theod.]] ''feuerrot''; [[Lingua Francogallica|Franc.]] ''rouge feu''; [[Lingua Italiana|Ital.]] ''rosso fuoco''; [[Lingua Finnica|Fin.]] '' tulipunainen''; [[Lingua Suecica|Suec.]] ''eldröd''; etc.&lt;/ref&gt; Qua opinione adducti paene omnes putaverunt hoc colore &quot;igneo&quot; incendia caedesque belli indicari,&lt;ref&gt;Sicut dicit Lenski (1963: 223): &quot;{{Polytonic|πυρρός}}, the color of fire, &quot;fire-red,&quot; is regarded as the symbol of war and bloodshed and the incendiarism of war.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; sed hoc nimium argute cogitatum esse videtur, nam constat et {{Polytonic|πυρρόν}} et ''rufum'' praecipue ad capillorum et vellerum colorem referri. Quae cum ita sint, veri simile est ''rufum'' hoc loco nullo firmo vinculo notionali cum bello coniunctum esse, immo solum ad equi [[spadiceus|spadicis]] pellem referri.

=== Trutinator equo nigro vectus === 
{{Citatio|καὶ ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τρίτην, ἤκουσα τοῦ τρίτου ζῴου λέγοντος, ἔρχου. καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος μέλας, καὶ ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἔχων ζυγὸν ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων λέγουσαν, χοῖνιξ σίτου δηναρίου, καὶ τρεῖς χοίνικες κριθῶν δηναρίου· καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον μὴ ἀδικήσῃς.|'''Apocalypsis Ioannis''' 6:5-6||Et cum aperuisset sigillum tertium, audivi tertium animal dicens: “ Veni ”. Et vidi: et ecce equus niger; et, qui sedebat super eum, habebat stateram in manu sua. Et audivi tamquam vocem in medio quattuor animalium dicentem: “ Bilibris tritici denario, et tres bilibres hordei denario; et oleum et vinum ne laeseris ”.||}}


=== Thanatos ('Mors') equo pallido vectus ===
{{Citatio|καὶ ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τετάρτην, ἤκουσα φωνὴν τοῦ τετάρτου ζῴου λέγοντος, ἔρχου.  καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος χλωρός, καὶ ὁ καθήμενος ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ ὄνομα αὐτῶ [ὁ] θάνατος, καὶ ὁ ᾅδης ἠκολούθει μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς ἐξουσία ἐπὶ τὸ τέταρτον τῆς γῆς, ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ καὶ ἐν λιμῶ καὶ ἐν θανάτῳ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς.|'''Apocalypsis Ioannis''' 6:7-8||Et cum aperuisset sigillum quartum, audivi vocem quarti animalis dicentis: “ Veni ”. Et vidi: et ecce equus pallidus; et, qui sedebat desuper, nomen illi Mors, et Infernus sequebatur eum; et data est illis potestas super quartam partem terrae interficere gladio et fame et morte et a bestiis terrae.||}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Allo, Ernest-Bernard (1921) ''L'Apocalypse'', Paris: Lecoffre.
* Baxter, Irvin (1986) ''A Message for the President''. Endtime, Inc.
* [[Iacobus Benignus Bossuet|Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne]] (1690) [http://books.google.fi/books?hl=fi&amp;id=nG9AAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=blanc#v=snippet&amp;q=blanc&amp;f=false ''L'Apocalypse avec une explication''].
* Chilton, David (1987) ''The Days of Vengeance''. Fort Worth: Dominion.
* Considine, S.J. (1944) The rider on the white horse. ''Catholic Biblical Quarterly'' 6: 406-422.
* Flegg, Columba Graham (1999) ''An Introduction to Reading the Apocalypse.'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
* Hodges, Zane C. (1962) The first horseman of the Apocalypse. ''Bibliotheca Sacra'' 119: 324-334.
* Lenski, Richard C. H. (1963) ''The Interpretation of St. John's Revelation''. Minneapolis: Augsburg.
* Mounce, Robert H. (1997) ''The Book of Revelation. New International Commentary on the New Testament.'' Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. 
* Rissi, Mathias (1964) The rider of the white horse. ''Interpretation'' 18:

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_apocalypsis-ioannis_lt.html Nova Vulgata. Apocalypsis Ioannis.]''
{{communiaCat|Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse|quattuor equites apocalypticos}}

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[[Categoria:Apocalypsis Ioannis]]
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[[Fasciculus:Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg|thumb|[[Ptolemaei I protome Luparensis]]]]

{{ores|Commentarii}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Commentariorum fragmenta&quot;: {{qc|id= Geier (1844)}} p. 5: &quot;Ptolemaei vita et commentarii&quot;: {{qc|id= Hulleman (1844)}} p. 3. Cf. &quot;Les ''Hypomnemata'' perdus de Ptolémée Lagou&quot; apud Paul Goukowsky, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1969_num_71_3_3845 Clitarque seul? Remarques sur les sources du livre XVII de Diodore de Sicile]&quot; in ''Revue des études anciennes'' vol. 71 (1969) pp. 320-337: ''Hypomnemata'' quo fonte? Opus hoc titulo scripserit [[Ptolemaeus VIII]].&lt;/ref&gt; sive {{ores|De rebus Alexandri}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''De rebus Alexandri''&quot;: {{qc|id= Müller (1846)}} [https://archive.org/details/arrianianabasis00dbgoog/page/n458/mode/2up p. 87]&lt;/ref&gt; fuit opus a [[Ptolemaeus I (rex Aegypti)|rege Ptolemaeo]] scriptum in tres vel plures libros divisum, hodie deperditum, de rebus a se et ab [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Macedoni]] gestis. Neque ratio neque tempus operis conscribendi cognoscuntur.

Multa ex hoc opere sumpsit [[Arrianus]] ad ''[[Anabasis Alexandri|Anabasin Alexandri]]'' contextandam. Alii perpauci opus Ptolemaei aut legerunt aut citaverunt.

== De natura operis ==
[[Fasciculus:AlexanderCameo.JPG|thumb|Alexandri Magni imago ab eruditis [[Pyrgoteles|Pyrgoteli]], regis ipsius [[sculptor]]i, adscripta, et fortasse circa [[325 a.C.n.|annum 325]] facta.]]
Sunt qui magnam partem [[narratio]]nis Arriani in ''Anabase'' scriptae e ''Commentariis'' Ptolemaei demptam esse censentur; etiamsi haec res dubia sit, haud incertum est plurimas proeliorum descriptiones a Ptolemaeo scriptas, ab Arriano recitatas esse. Inter has enumerari debent pugna contra [[Triballi|Triballos]] (cf. F 1 infra); [[proelium ad Granicum commissum|proelium ad Granicum]];&lt;ref&gt;[[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 1.13-14. {{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} p. 205 n. 69&lt;/ref&gt; [[proelium Issicum]] (cf. F 6), [[Proelium ad Gaugamelam factum|ad Gaugamelam]] (cf. F 10), [[Proelium ad Hydaspem factum|ad Hydaspen]] contra [[Porus|Porum]] gestum (cf. F 20); [[proelium ad Acesinem factum]] (cf. F 22). Proeliorum autem priora, Ptolemaeo non iam dux exercituum fungente, curis minoribus describuntur; obsidio urbis [[Malli|Mallorum]] (cf. F 25-26) et [[proelium ad Polytimetum factum|proelium ad Polytimetum flumen]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 4.6.1-2&lt;/ref&gt; Ptolemaeo alibi militante, sine peritia narrantur; sed Ptolemaeo adeunte res minores, lectoribus gratas, Arrianus (Ptolemaeo certe utens) saepe inserere potuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} pp. 195-205 passim&lt;/ref&gt;

De indole Alexandri, de [[Cleitus niger|Cleito]], [[Philotas Parmenionis filius|Philota]], [[Parmenio]]ne, [[Callisthenes|Callisthene]] occisis, de [[convivium Alexandri Magni novissimum|convivio novissimo]] et regis ipsius [[mors Alexandri Magni|morte]], Ptolemaeum pauca dixisse constat et nihil quod non iam aliter publici iuris esset;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} pp. 208-211&lt;/ref&gt; de talibus rebus &quot;retentionem strictam praeceptive selectimque exercuit&quot; (''practis[ed] a highly selective and purposeful reserve'').&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Badian (1961)}} p. 258&lt;/ref&gt;

De conspiratione (si talis sit) Philotae, quam Ptolemaeus et [[Leonnatus]] Alexandro revelaverint,&lt;ref&gt;[[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtius]], ''[[Historiae Alexandri Magni]]'' 8.6.22&lt;/ref&gt; Ptolemaeus de actis suis sed non Leonnati scripsisse videtur (F 13).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Errington (1969)}} p. 234&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc casu sicut aliis, in narrationibus de coaevis aemulisque suis recognoscitur mixtura suppressionis veri suggestionisque rerum falsarum (&quot;''the mixture of ''suppressio ueri'' and ''suggestio falsi&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Badian (1961)}} p. 666, reimpr. p. 258&lt;/ref&gt; Praesertim [[Perdiccas|Perdiccam]] aut in historiam ratione mala et contra alium fontem introduxit, e.g. de [[Thebae|Thebarum]] obsidione (F 3),&lt;ref name=&quot;Thebae&quot; /&gt; aut ex historia ratione mala et contra alium fontem exclusit: sed haec res e textu ''Anabasis'' Arriani derivantur, Ptolemaeo certe fonte usuali sed non nominatim citato.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Errington (1969)}} pp. 236-238; de incertitudinibus {{qc|id= Roisman (1984)}} pp. 374-378&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo tempore quo Alexander per &quot;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pylae Susidae|Pylas Susidas|en|qid=Q3507255}}&quot; a [[Media]] in [[Persis|Persidem]] per {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Proelium pylarum Susidarum|proelium|en|qid=Q112016}} intrabat, Ptolemaeum virtutes suas praeter aliorum in ''Commentariis'' iactavisse constat: Arrianus enim, qui opus Ptolemaei in rebus militaribus sequi solebat, incursionem a Ptolemaeo adiutam narrat (''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 3.18.9, sine citatione fontis), [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtio]] in ''[[Historiae Alexandri Magni|Historiis]]'' (5.4.30) res aliter describente.&lt;ref&gt;C. Bradford Welles in ''Miscellanea di studi alessandrini in memoria di Augusto Rostagni'' (Taurinis, 1963) pp. 101-116 ad p. 107; {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 pp. 328-329; Tim Howe, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/16343268/Introducing_Ptolemy_Alexander_and_the_Persian_Gates Introducing Ptolemy: Alexander and the Persian Gates]&quot; in Waldemar Heckel et al., edd., ''The Many Faces of War in the Ancient World'' (Novi Castelli: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015) pp. 166-195&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunt qui Ptolemaeum senem et mox moriturum opus suum composuisse suadent.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} p. 193 sqq.&lt;/ref&gt; Nonnulli autem eum annis circiter 310 scribisse censent,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Errington (1969)}} pp. 241-242&lt;/ref&gt; quo tempore utile fuerit mythos de origine et virtute Ptolemaei regis futuri et de religione Aegyptia diffundere (e.g. F 8).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Badian (1961)}} reimpr. p. 258&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;serpentes&quot; /&gt; Eruditi olim censebantur Ptolemaeum res plurimas e documentis regiis et praesertim ex [[Ephemerides Alexandri Magni|ephemeridibus aulicis]] sumpsisse,&lt;ref&gt;[[Gustavus Droysen|Gustav Droysen]], ''Geschichte des Hellenismus'' pars 1 (2a ed. Gothae, 1877-1878) fasc. 2 pp. 383-386; Ulrich Wilcken, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus53deutuoft/page/n93/mode/2up Ὑπομνηματισμοί]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 80-126; N. G. L. Hammond, &quot;The royal journal of Alexander&quot; in ''Historia'' vol. 37 (1988) pp. 129-150 ad notam 7 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436045 JSTOR]; alii multi&lt;/ref&gt; sed haec opinio sustineri non potest.&lt;ref&gt;''Impossible to sustain'': {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 p. 23&lt;/ref&gt;

== De fortuna operis ==
An [[Aristobulus Cassandrensis|Aristobulus]], qui iam senex post annum fere 295 [[De rebus Alexandri Magni (Aristobulus)|vitam Alexandri]] scripserit, libros Ptolemaei cognovisset, incertum est: is Cleiti mors alio modo, quam Ptolemaeus, narraverit, Ptolemaeo heroë. [[Cleitarchus]] taliter obsidionem urbis [[Malli|Mallorum]] alio modo, quam Ptolemaeus (F 26), narravit, Ptolemaeo rursus heroë: an Ptolemaeum scienter contradixerit haud scimus. [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtius]] nihilominus, eandem rem describens, scripta Ptolemaei Cleitarchique comparavit; ille ergo opus Ptolemaei cognovit. [[Plutarchus]] bis et brevissime Ptolemaeum citavit (F 4, 28). Quibus exceptis geographi tantum legerunt et de rebus minimis citaverunt ([[Strabo]] [F 2], [[Stephanus Byzantinus]] [F 5]) nisi sit de urbe [[Alexandria Eschate]] ad flumen &quot;Tanaim&quot; (re vera ad [[Iaxartes|Iaxartem]]) condita: de urbe et flumine idem Stephanus (F 31) et [[Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia|Anonymus Ravennas]] (F 32-33) Ptolemaeum citaverunt, [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]]que descriptionem longam dedit sine nomine Ptolemaei (F 34-35).&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanais&quot; /&gt;

Arrianus solus in ''[[Anabasis Alexandri|Anabase Alexandri]]'' Ptolemaeum crebriter citavit (vide enumerationem) atque res alias e Ptolemaeo dempsit: confitetur enim se Ptolemaeum et Aristobulum tamquam fontes principales et continuos adhibere.&lt;ref&gt;[[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 1.1&lt;/ref&gt; Libro VII ''Anabasis'' Arrianus tris tantum Ptolemaeum citavit (F 28-30), unde censetur eum ultimos menses Alexandri describentem multo rarius Ptolemaeo usum esse;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Roisman (1984)}} p. 379; &quot;in the account of [Alexander’s] last days [Arrian’s] principal source is Aristobulus&quot;: K. Nawotka, &quot;Arrian on the last days and the death of Alexander&quot; in R. Rollinger, J. Degen, edd., ''The world of Alexander in perspective'' (Wiesbaden, 2022) pp. 13–24 ad p. 18&lt;/ref&gt; eodem libro Aristobulum nonies citavit (videlicet [[De rebus Alexandri Magni (Aristobulus)#Fragmenta nobis servata|''FGrHist'' 139 F 52-56, 58, 60-62]]).

Eruditi olim Ptolemaeum rerum gestarum scriptorem praecellentem fuisse adseveraverunt,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Jacoby (1926-1930)}} &quot;Kommentar&quot; pp. 498-500; {{qc|id= Kornemann (1935)}} pp. 170, 208 sqq., 260; {{qc|id= Tarn (1948)}} pp. 1-2&lt;/ref&gt; qui librum suum praesertim ad honorem Alexandri destinaverit conquisitorem ducemque quem secutus erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Roisman (1984)}} pp. 384-385&lt;/ref&gt; Recentiores nonnulli commentarios Ptolemaei ad potestatem suam corroborandam virtutesque aemulorum deminuendas divulgatos esse proposuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;Fritz Schachermeyr, ''Alexander in Babylon und die Reichsordnung nach seinem Tode'' (Vindobonae, 1970) p. 89 sqq. [https://archive.org/details/alexanderinbabyl0000scha/ exemplar mutuabile]; {{qc|id= Errington (1969)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fragmenta nobis servata ==
Haec enumeratio fragmentorum ex editione Felici Jacoby demitur:
* {{FGrH}} 138 F 1: de numero militum a [[Triballi]]s occisorum: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 1.2.1-1.3.4&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} pp. 205-206; &quot;There is little doubt that the entire battle narrative is taken from Ptolemy&quot;: {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 p. 60&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2: de [[Celtae|Celtis]] caelum in eos cadentem timentibus: {{Strabo}} 7.3.8
* 3: de incursu a [[Perdiccas|Perdicca]] facto contra [[Thebae|Thebas]], Alexandro nesciente: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 1.8&lt;ref name=&quot;Thebae&quot;&gt;{{qc|id= Errington (1969)}} p. 237; {{qc|id= Roisman (1984)}} p. 374; &quot;There is no doubt that this whole chapter is extracted from Ptolemy. It was only the opening statement about Perdiccas that struck [Arrian] as controversial ... but it is an uncomfortable fact that his narrative differs from the other extant sources in almost every way&quot;: {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 p. 80&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 4: de numero militum, expeditione Asiatica nuper incepta: [[Plutarchus]], ''[[De Alexandri Magni fortuna aut virtute]]'' 327D
* 5: [[Stephanus Byzantinus]], ''Ethnica'' s.v. Ἀγχιάλη
* 6: Macedones post [[proelium Issicum]] convallem transiisse super corpora Persarum mortuorum: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 2.11.8&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} pp. 196-198; &quot;The description ... seems an embellishment upon [[Callisthenes]] ... Ptolemy has added a touch of romantic fiction&quot;: {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 p. 217&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 7: de mulieribus familiae [[Achaemenidae|Achaemenidarum]] captis et consolatis: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 2.12.3-6&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 pp. 220-221&lt;/ref&gt;
* 8: de serpentibus viam ad oraculum [[Ammon]]is monstrantibus: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 3.3.5&lt;ref name=&quot;serpentes&quot;&gt;&quot;Ptolemy's snakes seem a deliberate variant of Callisthenes' story ... As the cult animals of Ammon ... they were more appropriate guides, and they may have been intended to recall the rumours of Olympias' impregnation ... Ptolemy has transformed an exaggeration into a deliberate falsehood&quot;: {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 pp. 272-273&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 9: de reditu ab oraculo [[Memphis|Memphitem]], non per [[Paraetonium]]: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 3.4.5&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 p. 274&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 10: de [[proelium ad Gaugamelam factum|proelio ad Gaugamelam]], non [[Arbela]]m, factum: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 6.11.5 
* 11: de [[barba|barbis]] militum: [[Synesius]], ''Encomium calvitiei'' 15-16&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12: de [[Uxii]]s: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 3.17.6&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Curtius' account is plausible [Curtius 5.3.12-15] ... The error is Ptolemy's&quot;: {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 pp. 323-324&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 13: de [[Philotas Parmenionis filius|Philota]]: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 3.26&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Errington (1969)}} p. 234; &quot;The execution of [Alexander] the Lyncestian is omitted by Ptolemy/Arrian, but it clearly lingered in Ptolemy's mind strongly enough for him to transfer the mode of execution to Philotas and his alleged associates&quot;: {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 pp. 359-362&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 14: de [[Bessus|Bessi]] supplicio: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 3.29.6-3.30.5&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ptolemy exaggerated his role in the capture of Bessus&quot;: {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 1 pp. 375-377&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15: de urbe quadam [[Sogdiana]]e capta: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 4.3.5&lt;ref&gt;&quot;If there is a bias, it is likely to be in Ptolemy, deliberately understating the resistance of the rebels&quot;: {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 2 pp. 21-22&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 16: de conspiratione regiorum puerorum: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 4.14.1&lt;ref name=&quot;Pueri&quot;&gt;{{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 2 pp. 98-100&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 17: de [[Callisthenes|Callisthenis]] morte: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 4.14.3&lt;ref name=&quot;Pueri&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Squillace (2018)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 18: de pugna ab ipso Ptolemaeo directa: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 4.24.1-4.25.4&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The numbers defy belief ... A gross exaggeration ... It was propaganda well suited to the contemporary world&quot;: {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 2 pp. 158-167&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 19: nihil a Ptolemaeo scriptum de ponte trans [[Indus|Indum]] iacto: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 5.7.1 
* 20: de [[Proelium ad Hydaspem factum|proelio]] contra [[Porus|Porum]] gesto: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 5.14.5-5.15.2&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} pp. 198-201; {{qc|id= Badian (1961)}} p. 257; {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 2 pp. 287-291; Timothy Howe, &quot;Plutarch, Arrian and the Hydaspes: an historiographical approach&quot; in Cinzia Bearzot, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, edd., ''Alexander's legacy: Atti del Convegno, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano 2015'' (Romae: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2015) pp. 25-39&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 21: de nomine populi [[Glausae|Glausarum]]: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 5.20.2&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 2 p. 318&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 22: de [[proelium ad Acesinem factum|proelio]] fluminis [[Acesines|Acesinae]]: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 5.20.8-9&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} pp. 202-204; {{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 2 p. 323&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 23: de sacrificio: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 5.28.3-5&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)}} vol. 2 pp. 355-356&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 24: de navibus Indum flumen descendentibus: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 6.2.4
* 25: de vulnere Alexandri apud [[Malli|Mallos]] passo: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 6.10.1
* 26: Ptolemaeum alibi militantem quo tempore Alexander apud [[Malli|Mallos]] graviter vulneratus sit: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 6.11.7-8; [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtius]], ''[[Historiae Alexandri Magni]]'' 9.5.21
* 27: [[comissatio Alexandri Magni in Carmania|comissationem in Carmania]] neque ab [[Aristobulus Cassandrensis|Aristobulo]] neque a Ptolemaeo narratam: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 6.28.2 
* 28: Ptolemaeum Aristobulumque Alexandri cum [[Thalestris|Thalestride]] [[Amazones|Amazonum]] regina amores fictas esse scripsisse: [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Alexandri (Plutarchus)|Vita Alexandri]]'' 46; [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 7.13.2-3; ''[[Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia]]'' 4.4&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Hamilton (1969)}} pp. 123-127&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29: Ptolemaeum [[Aristobulus Cassandrensis|Aristobulum]]que nihil de legatione [[Roma antiqua|Romanorum]] dixisse: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 7.15.5-6 
* 30: Ptolemaeum [[Aristobulus Cassandrensis|Aristobulum]]que de morte Alexandri nihil, quod in ''[[Ephemerides Alexandri Magni|Ephemeridibus]]'' non reperiatur, dixisse: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 7.26.3

; Dubia
* 31 (e libro tertio): De [[Alexandria Eschate|Alexandria]] &quot;ad Tanaim&quot;: [[Stephanus Byzantinus]], ''Ethnica'' s.v. Alexandreia
* 32: De partibus borealibus: ''[[Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia]]'' 1.9
* 33: De partibus borealibus: ''[[Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia]]'' 4.11

; Fragmentis 32-33 hi textus (sine nomine Ptolemaei servati) fortasse relevant:
* 34: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 4.3.6-4.6.5
* 35: [[Lucius Flavius Arrianus|Arrianus]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 5.21-24&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanais&quot;&gt;{{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} pp. 202-204&lt;/ref&gt;

Editores [[The Oxyrhynchus Papyri|papyrorum Oxyrhynchi]] suggesserunt [[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 679|papyrum 679]], parvum et lacunosum, verba e commentariis Ptolemaei servare de bello in [[Cilicia]] gesto; editor [[Papyrus Cairo inv. 49653|papyri Cairensis inv. 49653]], de bello ab Alexandro in [[India]] gesto disserentis, talem identificationem proponit. Abnuente autem Pearson, dubitante Denuzzo, res incertae manent.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones fragmentorum
* {{ec|id= Müller (1846)|c= {{Arrianus}} [https://archive.org/stream/arrianianabasis00dbgoog#page/n458/mode/2up fasc. 2 pp. 86-93] {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} }}
* {{ec|id= Geier (1844)|c= Robertus Geier, ''Alexandri M. historiarum scriptores aetate suppares'' (Lipsiae: Gebauer, 1844) pp. 1-26 {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} {{Google Books|B7QTAAAAQAAJ}} }}
* {{ec|id= Hulleman (1844)|c= Ianus Gerardus Hulleman, ed., ''Ptolemaei Eordaei, Aristobuli Cassandrensis et Charetis Mytilenaei reliquiae''. Traiecti ad Rhenum: Van Dorp &amp; Heringa, 1844 [http://www.archive.org/details/ptolemaeieordae00ptolgoog Textus apud archive.org] }} {{Ling|Graece}}
* {{ec|id= Jacoby (1926-1930)|c= {{FGrHist}} no. 138. [https://archive.org/details/diefragmentederg0002unse/page/498/mode/2up Kommentar (1930) pp. 498-508] }}
* {{POxy}} [https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr04gren/page/126/mode/2up vol. 4 pp. 127-129] 
* C. A. Robinson Jr, ''Alexander the Great'' (Novi Eboraci, 1947) {{Ling|Anglice}}

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id= Badian (1961)|c= [[Ernestus Badian|E. Badian]], recensio operis {{qc|id= Pearson (1960)}} in ''Gnomon'' vol. 33 (1961) pp. 660-667; reimpressa in E. Badian, ''Studies in Greek and Roman history'' (Oxoniae: Blackwell, 1964) pp. 250-261, praecipue pp. 256-258 }}
* {{ec|id= Baynham (2003)|c= Elizabeth Baynham, &quot;The ancient evidence for Alexander the Great&quot; in J. Roisman, ed., ''Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2003) pp. 3–29 }}
* {{ec|id= Bosworth (1980-1995)|c= A. B. Bosworth, ''A historical commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander: voll. 1-2'' (Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1980-1995) vol. 1 pp. 16-27 et alibi }}
* A. Brian Bosworth, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1161-9473_1993_num_3_2_1478 Aristotle, India and the Alexander Historians]&quot; in ''Topoi. Orient-Occident'' vol. 3 no. 2 (1993) pp. 407-424
* A. B. Bosworth, E. J. Baynham, edd., ''Alexander the Great in fact and fiction'' (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 2000) 
* Ivana Denuzzo, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034943/http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/plup/article/view/6212/5650 Le storie di Alessandro Magno nei papiri]&quot; in ''Papyrologica Lupiensia'' no. 12 (2003)
* {{ec|id= Errington (1969)|c= R. M. Errington, &quot;Bias in Ptolemy's History of Alexander&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' vol. 19 (1969) pp. 233-242 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/637545 JSTOR]}}
* Robertus Geier, ''De Ptolemaei Lagidae vita et commentariorum fragmentis commentatio''. Halae Saxonum: formis Orphanotrophei, 1838 (''Ad scholae Latinae in Orphanotropheo Halensi examen sollemne ...'' 5 Apr. 1838) {{Ling|Latine}} {{Google Books|Jn8IAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{ec|id= Hamilton (1969)|c= J. R. Hamilton, ''Plutarch: Alexander. A commentary'' (Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1969) pp. liv-lv et alibi}}
* {{ec|id= Hammond (1993)|c= N. G. L. Hammond, ''Sources for Alexander the Great: an analysis of Plutarch's ''Life'' and Arrian's ''Anabasis Alexandrou. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1993 }}
* Timothy Howe, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/37841219/Kings_Dont_Lie_Truthtelling_Historiography_and_Ptolemy_I_Soter Kings Don't Lie: Truthtelling, Historiography and Ptolemy I Soter]&quot; in T. Howe, ed., ''Ptolemy I Soter: a self-made man'' (Oxoniae: Oxbow Books, 2018) pp. 155-184 
* {{ec|id= Kornemann (1935)|c= E. Kornemann, ''Die Alexandergeschichte des Königs Ptolemaios' I. von Aegypten: Versuch einer Rekonstruktion''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1935}}
* {{ec|id= Pearson (1960)|c= Lionel Pearson, ''The lost histories of Alexander the Great'' (Novi Eboraci, 1960) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000026244&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=208 pp. 188-211] et alibi }}
* Paul Pédech, ''Historiens compagnons d'Alexandre'' (Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres, 1984) pp. 215-330
* Frances Pownall, &quot;Arrian’s Propinquity to Ptolemy and Aristobulus: A Reassessment&quot; in Robert Rollinger, Julian Degen, edd., ''The world of Alexander in perspective: contextualizing Arrian'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2022) 
* {{ec|id= Roisman (1984)|c= Joseph Roisman, &quot;Ptolemy and his rivals in his history of Alexander&quot; in ''Classical quarterly'' vol. 34 (1984) pp. 373-385 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/638295 JSTOR] }}
* {{ec|id= Squillace (2018)|c= Giuseppe Squillace, &quot;Alexander after Alexander: Macedonian propaganda and historical memory in Ptolemy and Aristobulus' writings&quot; in K. R. Moore, ed., ''Brill's companion to the reception of Alexander the Great'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2018) pp. 119-139 }}
* H. Strasburger, ''Ptolemaios und Alexander''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1934
* {{ec|id= Tarn (1948)|c=W. W. Tarn, ''Alexander the Great''. Vol. 2: ''Sources and studies'' (Cantabrigiae, 1948) pp. 1-2, 268, 443 et alibi }}
* C. Bradford Welles, &quot;The reliability of Ptolemy as an historian&quot; in ''Miscellanea di studi alessandrini in memoria di A. Rostagni'' (Augustae Taurinorum: Chiantore, 1963) pp. 101-116
* {{ec|id= Zambrini (2011)|c= Andrea Zambrini, &quot;The historians of Alexander the Great&quot; in John Marincola, ed., ''A companion to Greek and Roman historiography'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) pp. 210-220 }}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Fontes rerum gestarum Alexandri Magni]]

{{Nexus absunt}}

[[Categoria:Aegypti scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri autobiographici]]
[[Categoria:Libri deperditi]]
[[Categoria:Libri de Alexandro Magno]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Graecae antiquae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 3 a.C.n.]]</text>
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    <title>Ritus Romanus</title>
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      <text bytes="16241" sha1="jvoww6j37s7lgb1tvmopfc7z1prdu23" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Mass,_St_Mary's_Basilica_Bangalore.jpg|thumb|[[Sacerdos]] missam formae ordinariae ([[Missale Romanum]] [[1970]]) in [[Basilica Sanctae Mariae (Bengalurus)|basilica Sanctae Mariae]] [[Bengalurus|Bengaluri]] celebrans.]]
[[Fasciculus:CologneCathedralAltar2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Altare]] in transepto [[Ecclesia cathedralis (Colonia Agrippina)|ecclesiae cathedralis Coloniae Agrippinae]] ad missam formae ordinariae celebrandam.]]
'''Ritus Romanus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvIgAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Ritus+Romanus+roman+rite&amp;pg=PA186|title=Death and Dynasty in Early Imperial Rome: Key Sources, with Text, Translation, and Commentary|last=Lott|first=J. Bert|date=30 Augusti [[2012]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139560306|language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt; est usitatissima [[familia rituum]] ad celebrationes ecclesticas pertinentium, qui ritûs in [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] servantur et tamquam normam usum urbis [[Roma|Romae]] ab [[Antiquitas Posterior|antiquitate posteriori]] vigentem habent.  

Ecclesia Romana seu [[Ecclesia Latina|Latina]] (in qua alii [[ritus]] praeter Romanum adsunt) cum [[ecclesia|ecclesiis]] aliquot [[Ecclesia particularis|particularibus]] [[sui iuris]] unam [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiam Catholicam]] format. Ritus Romanus regulas celebrandae [[missa|missae]] (sive [[eucharistia|eucharistiae]]) continet, sed et [[sacramentum|sacramentorum]] et [[sacramentale|sacramentalium]], [[Divinum Officium|Divini Officii]] (sive Liturgiae Horarum seu horarum canonicorum), una cum [[Calendarium|kalendario]] quod [[Festum|festa]] per annum celebranda variis [[Iesus|Iesu Christi]] necnon [[Sanctus|sanctorum sanctarumque]] commemorationibus respondentia dirigit. 

== Ritus Romanus inter alios Ecclesiae Latinae ritus ==

=== Positio ritus Romani inter diversos ritus ===
Sunt in ecclesia multi ritus, quorum diversitatem [[papa|summi pontifices Romani]] &quot;plurimi aestimant&quot; et sedulo conservant, cum &quot;rituum diversitas confirmet unitatem Ecclesiae.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Radó, ''op. cit.'', p. 8889.&lt;/ref&gt; Inter quos primo ritus occidentales (seu Latini) et orientales (ut puta Byzantinus, Antiochenus, Copticus et multi alii) distinguuntur. Inter ritus occidentales habentur:

* ritus Romanus, de quo hic tractatur, cum versionibus suis (cf. infra);
* ritus Ambrosianus, [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] in usu;
* ritus Hispano-Mozarabicus, olim in tota Hispania in usu, nunc fere tantum in sacello uno ecclesiae cathedralis [[Toletum|Toletanae]]&lt;ref&gt;''Novus ordo ritus Hispano-Mozarabici.'' 73 pp. Toleti 1985. ISBN 84-398-4029-2&lt;/ref&gt;;
* ritus qui non amplius servantur, prout Gallicanus, Celticus, Aquileiensis et alii&lt;ref&gt;King, A. 1959. ''Liturgies of the past.'' Longmans, Green &amp; Co.: Londini.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Versiones ritus Romani ===
[[Fasciculus:Unchurch.jpg|thumb|Altare cum [[tabernaculum (Christianismus)|tabernaculo]] et [[Tabellae secretarum|tabellis secretarum]] ad missam iuxta formam extraordinariam celebrandam praeparatum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Missa_Tridentina.jpg|thumb|Missa sollemnis formae extraordinariae sive Tridentinae (Missale 1962).]]
Ad hoc notanda sunt duo. Primo enim distinguuntur:  
* ritus Romanus proprie dictus, liturgiam urbis Romae sequens, et permultis in locis in usu;
* versiones ritus Romani in aliquibus dioecesibus vel ordinibus in usu, ut puta [[Ritus Lugdunensis]]&lt;ref&gt;''Missale Romanum, in quo antiqui ritus Lugdunenses servantur'' (Lugduni: Vitte, 1934).&lt;/ref&gt; (vel Romano-Lugdunensis qui tamquam antiquissima forma ritus Romani haberi potest&lt;ref&gt;Dom Denys Buenner, ''L'ancienne liturgie romaine: le rite lyonnais.'' (Vitte: LugduniParisiis) 1934&lt;/ref&gt;) vel ritus [[Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum|Ordinis Praedicatorum]]&lt;ref&gt;''Missale iuxta ritum Ordinis Praedicatorum, apostolica auctoritate approbatum, reverendissimi Patris, Fr. Aniceti Fernandez, eiusdem Ordinis Magistri generalis, iussu editum'' (Romae 1965). [https://bc.dominikanie.pl/dlibra/publication/289/edition/291/content Lege hic.]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Secundo autem distinguuntur iuxta tempus editionis librorum liturgicorum, ante vel post [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum|Concilium Vaticanum II]]:  
* qui liturgiam a Concilio Vaticano II instauratam sequuntur, forma ordinaria ritus Romani (vel ritu novo) uti dicuntur;
* qui autem libris ante Concilium editis utuntur, formam extraordinariam ritus Romani (vel ritum veterem) sequuntur.

== Brevissima descriptio ritus Romani ==

=== Missa ===
Eucharistia, ut apud omnes fere Christianos, e duobus partibus principalibus componitur, liturgia Verbi (seu missa catechumenorum) et liturgia Eucharistiae (seu missa fidelium). Textus missae duplices sunt, uni nempe qui iidem fere semper dicuntur (ordo seu ordinarium missae, et praecipue [[Canon missae]]), alteri autem singulis diebus proprii (orationes, lectiones et cantus). Orationibus quae iuxta diversitatem dierum liturgicorum mutantur missa Romana a liturgia Byzantina distinguitur, ubi orationes semper eaedem habentur&lt;ref&gt;Mercenier, E. &amp; Paris. F. 1948. ''La prière des églises de rite byzantin. I: L’office divin, la liturgie, les sacrements.'' Editio secunda. XL+471 pp. Monastère de Chevetogne.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Liturgia Romana ad locum, ubi iuxta traditionem [[Papa|Pontifex Romanus]] hoc die celebrat, quodammodo spiritualiter dirigitur, quod &quot;statio&quot; nuncupatur&lt;ref&gt;Chavasse, ''op. cit.'', p. 17&lt;/ref&gt;. Propter quod in Missalibus usque ad annum 1962 editis hae stationes pro praecipuis diebus liturgicis indicabantur, exempli gratia [[Dies Cinerum|Feria IV Cinerum]] ad sanctam Sabinam.

In ritu Romano ad [[missa]]m celebrandam in altari (vel, in novo ritu, etiam partim iuxta altare) ponuntur crux, candelabra, tobaleae, atque (in vetere ritu tantum) [[tabellae secretarum]].

=== Officium ===
Horae canonicae praesertim e [[Liber Psalmorum|psalmis]] componuntur, qui ita distribuuntur, ut per aliquot temporis (per hebdomadam in ritu veteri, per quatuor hebdomadas in novo) omnes 150 psalmi recitentur. Horae canonicae sunt:

* [[Laudes (liturgia)|Laudes]] (in novo ritu Laudes matutinae dictae), diluculo dicendae&lt;ref&gt;Callewaert, ''op. cit.'', p. 53sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;, ubi post psalmos (in veteri ritu: octo ante 1908, postea quinque; semper tres in novo) canticum Zachariae ''[[Canticum Benedictus|Benedictus]]'' dicitur;
* [[Vespera (liturgia)|Vesperae]], ad occasum solis celebrandae&lt;ref&gt;Callewaert, ''op. cit.'', p. 91 sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;, ubi post psalmos (semper quinque in veteri ritu, semper tres in novo) canticum Mariae ''[[Magnificat]]'' dicitur;
* [[Horae minores]]&lt;ref&gt;Callewaert, ''op. cit.'', p. 119 sqq.&lt;/ref&gt;: Prima (in veteri ritu tantum), Tertia, Sexta et Nona, atque [[Completorium (liturgia)|Completorium]] (ante somnum dicendum);
* [[Matutinum]]&lt;ref&gt;Callewaert, ''op. cit.'', p. 143sqq.&lt;/ref&gt; (seu Vigiliae) media nocte celebrandum (in praxi cum Laudibus coniunctum), cui in novo ritu Officium lectionis, quolibet diei tempore dicendum, respondet; in hac hora lectiones prolixiores leguntur.
Ex his Laudes et Vesperae (horae maiores) atque horae minores sunt horae diurnae, Matutinum autem hora nocturna.

=== Kalendarium ===
Ecclesia Romana [[Calendarium Gregorianum|kalendario Gregoriano]] utitur. Prout apud omnes fere Christianos, festum praeciuum dies dominica est, quae resurrectionem Christi commemorat. Praeter dominicas sunt alia festa varii momenti, qui a maximo usque ad minimum ita ordinantur:

* in novo ritu: [[Sollemnitas|sollemnitates]], festa, memoriae, memoriae ad libitum&lt;ref&gt;''Calendarium Romanum, ex decreto sacrosancti OEcumenici Conclii Vaticani II instauratum, auctoritate Pauli Pp. VI promulgatum.'' 177 pp. Typis polyglottis Vaticanis 1969. ([[lege hic]])&lt;/ref&gt;;
* in veteri ritu post 1960: festa I., II. et III. classis, deinde commemorationes&lt;ref&gt;''Rubricae generales Breviarii et Missalis Romani'' (1960), nn. 10, 22, 29, 37, 65.&lt;/ref&gt;;
* in veteri ritu ante 1960: festa duplicia I. et II. classis, duplicia, semiduplicia et simplicia.

Quorum festorum una fixa dicuntur, quae scilicet in eundem semper diem anni incidunt, ut puta [[Dies Natalis Christi|Nativitas Domini]] die 25 Decembris; alia vero mobilia, celebratione eorum a die, quo hoc anno [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Pascha]] celebratum est, pendente, ut puta [[Ascensio Domini]], 40 dies post Pascha.

Ritui Romano [[Adventus|tempus Adventus]] e quatuor dominicis constitutus proprius est. Ritus Ambrosianus sex dominicas habet, apud Byzantinos autem &quot;Adventus&quot; sensu occidentali deest&lt;ref&gt;Radó, ''op. cit.'', p. 1102.&lt;/ref&gt;. Inter antiquissimas celebrationes ritus Romani [[Quatuor Tempora|Quattuor Tempora]] habentur, quae tamen ab iis, qui novum ritum sequuntur, haud frequenter observantur.

== Libri liturgici ritus Romani ==

=== Introductio ===
Libri liturgici ritus Romani saepe etiam &quot;Romani&quot; dicuntur, ut puta [[Missale Romanum]], [[Breviarium Romanum]], [[Pontificale Romanum]] et [[Rituale Romanum]]. Usque ad medium saeculum vicesimum, in his libris solummodo lingua Latina utebatur (vel rarissime [[Lingua Slavica Ecclesiastica|Slavica]]&lt;ref&gt;''Missale Romanum, Slavica lingua, glagolitico charactere.'' Romae 1893&lt;/ref&gt;). Ab anno circiter 1975 libri liturgici ritus Romani etiam in linguis vernacularibus publici iuris fiunt.

=== Libri ad missam celebrandam ===
Missale Romanum est liber in quo textus missae inveniuntur. Editio princeps Missalis Romani anno 1474 facta est&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://henrybradshawsociety.org/publications/main-series/17/ reimpressionem] a ''Henry Bradshaw Society'' factam.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post Concilium Tridentinum [[Pius V]] editionem Missalis Romani anno 1570 promulgavit, quae per multos annos fere immutata mansit. Caeremoniis praesertim Hebromadae Sanctae a [[Pius XII|Pio XII]] mutatis, rubricisque ad simpliciorem formam redactis, [[Ioannes XXIII]] novam editionem typicam anno 1962 fecit&lt;ref&gt;''Missale Romanum ex decreto Ss. Concilii Tridentini Restitutum Summorum Pontificum cura recognitum.'' Editio typica. Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis 1962. ([https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf lege hic])&lt;/ref&gt;. Post Concilium Vaticanum II editionem multis commutationibus inclusis Paulus VI anno 1975 publici iuris fecit. 

[[Canon]] missae est liber ordinem missae continens qui in missa pontificali iuxta formam extraordinariam celebratam adhibetur.&lt;ref&gt;''Canon Missae ad usum Episcoporum et Praelatorum solemniter vel provate celebrantium, formulis variis e Pontificali depromptis cantibusque ad libitum locupletatus''. 170 pp. Mechliniae: H. Dessain 1951.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lectionarium est liber lectiones in missa legendas continens quo ad missam iuxta formam ordinariam celebrandam opus est, cum lectiones in Missalibus post Concilium Vaticanum II editis non amplius habeantur.

[[Graduale Romanum]] est liber cantus praesertim a [[Schola cantorum (discretiva)|schola cantorum]] intra missam cantandos continens&lt;ref&gt;''Graduale sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae de tempore et de Sanctis, Ss. D. N. Pii X. Pontificis Maximi iussu restitutum &amp; editum, ad exemplar editionis typicae concinnatum, et rhythmicis signis a Solesmensibus monachis diligenter ornatum.'' Romae, Tornaci, Neo Eboraci: Desclée et Socii 1961. ([https://media.churchmusicassociation.org/pdf/graduale1961.pdf lege hic])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Graduale sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae de tempore et de Sanctis, primum sancti Pii X iussu restitutum &amp; editum, Pauli VI Pontificis Maximi cura nunc recognitum, ad exemplar „Ordinis Cantus Missae” dispositum, &amp; rhythmicis signis a Solesmensibus monachis diligenter ornatum.'' 918 pp. Solesmis 1979. ([https://media.churchmusicassociation.org/books/graduale-romanum-1974.pdf lege hic])&lt;/ref&gt;, nempe:

* ordinarium missae: [[Kyrie]], [[Gloria in excelsis|Gloria]], Sanctus, [[Agnus Dei]] et [[Credo (liturgia)|Credo]];
* proprium missae: [[introitus]], gradualia, tractus, [[Alleluia]], offertoria et communiones;
* tonos orationum, lectionum et praefationum.

=== Libri ad Divinum Officium celebrandum ===
[[Antiphonarium officii|Antiphonale]] Romanum cantus (praesertim [[Antiphona|antiphonas]], psalmos et hymnos) ad horas canonicas diurnas celebrandas continet&lt;ref&gt;''Antiphonale Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae pro diurnis horis Ss. D. N. Pii X. Pontificis Maximi jussu restitutum et editum.'' XVII+776+[221]+98*+48 pp. Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, Romae 1912. ([https://media.churchmusicassociation.org/pdf/antiphonale-bw.pdf lege hic])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Antiphonale Romanum, t. I: In Dominicis et Festis, Ad Laudes cum Invitatoriis.'' Solesmis 2020 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230626105315/https://www.solesmes.com/node/16970?position=1&amp;list=yZGrI9HT5Jivr-7D1HT7jnCItTwOEB58GT-0x3CQWl4 vide hic])&lt;/ref&gt;, Nocturnale Romanum autem cantus ad Matutinum seu vigilias dicendas, praesertim antiphonas, psalmos et Responsoria prolixa&lt;ref&gt;''Nocturnale Romanum. Antiphonale Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae pro nocturnis Horis.'' Hartker Verlag Christoph Nicolaus Schröder, Romae–Florentiae–Veronae–Visograciae Aquensis–Sambucae Toscanorum 2002. ISBN 3-936476-01-2&lt;/ref&gt;.

Breviarium Romanum nomen sumit ex eo quod respectu Antiphonalis abbreviatum est, cum textus tantum sine melodiis contineat&lt;ref&gt;''Breviarium Romanum. Pars autumnalis.'' Editio typica nova. Typis polyglottis Vaticanis MDCCCCXLIX.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post Concilium Vaticanum II talis liber Liturgia Horarum nuncupatur&lt;ref&gt;''Liturgia Horarum iuxta ritum Romanum: Editio typica altera: I: Tempus Adventus, tempus Nativitatis'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1985).&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Alii libri ===
Pontificale Romanum functiones ab episcopo celebrandas continet, ut puta ordinationes, consecrationes ecclesiarum, [[Coronatio|coronationes]] regum et alia similia&lt;ref&gt;''Pontificale Romanum, summorum Pontificum jussu editum, a Benedicto XIV. et Leone XIII. Pontificibus Maximis recognitum et castigatum.'' XVII+250+308+474 Mechliniae: H. Dessain 1895&lt;/ref&gt;. Rituale Romanum autem functiones quae a presbyteris etiam celebrantur, ut puta baptismata, matrimonia et benedictiones variae. Caeremoniale episcoporum fuse ordinem variarum ceremoniarum describit&lt;ref&gt;''Caeremoniale Episcoporum, Clementis VIII., Innocentii X. et Benedicti XIII. jussu editum, Benedicti XIV., et Leonis III. auctoritate recognitum. Editio typica.'' XVI+352 pp. Fr. Pustet: Ratisbonae, Neo EBoraci et Cincinnatii 1886.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Martyrologium Romanum elogia Sanctorum Sanctarumque pro singulis diebus anni continet&lt;ref&gt;''Martyrologium Romanum, ex decreto sacrosancti OEcumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum, auctoritate Ioannis Pauli Pp. II promulgatum.'' Editio altera. 844 pp. Typis Vaticanis 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;. Octavarium Romanum erat supplementum Breviarii, textus ad octavas festorum celebrandas continens&lt;ref&gt;''Octavarium Romanum sive octavae Festorum : lectiones secundi scilicet et tertii Nocturni singulis diebus recitandae infra octavas Sanctorum titularium, vel titularium ecclesiarum, aut patronorum locorum. Editio secunda.'' Pustet: Ratisbonae, Romae, Neo Eboraci &amp; Cincinnati 1902.&lt;/ref&gt;, sed hoc libro nec qui ritum veterem sequuntur amplius utuntur.

== Investigationes historicae ==
Inter eos qui historiam ritus Romani investigaverunt enumerari possunt [[Camillus Callewaert]] et [[Antonius Chavasse]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Calendarium Romanae Ecclesiae]]
* [[Ecclesia Anglicana]]
* [[Liturgia Hispanica]]
* [[Ritus Alexandrinus]]
* [[Ritus Antiochenus]]
* [[Ritus Byzantinus]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Callewaert, C. [[1950]]. ''Sacris erudiri. Fragmenta liturgica collecta a monachis Sancti Petri de Aldenburgi in Steenbrugge ne pereant.'' Abbatia Sancti Petri de Aldenburgo in Steenbrugge. 
*Chavasse, Antoine. [[1993]]. ''La liturgie de la Ville de Rome du Ve au VIIIe siècle. Une liturgie conditionnée par l’organisation de la vie'' in Urbe ''et'' extra muros''.'' [''Analecta liturgica 18''] Pontificio Ateneo s. Anselmo: Romae.
*Jungmann, Josef Andreas. [[1949]]. ''Missarum Sollemnia. Eine genetische Erklärung der römischen Messe.'' Vindobonae: Herder.
*Radó, Polycarpus. [[1961]]. ''Enchiridion liturgicum: complectens theologiae sacramentalis et dogmata et leges iuxta novum Codicem rubricarum.'' Romae, Friburgi Brisgoviae, Barcinone: Herder.

==Nexus externi==
*[http://www.romanrite.com/ &quot;Ritus Romanus,&quot;] www.romanrite.com (Anglice).

[[Categoria:Ecclesia Catholica]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Christiani]]</text>
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| name = Muridae
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|112|0|r=[[Miocaenum]] superius &gt; [[Recens]]}}
| image = Rattus rattus03.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption = ''[[Rattus rattus]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Rodentia]]
| superfamilia = [[Muroidea]]
| familia = '''Muridae'''
| familia_authority = [[Ioannes Carolus Gulielmus Illiger|Illiger]], 1811
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e
| subdivision = 
[[Deomyinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Gerbillinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lophiomyinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Leimacomyinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Murinae]]
}}
'''Muridae''' (ex ''mure'') sunt maxima [[Mammalia|mammalium]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]], quae plus quam sescentas [[species (taxinomia)|species]] comprehendit, per [[Eurasia]]m, [[Africa]]m, [[Australia]]m naturaliter [[endemismus|endemicas]], et per totum terrarum orbem introductas. Eae ''[[Mus|mures]], [[Rattus|rattos]],'' [[Gerillinae|gerbillinas]], et species cognatas comprehendunt. Nomen muridarum aliquando laxe adhibetur ad appellandas omnes superfamiliae [[Muroidea|muroideorum]] species.

== Proprietates ==
Muridae sunt mammalia parva, usitate circa 10 cm longa, [[cauda]] exclusa, sed variantes a 4.5 ad 8 cm in ''[[Mus minutoides|Mure minutoidea]]'' ad 48 cm in ''[[Phloeomys cumingi|Phloemyre cumingi]].'' Eis sunt [[corpus (physicum)|corpora]] tenuia, caudis [[squama (zoologia)|squamosis]], [[nasus|nasis]] acutis, [[vibrissa|vibrissis]] prominentibus. Intra autem has proprietates est multum [[variation]]is: multis muridis sunt [[crus|crura]] [[pes|pedesque]] elongati, ut saliendo moveantur; aliis sunt pedes lati caudaeque [[praehensiles]], ut melius scandant; aliis est neutra adaptatio. Plurimae [[color]]e sunt [[fuscus|fuscae]], [[fulvus|fulvae]], [[spadiceus|spadices]], sed multis sunt signa [[ater|atra]], [[canus|cana]], [[albus|alba]].&lt;ref name=EoM&gt;{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D.|author= Berry, R.J. &amp; Årgren, G.|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/661 658]–663 &amp; 674–677|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Muridis plerumque sunt praestantes [[auditus]] [[odoratus]]que sensus. Utuntur [[habitatio]]nibus late variis, a [[silva|silvis]] ad [[terra graminea|terras gramineas]] ([[Anglice]]: ''grasslands'') et [[mons|montes]]. Complures species, praecipue [[gerbillinae]], se ad circumiecta [[desertum|deserta]] accommodant, et cum paululo [[aqua]]e diu superare possunt.

Muridae sunt aut [[herbivora]] aut [[omnivora]], et multis [[cibus|cibis]] variarum specierum vescuntur.

Muridae fetum saepissime edunt, et magnas feturas multoties per annum pariunt. Eae fetum usitate inter viginti et quadraginta dies post coniungiendum edunt, sed numeri dierum inter se specie variantur. Iuvenes plerumque sunt [[caecitas|caeci]], sine capillis, inermes; sed sunt exceptiones, sicut ''[[Acomys]].''&lt;ref name=EoM/&gt;

== Evolutio ==
[[Evolutio]] muridarum, sicut aliorum parvorum mammalium, non est bene nota, quod pauca [[fossile|fossilia]] exstant. Eae probabiliter se evolverunt ex [[animal]]ibus [[Cricetinae|cricetinarum]] similibus in [[Asia]] [[zona tropica|tropica]] aevo [[Miocaenum|Miocaeno]] superiore, et deinde species produxerunt quae caelis frigioribus superare poterant. Latissime per omnem terrarum orbem communes per [[Holocaenum]] factae sunt, quod cum [[Homo sapiens|hominibus]] migraverunt.&lt;ref name=MamEv&gt;{{cite book |author= Savage, RJG, &amp; Long, MR|year=1986 |title= Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide|url= https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava_a5g0|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|isbn= 0-8160-1194-X|page= [https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava_a5g0/page/124 124]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Classificatio ==
Muridae in quinque [[subfamilia|subfamiliis]], circa centum et quadraginta [[genus (taxinomis)|generibus]], et circa secentis et quinquaginta [[species|speciebus]] classificantur.

=== Subfamilae ===
* [[Deomyinae]]
* [[Gerbillinae]]
* [[Leimacomyinae]]
* [[Lophiomyinae]]
* [[Murinae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Citation
 | last1=Jansa
 | first1=Sharon. A.
 | last2=Weksler
 | first2=Marcelo
 | title=Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences
 | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
 | volume=31
 | issue=1
 | date=2004
 | pages=256–276
 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.002
 | url=http://www.faculty.uaf.edu/ffmw1/pdfs/jansa.2004.pdf
 }}.
* {{Citation
 | last1=Michaux
 | first1=Johan
 | last2=Reyes
 | first2=Aurelio
 | last3=Catzeflis
 | first3=François
 | title=Evolutionary History of the Most Speciose Mammals: Molecular Phylogeny of Muroid Rodents
 | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution
 | volume=18
 | issue=11
 | date= 1 November 2001
 | pages=2017–2031
 | url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/11/2017
 | issn=0737-4038
 | pmid=11606698
 }}.
* {{Citation
 | last1=Steppan
 | first1=Scott
 | last2=Adkins
 | first2=Ronald
 | last3=Anderson
 | first3=Joel
 | title=Phylogeny and Divergence-Date Estimates of Rapid Radiations in Muroid Rodents Based on Multiple Nuclear Genes
 | journal=Systematic Biology
 | volume=53
 | issue=4
 | year=2004
 | pages=533–553
 | doi=10.1080/10635150490468701
 | url=http://bio.fsu.edu/~steppan/Steppan_et_al_Muroidea_2004.pdf
 }}.
* [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=180360 Muridae apud ITIS]
[[Categoria:Muroidea]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Illiger]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1811]]

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Leopoldamys sabanus]]''

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Muridae|''Muridas''}}
{{Vicispecies|Muridae|''Muridas''}}
{{Fontes biologici}}

[[Categoria:Familiae animalium]]
[[Categoria:Muridae| ]]
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saturniidae</title>
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      <text bytes="16170" sha1="gjhgoq244grd4v75ahcdnrfp639v9r9" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Saturniidae
| image = Saturnia pavonia 01.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Saturnia pavonia'' [[mas]] ([[Saturniinae]])
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| unranked_superfamilia = [[Macrolepidoptera]]
| superfamilia = [[Bombycoidea]]
| familia = '''Saturniidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Boisduval]], [[1837]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e
| subdivision =
*[[Oxyteninae]]
*[[Cercophaninae]]
*[[Arsenurinae]]
*[[Ceratocampinae]]
*[[Hemileucinae]]
*[[Agliinae]]
*[[Ludiinae]]
*[[Salassinae]]
*[[Saturniinae]]
}}

'''Saturniidae,''' inter maximos gloriososque [[lepidoptera|papilionum]], sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] cui sunt circa 1300 ad 1500 [[species (taxinomia)|species]] omni ex orbe terrarum descriptae.&lt;ref&gt;Grimaldi et Engel 2005.&lt;!--IMPERFECTA CITATIO--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Inter Saturniidas celeberrimas sunt papiliones ''[[Citheronia regalis]], [[Hyalophora cecropia]], [[Pavonia pavonia]],'' et ''[[Saturnia pyri]].''

Adulti sunt magni, [[corpus (physica)|corporibus]] gravibus setis tectis, [[ala|alis]] lobatis, [[os (oris)|oribus]] reductis, et [[caput|capitibus]] parvis praediti. Carent [[frenulum|frenulo]], sed alae posteriores et anteriores sunt imbricatae.&lt;!--, producing the same effect of an unbroken wing surface--&gt;&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996&gt;Tuskes ''et al.'' (1996)&lt;/ref&gt; Hi papiliones [[color]]ibus aliquando sunt vividi, et saepe in eorum alis [[macula ocularis|maculas oculares]] vel &quot;fenestras&quot; translucentis habent. [[Dimorphismus sexualis]] speciebus variat, sed [[mas|mares]] maiore et latiore [[antenna|antennis]] commune distingui possunt. Plurimis adultis sunt [[latitudo alarum]] inter 2.5 et 15 cm (inter 1 et 6 uncias), sed aliquibus speciebus [[zona tropica|tropicis]], sicut ''[[Attacus atlas|Attaco atlas]],'' sunt latitudines alarum ad 30 cm (ad 12 uncias). Una cum quibusdam [[Noctuidae|Noctuidis]] (praecipue [[Calpinae|Calpinis]] et [[Catocalinae|Catocalinis]]), sicut [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]] ''[[Ascalapha]], [[Erebus (genus)|Erebus]],'' et ''[[Thysania]],'' Saturniidae sic sunt maximi papiliones, et nonnulla quidem ex maximis [[insecta|insectis]] hodie exstantibus.

== Distributio ==
Plurimae Saturniidarum species in regionibus [[silva|silvestribus]] zonarum [[zona tropica|tropicae]] et [[zona subtropica|subtropicae]] [[habitatio|habitant]], maxima varietate in [[Novus Mundus|Novo Mundo]] et [[Mexicum|Mexico]] [[zona tropica|tropicis]] inventa,&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt; quamquam omnem orbem terram habitant. Circa [[duodecim]] species descriptae in [[Europa]] habitant, quarum una, ''[[Pavonia pavonia]],'' in [[Insulae Britannicae|Insulis Britannicis]] fit; sexaginta-octo species descriptae in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] habitant, quarum quadgraginta-duae ad septentriones [[Mexicum|Mexici]] et [[California Meridiana|Californiae Meridianae]] habitant.

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Great Peacock Moth.jpg|thumb|left|210px|Stationes [[vita]]e ''[[Saturnia pyri|Saturniae pyri]]'']]
Aliquae Saturniidae plus quam unum fetum per [[annus|annum]] gignunt. Fetus [[ver]]is [[aestas|aestatisque]] post paucas [[hebdomas|hebdomdata]] ex [[ovum|ovis]] excluduntur; fetus autem [[autumnus|autumni]] statum [[biostasis|biostasem]]{{dubsig}} intrant, et vere sequente excluduntur. Numerus fetuum variantur, et una gignere potest [[femina (sexus)|femina]] singulas quae celeriter singulasque quae tarde crescunt, vel ea varios fetuum numeros variis annis vel in variis regionibus potest gignere.&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt; In nonnullis speciebus, e.g. ''[[Actias luna|Actiate luna]]''&lt;!--declensio=?--&gt; et ''[[Callosamia securifera]]'' (ambae sunt [[Saturniinae]]), fetus [[ver]]is [[aestas|aestatisque]] diversi videntur, quia [[genum|gena]] varia a [[circumiectus|circumiectibus]] impelluntur.&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996/&gt;

=== Ova ===
[[Fasciculus:Emperor Gum Moth eggs2.jpg|thumb|[[Ovum|Ova]] ''[[Opodiphthera eucalypti|Opodiphtherae eucalypti]]'']]
Singula femina usque ad 200 ova in selecta [[hostis (biologia)|hoste]] [[planta]] ([[Anglice]] ''host plant'') parire potest. Aliae singillatim vel in parvis gregibus pariunt.&lt;ref name = scoble1995&gt;Scoble (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; Ova sunt rotunda, aliquantulum plana, levia, et translucentia vel albida.
[[Fasciculus:Lagarta2.jpg|thumb|[[Larva]] Saturniidae ignotae [[Brasilia]] [[folium|folio]] vescitur.]]

=== Larvae ===
[[Larva]]e sunt magnae (50 ad 100 mm in [[instar]]i ultimo), pingues, et [[cylindrus|cylindraceae]]. Plurimis sunt [[tubercula]]e quae saepe sunt spinosae vel pilosae. Multae [[color]]ibus sunt crypticae.&lt;!--, with countershading or disruptive coloration to reduce detection, but some are more colorful.--&gt; Nonnullis sunt setae quae pingunt.&lt;ref name = scoble1995/&gt; Conturbatae nonnullarum specierum larvae (e.g. [[eruca]]e specierum ''[[Actias luna|Actiatis luna]]''&lt;!--declinatio =?--&gt; et ''[[Antheraea polyphemus|Antheraeae polyphemus]]'' in [[Saturniini]]s) [[mandibula|mandibulis]] [[sonus|sonos]] ''click''{{dubsig}} efficiunt; haec ''click'' ut signa monitus [[Aposematismus|aposematici]] defensionis [[vomitus|regurgitationis]] coniectantur.&lt;ref&gt;Brown ''et al.'' (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Aliae solae, aliae congregari ut vescantur solent. [[Hemileucinae]] congregantur iuvenes, et setas habent quae pungunt,&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt; et setae ''[[Lonomia]]e'' [[venenum]] continent quod [[homo|homines]] interficere potest. 

Paene omnes aliae huius [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] erucae sunt [[Sphingidae]], quae raro sunt setosae, et plerumque [[diagonalis|diagonales]] in lateribus lineas habere solent. Multae Sphingidarum [[eruca]]e unum [[cornu]] flexum in posteriore ferunt; hae erucae re vera non sunt periculosae, sed magnae erucae setosae usitate non tangendae sunt, nisi a peritis.

Plurimae [[larva]]e Saturniidarum [[folium|foliis]] [[arbor]]um [[frutex|fruticumque]] vescuntur. Nonnullae, praecipue Hemileucinae sicut ''[[Automeris louisiana]], [[Automeris patagonensis|A. patagonensis]],'' et ''[[Hemileuca oliviae]]'', [[gramen|graminibus]] vescuntur. Ei [[ecdysis|ecdysin]] ordinatim patiuntur, plerumque quater, quinquies, vel sexies, antequam station [[pupa (biologia)|pupa]]lem intrant. Ante [[pupatio]]nem est statio errans, et erucae [[color]]em commutare possunt, ut crypticiores{{dubsig}}&lt;!--cryptic--&gt; sub hanc stationem fiant.&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Actias luna pupa 2 sjh.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Actias luna]]'' ([[Saturniinae]]) pupa (dextra) ex ''cocoon''{{dubsig}} remota (laeva; nota ultimam larvae cutem)]]

=== Pupae ===
Plurimae larvae ''[[Cocoon (sericum)|cocoon]]''{{dubsig}} inter [[folium|folia]] [[planta]]e [[hostis (biologia)|hostis]] dilectae, vel in stramento foliorum humi lapsorum, vel in fissuris in [[saxum|saxis]] vel [[lignum|lignis]]&lt;!--logs--&gt; faciunt.&lt;!-- While only moderately close relatives to the silkworm (''[[Bombyx mori]]'') among the Lepidoptera, the cocoons of most larger saturniids can be gathered and used to make [[silk]] fabric.--&gt; Larvae autem nonnullarum specierum—commune [[Ceratocampinae|eratocampinarum]], inter quas ''[[Citheronia regalis]]'' et ''[[Eacles imperialis]]''—se in terram infodiunt et in parva camera sub humum pupant; sic saepe in [[Ceratocampinae|Ceratocampinis]] et [[Hemileucinae|Hemileucinis]]. Dissimiles plurimorum papilionum serici&lt;!--most silk moths--&gt;, papiliones in terra pupantes paululo serico in fabricatione puparum utuntur.&lt;ref name = tuskesetal1996 /&gt; Simul ac in ''cocoon'' includuntur, pupae [[Metamorphosis (biologia)|metamorphosim]] subeunt.
[[Fasciculus:Arsenura_pandora.jpg|thumb|''[[Arsenura pandora]]'' ([[Arsenurinae]])]]

=== Adulti ===
Adultis [[femina (sexus)|feminis]] ex [[ovum|ovis]] novissime exclusis sunt plena ovorum copia, et eae [[mas|mares]] emissione [[pherormon]]tum{{dubsig}} evocant (tempora evocationis inter species variantur). Mares haec indicia [[chemia|chemica]] ad [[milia passum]] procul reperire possunt.&lt;!-- with help from sensitive receptors located on the tips of their featherlike [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] sicut [[pinna]]e. The males will fly several miles in one night to locate a female and mate with her; females generally will not fly until after they have mated.--&gt; [[Os (oris)|Ore]] adultorum Saturnidarum vestigiali et tractus [[digestio]]nis carens, adulti coacervatis per stationem [[larva]]e captis [[lipidum|lipidis]] confidunt. Mores adultorum paene omne ad [[reproductio]]nem deduntur, sed consequentia (ob inopiam [[victus]]) est [[vita]] [[hebdomas|dierum septem]] vel minus postquam eae ex pupis excluduntur.

== Hominibus momentum ==
[[Fasciculus:Antheraeagodmani.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Antheraea godmani]]'' ([[Saturniinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Anisota stigma.jpg|thumb|''[[Anisota stigma]]'' ([[Ceratocampinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Citheronia splendens male sjh.jpg|thumb|''[[Citheronia splendens]]'' [[mas]] ([[Ceratocampinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Rosy Maple Moth.png|thumb|''[[Dryocampa rubicunda]]'' ([[Ceratocampinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Automeris metzli.jpg|thumb|''[[Automeris metzli]]'' ([[Hemileucinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Aglia tau Femelle dos.jpg|thumb|''[[Aglia tau]]'' [[femina (sexus)|femina]] ([[Agliinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Argema mittrei 01.JPG|thumb|''[[Argema mittrei]]'' ([[Saturniinae]])]]
[[Fasciculus:Attacus atlas qtl1.jpg|thumb|''[[Attacus atlas]]'' ([[Saturniinae]])]]

Nonnullae species sunt graves ut [[pestis (organismus)|pestes]] defoliatores, inter quas ''[[Anisota senatoria]]'' in [[quercus|quercibus]], ''[[Coloradia pandora]]'' in [[pinus|pinis]], et ''[[Hemileuca oliviae]]'' in [[gramen|graminibus]] planitiei&lt;!--range grasses--&gt;. Aliis speciebus est maior gravitas [[commercium|commercii]] in productione ''[[tussah]]'' et [[sericum ferum|serici feri]]&lt;!--wild silk--&gt;. Hae species insigniter sunt ''[[Antheraea pernyi]],'' eius proles [[Hybrida (biologia)|hybridogenica]] ''[[Antheraea × proylei]]'', et ''[[Samia cynthia]].'' 

Erucae generis ''[[Lonomia]]e'' fortasse mortiferissimum omnium [[animal]]ium notorum [[venenum]]&lt;!--recte: toxin, non poison--&gt; efficiunt.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/179/2/158 Pagina apud situm cmaj.ca.]&lt;/ref&gt; Plurimae autem Saturniidae sunt innocua, saltem adulti, et saepissime per omnes suae [[vita]]e stationes. Ergo, nonnullae species gloriosiores—praecipue generis ''[[Antheraea]]e''—a [[puer]]is in [[schola|scholis]] ut deliciae [[educatio]]nis ali possunt.&lt;!--educational pets--&gt; [[pupa (biologia)|Pupa]]e—molles, lenes—[[discipulus|discipulis]] fiunt dona iucunda.

== Systematica et [[evolutio]] ==
Saturniidae numeris specierum sunt diversissimae in [[zona neotropica|neotropicis]]. Earum antiquissimae [[subfamilia]]e solum in [[America]] fiunt. Solum &quot;hodiernissimae&quot; Saturniidae in plurimis orbis terrarum regionibus [[habitatio|habitant]]. Ergo, [[fossile|fossilibus]] carentibus, recte sumitur primas Saturniidas in regionibus neotropicis volavisse.

Hic index subfamilias in opinabili sequentia [[phylogenetic]]a ordinat, ab antiquissimis ad novissimam. Etiam adsunt quaedam genera et species notabiles.
* '''Subfamilia [[Oxyteninae]]'''
** ''[[Oxytenis]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Cercophaninae]]'''
* '''Subfamilia [[Arsenurinae]]''' (10 [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]], [[zona neotropica|neotropicae]])
** ''[[Paradaemonia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Bouvier, 1925&lt;/small&gt;&lt;!--RevBrasZool24 p1131--&gt;
* '''Subfamilia [[Ceratocampinae]]''' (27 genera, [[America]])
** ''[[Adeloneivaia]]''
** ''[[Anisota]]''
*** ''[[Anisota stigma]]''
*** ''[[Anisota senatoria]]''
** ''[[Citheronia]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia azteca]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia lobesis]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia regalis]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia sepulcralis]]''
*** ''[[Citheronia splendens]]''
** ''[[Dryocampa]]''
*** ''[[Dryocampa rubicunda]]''
** ''[[Eacles]]''&lt;!-- this is a mis-redirect and needs to be fixed. Genus is not monotypic. --&gt;
*** ''[[Eacles imperialis]]''
** ''[[Sphingicampa]]''
** ''[[Syssphinx]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx albolineata]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx bicolor]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx bisecta]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx blanchardi]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx heiligbrodti]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx hubbardi]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx montana]]''
*** ''[[Syssphinx raspa]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Hemileucinae]]''' (51 genera, [[America]])
** ''[[Automeris]]''
*** ''[[Automeris io]]''
*** ''[[Automeris louisiana]]''
*** ''[[Automeris patagonensis]]''
** ''[[Coloradia]]''
** ''[[Hemileuca]]''
*** ''[[Hemileuca nevadensis]]''
*** ''[[Hemileuca maia]]''
** ''[[Lonomia]]''
** ''[[Ormiscodes]]''
*** ''[[Ormiscodes cinnamomea]]''
*** ''[[Ormiscodes socialis]]''
*** ''[[Ormiscodes schmidtnielseni]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Agliinae]]''' ([[monotypica]])
** ''[[Aglia]]''
*** ''[[Aglia tau]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Ludiinae]]''' (8 genera, [[Africa]])
* '''Subfamilia [[Salassinae]]''' (monotypica, tropicae)
** ''[[Salassa (moth)|Salassa]]''
* '''Subfamilia [[Saturniinae]]''' (plus quam 70 genera, regiones tropicae et temperatae per orbem terrarum)

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Argema]]''
* ''[[Attacus]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saturniidae|Saturnidas}}
* Brown, S. G., G. H. Boettner, et J. E. Yack. [[2007]]. Clicking caterpillars: acoustic aposematism in ''Antheraea polyphemus'' and other Bombycoidea. ''[[Journal of Experimental Biology]]'' 210(6): 993–1005. [http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/210/6/993.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Scoble, M. J. [[1995]]. ''The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity.'' Ed. 2a. Oxford University Press.
* Tuskes, P. M., J. P. Tuttle, et M. M. Collins. [[1996]]. ''The wild silk moths of North America.'' Ithacae: Cornell University Press. &lt;small&gt;ISBN 0-8014-3130-1&lt;/small&gt;.

== Lectiones additae ==
* Burnie, David. [[2001]]. ''Smithsonian: Animal.'' Novi Eboraci: DK Publishing Inc.
* [http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/455/45513402.pdf Inventorium ex circa 200 taxorum Saturniidarum] apud situm redalyc.uaemex.mx
* Lampe, Rudolf E. J. [[2010]]. ''Saturniidae of the World: Their Life Stages from the Eggs to the Adults—Pfauenspinner der Welt: Ihre Entwicklungsstadien vom Ei zum Falter.'' ISBN 978-3-89937-084-3.
* Mitchell, Robert T. [[2002]]. ''Butterflies and Moths: A Golden Guide From St. Martin's Press''. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press.
* Racheli, L., et T. Racheli. [[2006]]. The Saturniidae Fauna of Napo Province, Ecuador: An Overview (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). ''SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología'' 34(134): 125–139. 

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.scib.gc.ca/spp_pages/misc_moths/phps/bom_e.php &quot;Bombycoidea of Canada&quot;] apud situm scib.gc.ca
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040813180814/http://www.troplep.org/famlist.htm &quot;Family Classification of Lepidoptera&quot;] apud situm troplep.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080801111118/http://www.kiva.net/~daylight/moth.html &quot;How to rear saturniid moths&quot;] apud situm kiva.net
* [http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/lepid/moths/usa/saturnii.htm &quot;Moths of North America: Saturniidae&quot;] apud situm npwrc.esgs.gov
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100307060349/http://www.877termite.com/resources.php?s=resources&amp;p=general &quot;Moth Mystery Solved by Entomologist Laurie Jo Jensen of The Termite Guy in San Clemente, CA&quot;] apud situm 877termite.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027001209/http://geocities.com/mothman15/ &quot;Moths (Saturniidae) of the United States&quot;] apud situm geocities.com/mothman15
* [http://www.silkmoths.bizland.com/kirbywolfe.htm Photographemata] apud situm silkmoths.bizland.com
* [http://www.silkmoths.bizland.com/kirbywolfe.htm Photographemata Kirby Wolfe] apud situm silkmoths.bizland.com
* [http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/misc/ef008.htm &quot;Saturniid Moths&quot;] apud situm uky.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173637/https://tpittaway.tripod.com/silk/satlist.htm Saturniidae Europae] apud situm tpittaway.tripod.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110315090618/http://www.saturnia.de/ &quot;Saturnia-Homepage&quot;] apud situm saturnia.de
* [http://www.saturniidae-web.de/index.html Saturniidae] apud situm saturnidae-web.de

[[Categoria:Bombycoidea]]
[[Categoria:Saturniidae| ]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Boisduval]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1837]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saturnia (papilio)</title>
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| name = ''Saturnia''
| image = Saturnia pyri.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Saturnia pyri]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Saturniidae]]
| genus = '''''Saturnia'''''
| genus_authority = [[Francisca Paula von Schrank|Schrank]], 1802&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/bombycoidea/saturniidae/saturniinae/saturnia/index.html |title=''Saturnia'' Schrank, 1802 |date=2005-11-06 |author=Markku Savela}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''''Saturnia''''' ([[Anglice]] ''emperor, emperor moth'') est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] magnorum [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Saturniidae|Saturniidarum]]. Plurimae sunt [[regio Palaearctica|Palaearcticae]], sed [[tres]] [[species (taxinomia)|species]]—''[[Saturnia mendocino|S. mendocino]], [[Saturnia walterorum|S. walterorum]], [[Saturnia albofasciata|S. albofasciata]]''—sunt in ''[[chaparral]]'' [[California|Californiensi]]  [[endemismus|endemicae]].

==Species==
*''[[Saturnia atlantica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lucas, 1848&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Saturnia cephalariae]]'' &lt;small&gt;Christoph, 1885&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Saturnia mendocino]]''&lt;ref&gt;Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, et Michael Pogue, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061011133043/http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=3298 &quot;Mendocino saturnia moth, ''Saturnia mendocino'' Behrens, 1876] in ''Butterflies and Moths of North America'' (2006), apud URL butterfliesandmoths.org&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Saturnia pavonia]]''
*''[[Saturnia pavoniella]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Scopoli, 1763)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Saturnia pyri]]''
*''[[Saturnia spini]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775)&lt;/small&gt;
*''[[Saturnia walterorum]]''&lt;ref&gt;Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, et Michael Pogue, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032557/http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=3299 &quot;Walters' saturnia moth ''Saturnia walterorum''(Hogue &amp; Johnson, 1958),&quot;] in ''Butterflies and Moths of North America'' (2006)), URL butterfliesandmoths.org.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Saturnia albofasciata]]''&lt;ref&gt;Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, et Michael Pogue, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070207084148/http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=3300 &quot;White-streaked saturnia moth, ''Saturnia albofasciata'' (Johnson, 1938)&quot;] in ''Butterflies and Moths of North America'' (2006), apud URL butterfliesandmoths.org&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Saturnia zuleika]]''

{{NexInt}}
*Nässig, Wolfgang A. [[2006]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110315090618/http://www.saturnia.de/ Saturnia,] situs domesticus apud saturnia.de, 16 Novembris.
*Pittaway, A. R. [[2007]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221214173637/https://tpittaway.tripod.com/silk/satlist.htm De Saturniidis Europae,] apud situm tpittaway.tripod.com, 6 Aprilis.

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{insecta-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Genera insectorum ex hominibus mythologicis appellata|Saturnus]]
[[Categoria:Saturniinae]]
[[Categoria:Saturnia| ]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Schrank]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1802]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tourlaville</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="1351" sha1="mybrfk2o4kwxz80avdncx40zz73f1fn" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Eglise ND tourlaville.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Tourlaville: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Virgo Maria|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

{{res|Tourlaville}} est delegata novi [[commune|communis]] [[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione quinque pristinorum communium, [[Coriallum|Corialli]], [[Hainevilla]]e, [[La Glacerie]], [[Querqueville]] et Tourlaville, die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] creatum est. Priusquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Tourlaville {{formatnum:16317}} incolas (anno [[2008]]) habebat.
[[Fasciculus:Carte Cherbourg-en-Cotentin.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Cherbourg-en-Cotentin: tabula communium delegatorum]]

== Coniunctio communium ==
Ab anno [[1967]] Tourlaville cum [[Northemium|Northemio]] ([[Saxonia Inferior]]) coniunctum est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Tourlaville | Tourlaville }}
{{INSEE commune|50602|de=Tourlaville}}
* [http://www.mairie-tourlaville.fr Tourlaville pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia delegata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Latinitatis causa nomina emendavi (menda manent)</comment>
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      <text bytes="14436" sha1="t4pjnh2h70numewa9a5wyt6iqv50kpp" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}

{{cine-t|ling=Anglice|LT=Mannula mea: Amicitia magia est}} est [[programma televisificum]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanum]] et [[Canada|Canadianum]], a [[Laura Faust]] anno [[2010]] creatum. De [[vita]] [[sex]] mannularum quae in [[urbs|urbe]] Mannulium (Ang. &quot;Ponyville&quot;) (quae in [[regnum|regno]] ficto Equestria est) [[habitatio|habitant]] narrat hoc programma. [[Persona]] principalis est [[unicornis|unicornis]] [[purpureus]] nomine Crepuscula Scintilla, discipula Principissae Caelestiae, ducis regni. In fine cuiusque episodii, epistulam describentem suum documentum de amicitia illo die discitum Caelestiae scribit. Quamquam in principio hoc programma principaliter parvulis puellis destinatum est, tamen multos admiratores inter iuvenes et adultos attraxit, mares atque feminas, qui se [[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] appellant ''bronies'' (e '''bro'''thers, &quot;fratres&quot;, et po'''nies''', &quot;mannuli&quot;).

== Propositio ==
Mundus ludi '''Amicitia est magica'',' nomine Equestria, a variis speciebus mannulorum (quae sunt unicornes et pegasi et mannuli terrestres et mannuli crystallini et alicornes) et multis aliis speciebus sentientibus vel insentientibus incolatus est. Persona principalis est unicornis Twilight Sparkle, quae a sua magistra Principissa Caelestia in vico Ponyville missa est ut magiam amicitiae disceret et amicas quasdam faceret. In principio Twilight Sparkle hoc imperium indignum esse putabat quoniam multo perturbata est praedicto antiquo qui de reditu Suppressionis Nocturnae Lunae (breviter Suppresio) narravit. Cum Supressio denique redivisset et praedicavisset se noctem aeternam gerere velle, Twilight Sparkle cum quinque aliis mannulis (Rarity, Fluttershy, Rainbow Dash, Applejack et Pinkie Pie) statim egressa est ut Elementa Harmoniae potiretur et Suppressionem vinceret. Cum autem Elementa repperisset, Supressio apparuit et Elementa delevit. Eo tempore Crepusculum quamque suarum amicarum proprium Elementum incarnare et se postremam partem, magiam, esse agnovit. Magica potestate amicitiae novae Suppressionem in Principem Lunam remutaverunt. Pauco post Caelestia redivit et cum sua sorore se resociavit. Twilight Sparkle in Poniville remansit ut magiam amicitiae plus noscere posset.

Consequentia episodia de Twilight Sparkle varia negotia periculaque in Ponyville superante narrant, ut disputationes quas mannuli inter se habent, sed etiam de itineribus periculosioribus in quis et hydram et draconem confrontat. In fine cuiusque episodii, epistulam describentem suum documentum de amicitia illo die discitum Caelestiae scribit. In secunda tempestate quoque amicae Crepusculi Caelestiae epistulas de amicitia scribere inceperunt.

Aliud thema principale sunt Signa pulchritudinis, signa peculiaria quae super latera cuiusque mannuli magice apparita sunt cum propriam facultatem repperisset. Etiamsi sex mannuli principales adultes sunt et soli (sine parentibus) vivunt, ut adulescentes humani qui inter 12 et 18 annos habere videntur. Nonnulla episodia ad laborem trium equularum quae se ''Expeditionatrices Signorum Pulchritudinis'' appellant pertinent. Alii mannuli iuvenes saepe his rident appellantque eas ''latera vacua'' (Anglice &quot;blank flanks&quot;), quam ob rem suas proprias facultates reperire valde cupiunt et ergo multi status ridiculi huius causa oriuntur.

== Personae ==
=== Personae principales ===
* '''Crepuscula Scintilla''' (Ang. &quot;Twilight Sparkle&quot;) [[unicornis]] pennigera purpurea est (Unicornis vulgaris antequam tempestas tertia)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Incantamentum Ultimum Volutae Stellarum''&quot; (Anglice &quot;Magical Mystery Cure&quot;), episodium 3x13, primum emissum 16 Feb, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;. Signum pulchritudinis (Ang. &quot;cutie mark&quot;) eius ex astro sex radiorum cum quinque minoribus astris albis constat. Unicornis magna potestate magica est atque discipula fidelissima Principissae Caelestiae. Frater eius est Scutus Lucidus. Bubonem nomine 'Owlowiscious' habet. Elementum eius Magia est. In fine tertiae tempestatis principissa facta est ipsa.
* '''Raritas''' (Ang. &quot;Rarity&quot;) unicornis alba elegansque est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex tribus gemmis constat. Occupatio ei vestimenta facere est. Sororem minorem nomine Ducilla Pulchra habet. Quoque felem &quot;Opalescentia&quot; (ang. ''Opalescence'') habet. Elementum eius Liberalitas est.
* '''Fluttershy''' pegasus flavus est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex tribus papilionibus constat. Nata in Nubiopole (Ang. &quot;Cloudsdale&quot;). Omnia [[animalia]] amat et valde ei placet animalia curare. Atque cum eis loqui potest, etiamsi alia animalia numquam loqui videntur. Cuniculum nomine &quot;Angelus&quot; habet. Elementum eius Benevolentia est.
* '''Iris Impeta''' (Ang. &quot;Rainbow Dash&quot;) pegasus [[caeruleus]]   in Nubiopole nata est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex nube fulmen versicolor producente constat. Inprimis volare amat et Fulmen Admirationis fieri vult. Promptus est dirumpere sonicum fragorem cum iridi. Testudinem nomine &quot;Tank&quot; habet. Elementum eius Fides est.
* '''Malaiacha''' (Ang. &quot;Applejack&quot;) mannula terrestris lutea est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex tribus malis constat. In Agro Malorum Dulcum (ang. &quot;Sweet Apple Acres&quot;) laborat. Flosculae Malae et Macintoshi Grandi soror ac neptem Aviae Smithis est. Canem nomine &quot;Winona&quot; habet. Elementum eius Probitas est.
* '''Rosaecula Pie''' (Ang. Pinkie Pie) mannula terrestris rosea est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex tribus globis aerostaticis constat. Summe alacris est, et festa et mannulos alios hortari amat. Animal carum ei est alligator nomine &quot;Gummy&quot;. Elementum eius Risus est.

=== Personae secundariae ===
* '''Cuspis''' (Anglice &quot;Spike&quot;) dracunculus purpureus viridisque et adiutor Crepusculae Scintillae est. Magico igne qui ex collo exspirat litteras scriptas a Crepuscula Scintilla mittere potest atque e Caelestia alias litteras accipere. Is valde Raritatem amat et saepe eam iuvare videtur. Postquam Raritas suum amorem repperit, eam saepe &quot;Spikey-wikey&quot; affectione appellat. Etiamsi parvo corpore est multo edere potest, inprimis gemmas et crystalla qui eius cibi praelati sunt
* '''Principissa Caelestia''' (Anglice &quot;Princess Celestia&quot;) unicornis pennigera alba est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex sole octo radiorum constat. Cum soror sua Luna totum regnum Equestriam regit. Artem solis moderandi adepta est. Luna autem inclusa, etiam lunam stellasque in caelo ducebat. Phoenicem nomine &quot;Philomena&quot; habet.
* '''Principissa Luna''' (Anglice &quot;Princess Luna&quot;) unicornis pennigera livida est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex luna crescente constat. Eius propria potestas est lunam stellasque in caelo ducere.
* '''Avia Smith''' (Anglice &quot;Granny Smith&quot;) mannulus terrestris viridis est. Avia aut proavia Macintoshis, Malaiachae, et Flosculae Malae est. Cum parva equula erat, mala electrica in Silva Semperlibera reppererat quorum auxilio cum sua familia magnum negotium fundavit.
* '''McIntosh Grandis''' (Anglice &quot;Big McIntosh&quot;) aut '''Mapos Grandis''' (Anglice &quot;Big Mac&quot;) mannulus terrestris ruber est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex malo dimidio constat.  &quot;Grandis&quot; appellatur quia frater maior Malaiachae et Flosculae Malae est.
* '''Floscula Mala''' (Anglice &quot;Apple Bloom&quot;) equula flava est. Adhuc non habet signum pulchritudinis, sed cum Scutalu, Dulcilla Pulchra, et Barbara Granum (Anglice Babs Seed) aliquod quaerere conatur. Prima fuit quae Zecorae confideret. Signum pulchritudinis quaerit plus quam Scutalu aut Dulcilla. Hoc pene eam occidavit quando marqueolam (Ang. &quot;cutie pox&quot;, Fra. &quot;marquéole&quot;) habebat.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Marqueola''&quot; (Anglice &quot;The Cutie Pox&quot;), episodium 2x06, primum emissum 12 Novembris, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Scutalu''' (Anglice &quot;Scootaloo&quot;) pegasus et equula rubra-purpura est. Arcam Impetam valde admiratur, et etiamsi adhuc non volare potest, ars magna monopatini gubernandi tenet. In episodio nomine &quot;Unum Malum Malum&quot; (ang. &quot;One Bad Apple&quot;), brevem tempus, dum affectum fortem sensit, volare visa est.
* '''Dulcilla Pulchra''' (Anglice &quot;Sweetie Belle&quot;) unicornis et equula alba est. Soror Raritatis est. Floscula Mala, Scutalu, et Dulcilla Pulchra appellantur &quot;Expeditionatrices Signorum Pulchritudinis (ang. &quot;Cutie Mark Crusaders&quot;).
* '''Zecora''' [[zebra]] est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex sole tortuoso constat. In principio mannuli eam timebant, sed postquam Floscula Mali amicam eius facta est, alii mannuli eam non malam esse didicerunt et ut amicam eam nunc habent.
* '''Scutus Lucidus''' (Anglice &quot;Shining Armor&quot;) frater maior Crepusculae Scintillae et maritus Principissae Numerae est. Signum pulchritudinis eius ex scuto cum astro constat. Legatus praetorianorum est et potestas magici scuti faciendi habet.
* '''Principissae Numerae''' (Anglice &quot;Princess Cadence&quot;) unicornis penniger roseus est. Cum Crepuscula Scintilla parva equula erat, Princeps Numerae eam custodiebat.

=== Hostes ===
* '''Suppressio Nocturna Lunae''' (Anglice &quot;Nightmare Moon&quot;) pars animi Principis Lunae plena irae invidiaeque erat. Luna omnem noctem incantatione potente utebatur ut lunam oriretur caderetque. Manuli autem noctu dormiebant propterea noctem pulchram Lunae aspicere nequibant. Luna igitur Caelestiae dierum invida facta erat et noctem aeternam gerere conata est, postquam Caelestia eam ad lunam ipsam expulit. Post mille annos, ut praedictum erat, cum tempus exfugiendo idoneum fuit, stellae Lunam iuverunt ac eam absolverunt.

:Cum Suppressio Nocturna Lunae in Equestria reventura erat, Caelestia Crepusculum Scintillam misit quae Elementa Harmoniae quaereret. Post iter periculosum Crepusculum Scintillam cum suis amicis novis Suppressionem Nocturnam Lunae vici et potestate elementorum Lunam servavit.
* '''Discordius''' (Anglice &quot;Discord&quot;) draconequus est, monstrum ingens variis partibus multorum animalum compositum. Est adversarius princeps secundae tempestatis. Discordia est antiquus deus confusionis et disharmoniae, summe crudelis malitiosusque. Olim Equestriam regebat donec Caelestia Lunaque eum potestate Elementorum vicerunt et in signum saxeum mutaverunt.

:Quoniam Elementa Crepusculo et eius amicis data sunt, Caelestia incantationem tenere nequivit et Discordia saxo exfugit. Post paucum tempus Discordia totum regnum cepit atque Elementa apstulit. Caelestia Crepusculum statim vocavit ut Discordiam expelleret. Is autem prudens erat et Elementa primum in labyrintho et postquam in bibliotheca occultavit.

:Multis mendaciis animos amicarum nostrarum in diversas mutavit et amicitiam earum perdidit. Sed, in fine, postquam Caelestia omnes litteras de amicitia Crepusculo remiserat, ea magnitudinem amicitiae denuo repperit et incantatione memoriae utens suas amicas servavit, quarum auxilio Discordiam denuo in signum clusit. Vox Discordiae a [[Ioannes de Lancie|Ioannem de Lancie]] agitur.
* '''Mutatores''' (Anglice &quot;Changelings&quot;) formas alicuius sumunt praedere amorem voratum. Victi sunt a Armati Lucidi et Principissa Numera.
* '''Rex Umbus''' (Anglice &quot;King Sombra&quot;) tyrannus Imperii Crystali erat. Cum denuo imperium capere conatus est, a mannis Crystallinis cum auxilio Clavi et Principis Numerae necatus est (aut ita videatur).
* '''Dominus Tirechus''' (Anglice &quot;Tirek&quot;) [[centaurus]] est. Cum fratre eie Scorpanus (Anglice &quot;Scorpan&quot;) venit Equestriae pro magiam mannorum furari, sed Scorpanus et mannulus Stellasturbo Barbatus (anglice &quot;Star Swirl the Bearded&quot;) amici facti. Cum Scorpanus Tirechum suadere non posuerit ad finem ponere insidiae, abiit Caelestiae, quis Tirechum exterminavit in Tartarum. Cum Cerberus munus relinquit Tartarum custodiendae, Tirechus evuanuit et crescat. Furabatur magiam unicornium, pegasorum, mannulorum terrestrum, Discordiaeque, et Scintillam Crepusculas magiam unicornirm pennigerarum relinquere fecit, sed Scintilla amimicaeque reexterminaverunt in Tartarum Tirechum cum Potestatem Pluvii Arcus, et magiam mannis reddita erat.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Regnum Crepusculae, Pars Prima''&quot; (Anglice &quot;Twilight's Kingdom, Part 1&quot;), episodium 4x25, primum emissum 10 Maii 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Regnum Crepusculae, Pars Secunda''&quot; (Anglice &quot;Twilight's Kingdom, Part 2&quot;), episodium 4z26, primum emissum 10 Maii 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Scintilla Luxtella''' (Anglice &quot;Starlight Glimmer&quot;) vicum formavit et de mannis quibus vico venerunt signa polchritudina auferebat et docebat que ingenia speciala aequalitatem prohiberent. Fluttershy eam indicavit signum pulchritudinum etiam habere, et Scintilla Luxtella fugit. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Tabula Pulchritudinis, Pars Prima''&quot; (Anglice &quot;The Cutie Map, Part 1&quot;), episodium 5x01, primum emissum 4 Aprillis, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Tabula Pulchritudinis, Pars Secunda''&quot; (Anglice &quot;The Cutie Map, Part 2&quot;), episodium 5x02, primum emissum 4 Aprillis, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Tantabus''' (Anglice &quot;Tantabus&quot;) formam fumis habet. Factus erat Principem Lunam pro se punire pro quem fecit cum Suppressio Nocturno Lunae erat, sed evuanuit et somnia Scintillae Crepusculi et amicarum invaderit, et de cerebro Rosaeculae Pieis somniae manni Mannii invaderit. Multi manni Tantibum aggressi sunt, sed odium sui Lunae Tantabus utebat pro crescere. Cum Luna se veniam dedit, potestatem Tantibus perdidit. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Principissae Oves Magias Somniunt?''&quot; (Anglice &quot;Do Princesses Dream of Magic Sheep?&quot;), episodium 5x13, primum emissum 11 Iulii, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Phaenomenon de Interrete ==
Quamquam in principio hoc programma principaliter parvulis puellis destinatum est, hodie multi adulti iuvenesque, inprimis mares qui inter 13 et 35 annos habent, hoc programma spectant. Hoc phaenomenon probabiliter in situ interretis nomine ''4chan'' apud admiratores pellicularum vivatarum coepit. Hi in responso contra thesem a scriptore Amido Amidi in situ ''Cartoon Brew'' editam, quae programma ut nihil praeter proscriptionem esse dixit, primum modo ut jocarentur programma spectaverant. Postquam autem multi eo delectati sunt et mox programma magnum populum accepit propter unicas personas profundas atque qualitatem scribendi pingendique. Dehinc communitas facta est cum membris anglice &quot;Bronies&quot; appellantur. Hoc primo tempore creatrici Lauren Faust et Hasbro magnum mirum esse visum est, sed uterque illos complexi sunt. Ad hunc diem multa opera artum ut scripturae, picturae, carmina et alia a bronies facta sunt.

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1751105/ My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]'' apud IMDb

[[Categoria:Programmata televisifica Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Programmata televisifica Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Programmata televisifica 2010]]
[[Categoria:Series animata]]
[[Categoria:Equi ficti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Salomó</title>
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      <text bytes="489" sha1="38wwyu6r63ube79bwalescaxfjup6q7" xml:space="preserve">''' Salomó''' ([[Hispanice]]: '' Salomó'') est [[commune]] [[Hispania|Hispanicum]] in [[Catalaunia]]e [[Provincia Tarraconensis|Provincia Tarraconensi]] situm, cui anno [[2011]] 525 incolarum sunt. 

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Salomó (Tarragonès)|Salomó}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160517053216/http://www.salomo.altanet.org/ Communis pagina interretialis]

{{urbs-stipula}}
{{Communia Provinciae Tarraconensis}}

[[Categoria:Catalonia]]
[[Categoria:Communia Hispaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus terrae Northemiensis</title>
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      <text bytes="6839" sha1="1whz5gelxnzg4owx1hbatrmf8b4gc58" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus terrae Northemiensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Northemiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Northemiensis-e&quot; ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20250803053804/https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Northeim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Northeim''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] anno [[1885]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Northemium]] est.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOM.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo terrae Northemiensi]]
Circulus terrae Northemiensis a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2013]], cum [[Kreiensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ad [[Embeca]]m urbs accessisset, 11 communia habet. Quae sunt:

* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde''), oppidum
* [[Calefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Calefeldensis&quot;&gt;&quot;C&quot; pro &quot;K&quot; ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii &quot;Calefeldensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'') commune
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel''), urbs
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck''), commune sui iuris et urbs
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen''), urbs
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen''), urbs
* [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'') commune
* [[Moranga Curtis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moringen''), urbs
* [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/noerten/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Norhtunon'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg''), oppidum
* [[Northemium]], oppidum et caput circuli
* [[Uslar]], oppidum

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Northeim]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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'''Circulus terrae Northemiensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Northemiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Northemiensis-e&quot; ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20250803053804/https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Northeim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Northeim''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] anno [[1885]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Northemium]] est.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOM.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo terrae Northemiensi]]
Circulus terrae Northemiensis a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2013]], cum [[Kreiensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ad [[Embeca]]m urbs accessisset, 11 communia habet. Quae sunt:

* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde''), oppidum
* [[Calefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Calefeldensis&quot;&gt;&quot;C&quot; pro &quot;K&quot; ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii &quot;Calefeldensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'') commune
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel''), urbs
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck''), commune sui iuris et urbs
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen''), urbs
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen''), urbs
* [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'') commune
* [[Moranga Curtis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moringen''), urbs
* [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/noerten/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Norhtunon'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg''), oppidum
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten''), urbs et caput circuli
* [[Uslar]], oppidum

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Northeim]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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    <title>Northemium</title>
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      <text bytes="4118" sha1="1n640no11lmaqq5r3t02yzv3q92oxhm" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Fußgängerzone (Breite Straße) Northeim.jpg|thumb|Aedificia mediaevalia in Northemium.]]
'''Northemium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'') urbs [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|circuli terrae Northemiensis]] est. Ad Northemium etiam vici [[Berwartshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Berwartshausen''), [[Bula (Northemium)|Bula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB V&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B75-4/NOB%20V%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Northeim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB V Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Northeim''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''plebanus in Bula'' (...) ''curtim Hammonstide dictam'' (...) ''Hildissun'' (...) ''Hoenstide in pago Rittiga'' (...) ''Hullanstedi'' (...) ''Emmideshusun'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bühle''), [[Denkershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Denkershausen''), [[Edeshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Edesheim''), [[Emmideshusun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB V&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Imbshausen''), [[Hammonstide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB V&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hammenstedt''), [[Hildissun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB V&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hillerse''), [[Hockelhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Höckelheim''), [[Hoenstide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB V&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohnstedt''), [[Hullanstedi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB V&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hollenstedt''), [[Lagershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Lagershausen''), [[Langenholtensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langenholtensen''), [[Schnedinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Schnedinghausen''), [[Stockhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Stöckheim'') atque [[Sudhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Sudheim'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Northeim-1654-Merian.jpg|thumb|left|Northemium anno 1654 in ''[[Topographia Germaniae]]'' [[Matthaeus Merian Senior|Matthaei Merian Senior]] depictum.]]
Northemium saeculo 8 exeunte primo in actis descriptum est. Anno [[1252]] Northemium urbs declaratum est.

== Cives clari ==
* [[Georgius Diederichs]] (1900 - 1983) praeses ministrorum Saxoniae Inferioris et anno [[1945]]/[[1946|46]] magister civium urbis patriae

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Northeim|Northemium}}
{{Wikisource|Topographia Braunschweig Lüneburg: Northeimb|Northeimb in der Topographia Braunschweig Lüneburg (Matthäus Merian)}}
* [http://www.northeim.de/ Pagina urbis Northemii (Theodisce)]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]]</text>
      <sha1>1n640no11lmaqq5r3t02yzv3q92oxhm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Norhtunon-Hardenberga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>171312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3993135</id>
      <parentid>3505422</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:19:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] ad [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="1139" sha1="ab09bk9rw3fthxi3hpivxnlmgdbgp7k" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Noerten Kirche Martin.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Martini]]
'''Nörten-Hardenberg''' oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Northeim|circuli Northeim]] est. Ad Nörten-Hardenberg etiam vici Angerstein, Neu-Bösekendorf, Bishausen, Elvese, Lütgenrode, Parensen, Sudershausen atque Wolbrechtshausen pertinent.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Braunschweig Lüneburg (Merian) 157.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Nörten et Hardenberg anno 1654 depictum]]
Nörten anno [[995]] primo in actis descripta est. Comites Hardenberg postea ibi castellum habebant. Anno [[1360]] Nörten Hardenberg oppidum factum est. Anno [[1929]] oppidum Nörten-Hardenberg coniunctum est. Anno [[1974]] vici supra dicti ad oppidum accesserunt.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.burgen.de/news/burg-hardenstein-saniert/ Castellum Hardenberg in pagina burgen.de (lingua Theodisca)]

== Cives clari ==
* [[Carolus Augustus de Hardenberg]] (1750 - 1822), vir publicus [[Borussia]]e
* [[Novalis]] (1772 - 1801), poeta

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
      <sha1>ab09bk9rw3fthxi3hpivxnlmgdbgp7k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3993138</id>
      <parentid>3993135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:48:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3993138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3935" sha1="luvtocsrpqm6qnz3hx25lm6ce33jj0x" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Noerten Kirche Martin.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Martini.]]
'''Norhtunon-Hardenberga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/noerten/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Norhtunon'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg'') oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|circuli Northemiensis]] est. Ad Norhtunonem-Hardenbergam etiam vici [[Angerstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Angerstein''), [[Bishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bishausen''), [[Elvesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Elvese''),  [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga (caput oppidi)|Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg''), [[Parvum Novale (Norhtunon-Hardenberga)|Parvum Novale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Parvum Novale&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B75-4/NOB%20V%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Northeim.pdf?utm ''NOB V Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Northeim''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in Parvo Novali sitos in campo'' (...) ''Peranhuson'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lütgenrode''), [[Peranhuson]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Parvum Novale&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Parensen''), [[Sudershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Sudershausen'') atque [[Wolbrechtshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Parvum Novale&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wolbrechtshausen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Braunschweig Lüneburg (Merian) 157.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Norhtunonis-Hardenbergae anno 1654 depictus.]]
Norhtunon anno [[995]] primo in actis descriptum est. Comites Hardenbergenses postea ibi castellum habebant. Anno [[1360]] Norhtunon et Hardenberga oppida facta sunt. Anno [[1929]] oppidum Norhtunon-Hardenberga coniunctum est. Anno [[1974]] vici supra dicti ad oppidum accesserunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Nörten-Hardenberg|Norhtunonem-Hardenbergam}}
* [http://www.burgen.de/news/burg-hardenstein-saniert/ Castellum Hardenbergense in pagina burgen.de (Theodisce)]

== Cives clari ==
* [[Carolus Augustus de Hardenberg]] (1750 - 1822), vir publicus [[Borussia]]e
* [[Novalis]] (1772 - 1801), poeta

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3993139</id>
      <parentid>3993138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:49:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3993139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3927" sha1="8zt4xj6folz0z2rfeq9h2fhjsjmsw8d" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Noerten Kirche Martin.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Martini.]]
'''Norhtunon-Hardenberga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/noerten/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Norhtunon'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg'') oppidum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|circuli Northemiensis]] est. Ad Norhtunonem-Hardenbergam etiam vici [[Angerstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Angerstein''), [[Bishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bishausen''), [[Elvesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Elvese''),  [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga (caput oppidi)|Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg''), [[Parvum Novale (Norhtunon-Hardenberga)|Parvum Novale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Parvum Novale&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B75-4/NOB%20V%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Northeim.pdf?utm ''NOB V Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Northeim''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in Parvo Novali sitos in campo'' (...) ''Peranhuson'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lütgenrode''), [[Peranhuson]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Parvum Novale&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Parensen''), [[Sudershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Sudershausen'') atque [[Wolbrechtshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Wolbrechtshausen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Braunschweig Lüneburg (Merian) 157.jpg|thumb|left|Aspectus Norhtunonis-Hardenbergae anno 1654 depictus.]]
Norhtunon anno [[995]] primo in actis descriptum est. Comites Hardenbergenses postea ibi castellum habebant. Anno [[1360]] Norhtunon et Hardenberga oppida facta sunt. Anno [[1929]] oppidum Norhtunon-Hardenberga coniunctum est. Anno [[1974]] vici supra dicti ad oppidum accesserunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Nörten-Hardenberg|Norhtunonem-Hardenbergam}}
* [http://www.burgen.de/news/burg-hardenstein-saniert/ Castellum Hardenbergense in pagina burgen.de (Theodisce)]

== Cives clari ==
* [[Carolus Augustus de Hardenberg]] (1750 - 1822), vir publicus [[Borussia]]e
* [[Novalis]] (1772 - 1801), poeta

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 10]]</text>
      <sha1>8zt4xj6folz0z2rfeq9h2fhjsjmsw8d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Generis Armenorum occidio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>202298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3993128</id>
      <parentid>3844248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T03:27:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3993128</origin>
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      <text bytes="1787" sha1="czgo3n6hw9oszbs551ip1ngs4y2f17n" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field.png|thumb|Armeniana iuxta [[corpus]] [[puer]]i mortui in [[ager|agro]] extra [[Halapia]]m [[genu|genibus]] nititur.]]
'''Generis Armenorum occidio'''{{Convertimus}} fuit [[genocidium]] [[Armeni|populi Armeniani]] inter [[primum bellum mundanum]] commissum, [[Neoturcae|Neoturcis]] sodalicii [[İttihat ve Terakki|Societatis pro Unitate et Progressu]] ([[Turcice]] [[İttihat ve Terakki]]) [[auctor]]ibus, qui tum [[Imperium Ottomanicum]] regebant. Trucidationibus [[iter|itineribusque]] Armenis necandis, quae imprimis annis [[1915]] et [[1916]] facta sunt, aestimationibus diversis inter 300 000&lt;ref&gt;Kamuran Gürün, ''Ermeni Dosyası,'' ed. tertia (Ancyrae: 1985), 227.&lt;/ref&gt; et 1 500 000&lt;ref&gt;Aktenstück 1916-10-04-DE-002 a Radowitz diei 4 Octobris anno 1916. In: Wolfgang Gust (ed.), ''Der Völkermord an den Armeniern 1915/16: Dokumente aus dem Politischen Archiv des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes'' (Springe: zu Klampen Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-934920-59-4), 519. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019051827/http://www.armenocide.net/armenocide/armgende.nsf/$$AllDocs/1916-10-04-DE-002 Textus in interre].&lt;/ref&gt; hominum [[generis occidio|interfecti]] sunt. 

[[Parlamentum Europaeum]] anno [[1987]], deinde [[Conventus Parlamenti Consilii Europae]] factum generis Armenorum occidionis admisit.{{dubsig}} Etiam [[Orhan Pamuk]] de hoc facinore scripsit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Historia Armeniae]]
* [[Karputum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Communia|Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւն|Generis Armenorum occidionem}}

{{hist-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Armeni]]
[[Categoria:Imperium Ottomanicum]]
[[Categoria:Interfectio]]
[[Categoria:Purgatio ethnica]]
[[Categoria:1915]]
[[Categoria:1916]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Petrus Hofmannus Peerlkamp</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>205760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3993044</id>
      <parentid>3993032</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T12:42:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Anni vitae &amp;c.</comment>
      <origin>3993044</origin>
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      <text bytes="7479" sha1="bxjjv8gd6bvgfb7hkgjt5gs2t44j0xv" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Petrus Hofmann Peerlkamp - Imagines philologorum.jpg|thumb|Petrus Hofmannus Peerlkampus]]
'''Petrus Hofmanus Peerlkamp''' (''Peter Hofman Peerlkamp'' natus [[Groninga]]e die [[2 Februarii]] [[1786]]; mortuus [[Hilversum|Hilversi]] die [[28 Martii]] [[1865]]), fuit [[vir doctus]], [[philologus]], et criticus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandus]].

== Origo ==
Ortus est e familia [[Hugenoti|Hugenotorum]] Francogallorum, cui nomen originale fuerat ''Perlechamp,'' qui aufugerunt [[persecutio religiosa|persecutiones religiosas]] in [[Francia]] post revocationem [[Edictum Namnetense|edicti Namnetensis]] quae causa fuerat fugae multorum Protestantium de Francia et [[migratio]]nis eorum in alias terras, inter quas [[Britannia]]m, [[Prussia]]m, Nederlandiam, [[Helvetia]]m.

== Cursus vitae ==
Fuit professor docens [[litterae antiquae|litteras antiquas]] et [[historia]]m universalem in [[Universitas Studiorum Leidensi|Universitate Studiorum Leidensi]]{{dubsig}} ab anno [[1822]] ad annum [[1849]]. Officio relicto Hilversi vixit.

== Eius methodus philologica ==
Conditor est methodi subiectivae in textibus scrutandis, secundum quam reiciendi sunt loci auctorum qui non cum eo quod solent scribere congruunt. Sequendo hanc suam methodum multos locos Horatii, Vergiliique spurios autumabat esse, qui re vera postea ingenuos esse docti declararunt. Haec methodus subiectiva non iam viget.

== Eius scripta ==
Edidit Horatii Epistolam ad Pisones (de Arte poetica) Saturasque, Taciti Agricolam, fabellam Xenophontis Ephesii.

Notus est etiam propter librum historicum de poetis Latinis regni Belgici uniti de quo dicit [[Iosephus Ijsewijn]] &quot;scribebat textum prosaicum Latinum sermone fluenti et pulchro&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Iosephus Ijsewijn]], ''Companion to Neo-Latin Studies'', Amsterdam-New York-Oxford, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1977, p. 308 : &quot;''Peerlkamp, who wrote a prose essay in fluent and beautiful Latin, but mainly to show his small esteem of the autors he discusses ; here we already meet the haughty attitude of many classicists towards humanist Latin''&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Primum, tempore Regni Belgici Uniti, edidit Bruxellis anno 1822 :

* ''De vita ac doctrina omnium Belgarum qui Latina carmina composuerunt, servato temporis ordine, additoque, de facultate singulorum poetica, judicio'', Expositio quaestionis ab Academia Bruxellensi propositae : Auctore Petro Hofmanno Peerlkamp, Bruxellis, P.J. De Mat, 1822, in-4, pp. 520. [http://books.google.be/books?id=xbU7AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA104&amp;lpg=RA1-PA104&amp;dq=Marivorda&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=2Ktk3_QGsG&amp;sig=I3U6nfMOn5KMe9iMmAhpRFVpbdk&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=LHDSUva2K4G2hQetkIGICQ&amp;ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q= liber in interreti.]

Post secessionem provinciarum meridionalium anno 1830 qui regnum Belgicum se vocaverunt, edidit denuo anno 1838 librum mutando titulum :  

* ''De vita, doctrina, et facultate Nederlandorum qui carmina latina composuerunt'', Haarlem, 1838.

== Index scriptorum eius ==
* Vitae aliquot excellentium Batavorum. In usum scholarum. Haarlem 1806 ([http://books.google.be/books?id=Pi8VAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=de&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Online])
* Oratio de Xenophonte Ephesio; accedit in eundem observationum criticarum specimen. Haarlem 1806 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=f4BRAAAAcAAJ Online])
* Carmina quinque pertinentia ad calamitatem Leydensem. Groningen und Amsterdam 1807 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=rPRNAAAAcAAJ Online])
* Epistolae aliquot excellentium Batavorum,fasc. III. Haarlem 1808 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=PmFSAAAAcAAJ Online])
* Initia lectionum Graecarum in usum gymnasii Doccumensis. Groningen 1808
* Carmina quinque, dicata honori ac meritis Napoleontis magni. Groningen 1814
* Hugenii de vita propria sermo, libri II. Cum annotatione P.H.P. Belgicis versibus adumbravit A. Loosjes P.f. cum effig. Haarlem 1817
* Xenophontis Ephesii de Anthea et Habrocome Ephesiacorum Libri V; [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graece]] et Latine, recensuit adnotationibus aliorum et suis illustravit P.H.P. Haarlem 1818 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=TrtAAAAAcAAJ Online])
* Annotatio in Vitam Constantini Hugenii. Haarlem 1821 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=cLpOAAAAcAAJ Online])
* ''De vita ac doctrina omnium Belgarum qui Latina carmina composuerunt, servato temporis ordine, additoque, de facultate singulorum poetica, judicio'', Expositio quaestionis ab Academia Bruxellensi propositae : Auctore Petro Hofmanno Peerlkamp, Bruxellis, P.J. De Mat, 1822, in-4,([http://books.google.de/books?id=Op9n_y5gfGcC Online])
* Oratio de vita El. Ann. f. Borgeri, habita in III Class. Inst. Belg. Regii, Amsterdam 1824 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=aThUAAAAcAAJ Online])
* Carmen recitatum in aede S. Petri A.D. VIII Februarii Anno a condita Leidensi Academia Quinquagesimo et Ducentesimo. Leiden 1825 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=0YtPAAAAcAAJ Online])
* Liber de vita, doctrina et facultate Neerlandorum, qui Carmina Latina composuerunt. Haarlem 1838 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=pqVLAAAAcAAJ Online])
* [[Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] de vita Agricolae. ed. P.H.P.Leiden 1827
* Carmen elegiacum et Novum carm. Lat. dicatum Collegio spei Nauticae. Amsterdam 1831, 1832
* Oratio habita Leidae auspicandis lectionibus. Leiden 1831
* Horatii Carmina, recens. P.H.P. Haarlem 1834 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=pPM9AAAAcAAJ Online]), Amsterdam 1862
* Oratio de perpetua Acad. Leidensis cum Gente Arausiaca necessitudine spectata in studiis Principum cet. Leiden 1841 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=9ms4AAAAYAAJ Online])
* Virgilii Aeneis. Ed. et annot. illustr. P.H.P.Leiden 1843 2. Bde. (1. Bd. [http://books.google.de/books?id=pptRAAAAcAAJ Online])
* Horatii Epistola ad Pisones ed. P.H.P. Leiden 1845
* Horatii Satirae, rec. P.H.P. Amsterdam 1863 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=3GwUAAAAQAAJ Online])
* De vita et moribus R.J. Schimmelpenninck, i. lib. Den Haag und Amsterdam 1848
*Opmerkingen betreffende de Staten-Overzetting van de Evangeliën en Handel. der Apost. (namenlos herausgegeben)
* Hulde aan de nagedachtenis van A. Loosjes Pz., toegebragt door het Departement van Letterkunde van het Genootschap Oefening in Wetenschappen te Haarlem, 14 Maart 1818, durch P.H.P.C. de Koning Ldz., A. van der Willigen en H. Meijer Jr. Haarlem 1818.
* Voorrede voor H.G. Oosterdijk's Lierzangen van [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus|Horatius]], in Nederd. verzen. Haarl. 1819.
* Levensberigt van zijn broeder, J. Venhuizen Peerlkamp, in Levensberigt d. Maatschappij v. Nederl. Letterk. 1865.
* Aurelii Propestii libri IV, Elegia XI. rec. et illustr. P.H.P. Ed. et praefatus est J.C.G. Boot. Amsterdam 1865 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=__FBAAAAIAAJ Online])
* Hortensius over de opkomst en ondergang van Naarden, In: de Werken van het Historisch Genootschap te Utrecht, 1866
* ''Opuscula oratoria et poetica'', ed. Bergmann, Leidae, 1879.

== Bibliographia ==
* Lucian Müller, ''Geschikte der klassischen Philologie in den Niederlanden'', 1869.
* John Edwin Sandys, ''History of Classical Scholars'', 1908, vol. II, p. 276.
* [[Iosephus Ijsewijn]], ''Companion to Neo-Latin Studies'', Amsterdam-New York-Oxford, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1977, pp. 103, ''112'', 308.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Petrus Hofmann Peerlkamp|Petrum Hofmannu}m Peerlkamp}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1786|1865|Peerlkamp, Petrus Hoffmannus}}
[[Categoria:Philologi Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Academiae Lugduno-Batavae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Perlacum</title>
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      <text bytes="1446" sha1="db0yef2gazvfege99vm4j9xtvgyjwou" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Kirche Prelog.JPG|thumb|Perlacum: despecuts in ecclesiam Sancti Iacobi]]
[[Fasciculus:Prelog2.jpg|thumb|Perlacum: media urbs hodierna]]
'''Perlacum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=8XcrAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA299&amp;lpg=RA1-PA299&amp;dq=%22Perlacum%22+Mura&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=XkxXyOcpHM&amp;sig=sMQ6ZrgGFIxTnqYm6UTm2TGSPuQ&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=AEzYUvHJMurMygOGnIHwCA&amp;ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Perlacum%22%20Mura&amp;f=false Scriptores rerum Transsilvanarum: v. 1. Ambrosii Simigiani Historia rerum ... - József Károly Eder]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Perlacum|i|n}} ([[Croatice]]: ''[[:hr:Prelog|Prelog]]'') est [[Urbes Croatiae|Urbs]] [[Croatia|Croatiae]] septentrionalis, in [[Regiones Croatiae|Regione]] [[Muraniensis Mediana (regio Croatiae)|Muraniensi Mediana]] sita. Incolunt urbem 7&amp;thinsp;871 (ab anno [[2001]]). Urbani ''Perlacenses'' appellantur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Croatia]],
* [[Muraniensis Mediana (regio Croatiae)|Regio Muraniensis Mediana]],
* [[Aquama]] (''urbs''),
* [[Urbes Croatiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Prelog|Perlacum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218142636/http://www.prelog.hr/ Pagina officialis] 

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Prelog city location.GIF|Collocatio finium municipii in Regione Muraniensi Mediana.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Croatiae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Muraniensis Medianae Regionis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Plovene</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Fontana de Sora.JPG|thumb|Plovene]]
'''Plovene'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=WCNFAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Ius municipale Vicentinum: Cum additione Partium Illustrissimi Dominij - Contrinus, 1567]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Plovene|is|n}} (alia nomina: ''Plovenae''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=lMAUAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA108&amp;lpg=RA2-PA108&amp;dq=%22Plovenis%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=A6kadMA1hU&amp;sig=W4mXAYY8ZbVPeWuEYLk_sytNtTo&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=6klWU4uLM4TMsgbE-IG4CA&amp;ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Plovenis%22&amp;f=false Storia del territorio vicentino. 14 tom. [in 17 pt.]. - Di Gaetano Maccà]&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Piovene Rocchette|Piovene Rocchette]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 8&amp;thinsp;350 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Provincia Vicetina]] situm. Incolae ''Plovenenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Vicetina]],
* [[Vicetia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160619123527/http://www.comune.piovene-rocchette.vi.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Piovene Rocchette|Plovene}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Piovene Rocchette (province of Vicenza, region Veneto, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Vicetina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Vicetiae]]</text>
      <sha1>gsyk30zxu6rc71wqvbj9hpa7nzffa38</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Posina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>213724</id>
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'''Posina'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=WCNFAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Ius municipale Vicentinum: Cum additione Partium Illustrissimi Dominij - Contrinus, 1567]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Posina|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Poxina'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Posina|Posina]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 600 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Provincia Vicetina]] situm. Incolae ''Posinenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Vicetina]],
* [[Vicetia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211226225632/https://www.comune.posina.vi.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Posina|Posinam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Posina (province of Vicenza, region Veneto, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Vicetina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Vicetiae]]</text>
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    <title>Zanade</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Magnigicat.jpg|thumb|Zanade]]
'''Zanade'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=WCNFAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Ius municipale Vicentinum: Cum additione Partium Illustrissimi Dominij - Contrinus, 1567]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Zanade|is|n}} (alia nomina: ''Zanadis'') ([[Italiane]]: ''Zanè'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 6&amp;thinsp;600 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Provincia Vicetina]] situm. Incolae ''Zanadienses'' appellantur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Zanè|Zanade}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014013/http://www.comune.zane.vi.it/ Situs publicus]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Vicetiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Valles Passubuli</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Inizio_strada_52_gallerie.jpg|thumb|Valles Passubuli]]
'''Valles Passubuli'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=WCNFAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Ius municipale Vicentinum: Cum additione Partium Illustrissimi Dominij - Contrinus, 1567]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; (olim: '''Vallis Dominorum''' et '''Vallis Comitum''') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Valli del Pasubio|Valli del Pasubio]]'') sunt [[oppidum|oppida]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipia]], circiter 3&amp;thinsp;300 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Provincia Vicetina]] sita. Incolae ''Vallenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Loci ===
* [[Vallis Dominorum]],
* [[Vallis Comitum]],

== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Vicetina]],
* [[Vicetia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120414050459/http://www.comune.vallidelpasubio.vi.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Valli del Pasubio|Valles Passubuli}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Valli del Pasubio (province of Vicenza, region Veneto, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Vicetina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Vicetiae]]</text>
      <sha1>tffkkzdlm4g0pjb4qq4webm38xxhqjx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Villa Verla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>214031</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Ponticello nell'oasi di Villaverla.jpg|thumb|Villa Verla]]
'''Villa Verla'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=WCNFAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Ius municipale Vicentinum: Cum additione Partium Illustrissimi Dominij - Contrinus, 1567]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; (alia nomina: ''Roburetum, Roveredum'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Villaverla|Villaverla]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 6&amp;thinsp;250 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Provincia Vicetina]] situm. Incolae ''Villaverlenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Vicetina]],
* [[Vicetia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000930120738/http://www.comune.villaverla.vi.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Villaverla|Villam Verlam}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Villaverla (province of Vicenza, region Veneto, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Vicetina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Vicetiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Velum (Provincia Vicetina)</title>
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    <id>214033</id>
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      <text bytes="1687" sha1="bep636gff1zphy4gey1s7kzj305rcc7" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Velum (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Monte Priaforà.JPG|thumb|Mons Priafora]]
'''Velum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=WCNFAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Ius municipale Vicentinum: Cum additione Partium Illustrissimi Dominij - Contrinus, 1567]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Velum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Velum de Astico'', ''Velum Astici'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Velo d'Astico|Velo d'Astico]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 2&amp;thinsp;450 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] et in [[Provincia Vicetina]] situm. Incolae ''Velenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Vallis Astici]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Val d'Astico|Val d'Astico]]''),
* [[Asticum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Astico|Astico]]''),

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Venetia (regio)|Venetia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Vicetina]],
* [[Vicetia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240418171732/https://www.comune.velodastico.vi.it/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Velo d'Astico|Velum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Velo d'Astico (province of Vicenza, region Veneto, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Vicetina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Vicetiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Altorfensis Villa</title>
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[[Fasciculus: Weingarten1917.jpg|thumb|300px|Altorfensis Villa: despectus in urbem anno [[1917]].]]

{{res|Altorfensis Villa}}&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/20565/Weingarten+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nach 934 (Chronik 2. Hälfte 12. Jahrhundert) in Altorfensi villa, 11. Jahrhundert (Tradition 13. Jahrhundert) villa Altorfensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Weingarten'') est urbs et commune [[Badenia-Virtembergia|Badense-Virtembergense]] {{num|23470}} incolarum (anno [[2012]]).

== Clari cives ==
* [[Conradus Huber (pictor)|Conradus Huber]], [[pictor]] ([[1752]]–[[1830]])

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae|Indicem Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Weingarten (Württemberg)|Altorfensem Villam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [http://www.weingarten-online.de/ Altorfensem Villam pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sourzac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>219028</id>
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      <text bytes="876" sha1="km9zo3mwou9k89fjaq5v1rn8gyd3rzj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sourzac_%C3%A9glise_%2810%29.JPG |thumb|250 px|Sourzac: [[ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Petrus|Sanctis Petro]] [[Sanctus Paulus|Pauloque]] dicata]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 24543.png|thumb|left|250px| Sourzac: communis tabula]]
''' Sourzac ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'106 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Duranius (praefectura Franciae)|Duranii]] in regione [[Aquitania (regio Franciae)|Aquitania]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Duranii|Indicem communium praefecturae Duranii]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Sourzac | Sourzac }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220328201410/https://www.sourzac.fr/ Sourzac pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|24543|de=Sourzac}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Dordoniae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Dordoniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cantor montensis</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Tab47 Hühner (Geflügel-Album, Jean Bungartz, 1885).jpg|thumb|[[Adumbratio]] Iohannis Bungartzii, anno [[1885]].]]
[[Fasciculus:KraaierMetMelodie.ogg|thumb|Cantus usitatus.]]
'''Cantor montensis'''{{Convertimus}} est vetus [[Gallus gallus domesticus|galli gallinacei]] varietas [[Germania|Germanica]], quae e pristino [[ducatus Montensis|ducatu Montensi]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;... secundum leges ducatus Montensis ...&quot; {{Google Books|dx9ZAAAAcAAJ|vide titulum}}&lt;/ref&gt; orta est. [[Gallus]] habet [[cantus|cantum]] longum, qui ad quindecim secundos fuit. Quotannis habent feturatores{{dubsig}} [[concursus pro cantu gallorum|concursum pro cantu gallorum]].

== Qualitates ==
Non est nisi unus [[color]], qui est [[auratus]]-[[spadiceus|spadix]]-[[Niger (color)|niger]]. Notabilis est [[pluma|plumarum]] tessulatura,{{dubsig}} sic-accersitus ''Dobbelung.'' Gallinae parent [[ovum|ova]] alba. Varietas rarissima et in periculo [[exstinctio]]nis est. In mundo [[mille]] exempla monstrabit&lt;ref&gt;W. Schwarz &amp; A. Six: Der Große Geflügelstandard in Farbe. Verlagshaus Reutlingen Oertel + Spörer, Ed. VII, anno 2004, ISBN 978-3-88627-511-3&lt;/ref&gt; .
[[Fasciculus:Canterino Gallo.jpg|thumb|Gallus canens.]]

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Bergischer Kräher}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151719/http://www.g-e-h.de/geh/index.php/rassebeschreibungen/55-gefluegelhuhn/145-bergischer-kraeher Descriptio varietatis] {{Ling|Theodisce}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150701002911/http://www.bergische-huehner.de/ Clava feturatorum ''Vereinigung der Züchter Bergischer Hühnerrassen und deren Zwergekräherzüchtervereinigung seit 1884''] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Animalia domesticata]]
[[Categoria:Gallus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tschuvaschia</title>
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{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Tschuvaschia}} vel {{res|Tschuvassia}} ([[Russice]] Чувашия, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Čuvašija''; [[Tschuvaschice]] Чăва́ш Ен, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Čövaš En''), seu {{res|Res Publica Tschuvaschica}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=''Tschuvaschica'': [[Matthias Castrén]], [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=GqhfAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Tschuvaschica#v=snippet&amp;q=Tschuvaschica&amp;f=false ''Elementa grammatices Tscheremissae'', Kuopio 1845, p. III]; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Samuel Gyarmathi||hu|qid=Q832214}}, [https://books.google.ru/books?id=jJygAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Tschuvaschica%22&amp;dq=%22Tschuvaschica%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjCvbvV3abKAhUii3IKHdTgBaEQ6AEIRzAG ''Affinitas linguae Hungaricae cum linguis Fennicae originis'', Gottingae 1799, p. 175]; &lt;br&gt;''Tschuwaschica'': [[Henricus Gabriel Porthan]], [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=a-BAAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Tschuwaschica#v=snippet&amp;q=Tschuwaschica&amp;f=false ''Opera selecta'', vol. I, Helsingiae 1859, p, 36]; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gulielmus Schott||de|qid=Q76634}} [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=Y3wUAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=%22Tschuwaschicae%22&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=%22Tschuwaschica%22 ''De lingua Tschuwaschorum'', dissertatio, 1873, p. 16].|2=Q832214|3=Q76634|name=Tschuwaschica}} ([[Russice]] Чувашская Республика [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Čuvaškaja Respublika''; [[Tschuvaschice]] Чăваш Республики, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Čövaš Respubliki''), [[divisio administrativa Russiae|subiectum]] [[Russia|Foederationis Russicae]] est, anno [[1920]] ut regio autonoma creatum, et anno [[2000]] in [[Districtus Foederalis Subvolgensis|Districtum Foederalem Subvolgensem]] Foederationis Russicae inclusum. 

[[Fasciculus:Chuvashia03.png|thumb|Tabula geographica Tschuvasschiae]]
Res Publica Tschuvaschica, cum [[regio Novogardiensis Inferior|Regione Novogardiensi Inferiori]] in occidente, [[Mari El|Re Publica Mari El]] in septentrione, [[Tatarstania]] in oriente et cum [[Mordovia]] [[Regio Ulianovskensis|Regioneque Ulianovskensi]] in meridie contermina, aream 18 343 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; et circa 1 238 milia incolarum (anno [[2015]]) habet. Gentes plurimae sunt [[Tschuvaschi]] (67,69 % secundum censum anni [[2002]]) et [[Russi]] (26,53 %). Linguae publicae sunt [[lingua Russica|Russica]] et [[lingua Tschuvaschica|Tschuvaschica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Tschuwaschica&quot; /&gt;.

== Urbes ==
[[Tscheboxari]] (Чебоксары) est caput Tschuvaschiae. Ceterae urbes:
* [[Alatyria]] (Алатырь)
* ''Civil'sk'' (Цивильск)
* ''Jadrin'' (Ядрин)
* ''Jaruškino'' (Ярушкино)
* ''Kanaš'' (Канаш)
* ''Kozlovka'' (Козловка)
* ''Mariinskij Posad'' (Vicus Marianus, Мариинский Посад)
* ''Novočeboksarsk'' (Tscheboxari Novi, Новочебоксарск) 
* ''Šumerlja'' (Шумерля)

=== Vici ===

* [[Algazinum]] (Алгазино)
* [[Azim Sirma]] (Азим-Сирма)
* [[Kalininum]] (Калинино)

==Flumina==

[[Rha]] est flumen rei publicae maximum, [[Sura]] et [[Iunca (flumen)|Iunca]] accolae eius, [[Alatyria (flumen)|Alatyria]] Surae accola.  [[Receptaculum aquae|Receptacula aquae]] ''[[Receptaculum aquae Kuibyshevskoë|Kuibyshevskoë]]'' et [[Receptaculum aquae Tscheboxarense|Tscheboxarense]] in re publica aquis Rha fluminis implentur.

== Praeclari cives ==
* [[Tatiana Maksimova-Koškinskaja]] (1903-1977), actrix
* [[Boris Markov]] (1924-1977), actor
* [[Praski Vitti]] (1936), pictor
* [[Nadia Pavlova]] (1956), saltatrix

== Monumenta ==
* [[Cathedralis Dormitionis]] (Alikovo)
* [[Cathedralis Nativitatis Virginis Mariae]] (Raskil'dino)
* [[Cathedralis Sanctissimae Trinitatis]] (Šumševaši)
* [[Monumentum Matris Protectricis]] (Tscheboxari)

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Chuvashia|Tschuvaschiam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172022/http://www.cap.ru/ Pagina officialis]

[[Categoria:Tschuvaschia|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mari El</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Res publica Mari El}}&lt;ref&gt;{{ZK|Марий Эл}} Cf. ''[[Ephemeris (diarium interretiale)|Ephemeris]]'', [http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/archi2004/homines/homo_sep3/index.php 2004].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Республика Марий Эл, [[linguae Mari|linguis Mari]] Марий Эл Республик vel Мары Эл Республик) est [[divisio administrativa Russiae|subiectum]] [[Foederatio Russica|Foederationis Russicae]], anno [[1920]] ut regio autonoma creatum, anno [[1936]] in rem publicam autonomam transformatum, ab anno [[1993]] autem statum et nomen hodiernum tenens, et ab anno [[2000]] in [[districtus foederalis Subvolgensis|districtum (circulum) foederalem Subvolgensem]] Russicum inclusum.

Res publica Mari El, cum [[regio Kirovensis|regione Kirovensi]] in septentrione et oriente, re publica [[Tatarstania]] in meridie-oriente et re publica [[Tschuvaschia|Tschuvaschica]] in meridie-occidente atque [[regio Novogardiensis Inferior|regione Novogardiensi Inferiori]] in occidente contermina, aream 23 375 chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; habet. 

Rei publicae Mari El sunt circa 686 milia incolarum (anno [[2016]]), quorum (secundum censum anni [[2010]]) 45,1 % [[Russi]], 41,8 % homines gentium duarum [[Mari (gentes)|Mari]] (quae olim ''Tscheremissi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Elementa grammatices Tscheremissa&quot;&gt;&quot;Tscheremissi&quot; et &quot;lingua Tscheremissa&quot;, in: [[Matthias Castrén|Matthiae Alexandri Castrén]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=__tJAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR4&amp;dq=Tscheremissi+gentes&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjI2YWTrcrKAhVC9HIKHeZsCGMQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&amp;q=Tscheremissi&amp;f=false ''Elementa grammatices Tscheremissae'', Kuopio 1845, pp. IV, VI, 62].&lt;/ref&gt; vel ''Czeremissi''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Czeremissi Logovi&quot; et &quot;Czeremissi Nagorni&quot;, in: [[Michael Antonius Baudrand|Michaelis Antonii Baudrand]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=qJFEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA680&amp;dq=Czeremissi+Logovi&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwimyIrTsMrKAhXrwHIKHVG0CiIQ6AEILjAC#v=onepage&amp;q=Czeremissi&amp;f=false ''Geographia'', Parisiis 1682, p. 319].&lt;/ref&gt;  nominabantur) et 5,5 % [[Tartari]] sunt. Tres linguae, — [[lingua Mari pratensis| Mari &quot;Logovorum&quot;]]  (olim ut ''lingua Tscheremissa''&lt;ref name=&quot;Elementa grammatices Tscheremissa&quot; /&gt; nota) et [[Lingua Mari montana|Mari &quot;Nagornorum&quot;]] et [[lingua Russica|Russica]], — publicae sunt.

==Urbes==

Caput et urbs maxima rei publicae est [[Caesarocoxaga]]. Alia urbs magna [[Urbs Cosmae et Damiani]] (''Козьмодемьянск'') est. 

==Flumina==

[[Rha]] est flumen rei publicae maximum. [[Vetluga]] et [[Coxaga Maior]] et [[Coxaga Minor]] et [[Iunca (flumen)|Iunca]] accolae eius sunt/ [[Receptaculum aquae|Receptacula aquae]] ''[[Receptaculum aquae Kuibyshevskoë|Kuibyshevskoë]]'' et [[Receptaculum aquae Tscheboxarense|Tscheboxarense]] in re publica aquis Rha fluminis implentur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{communiaCat|Mari El|rem publicam Mari El}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151029052124/http://mari-el.gov.ru/president/Pages/main.aspx Situs interretialis officialis rei publicae Mari El]

[[Categoria:Mari El|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eichsfeldia</title>
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      <text bytes="3609" sha1="22ydvsfdh80a0zv48xibxbo2aecno5e" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Tractus Eichsfeldiae.jpg|thumb|Tractus Eichsfeldiae anno [[1759]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Duderstadt 03.jpg|thumb|Duderstadium in Eichsfeldia inferior.]]
[[Fasciculus:Hülfensberg 03.jpg|thumb|Mons Sancti Salvatoris hieme.]]
[[Fasciculus:Sollstedt1.jpeg|thumb|Porta Eichsfeldica inter Nordhusium et Linofelda-Vorbisia.]] 
[[Fasciculus:Blick auf Mackenrode 02.jpg|thumb|Regionis in Eichsfeldia superior haud procul Mackenrode.]]
[[Fasciculus:Burg hanstein wv ds 08 2007.jpg|thumb|Castellum Hanstein.]] 
'''Eichsfeldia''' ([[Theodisce]] ''[[:de:Eichsfeld|Eichsfeld]]''; sermone loci: ''Aiksfelt'') est [[regio]] mediae [[Germania]]e in [[Thuringia]], [[Saxonia Inferior]]i, et [[Hassia]] sita.

== Geographia ==
Sita est [[regio]] inter [[Harthici montes|Harthicos montes]] et [[Weraha]]m. [[Linea Benrathensis]] (significat [[isoglossa]]m inter dialectos Germanicas [[Lingua Saxonica|Saxonicas]] et [[Dialecti Theodiscae Altae|Theodiscam mediam]]) erat finis inter Eichsfeldiam inferiorem et superiorem.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Spangenberg (1966), &quot;Niederdeutsches Wortgut in Thüringen (mit 12 Karten),&quot; ''Niederdeutsches Wort: Kleine Beiträge zur niederdeutschen Mundart- und Namenskunde'' 6(1/2): 1-27, Verlag Aschendorff Münster.&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== Urbes ===
* Dingelstadium
* [[Duderstadium]]
* [[Hagiopolis in Eichsfeldia]]
* [[Linofelda-Civitas Vorbisia]]

=== Flumina ===
* [[Lagina (flumen)]]
* [[Onestrudis]]
* Ruma&lt;ref&gt;Jürgen Udolph: ''Zur Schichtung der Gewässernamen in Südniedersachsen.'': &quot;in Aqua que ruma dicitur&quot; (anno 1105), &quot;Aqua piscosa, que dicitur Ruma&quot; (anno 1141), in: Südniedersachsen. Zeitschrift für Regionale Forschung und Heimatpflege, Northemii 27. Jg. 1999, pp. 79-82&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Weraha]]
* Wippera (tributarius Onestrudis)
 
=== Montes ===
* Westerwaldia Eichsfeldiae (504 m)
* [[Mons Sancti Salvatoris (Eichsfeldia)]] (''Hülfensberg'') (448 m)
* Rusteberg&lt;ref&gt;Johann Wolf: ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes, mit Urkunden'' Band 1, Johann Georg Rosenbusch Göttingen 1792, Seite 25 :&quot;Domum nostrum in castro Rusteberg inhibitabit procurator&quot;, Seite 26: &quot;vicedominum in Rusteberg&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (397,6 m)
  
== Historia ==
Anno [[897]], Eichsfeldia primo in actis notis descripta est (&quot;quastam res de beneficia ipsis Chunradi in pago Eichsfelden in comitatu Ottonis sitas ad [[Fuldense coenobium|Fuldensis monasterii]]&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;August von Wersebe, ''Beschreibung der Gaue zwischen Elbe, Saale und Unstrut, Weser und Werra'' (Hanoveriae: Verlage der Hahn'schen Buchhandlung, 1829), 37.&lt;/ref&gt; Ab anno [[1802]], Eichsfeldiae pars electoratus Moguntini, inde [[Borussia|Borussici]], erat. Hic semper catholicismus vigebat et temporibus catholicimo infestis Borussorum respective communistarum.

== Visu digna ==
* Abbatia Sancti Michaelis et Beatae Mariae Virginis Gerodensis
* Salve Crux pretiosa
* Castella Hanstein, Bodenstein et Scharfenstein

== Homines praeclari ==
=== Nati ===
* Ioannes Vincentius Wolf (1743-1826), theologus et historicus
* Conradus Martin (1812-1879), Theologus
* [[Theodericus Althaus]] (1958), magister et politicus

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Ioannes Vincentius Wolf: ''Appendix historiae ecclesiasticae Eichsfeldiae''. Gottinga anno 1816
* Ioannes Vincentius Wolf: ''Eichsfeldia docta, sive commentatio de scholis, bibliothecis et doctis Eichsfeldiacis.'' Pars 1, Heiligenstadii 1797

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Eichsfeld|Eichsfeldiam}}
* [http://www.eichsfeld.de/ Situs proprius Regionis Eichsfeldiae (lingua Theodisca)]

[[Categoria:Eichsfeldia| ]]
[[Categoria:Regiones Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Saxonia Inferior]]
[[Categoria:Thuringia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Blastobasidae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>/* Descriptio et oecologia */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3357" sha1="s86wo2lr1o90l6cee6j7v533njttlfg" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| image = DSC06879_British_Moths_Blastobasidae_Blastobasis_adustella.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Blastobasis adustella]]'' adultus ex [[Lincolniensis comitatus|Lincolniensi Comitatu]]
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| superfamilia = [[Gelechioidea]]
| familia = '''Blastobasidae''' &lt;small&gt;(disputata)&lt;/small&gt;
| familia_authority = Meyrick, 1894
| diversity_ref = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p221.pdf Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness - Lepidoptera].&lt;/ref&gt;
| diversity_link = #Genera
| diversity = Circa 24 genera et 377 species
| synonyms =
*Pigritiae &lt;small&gt;Dietz, 1910&lt;/small&gt;
*Butalinae &lt;small&gt;Walsingham, 1890&lt;/small&gt;
*Holcocerini &lt;small&gt;Adamski &amp; Brown, 1989&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''Blastobasidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[lepidoptera|papilionum]] [[superfamilia]]e [[Gelechioidea|Gelechioideorum]]. Cuius [[species]] inveniri possunt paene ubique in [[tellus|orbe terrarum]], quamquam in nonnullis [[regio]]nibus [[endemismus|endemicae]] non sunt, sed ab hominibus introductae sunt. Haec lepidoptera in nonnullis ordinibus in [[subfamilia]] '''Blastobasinis''' familiae Coleophoridarum ponuntur. [[Symmocidae]] aliquando in Blastobasidis ut subfamilia vel [[tribus (taxinomia)|tribus]] ponuntur, praecipue cum ambo inter Coleophoridas perscribuntur.&lt;ref&gt;You Ning Su 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;FE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[Fauna Europaea]] |url=http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=2901 |title=Blastobasidae |work=Version 2.1 |date=December 22, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |work=[[Tree of Life Web Project]] |url=http://tolweb.org/Coleophoridae/12108 |title=Coleophoridae |date=May 1, 2008 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Descriptio et oecologia==
[[Imago|Adulti]] plerumque sunt papiliones parvi et tenues, qui proprietatibus conspicuis et propriis carere facile videntur. [[Eduardus Meyrick]], [[entomologus]] clarus, gregem olim descripsit &quot;papiliones obscuros et hebetes, certe minime blandissima [[Lepidoptera|Lepidopterorum]] familia.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;obscure and dull-coloured moths, decidedly the least attractive family of Lepidoptera.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Eorum [[color]]es plerumque sunt [[spadiceus|spadices]], sine lineis acutis vel magnis maculis.&lt;ref&gt;Watson et Dallwitz 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
 
==Bibliographia==
*Su, You Ning, compilator. [[2012]]. [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/BLASTOBASIDAE Family Blastobasidae.] In ''Australian Faunal Directory.'' Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
*Watson, L., et M. J. Dallwitz. [[2009]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606054002/http://delta-intkey.com/britin/lep/www/blastoba.htm Blastobasidae.] In ''British Insects: The Families of Lepidoptera,'' 28 Augusti.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Blastobasidae|Blastobasidas}}
*[[:wikispecies:Talk:Gelechioidea]]
*Savela, Markku. [[2001]]. [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/blastobasidae/index.html Blastobasidae]. ''Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms.''

[[Categoria:Blastobasidae| ]]
[[Categoria:Familiae animalium]]
[[Categoria:Gelechioidea]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Meyrick]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1894]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pragmatismus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="17024" sha1="47bv0p0jzjdud3c0vz0sbm6uen89vs1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Charles Sanders Peirce theb3558.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Carolus Sanders Peirce]]: [[polymathes]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui pragmatismum primum agnoscit.]]
'''Pragmatismus''' est [[traditio]] [[philosophia|philosophica]] quae in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] circa [[1870]] orta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanford 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|
author1=|author2=|title=Pragmatism|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatism/|accessdate=13 September 2013|date=13 September 2013|publisher=|isbn=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quod [[Carolus Sanders Peirce]], late conditor habitus, tandem descripsit in [[aphorismus pragmaticus|aphorismo pragmatico]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Consule in utiles rerum tuae notionis effectus. Tum tua notio illorum effectuum est tua rei notio omnis.&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Peirce1878&gt;C. S. Peirce(1878), &quot;How to Make Our Ideas Clear,&quot; ''Popular Science Monthly'' 12:286–302. Commetarus saepe repimpressus, ut in ''Collected Papers'' 5, paragrapha 388–410 et ''Essential Peirce'' 1:124–141.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Pragmatism notionem propositum [[cogitatio]]nis esse [[realitas|realitatem]] describendam, repraesentandam, vel repercutendam reicit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Project Gutenberg (2015)&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=William James|author2=|title=The Meaning of Truth|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5117/5117-h/5117-h.htm|date=1909}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Potius, pragmatistae cogitationem habent [[instrumentum]] [[praedictio]]nis, problematum solvendorum, et [[actio]]nis. Pragmatistae affirmant plurimas res philosophicas—sicut [[natura]] scientiae, [[lingua]], notiones, [[significatio (linguistica)|significatio]], [[fides]], et [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]]—optime videri per earum usus effectivos et successus. Philosophia pragmatismi &quot;vehementius dicit utilem notionum adhibitionem per eas actandas ut in [[experientia|experentiis]] [[homo|humanis]] probentur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;emphasizes the practical application of ideas by acting on them to actually test them in human experiences.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Philosophical, Ideological, and Theoretical Perspectives On Education|last=Gutek|first=Gerald|publisher=Pearson|year=2014|location=Nova Caesarea|pages=76,100}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pragmatism focuses on a “changing universe rather than an unchanging one as the Idealists, Realists and Thomists had claimed”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

[[Vocabulum]] ''pragmatismus'' est terminus technicus in philosophia qui certam copiam coniunctarum opinionum philsophicarum attingit quae [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] exeunte ortae sunt; locutio autem saepe cum [[Realpolitik|pragmatismo in circumiectis politicis]] confunditur (quod attingit [[civilitas|civilitatem]] vel [[diplomatia]]m plerumque in rationibus utilibus conditam, potius quam in notionibus [[ideologia|ideologicis]]) et cum usu ''pragmatismi'' non technico in circumiectis usitatis quae res in [[vita]] verisimiliter attingunt et modo qui in elementis utilibus, non abstractis conditur.

{{NexInt}}
[[Fasciculus:Hilary Putnam.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hilarius Putnam]] arguit mixturam antiscepticismi et fallibilismi esse maxima pragmatismi proprietatem.]]
[[Fasciculus:Karl Popper.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Carolus Popper]].]]
[[Fasciculus:John Duns Scotus - geograph.org.uk - 1178460.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Ioannes Duns Scotus]], cogitator qui [[Carolus Sanders Peirce|Carolum Sanders Peirce]] movit.]]
[[Fasciculus:John Dewey caricat.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Adumbratio]] [[Ioannes Dewey|Ioannis Dewey]].]]
{{div col|2}}
*[[Ioannes Dewey]]
*[[Empirismus]]
*[[Epistemologia]] 
*[[Ethica pragmatica]] 
*[[Fallibilismus]] 
*[[Instrumentalismus]]
*[[Interactionismus]]
*[[Gulielmus James]]
*[[Neopragmatismus]]
*[[Philosophia Civitatum Foederatarum]]
*[[Positivismus logicus]]
*[[Utilitarianismus]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Baldwin, James Mark, ed. [[1901]]–[[1905]]. ''Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology.'' 3 vol. in 4. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan.
*Dewey, John. ([[1900]]–[[1901]]), [[1991]]. ''Lectures on Ethics 1900–1901,'' ed. Donald F. Koch. Carbondale et Edwardsville Illinoesiae: Southern Illinois University Press.
*Dewey, John. [[1910]]. ''How We Think.'' Lexingtoniae Massachusettae: D.C. Heath. Reimpressus: Novi Eboraci: Prometheus Books, Buffalo, 1991.
*Dewey, John. [[1929]]. ''The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action.'' Novi Eboraci: Minton, Balch, and Company. Reimpressus in ''John Dewey: The Later Works, 1925–1953, Volume 4: 1929,'' ed. Jo Ann Boydston et Harriet Furst Simon; praefatio Stephen Toulmin. Carbondale et Edwardsville Illinoesiae: Southern Illinois University Press, 1984.
*Dewey, John. [[1932]]. ''Theory of the Moral Life.'' Pars 2 John Dewey et James H. Tufts, ''Ethics,'' Novi Eboraci: Henry Holt and Company, 1908. Ed. 2a., Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1932.&lt;!--Reprinted, Arnold Isenberg (ed.), Victor Kestenbaum (pref.), Irvington Publishers, New York, NY, 1980.--&gt;
*Dewey, John. [[1938]]. ''Logic: The Theory of Inquiry.'' Novi Eboraci: Henry Holt and Company.&lt;!-- Reprinted, pp.&amp;nbsp;1–527 in ''John Dewey, The Later Works, 1925–1953, Volume 12: 1938'', Jo Ann Boydston (ed.), Kathleen Poulos (text. ed.), [[Ernest Nagel]] (intro.), [[Southern Illinois University]] Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL, 1986.--&gt;
*James, William. [[1902]]. &quot;Pragmatism|Pragmatic and Pragmatism.&quot;&lt;!-- 1 paragraph, vol. 2, pp.&amp;nbsp;321–322--&gt; In ''Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology,'' 3 vol. in 4, ed. J. M. Baldwin. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan.&lt;!-- Reprinted, CP 5.2 in C.S. Peirce, ''Collected Papers''.--&gt; 
*James, William. [[1907]]. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5116 ''Pragmatism, A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, Popular Lectures on Philosophy.''] Novi Eboraci: Longmans, Green, and Company.
*James, William. [[1909]] [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5117 ''The Meaning of Truth, A Sequel to 'Pragmatism.''] Novi Eboraci: Longmans, Green, and Company.
*Lundin, Roger. [[2006]]. [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0742521745 ''From Nature to Experience: The American Search for Cultural Authority.''] Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers.
*[[Carolus Sanders Peirce|Peirce, C. S.]]. [[1931]]–[[1935]], [[1958]]. ''Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce,'' vols. 1–6, ed. Charles Hartshorne et Paul Weiss; vols. 7–8, ed. Arthur W. Burks. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
*Peirce, C. S. [[1992]]. ''The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 1 (1867–1893),'' ed. Nathan Houser et Christian Kloesel. Bloomingtoniae et Indianapoli: Indiana University Press.
*Peirce, C. S. [[1998]]. ''The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 2 (1893–1913).'' ed. Peirce Edition Project. Bloomingtoniae et Indianapoli: Indiana University Press.
*Peirce, C. S. [[1878]]. How to Make Our Ideas Clear. ''Popular Science Monthly'' 12:286–302.&lt;!--Reprinted often, including ''Collected Papers'' v. 5, paragraphs 388–410 and ''Essential Peirce'' v. 1, 124–41.--&gt;
*Putnam, Hilary. [[1994]]. ''Words and Life,'' ed. James Conant. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
*Quine, Willard Van. [[1951]] Two Dogmas of Empiricism. ''Philosophical Review.''&lt;!-- Reprinted, pp. 20–46 in W.V. Quine, ''From a Logical Point of View'', 1980.--&gt;
*Quine, W. V. [[1980]]. ''From a Logical Point of View: Logico-Philosophical Essays.'' Ed. 2a. Cantabrigiae Massachusetae: Harvard University Press.
*Ramsey, F. P. [[1927]]. Facts and Propositions. ''Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 7,'' 153–170.&lt;!-- Reprinted, pp.&amp;nbsp;34–51 in F.P. Ramsey, ''Philosophical Papers'', David Hugh Mellor (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990.--&gt;
*Ramsey, F. P. [[1990]]. ''Philosophical Papers,'' ed. David Hugh Mellor. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Rescher, N. [[1977]]. ''Methodological Pragmatism.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell.
*Rescher, N. [[2000]]. ''Realistic Pragmatism.'' Albany, SUNY Press.

===Textus iudicii===
*Younkins, Edward W. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160709081831/http://rebirthofreason.com/Articles/Younkins/Deweys_Pragmatism_and_the_Decline_of_Education.shtml ''Dewey's Pragmatism and the Decline of Education.'']
*[http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/pragmatism.html ''Pragmatism.''] Ayn Rand Lexicon.
*Schinz, Albert. [[1909]]. ''Anti-Pragmatism: An Examination into the Respective Rights of Intellectual Aristocracy and Social Democracy.'' Bostoniae: Small, Maynard and Company.

===Bibliographia addita===
*Allen, James Sloan. [[2014]]. ''William James on Habit, Will, Truth, and the Meaning of Life.''
*Anderson, Elizabeth. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dewey-moral/ Dewey's Moral Philosophy.] ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.''
*Browning, Douglas, et William T. Myers, eds. [[1998]]. ''Philosophers of Process.''
*Burch, Robert. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce/ Charles Sanders Peirce.] ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.''
*Burke, F. Thomas. [[2013]]. [http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/806840 ''What Pragmatism Was.'']
*Dennett, Daniel. [[1998]]. [http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/papers/postmod.tru.htm ''Postmodernism and Truth.'']
*Dewey, John. [[1910]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070126081521/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Dewey/Dewey_1910b/Dewey_1910_toc.html ''The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays.'']
*Dewey, John. [[1929]]. ''The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action.''
*Dewey, John. [[1930]]. ''Three Independent Factors in Morals.''
*Dewey, John. [[1938]]. ''Experience &amp; Education.''
*Dewey, John. ''Lectures on Ethics 1900–1901.'' Ed. Donald F. Koch.
*De Waal, Cornelis. [[2005]]. ''On Pragmatism.''
*Edel, Abraham. [[1993]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207201054/http://crvp.org/book/Series01/I-11/chapter_i.htm Pragmatic Tests and Ethical Insights.] In ''Ethics at the Crossroads: Normative Ethics and Objective Reason,'' ed. George F. McLean et Richard Wollak.
*Eldridge, Michael. [[1998]]. ''Transforming Experience: John Dewey's Cultural Instrumentalism.''
*Fabbri, Lorenzo. [[2008]]. [http://www.academia.edu/998044/The_Domestication_of_Derrida_Rorty_Pragmatism_and_Deconstruction ''The domestication of Derrida: Rorty, pragmatism and deconstruction.'']
*Field, Richard. [http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dewey.htm#H5 John Dewey (1859-1952).] ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.''
*Hare, Peter H., Michel Weber, James K. Swindler, Oana-Maria Pastae, et Cerasel Cuteanu, eds. [[2009]]. [http://www.academia.edu/280925/International_Perspectives_on_Pragmatism ''International Perspectives on Pragmatism.''] Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443801942).
*Hildebrand, David L. [[2003]]. ''Beyond Realism &amp; Anti-Realism.''
*Hildebrand, David L. [[2003]]. The Neopragmatist Turn. ''Southwest Philosophy Review'' 19(1), Ianuarius.
*James, William. [[1896]]. [http://falcon.jmu.edu/~omearawm/ph101willtobelieve.html ''The Will to Believe.'']
*James,  William James. [[1907]]. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5116 ''Pragmatism, A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, Popular Lectures on Philosophy.'']
*Egginton, William, et Mike Sandbothe, eds. [[2004]]. ''The Pragmatic Turn in Philosophy. Contemporary Engagement between Analytic and Continental Thought.''
*Haack, Susan. [[1997]]. [http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/16/nov97/menand.htm Vulgar Rortyism.] Recognition ''The New Criterion,'' November.
*Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. [[1999]]. ''Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought.''
*Lekan, Todd. [[2003]]. ''Making Morality: Pragmatist Reconstruction in Ethical Theory.''
*Lewis, C. I. [[1929]]. ''Mind and the World Order: Outline of a Theory of Knowledge.''
*Macarthur, David. [[2009]]. Pragmatism, Metaphysical Quietism and the Problem of Normativity. ''Philosophical Topics'' 36(1).
*Maitra, Keya. [[2003]]. ''On Putnam.''
*Margolis, Joseph. [[1995]]. ''Historied Thought, Constructed World.''
*Menand, Louis. [[2001]]. ''The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America.''
*Misak, Cheryl, ed. [[2007]]. ''The New Pragmatists.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Olson, Gary A., et Stephen Toulmin. [[1993]]. Literary Theory, Philosophy of Science, and Persuasive Discourse: Thoughts from a Neo-premodernist. Colloquium interrogatorium in [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901100934/http://jac.gsu.edu/jac/13.2/Articles/1.htm ''JAC''] 13(2).
*Pietarinen, A. V. [[2006]]. Interdisciplinarity and Peirce's classification of the Sciences: A Centennial Reassessment. ''Perspectives on Science'' 14(2):127–152.
*Putnam, Hilary. [[1981]]. ''Reason, Truth and History.''
*Quine, Willard Van Orman. [[1951]]. [http://www.ditext.com/quine/quine.html Two Dogmas of Empiricism.] ''Philosophical Review,'' Ianuarius.
*Quine, Willard Van Orman. [[1969]]. ''Ontological Relativity and Other Essays.''
*Rescher, N. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/ Process Philosophy.] ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.''
*Rorty, Richard. [[1998]]. ''Rorty Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers.'' Vol. 3.
*Sandbothe, Mike. [[2005]]. ''Pragmatic Media Philosophy.''
*Toulmin, Stephen. [[1958]]. ''The Uses of Argument.''
*Weber, Michel, ed. [[2004]]. [https://www.academia.edu/279952/After_Whitehead_Rescher_on_Process_Metaphysics ''After Whitehead: Rescher on Process Metaphysics.''] Francofurti, Lutetiae, et Lancaster: Ontos Verlag. ISBN 3937202498.
*Weber, Michel. [[2011]]. [http://www.academia.edu/392183/Whiteheads_Pancreativism._Jamesian_Applications ''Whitehead's Pancreativism: Jamesian Applications.''] Francofurti et Lutetiae: Ontos Verlag.

==Nexus externi==&lt;!--
;Fontes generales
*{{PhilPapers|category|pragmatism}}
*{{cite SEP |url-id=pragmatism |title=Pragmatism}}
*{{cite IEP |url-id=pragmati/ |title=Pragmatism}}
*{{InPho|idea|461}}
*{{In Our Time|Pragmatism|p003k9f5|Pragmatism}}
*{{YouTube|GlrEbffVVjM|A short film about the pragmatist revival}}--&gt;

;Periodica et societates
*''Contemporary Pragmatism.'' [http://international.pragmatism.org/ International Pragmatism Society.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100608171855/http://lnx.journalofpragmatism.eu/ ''European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy.''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100215222729/http://www.associazionepragma.com/ Associazione Culturale Pragma.] Italia.
*[http://www.nordprag.org/nsp/ ''Nordic Studies in Pragmatism.''] [http://www.nordprag.org/ Nordic Pragmatism Network.]
*[http://www.pragmatismtoday.eu/ ''Pragmatism Today.''] [http://www.cepf.sk/ Central European Pragmatist Forum.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011065724/http://www.peircesociety.org/transactions.html ''Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society.'']  [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514093951/http://www.peircesociety.org/ Charles S. Peirce Society.]
*[http://williamjamesstudies.org/ ''William James Studies.''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130919120543/http://wjsociety.org/ William James Society.]

;Alii fontes et societates
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160630214911/http://pragmatistsociology.org/ Pragmatist Sociology.]
*[http://www.pragmatism.org Pragmatism Cybrary.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100206020422/http://www.peirce.org/ Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041031172701/http://www.siuc.edu/~deweyctr/ Center for Dewey Studies.]
*[http://www.pucsp.br/pragmatismo/ Centro de Estudos sobre Pragmatismo.] [http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/ciep/ndexciep.html Center for Pragmatism Studies] Bradilia.
*[http://www.peirce.org/ Charles S. Peirce Studies.]
*[http://www.pragmatisme.nl/ Dutch Pragmatism Foundation.]
*[http://www.helsinki.fi/peirce/ Helsinki Peirce Research Center.] Finniae.
**[http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/dictionary.html ''Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms.''] Vide [http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/terms/pragmatism.html Pragmatism,] [http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/terms/pragmaticism.html Pragmaticism,] et [http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/terms/pragmatismmaxim.html Pragmatism: Maxim of.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100123080821/http://liberalarts.iupui.edu/iat/ Institute for American Thought.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110925123442/http://doe.concordia.ca/jds/ John Dewey Society.]
*[http://neopragmatism.org Neopragmatism.org.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160616115827/http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce Peirce Edition Project.]
*[http://www.american-philosophy.org/ Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy.]

{{Myrias|Philosophia}} 

[[Categoria:Empirismus]]
[[Categoria:Motus philosophici]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia scientiae]]
[[Categoria:Pragmatismus| ]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Sanders Peirce]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia Civitatum Foederatarum]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Philosophical schools and traditions]]
[[Category:Progressive Era in the United States]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>47bv0p0jzjdud3c0vz0sbm6uen89vs1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Optogenetica</title>
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      <comment>de Carolo Deisseroth</comment>
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      <text bytes="2378" sha1="65kpheip72thhfjgicdlljjyh0tff1n" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Microbial-Light-Activatable-Proton-Pumps-as-Neuronal-Inhibitors-to-Functionally-Dissect-Neuronal-pone.0040937.s007.ogv|thumb| [[Nematoda|Nematodum]] [[Caenorhabditis elegans]] ad lucem accipiendam [[canalis ionticus|canalem ionticum]] ''Mac'' exprimens - Lux semper corporis longitudinem auget.&lt;ref&gt;Husson, S. J.; Liewald, J. F.; Schultheis, C.; Stirman, J. N.; Lu, H.; Gottschalk, A. (2012). &quot;Microbial Light-Activatable Proton Pumps as Neuronal Inhibitors to Functionally Dissect Neuronal Networks in C. Elegans&quot;. In Samuel, Aravinthan. PLoS ONE 7 (7): e40937. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040937. PMC 3397962. PMID 22815873&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Optogenetica''' (de verbis [[Lingua Graeca Antiqua|graecis]] ὀπτικός, visum attingens, et γενεά genesis) est in [[neuroscientia]] technologia biologica ad genetice cellulas, neuronos imprimis, modificatas gubernandas expressu ad lucem accipiendam [[canalis ionticus|canales ionticos]], ut et [[cellula]]rum vivarum et [[neuron]]orum activorum reactiones examinet. Igitur in neuronis optogenetica est [[neuromodulatio]] lucis ope.

Optogenetica, annis [[2002]] et [[2003]] inventa, methodos [[optica]]e et [[genetica]]e conducit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deisseroth 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006|title=Next-Generation Optical Technologies for Illuminating Genetically Targeted Brain Circuits|year=2006|last1=Deisseroth|first1=K.|last2=Feng|first2=G.|last3=Majewska|first3=A. K.|last4=Miesenbock|first4=G.|last5=Ting|first5=A.|last6=Schnitzer|first6=M. J.|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|volume=26|issue=41|pages=10380–6|pmid=17035522|pmc=2820367}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claves optogenetici (&quot;actuatores&quot;) sunt canales ut [[rhodopsinum]], [[halorhodopsinum]], [[archaerhodopsinum]], sed ad effectus imaginesve captandos receptoria optogenetica (&quot;sensores&quot;) [[Calcium|calcii]] ([[GCaMP]] - calcii indicator), [[Vesicula synaptica|vesicularum synapticarum]] liberationis (synapto-pHluorinum), [[neurotransmissor]]is (GluSnFRs), [[Tensio electrica|tensionis electricae]] [[membrana]]rum (''Arc Lightning'', ASAP1) serviunt. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* Laboratorium [[Carolus Deisseroth|K Deisseroth]] [https://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/optogenetics/ de optogenetica]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
{{biologia-stipula}}
{{med-stipula}}
[[Categoria: Biologia]]
[[Categoria: Genetica]]
[[Categoria: Neuroscientia]]</text>
      <sha1>65kpheip72thhfjgicdlljjyh0tff1n</sha1>
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      <id>3993087</id>
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      <text bytes="2397" sha1="njy5cch3f79duxgrmudqfr16nnztfs3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Microbial-Light-Activatable-Proton-Pumps-as-Neuronal-Inhibitors-to-Functionally-Dissect-Neuronal-pone.0040937.s007.ogv|thumb| [[Nematoda|Nematodum]] [[Caenorhabditis elegans]] ad lucem accipiendam [[canalis ionticus|canalem ionticum]] ''Mac'' exprimens - Lux semper corporis longitudinem auget.&lt;ref&gt;Husson, S. J.; Liewald, J. F.; Schultheis, C.; Stirman, J. N.; Lu, H.; Gottschalk, A. (2012). &quot;Microbial Light-Activatable Proton Pumps as Neuronal Inhibitors to Functionally Dissect Neuronal Networks in C. Elegans&quot;. In Samuel, Aravinthan. PLoS ONE 7 (7): e40937. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040937. PMC 3397962. PMID 22815873&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Optogenetica''' (de verbis [[Lingua Graeca Antiqua|graecis]] ὀπτικός, visum attingens, et γενεά genesis) est in [[neuroscientia]] [[biotechnologia|technologia]] biologica ad genetice cellulas, neuronos imprimis, modificatas gubernandas expressu ad lucem accipiendam [[canalis ionticus|canales ionticos]], ut et [[cellula]]rum vivarum et [[neuron]]orum activorum reactiones examinet. Igitur in neuronis optogenetica est [[neuromodulatio]] lucis ope.

Optogenetica, annis [[2002]] et [[2003]] inventa, methodos [[optica]]e et [[genetica]]e conducit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deisseroth 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006|title=Next-Generation Optical Technologies for Illuminating Genetically Targeted Brain Circuits|year=2006|last1=Deisseroth|first1=K.|last2=Feng|first2=G.|last3=Majewska|first3=A. K.|last4=Miesenbock|first4=G.|last5=Ting|first5=A.|last6=Schnitzer|first6=M. J.|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|volume=26|issue=41|pages=10380–6|pmid=17035522|pmc=2820367}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claves optogenetici (&quot;actuatores&quot;) sunt canales ut [[rhodopsinum]], [[halorhodopsinum]], [[archaerhodopsinum]], sed ad effectus imaginesve captandos receptoria optogenetica (&quot;sensores&quot;) [[Calcium|calcii]] ([[GCaMP]] - calcii indicator), [[Vesicula synaptica|vesicularum synapticarum]] liberationis (synapto-pHluorinum), [[neurotransmissor]]is (GluSnFRs), [[Tensio electrica|tensionis electricae]] [[membrana]]rum (''Arc Lightning'', ASAP1) serviunt. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* Laboratorium [[Carolus Deisseroth|K Deisseroth]] [https://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/optogenetics/ de optogenetica]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
{{biologia-stipula}}
{{med-stipula}}
[[Categoria: Biologia]]
[[Categoria: Genetica]]
[[Categoria: Neuroscientia]]</text>
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    <title>Lens (anatomia)</title>
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{{cautio}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Lens'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Schematic diagram of the human eye en-edit.png|200px|Lens]]&lt;br /&gt;

Lens in parte anteriore [[oculus|oculi]] locata est. 
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fontes agnotionis
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.05.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.05.001]
|}

'''Lens''' {{victio|Lens|tis|f}}, vulgo etiam '''cristallinum''' appellatum, in [[anatomia]] est pars systematis [[optica|optici]] [[oculus|oculorum]] structura biconvexa, quae inter [[iris (anatomia)|iridem]] et [[corpus vitreum|corpus vitreum]] iacet. Egregie translucida est et lucem [[Refractio|refringit]]. Refringendi postestatem [[Cornea|cornea]] quidem multo inferiorem habet sed [[Musculus|musculi]] ciliarii eam moderantur ita ut cum res longinquas spectamus lens complanetur et refringendi vim minuat. Econtra cum proximis aciem dirigimus convexior fit et vim refringendae lucis maiorem praebet. Qui processus '''accomodatio''' dicitur et efficit ut imago liquida rei inspectae in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] formetur e qualibet distantia. Ita lens ad [[Optica|opticum]] oculorum mechanismum maxime interest.

== De musculo ciliari ==
Forma lentis [[musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] movetur qui eam [[sphincter|sphincteris]] modo cingit. ''Fibris zonulae'' inter se nectuntur et cum musculus contrahitur hoc est centrum oculi petit [[Fibrae zonulares|fibrae zonulares]] remittuntur et lens curvaturam et convexitatem maximam praebet (quod ad proxima videnda idoneum est). Econtra cum musculus remittitur per fibras lentem trahit quae tum complanatur (quod ad longinqua visenda idoneum est). Ita musculus ciliarius accomodationem moderatur.

== De lente senescente ==
Tempore evolvendo lens paulatim [[elasticitas|elasticitatem]] amittit nec tam facile ad formam naturalem (convexam) redit cum musculi tractio remittitur. Quocirca homines seniores proximas res confuse vident, quod vitium [[presbyopia]] appellatur e verbo Graeco πρεσβύς = senex, atque [[Perspicillum|vitra ocularia]] convexa ad legendum gerunt nisi tamen [[myopia]] affecti sint quae aliquo modo vitium hoc compensat&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ophtalmologie.fr/presbytie-presbyte/ Ophtalmologie.fr]. O. Roche, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207798716 De l’accommodation à la presbytie, hypothèses physiopathologiques et mise au point]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007:  2S165&lt;/ref&gt;.

Aetate progrediente apud senes etiam pelluciditatem amittit quod visum perturbat et [[Cataracta (medicina)|cataracta]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ameli.fr/assure/sante/themes/cataracte/comprendre-cataracte ameli.fr]&lt;/ref&gt; appellatur. Maxime communis est [[chirurgia]] cataractae quae ablata lente naturali artificialem lentem in eius locum ponit. Praeter aetatem cataracta etiam e laesione aut morbo oriri potest.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherone Cheng, &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ophthalmology/articles/10.3389/fopht.2024.1456474/full  Tissue, cellular, and molecular level determinants for eye lens stiffness and elasticity]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Ophthalmology'',  2024: 1456474
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
* {{cite book |author = Lovicu, Frank J.; Robinson, Michael L. |title= Development of the Ocular Lens |url = https://archive.org/details/developmentofocu0000unse |year= 2004 |editor= Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]] |ISBN= 0-521-83819-3}}
* Xiaoting Ruan, Zhenzhen Liu, Lixia Luo, Yizhi Liu. &quot;[https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000459 Structure of the lens and its associations with the visual quality]&quot;, ''BMJ Ophthalmology'', 2020

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lens_(anatomy) lentem cristallinam] pertinent
* De [http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/08012loa.htm histologia lentis].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lux]]
* [[Refractio]]
* [[Cataracta (medicina)|Cataracta]]

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Ophthalmologia]]</text>
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{{cautio}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Lens'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Schematic diagram of the human eye en-edit.png|200px|Lens]]&lt;br /&gt;

Lens in parte anteriore [[oculus|oculi]] locata est. 
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fontes agnotionis
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.05.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.05.001]
|}

'''Lens''' {{victio|Lens|tis|f}}, vulgo etiam '''cristallinum''' appellatum, in [[anatomia]] est pars systematis [[optica|optici]] [[oculus|oculorum]] structura biconvexa, quae inter [[iris (anatomia)|iridem]] et [[corpus vitreum|corpus vitreum]] iacet. Egregie translucida est et lucem [[Refractio|refringit]]. Refringendi postestatem [[Cornea|cornea]] quidem multo inferiorem habet sed [[Musculus|musculi]] ciliarii eam moderantur ita ut cum res longinquas spectamus lens complanetur et refringendi vim minuat. Econtra cum proximis aciem dirigimus convexior fit et vim refringendae lucis maiorem praebet. Qui processus '''accomodatio''' dicitur et efficit ut imago liquida rei inspectae in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] formetur e qualibet distantia. Ita lens ad [[Optica|opticum]] oculorum mechanismum maxime interest.

== De musculo ciliari ==
Forma lentis [[musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] movetur qui eam [[sphincter|sphincteris]] modo cingit. ''Fibris zonulae'' inter se nectuntur et cum musculus contrahitur hoc est centrum oculi petit [[Fibrae zonulares|fibrae zonulares]] remittuntur et lens curvaturam et convexitatem maximam praebet (quod ad proxima videnda idoneum est). Econtra cum musculus remittitur per fibras lentem trahit quae tum complanatur (quod ad longinqua visenda idoneum est). Ita musculus ciliarius accomodationem moderatur.

== De lente senescente ==
Tempore evolvendo lens paulatim [[elasticitas|elasticitatem]] amittit nec tam facile ad formam naturalem (convexam) redit cum musculi tractio remittitur. Quocirca homines seniores proximas res confuse vident, quod vitium [[presbyopia]] appellatur e verbo Graeco πρεσβύς = senex, atque [[Perspicillum|vitra ocularia]] convexa ad legendum gerunt nisi tamen [[myopia]] affecti sint quae aliquo modo vitium hoc compensat&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ophtalmologie.fr/presbytie-presbyte/ Ophtalmologie.fr]. O. Roche, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207798716 De l’accommodation à la presbytie, hypothèses physiopathologiques et mise au point]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007:  2S165&lt;/ref&gt;.

Aetate progrediente apud senes etiam pelluciditatem amittit quod visum perturbat et [[Cataracta (medicina)|cataracta]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ameli.fr/assure/sante/themes/cataracte/comprendre-cataracte ameli.fr]&lt;/ref&gt; appellatur. Maxime communis est [[chirurgia]] cataractae quae ablata lente naturali artificialem lentem in eius locum ponit. Praeter aetatem cataracta etiam e laesione aut morbo oriri potest.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherone Cheng, &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ophthalmology/articles/10.3389/fopht.2024.1456474/full  Tissue, cellular, and molecular level determinants for eye lens stiffness and elasticity]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Ophthalmology'',  2024: 1456474
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
* {{cite book |author = Lovicu, Frank J.; Robinson, Michael L. |title= Development of the Ocular Lens |url = https://archive.org/details/developmentofocu0000unse |year= 2004 |editor= Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]] |ISBN= 0-521-83819-3}}
*Alicia De Maria, Phillip A Wilmarth, Larry L David, Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5283081/ Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule]&quot;, ''IOVS'', 2017: 573-585
* Xiaoting Ruan, Zhenzhen Liu, Lixia Luo, Yizhi Liu. &quot;[https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000459 Structure of the lens and its associations with the visual quality]&quot;, ''BMJ Ophthalmology'', 2020

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lens_(anatomy) lentem cristallinam] pertinent
* De [http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/08012loa.htm histologia lentis].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lux]]
* [[Refractio]]
* [[Cataracta (medicina)|Cataracta]]

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Ophthalmologia]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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{{cautio}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Lens'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Schematic diagram of the human eye en-edit.png|200px|Lens]]&lt;br /&gt;

Lens in parte anteriore [[oculus|oculi]] locata est. 
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fontes agnotionis
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.05.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.05.001]
|}

'''Lens''' {{victio|Lens|tis|f}}, vulgo etiam '''cristallinum''' appellatum, in [[anatomia]] est pars systematis [[optica|optici]] [[oculus|oculorum]] structura biconvexa, quae inter [[iris (anatomia)|iridem]] et [[corpus vitreum|corpus vitreum]] iacet. Egregie translucida est et lucem [[Refractio|refringit]]. Refringendi postestatem [[Cornea|cornea]] quidem multo inferiorem habet sed [[Musculus|musculi]] ciliarii eam moderantur ita ut cum res longinquas spectamus lens complanetur et refringendi vim minuat. Econtra cum proximis aciem dirigimus convexior fit et vim refringendae lucis maiorem praebet. Qui processus '''accomodatio''' dicitur et efficit ut imago liquida rei inspectae in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] formetur e qualibet distantia. Ita lens ad [[Optica|opticum]] oculorum mechanismum maxime interest.

== De musculo ciliari ==
Forma lentis [[musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] movetur qui eam [[sphincter|sphincteris]] modo cingit. ''Fibris zonulae'' inter se nectuntur et cum musculus contrahitur hoc est centrum oculi petit [[Fibrae zonulares|fibrae zonulares]] remittuntur et lens curvaturam et convexitatem maximam praebet (quod ad proxima videnda idoneum est). Econtra cum musculus remittitur per fibras lentem trahit quae tum complanatur (quod ad longinqua visenda idoneum est). Ita musculus ciliarius accomodationem moderatur.

== De lente senescente ==
Tempore evolvendo lens paulatim [[elasticitas|elasticitatem]] amittit nec tam facile ad formam naturalem (convexam) redit cum musculi tractio remittitur. Quocirca homines seniores proximas res confuse vident, quod vitium [[presbyopia]] appellatur e verbo Graeco πρεσβύς = senex, atque [[Perspicillum|vitra ocularia]] convexa ad legendum gerunt nisi tamen [[myopia]] affecti sint quae aliquo modo vitium hoc compensat&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ophtalmologie.fr/presbytie-presbyte/ Ophtalmologie.fr]. O. Roche, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207798716 De l’accommodation à la presbytie, hypothèses physiopathologiques et mise au point]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007:  2S165&lt;/ref&gt;.

Aetate progrediente apud senes etiam pelluciditatem amittit quod visum perturbat et [[Cataracta (medicina)|cataracta]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ameli.fr/assure/sante/themes/cataracte/comprendre-cataracte ameli.fr]&lt;/ref&gt; appellatur. Maxime communis est [[chirurgia]] cataractae quae ablata lente naturali artificialem lentem in eius locum ponit. Praeter aetatem cataracta etiam e laesione aut morbo oriri potest.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherone Cheng, &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ophthalmology/articles/10.3389/fopht.2024.1456474/full  Tissue, cellular, and molecular level determinants for eye lens stiffness and elasticity]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Ophthalmology'',  2024: 1456474
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
* {{cite book |author = Lovicu, Frank J.; Robinson, Michael L. |title= Development of the Ocular Lens |url = https://archive.org/details/developmentofocu0000unse |year= 2004 |editor= Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]] |ISBN= 0-521-83819-3}}
* Xiaoting Ruan, Zhenzhen Liu, Lixia Luo, Yizhi Liu. &quot;[https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000459 Structure of the lens and its associations with the visual quality]&quot;, ''BMJ Ophthalmology'', 2020

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lens_(anatomy) lentem cristallinam] pertinent
* De [http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/08012loa.htm histologia lentis].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lux]]
* [[Refractio]]
* [[Cataracta (medicina)|Cataracta]]

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Ophthalmologia]]</text>
      <sha1>thi4rni9r991e7btfm6j00wht68l2yx</sha1>
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      <id>3993060</id>
      <parentid>3993059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:32:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De musculo ciliari */</comment>
      <origin>3993060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4364" sha1="mkvsai964a8idx39uggpfra368wzugv" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Lens (discretiva)}}
{{cautio}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Lens'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fasciculus:Schematic diagram of the human eye en-edit.png|200px|Lens]]&lt;br /&gt;

Lens in parte anteriore [[oculus|oculi]] locata est. 
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fontes agnotionis
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]] || style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot; | [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.05.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.05.001]
|}

'''Lens''' {{victio|Lens|tis|f}}, vulgo etiam '''cristallinum''' appellatum, in [[anatomia]] est pars systematis [[optica|optici]] [[oculus|oculorum]] structura biconvexa, quae inter [[iris (anatomia)|iridem]] et [[corpus vitreum|corpus vitreum]] iacet. Egregie translucida est et lucem [[Refractio|refringit]]. Refringendi postestatem [[Cornea|cornea]] quidem multo inferiorem habet sed [[Musculus|musculi]] ciliarii eam moderantur ita ut cum res longinquas spectamus lens complanetur et refringendi vim minuat. Econtra cum proximis aciem dirigimus convexior fit et vim refringendae lucis maiorem praebet. Qui processus '''accomodatio''' dicitur et efficit ut imago liquida rei inspectae in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] formetur e qualibet distantia. Ita lens ad [[Optica|opticum]] oculorum mechanismum maxime interest.

== De musculo ciliari ==
Forma lentis [[musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] movetur qui eam [[sphincter|sphincteris]] modo cingit. ''[[Fibrae zonulares|Fibris zonulae]]'' inter se nectuntur et cum musculus contrahitur hoc est centrum oculi petit [[Fibrae zonulares|fibrae zonulares]] remittuntur et lens curvaturam et convexitatem maximam praebet (quod ad proxima videnda idoneum est). Econtra cum musculus remittitur per fibras lentem trahit quae tum complanatur (quod ad longinqua visenda idoneum est). Ita musculus ciliarius accomodationem moderatur.

== De lente senescente ==
Tempore evolvendo lens paulatim [[elasticitas|elasticitatem]] amittit nec tam facile ad formam naturalem (convexam) redit cum musculi tractio remittitur. Quocirca homines seniores proximas res confuse vident, quod vitium [[presbyopia]] appellatur e verbo Graeco πρεσβύς = senex, atque [[Perspicillum|vitra ocularia]] convexa ad legendum gerunt nisi tamen [[myopia]] affecti sint quae aliquo modo vitium hoc compensat&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ophtalmologie.fr/presbytie-presbyte/ Ophtalmologie.fr]. O. Roche, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207798716 De l’accommodation à la presbytie, hypothèses physiopathologiques et mise au point]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007:  2S165&lt;/ref&gt;.

Aetate progrediente apud senes etiam pelluciditatem amittit quod visum perturbat et [[Cataracta (medicina)|cataracta]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ameli.fr/assure/sante/themes/cataracte/comprendre-cataracte ameli.fr]&lt;/ref&gt; appellatur. Maxime communis est [[chirurgia]] cataractae quae ablata lente naturali artificialem lentem in eius locum ponit. Praeter aetatem cataracta etiam e laesione aut morbo oriri potest.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Catherone Cheng, &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ophthalmology/articles/10.3389/fopht.2024.1456474/full  Tissue, cellular, and molecular level determinants for eye lens stiffness and elasticity]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Ophthalmology'',  2024: 1456474
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
* {{cite book |author = Lovicu, Frank J.; Robinson, Michael L. |title= Development of the Ocular Lens |url = https://archive.org/details/developmentofocu0000unse |year= 2004 |editor= Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]] |ISBN= 0-521-83819-3}}
* Xiaoting Ruan, Zhenzhen Liu, Lixia Luo, Yizhi Liu. &quot;[https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000459 Structure of the lens and its associations with the visual quality]&quot;, ''BMJ Ophthalmology'', 2020

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lens_(anatomy) lentem cristallinam] pertinent
* De [http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/08012loa.htm histologia lentis].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lux]]
* [[Refractio]]
* [[Cataracta (medicina)|Cataracta]]

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Ophthalmologia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Philippus Krebs</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Anni vitae &amp;c.</comment>
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      <text bytes="4037" sha1="769esi7uw8qyxs1bhpxxe97hgz7bmzh" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina non annexa}}{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes Philippus Krebs''' (natus [[Glaucha]]e apud [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinas Saxoniae]]  die [[7 Iulii|7]] I[[7 Iulii|uli]] [[1771]]; mortuus [[Vilburgum|Vilburgi]] [[28 Septembris]] [[1850]]) fuit [[philologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] itemque praeceptor [[gymnasium|gymnasii]].

== Quae de vita eius tradita sint ==
Krebs cum Saxoniae Salinis frequentavisset gymnasium ad philologiam adductus per annos ab [[1788]] ad [[1795]] magistro [[Fridericus Augustus Wolfius|Friderico Augusto Volfio]] utrique [[lingua]]e studuit. Anno verum 1795 collaborator gymnasii Philippini Weilburg nominatus ibidem donec [[1837]] emeritus est magistri munere fungebatur. Permultos cum tractatus ad [[Lingua Latina|nostram linguam]] rectumque usum eius spectantes conficeret praecipue innotuit propter [[enchiridium]] c.n.{{dubsig}} ''Antibarbarus Latinae Linguae'' ([[Theodisce]] ''Antibarbarus der lateinischen Sprache'').

== Quos ferme tractatus confecerit (excerpta) ==
* ''Sophoclis Philoctetes, Euripidis Hecuba, Medea, Iphigenia In Aulide. In usum scholarum et academiarum recudit et varietate lectionis Augeri curavit D. Aug. Hermann. Niemeyer. Editio altera emendatior cui indicem copiosissimum adiecit Ioannes Philippus Krebs''. [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] 1797
* ''Des P. Ovidius Naso Festkalender''. Frankfurt am Main 1799 (''Des P. Ovidius Naso sämtliche Werke übersetzt'' 3)
* ''Griechisches Lesebuch für die ersten Anfänger nebst einer kurzen Grammatik''. Frankfurt am Main 1801. 4., verbesserte Ausgabe 1819. 5., sehr verbesserte Ausgabe 1826
* ''Des Publius Virgilius Maro Ländliche Gedichte oder zehn Eklogen und Landbau vier Bücher übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen begleitet''. Frankfurt 1805 (''Virgils Werke verdeutscht'' 2)
* ''Lateinisches Lesebuch nach der Stufenfolge der Formenlehre''. Gießen 1810. 4., verbesserte und mit Anhängen vermehrte Ausgabe 1820
* ''Anleitung zum Lateinischschreiben in Regeln und Beispielen zur Uebung''. Frankfurt am Main 1819. 4., verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage 1825. 6., verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage 1830. 8., verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage 1837. 11., verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage 1860
* ''Handbuch der philologischen Bücherkunde für Philologen und gelehrte Schulmänner''. Zwei Bände, Bremen 1822–1823
* ''Praktische Metrik der Lateinischen Sprache in Beispielen zum Lesen und Nachbilden der vorzüglichern bei den Alten vorkommenden Sylbenmaaße zum Gebrauche in Gelehrten-Schulen. Ein Anhang zu jeder Lateinischen Metrik''. Heidelberg/Leipzig 1826
* ''P. Ovidii Nasonis Fastorum libri sex. Ad optimorum librorum fidem recensuit, lectionis diversitatem et alias observationibus adiecit Io. Phil. Krebsius''. Wiesbaden 1826
* ''M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes in L. Catilinam IV. et pro P. Sulla. Ex recensione Orelliana cum selecta lectionis diversitate editionum maxime recentiorum et praemissis argumentis Paulli Manutii''. Gießen 1828
* ''Kurze Accentlehre der Griechischen Wörter. Ein ergänzender Nachtrag zu meiner griechischen Grammatik und meinem griechischen Lesebuche''. Frankfurt am Main 1830
* ''Lateinischer Antibarbarus. Nebst Vorbemerkungen über Reinheit und Eleganz der Rede''. Frankfurt am Main 1832. Spätere Ausgaben unter dem Titel:
** ''Antibarbarus der Lateinischen Sprache. In zwei Abtheilungen, nebst Vorbemerkungen über reine Latinität''. 2. verbesserte und stark vermehrte Auflage 1837. 3. umgearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage 1843
* ''Vitam Caroli Sigonii, viri singulari virtute, moribus, ingenio, doctrina, meritis praediti ad imitandum iuventuti, exposuit, indicemque eius librorum abiecit Jo. Phil. Krebsius''. Weilburg 1837 (Schulprogramm)
* ''Carl Sigonius, einer der größten Humanisten des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts, ein Vorbild aller Studirenden''. Frankfurt am Main 1840
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krebs, Ioannes Philippus}}

{{Anni vitae|1771|1850|Krebs, Ioannes Philippus}}
[[Categoria:Lexicographi]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praeceptores]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bella Mithridatica</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fontes antiqui */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5833" sha1="msyt24w8vjyv5rwn2u2b0j03pfarfxn" xml:space="preserve">{{Bellum
|proelium=Bella Mithridatica
|ParsBelli=
|ParsBelliGen=
|imago= [[Fasciculus:PonticKingdom.png|150px]]
|descriptio= [[Regnum Ponticum]] initio bellorum
|annus= 88 – 63 a.C.n.
|locus=Graecia et Asia Minor
|casus= 
|territoria= Bithynia, Cilicia Syria provinciae factae
|consequentia=Romani magnae partis Asiae Minoris potiti sunt
|exercitus1=[[Libera res publica Romana|Res publica Romana]]
|exercitus2=[[Mithridates VI]] et imperatores eius, praecipue [[Archelaus]]
|dux1=
|dux2=
|copia1=
|copia2=
|mortuisauciique1=
|mortuisauciique2=
|mortuisauciique3=
|notae= 
}}

'''Bella Mithridatica''' tria inter [[res publica Romana|rem publicam Romanam]] et regem [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem VI]] gesta sunt annis ab [[89 a.C.n.|89]] ad [[63 a.C.n.]]

== Primum bellum Mithridaticum (89–84 a.C.n.) ==
Mithridates VI, rex [[Pontus (regnum)|Pontici regni]], cupidine invasus augendi imperii cives Graecos [[Asia Minor|Asiam Minorem]] habitantes spe libertatis muneribusque instigavit, ut publicanos Romanos itemque omnes Italos [[Asia (provincia Romana)|Asiae provinciae]] trucidarent. [[Provincia Romana|Provinciales]] nimia avaritia publicanorum irati plus quam octaginta milia Italorum necasse feruntur, quae clades his diebus etiam [[vespera Ephesia]] nuncupatur.&lt;ref&gt;[[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[de civitate Dei]]'' III.22.134. [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridaticus'' 22. [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], Fragmentum 109. Charles Adams, ''For Good and Evil: The Impact of Taxes on the Course of Civilization.'' &lt;/ref&gt;

Eodem tempore in Italia exarsum est bellum civile (88–82 a.C.n.) inter optimates imperante [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] et populares ducente vero [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. Etsi Sullae initio imperium debellandi Mithridatis tributum est paulo post ab inimicis hoc officio pulsus in Italiam revocatus est, quo facto Marius imperii potitus est. Sulla autem cum hae condiciones recusaret exercitium [[Nola]] [[Roma]]m duxit. Hoc bello exarso primum factum est, ut urbs Roma imperatore Romano capta atque vastata esset. Ineunte vere anni [[87 a.C.n.]] quod antea proposuerat agmen e Graecia in Asiam transici curavit.

Sulla ex urbe egresso Marius sine mora ex Africa ubi relegatus erat Romam petivit et urbe iterum iuvante [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Lucio Cornelio Cinna]] (87–84 a.C.n) potitus est. Paulo post quam septimum consulatum obtinuit autem defunctus est (86 a.C.n.). 

Eodem anno Sulla non solum Athenas expugnavit funditusque delevit sed etiam milites Mithridatis apud [[Chaeronea]]m et iterum apud [[Orchomenus (Boeotia)|Orchomenum]] devicit. Sequente anno postremo transitum in Asiam perfecit.

Haec dum geruntur [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 86 a.C.n.)|Lucius Valerius Flaccus]] a senatu in Asiam missus est ut rem popularis factionis illic gereret. Regrediens autem ex agmine a militibus suis haud procul a Bosporo interfectus est. Eo interito Gaius Flavius Fimbria legatus eius ad imperium pervenit, qui etiamsi magnam provinciae Romanae partem vastavit Mithridatem continere non valuit. Nactus autem Sullae legiones exercitus eius imperia rectratavit et Sullae in castra pervenit, quo facto Fimbria vitae suae finem fecit. 

Mithridates legionibus Romanis [[Mytilene|Mytilenas]] fugatus demum rem publicam de pacis condicionibus imploraviit. Postquam [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus]] [[Quaestor]] Sullae etiam classem eius devicerat anno 84 apud Dardanum pax iniquarum condicionum composita est cum Mithridates non solum Paphlagoniam provinciam, sed integram classem octaginta navium omnino cedere coactus esset.

Bello confecto Sulla Romam reversus res novas a popularibus motas suppressit eorumque magnum numerum proscribtionibus adimit.

== Alterum bellum Mithridaticum (83–81 a.C.n.) ==
Secundum bellum anno [[83 a.C.n.|83]] a.C.n. exortum est cum L. Licinius Murena suo consilio neque a senatu hortatus regi Pontico bellum intulit. Mithridati autem prospere defendenti eum arcere contigit, ne penitus regnum suum invaderet.
[[File:Bellum mithridaticum 87-86aC.png|thumb|Bella Mithridatica (AUC 666-667)]]
== Tertium bellum Mithridaticum (74–63 a.Cn.) ==
Rege Bithyniae [[Nicomedes IV (rex Bithyniae)|Nicomede IV]] supplicante res publica identidem ei copiis auxilio venit, ut incursionibus Mithridates restiteret. Demum anno [[74 a.C.n.]] Nicomedes rem publicam testamento suo dominii sui heredem nominavit. Romani ne hanc partem integre acciperent Mithridates iterum invadens tertium bellum excitavit.

[[Lucius Licinius Lucullus]] inter annos 74 usque 69 a.C.n. prosperime pugnans Mithridatem adeo reppulit, ut ad socerem eius [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigranem]] regem Armeniae effugere coactus esset.

Lucullus deinde cum regnum Ponticum nemine etiam resistente subduit persecutus est regem fugentem. Milites autem cum continuo in interiora Asiae progredi nollent Lucullum hortati sunt ad regrediendum. Quamobrem paulo post cum Romani exercitus Pontum egressi essent Mithridates magnis cladibus Romanis iterum totius regni potitus est. 

Denique [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Gnaeo Pompeio]] cum bene ac feliciter piratas mare internum frequentantes impugnaret imperium debellandi Mithridatis allatum est. Ille agmine ingenti non solum Mithridatem sed etiam Armeniorum regem Tigranem devicere valuit. 

Bello confecto Pompeius Bithyniam, Ciliciam Syriamque quas a Seleucidis ceperat provincias Romanas constituit. Armenia, Iudaea, [[Colchis]], [[Cappadocia]] et [[Galatia]] autem clientelae rei publicae factae sunt.

== Fontes antiqui ==
*[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Liber Mithridaticus''
* [[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vitae parallelae]]'': Lucullus, [[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]], Sylla
*[[Titus Livius]], ''Periochae''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Bella Mithridatica]]
[[Categoria:Bella Rei Publicae Romanae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Izum</title>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="2305" sha1="5hnevp1111noy6c7vn1mgwl0nd5t0jd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Izhevsk_3.jpg|thumb|Lacus Izensis ripa]]

{{res|Izum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Scatebranus|477}} A nomine Udmurtico.&lt;/ref&gt;, vulgo '''Izhevsk'''&lt;ref&gt;N. V. Lozhkina. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190813164243/https://www.binran.ru/files/journals/NSNR/1967_4/NSNR_1967_4_content.pdf ''Hepaticae prope urbem Izhevsk (RSSA Udmurtica) inventae'']&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Udmurtice]] ''Иж'', ''Iž'', [[Russice]] ''Ижевск'', ''Iževsk'') urbs est Russiae, [[Udmurtia]]e [[caput (urbs)|caput]]. Incolas 648&amp;thinsp;213 habet anno [[2018]], quorum 69 centesimae partes Russi sunt, 14 [[Udmurti]], 9 [[Tatari]] etc. In ripis fluminis eiudem nominis (''Иж'') patet, quod in [[Cama]]m effunditur.

== Historia ==

Fodinae ferri in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gratia (mons)|Gratia monte|ru|qid=Q2475029}}&lt;ref&gt;''Благодать-гора''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Urales|iugi Uralensis]] anno 1734 inventae sunt. Fabrica ferri loco Izi anno 1760 aedificata est. Aggere multis laboribus instructo lacus magnus artificialis (''Lacus Izensis'', ''Ижевский пруд'') conditus est ad usum industriae ferri. Cum ab [[Aemilianus Pugačëv|Aemiliano Pugačëv]] Izum expugnatum esset anno 1774 agger destructus est et quinque annos iterum construebatur. Anno 1807, cum periculum belli contra [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] gliscebat, iussu [[Alexander I (imperator Russiae)|Alexandri I]] pars fabricae ferri in fabricam armariam reconstructa est. Saeculo XIX Izum crescebat et anno 1918 a [[Sovieti|Consilio]] legatorum operariorum et militarium et rusticorum Izenzi urbs proclamata est. Ab anno 1921 Izum [[caput (urbs)|caput]] est regioni Udmurticae sui iuris&lt;ref&gt;''Вотская/Удмуртская автономная область''.&lt;/ref&gt;, ab anno 1934 [[Udmurtia|rei publicae Udmurtiae]]. [[Michael Kalašnikov]] Izi laborabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Izhevsk|Izum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210212103234/http://www.izh.ru/ Situs proprius] {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://udmurt.info/texts/gorod-izhevsk.htm De historia Izi] (Dionysii Sacharhych situs) {{ling|Russice}}
* [https://ru.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ижевск Monumenta Izi in ''Viciitinere''] {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Udmurtiae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1760]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2302" sha1="rl7p5jq88jup6mxvw11xluckm6v9xl5" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Izhevsk_3.jpg|thumb|Lacus Izensis ripa]]

{{res|Izum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Scatebranus|477}} A nomine Udmurtico.&lt;/ref&gt;, vulgo ''Izhevsk''&lt;ref&gt;N. V. Lozhkina. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190813164243/https://www.binran.ru/files/journals/NSNR/1967_4/NSNR_1967_4_content.pdf ''Hepaticae prope urbem Izhevsk (RSSA Udmurtica) inventae'']&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Udmurtice]] ''Иж'', ''Iž'', [[Russice]] ''Ижевск'', ''Iževsk'') urbs est Russiae, [[Udmurtia]]e [[caput (urbs)|caput]]. Incolas 648&amp;thinsp;213 habet anno [[2018]], quorum 69 centesimae partes Russi sunt, 14 [[Udmurti]], 9 [[Tatari]] etc. In ripis fluminis eiudem nominis (''Иж'') patet, quod in [[Cama]]m effunditur.

== Historia ==
Fodinae ferri in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gratia (mons)|Gratia monte|ru|qid=Q2475029}}&lt;ref&gt;''Благодать-гора''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Urales|iugi Uralensis]] anno 1734 inventae sunt. Fabrica ferri loco Izi anno 1760 aedificata est. Aggere multis laboribus instructo lacus magnus artificialis (''Lacus Izensis'', ''Ижевский пруд'') conditus est ad usum industriae ferri. Cum ab [[Aemilianus Pugačëv|Aemiliano Pugačëv]] Izum expugnatum esset anno 1774 agger destructus est et quinque annos iterum construebatur. Anno 1807, cum periculum belli contra [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] gliscebat, iussu [[Alexander I (imperator Russiae)|Alexandri I]] pars fabricae ferri in fabricam armariam reconstructa est. Saeculo XIX Izum crescebat et anno 1918 a [[Sovieti|Consilio]] legatorum operariorum et militarium et rusticorum Izenzi urbs proclamata est. Ab anno 1921 Izum [[caput (urbs)|caput]] est regioni Udmurticae sui iuris&lt;ref&gt;''Вотская/Удмуртская автономная область''.&lt;/ref&gt;, ab anno 1934 [[Udmurtia|rei publicae Udmurtiae]]. [[Michael Kalašnikov]] Izi laborabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Izhevsk|Izum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210212103234/http://www.izh.ru/ Situs proprius] {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://udmurt.info/texts/gorod-izhevsk.htm De historia Izi] (Dionysii Sacharhych situs) {{ling|Russice}}
* [https://ru.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ижевск Monumenta Izi in ''Viciitinere''] {{ling|Russice}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Udmurtiae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1760]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Calendarium republicanum Francicum</title>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="32113" sha1="okxntjlmkrbsqun63sc3d5n5hduw12h" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Calendrier-republicain-debucourt2.jpg|thumb|Calendarium republicanum.]]

{{res|Calendarium republicanum Francicum}} ([[Francice]] ''calendrier républicain'') est [[calendarium]] tempore [[res novae Francicae|rerum novarum Francicarum]] institutum, quod in [[Francia]] in usu erat ab anno [[1793]] usque ad [[1805]]. Consilium erat [[systema numericum decimale|systematis numerici decimalis]] adhibendi et verborum [[religio]]sorum vitandorum.

Initio anni erat die [[22 Septembris]], [[aequinoctium|aequinoctio]] [[autumnus|autumno]] in [[hemisphaerium boreale|hemisphaerio boreali]]. Calendario duodecim [[mensis|menses]] erant, et unusquisque mensis tres decades&lt;ref&gt;Francice: ''décade''; Latine vide: Ioannes Boinvilliers, ''Manuel latin ou choix de compositions françaises et recueil de fables et d'histoires latines'', Lutetiae, anno 1805 {{Google Books|26EPAAAAQAAJ|p. 132}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dierum (id est 3 × 10 dies) habebat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://lagrandehistoireducalendrier.wordpress.com/2017/01/01/histoire-du-calendrier/ Histoire du calendrier romain, grégorien et républicain].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nomina dierum ==
[[Hebdomas]] in decadem conversa est. Nomina dierum decadis erant:&lt;ref&gt;Conversio Latina vide Leopoldus Einsle, ''Systematische Zusammenstellung der vorzüglichsten europäischen Maße, Gewichte und Münzen'', Camboduni, anno 1846 {{Google Books|f8BAAAAAcAAJ|p. 140}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ''primidi'' (primus dies), ''duodi'' (secundus dies), ''tridi'' (tertius dies), ''quartidi'' (quartus dies), ''quintidi'' (quintus dies), ''sextidi'' (sextus dies), ''septidi'' (septimus dies), ''octidi'' (octavus dies), ''nonidi'' (nonus dies) ac - dies ferialis - ''décadi'' (decimus dies).

== Nomina mensium ==
Nomina mensium, a poëta {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fabre d'Églantine||fr|qid=Q553446}}&lt;!--Fabre Latine = Faber? Yes, it means faber, but actually it's his family name (see the French lemma), but one could argue that it has become the first name in his pen name, so quid? --&gt; excogitata, erant:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=75%
!colspan=2| Nomen&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Francogallica|Francicum]] !! Origo verbi !! Nomen Latinum attestatum&lt;br&gt;(cum attestatione) !! Nomen&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanicum]] !! Nomen&lt;br&gt;[[Lingua Italiana|Italianum]]
|-
!colspan=6|Autumnus
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|vendémiaire||Latina: vindemia||'''Vendemiarius'''&lt;ref&gt;Iohannes Aegidius Alexander Modestus Droixhe, ''Meditationes in articulum 4tum Codicis Civilis seu investigationes in leges interpretandi applicandique scientiam'', Leodii, anno 1825 {{Google Books|i2pRAAAAcAAJ|p. 21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;||vendimiario||vendemmiaio
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|brumaire||Francica: brume||'''[[Brumarius]]'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Brumarius (mensis) ... ''Brumaire (in the Revolutionary Calendar)''&quot;: D. Sacré, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23974151?seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents Instrumentum lexicographicum]&quot; in ''Humanistica Lovaniensia'' vol. 59 (2010) p. 468.&lt;/ref&gt;||brumario||brumaio
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|frimaire||Francica: frimas||'''Frimarius'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;14. Frimarius ofte Nevelmaend&quot; (contextu Batavo) {{Google Books|VMNbAAAAQAAJ|p. 545}}.&lt;/ref&gt;||frimario||frimaio
|-
!colspan=6|Hiems
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|nivôse||Latina: nivosus||'''Nivosus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Droixhe&quot;&gt;Iohannes Aegidius Alexander Modestus Droixhe, ''Meditationes in articulum 4tum Codicis Civilis seu investigationes in leges interpretandi applicandique scientiam'', Leodii, anno 1825 {{Google Books|i2pRAAAAcAAJ|p. 21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;||nivoso||nevoso
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|pluviôse||Latina: pluviosus||'''Pluviosus'''&lt;ref&gt;Hermanus Obreen, ''Dissertatio iuridica inauguralis de insinuatione instrumentorum authenticorum et privatorum in acta publica'',
Lugduni Batavorum, anno 1832 {{Google Books|nB1EAAAAcAAJ|p. 20}}.&lt;/ref&gt;||pluvioso||piovoso
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|ventôse||Latina: ventosus||'''Ventosus'''&lt;ref&gt;Hermanus Obreen, ''Dissertatio iuridica inauguralis de insinuatione instrumentorum authenticorum et privatorum in acta publica'',
Lugduni Batavorum, anno 1832 {{Google Books|nB1EAAAAcAAJ|p. 21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;||ventoso||ventoso
|-
!colspan=6|Ver
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|germinal||Latina: germen||'''Germinalis'''&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Boinvilliers, ''Manuel latin ou choix de compositions françaises et recueil de fables et d'histoires latines'', Lutetiae, anno 1805 {{Google Books|26EPAAAAQAAJ|p. 136}}.&lt;/ref&gt;||germinal||germinale/germile
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|floréal||Latina: flor||'''Florealis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Droixhe&quot; /&gt;||floreal||fiorile/floreale
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|prairial||Francica: prairie|| '''Prairialis'''&lt;ref&gt;Petrus Gaspardus Forestier, ''Dissertatio de morbis aut noxis puerorum a vitiatis, depravatisve parentum humoribus'', Lutetiis, anno 1803 {{Google Books|rlFpAAAAcAAJ|p. 4}}; Ioannes Franciscus Van Zuylen-van Nyevelt, ''Dissertatio inauguralis iuridica de legum promulgatione'', Lovanii, anno 1822 {{Google Books|82dDAAAAcAAJ|p. 20}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etiam invenit ''mensis pratorum'': Ludovicus Ferdinandus Türck (1767–1814), parochus in Laufen, 31 Maii 1803, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407042618/https://dfg.bl.ch/viewer/index.php?bid=1208&amp;m=&amp;b=STABL_NA_2165_E_9_2_42_06-122.jpg ''Staatsarchiv Baselland, E.9.2.42.06 Kirchenbuch Laufen 1791–1862'', pagina 122, actum 02]  (''Anno millesimo octingentesimo tertio reipublicæ Gallicanæ undecimo die mensis pratorum …'').&lt;/ref&gt;||pradial||pratile
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
!colspan=6|Aestas
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|messidor||Latina: messis||'''Messidorus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Droixhe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etiam invenit forma ''Messifer'' {{Google Books|26EPAAAAQAAJ|vide hic, p. 139}}.&lt;/ref&gt;||mesidor||messidoro
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|thermidor||Graeca: θερμός||'''Thermidorus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Droixhe&quot; /&gt;||termidor||termidoro
|---- bgcolor=#FFFFDD
|colspan=2|fructidor ||Latina: fructus||'''Fructidorus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Droixhe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etiam invenit forma ''Fructifer''  {{Google Books|26EPAAAAQAAJ|vide hic, p. 134}}.&lt;/ref&gt;||fructidor||fruttidoro
|}

== Dies complementariae ==
Ita menses 360 dies continebant. Igitur erant quinque vel sex dies complementariae dictae, quae ad finem anni feriae erant. Dies complementaria sexta, Feria Rerum Novarum, modo in [[annus intercalarius|annis bisextilibus]] evenit.

== Numeratio annorum ==
Calendarium anno 1793 decretum est, sed anni numerabantur a die 22 Septembri 1792, id est tempore [[res novae Francicae|rerum novarum]], incipientes anno I (sine anno zero). Dies ultima usus generali calendarii republicani in Francia igitur, 31 Decembris 1805, dies 10 Nivosi anni XIV erat ([[Commune Parisiorum anni 1871]] breviter calendarium republicanum utebatur, de die 26 Florealis ad diem 4 Prairialis anni LXXIX (16-24 Maii 1871).&lt;ref&gt;Vide diurnum officialem [http://archivesautonomies.org/spip.php?article1675&amp;lang=fr hic].&lt;/ref&gt;).

Anni plerumque [[Numeri Romani|numeris Romanis]] notati sunt.

== Calendarium rurale ==
Ad influentiam [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae]] reducendam, [[Philippus Franciscus Nazarenus Fabre d'Églantine|Fabre de Cynorrhodo]] mutavit calendarium sanctorum (sicut usus est apud Christianos) in rurale, in quo cuique die celebratur res ruralis oeconomiae. Die quino celebratur bestia communis, die deno instrumentum, aliibus diebus flores, arbores aliaque vegetalia, sed in primo hiemali mense nomine Nivoso ([[lingua francogallica|fr.]]: Nivôse) celebrantur mineralia.

=== Autumnus ===
{|
|-
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Vendemiarius]]&lt;br /&gt;(22 September – 21 October) | Vendémiaire commence le 22 septembre.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 |22 Sep | Raisin | [[Uva]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 |23 Sep | Safran | [[Safranum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 |24 Sep | Châtaigne | [[Castanea]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 |25 Sep | Colchique | [[Colchicum autumnale|Hieribulbum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 |26 Sep | Cheval | [[Equus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 |27 Sep | Balsamine | [[Balsamina]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 |28 Sep | Carotte | [[Carota (holus radicale)|Daucum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 |29 Sep | Amaranthe | [[Amaranthus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 |30 Sep | Panais | [[Pastinaca]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 |1 Oct | Cuve | [[Linter]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 |2 Oct | Pomme de terre | [[Patata]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 |3 Oct | Immortelle | [[Helichrysum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 |4 Oct | Potiron | [[Cucurbita|Colocytha]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 |5 Oct | Réséda | [[Reseda]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 |6 Oct | Âne | [[Asinus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 |7 Oct | Belle de nuit | [[Mirabilis jalapa|Jalapa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 |8 Oct | Citrouille | [[Cucurbita|Concurbita]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 |9 Oct | Sarrasin | [[Fagopyrum esculentum|Fagopyrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 |10 Oct | Tournesol | [[Helianthus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 |11 Oct | Pressoir | [[Torcular]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 |12 Oct | Chanvre | [[Cannabis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 |13 Oct | Pêche | [[Malum persicum|Persicum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 |14 Oct | Navet | [[Brassica napus Grex Napobrassica|Rutabaga]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 |15 Oct | Amaryllis | [[Amaryllis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 |16 Oct | Bœuf | [[Bos taurus|Bos]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 |17 Oct | Aubergine | [[Melongena]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 |18 Oct | Piment | [[Capsicum (fructus)|Capsicum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 |19 Oct | Tomate | [[Solanum lycopersicum|Pomum Aureum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 |20 Oct | Orge | [[Hordeum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 |21 Oct | Tonneau | [[Cupa]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Brumarius]]&lt;br /&gt;(22 October – 20 November) | Brumaire commence le 23 octobre.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 |22 Oct | Pomme | [[Malum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 |23 Oct | Céleri | [[Apium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 |24 Oct | Poire | [[Pirum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 |25 Oct | Betterave | [[Beta vulgaris|Beta]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 |26 Oct | Oie | [[Anser]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 |27 Oct | Héliotrope | [[Heliotropium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 |28 Oct | Figue | [[Ficus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 |29 Oct | Scorsonère | [[Scorzonera]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 |30 Oct | Alisier | [[Sorbus torminalis|Leucosorbus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 |31 Oct | Charrue | [[Aratrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 |1 Nov | Salsifis | [[Tragopogon porrifolius|Lagochortum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 |2 Nov | Mâcre | [[Caclitrappa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 |3 Nov | Topinambour | [[Helianthus tuberosus|Hierosolymana]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 |4 Nov | Endive | [[Cichorium endivia|Endivia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 |5 Nov | Dindon | [[Meleagris gallopavo|Meleagris]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 |6 Nov | Chervis | [[Siser]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 |7 Nov | Cresson | [[Nasturtium officinale|Nasturtium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 |8 Nov | Dentelaire | [[Plumbago]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 |9 Nov | Grenade | [[Malum punicum|Punica]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 |10 Nov | Herse | [[Crates dentatae|Hirpex]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 |11 Nov | Bacchante | [[Baccharis halimifolia|Baccharis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 |12 Nov | Azerole | [[Crataegus azarolus|Azarolus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 |13 Nov | Garance | [[Rubia|Erythrodanum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 |14 Nov | Orange | [[Aurantium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 |15 Nov | Faisan | [[Phasianus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 |16 Nov | Pistache | [[Pistacia vera|Pistacia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 |17 Nov | Macjonc | [[Lathyrus tuberosus|Lathyrus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 |18 Nov | Coing | [[Cydonia oblonga|Cydonium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 |19 Nov | Cormier | [[Sorbus domestica|Sorbum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 |20 Nov | Rouleau | [[Argostroteras]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Frimarius]]&lt;br /&gt;(21 November – 20 December) | Frimaire commence le 22 novembre.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 |21 Nov | Raiponce | [[Phyteuma]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 |22 Nov | Turneps | [[Rapa (holus)|Rapa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 |23 Nov | Chicorée | [[Cichorium intybus|Cichorium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 |24 Nov | Nèfle | [[Mespilus germanica|Mespilus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 |25 Nov | Cochon | [[Sus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 |26 Nov | Mâche | [[Valerianella locusta|Valerianella]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 |27 Nov | Chou-fleur | [[Cyma]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 |28 Nov | Miel | [[Mel]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 |29 Nov | Genièvre | [[Juniperus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 |30 Nov | Pioche | [[Dolabra]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 |1 Dec | Cire | [[Cera]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 |2 Dec | Raifort | [[Armoracia rusticana|Sinapis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 |3 Dec | Cèdre | [[Cedrus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 |4 Dec | Sapin | [[Abies]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 |5 Dec | Chevreuil | [[Capreolus capreolus|Prox]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 |6 Dec | Ajonc | [[Ulex]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 |7 Dec | Cyprès | [[Cupressus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 |8 Dec | Lierre | [[Hedera]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 |9 Dec | Sabine | [[Juniperus sabina|Arceuthus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 |10 Dec | Hoyau | [[Rastrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 |11 Dec | Érable à sucre | [[Acer saccharum|Mellificus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 |12 Dec | Bruyère | [[Calluna]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 |13 Dec | Roseau | [[Harundo]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 |14 Dec | Oseille | [[Rumex acetosa|Rumex]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 |15 Dec | Grillon | [[Gryllidae|Gryllus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 |16 Dec | Pignon | [[Strobilus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 |17 Dec | Liège | [[Suber]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 |18 Dec | Truffe | [[Tertufulus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 |19 Dec | Olive | [[Olea europaea|Olea]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 |20 Dec | Pelle | [[Pala]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
|}

=== Hiems ===
{|
|-
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Nivosus]]&lt;br /&gt;(21 December – 19 Januarius) | Nivôse commence le 22 décembre.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 | 21 Dec | Tourbe | [[Turfa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 | 22 Dec | Houille | [[Carbo]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 | 23 Dec | Bitume | [[Bitumen]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 | 24 Dec | Soufre | [[Sulphur]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 | 25 Dec | Chien | [[Canis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 | 26 Dec | Lave | [[Lava|Rhyax]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 | 27 Dec | Terre végétale | [[Phytochoma]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 | 28 Dec | Fumier | [[Laetamen]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 | 29 Dec | Salpêtre | [[Nitratum kalii|Sal petrae]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 | 30 Dec | Fléau | [[Tritorium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 | 31 Dec | Granit | [[Granitum (lapis)|Granitum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 | 1 Jan | Argile | [[Argilla]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 | 2 Jan | Ardoise | [[Ardesia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 | 3 Jan | Grès | [[Saxum arenaceum|Cos]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 | 4 Jan | Lapin | [[Cuniculus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 | 5 Jan | Silex | [[Silex]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 | 6 Jan | Marne | [[Marna (petra)|Marna]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 | 7 Jan | Pierre à chaux | [[Calcarea]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 | 8 Jan | Marbre | [[Marmor]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 | 9 Jan | Van | [[Vannus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 | 10 Jan | Pierre à plâtre | [[Gypsum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 | 11 Jan | Sel | [[Sal]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 | 12 Jan | Fer | [[Ferrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 | 13 Jan | Cuivre | [[Cuprum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 | 14 Jan | Chat | [[Feles]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 | 15 Jan | Étain | [[Stannum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 | 16 Jan | Plomb | [[Plumbum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 | 17 Jan | Zinc | [[Zincum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 | 18 Jan | Mercure | [[Hydrargyrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 | 19 Jan | Crible | [[Cribrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Pluviosus]]&lt;br /&gt;(20 Januarius – 18 Februarius) | Pluviôse commence le 21 ou 22 janvier.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 | 20 Jan | Lauréole | [[Daphne laureola|Laureola]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 | 21 Jan | Mousse | [[Bryophyta|Muscus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 | 22 Jan | Fragon | [[Ruscus aculeatus|Ruscus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 | 23 Jan | Perce-neige | [[Galanthus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 | 24 Jan | Taureau | [[Taurus (animal)|Taurus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 | 25 Jan | Laurier-thym | [[Viburnum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 | 26 Jan | Amadouvier | [[Fomes]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 | 27 Jan | Mézéréon | [[Daphne mezereum|Mezereum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 | 28 Jan | Peuplier | [[Populus (genus plantarum)|Populus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 | 29 Jan | Coignée | [[Securis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 | 30 Jan | Ellébore | [[Helleborus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 | 31 Jan | Brocoli | [[Broccoli|Broccolum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 | 1 Feb | Laurier | [[Laurus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 | 2 Feb | Avelinier | [[Corylus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 | 3 Feb | Vache | [[Vacca]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 | 4 Feb | Buis | [[Buxus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 | 5 Feb | Lichen | [[Lichen]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 | 6 Feb | If | [[Taxus (genus)|Taxus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 | 7 Feb | Pulmonaire | [[Pulmonaria]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 | 8 Feb | Serpette | [[Sicilis|Bisbe]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 | 9 Feb | Thlaspi | [[Thlaspi]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 | 10 Feb | Thimelé | [[Daphne cneorum|Cneorum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 | 11 Feb | Chiendent | [[Elymus repens|Agriada]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 | 12 Feb | Trainasse | [[Polygonum aviculare|Polygonum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 | 13 Feb | Lièvre | [[Lepus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 | 14 Feb | Guède | [[Isatis tinctoria|Aluta]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 | 15 Feb | Noisetier | [[Nux avellana|Avellana]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 | 16 Feb | Cyclamen | [[Cyclamen]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 | 17 Feb | Chélidoine | [[Chelidonium majus|Chelidonium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 | 18 Feb | Traîneau | [[Trahea]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Ventosus]]&lt;br /&gt;(19 Februarius – 20 Martius) | Ventôse commence le 20 ou 21 février.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 | 19 Feb | Tussilage | [[Tussilago]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 | 20 Feb | Cornouiller | [[Cornus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 | 21 Feb | Violier | [[Matthiola]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 | 22 Feb | Troène | [[Leucoïum|Leucoium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 | 23 Feb | Bouc | [[Hircus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 | 24 Feb | Asaret | [[Asarum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 | 25 Feb | Alaterne | [[Rhamnus alaternus|Alaternus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 | 26 Feb | Violette | [[Viola (genus plantarum)|Viola]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 | 27 Feb | Marceau | [[Salix caprea]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 | 28 Feb | Bêche | [[Rutrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 | 1 Mar | Narcisse | [[Narcissus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 | 2 Mar | Orme | [[Ulmus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 | 3 Mar | Fumeterre | [[Fumaria officinalis|Fumaria]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 | 4 Mar | Vélar | [[Sisymbrium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 | 5 Mar | Chèvre | [[Capra]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 | 6 Mar | Épinard | [[Spinacia oleracea|Spinacia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 | 7 Mar | Doronic | [[Doronicum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 | 8 Mar | Mouron | [[Anagallis|Masutipos]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 | 9 Mar | Cerfeuil | [[Anthriscus cerefolium|Enthriscum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 | 10 Mar | Cordeau | [[Spacus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 | 11 Mar | Mandragore | [[Mandragora]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 | 12 Mar | Persil | [[Petroselinum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 | 13 Mar | Cochléaria | [[Cochlearia (genus plantarum)|Cochlearia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 | 14 Mar | Pâquerette | [[Bellis perennis|Margarita]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 | 15 Mar | Thon | [[Thunnus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 | 16 Mar | Pissenlit | [[Taraxacum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 | 17 Mar | Sylvie | [[Anemone nemorosa|Anemone]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 | 18 Mar | Capillaire | [[Adiantum capillus-veneris|Capillus Veneris]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 | 19 Mar | Frêne | [[Fraxinus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 | 20 Mar | Plantoir | [[Instrumentum plantandi|Plantatrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
|}

=== Ver ===
{|
|-
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Germinalis]]&lt;br /&gt;(21 Martius – 19 Aprilis) | Germinal commence le 21 ou 22 mars.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 |21 Mar | Primevère | [[Primula vulgaris|Primula]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 |22 Mar | Platane | [[Platanus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 |23 Mar | Asperge | [[Asparagus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 |24 Mar | Tulipe | [[Tulipa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 |25 Mar | Poule | [[Gallina]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 |26 Mar | Bette | [[Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, greges Cicla et Flavescens|Sesculum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 |27 Mar | Bouleau | [[Betula]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 |28 Mar | Jonquille | [[Narcissus|Asphodelus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 |29 Mar | Aulne | [[Alnus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 |30 Mar | Couvoir | [[Incubator]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 |31 Mar | Pervenche | [[Vinca]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 |1 Apr | Charme | [[Carpinus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 |2 Apr | Morille | [[Morchella]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 |3 Apr | Hêtre | [[Fagus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 |4 Apr | Abeille | [[Apis (genus)|Apis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 |5 Apr | Laitue | [[Lactuca]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 |6 Apr | Mélèze | [[Larix]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 |7 Apr | Ciguë | [[Conium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 |8 Apr | Radis | [[Raphanus sativus|Raphanus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 |9 Apr | Ruche | [[Apiarium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 |10 Apr | Gainier | [[Cercis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 |11 Apr | Romaine | [[Lactuca Romana]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 |12 Apr | Marronnier | [[Aesculus hippocastanum|Hippocastanum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 |13 Apr | Roquette | [[Eruca sativa|Eruca]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 |14 Apr | Pigeon | [[Columba (avis)|Columba]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 |15 Apr | Lilas | [[Syringa vulgaris|Paschalia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 |16 Apr | Anémone | [[Anemone nemorosa|Anemone]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 |17 Apr | Pensée | [[Viola|Panses]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 |18 Apr | Myrtille | [[Vaccinium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 |19 Apr | Greffoir | [[Inoculatio|Inoculatrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Florealis]]&lt;br /&gt;(20 Aprilis – 19 Majus) | Floréal commence le 21 avril.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 |20 Apr | Rose | [[Rosa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 |21 Apr | Chêne | [[Quercus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 |22 Apr | Fougère | [[Filix]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 |23 Apr | Aubépine | [[Crataegus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 |24 Apr | Rossignol | [[Luscinia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 |25 Apr | Ancolie | [[Aquilegia vulgaris|Aquilegia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 |26 Apr | Muguet | [[Convallaria majalis|Convallaria]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 |27 Apr | Champignon | [[Agaricus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 |28 Apr | Hyacinthe | [[Hyacinthus (genus plantarum)|Hyacinthus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 |29 Apr | Râteau | [[Pecten (instrumentum)|Pecten]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 |30 Apr | Rhubarbe | [[Rheubarbarum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 |1 May | Sainfoin | [[Onobrychis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 |2 May | Bâton d'or | [[Erysimum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 |3 May | Chamerisier | [[Chamaerops]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 |4 May | Ver à soie | [[Bombyx]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 |5 May | Consoude | [[Symphytum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 |6 May | Pimprenelle | [[Sanguisorba minor|Sanguisorba]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 |7 May | Corbeille d'or | [[Aurinia saxatilis|Aurinia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 |8 May | Arroche | [[Atriplex]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 |9 May | Sarcloir | [[Marra]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 |10 May | Statice | [[Armeria maritima|Armeria]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 |11 May | Fritillaire | [[Fritillaria]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 |12 May | Bourrache | [[Borago]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 |13 May | Valériane | [[Valeriana]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 |14 May | Carpe | [[Cyprinidae|Cyprinus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 |15 May | Fusain | [[Euonymus (genus plantarum)|Euonymus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 |16 May | Civette | [[Allium schoenoprasum|Schoenoprasum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 |17 May | Buglosse | [[Anchusa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 |18 May | Sénevé | [[Sinapis alba|Leucosinapis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 |19 May | Houlette | [[Pedum (ars pastoricia)|Pedum]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Prairialis]]&lt;br /&gt;(20 Majus – 18 Junius) | Prairial commence le 21 mai.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 |20 May | Luzerne | [[Medicago sativa|Medicago]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 |21 May | Hémérocalle | [[Hemerocallis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 |22 May | Trèfle | [[Trifolium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 |23 May | Angélique | [[Angelica archangelica|Angelica]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 |24 May | Canard | [[Anas (avis)|Anas]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 |25 May | Mélisse | [[Melissa officinalis|Melissa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 |26 May | Fromental | [[Arrhenatherum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 |27 May | Martagon | [[Lilium martagon|Martagon]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 |28 May | Serpolet | [[Thymus serpyllum|Serpullum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 |29 May | Faux | [[Falx fenatoria|Falx]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 |30 May | Fraise | [[Fragaria × ananassa|Fragaria]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 |31 May | Bétoine | [[Stachys]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 |1 Jun | Pois | [[Pisum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 |2 Jun | Acacia | [[Acacia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 |3 Jun | Caille | [[Coturnix]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 |4 Jun | Œillet | [[Dianthus caryophyllus|Caryophyllus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 |5 Jun | Sureau | [[Sambucus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 |6 Jun | Pavot | [[Papaver rhoeas|Papaver]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 |7 Jun | Tilleul | [[Tilia cordata|Tilia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 |8 Jun | Fourche | [[Furca]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 |9 Jun | Barbeau | [[Centaurea cyanus|Cyanus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 |10 Jun | Camomille | [[Chamaemelum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 |11 Jun | Chèvrefeuille | [[Lonicera]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 |12 Jun | Caille-lait | [[Galium album|Galium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 |13 Jun | Tanche | [[Tinca tinca|Tinca]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 |14 Jun | Jasmin | [[Jasminum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 |15 Jun | Verveine | [[Verbena]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 |16 Jun | Thym | [[Thymus (planta)|Thymus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 |17 Jun | Pivoine | [[Paeonia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 |18 Jun | Chariot | [[Currus|Currulus]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
|}

=== Aestas ===
{|
|-
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Messidorus]]&lt;br /&gt;(19 Junius – 18 Julius) | Messidor commence le 21 ou 22 juin.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 |19 Jun | Seigle | [[Secale]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 |20 Jun | Avoine | [[Avena]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 |21 Jun | Oignon | [[Cepa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 |22 Jun | Véronique | [[Veronica (planta)|Veronica]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 |23 Jun | Mulet | [[Mulus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 |24 Jun | Romarin | [[Rosmarinus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 |25 Jun | Concombre | [[Cucumis sativus|Cucumis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 |26 Jun | Échalote | [[Allium ascalonicum|Ascalonicum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 |27 Jun | Absinthe | [[Artemisia absinthium|Absinthium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 |28 Jun | Faucille | [[Falx]] messoria }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 |29 Jun | Coriandre | [[Coriandrum sativum|Coriandrum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 |30 Jun | Artichaut | [[Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus|Articactus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 |1 Jul | Girofle | [[Syzygium aromaticum|Syzygium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 |2 Jul | Lavande | [[Lavandula]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 |3 Jul | Chamois | [[Ibex]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 |4 Jul | Tabac | [[Tabacum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 |5 Jul | Groseille | [[Ribes rubrum|Ribes]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 |6 Jul | Gesse | [[Lathyrus hirsutus|Lathyrus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 |7 Jul | Cerise | [[Cerasus (pomum)|Cerasus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 |8 Jul | Parc | [[Vivarium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 |9 Jul | Menthe | [[Mentha]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 |10 Jul | Cumin | [[Cuminum cyminum|Cuminum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 |11 Jul | Haricot | [[Faba]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 |12 Jul | Orcanète | [[Alchanna]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 |13 Jul | Pintade | [[Numididae|Numida]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 |14 Jul | Sauge | [[Salvia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 |15 Jul | Ail | [[Allium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 |16 Jul | Vesce | [[Vicia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 |17 Jul | Blé | [[Triticum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 |18 Jul | Chalémie | [[Calamaula]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Thermidorus]]&lt;br /&gt;(19 Julius – 17 Augustus) | Thermidor commence le 20 ou 21 juillet.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 |19 Jul | Épeautre | [[Spelta]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 |20 Jul | Bouillon blanc | [[Verbascum thapsus|Verbascum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 |21 Jul | Melon | [[Cucumis melo|Melo]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 |22 Jul | Ivraie | [[Lolium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 |23 Jul | Bélier | [[Aries]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 |24 Jul | Prêle | [[Equisetum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 |25 Jul | Armoise | [[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 |26 Jul | Carthame | [[Carthamus tinctorius|Carthamus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 |27 Jul | Mûre | [[Rubus (fructus)|Rubus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 |28 Jul | Arrosoir | [[Nasiterna]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 |29 Jul | Panic | [[Setaria italica|Setaria]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 |30 Jul | Salicorne | [[Sarcocornia]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 |31 Jul | Abricot | [[Prunum armeniacum|Armeniacum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 |1 Aug | Basilic | [[Basilicum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 |2 Aug | Brebis | [[Ovis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 |3 Aug | Guimauve | [[Althaea officinalis|Althaea]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 |4 Aug | Lin | [[Linum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 |5 Aug | Amande | [[Prunus dulcis|Amygdala]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 |6 Aug | Gentiane | [[Gentiana]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 |7 Aug | Écluse | [[Cataracta]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 |8 Aug | Carline | [[Carlina vulgaris|Carlina]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 |9 Aug | Câprier | [[Capparis spinosa|Capparis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 |10 Aug | Lentille | [[Lens culinaris|Lens]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 |11 Aug | Aunée | [[Inula]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 |12 Aug | Loutre | [[Lutra]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 |13 Aug | Myrte | [[Myrtus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 |14 Aug | Colza | [[Bunias]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 |15 Aug | Lupin | [[Lupinus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 |16 Aug | Coton | [[Xylon]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 |17 Aug | Moulin | [[Ventimola]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
{{FrRepCalHead | [[Fructidorus]]&lt;br /&gt;(18 Augustus – 16 September) | Fructidor commence le 21 ou 22 août.jpg }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 1 |18 Aug | Prune | [[Prunum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 2 |19 Aug | Millet | [[Milium]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 3 |20 Aug | Lycoperdon | [[Pezis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 4 |21 Aug | Escourgeon | [[Hordeum vulgare|Hexastichon]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 5 |22 Aug | Saumon | [[Salmo]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 6 |23 Aug | Tubéreuse | [[Agave amica|Agave]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 7 |24 Aug | Sucrion | [[Hordeum vulgare|Sucrion]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 8 |25 Aug | Apocyn | [[Apocynum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 9 |26 Aug | Réglisse | [[Glycyrrhiza]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 10 |27 Aug | Échelle | [[Scalae]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 11 |28 Aug | Pastèque | [[Citrullus lanatus|Citrullus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 12 |29 Aug | Fenouil | [[Foeniculum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 13 |30 Aug | Épine vinette | [[Berberis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 14 |31 Aug | Noix | [[Iuglans (nux)|Iuglans]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 15 |1 Sep | Truite | [[Tructa]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 16 |2 Sep | Citron | [[Limon]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 17 |3 Sep | Cardère | [[Dipsacus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 18 |4 Sep | Nerprun | [[Rhamnus (genus)|Rhamnus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 19 |5 Sep | Tagette | [[Tagetes]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 20 |6 Sep | Hotte | [[Corbis]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 21 |7 Sep | Églantier | [[Rosa canina|Cynorrhodum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 22 |8 Sep | Noisette | [[Nux avellana]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 23 |9 Sep | Houblon | [[Humulus lupulus|Lupulus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 24 |10 Sep | Sorgho | [[Sorghum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 25 |11 Sep | Écrevisse | [[Astacorum genus|Astacum]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 26 |12 Sep | Bigarade | [[Aurantium|Citrangulus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 27 |13 Sep | Verge d'or | [[Chrysorhabdus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 28 |14 Sep | Maïs | [[Zea mays|Zea]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 29 |15 Sep | Marron | [[Castanea sativa|Diosbalanus]] }}
{{FrRepCalLine | 30 |16 Sep | Panier | [[Panarium]] }}
{{FrRepCalFoot}}
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|French Republican Calendar|Calendarium republicanum Francicum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190416221312/https://calendrier-republicain.vria.eu/index.html Situs qui dies calendarii Gregoriani in dies calendarii Republicani convertit.]
* [http://geneom.free.fr/gomol/CalendFr.html#ancdeb &quot;Convertisseur de Calendriers.&quot;]
{{Vicifons|fr:Décret de la Convention nationale portant sur la création du calendrier républicain|Decretum Conventus nationalis calendarii republicani creandi}}

{{Calendaria-aerae}}
[[Categoria:Calendarium Republicanum Francicum|!]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Luna Messis: Pompa Animalium</title>
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    <id>280090</id>
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      <id>3993106</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T21:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <text bytes="3318" sha1="hxz27cvbf1kdc0pkptn1p02imk1rgyb" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina non annexa}}
{{titulus italicus}}
'''''Luna Messis: Pompa Animalium''''' ([[Lingua Iaponica|Iaponice]]: 牧場物語わくわくアニマルマーチ Bokujō Monogatari: Waku Waku Animaru Māchi) est ludus personae lusae arandi simulationis Delectatione Mirabili qui [[Wii|Wio]] systemati [[Nintendo|Nintendonis]] solum laxatus est. Ludus secundus factus Wio in serie est, atque personas easdem habet quas Luna Messis: Arbor Tranquillitatis habet. Is animalia multa offert, quae luscor vehantur, etiam animalia ex circo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bokumono.com/series/wakuwaku/animals/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

''Luna Messis: Pompa Animalium'' etiam ludus postremus in serie est qui creatore seriei, Yasuhiro Wadā, factus est.

== Fabula ==
Cum luscor in insulā Castanetis adveniunt, videt arborem divinam quae quondam in medio lacus Deae Messis sustinuit infirmari incepisse, animalia ex insulā deserere incepisse, et tintinnabula quinque potestatem eorum amisisse. Solum potentia Regis Messis terram resuscitet ut arbor iterum vivat, sed inveniri non potest. Tintinnabula quinque luscori resonanda sunt ut luscor Regem Messis ad insulam referat atque Arborem Deae resuscitet, dum simul praedium magnum tractat. Reditus luscori crescendi vendendique sunt ut luscor pecuniam faciat res emptum atque villam eius ornatum. Reditus multi seri possunt, quales fabae, [[Solanum lycopersicum|lycopersica]], [[Patata|patatae]], et plus magis.

== Animalia ==
Cum animalia nonnulla ex Luna Messis: Arbor Tranquillitatis reveniant, pagina publica interretialis describit ludum similem circum sentiri. Animalia divisa in quattuor genera sunt: ex circo, iumenta, gallinacea, et deliciae. Tamen animalia ex circo sicut deliciae pasci non possunt. Iterum, equi animalia sola non sunt quae vehere possunt. Si luscor saltem corda quinque cum animali quo praedii habet (praeter pullos, [[Anas (avis)|anates]], et bombyces), eo vehatur. Omnia animalium quae vehere possunt celeritates diversas ambulandi currendique habent. Equi et struthiocameli celerrimi sunt, deinde [[Ovis aries|oves]] et [[Capra|caprae]], postremo [[Bos taurus|vaccae]]. Si planitiem altiorem cordium habent, celerius currunt. Animalia (praeter [[Struthio|struthiocamelos]], anates, pullos, et bombyces) colorum diversorum esse possunt. Vaccae [[spadiceus|spadices]], nigrae, aut candidae nigraeque sint. Equi candidi, spadices, cinerei, aut nigri sint. Oves et caprae aut candidae aut nigrae sint.

Velut in ludis prioribus fecerunt, vaccae capraeque [[lac]], [[Caseus|caseum]], et butyrum faciunt. Pulli, struthiocameli, et anates ova et [[embamma Magonicum]] faciunt. Etiam, oves, quae lanam solum faciebant, nunc lac, caseum, et [[butyrum]] faciunt. Bombyces, quae in Arbore Tranquillitas introductae sunt, globulos [[Linum xylinum|bombycinos]] faciunt, quos in navem imponantur, aut ad filum vertuntur tum in navem imponuntur. Luscor animalia iuvenes ab Hannā emere potest, quales equulos vitulosque, etiam formas adultas animalium horum emat, sed ea cariores sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==

* [https://www.bokumono.com/series/wakuwaku/ Pagina publica interretialis (Iaponice)]
* [http://www.natsume.com/current_game/games/harvest_moon_ap/ Pagina publica interretialis (Anglice)]

[[Categoria:Ludi electronici]]
[[Categoria:Series lusoriae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tiébilé Dramé</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="1863" sha1="hdtl0urh6enotqyfyq7xy1hulm3pox8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Tiébilé Dramé}} ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nioro (Malia)|Nioro|en|qid=Q614243}} in urbe natus die [[9 Iunii]] [[1955]] et mortuus est die [[12 Augusti]] [[2025]]) fuit politicus [[Malia]]e.

Alumnus est [[Schola Normalis Superior (Bamako)|scholae normalis superioris]] urbis [[Bamako]] et [[universitas Parisiensis|universitatis Parisiensis I]]. Apud [[Amnestia Internationalis|Amnestiam Internationalem]] ab anno [[1988]] operam dedit. Bis iuxta [[Nationes Unitae|Nationes Unitas]] de iuribus humanis missus est, videlicet in [[Burundia]]m anno [[1995]], in [[Madagascaria]]m anno [[2009]].

Ab anno [[1991]], in patriam nuper reditus, minister a rebus externis usque in annum insequentem meruit. Factionis [[PARENA]] (scil. &quot;partes renascentiae nationalis&quot;) cum aliis anno [[1995]] condidit et ab [[1999]] praeses fuit. [[Conventus Nationalis (Malia)|Conventui nationali]] legatus est ab [[1997]] pro urbi natali. Praesidatum patriae bis petivit comitiis [[2002]] et [[2007]]. Die [[5 Maii]] [[2019]] iterum minister a rebus externis factus est, primo ministro [[Boubou Cissé]].

== Bibliographia ==
* Aïssatou Diallo, &quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/735883/politique/mali-tiebile-drame-denonce-les-politiques-hasardeuses-du-gouvernement-dans-le-centre/ Mali : Tiébilé Dramé dénonce les « politiques hasardeuses » du gouvernement dans le centre]&quot; in ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' (15 Februarii 2019)

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://www.rulers.org/2019-05.html Rulers.org]'' (Maio 2019)

{{Ministri rerum externarum Malienses}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drame, Tiebile}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1955]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2025]]
[[Categoria:Politici Maliae]]
[[Categoria:Ministri rerum externarum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni universitatum et scholarum Parisiensium]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Bamako)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Puggle</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>/* Descriptio */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5134" sha1="s8awoveccmo4wtotkqz7bghmby2rsin" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Puggle13yearsold.jpg|thumb|Commodi sunt puggle et multa eis facienda sunt, si cibus offertur ]]
[[File:Pugglethis.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pugglethis.JPG|thumb|Puggle iuvenis]]
[[File:Yuzu_the_dog.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuzu_the_dog.jpg|thumb|Puggle senex]]
[[File:Puggle_image_boo_and_weezy_.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puggle_image_boo_and_weezy_.jpg|thumb|Puggle amorem otii ab patribus carlinis suis concipiunt; his duobus in luce solis iacere placet. ]]
[[File:Puggle_8_years_old.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puggle_8_years_old.jpg|thumb|Puggle qui octo annos tenet; nasus saepe albus fit cum stirps iunior sit. ]]
'''Puggle''' est nomen Anglicum [[Seminium|generis cuiusdam]] canis. Puggle est [[canis]] miscellus, ab confusione [[Beagle|Beaglis]] Carlinique stirpium ortus. Appellatio ''puggle'' est synthesis [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] duorum fontium, momen vulgare quod frequentius de foetura canium &quot;designer&quot; (de proposito destinato).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/dogs-101/videos/designer-dogs.htm|title=Dogs 101 - Designer Dogs|date=30 May 2012|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia Stirpis ==
Origo definitus huius stirpis adamussim cognosci non potest quia non agnoscitur veluti stirps pura, qua de causa numquam conscribitur. Creduntur primi puggle in [[Visconsinia|civitate Visconsinia]] aliquando per 1980 decadem orti sunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Modern Kennel Conundrum|page=1|publisher=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/magazine/04dogs.t.html?pagewanted=1&amp;_r=0&amp;ei=5124&amp;en=afbd882fd9c20509&amp;ex=1329454800&amp;partner=permalink&amp;exprod=permalink|accessdate=5 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;; quidam saltem canicularius stirpem auctoritate de canibus miscellis detulit, etsi idem imprimis non consevisset. Usque ad [[2000|annum 2000]] puggle favorabiles facti erant, multis ac claris hominibus stirpem adoptantibus. Amoenitas puggle saepe describitur sicut diversa distinctave cum aliis stirpibus componatur.

== Descriptio ==
Puggle sunt opportuni ceu canes familiares, quibus placet prope [[Liberi|liberos]] esse atque amantissimi crebo videntur. Characteristica beaglium non modo habent quae eos adnuunt ad olefaciendum et saliendum, sed etiam ea carlinorum quae inclinant ad affectum et convictionem. Pondus eorum inter 14 et 40 [[Libra (pondus)|libras]] Anglicas habent cum adulti sint; proceritatem inter 8 et 15 [[Uncia (mensura longitudinis)|uncias]]. Varii [[Color|colores]] eis sunt, parentibus suis multas circumlitiones possidentibus; frequentissimi sunt [[Cervinus|cervinus]], [[Spadiceus|spadix]], [[Niger (color)|niger]]. Mixti colores saepe non inveniuntur. Quondam [[nasus]] ei est longus, quondam brevis; portentibilius non fit. Temperamentum pugglorum generaliter confundit naturam beaglis activam et curiosam quacum carlini sociosam et placidam, quorum characteristicorum mixtura physiographica stirpem iucundam familiaritati opportunam prodit, cui exercitii minoris necessitas est et inclinatio ad proximitatem. Naturaliter sitiunt frequentius dum temperaturam corporalem calidiorem habent, praesertim cum nasus brevis habeatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;dd2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://designerdoginfo.wordpress.com/designer-breeds/puggle/|title=Designer Dog Information|work=Puggle Information|accessdate=2013-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salus et Valetudo ==
Inter 10 et 15 annos naturaliter vivunt puggle. De [[Salus|salute]] eorum, fieri potest ut et beagles et carlini prolapsos [[Oculus|oculares]] habeant, ergo et puggle; gravius autem est factu potest ut hereditent atrophum [[Retina (anatomia)|retinalem]] progressivum ab patribus suis, canicularii igitur honesti hoc de [[Morbus|morbo]] exploraturi sunt. Dysplasiae [[Coxa|coxalis]] item stirpem piget. 

Puggle qui longiores nasos possident sicut beagles pauciora problemata de [[Pulmo|spirando]] habent, sed fieri potest ut quiquam puggle affligatur infirmitatibus spirandi carlinorum, qui de brachycephalia bene cognoscantur. Disordinatus puggles afficiens est &quot;sternumentum conversum&quot;, quod est formidulosum saepe dominis pugglorum sed noxium non est.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vetinfo.com/drevsnz.html#Paroxysmal%20respiration,%20or%20reverse%20sneezing,%20and&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nexus Interni ==
* [[Animal dilectum]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

=== Bibliographia ===
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Norma Bennet|date=2007|title=Hot Dogs: Fourteen of the Top Designer Dogs|chapter=Chapter 12: The Puggle|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hotdogsfourteeno0000benn/page/98|url=https://archive.org/details/hotdogsfourteeno0000benn/|location=Hauppauge Novi Eboraci|publisher=B.E.S. Publishing|pages=98–103|isbn=978-0-7641-3512-5|accessdate=2019-12-13}}
* {{cite book|last=Hall|first=Derek|date=2016|title=The Ultimate Guide To Dog Breeds: A Useful Means of Identifying the Dog Breeds of the World and how to Care for Them|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLCTDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA435|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Chartwell Books|page=435|isbn=978-0-7858-3441-0|accessdate=2019-12-13}}

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Puggle|puggle}}
[[Categoria:Varietates canum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sicbeis</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="14418" sha1="knw7f1nwzt84t2p0txa9efzadlqzjlg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Recco Sardines and onions.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Cepae et pisces (hic [[sarda pilchardus|sardinae]]): principales sicbeis taliumque ferculorum [[impensa]]e (aceto omisso) ab [[Iosephus Recco|Iosepho Recco]] medio saeculo XVII picta]]
{{res|Sicbeis}}&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Iamboninus}}; {{qc|id=Martellotti (2001)}} pp. 315-317&lt;/ref&gt; (conversio Latina nominis [[Arabice|Arabici]] {{scriptura|lingua=ar|السكباج}} ''al-sikbāj'') est ferculum in textibus Arabicis a saeculo X celebratum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warrāq&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Warrāq}}&lt;/ref&gt; Id nomen ultimam originem suam [[lingua Persica|Persicam]] esse reclamat, qua lingua mediaevali ''sik'' &quot;acetum&quot; et ''bāg'' &quot;decoctum&quot; significabant.&lt;ref&gt;Charles Perry in Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001) pp. 259, 490&lt;/ref&gt; Ex Arabico derivantur nomina ferculorum in [[Europa]] mediaevali paratorum, videlicet Latinum '''[[scapeta]]''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Liber&quot;&gt;&quot;De scapeta piscium: ad scabetiam, recipe ...&quot;: {{qc|id=Liber de coquina}} [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/mul2-lib.htm IV.2]&lt;/ref&gt; [[lingua Catalana|Catalanum]] ''escabeig''&lt;ref name=&quot;Sent soví&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Sent soví}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Hispanicum ''escabeche'', [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallicum]] medium ''espinbesche'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Mesnagier&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Mesnagier}} 2.4.43, 2.5.134; Andrew Smith in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Fish: food from the waters'' (Totnes, 1998) {{Google Books|mPS0tH02IDUC|p. 304 note 8}}; {{qc|id=Plouvier (2014)}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[lingua Occitana|Occitanum]] ''scabeg''&lt;ref name=&quot;Modus&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Modus}} no. 20; Carole Lambert, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/amime_0758-7708_1997_num_15_1_1331 La cuisine occitane à partir d'un réceptaire culinaire languedocien et de sources annexes]&quot; in ''Archéologie du Midi Médiéval'' no. 15-16 (1997) p. 297.&lt;/ref&gt; (cf. Arabicum [[Algerium|Algeriense]] ''skabetch'') verbaque [[lingua Italiana|Italiana]] regionalia inter quae ''scabbeci'' in [[Sicilia]].&lt;ref&gt;Luigi Milanesi, ''Dizionario Etimologico della Lingua Siciliana'' (Mnamon, 2015) {{Google Books|-3fCCgAAQBAJ|s.vv. scabbeci, scapeçi}}. Clifford Wright, ''The Little Foods of the Mediterranean'' (Cantabrigiae Mass.: Harvard Common Press, 2003) {{Google Books|x3t2IJeFIh8C|pp. 451-452}} (&quot;mulinciana a schibecci&quot; et &quot;cucuzzeddi fritti cu schibecci&quot;, paropsides duae de melongena fricta e sicbeis)&lt;/ref&gt; Methodus autem, multo antiquior quam ea mediaevalia nomina, iam apud ''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria|Apicium]]'' brevissime descripta est: &quot;Ut pisces fricti diu durent: Eodem momento quo friguntur et levantur ab aceto calido perfunduntur.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria]]'' [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/apicius/apicius1.shtml 1.9.1]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Liber de coquina BNF Latin 7131 f 98v Scapeta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''[[Liber de coquina|Liber de coquina ubi diversitates ciborum docentur]]'': ''De [[scapeta]] piscium'': praeceptum Latinum anno fere 1309 scriptum ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS Latin 7131 f. 98v]]
Sicbeis vel ''sikbāj'', fide [[Baghdādī]] auctorisque anonymi ''[[Descriptio ciborum communiorum|Kitāb waṣf al-ʿaṭima al-muʿtada]]'', coqui hoc modo saeculis XIII et XIV confecerunt. Carnem satis adiposam in offas praecisam ex aqua elixaverunt; eximierunt; [[cinnamum|cinnamomo]] et [[coriandrum|coriandro]] leviter condierunt. [[ius suffrictum|Ius]] e [[allium cepa|cepis]], [[allium porrum|porris]], [[daucus carota|carotis]], [[solanum melongena|melongenis]] praecoctum super carnem infuserunt; rursus coxerunt. Cui iam partim coctae mixturam [[acetum|aceti]] et suci [[Phoenix dactylifera|dactylorum]] superfuserunt, [[safranum|safrano]] tinxerunt. Ferculum iam coctum prope ignem posuerunt, concisis et inspersis [[amygdalum|amygdalis]], [[uva|uvis]] siccis, [[ficus|ficis]] siccis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baghdadi&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Baghdadi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Thesaurus}} (vide {{qc|id=Zaouali (2009)}} pp. 77-78); {{qc|id=Kitāb waṣf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Robert de Nola, Libre del coch, 1520, f 50r detail, Bon escabeix.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Praeceptorum impressorum omnium antiquissimum, [[Catalane]] scriptum. ''Bon escabe[i]x'' (&quot;sicbeis bonum&quot;): [[Robertus de Nola]], ''[[Libre del coch|Libre de doctrina per a ben servir, de tallar, y del art de coch]]'' (Barcinone, 1520) f. 50r]]
Saepe ergo a principio praecepta sicbeidis carnes animalium plurium postulaverunt. Semel apud thesaurum ''[[Thesaurus beneficiorum mensaeque varietatum|Kanz al-fawāʾid fī tanwīʿ al-mawāʾid]]'', saeculo XIII vel XIV in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] scripto, non pluralitas carnis sed vervecina tanta praecepta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thesaurus piscis&quot; /&gt;

Nautae nihilominus regionumque littoralium incolae sicbeis de cibo marino sine dubio cognoscebant. Scriptor enim qui &quot;Buzurg ibn Shahriyār&quot; appellatur, libri ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Liber mirabilium Indiae|Kitāb ʿajāyib al-Hind|fr|qid=Q3257246}}'' de mirabilibus Indiae rebus auctor, iam saeculo X exeunte sicbeis ferculum praecipuum de piscibus factum suggessit.&lt;!--  a Jewish merchant, Isaac bin Yehuda, returns to Oman with a gift for the ruler: a beautiful black porcelain vase. &quot;I have brought you a dish of sikbāj from China&quot;, said Isaac, and opened the vase to show it was full of fish made out of gold, with ruby eyes, surrounded by musk of the first quality. --&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Liber mirabilium Indiae|Kitāb ʿajāyib al-Hind|fr|qid=Q3257246}}'' cap. 58; {{qc|id=Jurafsky (2009)}}, {{qc|id=Jurafsky (2014)}}.|2=Q3257246}} Unum praeceptum in illo thesauro repertum, methodo omnium simplicissima adhibita, non carnes sed pisces mandavit: quo praecepto recipiuntur piscis recens, acetum, [[mel]], tritura ''[[ʿaṭrāf al-ṯīb]]'', [[piper]], [[allium cepa|cepa]], [[safranum]], [[oleum sesaminum]], [[farina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Thesaurus piscis&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Thesaurus}}; {{qc|id=Waines (2003)}} p. 575; {{qc|id=Jurafsky (2009)}}, {{qc|id=Jurafsky (2014)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaouali (2009)&quot; /&gt; Si sicbeis de piscibus epulum gentium maritimarum fuerit, facilius intellegitur cur sicbeis praecipue de piscibus ad populos [[mare Mediterraneum|mediterraneos]] occidentalioribus transmissum est. Eisdem enim saeculis scripta sunt prima recepta Europaea huius ferculi, omnia de piscibus composita (videlicet Latinum fortasse apud aulam Neapolitanam,&lt;ref name=&quot;Liber&quot; /&gt; Catalanum aut ibidem aut in [[Hispania]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Sent soví&quot; /&gt; Occitanum fortasse [[Monspessulanus|Montispessulani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Modus&quot; /&gt; Francogallicum [[Lutetia]]e elaboratum),&lt;ref name=&quot;Mesnagier&quot; /&gt; e quibus provenit traditio [[scapeta]]e Europaeae et Americanae.

Sicbeis inter celeberrima fercula a populis Arabice loquentibus semper habebatur. Auctor de hoc ferculo antiquissimus, videlicet [[Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq]] saeculo X scribens, eas res mandans, ad praecepta sua culinaria fabulam praefixit de fama antiqua sicbeidis: [[Chosroes I|Chosroem I]] regem [[Persia|Persarum]] saeculi VI omnibus suis coquis praeparationem ferculi, quod ipsi maxime delectavissent, mandavisse; omnes, separatim laborantes, idem ferculum, videlicet sicbeis, proposuisse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warrāq&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Waines (2003)}} p. 572; {{qc|id=Perry (1999)}} pp. 134-135&lt;/ref&gt; Idem auctor calipham saeculi IX [[Amine]] ([[Aaron (calipha)|Aaronis Rascidi]] filium), sicbeis deliciarum plenum fruentem, aequale ferculis triginta proclamavisse refert.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warrāq&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Perry (1999)}} p. 134&lt;/ref&gt; Anecdota etiam recitantur de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ibrāḥīm ibn al-Mahdī||en|qid=Q1959106}} ganeone ([[Aaron (calipha)|Aaronis Rascidi]] fratre ex alia matre)&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaouali (2009)&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Zaouali (2009)}} pp. 38-40&lt;/ref&gt; et de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|al-Mutawakkil||en|qid=Q220789}}, calipha paulo recentiore, ambobus sicbeis amatoribus.{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Masʿūdī||en|qid=Q168705}}, ''[[Prata aurea|Murūj aḏ-Ḏahab wa-Maʿādin al-Jawhar]]''.|2=Q168705}}&lt;!-- The story is told that Caliph al-Mutawakkil (9th century CE) was once sitting with his courtiers and singers on a terrace overlooking one of the canals of Baghdad when he smelled a delicious sikbāj stew cooking on a nearby ship. The Caliph ordered the pot to be brought to him, and enjoyed the sikbāj so much that he returned the pot to the sailor filled with money. --&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Waines (2003)}} pp. 572, 575.&lt;/ref&gt; Sicbeis saepe in fabulis ''[[Mille et una noctes|Mille noctium et unius]]'' refertur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Perry (1999)}} pp. 134-135, 138.&lt;/ref&gt; Ex alio fonte Lilia Zaouali fabulam de arte coquinaria narrat quae sicbeide sicut exemplo utitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warrāq&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Zaouali (2009)}} pp. 3-4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Historica et etymologica
* {{ec|id=van Gelder (2000)|c=Geert Jan van Gelder, ''God's Banquet'' (Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press, 2000) p. 51 et passim}}
* {{ec|id=Jurafsky (2014)|c=Dan Jurafsky, ''The Language of Food''. Novi Eboraci: Norton, 2014 {{Google Books|7BF0AwAAQBAJ|quaere &quot;sik&quot;}} }}
* {{ec|id=Martellotti (2001)|c=Anna Martellotti, ''Il &quot;Liber de ferculis&quot; di Giambonino da Cremona: la gastronomia araba in Occidente nella trattatistica dietetica''. Fasano: Schena, 2001}}
* {{ec|id=Perry (1999)|c=Charles Perry, &quot;The Food of the 'Arabian Nights'&quot; in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Food in the Arts'' (Totnes, 1999) {{Google Books|H0iEWo-WJ40C|pp. 134-139}}; reimpressum titulo &quot;A Thousand and One Fritters&quot; in Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] pp. 489-496}}
* {{ec|id=Waines (2003)|c=David Waines, &quot;'Luxury Foods' in Medieval Islamic Societies&quot; in ''World Archaeology'' vol. 34 (2003) pp. 571-580 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3560205 JSTOR]}}
* {{ec|id=Zaouali (2009)|c=Lilia Zaouali, ''Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World''. Berkeleiae, 2009 {{Google Books|H7MwDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}}}

; Praecepta culinaria
* saec. X : {{ec|id=Warrāq|c=Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq, ''[[Liber coquinarius (Warrāq)|Kitāb al-ṭabīḫ]]'' (Kaj Öhrnberg, Sahban Mroueh, edd., ''Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq: Kitāb al-ṭabīkh'' [Helsingiae: Finnish Oriental Society, 1987] pp. 127-132; Nawal Nasrallah, interpr., ''Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook'' [Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2007] cap. 49, pp. 248-255 {{Google Books|sQCwCQAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}})}}
* 1226 : {{ec|id=Baghdadi|c=[[Baghdādī]], ''[[Liber coquinarius Bagdatensis|Kitāb al-ṭabīḫ]]'' (Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] p. 40) (&quot;sikbāj&quot;)}}
* saec. XIII : ''Kitāb al-ṭabīḫ fī'l-Maǧrīb wa'l-Andalūs'' (A. Huici Miranda, ed., ''La cocina Hispano-Magrebi en la España almohade'' [Matriti, 1965]; Charles Perry, interpr., ''An Anonymous Andalusian Cookbook of the 13th Century'')
* saec. XIII exeunte : {{ec|id=Iamboninus|c=[[Iamboninus Cremonensis]], ''[[Liber de ferculis|Liber de ferculis et condimentis]]'' (&quot;sicbeis&quot;)}}
* saec. XIV? : {{ec|id=Kitāb waṣf|c=''[[Descriptio ciborum communiorum|Kitāb waṣf al-ʿaṭima al-muʿtada]]'' (Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] p. 305, cf. 446) (&quot;al-sikbāj&quot;) }}
* saec. XIV : {{ec|id=Thesaurus|c=''[[Thesaurus beneficiorum mensaeque varietatum|Kanz al-fawāʾid fī tanwīʿ al-mawāʾid]]'' (Manuela Marin, David Waines, edd. [Stutgardiae: Steiner, 1993]; Nawal Nasrallah, interpr., ''Treasure Trove of Benefits and Variety at the Table'' [Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2018] pp. 132, 154, 195, 201)}}
* saec. XIV : {{ec|id=Sent soví|c=''[[Llibre de sent soví]]'' (Joan Santanach i Suñol, ed., Robin M. Vogelzang, interpr., ''The book of Sent Soví: medieval recipes from Catalonia'' [2008] pp. 68-69, no. xiii) (&quot;escabeig a peix frit&quot;)}}
* 1300/1309 : {{ec|id=Liber de coquina|c=''[[Liber de coquina|Liber de coquina ubi diversitates ciborum docentur]]'' (Marianne Mulon, &quot;Deux traités inédits d'art culinaire médiéval&quot; in ''Bulletin philologique et historique (jusqu'à 1610) du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques'' [1968 (1971)] vol. 1 pp. 369-435) [http://www.uni-giessen.de/gloning/tx/mul2-lib.htm Textus]}}
* ante 1390 : {{ec|id=Modus|c=''[[Modus viaticorum preparandorum et salsarum]]'' (&quot;scabeg&quot;)}}
* c. 1393 : {{ec|id=Mesnagier|c=''[[Le Mesnagier de Paris]]'' (Jérôme Pichon, ed., ''Le ménagier de Paris ... par un bourgeois parisien'' (Lutetiae, 1846-1847) [https://archive.org/details/lemnagierdepari01renagoog/page/n111/mode/2up vol. 2 pp. 100], [https://archive.org/details/lemnagierdepari01renagoog/page/n185/mode/2up 175] (&quot;espinbesche&quot;)}}
* 2009 : Lilia Zaouali, ''Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World'' (Berkeleiae, 2009) p. 77 (&quot;sikbāj with eggplant&quot;) {{Google Books|H7MwDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* 2013 : Habeeb Salloum et al., ''Scheherazade's Feasts: Foods of the Medieval Arab World'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) p. 123 (&quot;samak al-sikbāj&quot;) {{Google Books|3-UvrmTZfqQC|Paginae selectae}}

== Nexus externi ==
; Historica
* {{ec|id=Jurafsky (2009)|c=Dan Jurafsky, &quot;[http://languageoffood.blogspot.com/2009/11/ceviche-and-fish-chips.html Ceviche and Fish &amp; Chips]'' (2009) apud ''The Language of Food'' }}
* Marie Josèphe Moncorgé, Liliane Plouvier, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184302/https://www.oldcook.com/histoire-escabeche Le merveilleux voyage de l'escabèche]&quot; apud ''OldCook''
* {{ec|id=Plouvier (2014)|c=Liliane Plouvier, &quot;[https://www.bibliothequesgourmandes.com/2014/06/01/les-péripéties-de-l-escabèche/ Les péripéties de l'escabèche]&quot; (2014) apud ''Bibliothèques gourmandes''}}

; Praecepta
* &quot;[http://roseandcook.canalblog.com/archives/2014/08/26/30465902.html Sardines à l'escabèche {recette pied-noir de famille}]&quot; apud ''Rose &amp; Cook''
* &quot;[http://focus-algerie.blogg.org/skabetch-un-met-succulent-et-facile-a-preparer-a116340952 Skabetch: un met succulent et facile à préparer]&quot; apud ''Focus Algerie''

[[Categoria:Fercula e carnibus]]
[[Categoria:Fercula e piscibus]]
[[Categoria:Fercula generis sicbeis]]
[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria mediaevalis Arabica]]
[[Categoria:Verba Arabica mutuata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Prudnicium</title>
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      <text bytes="975" sha1="7h5qf8z8z4vxz8zwk3pvj3ixmjbh7ho" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Prudnicium''' ([[Lingua Polonica|Polonice]]: ''[[:pl:Prudnik|Prudnik]]'', [[Lingua Silesica|Silesice]] ''Prudnik, Prōmnik'',&lt;ref&gt;Olesch, Reinhold (1958). Der Wortschatz der polnischen Mundart von Sankt Annaberg. Wiesbaden: Kommission bei Otto Harrassowitz.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Neustadt O.S.'') est urbs in [[Polonia]]. Sita est ad flumen Prudnik in [[regio]]ne [[antiquitas|antiquitus]] [[Silesia]] appellata, in [[palatinatus Opoliensis|palatinatu Opoliensi]] hodierno.

== Coniunctiones communium ==
* [[Northemium]] {{Formula:GermaniaVex}}
* [[Bohumín]] {{Formula:CechiaVex}}
* [[Nadvirna]] {{Formula:UcrainaVex}}
* [[Krnov]] {{Formula:CechiaVex}}
* [[Meliscianum]] {{Formula:ItaliaVex}}

== Praeclari cives ==
* [[Iohannes Góra]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Prudnik|Prudnicium}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Poloniae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati Silesiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alexandropolis (Armenia)</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Abovyan street Gyumri.jpg|thumb|left|Via Abovianis Alexandropolitana]]
{{res|Alexandropolis}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Scatebranus|464}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Armenice]] Ալեքսանդրապոլ; [[Russice]] Александрополь), vulgo hodie '''Giumri''' ([[Armenice]] Կիւմրի) est urbs [[Armenia]]e magna. In Armenia septentrio-occidentali sub monte [[Aragatz]] [[Anticaucasus|Anticaucasi]] in planitie 1500 m altitudinis super [[aequor maris]] sita est. Incolas 121 976 annno 2011 habuit.

==Historia==

Historici Armeniae a saeculo VIII ''Kumairi'' urbem noverant. Non satis clarum est, an a [[Cimmerii|Cymmeriorum]] populo hoc nomen originem duceret. Pars regni Armenici erat, sed anno 1555 [[Persia]] Kumairi cepit; ab anno 1801 [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]] pars. Anno 1837 arx ibi aedificata est, ''Alexandropolis'' nomine [[Alexandra Theodori filia (senior)|Alexandrae Theodori filiae]] [[Nicolaus I (imperator Russiae)|Nicolai I]] uxoris nuncupata). Ab anno 1924 ad 1991 in Armenia Sovietica ''Leninakan'' (scilicet [[Lenin]]opolis Armenice) nominabatur, A [[terrae motus|terrae motibus]] multa damna ferebat. Ab anno 1991 iterum ''Kumairi'' et ''Giumri''. [[Universitas Nationalis Erevanensis|Universitas Nationalis]] quae hodie [[Erevanum|Erevani]] in urbe capitali floret, anno [[1919]] Alexandropoli condita est. 

== Praeclari cives ==
Inter homines claros qui Alexandropoli vixerunt sunt:
* [[Tigranes Hamasyan]], compositor
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Valmar|Volodimirinus Margaryan|d|hy|qid=Q15726194}}, pictor
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Albertus Nalchajyan||d|hy|qid=Q4312695}}, psychologus
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sheram|Gregorius Talian|d|hy|qid=Q1985740}}, poeta

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Gyumri|Alexandropolem}}
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Urbes Armeniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Capsicum Xalapense</title>
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      <text bytes="5133" sha1="tq5ep757ni6f9makneij2sffj0an05l" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Immature jalapeno capsicum annuum var annuum.jpeg|thumb|Fructus Xalapenses immaturi]]
'''Capsicum Xalapense''',{{Convertimus}} linguis vulgaribus ''jalapeño'', est grex [[cultivarietas|cultivarietatum]] [[capsicum (fructus)|capsicorum]] [[Species (taxinomia)|speciei]] ''[[Capsicum annuum|Capsico annuo]]'' attributarum. Fructus fumati ''chipotle'' nuncupantur. Capsicum Xalapense humore calidior est ([[unitas Scoville|Sco.]] 3,500-10,000). Ex urbe Mexicana [[Ialapa|Jalapa]] appellatur, sed sunt qui eandem esse censent atque varietas cuius [[Azteci]] [[Navatlace]] fructus maturos ''milchilli'', fructus siccatos ''pocchilli'' appellabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Hernandez (ante 1595)}}; {{qc|id=Long-Solís (1998)}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Mexico Civitatibusque Foederatis crebrius usitata est. Inter subvarietates videntur ''mora'' et ''morita''.

[[Liquamen|Liquamina]] et salsae e capsicis Jalapeño tam crudis quam fumatis venundantur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Mercado de Xochimilco - Chiles jalapeños.jpg|thumb|Fructus Xalapenses maturi in nundinis urbis [[Xochimilco]] ostentati]]
[[Fasciculus:Capsicum annuum chipotle dried.jpg|thumb|''Chipotle'', i.e. fructus Xalapenses siccati]]
; Fontes antiquiores
* ante 1595 : {{ec|id=Hernandez (ante 1595)|c=[[Franciscus Hernandez]]; [[Nardus Antonius Recchus]], scriba, ''[[Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus|De materia medica Novae Hispaniae, Philippi Secundi Hispaniarum ac Indiarum regis invictissimi iussu]]'' (manuscriptum, ante 1595) [https://archive.org/stream/demateriamedican00hern#page/n189 ff. 92v-94r]; Francisco Ximenez, interpr., ''[[Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus|Quatro libros de la naturaleza y virtudes de las plantas y animales que estan recevidos en el uso de medicina en la Nueva Espana]]'' (1615) lib. 2 cap. 3 [https://web.archive.org/web/20161015152936/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=4961 ff. 72r-74r], ''Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus'' (1628) lib. 5 cap. 3 }}

; Eruditio
* Emilio Alvarez-Parilla et al., &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/16948907/Antioxidant_Activity_of_Fresh_and_Processed_Jalapen_o_and_Serrano_Peppers Antioxidant Activity of Fresh and Processed Jalapeño and Serrano Peppers]&quot; in ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'' vol. 59 (2011) pp. 163–173
* {{ec|id=Andrews (1995)|c=[[Ioanna Andrews|Jean Andrews]], ''Peppers: the domesticated capsicums'' (2a ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995) pp. 108-109, tab. 14}}
* {{ec|id=González-Zamora et al. (2013)|c=Alberto González-Zamora et al., &quot;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6269802/ Characterization of Different Capsicum Varieties by Evaluation of Their Capsaicinoids Content by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Determination of Pungency and Effect of High Temperature]&quot; in ''Molecules'' vol. 18 (2013) pp. 13471–13486}}
* Deisy Hervert-Harnández et al., &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/23355114/Bioactive_Compounds_of_Four_Hot_Pepper_Varieties_Capsicum_annuum_L_Antioxidant_Capacity_and_Intestinal_Bioaccessibility Bioactive Compounds of Four Hot Pepper Varieties (Capsicum annuum L.), Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Bioaccessibility]&quot; in ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'' vol. 58 (2010) pp. 3399-3406 (&quot;chipotle, morita&quot;)
* {{ec|id=Long-Solís (1998)|c=Janet Long-Solís, ''Capsicum y cultura: la historia del chilli''. 2a ed. (Mexicopoli: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1998) pp. 39, 90-91, 160-161}}
* Alejandro Morón Ríos, José Armando Alayón Gamboa, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/25460887/Productividad_del_cultivo_de_chile_jalapeño_Capsicum_anuum_L_con_manejo_orgánico_o_convencional_en_Calakmul_Campeche_MéxicoPalabras_clave Productividad del cultivo de chile jalapeño (Capsicum anuum L.) con manejo orgánico o convencional en Calakmul, Campeche, México]&quot; in ''Avances en investigación agropecyaria'' vol. 18 (2014) pp. 35-40
* José de Jesús Ornelas-Paz et al., &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/5853968/Effect_of_cooking_on_the_capsaicinoids_and_phenolics_contents_of_Mexican_peppers Effect of cooking on the capsaicinoids and phenolics contents of Mexican peppers]&quot; in ''Food Chemistry'' vol. 119 (2010) pp. 1619–1625
* {{ec|id=Pickersgill (2016)|c=[[Barbara Pickersgill]], &quot;Chile Peppers&quot; in Rafael Lira, Alejandro Casas, José Blancas, edd., ''Ethnobotany of Mexico: Interactions of People and Plants in Mesoamerica'' (Novi Eboraci: Springer, 2016) pp. 417-438, vide pp. 424, 426, 432 {{Google Books|iUEWDAAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}}}
* Francisco Higinio Ruiz-Espinoza et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354969211_Growth_of_four_types_of_Capsicum_spp_in_substrates_under_a_protected_environment Growth of four types of Capsicum spp. in substrates under a protected environment]&quot; in ''Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia'' vol. 38 (2021) pp. 902-912

; Praecepta culinaria
* 2013 : Cinzia Trenchi, Enzo Monaco, Mario Dadomo, ''Peperoncino. Momenti di passione piccante'' (Mediolani: White Star, 2013. ISBN 9788854021280) pp. 88, 110, 154, 206 (fructus), 222 (fructus fumati)

[[Categoria:Capsicum annuum]]
[[Categoria:Cultivarietates]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1989" sha1="fj19ok60taowxa67liatyvifch1mr75" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Maximilianus Transylvanus}} (natus ''Maximilian von Sevenborgen'' circa annum 1490 et mortuus [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] anno 1538) fuit a secretis [[Carolus V (imperator)|Caroli V]] imperatoris. Origo eius non satis certa est, sed plures testes de [[Flandria]] dicunt, paucissimi de [[Transsilvania]]. Palatium Transylvani Bruxellensem [[Ianus Secundus]] memorat. 

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Transylvanus De Moluccis Insulis.jpg|thumb|''De Moluccis Insulis'', titulus]]
Composuit ''Legationem ad sacratissimum ac invictum Caesarem divum Carolum .... ab reverendissimis et illustrissimis principibus ... qua functus est ...Federicus comes palatinus in Molendino regio ult. Novembris Anno MDXIX'', anno 1520 [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]] editam. Alterum eius opus notissimum est; nam cum [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Ioanne Sebastiano Elcano]] ceterisque nautis [[expeditio Magellanica|expeditionis Magellanicae]], qui reverterant, collocutus, fortasse exemplo [[Petrus Martyr ab Angleria|Petri Martyris]] usus, epistolam ad [[cardinalis|cardinalem]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Matthaeus Lang von Wellenburg|Matthaeum Lang von Wellenburg|de|qid=Q534002}} ''de admirabili et novissima Hispanorum in Orientem navigatione, qua variae et nulli prius accessae regiones inventae sunt, cum ipsis etiam Moluccis insulis beatissimis, optimo aromatum genere refertis'' (saepe brevius ''de Moluccis insulis'') composuit, a [[Ioannes Baptista Ramusius|Ramusio]] anno 1523 editam.

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://archive.org/details/demoluccisinsuli00maxi/page/n5/mode/2up ''De Moluccis insulis''] (editio prima, ''Interner Archive'')
* [https://austriaca.at/0xc1aa5572%200x00369d7c.pdf ''De Moluccis insulis''] (''Austriaca'', textus recognitus)

{{Lifetime|1490|1538|Transylvanus, Maximilianus}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Belgicae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores itinerum]]</text>
      <sha1>fj19ok60taowxa67liatyvifch1mr75</sha1>
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    <title>Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici</title>
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      <id>3993091</id>
      <parentid>3991744</parentid>
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        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>62628</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-41 */ nova pars</comment>
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      <text bytes="237061" sha1="po7aeb2pj36ol3by3oecmijq30gaxqs" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;nowiki /&gt;[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]][[Categoria:Fora Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{Capsa paginae|1=
Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet.

Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]].
}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-03&lt;/span&gt; ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.

'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;
;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:
* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:
# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-05&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-06&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-08&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-10&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-11&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-12&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-16&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:18, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-17&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:59, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 00:58, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-18&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:42, 4 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 11 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:21, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-22&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:51, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now in the 2026 U4C election&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month.
* The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed &quot;Community&quot; tab and a personalized &quot;For You&quot; tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30613639 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/&quot;Which came first?&quot; Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's &quot;On This Day&quot; content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-cite&amp;language=en&amp;action_source=search&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__HIDDENCAT__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The function signature for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945]
* '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product &amp; Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:29, 8 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30650573 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use &lt;code&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from thumbnail previews, or &lt;code&gt;class=noviewer&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. 
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class=&quot;wikitable&quot;|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-sort-order=&quot;desc&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page.
* Wikis that wish to replace the &quot;indefinitely&quot; button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change.
* The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited.
* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4).
* Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:48, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902]
* Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to &quot;require CAPTCHA verification&quot; will begin to also affect users with the &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595]
* Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox].
* The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:04, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|disputatio]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Legal &amp; Safety Contacts'''

Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to &quot;Create account&quot; and &quot;Log in&quot; actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220]
* After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292]
* An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:47, 29 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;src&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute and SVG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;srcset&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute.
* The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:56, 6 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis.
* The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778]
* To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:10, 13 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, &quot;media-limit-reached&quot;, will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:45, 21 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:24, 24 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-31&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:48, 27 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-32&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:45, 3 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 10 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:02, 17 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:52, 31 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:43, 7 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-38&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:30, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31039826 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

* You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}.
* If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

* Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:16, 22 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-39&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:55, 27 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-40&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013]
* Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769]
* An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058]

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]].
* Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Draft:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section.
* New magic words &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].  For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual.
* On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:48, 28 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-41&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:51, 5 Octobris 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>po7aeb2pj36ol3by3oecmijq30gaxqs</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Clauso Cronos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Investigatio palaeographica musica */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6756" sha1="pibxnkzb4gq9rch2ouiolxz5ifci7ol" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lores|Clauso Cronos et serato}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti (probabiliter a [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] compositi), quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1a.}}Clauso Cronos et serato
carcere ver exit,
risu Iovis reserato
faciem detexit.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1b.}}Coma celum rutilante
Cynthius emundat
et terrena mediante
aere fecundat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2a.}}Purpurato flore prato
ver tenet primatum,
ex argenti renitenti
specie renatum.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2b.}}Iam odora Rheam Flora
chlamyde vestivit,
que ridenti et florenti
specie lascivit.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3a.}}Vernant veris ad amena
thyma, rose, lilia.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3b.}}His alludit philomena,
merops et luscinia.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4a.}}Satyros hoc excitat
et Dryadum choreas,
redivivis incitat
hoc ignibus Napeas.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4b.}}Hoc Cupido concitus,
hoc amor innovatur,
hoc ego sollicitus,
hoc michi me furatur.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5.}}Ignem alo tacitum,
amo, nec ad placitum,
ut qui contra libitum
cupio prohibitum.
votis Venus meritum
rite facit irritum,
trudit in interitum,
quem rebar emeritum.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|6a.}}Si quis amans per amare mereri posset amari,
posset Amor michi velle mederi dando beari.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|6b.}}Quot faciles michi cerno medelas posse parari,
tot steriles ibi perdo querelas absque levari.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|7a.}}Imminet exitus igne vigente,
morte medullitus ossa tenente.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|7b.}}Quod caro predicat hec macilenta
hoc sibi vendicat usque perempta.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|8a.}}Dum mala sentio, summa malorum,
pectora saucia, plena furorum,
pellere semina nitor amorum.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|8b.}}Ast Venus artibus usa nefandis,
dum bene palliat aspera blandis,
unguibus attrahit omnia pandis.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|9.}}Parce dato pia, Cypris, agone,
et quia vincimur, arma repone,
et quibus es Venus, esto Dione!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] attributum, celeberrima descriptione veris incipit, ubi [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturnus]] ([[Cronos]]) ex carcere dimittitur et natura sub risu [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] reflorescit. Poëta hymnum verno tempore canit, [[Flora (dea)|Floram]], [[Rhea|Rheam]] et varias ditiones mythologicas invocans, velut [[Satyrus|Satyros]] et [[Dryades]], quae ad renovationem mundi concurrunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Attamen, post descriptionem [[Locus amoenus|loci amoeni]], argumentum ad cruciatum amantis vertitur, qui ignem tacitum fovet et a [[Venus (dea)|Venere]] punitur. Poëta de vanitate querelarum amatoriarum et de potentia Cupidinis dolet, denique deam precatur ut parcat victo et ex crudeli Venere in mitiorem Dionem mutetur, stilo eleganti et docto usus.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
In analysi [[Palaeographia|palaeographica]] sequentiae Latinae quae in tribus codicibus manu scriptis servatur, codex Sangallensis (Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 383) primas partes tenet utpote unicus fons qui plenam [[Notatio musica|notationem musicam]] praebet. Haec sequentia, e novem sectionibus musicis constans, singulare exemplum praebet evolutionis rhythmicae intra idem schema graphicum: observatur enim transitus a rhythmo binario, qui sectiones primas (i-vi) regit, ad rhythmum ternarium in sectionibus ultimis (viii-ix), per sectionem mediam (vii) quae formam hybridam exhibet. Palaeographia neumularum in codice G varietates quasdam in repetitionibus ostendit, sicut usum clivis pro simplici virga in secunda executione tertiae sectionis, vel mutationes punctuales in altitudine sonorum (ut in sectionibus v et vi), quae fortasse libertatem interpretativam scriptoris vel usum loci demonstrant.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-73&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Clauso Cronos (CB 73)
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| lingua = it
	| domus editoria = Examen apium
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/073clauso.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Structura {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha|strophica|en|qid=Q207804}}, secundum notationem musicam examinata, nonnumquam a divisionibus textus quas editores philologi proposuerunt discrepat. Exempli gratia, repetitio eiusdem melodiae in sectionibus viii et viii/a, ubi argumentum de senectute et morte tractatur, apud investigatores dubitationem movet haene strophae postea ad archetypum adiectae sint. Notatio amensurata, quae in codicibus B (München, Clm 4660) et P (Paris, Lat. 1139) partim deest vel tantum per lineas indicatur, in codice Sangallensi accuratius describitur, sinens musicologos hodiernos de rationibus modalibus (praesertim de modo primo et tertio) disputare. Insuper, absentia melismatis alleluiatici originalis facit ut haec sequentia magis ad genus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|conductus|conductūs|en|qid=Q846748}} appropinquet, ubi syllabica [[contrapunctus|puncti contra punctum ratio]] praevalet, nisi in paucis locis ubi pes vel virga cum parvis variantibus in manuscripto G exarata inveniuntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-73&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni''' appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="821" sha1="m05yyakwdk3bl8otnbbk8odfy6ytp3k" xml:space="preserve">'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni''' appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="956" sha1="czktufwprdbi68r5ptzn0snn6clkss7" xml:space="preserve">'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:01:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="1092" sha1="3g8hdcxiryplwxs6w1atml9n6k7dtjf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Schematic diagram of anterior segment human eye.svg|thumb|Pars anterior oculi: zonulae Zinni numerus duo adtributus est.]]
'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
      <sha1>3g8hdcxiryplwxs6w1atml9n6k7dtjf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3993049</id>
      <parentid>3993048</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="1155" sha1="re4t693w119ajtplzcy2xnpuji7g6y9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Schematic diagram of anterior segment human eye.svg|thumb|Pars anterior oculi: zonulae Zinni numerus duo adtributus est.]]
'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902
*D. Brémond-Gignac, H. Copin, S. Valleix. &quot;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1559720/cristallin-et-zonule-anatomie-et-embryologie Cristallin et zonule : anatomie et embryologie]&quot;, ''EM Consulte'', 05/12/22

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902
*D. Brémond-Gignac, H. Copin, S. Valleix. &quot;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1559720/cristallin-et-zonule-anatomie-et-embryologie Cristallin et zonule : anatomie et embryologie]&quot;, ''EM Consulte'', 05/12/22
*Pooja Rathaur; Juan Rodriguez; Vanessa Liu; Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2811778 Ciliary Zonule of the Human Eye: Structural and Mechanical Aspects]&quot;, IOVS, 2026: 62

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902
*D. Brémond-Gignac, H. Copin, S. Valleix. &quot;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1559720/cristallin-et-zonule-anatomie-et-embryologie Cristallin et zonule : anatomie et embryologie]&quot;, ''EM Consulte'', 05/12/22
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
*Pooja Rathaur; Juan Rodriguez; Vanessa Liu; Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2811778 Ciliary Zonule of the Human Eye: Structural and Mechanical Aspects]&quot;, IOVS, 2026: 62

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad distantias moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902
*D. Brémond-Gignac, H. Copin, S. Valleix. &quot;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1559720/cristallin-et-zonule-anatomie-et-embryologie Cristallin et zonule : anatomie et embryologie]&quot;, ''EM Consulte'', 05/12/22
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
*Alicia De Maria, Phillip A Wilmarth, Larry L David, Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5283081/ Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule]&quot;, ''IOVS'', 2017: 573-585
*Pooja Rathaur; Juan Rodriguez; Vanessa Liu; Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2811778 Ciliary Zonule of the Human Eye: Structural and Mechanical Aspects]&quot;, IOVS, 2026: 62

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad [[Distantia|distantias]] moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902
*D. Brémond-Gignac, H. Copin, S. Valleix. &quot;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1559720/cristallin-et-zonule-anatomie-et-embryologie Cristallin et zonule : anatomie et embryologie]&quot;, ''EM Consulte'', 05/12/22
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
*Alicia De Maria, Phillip A Wilmarth, Larry L David, Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5283081/ Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule]&quot;, ''IOVS'', 2017: 573-585
*Pooja Rathaur; Juan Rodriguez; Vanessa Liu; Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2811778 Ciliary Zonule of the Human Eye: Structural and Mechanical Aspects]&quot;, IOVS, 2026: 62

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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        <id>2059</id>
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'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad [[Distantia|distantias]] moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902
*D. Brémond-Gignac, H. Copin, S. Valleix. &quot;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1559720/cristallin-et-zonule-anatomie-et-embryologie Cristallin et zonule : anatomie et embryologie]&quot;, ''EM Consulte'', 05/12/22
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
*Alicia De Maria, Phillip A Wilmarth, Larry L David, Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5283081/ Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule]&quot;, ''IOVS'', 2017: 573-585
*Pooja Rathaur; Juan Rodriguez; Vanessa Liu; Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2811778 Ciliary Zonule of the Human Eye: Structural and Mechanical Aspects]&quot;, IOVS, 2026: 62
* Akira Takahashi, Takeshi Arima, Etsuko Toda, Shinichiro Kobayakawa,Akira Shimizu, Hiroshi Takahashi. &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6254 A Novel Multi-Observation System to Study the Effects of Anterior Ocular Inflammation in Zinn’s Zonule Using One Specimen]&quot;, ''International Journal of Molecular Sciences'', 2023: 6254

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:45:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3993064</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2777" sha1="pwtkt9ursi6q9qf0zb4q66doqt6hc1s" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Schematic diagram of anterior segment human eye.svg|thumb|Pars anterior oculi: zonulae Zinni numerus duo adtributus est.]]
'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad [[Distantia|distantias]] moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902
*D. Brémond-Gignac, H. Copin, S. Valleix. &quot;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1559720/cristallin-et-zonule-anatomie-et-embryologie Cristallin et zonule : anatomie et embryologie]&quot;, ''EM Consulte'', 05/12/22
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
*Eric Hanssen, Suzanne Franc, Robert Garrone. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0945053X01001226 Synthesis and structural organization of zonular fibers during development and aging]&quot;, ''Matrix Biology'', 2001: 77-85
*Alicia De Maria, Phillip A Wilmarth, Larry L David, Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5283081/ Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule]&quot;, ''IOVS'', 2017: 573-585
*Pooja Rathaur; Juan Rodriguez; Vanessa Liu; Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2811778 Ciliary Zonule of the Human Eye: Structural and Mechanical Aspects]&quot;, IOVS, 2026: 62
* Akira Takahashi, Takeshi Arima, Etsuko Toda, Shinichiro Kobayakawa,Akira Shimizu, Hiroshi Takahashi. &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6254 A Novel Multi-Observation System to Study the Effects of Anterior Ocular Inflammation in Zinn’s Zonule Using One Specimen]&quot;, ''International Journal of Molecular Sciences'', 2023: 6254

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
      <sha1>pwtkt9ursi6q9qf0zb4q66doqt6hc1s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3993065</id>
      <parentid>3993064</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:49:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3993065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3060" sha1="0rtr02ori490s5tgdhvaasiq24c4w53" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Schematic diagram of anterior segment human eye.svg|thumb|Pars anterior oculi: zonulae Zinni numerus duo adtributus est.]]
'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad [[Distantia|distantias]] moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902
*D. Brémond-Gignac, H. Copin, S. Valleix. &quot;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1559720/cristallin-et-zonule-anatomie-et-embryologie Cristallin et zonule : anatomie et embryologie]&quot;, ''EM Consulte'', 05/12/22
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
*Riley Forinash, Sean Staggs, Steven Bassnett, Juan Rodriguez. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12871398/ Single zonular fiber extraction and characterization: A platform for biomechanical, biochemical and structural analyses]&quot;, ''Experimental Eye Research'', 2026: 110830
*Eric Hanssen, Suzanne Franc, Robert Garrone. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0945053X01001226 Synthesis and structural organization of zonular fibers during development and aging]&quot;, ''Matrix Biology'', 2001: 77-85
*Alicia De Maria, Phillip A Wilmarth, Larry L David, Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5283081/ Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule]&quot;, ''IOVS'', 2017: 573-585
*Pooja Rathaur; Juan Rodriguez; Vanessa Liu; Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2811778 Ciliary Zonule of the Human Eye: Structural and Mechanical Aspects]&quot;, IOVS, 2026: 62
* Akira Takahashi, Takeshi Arima, Etsuko Toda, Shinichiro Kobayakawa,Akira Shimizu, Hiroshi Takahashi. &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6254 A Novel Multi-Observation System to Study the Effects of Anterior Ocular Inflammation in Zinn’s Zonule Using One Specimen]&quot;, ''International Journal of Molecular Sciences'', 2023: 6254

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
      <sha1>0rtr02ori490s5tgdhvaasiq24c4w53</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3993070</id>
      <parentid>3993065</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T15:42:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3993070</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3217" sha1="g1po6y939soy9k6weqlj53ovirj6gdd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Schematic diagram of anterior segment human eye.svg|thumb|Pars anterior oculi: zonulae Zinni numerus duo adtributus est.]]
'''Fibrae zonulares'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/fibres-zonulaires-1557867968# IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; quae cum omnes summatim considerantur etiam '''zonula ciliaris''' aut '''zonula Zinni'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/zonule-ciliaire-1557867880# IMAIOS].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ita appellata ex Iohanne Gottfrido Zinn (1727-1759).&lt;/ref&gt; appellari solent, sunt tenuia [[Ligamentum (anatomia)|ligamenta]] partem [[aequator|aequatoriam]] capsulae [[Lens (anatomia)|lentis]] [[Corpus ciliare|corpori ciliari]] religantia ita ut lentem in parte anteriore oculi suspendant stabiliantque. Cum [[Musculus ciliaris|musculo ciliari]] extenduntur lentem complanant et vim [[refractio|refringendi]] minuunt; econtra cum relaxantur lentem in pristinam formam elasticitate naturali redire sinunt. Ita accomodationem visionis ad [[Distantia|distantias]] moderantur et ad opticam partem oculi pertinent. 

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0390 EyeAnatomy Sectional.png|thumb|Sectio sagittalis oculi anterioris. Ibi fibrae zonulares 'ligamenta suspensoria' appellatae sunt.]]
*Steven Bassnett, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946220300744 Zinn's zonule]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2021: 100902
*D. Brémond-Gignac, H. Copin, S. Valleix. &quot;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1559720/cristallin-et-zonule-anatomie-et-embryologie Cristallin et zonule : anatomie et embryologie]&quot;, ''EM Consulte'', 05/12/22
*Depasse Fanny, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1876220420300881 Concepts de base de l’accommodation]&quot;, ''Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie'', 2020: 106-109
*Riley Forinash, Sean Staggs, Steven Bassnett, Juan Rodriguez. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12871398/ Single zonular fiber extraction and characterization: A platform for biomechanical, biochemical and structural analyses]&quot;, ''Experimental Eye Research'', 2026: 110830
*Eric Hanssen, Suzanne Franc, Robert Garrone. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0945053X01001226 Synthesis and structural organization of zonular fibers during development and aging]&quot;, ''Matrix Biology'', 2001: 77-85
*Alicia De Maria, Phillip A Wilmarth, Larry L David, Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5283081/ Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule]&quot;, ''IOVS'', 2017: 573-585
*Pooja Rathaur; Juan Rodriguez; Vanessa Liu; Steven Bassnett. &quot;[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2811778 Ciliary Zonule of the Human Eye: Structural and Mechanical Aspects]&quot;, IOVS, 2026: 62
* Akira Takahashi, Takeshi Arima, Etsuko Toda, Shinichiro Kobayakawa,Akira Shimizu, Hiroshi Takahashi. &quot;[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6254 A Novel Multi-Observation System to Study the Effects of Anterior Ocular Inflammation in Zinn’s Zonule Using One Specimen]&quot;, ''International Journal of Molecular Sciences'', 2023: 6254

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Anatomia]]</text>
      <sha1>g1po6y939soy9k6weqlj53ovirj6gdd</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Petrus Hegemann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3993052</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T13:10:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Peter Hegemann.jpg|thumb|Petrus Hegemann]] '''Petrus Hegemann''' (natus die [[11 Decembris]] [[1954]]) est biologus physicae [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui professor [[Universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis|Universitatis Humboldtianae Berolinensis]] et anno [[2026]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] cum [[Carolus Deisseroth|Carolo Deisseroth]] et [[Georgius Nagel|Georgio Nagel]] accepit, ratione [[canalis ionticus|canalici iontici]] et...'</comment>
      <origin>3993052</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1085" sha1="kv0ddpv204uv5bbioiic2tmkgcb4z47" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Peter Hegemann.jpg|thumb|Petrus Hegemann]]
'''Petrus Hegemann''' (natus die [[11 Decembris]] [[1954]]) est biologus physicae [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui professor [[Universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis|Universitatis Humboldtianae Berolinensis]] et anno [[2026]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] cum [[Carolus Deisseroth|Carolo Deisseroth]] et [[Georgius Nagel|Georgio Nagel]] accepit, ratione [[canalis ionticus|canalici iontici]] et [[optogenetica]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2026/hegemann/facts/ De Petro Hegemann] nobelprize.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Alumni [[Universitas Ludovico-Maximilianea Monacensis|Universitatis Ludovico-Maximilianea Monacensis]] deinde [[Universitas Monasteriensis|Universitatis Monasteriensis]] est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Peter Hegemann|Petrus Hegemann}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Biologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Monasteriensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Humboldtianae Berolinensis]]</text>
      <sha1>kv0ddpv204uv5bbioiic2tmkgcb4z47</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolus Deisseroth</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3993069</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T15:39:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Karl Deisseroth 2025 C 01.jpg|thumb|Carolus Deisseroth anno 2025]] '''Carolus Alexander Deisseroth''' (natus die [[18 Novembris]] [[1971]]) est [[medicus]] et [[psychiatria|psychiatricus]] [[CFA|Civitarum Foederatarum]] qui professor [[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] qui anno [[2026]] [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] cum [[Petrus Hegemann|Petro Hegemann]] et [[Georgius Nagel|Georgio Nagel]] accepit, ration...'</comment>
      <origin>3993069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1131" sha1="ljl1ee333qxzye2tuasbfmy6ukodwg7" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Karl Deisseroth 2025 C 01.jpg|thumb|Carolus Deisseroth anno 2025]]
'''Carolus Alexander Deisseroth''' (natus die [[18 Novembris]] [[1971]]) est [[medicus]] et [[psychiatria|psychiatricus]] [[CFA|Civitarum Foederatarum]] qui professor [[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] qui anno [[2026]] [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] cum [[Petrus Hegemann|Petro Hegemann]] et [[Georgius Nagel|Georgio Nagel]] accepit, ratione studii [[canalis ionticus|canali iontici]] et [[optogenetica]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2026/deisseroth/facts/ De Carlus Deisseroth] nobelprize.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Alumnus [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatis Harvardianae]] deinde professor [[Institutum Carolinum|Instituti Carolini]] ab anno 2014 ab annum [[2019]] factus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Karl Deisseroth|Carolus Deisseroth}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Medici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Stanfordiensis]]</text>
      <sha1>ljl1ee333qxzye2tuasbfmy6ukodwg7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Georgius Nagel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3993074</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:29:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Prof. Dr. Georg Nagel.png|thumb|Georgius Nagel]] '''Georgius Nagel''' (natus die [[24 Augusti]] [[1953]]) est [[biologia|biologus]] et [[neuropsychologia]]e peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui professor [[Universitas Herbipolensis|Universitatis Herbipolensis]] qui [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] anno [[2026]] cum [[Petrus Hegemann|Petro Hegemann]] et [[Carolus Deisseroth|Carolo Deiseroth]] accepit, ratione studii canalis ionticu...'</comment>
      <origin>3993074</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1015" sha1="9kmn78odayfwa81x7e76bddxyocrgcp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Prof. Dr. Georg Nagel.png|thumb|Georgius Nagel]]
'''Georgius Nagel''' (natus die [[24 Augusti]] [[1953]]) est [[biologia|biologus]] et [[neuropsychologia]]e peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui professor [[Universitas Herbipolensis|Universitatis Herbipolensis]] qui [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] anno [[2026]] cum [[Petrus Hegemann|Petro Hegemann]] et [[Carolus Deisseroth|Carolo Deiseroth]] accepit, ratione studii [[canalis ionticus|canali inotico]] et [[optogenetica]]e&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2026/nagel/facts/ Georgius Nagel] nobelprize.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Alumni Universitatis Konstantz deinde [[Universitas Goethii Francofurtensis]] est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Georg Nagel|Georgius Nagel}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Biologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Francofurtensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Herbipolensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1953]]</text>
      <sha1>9kmn78odayfwa81x7e76bddxyocrgcp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3993088</id>
      <parentid>3993074</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T17:20:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de loco natalis</comment>
      <origin>3993088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1056" sha1="49f6x2bgy9pls26g3a4fy75myez6lie" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Prof. Dr. Georg Nagel.png|thumb|Georgius Nagel]]
'''Georgius Nagel''' (natus [[Altorfensis Villa|Altorfensis Villae]] die [[24 Augusti]] [[1953]]) est [[biologia|biologus]] et [[neuropsychologia]]e peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui professor [[Universitas Herbipolensis|Universitatis Herbipolensis]] qui [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] anno [[2026]] cum [[Petrus Hegemann|Petro Hegemann]] et [[Carolus Deisseroth|Carolo Deiseroth]] accepit, ratione studii [[canalis ionticus|canali inotico]] et [[optogenetica]]e&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2026/nagel/facts/ Georgius Nagel] nobelprize.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Alumni Universitatis Konstantz deinde [[Universitas Goethii Francofurtensis]] est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Georg Nagel|Georgius Nagel}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Biologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Francofurtensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Herbipolensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1953]]</text>
      <sha1>49f6x2bgy9pls26g3a4fy75myez6lie</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3993124</id>
      <parentid>3993088</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T02:21:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3993124</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1103" sha1="4qx87o467kmyl0dywmwhpk4933s8fgx" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Georgius Nagel}} (vulgo ''Georg''; natus [[Altorfensis Villa|Altorfensis Villae]] die [[24 Augusti]] [[1953]]) est [[biologia|biologus]] et [[neuropsychologia|neuropsychologus]] peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] qui professor [[Universitas Herbipolensis|Universitatis Herbipolensis]] qui [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae]] anno [[2026]] cum [[Petrus Hegemann|Petro Hegemann]] et [[Carolus Deisseroth|Carolo Deiseroth]] accepit, ratione studii [[canalis ionticus|canali inotico]] et [[optogenetica]]e&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2026/nagel/facts/ Georgius Nagel] nobelprize.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Alumni Universitatis Constantinensis deinde [[Universitas Goethii Francofurtensis]] est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Georg Nagel|Georgium Nagel}}

{{Anni vitae|1953||Nagel, Georgius}}
[[Categoria:Biologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Constantinensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Francofurtensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Herbipolensis]]</text>
      <sha1>4qx87o467kmyl0dywmwhpk4933s8fgx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spadix</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3993093</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T20:16:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3993093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="417" sha1="b5brwr62xjsap4fodl7sx2w4f75tky9" xml:space="preserve">{{discretiva}}
* '''Spadix''' vel '''spadicum'''  (de [[Graece|Graeco]] σπάδιξ) est ''[[Phoenix dactylifera|Phoenicis dactyliferae]]'' termes cum fructu avulsus&lt;ref&gt;{{Forcellini}}&lt;/ref&gt;;
* [[Spadiceus]] vel '''spadix''' est color fructuum ''Phoenicis dactyliferae'';
* [[Spadix (biologia)]] est [[inflorescentia]]e genus;
* [[Spadix (organum)]] est [[Cephalopoda|Cephalopodum]] organum

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b5brwr62xjsap4fodl7sx2w4f75tky9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spadiceus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3993100</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T20:42:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3993100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="848" sha1="frxy2949yxj0pe0fdp4wrltukgptlj2" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Spadix}}{{Exemplar coloris|Spadiceus}}
{{res|Spadiceus}} (vel interdum {{res|spadix}}) est nomen [[color]]is, quod in [[binomen|binominibus]] biologicis invenitur; [[fuscus|fusco]] vel [[brunneus|brunneo]] similis est&lt;ref&gt;{{Kirp|коричневый, 18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nomen est de [[spadix|spadice]] derivatum, id est de fructu ''[[Phoenus dactylifera|Phoenicis dactyliferae]]''.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Sciurus spadiceus2.jpg|''[[Sciurus spadiceus]]''
Fasciculus:Attila spadiceus (Bright-rumped Attila) (15151344515).jpg|''[[Attila spadiceus]]''
Fasciculus:Trifolium spadiceum sl35.jpg|''[[Trifolium spadiceum]]'' 
Fasciculus:Red Spurfowl DSCN8869.jpg|''[[Galloperdix spadicea]]''
Fasciculus:Pselactus spadix dorsal.jpg|''[[Pselactus spadix]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;


{{Colores}}

[[Categoria:Colores biologiae]]</text>
      <sha1>frxy2949yxj0pe0fdp4wrltukgptlj2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karputum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3993127</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T03:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3993127</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1339" sha1="1833lqypktrp5exfh3iyluvqflgz2yq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Elazığ 54.jpg|thumb|Karputum anno [[1896]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Armenians marched by Ottoman soldiers, 1915.png|thumb|[[Generis Armenorum occidio]] Karputi anno [[1915]].]]

{{res|Karputum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|k531|Eparchia Karputensis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Turcice]] ''Harpoot''; [[Armenice]] Խարբերդ, ''Kharberd'') est [[urbs]] historica [[Armenii|Armeniae]] est in [[Turcia]] hodierna. Anno [[1892]], numerus incolarum circiter {{num|20000}} erat. Inter [[generis Armenorum occidio|generem Armenorum occidio]], incolae urbis praefecturaeque circumiacentis interfecti vel deportati sunt.

== Bibliographia ==
* Akopian, Arman (2020). [https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2020-230110 The Syriacs of Kharberd (Kharput) on the Eve of the 1915 Genocide]. ''Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 23''(1): 279–322. {{ling|Anglice}}
* Mayersen, Deborah (2018). [https://journals.openedition.org/eac/1641 Les massacres de 1895-1896 à Harput : récits de témoins oculaires]. ''Études Arméniennes Contemporaines'' (10): 161–183. {{ling|Anglice|Francogallice}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Harput|Karputum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{hist-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Historia Armeniae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Imperii Ottomanici]]
[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Armeniae]]
[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Turciae]]</text>
      <sha1>1833lqypktrp5exfh3iyluvqflgz2yq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3993129</id>
      <parentid>3993127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T03:28:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3993129</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1335" sha1="1aq86jxy0ctp7k7jqf0sxs0182pq59e" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Elazığ 54.jpg|thumb|Karputum anno [[1896]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Armenians marched by Ottoman soldiers, 1915.png|thumb|[[Generis Armenorum occidio]] Karputi anno [[1915]].]]

{{res|Karputum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|k531|Eparchia Karputensis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Turcice]] ''Harpoot''; [[Armenice]] Խարբերդ, ''Kharberd'') est [[urbs]] historica [[Armenii|Armeniae]] in [[Turcia]] hodierna. Anno [[1892]], numerus incolarum circiter {{num|20000}} erat. Inter [[generis Armenorum occidio|generem Armenorum occidio]], incolae urbis praefecturaeque circumiacentis interfecti vel deportati sunt.

== Bibliographia ==
* Akopian, Arman (2020). [https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2020-230110 The Syriacs of Kharberd (Kharput) on the Eve of the 1915 Genocide]. ''Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 23''(1): 279–322. {{ling|Anglice}}
* Mayersen, Deborah (2018). [https://journals.openedition.org/eac/1641 Les massacres de 1895-1896 à Harput : récits de témoins oculaires]. ''Études Arméniennes Contemporaines'' (10): 161–183. {{ling|Anglice|Francogallice}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Harput|Karputum}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{hist-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Historia Armeniae]]
[[Categoria:Historia Imperii Ottomanici]]
[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Armeniae]]
[[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Turciae]]</text>
      <sha1>1aq86jxy0ctp7k7jqf0sxs0182pq59e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nörten-Hardenberg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329217</id>
    <redirect title="Norhtunon-Hardenberga" />
    <revision>
      <id>3993136</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Nörten-Hardenberg]] ad [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3993136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="2nm2cgy2ajnblhn33227zl2siua4ede" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]</text>
      <sha1>2nm2cgy2ajnblhn33227zl2siua4ede</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nörten-Harenbarg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329218</id>
    <redirect title="Norhtunon-Hardenberga" />
    <revision>
      <id>3993140</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:50:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]</comment>
      <origin>3993140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="2nm2cgy2ajnblhn33227zl2siua4ede" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]</text>
      <sha1>2nm2cgy2ajnblhn33227zl2siua4ede</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>