Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 401 3994020 3993959 2026-10-11T13:17:28Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (1K) 3994020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} {{res|Iesus Nazarenus}} ([[lingua Graeca antiqua communis|Graece]] {{polytonic|Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος}}; [[Lingua Neograeca|Neograece]] Ιησούς ο Ναζωραίος; [[Hebraice]] יהושע vel יֵשׁוּעַ ''Yēšū''[''a'']; natus circa [[5 a.C.n.]]; mortuus anno [[30]] aut [[33]]),<ref name="Sanders">Sanders 1993: 249.</ref> etiam {{res|Iesus Christus}} et {{res|Iesus}} tantum appellatus, fuit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|praedicator||en|qid=Q432386}} et [[religio]]sus [[dux]] [[Iudaei|Iudaeus]],<ref>Vermes 1981: 20, 26, 27, 29.</ref> qui paene duo [[millennium|millennia]] est principalis [[Religio Christiana|Christianitatis]] figura, maximae [[orbis terrarum]] [[religio]]nis. Plurimi [[Christiani]] credunt eum esse {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|incarnatio (Christianitas)|incarnationem|en|qid=Q616175}} [[Deus Filius|Dei Filii]] et [[messias|messiam]] exspectatum, ipsum [[Christus|Christum]] in [[Biblia Hebraica|bibliis Hebraicis]] praedictum. Plurimi<ref>"Plurimi", quod Christianitas [[fides|fide]] unita non est; e.g., non omnes [[ecclesia]]e sive denominationes [[Trinitas|Trinitatem]] confitentur aut [[Concilium Nicaenum Primum]] agnoscunt.</ref> quem [[Christiani]] [[Filius Dei|Filium Dei]],<ref>Secundum notionem Trinitatis, Iesus est Deus ut persona Filii.</ref> qui [[salvatio]]nem et reconciliationem [[Deus|Dei]] et [[homo sapiens|hominum]] praebuit, quod pro [[peccatum|peccatis]] humanis [[sacrificium|sacrificatus]] est atque [[Resurrectio|a mortuis resurrexit]].<ref>Wayne Grudem, ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine'' (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994), 568–603. ISBN 0-310-28670-0.</ref><ref>J. E. Lesslie Newbigin, [[theologia|theologus]] et [[episcopus]], docet: "The whole of Christian teaching would fall to the ground if it were the case that the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus were not events in real history but stories told to illustrate truths which are valid apart from these happenings," in ''The Gospel In a Pluralist Society'' (Londinii: SPCK, 1989), 66.</ref> Compendiaria nominis Iesu Christi forma in usu [[liturgia|liturgico]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholico]] est D.N.I.C. ('Dominus Noster Iesus Christus'). Iesu [[vita]]e fontes maximi momenti sunt [[quattuor]]: [[canon (Biblia)|canonica]] [[Biblia|Bibliorum]] Christianorum [[evangelium|evangelia]], ex quibus homines docti partim variis finibus vitae Iesu describere studebant. Praeter ea, quae in [[Novum Testamentum|Novo Testamento]] relata sunt, cum [[litterae|litteris]] non Christianis comparata sunt, ut [[annales|chronologia]] Iesu vitae verisimilis reperiretur. Maxima [[historicus|historiographorum]] pars eum [[magister|magistrum]] ([[Hebraice]] ''[[rabbinus|rabbinum]]'') [[Iudaei|Iudaicum]] ex [[Galilaea]] oriundum describunt, qui in [[Iudaea]] praedicavit et [[morbus|aegros]] [[salus|sanavit]],<ref>Bart D. Ehrman, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Rabbi+%22Most+scholars+today%22+%22Jesus+was+a+Jew%22+%22Jewish+rabbi%22+%22Jewish+Palestine%22&btnG= ''Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew''] (Oxford University Press, 2003), 96.</ref> a [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioanne Baptista]] [[baptismus|baptizatus]], et iussu [[Pontius Pilatus|Pontii Pilati]] [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymis]] [[crucifixio|cruci fixus]] est, quod [[res novae|rebus novis]] studuisset.<ref>Raymond E. Brown, ''The Death of the Messiah, from Gethsemane to the Grave: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels'' (Novi Eboraci: Doubleday 1994), 964; et alii fontes.</ref> [[Calendarium Gregorianum]], quod nunc systema annos numerandi in [[orbis terrarum|toto orbe]] latissimum est, in data conventionali nativitati Iesu Nazareni attributa, id est [[anno zero]], fundatur, quae tamen non exstat. == De nominibus == [[Fasciculus:Good shepherd 02b close slightly improved.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''Iesus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pastor bonus||en|qid=Q950667}}.'' [[Pictura]] [[saeculum 3|saeculi tertii]].]] ''Iesus'' {{victio|Iesus|ú|m}}, nomen [[Latine|Latinum]] [[Graece|Graeco]] {{Polytonic|Ίησοῦς}}. {{Polytonic|-οῦ}}, respondet, quod appellationem Hebraicam reproducit ישוע vel ישו ''yĕšūa‘'' atque [[lingua Aramaica|Aramaicam]] ''Jeshua'' et ''Jeshu,'' vel denuo ''Jehoshua.'' [[Arabice]] sonat عيسى‎ ''ʿIsa.'' Sententia nominis [[etymologia|etymologica]] fuit '[[Iehova|Yahveh]] est sospitatio' seu 'Yahveh salvat': in [[historia]] conceptionis Iesu in [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|evangelio Matthaei]] [[angelus]] sic [[Iosephus (pater Iesu)|Iosephum]] de [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Maria]] alloquitur: "pariet autem filium, et vocabis nomen eius Iesum: ipse enim salvum faciet populum suum a [[peccatum|peccatis]] eorum."<ref group="t" name="nomen">{{Polytonic|ἰδοὺ ἄγγελος κυρίου κατ’ ὄναρ ἐφάνη αὐτῷ λέγων, Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ, μὴ φοβηθῇς παραλαβεῖν Μαριὰμ τὴν γυναῖκά σου, τὸ γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ γεννηθὲν ἐκ πνεύματός ἐστιν ἁγίου· τέξεται δὲ υἱὸν καὶ καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν, αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν.}}</ref><ref name="nomen1">[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelium Matthaei]] 1.20–21 ([[versio Vulgata]], sicut et infra).</ref> Etiamsi hoc [[nomen proprium]] in una aliave versione frequenter apparuerat, [[Vetus Testamentum|Veteri Testamento]] nulla [[persona]] tali nomine vocata praestantius [[vita]] publica [[memoria]]e fuit mandata. [[Saeculum 2 a.C.n.|Saeculo autem II a.C.n.]] hoc nomen [[auctor]]i [[Liber Ecclesiasticus|libri Ecclesiastici]] datum est ("[[Iesus filius Sirach]] Ierosolymita," Graece {{Polytonic|Ἰησοῦς υἱὸς Σειρὰχ Ἱεροσολυμίτης}}).<ref>[[Liber Ecclesiasticus|Ecclesiasticus]] 50.27.</ref> Attribuitur etiam alicui Iesu Christi proavo in indice [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|evangelii Lucae]] [[genealogia|genealogico]]<ref>[[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Evangelium Lucae]] 3.29.</ref> et cuidam [[Paulus|Pauli]] discipulo.<ref>[[Epistula ad Colossenses]] 4.11.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Christus Ravenna Mosaic.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Opinabilis Iesu [[imago]]. [[Opus tessellatum]] [[saeculum 6|saeculi sexti]].]] Eius nomen plenius illis temporibus ''Iesus Nazarenus'' enuntiabatur, [[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζαρηνός}}<ref>[[Evangelium secundum Marcum|Evangelium Marci]] 1.24; [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Evangelium Lucae]] 4.34.</ref> vel {{Polytonic|Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος}}: [[Nazara|Nazareth]] enim in illa urbe habitabat. Sic enim in [[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|evangelio Iohannis]] de litteris [[INRI]] in [[Vera Crux|Cruce]] [[inscriptio|inscriptis]] explicatur: "Scripsit autem et titulum Pilatus et posuit [[crucis supplicium|super crucem]]; erat autem scriptum: 'Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum' . . . et erat scriptum Hebraice, Latine, Graece."<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|ἔγραψε δὲ καὶ τίτλον ὁ Πιλᾶτος καὶ ἔθηκεν ἐπὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ· ἦν δὲ γεγραμμένον· Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων . . . καὶ ἦν γεγραμμένον Ἑβραϊστί, Ἑλληνιστί, Ρωμαϊστί.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|Evangelium Iohannis]] 19.19-20</ref> At plenissime "Iesus a Nazareth Galilaeae" appellatus est ob [[regio]]nem [[Galilaea]]m, ubi Nazareth iacet: ita evangelium Matthaei refert: "Populi autem dicebant, 'Hic est Iesus propheta a Nazareth Galilaeae.'"<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|οἱ δὲ ὄχλοι ἔλεγον, Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ προφήτης Ἰησοῦς ὁ ἀπὸ Ναζαρὲθ τῆς Γαλιλαίας.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelium Matthaei]] 21.11.</ref> Eius titulus usitatissimus inter [[religio Christiana|Christianos]] (quorum nuncupatio ex hoc ipso titulo trahitur) est ''Christus'' tantum (Graece {{polytonic|ὁ χριστός}}) 'unctus' [[significatio (linguistica)|significans]]. [[Rex|Reges]] enim et [[propheta]]e Iudaeorum olim uncti erant et Hebraice משיח ''mašíaḥ'' 'unctus' nuncupati. In [[historia]] igitur nativitatis in evangelio Matthaei, [[magi (Biblia)|magis]] de rege Iudaeorum nuper nato postulantibus, [[Herodes]] rex "sciscitabatur . . . ubi Christus nasceretur."<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|ἐπυνθάνετο . . . ποῦ ὁ χριστὸς γεννᾶται.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelium Matthaei]] 2.4.</ref> [[Petrus]] in eodem evangelio proclamavisse dicitur "tu es Christus", ut qui diceret "Messias es" vel "Unctus es".<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ Σίμων Πέτρος εἶπεν, Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος.}}</ref><ref>Plenius: "Tu es Christus, filius Dei vivi." [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelium Matthaei]] 16.16.</ref> Mox reperitur titulus cum nomine proprio coniunctus, sed in evangeliis rarissime: ter apud Matthaeum, "Ioseph virum Mariae de qua natus est Iesus qui vocatur Christus,"<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|Ἰωσὴφ τὸν ἄνδρα Μαρίας, ἐξ ἧς ἐγεννήθη Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος χριστός.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelium Matthaei]] 1.16 (in genealogia Iesú), cf. 27.17 et 22 (verba [[Pontius Pilatus|Pilati]])</ref> bis apud Ioannem, "ut cognoscant te, solum verum Deum, et quem misisti, Iesum Christum,"<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|ἵνα γινώσκωσιν σὲ τὸν μόνον ἀληθινὸν Θεὸν καὶ ὃν ἀπέστειλας Ἰησοῦν χριστόν.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|Evangelium Iohannis]] 17.3; confer 1.17.</ref> crebriter in epistulis [[Paulus|Pauli]]. Hic autem titulus rapidissime ab aliis sicut nomen intellectus est, si verba [[Suetonius|Suetonii]] recte leguntur, qui de [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudio]] refert: "Iudaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis [[Roma]] expulit."<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' "Divus Claudius" 25.</ref> Bis in evangelio Ioannis verbum illud [[lingua Hebraica|Hebraicum]] [[littera|litteris]] [[lingua Graeca|Graecis]] (et mox [[lingua Latina|Latinis]]) scribitur, {{Polytonic|ὁ Μεσσίας}} 'Messias'. Ita [[Petrus|Petro]] nuntiatur: "Invenimus Messiam, quod est interpretatum Christus."<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|Εὑρήκαμεν τὸν μεσσίαν· ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον χριστός.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|Evangelium Iohannis]] 1.41, cf. 4.25.</ref> Aliis nuncupationibus ''Dominus'' additur, quod (secundum [[Actus Apostolorum]]) "et Dominum eum et Christum Deus fecit hunc Iesum quem vos crucifixistis,"<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|καὶ κύριον καὶ χριστὸν αὐτὸν ὁ Θεὸς ἐποίησε, τοῦτον τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὃν ὑμεῖς ἐσταυρώσατε.}}</ref><ref>[[Actus Apostolorum]] 2.36.</ref> et quod discipuli iam domine communiter magistrum suum appellabant, qui secundum [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|evangelium Matthaei]] respondit: "Non omnis, qui dicit mihi: 'Domine, Domine,' intrabit in regnum caelorum, sed qui facit [[voluntas|voluntatem]] Patris mei, qui in [[caelum|caelis]] est. Multi dicent mihi in illa die: 'Domine, Domine, nonne in tuo nomine prophetavimus?'"<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|Οὐ πᾶς ὁ λέγων μοι, Κύριε κύριε, εἰσελεύσεται εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν, ἀλλ’ ὁ ποιῶν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός μου τοῦ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς. πολλοὶ ἐροῦσίν μοι ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, Κύριε κύριε, οὐ τῷ σῷ ὀνόματι ἐπροφητεύσαμεν;}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelium Matthaei]] 7.21-22.</ref> == Prima aetas == [[Fasciculus:Raffael 050.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sacra Familia]]: [[Iosephus (sanctus)|Iosephus]], [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Maria]] (dextra), et Iesus (dextra), cum [[Elizabetha (sancta)|Elizabetha]] et [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioanne Baptista]] eius [[filius|filio]], in [[fabula]] secundum [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Lucam]]. [[Pictura]] a [[Raphael Sanctius Urbinas|Raphaele]] picta, [[1507]].]] De [[pater]]nitate Iesu (re Christianis praecipua) fontes proximi, scilicet epistulae Pauli et [[Evangelium secundum Marcum|evangelium Marci]], nihil dicunt nisi quod "Dei filius" fuit (hi auctores neque de Maria Iesú matre neque de Iosepho referunt). Prima iam evangelii Marci verba sunt "Initium evangelii Iesu Christi Filii Dei."<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|Ἀρχὴ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ, υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Marcum|Evangelium Marci]] 1.1.</ref> Ibi verba {{Polytonic|υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ}} "filii Dei" e multis libris manu scriptis absunt. Mox [[genealogia Iesu]] in evangeliis canonicis bis modis discrepantibus exscribitur, videlicet [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Matthaei]] ad initium operis et [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Lucae]] post conceptús et nativitatis narrationes. Lucas genealogiam ascendentem evolvit Iesú ab Iosepho et patre et avo et proavis, [[Adam]] usque et [[Deus|Deum]] Adami patrem.<ref group="t" name="filius">{{Polytonic|Καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὡσεὶ ἐτῶν τριάκοντα ἀρχόμενος, ὢν, ὡς ἐνομίζετο, υἱός Ἰωσήφ, τοῦ Ἠλί ... τοῦ Σήθ, τοῦ Ἀδάμ, τοῦ Θεοῦ.}}</ref><ref name="filius1">Plenius: "Et ipse Iesus erat incipiens quasi annorum triginta, ut putabatur, filius Ioseph, qui fuit Heli ... qui fuit Seth, qui fuit Adam, qui fuit Dei." [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Evangelium Lucae]] 3.23-38.</ref> Matthaeus a capite genealogiam evolvit, sed ab Abrahamo tantum et usque ad Iosephum (qui filium Iacobi, minime Eli, esse dicitur).<ref>[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelium Matthaei]] 1.1-16</ref> Unde lector credere potuerit Iesum filium esse Iosephi, nisi vel verba Lucae "Iesus . . . ''ut putabatur'' filius Ioseph"<ref group="t" name="filius" /><ref name="filius1" /> legisset, vel [[historia]]m conceptús apud Matthaeum, vel historias [[somnium|somniorum]] et [[angelus|angelorum]] apud ambos. Apud Lucam Dei nuntius, nomine [[Gabriel]], Mariam interpellare describitur: <blockquote>Missus est angelus Gabriel a Deo . . . ad virginem desponsatam viro, cui nomen erat Ioseph de domo David, et nomen virginis Maria. Et ingressus ad eam dixit: "[[Ave Maria|Ave]], gratia plena, Dominus tecum. . . . Ne timeas, Maria; invenisti enim gratiam apud Deum. Et ecce concipies in utero et paries filium et vocabis nomen eius Iesum. Hic erit magnus et Filius Altissimi vocabitur, et dabit illi Dominus Deus sedem David patris eius, et regnabit super domum Iacob in aeternum, et regni eius non erit finis." Dixit autem Maria ad angelum: "Quomodo fiet istud, quoniam virum non cognosco?" Et respondens angelus dixit ei: "Spiritus Sanctus superveniet in te, et virtus Altissimi obumbrabit tibi: ideoque et quod nascetur sanctum, vocabitur Filius Dei.<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|ἀπεστάλη ὁ ἄγγελος Γαβριὴλ ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ ... πρὸς παρθένον μεμνηστευμένην ἀνδρὶ, ᾧ ὄνομα Ἰωσὴφ, ἐξ οἴκου Δαυῒδ, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς παρθένου Μαριάμ. καὶ εἰσελθὼν ὁ ἄγγελος πρὸς αὐτὴν εἶπε· Χαῖρε, κεχαριτωμένη· ὁ Κύριος μετὰ σοῦ· εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξίν ... Μὴ φοβοῦ, Μαριάμ· εὗρες γὰρ χάριν παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ. καὶ ἰδοὺ συλλήψῃ ἐν γαστρὶ καὶ τέξῃ υἱόν, καὶ καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν. οὗτος ἔσται μέγας καὶ υἱὸς ὑψίστου κληθήσεται, καὶ δώσει αὐτῷ Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς τὸν θρόνον Δαυῒδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ βασιλεύσει ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Ἰακὼβ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας, καὶ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔσται τέλος. εἶπε δὲ Μαριὰμ πρὸς τὸν ἄγγελον· Πῶς ἔσται μοι τοῦτο, ἐπεὶ ἄνδρα οὐ γινώσκω; καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ ἄγγελος εἶπεν αὐτῇ· Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπελεύσεται ἐπὶ σέ καὶ δύναμις ὑψίστου ἐπισκιάσει σοι· διὸ καὶ τὸ γεννώμενον ἅγιον κληθήσεται υἱὸς Θεοῦ.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Lucam|evangelium Lucae]] 1.26–35.</ref> Apud Matthaeum, Maria iam gravida, nuntius ab Iosepho videtur: "Ecce angelus Domini in somnis apparuit ei dicens: 'Ioseph fili David, noli timere accipere Mariam coniugem tuam. Quod enim in ea natum est, de Spiritu Sancto est; pariet autem filium, et vocabis nomen eius Iesum: ipse enim salvum faciet populum suum a peccatis eorum.'"<ref group="t" name="nomen" /><ref name="nomen1" /></blockquote> Duae historiae de Iesu nativitate in eisdem fontibus leguntur. Apud Lucam enim de [[Census Iudaeae|descriptione]] in [[Bethleem]] narratur: eo Iosephum cum uxore gravida profectum esse, quae ibi "peperit filium suum primogenitum; et pannis eum involvit et reclinavit eum in praesepio, quia non erat eis locus in deversorio:"<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|καὶ ἔτεκεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς τὸν πρωτότοκον· καὶ ἐσπαργάνωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἀνέκλινεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ φάτνῃ, διότι οὐκ ἦν αὐτοῖς τόπος ἐν τῷ καταλύματι.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Evangelium Lucae]] 2.7.</ref> statimque pastores, in regione circumiacente noctu pecora sua custodientes, ab angelo Dei incitatos, inter se dixisse: "'Transeamus usque Bethlehem et videamus hoc verbum, quod factum est, quod Dominus ostendit nobis' Et venerunt festinantes et invenerunt Mariam et Ioseph et infantem positum in praesepio."<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|οἱ ἄνθρωποι οἱ ποιμένες εἶπον πρὸς ἀλλήλους· Διέλθωμεν δὴ ἕως Βηθλέεμ καὶ ἴδωμεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τὸ γεγονὸς ὃ ὁ Κύριος ἐγνώρισεν ἡμῖν. καὶ ἦλθον σπεύσαντες καὶ ἀνεῦρον τήν τε Μαριὰμ καὶ τὸν Ἰωσὴφ καὶ τὸ βρέφος κείμενον ἐν τῇ φάτνῃ.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Evangelium Lucae]] 2.15-16.</ref> Matthaeus autem, de ratione profectionis ad Bethleem non disserens, visitatores alios eo venisse asseverat, scilicet magos a stella conductos, "et intrantes domum viderunt puerum cum Maria matre eius, et procidentes adoraverunt eum; et apertis thesauris suis, obtulerunt ei munera, aurum et tus et myrrham. Et responso accepto in somnis, ne redirent ad Herodem, per aliam viam reversi sunt in regionem suam."<ref group="t">{{Polytonic|καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν εἶδον τὸ παιδίον μετὰ Μαρίας τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ πεσόντες προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνοίξαντες τοὺς θησαυροὺς αὐτῶν προσήνεγκαν αὐτῷ δῶρα, χρυσὸν καὶ λίβανον καὶ σμύρναν. καὶ χρηματισθέντες κατ’ ὄναρ μὴ ἀνακάμψαι πρὸς Ἡρῴδην, δι’ ἄλλης ὁδοῦ ἀνεχώρησαν εἰς τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν.}}</ref><ref>[[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelium Matthaei]] 2.11–12.</ref> Res paucae quas de infantili vita Iesu scimus invenimus in capitibus Matthaeo 1–2 et in capite Lucas 2 in [[Novum Testamentum|Novo Testamento]]. Super praeciso anno nativitis Iesu Christi nonnullae scholae theologicae christiane invicem disputaverunt. Plurimi credunt Iesum anno circa 750 A.U.C. ([[4 a.C.n.]] calendarii Christiani), circiter ante mortem Herodi tetrarchi esse natum. Legimus in Matthaeo Evangelio Herodem Iesum natum necare voluisse propterea quod ipse timuit Novum Regem Messiam in persona Iesu Nazareni esse a prophetis iudaicis praedictum. Cum Herodes vitam Iesu infantis minaturus erat, noctu sopore ab angelo monito, Iosephus iter ad Aegyptum cum uxore sua Maria fecit et cum infante Iesu. Cum Herodes qui vitam infantis Iesu minatus fuit mortem obiit, Iosephus cum [[familia]] Nazarethum redidit a quo loco Iesus cognomen "Nazarenus" accepit. Tempore Paschae Hebraicae relatum est [[puer]]um Iesum cum parentibus suis terrestribus Iosepho et Maria ad [[templum]] [[Hierosolyma]]e iter fecerunt. Ad domum reversuri pergentes parentes sui observaverunt [[puer]]um Iesum comitatu deesse. Celeriter reversi ad Hyerosolymam in templo cum religiosis Iudeis disputantem Iesum redinvenerunt magno cum gaudio. Existimabatur hoc tempore esse natum Iesum annos [[duodecim]]. == Vita in evangeliis == [[Fasciculus:The Ministry of Jesus-la.svg|thumb|Tabula geographica ministerii Iesus.]] Vixit circa triginta tres annos Iesus. Evangelia ab Ecclesia apostolica recepta quattuor de ultimis tribus annis ante crucifixionem suam testimonia adhibuerunt Iesum Dei esse filium hominumque salvatorem eos ad Deum appropinquantes. Ut homines [[Deus|Deum]] ament suasit Iesus Christus id esse veram hominis [[natura]]m a Deo benedictam. Iesus discipulos suos mirabilia sancta resque dignas in vita edocebat. Praeterea in Evangeliis conscriptum fuit multos homines aegrotos supranaturali vice sanavisse. Cum [[Hierosolyma]]m ingressus fuisset, multitudo eum tamquam regem acclamabat. Traditur a [[Iudas Iscariot|Iuda Iscariot]] uno eorum et [[Pharisaei]] eum cum [[Romani antiqui|Romanis]] ceperunt et ad [[mors|supplicionem]] condemnarunt. [[Religio Christiana|Christiani]] vere testificant eum [[Descensus Christi ad Inferos|ad Inferos descendisse]], post triduum ab obitu [[resurrectio|resurrexisse]], et in [[caelum]] [[ascensio|ascendisse]]. == De fontibus == Fontes [[antiquitas|antiquissimi]] nobis servati sunt [[epistulae Paulinae]], Sancto [[Paulus|Paulo]] tributae (qui anno fere [[67]] necatus est): ille autem Iesum contionantem nunquam audivit, sed de eo a [[discipulus|discipulis]] certiorem factus est. Eodem fere tempore [[Actus Apostolorum]] scripti sunt, iam ante Pauli mortem, de qua [[nihil]] dicitur. In his operibus, nonnulla de [[doctrina]] vel praedicatione Iesu legimus, sed perpauca de eius [[vita]]. Fontes igitur maximi momenti sunt [[biographia|vitae]] Iesu antiquiores, quarum quattuor tantum integre servantur, [[Canon (Biblia)|canonicae]] dictae, quia in canone Novi Testamenti receptae sunt. Quarum primam esse [[evangelium secundum Marcum]] plurimi censent eruditi. == Sententiae == === Sententia Christianae religionis === {{vide-etiam|religio Christiana}} Christiani opinantur per [[Novum Testamentum]] et in [[Vetus Testamentum|Vetere Testamento]] aedificantes traditiones eum Messiam esse, Filiumque Dei. Fideles [[Trinitas|Sanctae Trinitatis]] (plurimae Christianae ecclesiae) secundum fidem ab omnibus saeculis Deus, qui in persona tamen non congruit [[Deus Pater|Patri]], sed Filius Dei, qui ad nos venit ad homines salvandos, et ad Deo reconciliandos, quod ad extremum per mortem passionemque postremo resurrectionem suam vicit. (Ioannes 3:16.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-ioannem_lt.html#3].</ref>). Christianorum symboli pars centrica exponit Iesum, atque eius quaestiones disputationis. Iam veteres Christiani intellexerunt non omnes idem de Redemptore suo gravissimum significanti ducunt, quam ii. Hoc dicitur una mente a [[Sanctus Paulus|Sancto Paulo]]: "nos autem praedicamus Christum crucifixum, Iudaeis quidem scandalum, [[gens|gentibus]] autem stultitiam;" (Ad Corinthios I, 1, 23). Ab ovo personae quaestio semper dissensio erat. [[Christologia|Scientia christologica]] nominata exponit, quis Iesus ex sacrae doctrinae ratione fuerit. [[Argumentatio]] Christologica desiderat personae quiditatem actaque Iesu secundum ad eum spectantes profetiae veteris testamenti, ipsumque fassas sententias evangelicas, ceterosque doctrinas eum demonstrare eiusque aestimare. [[Divinitas|Divinitatis]] Iesu quaestiones in iis, quae dicuntur [[Oecumenicum Concilium|concilia]], disputarunt et sententiam tulerunt. Primum concilium [[Constantinus I]] anno [[325]] [[Nicaea (Turcia)|Nicaeae]] habuit, ut unitatem imperii sustineret, sed ab eo iudicium, quae in origine disputatio theoligica erat, instrumentum politicum formatum est. In his conciliis constituta est ecclesia universalior quam senior, et interim sectae, exemplio gratia [[Arianismus|Ariani]], solutae sunt. Categoriam variam formant [[Antitrinitarismus|antitrinitarii]], qui de Iesu quiditatis sententia singulari sunt accessu: inclinatio antitrinitaria instituta saeculo sexto decimo, primo in [[Transsilvania]] quo facto Edicti in Torda, motus autem iam a concilio Nicaeo religionem minorem significavit inter Christianos. Nonnulli greges, qui se Christianos esse putant, scilicet [[Testes Iehovah]], [[Ecclesia Scientiae Christianae]], [[Mormonismus|Mormoni]], et alii, Iesum deum esse non credunt, sed solum a Deo inspiratum arbitrantur. Plurimi Christiani unum Deum, qui ex [[trinitas|trinitate]], qua Iesus unus est, constat, et Iesum esse [[messias|messiam]] sive [[Christus|Christum]] in [[Vetus Testamentum|Vetere Testamento]] praedictum credunt. Christiani Iesum in [[crux|cruce]] mortuum esse—ideo [[crux Christiana|crux]] est principale Christianismi signum religiosum—et eum credunt postea revixisse et hominem curare. === Sententia Iudaeae religionis === Iudaei Iesum falsum Messiam rentur, orthodoxique Iudaei adhuc semper recti Messiae adventum expectant. Iesum neminem nisi miraculorum auctorem hominemquem turbulentum perditum opinantur, sed cognorunt{{dubsig}} magnum magistrum esse. Biblia Iudaeae (''Talmud'') Jesu dicit. Iesu (''Hebraice ישו'') secundum mysticam [[numerologia]]m, JESU 315 respondet, hic [[numerus]] vero tria nomina operiunt ''yemach shemo vezichro'' litterarum verbum Hebraicae appellationis,<ref>Franciscus Badinyi Jós, ''A Káld-pártus hagyomány és a magyarok Jézus-vallása,'' p. 120.</ref> quod 'obliviscere eius nominis' significare potest, idque valde prope stat Iesua nomen [[persona]]le (vel mutationem reri potest). === Sententia Islamicae religionis === [[Religio Islamica|Musulmani]] Iesum inter numerum esse [[fatidicus|fatidicorum]] antiquissimorum dilectissimorumque Dei et messiam quoque credunt, etsi huic [[significatio (linguistica)|significationem]] dissimilem cui Christianorum attribuunt, i.e. [[divinitas|divinitatem]] Iesu non credunt. Plurimae [[religio]]nes aliae [[interpretatio]]nem [[animus|animi]] ullam praecipuam Iesu non attribuunt. == Pelliculae selectae de Iesu== * [[1961]] - ''[[King of Kings (pellicula)|King of Kings]]'' * [[1964]] - ''[[Il Vangelo secondo Matteo]]'' * [[1964]] - ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'' * [[1977]] - ''[[Jesus of Nazareth]]'' * [[2004]] - ''[[Passio Christi (pellicula)|Passio Christi]]'' * [[2014]] - ''[[Son of God (pellicula)|Son of God]]'' * [[2016]] - ''[[The Young Messiah]]'' == Notae == <references /> === Textus primi === <references group="t"/> == Bibliographia == * Allison, Dale. [[1999]]. ''Jesus of Nazareth: Millenarian Prophet.'' Minneapoli: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 0-8006-3144-7. {{Ling|Anglice}} * [[Benedictus XVI]]. [[2007]]. ''Jesus von Nazareth: Von der Taufe im Jordan bis zur Verklärung.'' Herder. ISBN 978-3-451-29861-5. {{Ling|Theodisce}} * Brown, Raymond E. [[1993]]. ''The Birth of the Messiah: a commentary on the infancy narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke''. Ed. secunda. Londinii: Geoffrey Chapman {{Ling|Anglice}} * Brown, Raymond E. [[1994]]. ''The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the grave: a commentary on the passion narratives in the four gospels''. Londinii: Geoffrey Chapman {{Ling|Anglice}} * Brown, Raymond E. [[1997]]. ''An Introduction to the New Testament.'' Novi Eboraci: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-24767-2. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Cohen, Shaye J. D. [[1987]]. ''From the Maccabees to the Mishnah''. Philadelphiae: Westminster Press. ISBN 978-0-664-21911-6. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Cohen, Shaye J. D. [[2001]]. ''The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22693-3. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Crossan, John Dominic. [[1993]]. ''The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-061629-6. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Crossan, John Dominic. [[1995]]. ''Who Killed Jesus?: Exposing the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus.'' Franciscopoli: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 978-0-06-061671-7. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Davenport, Guy, et Benjamin Urrutia, conv. [[1996]]. ''The Logia of Yeshua: The Sayings of Jesus.'' Vasingtoniae: Counterpoint. ISBN 978-1-887178-70-9. {{Ling|Anglice}} * De La Potterie, Ignace. [[1989]]. ''The Hour of Jesus: The Passion and the Resurrection of Jesus according to John.'' Novi Eboraci: Alba House. ISBN 978-0-8189-0575-9. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Durant, Will. [[1944]]. ''Caesar and Christ.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-11500-6. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Ehrman, Bart. [[2003]]. ''The Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514183-0. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Ehrman, Bart D. [[2003]]. ''The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515462-2. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Fredriksen, Paula. [[2000]]. ''Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity.'' Novi Eboraci: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-76746-0. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Fredriksen, Paula. [[2000]]. ''From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Christ.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08457-3. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Finegan, Jack. [[1998]]. ''Handbook of Biblical Chronology.'' Ed. retractata. Peabody Massachusettae: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1-56563-143-9. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Fuller, Reginald H. [[1965]], ''The Foundations of New Testament Christology.'' Novi Eboraci: Scribners. ISBN 0-227-17075-X. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Hesemann, Michael. [[2009]]. ''Jesus von Nazareth: Archäologen auf den Spuren des Erlösers.'' Augsburg. ISBN 978-3-86744-092-9. {{Ling|Theodisce}} * Meier, John P. ''A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus.'' Novi Eboraci: Anchor Doubleday. {{Ling|Anglice}} :[[1991]]. ''The Roots of the Problem and the Person.'' Vol. 1. ISBN 0-385-26425-9. {{Ling|Anglice}} :[[1994]]. ''Mentor, Message, and Miracles.'' Vol. 2. ISBN 038569926. {{Ling|Anglice}} :[[2001]]. ''Companions and Competitors.'' Vol. 3. ISBN 0-385-46993-4. {{Ling|Anglice}} * O'Collins, Gerald. [[1983]]. "Introducing Catholic theology." In ''Interpreting Jesus.'' Londinii: G. Chapman; Ramsey Novae Caesareae: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2572-2. {{Ling|Anglice}} * [[Iaroslaus Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. [[1999]]. ''Jesus Through the Centuries: His Place in the History of Culture.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07987-7. {{Ling|Anglice}} * [[Ernestus Renan|Renan, Ernestus]]. ''Vie de Jésus.'' Clarissimum et maxime controversum opus, quia Iesu Christi [[Deus|divinitatem]] denegat. {{Ling|Francogallice}} * Robinson, John A. T. ([[1977]]) [[2001]]. ''Redating the New Testament.'' Eugene Oregoniae: Wipf & Stock. ISBN 1-57910-527-0. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Sanders, E. P. [[1987]]. ''Jesus and Judaism.'' Minneapoli: Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-2061-5. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Sanders, E. P. [[1993]]. ''The Historical Figure of Jesus.'' Londini: Allen Lane Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-7139-9059-1. {{Ling|Anglice}} * [[Gerd Theissen|Theissen, Gerd]], et Annetrte Merz. [[1998]]. ''The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide.'' Minneapoli: Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-3122-6. {{Ling|Anglice}} * [[Géza Vermes|Vermes, Géza]]. [[1981]]. ''Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels.'' Minneapoli: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 0-8006-1443-7. {{Ling|Anglice}} * [[Géza Vermes|Vermes, Géza]]. [[1993]]. ''The Religion of Jesus the Jew.'' Minneapoli: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 0-8006-2797-0. {{Ling|Anglice}} * [[Géza Vermes|Vermes, Géza]]. [[2003]]. ''Jesus in His Jewish Context.'' Minneapoli: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 0-8006-3623-6. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Wilson, A. N. [[2003]]. ''Jesus.'' Londinii: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-0697-1. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Wright, N. T. [[1997]]. ''Jesus and the Victory of God.'' Minneapoli: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 0-8006-2682-6. {{Ling|Anglice}} * Wright, N. T. [[2003]]. ''The Resurrection of the Son of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God.'' Minneapoli: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 0-8006-2679-6. {{Ling|Anglice}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Jesus Christ|Iesum}} {{Victionarium|Iesus|Iesum}} {{Vicicitatio|Iesus Christus|Iesum}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131112211101/http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevcon.htm Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia (Versio I)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131112210512/http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevconn.htm Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia (Versio II)] * [http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html Nova Biblia Vulgata Latina] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|saeculo 1|Iesus Nazarenus}} [[Categoria:Conditores religionum]] [[Categoria:Deus]]<!-- [[Categoria:Fabri]]--> [[Categoria:Iesus|!]] [[Categoria:Iudaei]] [[Categoria:Messiae dicti]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] [[Categoria:Prophetae Islamici]] [[Categoria:Religionis doctores]] glcxtl2587np4h3emq3pm7f6yaj8m7l 0 3585 3994076 3992204 2026-10-11T16:39:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Iemenia, -ae f.''',<ref>Νuntius "Coniuges Finni ex Iemenia liberati," [http://yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/coniuges_finni_ex_iemenia_liberati_40986.html "Nuntii Latini,"] Radiophonica Finnica.</ref><ref name="Iemen"/> seu '''Iemen'''<ref name="Iemen">"Lexicon Latinum hodiernum vel Vocabularium Latinitatis huius aetatis. Pars geographica. Auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo", ubi dicitur "'''Jemen''', m ''Iemenia, ae, f'' [GEO; VPL: Iemenia (2008)]; ''Iemen, inis, n (indec)'' [GEO]; ''Iemenium, i, n'' [GEO] {natio in paeninsula Arabica} // '''Jemenitisch''' ''Iemeniticus, a, um'' [2008]; ''Yemeniticus, a, um'' [SYS: Tachyagetes yemeniticus]; ''Yemen(i)ensis, is, e'' [SYS: Varanus yemenensis; Eunidia yemeniensis]".</ref> seu '''Iemenium''',<ref name="Iemen"/> seu '''Iemana, -ae f.'''<ref name="Iemana">[https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Historia_Iemanae_sub_Hasano_Pascha?id=qbVCAAAAcAAJ&hl=en_US&gl=US&pli=1 Historia Iemanae sub Hasano Pascha], auctore Antonio Rutgers.</ref> ([[Arabice]] اليَمَن) plenius '''res publica Yemenita'''<ref>"Praeses Reipublicae Yemenitae": vide [http://biblioteca.unisal.it/repository/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis_096_2004_00_SL-10.4-D-2.w.pdf p. 998 s.v. Saleh A. A.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Cf. "Regnum Arabiae Sauditae tum etiam Status Qatarensis, Bahreinensis, Emiratorum [sic] Unitorum Arabicorum, Omanensis et Yemenitae": ''[http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/apost_letters/1992/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19920326_suo-iam-pridem.pdf Litterae Apostolicae].''</ref><ref>Vbb. adiectt. "Yemenensis" saepe, "Yemeniensis, Yemeniticus, Iemenensis" rarius in nominibus biologicis reperiuntur.</ref> seu '''Iemenitica'''<ref name="Iemen"/> seu '''Yemenitica'''<ref name="Iemen"/> seu '''Yemen(i)ensis'''<ref name="Iemen"/> (Arabice ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﯾّﺔ اليمنية) (apud veteres [[Arabia Felix]] appellata),<ref>Qua ratione nomen reperis "rei publicae Arabiae Felicis (''Yemen'')": ''[http://www.alcuinus.net/ephemeris/nuntius.php?id=783 Ephemeris]'' (7 Iunii 2017)</ref> est [[Asia occidentalis|Asiae Occidentalis]] [[civitas sui iuris]] in Austro-Occidentali [[Arabia|Paeninsulae Arabicae]] extremo sita. Terminatur terrā [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiae Sauditae]] ab Septentrione atque [[Omania]]e a Boreo-Oriente et mari [[Gibutum|Gibuto]] ac [[Erythraea]]e ab Occidente et etiam mari [[Somalia]]e a Meridiē. Magnam regionem maritimam apud [[Sinus Adenensis|Sinum Adenensem]]<ref name="Sinus Adenensis">"Maria ad oras Somaliae spectantia, id est Sinus Adenensis": ''[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/nuntius.php?id=462 Ephemeris]''</ref>, aliam minorem apud [[Rubrum mare|Rubrum Mare]]<ref name="Rubrum Mare">[[Livius|Liv.]] 45.9.6; [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plin.]] ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 5.65; 6.106; 7.97; [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curt.]] ''[[Historiae (Curtius)|Alex.4.7.18; 5.1.15]]'' </ref> ostendit; et, una cum [[Gibutum|Gibuto]], [[Porta Lacrimarum|fretum Portam Lacrimarum]]<ref name="Porta Lacrimarum">[[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudii Ptolemaei]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=IaLUv0r2QrsC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=%22porta+lacrimarum%22&source=bl&ots=jzbRLAmsKW&sig=ACfU3U0NyslxOgZPrmYpDHEKMPuZruFfvg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHobyy3KPtAhVLp1kKHRbPByYQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=%22porta%20lacrimarum%22&f=false ''Geographia.'']</ref> explorat quod ad [[Canalis Suesiensis|Canalem Suesiensem]]<ref name="CS Ladan">Tomislav Ladan, [http://books.google.nl/books?id=dw8HAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Suesiensis%22+OR+%22Suesiensi%22+OR+%22Suesiensem%22+OR+%22Suesiense%22&dq=%22Suesiensis%22+OR+%22Suesiensi%22+OR+%22Suesiensem%22+OR+%22Suesiense%22&cd=6 ''Osmojezični enciklopedijski rječnik,''] vol. 2 (1987)].</ref><ref name="CS Del Col">José Juan Del Col, [http://books.google.nl/books?id=0PXHgsvKqkkC&pg=PA176&lpg=PA176&dq=%22Canalis+Suesiensis%22&source=bl&ots=pgJTCGKIWJ&sig=sVKXdDfUfDLOCz6hQc91JFkCxeI&hl=nl&ei=P7SxS8n_EMnk-Qb7oZyIAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Canalis%20Suesiensis%22&f=false ''Diccionario auxiliar español-latino'' (Bahía Blanca 2007)] [[Diccionario Auxiliar Español-Latino]].</ref> ducit. Eius [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Sanaa]],<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum">Confer [https://web.archive.org/web/20230704125155/https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0286b.html articulum de Arabiā apud Lexicum Universale Hofmann]</ref> [[natio]]nis [[occidens|occidente]] situm, et praecipuus eius [[portus]] [[Adana]]<ref name="Adana">"Adana, Adenium, Adenum, Romanus Arabum Portus" in {{Graesse}}.</ref> est. Iemenia est una ex antiquissimas apud cunas [[civilizatio]]nis in [[Asia Occidentalis|Asia Occidentali]].[[Antiquitas|Antiquitate]], haec civitas territorium in dicione [[Saba (Arabia)|Regnorum Sabae]] erat. Etiam est una apud primas civitates quae [[islamus|Islamum]] adoptaverunt{{dubsig}} et praecipuum [[Madhab Saficum|theologiae Safica]] centrum quoque constituit. Praesens civitas Iemenitica nata est cum [[Res publica democratica popularis Iemenitica]] seu Iemenia Meridiana et [[Res publica Arabica Iemenitica]] seu Iemenia Septentrionalis die [[22 Maii]] anni [[1990]] se coniunxissent. Huius civitatis [[res publica]] magnā instabilitate politicā depingitur, quae usque ad nostram memoriam pergit. Ab anno [[2015]], [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|bellum civile in Iemenia]] gestum est. Eodem anno, [[Arabia Saudita]] Iemeniae rationum mercatoriarum interclusionem fecit quae ei ciborum importationem impedit, quod incolis gravissimam perturbationem causavit in praesenti.<ref>"Yémen: 3 agences de l'ONU appellent à la levée immédiate du blocus humanitaire" (Francice), apud ''ONU Info'', die 16 Novembris anni 2017. Inspectum die 4 Iulii anni 2023.</ref> Iemenia ex ordine 183 apud 191 nationes secundum [[Index progressus humani|indicem progressūs humani]] [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] anno [[2021]] collocata erat, cum indice progressūs humani 0,455 contra 0,383 anni [[1990]].<ref name="HDR">[https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22 Human Development Report 2021-22] (Anglice), [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]], [[Programma promotorium Nationum Unitarum]].</ref> ==Etymologia== Vocabulum ''Yamnat'' in [[linguae Arabicae Meridionales Antiquae|Arabicis Meridionalibus Antiquiis]] inscriptionibus de titulo unius e secundi [[Regnum Homeriticum|Regni Homeritici]]<ref name="Homeritae">Vide [http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/gaffiot/homeritae "Homeritae" apud Gaffiot].</ref> (Arabice مملكة حِمْيَر et Homeritice 𐩢𐩣𐩺𐩧𐩣) regibus allatum est, cuius nomen est Shammar Yahr'ish II. Hoc vocabulum probabiliter ad meridionalia-occidentalia [[Arabia|Paeninsulae Arabicae]] litora et ad meridionale litus inter [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanam]] (Arabice عَدَن) ac [[Adrramyta]]m<ref name="Adrramyta">Theophrastus: ''Historia Plantarum''. 9,4. Vide etiam articulum Vicipaediae Anglicae de hoc regno, ubi dicitur "Theophrastus gives the name Άδρραμύτα, a direct transcription of the Semitic name into Greek".</ref> seu Chatramotitas<ref name="Chatramotitae">Vide [[:en:Hadramout Region|commentationem "Hadramout Region" apud Vicipaediam Anglicam]], ubi dicitur "The Greeks and Romans mentioned Hadramout with some distortion. Eratosthenes referred to it as (Latin: ''Chatramotitae'') ".</ref> seu [[Chatramitis|Chatramitem]]<ref name="Chatramitis">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20231006233040/https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0827b.html "Chatramitis" apud Lexicon Universale Hofmann].</ref> seu [[Xaeli|Xaelos]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> seu [[Hadramuttae|Hadramuttas]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> (Arabice حَضْرَمُوتُ et Adrramytice 𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩩) referebat.<ref>Ab Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitizatum die 17 Februarii anni 2007]. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام (Arabice). Vol. 1. Dār al-ʻIlm li-l-Malāyīn. p. 171.</ref><ref>Ab Neuwirth, Angelicā (Angelika); Sinai, Nicolao (Nicolai); Marx, Michaële (Michael) (2010). ''The Qur??n in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Qur??nic Milieu'' (Anglice). BRILL. ISBN 9789004176881.</ref> Historica Iemenia multum maius territorium includit quam praesens natio, septentrionali ex [[Asir]]e (Arabice عسير ) in meridionali occidentali [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiā Sauditā]] in [[Dhofar]]<ref name="Dhofar">Confer [[binomen]] "Maytenus dhofarensis".</ref> (Arabice ظفار) meridionali in [[Omana|Omanā]] extendens. <ref name="Burrowes">A. Burrowes et Roberto (Robert) D. (2010), ''Historical Dictionary of Yemen'' (Anglice) (Rowman & Littlefield) 319. ISBN 978-0-8108-5528-1.</ref><ref>A. Smith et Gulielmo (William) Robertson, ''Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia'' (Anglice), p. 193. ISBN 1-117-53193-7.</ref> Alia [[etymologia]] Iemeniam ex ''ymnt'', ad litteram "[[Arabia|Paeninsulae Arabicae]] Meridiem" significante, derivat et significative notione terrae dextrorsum utitur (𐩺𐩣𐩬).<ref>A Beeston, A.F.L.; Ghul, M.A.; Müller, W.W.; Ryckmans, J. (1982). ''Sabaic Dictionary'' (Anglice). Ab Universitate Sanaaense, YAR. p. 168. ISBN 2-8017-0194-7.</ref> Alii fontes Iemeniam arcte conexam esse ad ''yamn'' seu ''yumn'', "felicitatem" aut "benedictum" significantia, asserunt, quia magna huius nationis pars fertilis est.<ref>Ab Vladimiro (Vladimir) Sergeyevich Solovyov (anno 2007). [https://books.google.es/books?id=0J6oJjgvefQC&q=yemen+means+blessed&pg=PA149&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=yemen%20means%20blessed&f=false ''Enemies from the East?: V. S. Soloviev on Paganism, Asian Civilizations, and Islam'']. Northwestern University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-8101-2417-2.</ref><ref>Ab Eduardo (Edward) Balfour (anno 1873). [https://books.google.es/books?id=d9UBAAAAYAAJ&q=yemen+means+felicity&pg=RA1-PA240&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=yemen%20means%20felicity&f=false ''Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, Band 5'']. Typis impressum in Scottish & Adelphi. p. 240.</ref> [[Romani antiqui|Romani]] eam "[[Arabia Felix|Arabiam Felicem]]" nuncupaverunt, contra "[[Arabia Deserta|Arabiam Desertam]]". [[Litterae Latinae|Latini]] et [[Litterae Graecae|Graeci scriptores]] antiquam Iemeniam "Indiam" referebant, quod ortum est e [[Persae|Persis]], qui [[Abissensis|Abissenses]], cum quibus congressi sunt, nomine gentis vicinae cutem obscurae, scilicet, [[Indi|Indorum]], designaverunt.<ref>A Bell, Ricardo (Richard) (die 20 Octobris anni 1926). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528983 "Origin Of Islam In Its Christian Environment"] – viā bibliothecae digitalis [[Internet Archive]].</ref><ref>A Nöldeke, Theodoro (Theodor) (anno 1879). ''[https://archive.org/details/GeschichteDerPerserUndAraber T. Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der en aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari: Übersetzt und mit ausführlichen Erläuterungen und ergänzungen Versehn]'' (Theodisce). [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: E.J. Brill. p. 222.</ref> ==Historia== ===Antiquitas=== [[Fasciculus:Panel Almaqah Louvre DAO18.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Inscriptio]] [[Sabaei|Sabaea]]<ref name="Sabaei"/> ad [[Almaqah]] [[deus|deum]] [[lunae]] alloquens, quinque deos [[Arabia]]e australis, duos [[monarcha]]s regnantes, duos [[gubernator]]es [[saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculo septimo]] commemorat.]] Iemenia unum antiquissima apud [[civilizatio]]nis centra in toto orbe terrarum est. Saltem e [[Millennium 2 a.C.n.|Millennio II a.C.n.]] hac in regione domicilium posuerunt gentes quae [[orogenesis|orogeneticis]] huius territorii singularibus fruebantur. Altitudinibus et perennis indolis aquis fluentibus abundans, Iemenia -e [[Linguae Semiticae|Semiticā]] [[Radix (linguistica)|radice]] <y-m-n> derivata, quae "dexterum" aut "[[Meridies (pars caeli)|meridionale]]" significat- [[vegetatio]]nis typum continet quae substantias circumdantibus a culturis valde appetitas efficit quae [[Graecia antiqua|Graeci antiqui]] ἀρώμᾰτᾰ nuncupabantur et quae, synthetice, ad [[incensum]] referri possunt. [[Fasciculus:Bmane2002-1-114,1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stela]] [[funus|funerea]] ex [[saeculum 1|saeculo primo]] scaenam [[musica]]m pingit.]] Huius territorii [[hydrographia|hydrographice]] afficiendi facultas, antiquissimis e temporibus, [[Sabaei|Sabaeos]]<ref name="Sabaei">Vide [http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/gaffiot/Sabaei "Sabaei" apud Gaffiot].</ref> colonias hac in regione deducentes e [[Tellus (terra)|soli]] fecunditate fructum ita capere sivit ut confirmetur [[Beduini|Beduinum]] proverbium secundum quod Iemenia locus est ubi annonae provisiones innecessariae sunt, quia natura omnia offert. Inter [[Saeculum 9 a.C.n.|saeculum IX a.C.n.]] et [[Saeculum 6|saeculum VI]] in Iemeniā, evoluta sunt aliquot regna: [[Sabaea]]<ref name="Sabaea">Vide [http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/gaffiot/Sabaea "Sabaea" apud Gaffiot].</ref> (Arabice سَبَأ et Sabaice 𐩪𐩨𐩱), [[Ausan]] (Arabice أوسان), [[Minaeai|Minaeum]]<ref name="Minaei">Vide [http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/gaffiot/Minaei "Minaei" apud Gaffiot].</ref> (Arabice معين et Minaice 𐩣𐩲𐩬), [[Cattabania]]<ref name="Cattabania">Vide [situm interretialem Brill's New Pauly], ubi dicitur "(Qatabān). Pre-Islamic people in south-western Arabia, known predominantly through inscriptions. They appear in the ancient sources as Kattabaneîs (Κατταβανεῖς, ἡ Κατταβανία, Str. 16,4,4), Kottabanoí (Κοτταβανοί, Ptol. Geog. 6,7,24) and Catapani (Plin. HN 6,153)".</ref> (Arabice قتبان et Cattabanice 𐩤𐩩𐩨𐩬), [[Adrramyta]]<ref name="Adrramyta"/> seu Chatramotita<ref name="Chatramotitae"/> seu [[Chatramitis (Regio)|Chatramitis]]<ref name="Chatramitis"/> (Arabice حَضْرَمُوتُ et Adrramytice 𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩩) et [[Homeritae|Homeriticum]]<ref name="Homeritae"/> (Arabice حِمير et Homeritice 𐩢𐩣𐩺𐩧𐩣) et alia quae aliquot commercialibus centris dominabantur. Iemenia ab [[Romani antiqui|Romanis antiquis]] [[Arabia Felix]] cognoscebatur lucrosum propter [[commercium]]. [[Augustus (imperator)|Augustus]] eam capere conatus est, sed expeditio prolapsa est. Circum annum [[520]], haec regio [[Aethiops|Aethiopico]] [[Regnum Axomitarum|Regno Axōmitarum]]<ref name="Axomitarum">Confer [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Palaeograecum]] nomen Βασιλεία τῶν Ἀξωμιτῶν.</ref> (Sabaice 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣, [[Aethiopice]] ac [[Amharice]] መንግሥተ አክሱም et Arabice مملكة أكسوم) et anno [[570]] [[Regnum Sassanidarum|Regno Persico Sassanidarum]] annexa est. Deletā [[Mariaba|Mariabā]]<ref name="Mariaba">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20230726132051/https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0067b.html "Mariaba" apud Lexicon Universale Hofmann.]</ref> (Arabice مَأْرِب et [[Linguae Arabicae Meridionales Antiquae|Austropalaeoarabice]] 𐩣𐩧𐩺𐩨 seu 𐩣𐩧𐩨), [[Saba (Arabia)|Sabaeorum]]<ref name="Sabaei"/> metropoli, multi Sabaei, exeunte [[saeculum 6|saeculo VI]] et ineunte [[saeculum 7|saeculo VII]], hanc regionem reliquerunt et in [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africam Septentrionalem]] et [[Arabia|Paeninsulae Arabicae]] septentrionem migraverunt. ===Medium aevum=== [[Fasciculus:Slaves Zadib Yemen 13th century BNF Paris.jpg|thumb|[[Saeculum 13|Saeculi XIII]] libri imago [[Bagdatum|Bagdati]] ab [[Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti|al-Wasiti]] facta mercatum servorum [[Zabida]]e<ref name="Zabida"/> (Arabice زَبِيد) in Iemeniā depingens.]] E [[saeculum 7|saeculo VII]], haec natio [[caliphatus|Caliphatuum]] fortunam secuta est, initio [[Caliphatus Omayadarum|Omayadarum]], deinde [[Caliphatus Abbasidarum|Abbasidarum]]; ubi Iemenia magnā autonomiā gavisa est propter suum periphericum locum, quod aliquot [[Religio Islamica|Islamicos]] haeriticos motūs e repressione auctoritatis [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunniticae]] -primum [[Damascus|Damascenae]], postea [[Bagdatum|Bagdatensis]]- effugire sivit. Quamobrem, [[Charigitae|Charigitismus]] [[Ibaditae|Ibaditicus]] et radicitus agens [[Ali Abitalibi filius|Alidismus]] -qui [[Zaidismus]]<ref name="Zaiditae"/> (Arabice زيدية) factus est- modo plus minusve placido asperis in Iemeniticis regionibus consederunt. Sicut reliqua [[Arabia|Paeninsula Arabica]], etiam Iemenia sub [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] limites agere coepit, quia Aegyptiaca orientalia litora [[Rubrum mare]] contingentia minores difficultates ad sustinendum acceptabilem commercium Iemeniticis cum regionibus ostendunt. In Iemeniā ortae sunt locales [[dynastia]]e ortae sunt, e quibus memorabilissima est, inter [[saeculum 9|saecula IX]] et [[saeculum 11|XI]], [[Zaidismus|Zaiditica]]<ref name="Zaiditae"/> (Arabice زيدية), omnino reverens in [[Caliphatus Abbasidarum|Caliphatūs Abbasidarum]] contentionibus. In areā inter [[Dzanad]] (Arabice الجند) et [[Adrramyta]]m<ref name="Adrramyta"/> seu Chatramotitas<ref name="Chatramotitae"/> seu [[Chatramitis (Regio)|Chatramitem]]<ref name="Chatramitis"/> (Arabice حَضْرَمُوتُ) orta est in illo tempore dynastia [[Yufiridae|Yufiridarum]] (Arabice بنو يعفر), quae propriam septentrionalem Iemeniticam [[muhafaza]]m viā [[Ziyadidae|Ziyadiae]] (Arabice الزياديون) rectura erat, dum [[Secta Siitica|Siismus]]<ref name="Siismus">Confer Neograecum vocabulum Σιισμός.</ref> [[Zaidismus|Zaiditicus]]<ref name="Zaiditae"/> et Siismus [[Ismaelismus|Ismaëliticus]]-[[Caliphatus Fatimidarum|Fatimidicus]]<ref name="Fatimidae">Vide [http://ia902607.us.archive.org/18/items/actasocietatisre02soci/actasocietatisre02soci.pdf Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, seriei tertiae vol. II], ubi dicitur: "et in Africa Fatimidae fundamenta regni evertere conabantur (...) Princeps igitur Fatimida copias in hunc finem conduxit validas (...) postea vezirus Fatimidarum notissimus (...)".</ref> hac in natione imperare coeperunt, qui ineunte [[saeculum 10|saeculo 10]] Aegyptum occupavisset. [[Zaidismus|Zaiditae]]<ref name="Zaiditae">[https://books.google.es/books?id=akljAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=zaiditae&source=bl&ots=ooYP17114m&sig=ACfU3U1aoaXe6KKPBn72Ric-Qv5qZzoEVg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjW0dyBqZuCAxUIVaQEHQ55CCQQ6AF6BAgWEAM#v=onepage&q=zaiditae&f=false Historia Iemanae, e codice manuscripto arabico], ubi dicitur "Zaiditae nomen trahunt de Zaido (...)".</ref>, duce [[Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya|Yaḥyā ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Rassī]] -posthac al-Hādī ilā l-Ḥaqq cognito-, [[oasis]] [[Negrana|Negrănae]]<ref name="Negrana">Vide articulum "Najran" apud ''www.jatland.com'' ubi dicitur "''Najran'' (Hindi: नजरान, Arabic: نجران‎ Najrān), is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia near the border with Yemen. It is the capital of Najran Province. Najran is mentioned as Negrana by Pliny".</ref> (Arabice نجران‎) dominationem acceperunt, quod genuit dynastiam, ex eius nomine [[Rassidae|Rassidarum]] nuncupatam, quae usque ad exeuns [[saeculum 14|saeculum XIV]] superfuit. [[Fasciculus:Rasulids Aden Yemen 1335.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rasulidae|Rasulidarum]]<ref name="Rasulidae"/> [[nummus]], [[Adana]]e<ref name="Adana"/>, in Iemeniā, anno [[1335]].]] [[Caliphatus Fatimidarum|Fatimidae]]<ref name="Fatimidae"/> (Arabice الفاطميون) interea bene in idoneo politico reti moliendo successerunt quod denique duxit in potestatem in Iemeniae meridie dynastiam [[Sulayhidae|Sulayhidarum]] (Arabice بَنُو صُلَيْح), inter annos [[1047]] et [[1138]], Fatimidis fidelem, quae Yufiridarum partes suscepit. Omnes apud Sulayhidas egregios, citanda est imprimis femina quae manū militari sui defuncti mariti, ʿAlī al-Ṣulayḥī, imperium rexit, Arwā al-Sulayhi -"Domina Nobilis", Arabice ٱلسَّيِّدَة ٱلْحُرَّة, et etiam "Parva [[Regina Saba]]e", Arabice مَلِكَة سَبَأ ٱلصَّغِيْرَة, cognominata- quia magnā intellegentiā et animi fortitudine 50 annos, inter [[1084]] et [[1137]], regnavit. Inter annos [[1099]] et [[1173]], [[Sanaa]]<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> capta est a Hatimidis (Arabice بني حاتم), [[sultanus|sultanis]] Hamdānensibus; dum ʿAlī b. Mahdī, cuius [[Islamus]] rebus [[Kharigismus|Kharigisticis]] signatus erat, suum proprium imperium formare conabatur. Ad effugiendum hoc ex imminente pericolo, urbs [[Zabida]]<ref name="Zabida">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0868b.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann], ubi dicitur "ZABIDA, vicus in mediterraneis Arabiae Felicis, ''Steph''".</ref> (Arabice زَبِيد) auxilium ab illius temporis Fatimidarum [[Vezirus|veziro]], [[Saladinus|Saladino]], petivit, qui in Iemeniam suum fratrem [[Turan Sah ibn Ayyub|Tūrān Šāh al-Muʿazzam ibn Ayyūb]] "ad pacificandam eam" misit. Deinde, post [[Ayyubidae|Ayyubidarum]] gubernatorum seriem, Iemenia vassallae dynastiae [[Rasulidae|Rasulidarum]]<ref name="Rasulidae">Confer [https://books.google.es/books?id=RHwbY4fT0N8C&pg=PA340&lpg=PA340&dq=Rasulidae%22&source=bl&ots=20NTFqBNgY&sig=ACfU3U0ec35x_WHgyl8_UbhkjZ6zIgMROg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOkuLjqNyAAxV6U6QEHcZKDhsQ6AF6BAgTEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Orientalia, Volumen 2], ubi dicitur "(...) Sultanus Principi Rasūlidae, 'al-Malico-'l-Mogāhido, domino 'al-Jemanie, auxilio misit circiter 2000 equites, (...)".</ref> commissa est, quae se rectores haud aspernabiles ostenderunt, quia Iemeniam impulsū, etiam culturali architectonicoque, incitaverunt.<ref>''The Rasūlid Architectural Patronage in Yemen. A Catalogue'', [[Neapolis|Neapoli]], ab [[Institutum Orientale Neapolitanum|Instituto Orientali Neapolitano]], anno 1997.</ref> ===Aevum modernum=== [[Fasciculus:Assault on Aden.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lusitania|Lusitanus]] [[Viceregnum|vicerex]] [[Alphonsus de Albuquerque]] in [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanā]] capiendā bis erravit, quamquam [[Imperium Portugallense]] managed in regendā [[Dioscoridis Insula|Dioscoridis Insulā]]<ref name="Dioscoridis">Vide lemma "[https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/s0079b.html Dioscoridis Ins. apud Lexicon Universale Hofmann], ubi dicitur "DIOSCORIDIS Ins. ''Zocotora''; in Afr. in mari Azanio, ubi definit Erythraeum (...)".</ref> seu [[Zocotora|Zocotorā]]<ref name="Iassonium">[https://ediscovery.qnl.qa/islandora/object/QNL%3A00037534#page/1/mode/1up Arabiae Felicis, Petraeae et Desertae nova et accurata delineatio. Amstelodami, apud Ioannem Ianssonium.]</ref> (Arabice سقطرة) usque ad annum [[1511]] bene successit.]] Medio [[saeculum 15|saeculo XV]], Ayyubidae a Rasulidarum servis militaribus seu [[Mamluci]]s et hostili familiā, [[Tahiridae|Tahiridis]],<ref name="Tahiridae">Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=row3ES9ENRkC&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=tahiridae%22&source=bl&ots=ZrFhnYrgvT&sig=ACfU3U0Tisd2NYb2hATqCF9Y4kDQjyfeyA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwio-pXLr9yAAxUyTaQEHV0YCg8Q6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Nova supplementa ad Recensionem numorum Muhammedanorum], ubi dicitur "Classis IV. Emiri Tahiridae".</ref> prehensae sunt, quae sunt apud dominos Dzubanenses et Miqrānenses. ===Aevum contemporaneum=== E [[Saeculum 16|saeculo XVI]] usque ad [[saeculum 20|saeculum XX]], Iemenia [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]] pars fuit -quamquam [[Zaidismus]]<ref name="Zaiditae"/> reapse intimas regiones regere perrexit- quod [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] et [[Syria]]m ceperat et quod, propter aliquot causas -certe strategicas sed etiam spirituales- totā in [[Arabia|Paeninsulā Arabicā]] dominari voluit, etsi Imperio Ottomanico satis fecit solum litoralibus in urbibus et, aliquibus momentis temporis, etiam meridionalioribus in locis dominari. [[Fasciculus:Divisa Iemenia.png|thumb|left|[[Res publica Arabica Iemenitica]] (Arabice الجمهوريّة العربية اليمنية) -[[Aurantius|aurantio colore]]- et [[Res publica democratica popularis Iemenitica]] (Arabice جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية) -[[Caeruleus|caeruleo colore]]- ante annum [[1990]]. Terrae post unificationem acquisitae [[Canus|cano colore]] apparent.]] Iemeniae septentrio independens ab Imperio Ottomanico anno [[1918]] factus est et anno [[1962]] ibi [[Res publica Arabica Iemenitica]] (Arabice الجمهوريّة العربية اليمنية) declarata est. [[Fasciculus:Stamp Aden Quaiti Shihr Mukalla 1942 2a.jpg|thumb|150px|Anni [[1942]] [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]] [[pittacium cursuale]].]] Anno [[1839]], [[Imperium Britannicum]] urbis [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]] portum occupaverat, ubi coloniam aliquibus protectoratibus cum Britannicā verā auctoritate circumdatam fecerat. Anno [[1967]], [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanni]], expulsi a rebellibus viribus quas praesertim Aegyptus fovebat, recesserunt et in illis locis, anno [[1970]], stabilitum est [[Placita Marxiana|Marxianum]] regimen, [[Res publica democratica popularis Iemenitica]] (Arabice جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية), etiam Iemenia Meridionalis seu Australis nuncupata. Anno [[1978]] coepit absolutistica gubernatio praesidis [[Alī ʿAbd Allāh Ṣāliḥ]]. Seditionariae huius Austro-Iemeniticae gubernationis voluntates Iemenia Meridionalis seu Australis segregationem intra [[Arabia|Paeninsulam Arabicam]] causaverunt. Absolutisticae huius regionis monarchiae se in periculum vocatae putabant, quia Iemeniam Meridionalem potentialium seditiosorum motuum praecursorem in suis ipsis regnis habebant. Quae, praesertim [[Arabia Saudita]], Iemeniae Australis segregationi oeconomicae faverunt et armatas oppugnatorum globorum incursiones in Iemeniam Australem sustentaverunt ut Austro-Iemeniticum regimen divitias in sumptibus militaribus et defensivis vice progressūs oeconomici conferre cogeretur. Iemenia Meridionalis sive Australis actiones bellicas passa est quas Arabia Saudita Octobris anni [[1968]], Decembre anni [[1969]] ac Novembre anni [[1970]]; Iemenia Septentrionalis Septembre Octobreque anni [[1972]] fecit et etiam Britannica aëroplana pyrobolis urbem [[Hawf]] (Arabice حوف) Maio anni [[1972]] verberaverunt. Oeconomicae difficultates magis magisque creverunt propter [[Canalis Suesiensis|Canalem Suesiensem]] ex Iunio anni [[1967]] clausum -e quo portūs [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]] negotia pendebant- et electam privatorum ergolaborum manum fugatam, quia interior terra -praecipue deserta- limitatas opes habet. Non obstante hoc hostili mundo ambiente, Austro-Iemeniticum regimen adoptavit praecipuas politicas, sociales oeconomicasque reformationes: universalem educationem, gratuitam curationem medicam, formalem feminarum aequalitatem. Etiam gubernatio contra [[tribalismus|tribalismum]] pugnare conabatur. Hiatus inter vitae condiciones rurales et urbanas magnopere deminutus est; hoc regimen, cuius aliqui duces rure orti sunt, ut rus -non obstantibus parvā spissitudine incolarum et geographicā huius nationis dimensione- non negligeretur fecerunt. Nihilominus, saepii conflictūs inter intestinas gubernationis factiones denique credibilitatem labefecerunt.<ref>Ab Helenā (Helen) Lackner, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191007010934/https://orientxxi.info/magazine/quand-le-drapeau-rouge-flottait-sur-aden,2152 Quand le drapeau rouge flottait sur Aden - Il y a cinquante ans, l'indépendance du Yémen du Sud]'' (Francice), in ''Orient XXI'', pridie Kalendas Decembres anni 2017 (archivatum ex archetypo url Nonis Octobribus anni 2019).</ref> Aliquos post negotiationum annos, die [[22 Maii]] anni [[1990]] duae civitates Iemeniticae unicam in civitatem, praesentem Iemeniam, coniunctae sunt. Anni [[1994]] Iulio, aliqui officiales politicique [[Marxismus|Marxianae]] ideologiae homines Iemeniticae regionis meridionalis secessionem declaraverunt quae nomen "Rei publicae Democraticae Iemeniae" sumpsit, [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanā]] [[caput (urbs)|capite]]. Internationali sine agnitione, hic secessionis conatus per proelii hebdomades duas a gubernationis copiis elusus est. Magnae ultiones non fuerunt et amnestia secessionis studiosis bellatoribus et fautoribus sponsa est, exceptis ducibus, quorum plerique peregre fugere consecuti sunt. Paulatim gubernatio politicas reformationes exsecutus est ut novae rebelliones vitarentur, inter quas statutum est Praesidem Rei Publicae per suffragium populare eligi. [[Fasciculus:Yemen protest.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tumultuatio [[Sanaa]]e habita die [[3 Februarii]] [[2011]].]] [[Fasciculus:Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Manṣūr Hādī]] praeses Iemeniae inde ab anno [[2012]] usque ad annum [[2022]].]] Die [[27 Februarii]] anni [[2012]], [[Alī ʿAbd Allāh Ṣāliḥ|Ṣāliḥ]], post [[Ver Arabicum]], formaliter propraesidi [[Abd Rabbuh Manṣūr Hādī]] potestatem cessit.<ref>''[https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/ali-abdullah-saleh?inline=nyt-per Ali Abdullah Saleh]'' (Anglice). ''[[New York Times]]'' die [[28 Februarii]] anni [[2012]].</ref> Die [[22 Ianuarii]] anni [[2015]], cum praecipua [[Zaidismus|Zaiditica]]<ref name="Zaiditae"/> minor pars allophyla, [[Huthi]]<ref name="Huthi">Vide ''Ephemeridis'' percontationem "[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/percontatio.php Abdel-Malek Al Houthi, ducis rebellium Huthorum percontatio]", ubi apparet nomen "Huthi". Die 19 Augusti anni 2023. Vel '''Houthiani''', — "Nuntii Latini Vasintonienses", [https://nuntiilatini.com/2024/06/13/die-tertio-decimo-mensis-iunii-2/ 13 Iunii 2024, "Operarii Omnium Gentium comprehensi"].</ref> (Arabice ٱلْحُوثِيُّون), [[praxicopema|praxicopēma]] conata esset, [[praeses]] [[Abd Rabbuh Manṣūr Hādī]] et [[primus minister]] [[Khālid Baḥāḥ]], homo inter praeteritum regimen et claros homines ex [[Ver Arabicum|Vere Arabico]] ortos implicatus, abdicaverunt. Tunc huius nationis Constitutio munus praesidis ad interim praesidi Parlamenti concredit, muneri quod praestabat [[Alī ʿAbd Allāh Ṣāliḥ|Ṣāliḥ]], decessor de [[Abd Rabbuh Manṣūr Hādī]]. Propter constitutorii chai statum, meridionales administrationes regionales quattuor se centralis gubernationis iussa non oboedituras esse confirmaverunt. Die [[21 Februarii]] anni [[2015]], [[Abd Rabbuh Manṣūr Hādī|Hādī]] [[Sanaa]]m<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> relinquens in [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanam]], suam natalem urbem et adminiculum in nationis meridie, venit. Statim transmissionem televisificam emisit ubi proprias abdicationes mendacii arguit, [[praxicopema|praxicopēma]] damnavit et suam propriam agnitionem sicuti Praeses constitutionalis Iemeniae clamavit.<ref>A Briano (Brian) Rohan, ''[https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/02/22/hadi-once-quiet-leader-of-yemen-strikes-newly-defiant-pose Hadi, a once-quiet leader of a fractious Yemen, strikes defiant pose by reclaiming presidency] (Anglice), in ''U.S. News and World Report'', die 22 Februarii anni 2015. URL inspectum die 19 Augusti anni [[2023]].</ref> Eiusdem anni Martio, [[Abd Rabbuh Manṣūr Hādī|Hādī]] [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanam]] "temporarium Iemeniae caput" professus est.<ref>''[https://www.dw.com/en/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197 Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital]'' (Anglice), Deutsche Welle, die 21 Martii anni 2015. URL inspectum die 19 Augusti anni [[2023]].</ref> Die [[25 Martii]] anni [[2015]], ut Huthorum progressus per [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniticum]] sisteretur, 150 000 [[Peditatus|peditum]] et 100 milites [[Copiae aëriae|copiarum aëriarum]] [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiae Sauditae]] -praecipuo subsidio Arabes apud nationes decem ([[Sinus Persicus|Sinūs Persici]] eas, praeter [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]], [[Sudania]]m, [[Marocum]] et [[Iordania]]m)- Huthorum<ref name="Huthi"/> loca admirabilissimo impetū nunquam ab Saudito regno facto percussit, et cuius evidens finis erat in munus [[Abd Rabbuh Manṣūr Hādī]] revocare, qui interim se [[Riadum|Riadi]] recepit. Sic fuit hic incursus ut Arabia Saudita exiguum [[Secta Siitica|Siiticorum]] rebellium apparatum militare destruxerit et totum dominium Iemenitico in caelo consecuta sit. [[Irania|Respublica Islamica Iraniae]] queri non cessavit, Arabiam Sauditam ut statim suum militarem interventum finiret admonens. Octobre anni [[2015]], [[Amnestia internationalis]] relationem vulgavit ubi Arabiam Sauditam de [[Scelus bellicum|sceleribus bellicis]], praesertim de usū copiarum sparsilium missilium et de pyrobolorum iactū contra scholas et alios civiles scopos, imprimis in [[Muhafaza|muhafazā]] [[Muhafaza Saada|Saadā]]<ref name="Saada">[https://books.google.es/books?id=GzFeFtORzJkC&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=Saada+urbs+in+septentrionali+Jemanae&source=bl&ots=DrX6Yv63Ud&sig=ACfU3U2kxQEwPk8NpfitFf0-U39Jw04B2A&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2nPnZzpuCAxX2XqQEHagKBrsQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Saada%20urbs%20in%20septentrionali%20Jemanae&f=false Historia Jemanae sub Hasano Pascha], ubi dicitur "SAADA صعدة. Urbs in septentrionali Jemanae parte celebratissima et notissima (...)".</ref> (Arabice محافظة صعدة), ab [[Huthi]]s tentā.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde31/2548/2015/en/ In tabularium relatum] die 20 Decembris anni 2015 in [[Internet Archive]]; ex [http://lepersoneeladignita.corriere.it/2015/10/07/crimini-di-guerra-nello-yemen-amnesty-international-chiede-sospensione-dei-trasferimenti-di-armi-alla-coalizione-saudita/?refresh_ce-cp In tabularium relatum] die 22 Decembris anni 2015 in Internet Archive.</ref> Eiusdem anni die [[26 Octobris]] et [[2 Decembris|postridie Kalendas Decembres]], Arabia Saudita [[Medici sine finibus|Medicorum sine finibus]] valetudinaria duo [[Saada]]e<ref name="Saada"/> (Arabice صَعْدَة) et in loco al-Ḥūbān pyrobolis verberavit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151212232013/http://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/notizie/news/yemen-nuovo-attacco-aereo-della-coalizione-su-clinica-di-msf-taiz-nove-feriti Exemplar in tabularium relatum], in ''medicisenzafrontiere.it''. URL inspectum die 20 Augusti anni 2023.</ref> Anni [[2016]] Aprili, [[Human Rights Watch|Custodia Iurum Humanorum]] Martio Arabiam Sauditam copiis sparsilibus missilium a [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] fabricatis Mastabae usam esse denuntiavit, quae 107 civilium, apud quos pueri 25 erant, occiderunt, quod facit secundum gravissimum impetum per interfectorum numerum in Iemeniā.<ref name="PressTV">''PressTV-‘US cluster bombs massacred Yemenis’'' (Anglice), in ''presstv.com''. URL inspectum die 20 Augusti anni 2023.</ref> Per annum [[2016]], Arabia Saudita in lucem constans auxilium per arma pecuniamque aliquibus ex Occidentalibus nationibus -imprimis e Civitatibus Foederatis, [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]], sed etiam ex [[Italia|Italiā]]- recipere prolata est. Secudum [[Nationes Unitae|Nationes Unitas]], fere 9400 Yemeniensium per unum annum Saudito ex impetū (Martio anni 2015) occisi sunt, apud quos 2230 puerorum, et 16000 aliorum vulneratorum.<ref name="PressTV"/> Prior praeses [[Alī ʿAbd Allāh Ṣāliḥ]] [[4 Decembris|pridie Nonas Decembres]] anni [[2017]] per [[Proelium Sanaaense (2017)|Proelium Sanaaënse]]<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> contra [[Huthi|Huthos]]<ref name="Huthi"/> occisus est.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/yemen/article/2017/12/04/yemen-l-ex-president-saleh-est-mort-tue-par-des-rebelles-houthistes_5224391_1667193.html «Yémen: l’ex-président Saleh est mort, tué par ses anciens alliés houthistes»] (Francice), in ''lemonde.fr'', [[4 Decembris|pridie Nonas Decembres]] anni [[2017]] (inspectum die [[21 Augusti]] anni [[2018]]).</ref> Decembre anni [[2017]], [[Nationes Unitae]] amplius octo milliones hominum in famis discrimine propter portuum interclusionem esse indicaverunt.<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/12/11/97001-20171211FILWWW00258-yemen-8-millions-de-personnes-au-bord-de-la-famine-onu.php «Yémen: 8 millions de personnes au bord de la famine (ONU)»] (Francice), in ''lefigaro.fr'', die 11 Decembris anni 2017 (inspectum die [[21 Augusti]] anni [[2018]]).</ref> Amplius [[millio]] hominum praeterea [[Cholera|cholerā]] affecti sunt secundum [[Motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae|Consilium internationale Crucis Rubrae]].<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/12/21/97001-20171221FILWWW00093-yemen-1-million-de-cas-de-cholera-cicr.php «Yemen: 1 million de cas de choléra (CICR)»] (Francice), in ''lefigaro.fr'', die 21 Decembris anni 2017 (inspectum die [[21 Augusti]] anni [[2018]]).</ref> Nuntium Francico a [[Foedus iurum humanorum (Francia)|Foedere iurum humanorum]] [[14 Maii|pridie Idus Maias]] anni [[2019]] factum [[Organizatio re publica vacans|organizationes republicā vacantes]] septemdecim reposuit quae minas petitionum iudicialium Francicos contra diurnarios Galfridum Livolsi ac Matthiam Destal, mediorum investigationis Disclose, et [[Benedictus Collombat|Benedictum Collombat]], particulae investigatoriae e [[Radio France]], deferebant, qui Francicorum armorum praesentiam Iemenitico in conflictū investigaverant et qui a [[Moderatio generalis Securitatis interioris|Moderatione generali Securitatis interioris]] (Francice ''Direction générale de la Sécurité intérieure'', Francicis siglis ''DGSI'') auscultati erant intra prioris indagationis ambitum pro compromisso secreti de defensione nationali, quae ab aministratione publicā inchoata erat, intercessionibus a [[Ministerium publicum rei defensionalis (Francia)|Ministerio publico rei defensionalis]] (Francice ''Ministère des Armées'') petitis.<ref>[https://www.ldh-france.org/17-ong-denoncent-les-menaces-de-poursuites-contre-des-journalistes-enquetant-sur-les-armes-francaises-au-yemen/ «17 ONG dénoncent les menaces de poursuites contre des journalistes enquêtant sur les armes françaises au Yémen»] (Francice), nuntium Francico a [[Foedus iurum humanorum (Francia)|Foedere iurum humanorum]] [[14 Maii|pridie Idus Maias]] anni [[2019]].</ref> [[Fasciculus:08-14 42 March for Yemen (50227234033).jpg|thumb|Reclamatio contra [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum Iemeniticum]] [[14 Augusti|postridie Idūs Augustas]] anni [[2020]].]] Maio anni [[2022]], secundum novam relationem ab [[Iura humana|iurum humanorum]] [[organizatio]]nibus tribus -[[Amnestia internationalis|Amnestiā internationali]], [[Centrum Europaeum pro iuris constitutionalibus humanisque|Centro Europaeo pro iuris constitutionalibus humanisque]]<ref>[https://www.ecchr.eu/en/press-release/new-report-reveals-arms-exports-by-spanish-company-airbus/ «New report reveals: Arms exports by Spanish company Airbus to Saudi Arabia and UAE may have contributed to war crimes in Yemen»] (Anglice), in ''[[Centrum Europaeum pro iuris constitutionalibus humanisque|ECCHR]]''. Inspectum die [[28 Augusti]] anni [[2023]].</ref> (Anglice ''European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights'', siglis Anglicis ''ECCHR''), [[Centrum Delàs pro studiis de pace|Centro Delàs pro studiis de pace]]<ref>«A new report launched by Centre Delàs, Amnesty International and ECCHR, concludes that arms transfers by Spanish company Airbus to Saudi Arabia and UAE may have contributed to war crimes in Yemen» (Anglice), in ''[[Centrum Delàs pro studiis de pace|Centro Delàs pro studiis de pace]]''. Inspectum die [[28 Augusti]] anni [[2023]].</ref> ([[Catalanice]] ''Centre Delàs d'Estudis per la Pau'')- typis editam, societas [[Airbus Defence and Space]] arma [[Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti|Emiratibus Arabicis Coniunctis]] et [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiae Sauditae]] misit quae inter annos [[2015]] et [[2021]] usui fuerunt ut fierent impetūs contra [[valetudinarium|valetudinaria]], [[schola]]s, civiles homines; quae [[Scelus bellicum|scelera bellica]] putantur. Secundum [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] fontes, paene 20 000 hominum amplius 25 000 aëriis incusionibus a coalitione factis interfecti aut vulnerati essent et 2,5 milliones hominum loco moti sunt in Iemeniae intestina ex anno [[2015]]. Praeterea, haec tres organizationes [[Hispania|Hispanico]] a gubernio petiverunt ut independens investigatio a peritis de iure internationali de iuribus humanis ducta cieretur et ut omnes licentiae ad servanda exportandaque aëroplanorum incursitantium partes elementaque suspenderentur.<ref>[ttps://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/spain-report-claims-that-arms-exports-by-spanish-company-airbus-to-saudi-arabia-and-uae-may-have-contributed-to-war-crimes-in-yemen/ «Spain: Report claims arms exports by Spanish company Airbus to Saudi Arabia & UAE may have contributed to war crimes in Yemen»] (Anglice), in ''Buisness & Human Rights Resource Centre''. Inspectum die [[28 Augusti]] anni [[2023]].</ref><ref>[https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/Spanish_Arms_Exports_and_Alleged_War_Crimes_in_Yemen.pdf «SPANISH ARMS EXPORTS AND ALLEGED WAR CRIMES IN YEMEN»] (Anglice), in PDF. Inspectum die [[28 Augusti]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Iunio anni [[2022]], typis editā relatione de Hispanicorum armorum participatione in bello Iemenitico, organizationes tres iura humana defendentes -[[Centrum Europaeum pro iuris constitutionalibus humanisque|ECCHR]], Mwatana, Sherpa International- [[Francia|Francicis]] armorum societatibus -[[Dassault Aviation]], [[Thales Group]], [[MBDA]]- litem [[Lutetia]]e intenderunt, adiuvante [[Amnestia internationalis|Amnestiā internationali]],<ref>[https://www.amnesty.fr/conflits-armes-et-populations/actualites/yemen-trois-entreprises-darmement-francaises-soupconnees «Yémen : trois entreprises d’armement françaises soupçonnées de complicité de crimes de guerre»] (Francice), in ''[[Amnestia internationalis|Amnestiā internationali]]''. Inspectum die [[28 Augusti]] anni [[2023]].</ref> quia Arabiae Sauditae et [[Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti|Emiratibus Arabicis Coniunctis]] et [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiae Sauditae]] arma vendiderant quae usui fuerant in bello civili Iemenitico.<ref>[https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Yemen-trois-entreprises-francaises-darmement-visees-plainte-complicite-crimes-guerre-2022-06-02-1201218133 «Yémen: trois entreprises françaises d’armement visées par une plainte pour complicité de crimes de guerre»] (Francice), in ''Le Croix''. Inspectum die [[28 Augusti]] anni [[2023]].</ref><ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/06/02/yemen-trois-entreprises-francaises-visees-par-une-plainte-pour-complicite-de-crimes-de-guerre_6128654_3210.html «Yémen: trois entreprises françaises visées par une plainte pour «complicité de crimes de guerre»»] (Francice), in ''[[Le Monde]]''. Inspectum die [[28 Augusti]] anni [[2023]].</ref> ==Geographia== [[Fasciculus:Yemen relief location map.jpg|thumb|[[Topographica]] Iemeniae tabula.]] Iemenia fere tota in [[Asia Occidentalis|Asiā Occidentali]] sita est, in meridiana [[Arabia|Paeninsulae Arabicae]] parte quae hanc [[paeninsula]]m cum [[Africa Orientalis|Africa Orientali]] coniungit.<ref name="Burrowes"/> Terminatur a [[Septentriones|Septentrionibus]] [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiā Sauditā]], [[Rubrum mare|Rubro Mari]] ab [[Occidens|Occidente]], [[Sinus Adenensis|Sinū Adenensi]]<ref name="Sinus Adenensis"/> ac [[Canalis Guardafuiensis]]<ref name="Guardafuiensis"> Confer binomen "Polycarpaea guardafuiensis".</ref> ([[Somalice]] ''Marinka Gardafuul'' et Arabice مضيق غواردافوي) a [[Meridies (pars caeli)|Meridiē]] et [[Omana|Omanā]] ab [[Oriens|Oriente]]. Extensa est 555000 [[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]] seu 214287 [[Mille passus quadrati|milia passuum quadratorum]], a gradū 12 [[Latitudo geographica|latitudinis]] septentrionalis usque ad gradum 19 eiusdem latitudinis a gradū 42 [[Longitudo geographica|longitudinis]] orientalis usque ad gradum 55 eiusdem longitudinis, sita gradū 15 latitudinis septentrionalis et gradū 48 longitudinis orientalis.<ref>[https://mom-ye.com/site-en/%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86/ "About Yemen"] (Anglice et Arabice). A Ministerio petrolei et mineralium.</ref> Nonnullae [[Rubrum mare|Rubri Maris]] insulae; sicuti [[Malichi Insulae]]<ref name="Malichi">Vide [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dmalichi-insulae-geo www.perseus.tufts.edu], ubi dicitur "MALICHI INSULAE (Μαλίχου νῆσοι, Ptol. 6.7.44), two islands in the Sinus Arabicus, off the south coast of Arabia Felix. One of them is the modern Sokar.".</ref> (Arabice جزر حنيش et [[Tigrinyice]] ደሴታት ሃኒሽ), [[Insula Kamaranensis]]<ref name="Kamaranensis"> Confer binomen "Laganum kamaranense".</ref> seu [[Camarana Insula]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> seu [[Camarao]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> (Arabice كمران) et [[Diodori insula|Diodori Insula]]<ref name="Diodori">Vide [[:es:Perim|commentationem in Vicipaediā Hispanicā de hac insulā]], ubi dicitur "Los romanos la llamaron Diodori insula".</ref> (Arabice بريم), non minus quam [[Dioscoridis Insula]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> ([[lingua Socotrensis|Socotrensi]]<ref name="Socotrensis">Confer usitatissimum epitheton binominale "Socotrensis".</ref> ماتڸ دسقطري, Arabice سقطرة) in [[Mare Arabicum|Mari Arabico]], ad Iemeniam pertinent; quarum maxima [[Dioscoridis Insula]] seu [[Zocotora]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> est. Harum insularum multae [[Mons ignifer|vulcanicae]] sunt; verbi gratiā, [[Exusta insula|Exusta]]<ref name="Exusta">Vide [https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/red-sea/ Ancient Ports in the Red Sea].</ref> seu [[Catacecaumene insula|Catacecaumenē]]<ref name="Exusta"/> seu [[Combusta insula|Combusta]]<ref name="Exusta"/> insula (Arabice جزيرة جبل الطير) eruptionem vulcanicam anno [[2007]] et antea anno [[1883]] habuit. Quamquam continentalis Iemenia in [[Arabia|Paeninsulae Arabicae]] meridiē sita est et ergo est [[Asia]]e pars non minus quam [[Malichi Insulae]]<ref name="Malichi"/> et [[Diodori insula|Diodori Insula]]<ref name="Diodori"/> in [[Rubrum mare|Rubro Mari]] Asiae sociantur, archipelagus [[Dioscoridis Insula|Dioscoridis]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora]]e<ref name="Iassonium"/> -quae Oriente a [[Cornu Africae|cornū]] [[Somalia|Somaliensi]] situm est et est multo propius Africam quam Asiam- geographice biogeographiceque Africae sociatur.<ref>[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 "Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen"] (Anglice). ''WorldWildlife.org''. Ab World Wildlife Fund. Inspectum [[6 Septembris|postride Nonas Septembres]] anni [[2023]].</ref> [[Dioscoridis Insula]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> ad [[Canalis Guardafuiensis|Canalem Guardafuiensem]]<ref name="Guardafuiensis"/> et ad Somaliense mare spectat.<ref>McLaughlin, Rob. "The Continuing Conundrum of the Somali Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone." (Anglice), The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 30.2 (2015): 305–334.</ref> ===Regiones climaque=== [[File:Iemeniae tabula secundum enumerationem climatum Köppen–Geiger.png|thumb|Iemeniae tabula secundum enumerationem climatum Köppen–Geiger temperaturā, praecipitatione et tempestivitate fundatur. {| |- valign=top | | {{legend|#FE0000|[[Clima aridum|BWh Ardens desertum]]}} {{legend|#FE9695|[[Clima aridum|BWk Frigidum desertum]]}} {{legend|#F5A301|[[Clima semi-aridum|BSh Ardens semi-aridum]]}} {{legend|#FFDB63|[[Clima semi-aridum|BSk Frigidum semi-aridum]]}} {{legend|#63C764|[[Clima oceanicum|CWb Subtropicum hypsipedicum]]}} | width=5 | | |} ]] Iemenia geographice dividi potest praecipuas in regiones quattuor: septentrionales litorales planitiēs, occidentales [[Planities montana|planitiēs montanas]], orientales [[Planities montana|planitiēs montanas]], ad orientem [[Quadrans Vacuus|Quadrantem Vacuum]] ([[Arabice]] الربع الخالي). [[Theama]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> seu [[Tehama]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> (Arabice تهامة) -scilicet "terrae ardentes" seu "tellus ardens"- aridissimam aequissimamque litoralem planitiem iuxta totum Iemeniticum Rubri Maris litus format. Non obstante hac ariditate, aliquot [[Lacuna (mare)|lacunarum]] praesentia hanc regionem valde paludosam et solum idoneum generandis [[malaria]]e [[Anopheles|anophelibus]] facit. Lata corniculata [[harena|harenosa]] [[thinium|thinia]] adsunt. Evaporatio in [[Theama|Theamā]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> seu [[Tehama|Tehamā]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> sic magna est ut e planitiebus montanis rivi nunquam mare attingant, sed amplis aquae subterraneae copiis contribuunt, quae hodie exercentur agriculturali usui. Prope oppidulum [[Madar (Iemenia)|Madar]] (Arabice مدار), circa 50 chilometra seu 30 milia passuum ad [[Sanaa]]e septrentriones distans, [[Dinosauria|dinosauriorum]] ichnogrammata inventa sunt, quae hanc aream caenosam planamque olim fuisse indicant. [[Theama]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> seu [[Tehama]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> abrupte terminatur in occidentalium planitierum praerupto loco. Haec area, nunc valde gradata ad explenda [[cibus|cibi]] quaesita, maximam [[praecipitatio]]nem in [[Arabia|Arabiā]] accipit, quae e 100 mm seu 3.9 [[Uncia (mensura longitudinis)|unciis]] per annum in 760 mm seu 29.9 uncias circiter [[Taizzum]]<ref name="Taizzum">[https://books.google.es/books?id=GzFeFtORzJkC&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=Taizzum+quum+in+hujus&source=bl&ots=DrX6Yv52Ug&sig=ACfU3U327TSgjYl0_Kv8pXtFEYZ7eXf2mA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP6PrOypuCAxXaUqQEHV5cBHQQ6AF6BAgkEAM#v=onepage&q=Taizzum%20quum%20in%20hujus&f=false Historia Jemanae sub Hasano Pascha], ubi dicitur "TAIZZUM تعز. Quum in hujus nobilissimae urbis scriptione plurimum a se invicem dissentiant eruditi (...). Taizzum castellum magnum in Jemana (...)".</ref> (Arabice تعز) et amplius in 1000 mm seu 39.4 uncias [[Ype|Ypi]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> sed altam propter evaporationem in [[Theama|Theamā]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> seu [[Tehama|Tehamā]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> nunquam mare attingunt. Mediae [[Planities montana|planitiēs montanae]] ampla altaque [[Alta planities|oropedia]] altitudinem 2000 metrorum seu 6562 [[Pes (mensura)|pedum]] superantia sunt. Haec area siccior occidentalibus planitiebus montanis propter umbrae pluviometricae effectum, sed satis pluviae madidos per annos latis culturis adhuc accipit. Aquae collectio possibilem [[Triticum (alimentum)|tritici]] et [[Hordeum vulgare|hordei]] culturam reddit. [[Sanaa]] hac in regione est. Celsissimus locus in Iemeniā et [[Arabia|Arabiā]] [[Mons Prophetae Scioaib]] (Arabice جبل النبي شعيب), circa 3666 m seu 12028 pedum editus, est.<ref name="Burrowes"/><ref name="McLaughlin">A McLaughlin, Daniele (Daniel) (Kalendis Februariis anni 2008). [https://books.google.es/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&redir_esc=y ''Yemen''] (Anglice). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84162-212-5.</ref> Iemenitica [[Deserta|deserti]] [[Quadrans Vacuus|Quadrantis Vacui]] ([[Arabice]] الربع الخالي) pars oriente multo demissior est, plerumque infra 1000 m seu 3281 pedum altitudinem et vix pluit. Hanc regionem [[Beduini]] [[Camelus dromedarius|camelorum]] pastores solum incolunt. ===Biodiversitas=== {{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |width=220 |image1=Dragon Blood Tree, Socotra Island (10098980413).jpg |caption1=[[Dracaena cinnabari]] in [[Dioscoridis Insula|Dioscoridis Insulā]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora|Zocotorā]]<ref name="Iassonium"/>. |image2=South Arabian - A Lion and a Leopard Attacking Animals - Walters 2171.jpg |caption2=[[Arabia Meridionalis|Austro-Arabicum]] [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculum V a.C.n.]] [[toreuma]] in [[ Museum Artium Walters| Museo Artium Walters]] (Anglice ''Walters Art Museum''). Ab huius toreumatis sinistrā, [[leo]] [[Gazella (genus)|gazellam]] aggreditur, dum [[cuniculus]] a gazellae cruribus prioribus saliendo fugire conatur. A dextrā, [[Panthera pardus nimr|pardus nimr]] e saxis super [[Capra (genus)|ibicis]] dorsum salit; parvulum [[rodentia|rodens]] ab ibicis ungulis fugit. Aves super [[acacia]]rum ramis ambo spectacula observant. }} Iemeniae sunt terrestres oecoregiones sex: [[Paeninsulae Arabicae litorale nebulosum]], [[Zocotorae Insulae xerici frutici]], [[Austroccidentalis Arabiae montis radicum savana]], [[Austroccidentalis Arabiae montanae silvae]], [[Desertum Arabiae]], [[Rubri Maris Nubo-Sindianum tropicum deserum et semidesertum]].<ref>A Dinerstein, Erico (Eric); et al. (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287/ "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"] (Anglice). ''BioScience''. '''67''' (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.</ref> Iemenitica flora mixtura inter Africam Sudanicam geographicam plantarum regionem et Saharo-Arabicam regionem est. Sudanicum elementum -relative altā pluviarum summā depictum- in occidentales montes et planitierum montanarum partes domitatur. Alterā ex parte, Saharo-Arabicum elementum in litorales planitiēs, orientales montes et orientales septentrionalesque desertas planitiēs dominatur. Alta Iemeniticarum plantarum centesima ratio ad tropicas Africas Sudanicarum regionum plantas pertinet. Apud Sudanici elementi speciēs, memorandae sunt haec: [[Ficus]] spp., [[Acacia mellifera]], [[Grewia villosa]], [[Commiphora]] spp., [[Rosa]] abyssinica, [[Cadaba]] farinosa inter alias.<ref>Ab Abdul Wali A. al-Khulaidi, ''Flora of Yemen'' (Anglice), secundum Sustentabilis circumiectorum administrationis programma (YEM/97/100), A Re publicā Iemeniticā, Iunio anni [[2000]], p. 7.</ref> Apud Saharo-Arabicas speciēs, memorandae sunt haec: [[Panicum turgidum]], [[Aerva javanica]], [[Zygophyllum]] simplex, [[Fagonia]] indica, [[Salsola]] spp., [[Acacia tortilis]], A. hamulos, [[Acacia ehrenbergiana|A. ehrenbergiana]], [[Phoenix dactylifera]], [[Hyphaene thebaica]], [[Capparis decidua]], [[Salvadora persica]], [[Balanites aegyptiaca]], inter alias. Saharo-Arabicarum specierum multae endemicae amplae harenosae litorali planitiei ([[Theama|Theamae]] seu [[Tehama]]e<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/>) sunt.<ref>A Hepper, F.N. (Iulio anni [[1978]]). "Were There Forests in the Yemen?" (Anglice). ''Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies''. '''9''' (anno [[1979]]): 65–71. JSTOR 41223217.</ref> Apud faunam, [[Panthera pardus nimr]], quae montes incolere posset, hic rara habetur.<ref>A Spalton, J. A.; Al Hikmani, H. M. (anno [[2006]]). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201216011835/http://www.yemenileopard.org/files/cms/reports/Cat_News_Special_Issue_1_-_Arabian_leopard.pdf "The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status"] (PDF Anglice). ''Cat News'' (Special Issue 1): 4–8.</ref> ==Civilitas== Iemenia [[res publica]] dibuleutico cum [[parlamentum|parlamento]] est. Secundum Constitutionem anni [[1991]], praeter [[Praeses|Praesidem]] (Arabice رئيس) 301 subsellia legumlatorum Conventui Legatorum (Arabice مجلس النواب) et 111 socii Concilii Consultivi (Arabice مجلس الشورى) eligi possunt. [[Praeses]] (Arabice رئيس) [[dux civitatis]] et [[Primus minister]] (Arabice رئيس وزراء) [[dux rectionis]] est. [[Sanaa]]e, [[Concilium Politicum Supremum]] (Arabice المجلس السياسي الأعلى) -internationaliter non agnitum- rectionem format. Constitutio anni [[1991]] ut Praeses suffragio populari saltem duorum candidatorum saltem a Parlamenti sociis quindecim probatorum eligatur praevidet. [[Primus minister]], vicissim, a Praeside nominatur et duabus Parlamenti tertiis partibus probandus est. Praesidis muneris tempus annos septem sed Parlamenti muneris tempus annos sex durat. [[Suffragium universale]] est eis qui maiorennitatem (18 annorum) attacti sunt, sed solum [[musulmanus|musulmani]] [[ius suffragii]] habent. ===Symbola nationalia=== [[Fasciculus:Emblem of Yemen.svg|right|upright=1.2|thumb|Insigne Iemeniae.]] [[Vexillum Iemeniae|Vexillum nationale Iemeniae]] die [[22 Maii]] anni [[1990]] instituta est, cum [[Iemenia Septemtrionalis]] et [[Iemenia Meridionalis]] se coniunxerunt. Fasciarum rubrae superioris, albae mediae et nigrae inferioris exemplar etiam in harum pristinarum nationum vexillis non minus quam in [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]], [[Syria]]e, [[Iraca]]e vexillis se ostendebat, quia [[Panarabismus|Panarabismum]] denotat. Secundum officialem descriptionem, color ruber martyrum sanguinis fusionem unitatemque, color albus splendidum tempus futurum et color niger tenebrosum praeteritum tempus significat. Alterā ex parte, [[insigne Iemeniae]] auream aquilam cum [[Membrana (ars scribendi)|membranā]] inter ungues ostendit ubi scriptum est huius nationis nomen Arabice, الجمهورية اليمنية. Aquilae pectus scutum [[coffea]]e plantas et [[Moles Mariabae]]<ref name="Mariaba"/> (Arabice سَدّ مَأْرِب) et infra caeruleas fluctuantes fascias quattuor ac albas tres depingens continet. Hastae, ab aquilae sinistrā et a dexterā, [[vexillum Iemeniae]] firmant. Denique, [[hymnus nationalis Iemeniae]] -"''al-Jomhuriyah al-Mottaḥedah''" (Arabice الجمهورية المتحدة), scilicet "Respublica Unita", nuncupatus-, ab [[Abdulla Abdulwahhab Nu'man|Abdullā Abdulwahhab Nu'man]] scriptus et ab [[Ayub Tarish Absi]] compositus, [[Res publica democratica popularis Iemenitica|Rei publicae democraticae popularis Iemeniticae]] sive Iemeniae Meridionalis sive Australis [[hymnus nationalis|hymnus]] fuit et totius Iemeniae hymnus post unificationem anno [[1990]] factus est. ===Extera negotia=== [[Fasciculus:Ali Abdullah Saleh meets Donald H. Rumsfeld at Pentagon 2004.jpg|thumb|Prior Praeses Iemeniticus [[Alī ʿAbd Allāh Ṣāliḥ]] in [[Pentagonum (Vasingtonia aedificium)|Pentagono]] (Anglice ''The Pentagon''), die [[8 Iunii]] anni [[2004]].]] Iememiticae extera negotia historice strategicā positione in australi [[Arabia|Paeninsulae Arabicae]] extremitate affecta fuerunt, quod hanc nationem praecipuum elementum locali in politicā reddit. Iemenia temporis spatia unitatis et divisionis experta est, quae in eius exteris negotiis affectionem mutavit. Iemenia coniunctim longos fines cum [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiā Sauditā]] habet et negotia hoc cum regno et adiutoria et conflictuaria sunt. Arabia Saudita Iemeniticis in intestinis conflictibus involuta est et praecipuum elementum in conatibus stabiliendae Iemeniae est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29319423 Yemen: Why is the war there getting more violent?] (Anglice). ''bbc.com''. Die [[14 Aprilis|postridie Idūs Apriles]] anni [[2023]]. Inspectum die [[10 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Iemenia etiam praecipuus fons in regionali de imperio certamine inter Arabiam Sauditam et [[Irania]]m est. Re verā, [[Huthi]]<ref name="Huthi"/> rebelles ab Iraniā adiuvati esse arguuntur, quod in contentiones Iemeniticis exteris negotiis cum suis nationibus vicinis induxit. Ceterum, [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] complexa negotia cum Iemeniā habuerunt, auxilium Iemeniticae rectioni antitromocraticis conatibus contra globos sicuti [[Al-Qāʿida]] suppeditantes. Nihilominus, [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] in Statunitensium rationibus politicis mutationes induxit. [[Nationes Unitae]] active involutae deditaeque sunt in tentandis pacis condicionibus Iemeniae et in praebendo auxilio humanitari huic nationi propter bellum destructae. Iemenitica igitur extera negotia penitus praesentibus angustiis humanitaribus afficiuntur, quae oculos omnium nationum in se converterunt pervulgatum ob dolorem et angustias rei frumentariae. Denique Iemeniae positio apud [[Rubrum Mare]] et Fretum [[Porta Lacrimarum|Portam Lacrimarum]] hanc nationem praecipuum elementum maritimae huius regionis securitati reddit. Quamobrem, hic conflictus sollicitudines de decretoriorum maritimorum cursuum securitate generavit. ===Copiae militares=== [[Fasciculus:Soldiers - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Iemenitici milites Augusto anni [[2011]].]] Iemeniticae [[copiae militares]] (Arabice الْقُوَّاتُ الْمُسَلَّحَةُ الْيَّمَّنِيَّة) ab [[Exercitus Iemeniticus|Exercitū Iemenitico]], [[Copiae navales et defensionis litorales Iemeniticae|Classi navium Iemeniticā]] (Arabice القوات البحرية اليمنية والدفاع الساحلي) et [[Classis aëria Iemenitica|Classi aëriā Iemeniticā]] (Arabice القوﺍﺕ الجوية ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻴـة) constituuntur. Magna nova copiarum militarium ordinatio in usū est; copiae militares unificatae e defensionis aëriae unico sub iussū est. Classis navium [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]] stationem habet et totae copiae militares 401 000 militum suo munere fungentium possident. Copiarum militarium praefectus [[Marescalcus]] [[Abd Rabbuh Manṣūr Hādī]], qui etiam est Praeses Iemeniticus. Militarium operariorum numerus relative altus est; reverā, Iemenia secundum maiorem exercitum in [[Arabia|Paeninsulā Arabicā]] habet. Anno [[2012]], aestimati sunt copiarum activarum hi numeri: exercitus 390 000 militum; classis navium 7000 militum et classis aëria 5000 militum habebat. Septembre anni [[2007]], administratio Iemenitica obligatoriam militiam recuperatum iri nuntiavit. Defenionis Iemeniticae impensa, quae anno [[2006]] 6,6 % publicae sumptuum existimationis constituebat,<ref>[https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=132&c=ym&l=it Yemen - Military expenditures - percent of GDP - Historical Data Graphs per Year] (Anglice et aliis linguis), in ''indexmundi.com''. URL inspectum die 25 Ianuarii anni 2023.</ref> alta in brevi termino mansura est, quia minae intestinam contra securitatem crescere pergunt. Anno [[2012]], Iemenia 5 625 256 hominum activā in defensione involutorum habebat.<ref>[https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=128&c=ym&l=it Apographon in tabulas publicas die 12 Februarii anni 2014 relatum], (Anglice et aliis linguis), in ''indexmundi.com''. URL inspectum die 25 Ianuarii anni 2023</ref> ===Iustitia et iura humana=== Parlamentum legisferum organum est et [[potestas iudicialis]] autonoma est. Secundum Constitutionem, solum [[Poena capitalis|mortis]] damnatio Praesidi probanda est, qui etiam organum inspiciendi iudicum consilii regit.<ref>Ab J. Nathan Brown, ''Arab Judical Structures. A Study presented to the United Nations Development Program'' (Anglice).</ref> Maximum Organum Iudiciale est Supremum Iudicum Collegium. [[Islamus]] [[religio publica]] est et [[Sharia|Lex Sharia]] adhibita est. Stricta huius legis impositio multa [[iura humana]], sicuti [[Libertas religionis|libertatem religionis]], negare inducit. [[Aetas consensus|Aetas consensūs]] cum homo quidam legaliter annuendi coitūs potens putatur prioribus e annis quindecim ad [[pubertas|pubertatis]] initium, scilicet ad annos novem, anno [[1999]] reducta est. Minorennium puellarum quae uxores ducuntur proportio 37% in Iemeniā, quae a [[Somalia|Somaliā]], cum 45%, solum superatur.<ref name="PPNU">A [[Programma promotorium Nationum Unitarum|Programmate promotorio Nationum Unitarum]]: ''Arab Human Development Report 2009'' (Anglice), citatis ab [[UNICEF]] aestimationibus.</ref> Hoc contextū, ineunte anno [[2008]], casus puellae [[Nuǧūd ʿAlī]] (Arabice نجود علي), decem annos natae, quae a marito, eā annos 22 maiore, discessum in iudicium vocavit titulos actorum in toto orbe terrarum occupavit. Exeunte Februario anni [[2009]], Parlamentum Iemeniticum legem probavit quae aetatem minimam ad matrimonium ineundum 14 annis statuebat. Nihilominus, huic legi Iemeniticorum religiosorum hominum clarorum grex adversatus est, qui eam Shariae inconsentaneam descripsit.<ref>''www.newsyemen.net'' (Arabice).</ref> [[Homosexualitas|Homosexuales]] actūs poenā digni sunt, quorum punitiones e mulctis et flagelli ictibus in [[poena capitalis|poenam capitalem]] viris cum viris iacentibus comprehendunt.<ref>''[https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/jemen-node/jemensicherheit/202260 Jemen Sicherheit]'' (Theodisce). In ''auswaertiges-amt.de''. A Ministerio rerum externarum Rei publicae Foederatae Germaniae, die [[6 Ianuarii|postridie Nonis Ianuariis]] anni [[2010]], inspectum die [[17 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Iemenia est una apud civitates ubi [[mutilatio genitalium muliebrium]] fit. Anno [[1997]], circa 22.6 centesimae feminarum inter 15 et 49 annos natarum affectae erant. Quamquam Iemenia [[Conventio de abroganda omnis generis discriminatione mulierum|Conventionem de abroganda omnis generis discriminatione mulierum]] anno [[1984]] ratam fecit, 50% feminarum nuptarum violentiam pati aestimantur.<ref name="PPNU"/> Iemenia quoque optionale protocollum [[Conventio de Iuribus Impuberum|Conventionis de Iuribus Impuberum]] [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] ratum fecit, quod pueros in militiam armatos per conflictūs conscribere vetat.<ref name="PPNU"/> Alterā ex parte, [[libertas exprimendi]] et [[libertas imprimendi]] tutae non redduntur; reverā, diurnarius in custodiā in Iemeniā habetur<ref>A [[Relatores sine finibus|Relatoribus sine finibus]]: ''Journalisten in Haft'' (Theodisce), inspectum die [[17 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> et, die [[22 Ianuarii]] anni [[2018]], diurnarius [[Mahometus Al-Qadesi]] in Iemeniā interfectus est et eius interfectio eius [[Diurnariorum ars|operibus diurnariis]] conexa esse monstrata est.<ref>A [[Relatores sine finibus|Relatoribus sine finibus]]: ''Journalisten getötet'' (Theodisce), inspectum die [[17 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> ===Administrativae divisiones=== {{Vide-etiam|Foederalizatio Iemeniae}} {{Vide-etiam|Muhafazae Iemeniae}} [[FASCICULUS:Regiones Iemeniae.png|thumb|left|Regiones Iemeniae.]] [[Fasciculus:Muhafazae Iemeniae.png|thumb|[[Muhafaza]]e Iemeniae.]] Ex exeunte anno [[2004]], Iemenia divisa est in [[Muhafazae Iemeniae|muhafazas]] (Arabice ) seu [[praefectura]]s viginti -quarum ultima creata [[muhafaza]] [[Raima (muhafaza)|Raima]]<ref name="Raima">[https://books.google.es/books?id=GzFeFtORzJkC&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=raima+%22memoratur%22&source=bl&ots=DrX6Yv4ZPi&sig=ACfU3U33BbhWBHAdW3JRn8Z1DNsFjM4XSA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGyersxJuCAxU4QaQEHS7bD2oQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=snippet&q=rema%20&f=false Historia Jemanae sub Hasano Pascha], ubi dicitur "Raima ريمة. Memoratur a Niebuhrio vicus Rema paululum a meridie Sanaae situs et provincia Rema (...)".</ref> est- iuxtā cum municipio uno "[[Sanaa|Amānā Capitali]]" (Arabice أمانة العاصمة ) nuncupato, quod constitutionale [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Sanaa]]m continet.<ref>Secundum Ministerium Publicae Valitudinis et Incolarum Iemeniticum.</ref> Additicia muhafaza -[[Dioscoridis Insula]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora]]<ref name="Iassonium"/>- Decembre anni [[2013]] creata est, quae antea [[Chatramitis (muhafaza)|Chatramitis]]<ref name="Chatramitis"/> seu [[Muhafaza Chatramotita|Chatramotitae]]<ref name="Chatramotitae"/> seu [[Adrramyta (muhafaza)|Adrramytae]]<ref name="Adrramyta"/> seu [[Xaeli|Xaelorum]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> seu [[Hadramuttae|Hadramuttarum]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> pars erat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222005055/https://presidenthadi-gov-ye.info/en/archives/law-establishing-province-of-socotra-archipelago-issued/ "Law establishing province of Socotra Archipelago issued"] (Anglice). ''Presidenthadi-gov-ye.info''. Die [[18 Decembris]] anni 2013. In tabulario servatum archetypum die [[22 Februarii]] anni [[2014]]. Inspectum die [[29 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref>. [[Muhafaza]]e seu praefecturae (Arabice محافظة) vicissim in [[mudiratus|mudiratūs]]<ref name="mudiratus">Vocabulum "mudiratus" in [https://books.google.es/books?id=wlQYFlYiBLcC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=mudiratus&source=bl&ots=kmCHbgbseA&sig=ACfU3U3sMigM7M6RBgZ0fPOYK3Fi646FsQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA8_iWmdCBAxX3VaQEHRRtCds4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=mudiratus&f=false libro "Schematismus topographico-historico custodiae provincialis et vicariatūs apostolici in Hercegovinā"] inventum est, ubi dicitur "''Ljubuški'' oppidum; locus nedum huius Parochiae capitalis, imo et totius Districtūs ''Mudiratūs''(...)".</ref> seu [[districtus|districtūs]] (Arabice مديرية) 333 dividuntur, qui in subdistrictuum 2 210 et, denuo, in [[villagium|villagiorum]] 38 284 subdividuntur (ex anno 2001). Anno [[2014]], consilium constitutionale Iemeniam in [[Foederalizatio Iemeniae|regiones]] (Arabice أقاليم) sex -quattuor Septentrionibus, duas Meridiē, capite Sanaā quamvis extra regionem- divisuram esse decrevit, quod foederale rectionis exemplum crearet.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/2/10/yemen-to-become-six-region-federation "Yemen to Become Six-Region Federation"] (Anglice). [[Al-Jazeera]]. Die [[10 Februarii]] anni [[2014]].</ref> Hoc foederale Postulatum unum elementorum fuit quod in subsequens [[Huthi|Huthorum]]<ref name="Huthi"/> [[praxicopema|praxicopēma]] contra gubernium induxit.<ref>Ab Al-Haj, Ahmedo (Ahmed) (Die [[3 Ianuarii]] anni [[2015]]). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/yemens-shiite-rebels-reject-federal-plan/2015/01/03/3b095132-9387-11e4-a900-9960214d4cd7_story.html "Yemen's Shiite rebels reject plan for federal system"] (Anglice). [[The Washington Post]]. Inspectum die [[29 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/22/yemeni-government-quits-houthi-rebellion "Yemeni government quits in protest at Houthi rebellion"] (Anglice). [[The Guardian]]. Die [[22 Ianuarii]] anni [[2015]]. Inspectum die [[29 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref><ref>A Greenfield, Danya (Die [[22 Ianuarii]] anni [[2015]]). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30941514 "Yemen crisis: A coup in all but name"]. [[BBC News]]. Inspectum die [[29 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable alternance centre" |+ Muhafăzae Iemeniticae |- ! scope=col | [[Muhafaza]] [[Latine]] ! scope=col | Muhafaza [[Arabice]] ! scope=col | [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] Latine ! scope=col | Caput Arabice ! scope=col | [[Numerus incolarum]] <br> apud anni 2004 censum<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130719/http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=english&id=293 Central Statistical Organisation of Yemen. General Population Housing and Establishment Census 2004 Final Results] (Anglice).</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100620102015/http://cso-yemen.org/books/book_year_2005/POPULATION/Population.htm Statistic Yearbook 2005 of Yemen] (Anglice). Inspectum die [[29 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> ! scope="col" | Numerus incolarum <br> anni 2006 aestimatio<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120226092744/http://www.cso-yemen.org/publication/Statistical_Year_Book2006/Population.xls Statistical Year Book 2006] (Anglice). Inspectum die [[29 Septembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> ! scope=col | Locus in Iemeniā |- ! scope=row | [[Abian]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> seu [[Muhafaza Abyanensis]]<ref name="Abyanensis">Confer binomen "Scythris abyanensis".</ref> || أبين | [[Zindzibar]] || زنجبار || {{formatnum:433819}} ||{{formatnum:454535}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Abyan.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Adana (muhafaza)|Adana]]<ref name="Adana"/> seu [[Muhafaza Adenensis]]<ref name="Sinus Adenensis"/> || عدن | [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adana]]<ref name="Adana"/> seu Arabia Felix<ref>"Arabia Felix" (sicut [[Arabia Felix|regio omnis]] cuius emporium fuit): [[Pomponius Mela]], ''[[De situ orbis (Pomponius Mela)|Chorographia]]'' 3.2. Ita Graece Εὐδαίμων Ἀραβία: ''[[Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'' 26</ref> || عدن || {{formatnum:589419}} ||{{formatnum:634710}} || [[Fasciculus:Location of Adan.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Muhafaza Adedi|Adedi]]<ref name="Adedi">[https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_02916/?r=0.257,0.384,0.113,0.05,0 Sixth Map of Asia: Which Includes Arabia Felix, Carmania, and the Persian Gulf.].</ref> seu [[Adedou Kome (muhafaza)|Adedou Kome]]<ref name="APITRS">[https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/red-sea/ Ancient Ports in the Red Sea],</ref> seu [[Hodeida]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> || الحديدة | [[Adedi]]<ref name="Adedi"/> seu [[Adedou Kome]]<ref name="APITRS"/> seu [[Hodeida]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> || الحديدة || {{formatnum:2157552}} ||{{formatnum:2300179}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Al Hudaydah.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Albaida (muhafaza)|Albaida]]<ref name="Albaida">Confer homonymam urbem [[Libya|Libycam]] [[Albaida]]m.</ref> || البيضاء | [[Albaida (Iemenia)|Albaida]]<ref name="Albaida"/> || البيضاء || {{formatnum:577369}} ||{{formatnum:605303}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location_of_Al_Bayda.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Almahra]] || المهرة | [[Alghayda]] || الغيضة || {{formatnum:88594}} ||{{formatnum:96768}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Al Mahrah.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Muhafaza Almahwitensis|Almahwit]] || المحويت | [[Almahwit]] || المحويت || {{formatnum:494557}} ||{{formatnum:523236}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Al Mahwit.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Sanaa|Amāna Capitalis]] || style="direction:rtl" | أمانة العاصمة | [[Sanaa]]<ref name="Seira">Cf. nomina biologica ''[[Seira sanaaensis]]'', ''[[Bucculatrix sanaaensis]]''</ref><ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> || صَنْعَاء || {{formatnum:1747834}} ||{{formatnum:1947139}}|| [[File:Location of Sanaa.png|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Muhafaza Anran|Amran]]<ref name="Amran">[https://books.google.es/books?id=akljAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=zaiditae&source=bl&ots=ooYP17114m&sig=ACfU3U1aoaXe6KKPBn72Ric-Qv5qZzoEVg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjW0dyBqZuCAxUIVaQEHQ55CCQQ6AF6BAgWEAM#v=onepage&q=Amran&f=false Historia Iemanae, e codice manuscripto arabico], ubi dicitur "23. Amran, pars provincia Haschid u Bekil (...)"</ref>. || عمران | [[Amran]]<ref name="Amran"/> || عمران || {{formatnum:877786}} ||{{formatnum:909992}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Amran.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Muhafaza Chatramotita|Chatramotitae]]<ref name="Chatramotitae"/> seu Muhafaza Chatramotita<ref name="Chatramotitae"/> seu [[Chatramitis (muhafaza)|Chatramitis]]<ref name="Chatramitis"/> seu [[Adrramyta (muhafaza)|Adrramyta]]<ref name="Adrramyta"/> seu [[Xaeli]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum">[[:Fasciculus:Imperium Turcicum in Europa, Asia Et Africa.jpg|Imperium Turcicum in Europā, Asiā et Africā]] ab Ioanne Baptistae Homanni Noribergae.</ref> seu [[Hadramuttae]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> || حضرموت | [[Moquala]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> seu [[Macala]] || ٱلْمُكَلَّا || {{formatnum:1028556}} ||{{formatnum:1092967}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Hadhramaut.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Dammer (muhafaza)|Dammer]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> seu [[Dhamar (muhafaza)|Dhamar]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/>|| ذمار | [[Dammer]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> seu [[Dhamar]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> || ذمار || {{formatnum:1330108}} ||{{formatnum:1412142}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Dhamar.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Dhale (muhafaza)|Dhale]] || الضالع | [[Dhale]] || الضالع || {{formatnum:470564}} ||{{formatnum:504533}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Ad Dali.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Muhafaza Diofa|Diofa]]<ref name="Diofa">[https://books.google.es/books?id=GzFeFtORzJkC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=Djofa+Provincia+Jemanae+magna&source=bl&ots=DrX6Yv72Qa&sig=ACfU3U0gErazDlWWvGvU3uAI90oMR3agJA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMuM7y0ZuCAxXJTaQEHVE0BA0Q6AF6BAgfEAM#v=onepage&q=Djofa%20Provincia%20Jemanae%20magna&f=false Historia Jemanae sub Hasano Pascha], ubi dicitur "DJOFA الجوف. Provincia Jemanae magna (...)".</ref> || الجوف | [[Alhazm (Iemenia)|Alhazm]] || الحزم || {{formatnum:443797}} ||{{formatnum:465737}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Al Jawf.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Dioscoridis Insula]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> || محافظة أرخبيل سقطرى | [[Hadibu]] || حديبو || {{formatnum:42842}} ||—|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Socotra.png|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Hadza (muhafaza)|Hadza]] || حجة | [[Hadza]] || حجة || {{formatnum:1479568}} ||{{formatnum:1570872}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Hajjah.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Muhafaza Lahadiensis|Lahadi]]<ref name="Lahadi">[https://books.google.es/books?id=cssUlVouVDQC&pg=PA280&lpg=PA280&dq=Lahadj+oppidulum+in+pago+Belad+Aden&source=bl&ots=NCfziJw4nn&sig=ACfU3U2onT45MCDRMyuDHrtfDQLxnWwcgQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx4-7WuZuCAxUndaQEHWMJAEYQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Lahadj%20oppidulum%20in%20pago%20Belad%20Aden&f=false Historia Iemanae], ubi dicitur "Lahadj لحج, oppidulum in pago Belad Aden situm, (...). Barthema hanc urbem Lagi, Nieb. et Büsch. Lahadsje pronuntiant (...)".</ref> seu [[Muhafaza Lagi|Lagi]]<ref name="Lahadi"/> seu [[Muhafaza Lahadsie|Lahadsie]]<ref name="Lahadi"/> || لحج | [[Lahadi]]<ref name="Lahadi"/> seu [[Lagi]]<ref name="Lahadi"/> seu [[Lahadsie]]<ref name="Lahadi"/> || لحج || {{formatnum:722694}} ||{{formatnum:761160}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Lahij.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Mariaba (muhafaza)|Mariaba]]<ref name="Mariaba"/> || مأرب | [[Mariaba]]<ref name="Mariaba"/> || مأرب || {{formatnum:238522}} ||{{formatnum:251668}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Marib.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Raima (muhafaza)|Raima]]<ref name="Raima"/> seu [[Rema (muhafaza)|Rema]]<ref name="Raima"/> || ريمة | [[Aldzabin]] || الجبين || {{formatnum:394448}} ||{{formatnum:418659}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Raymah.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Muhafaza Saada|Saada]]<ref name="Saada"/> || صعدة | [[Saada]]<ref name="Saada"/> || صعدة || {{formatnum:695033}} ||{{formatnum:746957}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Sadah.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Sanaa (muhafaza)|Sanaa]]<ref name="Seira"/><ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/>|| صنعاء | [[Sanaa]]<ref name="Seira"/><ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> || صنعاء || {{formatnum:919215}} ||{{formatnum:957798}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Sana'a.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Shabwa (muhafaza)|Shabwa]] || شبوة | [[Ataq]] || عتق || {{formatnum:470440}} ||{{formatnum:494638}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Shabwah.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Taizzum (muhafaza)|Taizzum]]<ref name="Taizzum"/> || تعز | [[Taizzum]]<ref name="Taizzum"/> || تعز || {{formatnum:1121000}} ||{{formatnum:2513003}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Taizz.svg|75px]] |- ! scope=row | [[Ype (muhafaza)|Ype]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> || إب | [[Ype]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> || إب || {{formatnum:2131861}} ||{{formatnum:2238537}}|| [[Fasciculus:Location of Ibb.svg|75px]] |} ==Demographia== [[Fasciculus:Human population density Yemen.png|thumb|[[Spissitudo incolarum]] anni [[2022]] (mappa Anglice et Arabice).]] Iemeniticus [[numerus incolarum]] 33 [[millio]]nes anno [[2021]] aestimatus est,<ref>[https://population.un.org/wpp/ "World Population Prospects 2022"] (Anglice). ''population.un.org''. Ab [[UN DESA]]. Inspectum [[1 Octobris|Kalendis Octobribus]] anni [[2023]].</ref> cum 46 % incolarum minus quam 15 annos natorum et 2,7 % magis quam 65 annos natorum. Anno [[1950]], erant 4,3 milliones.<ref>"The General Census of Population 2004" (Anglice). ''Sabanews''. Die [[29 Decembris]] anni [[2004]] (ad praesentia accommodatum [[13 Decembris|Idibus Decembribus]] anni [[2013]]). Inspectum [[1 Octobris|Kalendis Octobribus]] anni [[2023]].</ref><ref>[https://www.the-tls.co.uk/ The population explosion on Europe's doorstep"] (Anglice). ''Times (London)''. [[Londinium|Londinii]]. Die [[18 Maii]] anni [[2008]]. Inspectum [[1 Octobris|Kalendis Octobribus]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Anno [[2050]], numerus incolarum usque ad 60 milliones aucturus esse aestimatur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110928034809/http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79232 "Yemen: Government planning to curb population growth"] (Anglice). Ab IRIN Middle East. Die [[14 Iulii|pridie Idus Iulias]] anni [[2008]]. In tabulario servatum ex archetypo die [[28 Septembris]] anni [[2011]]. Inspectum [[1 Octobris|Kalendis Octobribus]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Iemenia altum [[index fertilitatis|indicem fertilitatis]], 4,45 puerorum per feminam, habet; qui hanc nationem loco 30 in toto orbe terrarum collocat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html "Country Comparison: Total fertility rate"] (Anglice). A [[Sedes centralis exploratoria|CIA]]. Apud librum ''CIA World Factbook''. In tabulario servatum ex archetypo die [[28 Octobris]] anni [[2009]]. Inspectum [[1 Octobris|Kalendis Octobribus]] anni [[2023]].</ref> [[Sanaa]]e incolarum numerus cito auxit circiter e 55 000 anno [[1978]]<ref>Ab Erico (Eric) Hansen (Ianuario anni [[2006]]). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127165256/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200601/sana.a.rising.htm "Sana'a Rising"]. ''[[Saudi Aramco World]]''. In tabulario servatum ex archetypo die [[27 Novembris]] anni [[2013]]. Inspectum [[1 Octobris|Kalendis Octobribus]] anni [[2023]].</ref> in fere unum millionem exeunte [[saeculum 21|saeculo XXI]].<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanaa Sanaa | History, Population, & Facts | Britannica"] (Anglice). Die [[17 Iunii]] anni [[2023]].</ref> ===Gentes=== [[Fasciculus:Yemen ethno 2002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Iemenitica tribalia loca et [[Secta Siitica|Siiticae]] ac [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunniticae]] regiones. [[Siitae]] [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] in viridi Occidentalis Iemeniae loco praevalent, in ceterā autem Iemeniā [[Sunnitae]] Musulmani sunt (mappa Anglice scripta). ]] Cum priores civitates Iemenia Septentrionalis et Iemenia Meridionalis statuerentur, plerique habitantes [[minoritas|minoritates]] discesserunt.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35836.htm "U.S. Relations With Yemen"] (Anglice). A [[Ministerium Rerum Externarum Civitatum Foederatarum|Ministerio Rerum Externarum Civitatum Foederatarum]]. Die [[28 Augusti]] anni [[2013]].</ref> Iemenia magnopere [[Tribus (anthropologia)|tribalis]] [[Societas humana|societas]] est.<ref>A Flamand, Annā Sophiā (Annasofie) et Macleod, Hugone (Hugh) ([[5 Decembris|Nonis Decembribus]] anni [[2009]]). [https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12606008.children-yemens-tribal-war/ "The children of Yemen's tribal war"] (Anglice). ''The Herald Scotland''. [[Glasgua]]e. Inspectum [[7 Octobris|Nonis Octobribus]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Sunt etiam hereditarii [[casta]]rum greges urbanis areis sicuti [[Almuhamashini|Almuhamashīni]] (Arabice المهمشين) seu [[Akhdami|Akhdāmi]] (Arabice الأخدام).<ref>A Lehmann, Hermanno (Hermann) (anno [[1954]]). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973326/ "Distribution of the sickle cell trait"] (Anglice). ''Eugenics Review''. '''46''' (2): 101–121. PMC 2973326. PMID 21260667.</ref> Sunt quoque Iemenitae [[Persae|Persicae]] stirpis. Secundum [[al-Muqaddasī]], Persae maximam incolarum partem [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]] [[saeculum 10|saeculo X]] formabant.<ref>A Laurentio (Lawrence) G. Potter (anno [[2009]]). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Persian Gulf in History]'' (Anglice). Springer. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-230-61845-9.</ref><ref>A Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh (anno [[2013]]). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=EUL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography]'' Anglice. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-136-81717-5.</ref> [[Iudaei Iemenitae]] (Arabice اليهود اليمنيون et [[Hebraice]] יהודי תימן) olim ingens minoritas in Iemeniā fuerunt, diversā cum culturā ab aliis [[Iudaei|Iudaicis]] communitatibus totius orbis terrarum.<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/yemen-virtual-jewish-history-tour "Yemen"] (Anglice). ''Jewish Virtual Library''. Die [[22 Maii]] anni [[2012]]. Inspectum [[7 Octobris|Nonis Octobribus]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Quorum plerique in [[Israël]]em medio [[saeculum 20|saeculo XX]] post Iudaicum exodum ex Arabicis Musulmanisque civitatibus et Operationem Tegetem Volantem (Hebraice כנפי נשרים et Arabice عملية بساط الريح) migraverunt. Aestimatorum 100 000 hominorum ex [[India|Indicā]] origine meridionali in nationis parte circum [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanam]] (Arabice عدن), [[Moquala]]m<ref name="Iassonium"/> (Arabice المكلا), [[Xael]]em<ref name="Xael">[https://books.google.es/books?id=nNpeAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA85&lpg=RA2-PA85&dq=%22xael%22+urbs+Arabia&source=bl&ots=JVVj86xeKQ&sig=ACfU3U0LiR3dMS43EUdGcGerEV8BQtfjGA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB_P-yg--BAxV-T6QEHVoGAVMQ6AF6BAgdEAM#v=onepage&q=%22xael%22&f=false Geographia Totius Orbis] ab Iohanne Ulrico Müllero, ubi dicitur "Xael urbs Arabiae". Sicut asserit [[:en:Al-Shihr#cite_note-EI2-3|commentatio de hac urbe in Vicipaediā Anglicā]], sic nuncupaverunt Lusitani hanc urbem.</ref> (Arabice الشحر), [[Lagi|Lagos]]<ref name="Lahadi"/> (Arabice لحج), [[Mocha]]m<ref name="LLH">[http://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum.pdf Lexicon Latinum hodiernum scilicet Theodisco-Latinum]</ref> (Arabice المخا) et [[Hodeida]]m<ref name="Iassonium"/> (Arabice الحديدة) confluunt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110312120804/http://www.eoisanaa.org/NRI.html "Indian Diaspora in Yemen"] (Anglice). Ab Indicā Ambasciatā [[Sanaa]]e. In tabulario servatum archetypum die 12 Martii anni [[2011]]. Inspectum die [[11 Octobris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Plerique clari [[Arabes|Arabicae]] progeniei [[Indonesia|Indonesii]], [[Malaesia]]ni et [[Singapura|Singapurenses]] sunt [[Xaeli]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> seu [[Hadramuttae]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> (Arabice حضارم) cum origine meridionali in Iemeniā in litorali [[Chatramitis (Regio)|Chatramitis]]<ref name="Chatramitis"/> regione.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160612114044/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ "The world's successful diasporas"] (Anglice). ''Management Today''. [[Londinium|Londinii]]. Die [[3 Aprilis]] anni [[2007]]. Inspectum die [[12 Octobris]] anni [[2013]].</ref> Hodie sunt fere 10 000 Hadramuttarum in Singapurā.<ref>Ab Amino (أمين) Ali Talib (Novembre anni [[1995]]). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131212053809/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/talib95.htm "Hadramis in Singapore"]. ''Al-bab.com''. In tabulario servatum archetypum die [[12 Decembris]] anni [[2013]]. Inspectum die [[12 Octobris]] anni [[2013]].</ref> Hadramuttae in [[Asia austro-orientalis|Asiam Austro-orientalem]], [[Africa Orientalis|Africam Orientalem]] et [[Subcontinens Indica|Subcontinentem Indicam]] migraverunt.<ref>"African connections in Yemeni music" (Anglice). Ab ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica|Encyclopaediā Britannicā]]''. Inspectum die [[12 Octobris]] anni [[2013]].</ref> [[Mahchil]] populus<ref name="Mahchil">[https://books.google.es/books?id=TIRTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=%22Mahchil+populus%22&source=bl&ots=ydpIk5X86-&sig=ACfU3U2jEjuZvIv8vBazCiT5hzm05fPKUQ&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-tu_KwISCAxWvfKQEHfR9B0sQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Mahchil%20populus%22&f=false Africae descriptio], Leone Africano auctore, ubi dicitur "Mahchil populus. Ruche populus qui a Mastaro originem duxisse creditur, id desertum sibi habet (...)".</ref> (Arabice بنو معقل) [[Arabes|Arabicarum]] [[Beduini|Beduinarum]] tribuum, ex Iemeniā ortarum, collectio fuit quae ad occidentem per [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] migravit. Aliqui Iemeniticorum Arabum globi ad meridiem in [[Mauritania]]m se flexerunt et, exeunte [[saeculum 17|saeculo XVII]], totum in territorium domitati sunt. Qui etiam totum per [[Marocum]] et [[Algerium]] non minus quam alias per Africae Septentrionalis nationes inveniri possunt.<ref>[https://countrystudies.us/mauritania/8.htm "Mauritania – Arab invasions"] (Anglice). A ''Library of Congress Country Studies''. Inspectum [[20 Octobris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Iemenia [[Arabes|Arabum]] et [[lingua Arabica|linguae Arabicae]] ortus est; [[Catanitae]]<ref name="Catanitae">[https://books.google.es/books?id=ipdupFDt4QsC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&dq=%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9&source=bl&ots=fEQ2N-oYo4&sig=ACfU3U0u-8qfxOHbM9EzpPnfBHCyP9nzsw&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig9-Ta_oSCAxVETaQEHWziDekQ6AF6BAgTEAM#v=onepage&q=%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9&f=false Thesaurus geographicus], auctore Abrahamo Ortelio, ubi dicitur "CATANITAE, Κατανιται, Ptolamaeo Arabiae Felicis gens".</ref> seu [[Katanitae]]<ref name="Catanitae"/> (Arabice قحطانيون) [[Arabes]] -primigenii Arabes- ex Iemeniā orti sunt. Arabicam secundum traditionem, [[Ismael|Ismaël]], [[Abraham]]i filius, uxorem duxit feminam e [[Gorrhamitae|Gorrhamitarum]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=YOQUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=gorrhamitae&source=bl&ots=x2M2OAsEG0&sig=ACfU3U3A_VXdhgyeuO8mw4ArCSfNdSCtgA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDpN24goWCAxUuT6QEHYBhB_UQ6AF6BAgQEAM#v=onepage&q=gorrhamitae&f=false Études de linguistique arabe], ubi dicitur "Gorrhamitae (Jurhum)".</ref> (Arabice جرهم) tribū.<ref>[https://www.alim.org/history/prophet-stories/7/5/"Story of the Prophet Ismail (Ishmael) – Ishmael's Wives | Islamic History"] (Anglice). ''Alim.org''. Inspectum [[20 Octobris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Iemenia unica natio in [[Arabia|Paeninsulā Arabicā]] quae duo internationalia pacta ab annis [[1951]] et [[1967]] originem trahentia de protegendis profugis obsignavit.<ref name="Fowler">Ab Ionathā (Jonathan) Fowler (die 18 Octobris anni 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175000/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/news/red-sea-drownings-of-yemenbound-migrants-hit-new-high_27334 "Red Sea drownings of Yemen-bound migrants hit new high"] (Anglice). ''Your Middle East''. In tabulario servatum archetypum die 18 Octobris anni 2014. Inspectum die [[22 Octobris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Iemenia 124 600 exsulium et asylum quaerentium anno [[2007]] recipiebat. Exsules et asylum quaerentes in Iemeniā incolentes praesertim e [[Somalia|Somaliā]] (110 600), [[Iraca|Irācā]] (11 000), [[Aethiopia|Aethiopiā]] (2 000)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141019224639/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html "World Refugee Survey 2008"] (Anglice). Ab Consilio Statunitensi pro profugis et immigrantibus (Anglice ''U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants''). Die 19 Iunii anni [[2008]]. In tabulario servatum archetypum die 19 Octobris anni 2014. Inspectum die [[22 Octobris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> et [[Syria|Syriā]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-yemen-idUSBRE98P0FC20130926 "Poor and desperate, Syrian refugees beg on Yemen's streets"] (Anglice). A ''[[Reuters]]''. Die 26 Septembris anni 2013. Inspectum die [[22 Octobris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Praeterea, amplius 334 000 Iemeniticorum intra nationem e loco propter conflictum moti sunt.<ref name="Fowler"/> [[Diaspora]] Iemenitica valde vicinā in [[Arabia Saudita|Arabiā Sauditā]], ubi inter 800 000 et unum millionem Iemeniticorum habitant,<ref>A Black, Ioanne (Ian) (die 2 Aprilis anni 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/02/saudi-arabia-expels-yemeni-workers "Saudi Arabia expels thousands of Yemeni workers"] (Anglice). ''[[The Guardian]]''. Londinii. Inspectum die [[22 Octobris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> et in [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regno]], domicilium inter 70 000 et 80 000 Iemeniticorum, densatur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_1.shtml "History of Islam in the UK"]. BBC. Die 7 Septembris anni 2009. Inspectum die [[22 Octobris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> ===Linguae=== [[Lingua Arabica|Lingua Arabica Moderna Normata]] ([[Arabice]] اللغة العربية الفصحى الحديثة) Iemenitica [[lingua publica]] est, [[lingua Arabica Iemenitica]] (Arabice لهجة يمنية) autem patrio in usū est. In [[muhafaza|muhafazā]] [[Almahra|Almahrā]] (Arabice المهرة) longinquo in oriente et in insulā [[Dioscoridis Insula|Dioscoridis]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora|Zocotorā]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> (Arabice سقطرى, [[lingua Socotrensis|Socotrensi]]<ref name="Socotrensis">Confer usitatissimum epitheton binominale "Socotrensis".</ref> ماتڸ دسقطري), incolae [[Linguae Arabicae meridionales hodiernae|nonnullis linguis diversis ab Arabicā]] loquuntur.<ref>Ab Woodard, Rogerio (Roger) D. (die 10 Aprilis anni 2008). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC&pg=PA228&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1. Inspectum die 17 Novembris anni [[2023]].</ref><ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp "Ethnologue entry for South Arabian languages"]. Ethnologue.com. Inspectum die 17 Novembris anni [[2023]].</ref> [[Lingua gesticulatoria Iemenitica|Linguā gesticulatoriā Iemeniticā]] (Arabice لغة الإشارة اليمنية) surdi Iemenitici utuntur. Iemenia [[Linguae Semiticae|Linguis Semiticis Meridionalibus]] soli genitalis pars. [[Lingua Almahrica]] (Almahrice مهريّت, Arabice اللغة المهرية) maxima lingua Semitica Meridionalis in usū hac in natione est, amplius 70 000 locutores habentes. Cuius ipsum [[ethnos]] Mahrani (Arabice مهرة) nuncupatur. [[Lingua Socotrensis]]<ref name="Socotrensis">Confer usitatissimum epitheton binominale "Socotrensis".</ref> alia lingua Semitica Meridionalis est, locutores in insulā [[Dioscoridis Insula|Dioscoridis]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora|Zocotorā]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> (Arabice سقطرى, [[lingua Socotrensis|Socotrensi]]<ref name="Socotrensis">Confer usitatissimum epitheton binominale "Socotrensis".</ref> ماتڸ دسقطري) habentes, a linguae Arabicae pressurā continentali super Iemeniā segregatos. Secundum anni [[1990]] censum in Iemeniā, haec lingua 57 000 locutorum habebat.<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/YE/languages "Yemen – Languages"]. Ethnologue. Die [[19 Februarii]] anni 1999. Inspectum die 17 Novembris anni [[2023]].</ref> Iemenia etiam genitale solum est [[linguae Arabicae Meridionales Antiquae|linguis Arabicis Meridionalibus Antiquis seu Austropalaeoarabicis]] (Arabice اللغة العربية الجنوبية القديمة). E quibus, [[lingua Razihica]] (Arabice اللغة الرازحية) unica reliqua esse videtur. [[Lingua Anglica]] praecipua peregrina lingua est, ample docta et in usū plerumque meridionali in Iemeniā, [[Protectoratus Adenensis|priore coloniā Britannicā]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230323164820/https://stats.wikimedia.org/archive/squid_reports/2013-09/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryBreakdownHuge.htm "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country – Breakdown"] (Anglice). ''stats.wikimedia.org''.</ref> ===Religio=== {{Bar box | title=Religio in Iemeniā<ref>[https://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Yemen_Ethno_Religious_summary_lg.png "Yemen Ethno Religious summary"] (Anglice). ''www.gulf2000.columbia.edu''.</ref> | titlebar=#ddd | float=right | bars= {{Bar percent|[[Sunnitae|Islamus Sunniticus]]|green|56.36}} {{Bar percent|[[Zaidismus]] ([[Secta Siitica|Islamus Siiticus]])|lime|42.1}} {{Bar percent|Alii|red|1.54}} }} [[Islamus]] (Arabice دين الاسلام) Iemenitica [[religio publica]] est. Religio in Iemeniā praecipue duobus e principalibus Islamicis religiosis coetibus consistit: secundum [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum pro refugis|Curatoris supremi Nationum Unitarum pro refugis]] relationem, [[Secta Siitica|Siitici]] "[[Zaidismus|Zaiditae]]<ref name="Zaiditae"/> circa 45 centesimas partes incolarum, [[Sunnitae]] 53 centesimas partes constituunt et etiam exiguae minores partes aliorum Siiticorum coetuum –[[Secta Ismaelitica|Ismaëlitarum]] et [[Secta Siitica duodenaria|Duodenariorum]]– sunt".<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic%2C45a5199f2%2C45a5f8b22%2C488f180d1e%2C0.html "Yemen: The conflict in Saada Governorate – analysis"] (Anglice). A [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum pro refugis|Curatore supremo Nationum Unitarum pro refugis]]. In tabulario servatum archetypum die 20 Novembris anni 2012.</ref> Sunnitae (Arabice أهل السنة) praesertim [[Safiitae]]<ref name="Safiitae">[https://athenaeumcollecties.nl/collecties/gedigitaliseerde-collecties/?q=catalogus&mode=gallery&view=list&sort=order_s_auteurs%20asc Glossen op Minhāj al-ṭalibīn en op het commentaar op Minhāj al-ṭalibīn van al-Maḥallī], ubi dicitur "(...) Achmedis Sajatensis Safiitae Commentarii (...)".</ref> (Arabice الشافعية) sunt, sed etiam significativos [[Malikitae|Malikitarum]]<ref name="Malikitae">[https://archive.org/stream/b28406084/b28406084_djvu.txt The travels of Ibn Batuta], ubi dicitur "et aliquot Sunnitae Malikitae".</ref><ref name="Hanafitae, Malikitae, Hanbalitae">[https://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/catalogues/cco_1851_1877/CCO-5-nr. 2400-2409-pp. 96-109.pdf Theologia Christiana]{{Nexus deficit|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ubi dicitur "(...) quum antea Malikitae, Hanafitae aut Hanbalitae fuerant (...)".</ref> (Arabice المالكية) ac [[Hanbalitae|Hanbalitarum]]<ref name="Hanafitae, Malikitae, Hanbalitae"/> (Arabice حنابلة) coetūs comprehendunt. Siitae (Arabice الشيعة) ante omnia [[Zaidismus|Zaiditae]]<ref name="Zaiditae"/> (Arabice الزيديون) sunt, et quoque significativas [[Secta Ismaelitica|Ismaëlitarum]]<ref name="UN High">[https://www.refworld.org/topic,45a5199f2,45a5f8b22,488f180d1e,0.html "Yemen: The conflict in Saada Governorate – analysis"] (Anglice). A [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum pro refugis|Curatore supremo Nationum Unitarum pro refugis]]. Die [[24 Iulii]] anni [[2008]]. Inspectum die [[19 Novembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> (Arabice الاسماعيلية) et [[Secta Siitica duodenaria|Duodenariorum]]<ref name="UN High"/><ref>[Ab Al-Zaidi, Hasano (حسن) (die [[22 Octobris]] anni [[2007]]). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071022055452/http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=768&p=community&a=2 "The Twelve-Imam Shiite Sect"]. ''Yemen Times''. In tabulario servatum archetypum die [[22 Octobris]] anni [[2007]].</ref> (Arabice الأئمة) minores partes habent. Sunnitae in meridionali et austrorientali Iemeniā praevalent, ubi secundum [[traditio]]nem minus incolarum sunt. Zaiditae autem et/aut Siitae in septentrionali et boreoccidentali Iemeniā praevalent ubi plerique Iemenitici traditionaliter; Ismaëlitae autem praecipua centra sicuti [[Sanaa]]m et [[Mariaba|Mariabam]]<ref name="Mariaba"/> incolunt. Mixtae communitates maioribus urbibus sunt. Ciciter 0.5 centesimae partes Iemeniticorum Musulmani non sunt, sed [[Religio Christiana|Christianismum]], [[Religio Iudaica|Religionem Iudaicam]] aut [[Hinduismus|Hinduismum]] sequuntur aut nullam religiosam filiationem habent.<ref name="Religious Freedom">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208632.pdf Yemen 2012 International Religious Freedom Report"] (PDF Anglice). A [[Civitatum Foederatarum Secretarius Civitatis|Civitatum Foederatarum Secretario Civitatis]]. Inspectum die [[19 Novembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref><ref name="Medea">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131206102826/http://www.medea.be/en/countries/yemen/yemen/ "Yemen"] (Anglice). Ab Instituto MEDEA. In tabulario servatum archetypum [[6 Decembris|postridie Nonas Septembres]] anni [[2013]]. Inspectum die [[19 Novembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Iemenia loco quinto in mundano [[Ianuae Apertae|Ianuarum Apertarum]] indice anni [[2022]] (Anglice ''Open Doors' 2022 World Watch List''), anniversario quinquaginta civitatum indice ubi [[Christiani]] summam insectationem subeunt, collocatur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230603210057/https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/yemen/?ref=wwmap "Serving Persecuted Christians Worldwide – Yemen – Open Doors UK & Ireland"] (Anglice). ''Opendoorsuk.org''. Inspectum die [[3 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Christianorum numeri in Iemeniā aestimationes e 25 000<ref>A [[Ministerium Rerum Externarum Civitatum Foederatarum|Ministerio Rerum Externarum Civitatum Foederatarum]], ab Sede Electronicae Informationis et Ministerio Publicarum Rerum (die 19 Septembris anni [[2008]]). [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108496.htm "Yemen"] (Anglice). ''2001-2009.state.gov''. Inspectum die [[3 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> in 41 000<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15239529 "Guide: Christians in the Middle East"] (Anglice). ''BBC News''. Die [[11 Octobris]] anni [[2011]].</ref> fluctuantur. Anno [[2015]], investigatio Christianos quadringentos [[Musulmanus|Musulmano]] ex ambitū hanc civitatem incolere aestimat.<ref>Ab Johnstone, Patricio (Patrick); Miller, Duano Alexandro (Duane Alexander) (anno 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210313222442/https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"] (Anglice). ''IJRR'' 11: 17. Inspectum die [[3 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Circiter 50 aut minus Iudaeorum in Iemeniā manentium. Complures Iemenitici [[Iudaei]] 200 in [[Israël]]em a [[Sedes Iudaica pro Israële|Sede Iudaicā pro Israële]] ([[Hebraice]] הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל) circa annum [[2016]] deportati sunt.<ref>A Ben Zion, Elone (Ilan) (die [[21 Martii]] anni [[2016]]). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/17-yemenite-jews-secretly-airlifted-to-israel/ "17 Yemenite Jews secretly airlifted to Israel in end to 'historic mission'"] (Anglice). ''Times of Israel''. Inspectum die [[3 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Attamen anno [[2022]] solum unus Iemeniticus Iudaeus manere aestimatus est secundum [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] relationem de religiosarum minoritatum tractatione in conflictūs zonis; nihilominus parva "occultorum Iudaeorum" manus credibiliter est qui ad [[Islamus|Islamum]] se converterunt sed clam [[Religio Iudaica|Iudaismum]] colere pergunt.<ref>[https://aish.com/history-of-the-jews-of-yemen/ "History of the Jews of Yemen"] (Anglice). Die [[10 Maii]] anni [[2022]].</ref> Secundum internationales societatis WIN/Gallup schedas interrogatorias, Iemenia religiosissimos incolas Arabicas apud civitates habet, qui etiam apud religiosissimas gentes in toto orbe terrarum sunt.<ref>A Smith, Olivario (Oliver) (die [[15 Aprilis]] anni [[2017]]). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/most-religious-countries-in-the-world/ "Mapped: The world's most (and least) religious countries"] (Anglice). ''The Telegraph''. Digital Travel Editor. In tabulario [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/most-religious-countries-in-the-world/ servatum] archetypum die [[10 Ianuarii]] anni [[2022]]. Inspectum die [[3 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> ==Oeconomia== [[Fasciculus:Agriculture, Haraz Mtns (13947870691).jpg|thumb|Gradati agri.]] Iemenia pauperrimas apud civitates in toto orbe terrarum est. Valde [[aes alienum|aeribus alienis]] obstricta et [[Civitas provectibilis|parum provecta]], eius oeconomia internationali ab auxilio et traditionalibus operis debili cum industriā petroleariā colligatis permultum pendet. Haec natio [[Ordo mercaturae mundanae|Ordini mercaturae mundanae]] interest e die [[26 Iunii]] anni [[2014]], quamquam assiduis difficultatibus structuralibus afficitur. [[Agricultura]] ponderis partem oeconomicā in activitate repraesentat. Agrorum distributio valde inaequalis est: e 1.2 millionibus agrorum possessorum, 58 % 8 % arabilium agrorum possident, proprietariorum autem 7 % 56 % agrorum possident.<ref name="Lackner">Ab Hellenā (Helen) Lackner, [https://orientxxi.info/magazine/yemen-les-politiques-neoliberales-sans-filtre-ont-aggrave-la-crise-de-l-eau,4875 «Yémen, les politiques néolibérales sans filtre ont aggravé la crise de l’eau]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}» (Francice), in ''Orient XXI'', die [[29 Iunii]] anni [[2021]].</ref> Anno [[2022]], Iemenia ex ordine 128 collocata est apud [[Index mundanus innovationis|Indicem mundanum innovationis]] (Arabice مؤشر الابتكار العالمي, [[Sinice]] 全球創新指數, Anglice ''Global Innovation Index'', [[Francice]] ''Indice mondial de l'innovation'', [[Russice]] Глобальный инновационный индекс, [[Hispanice]] ''Índice mundial de innovación'').<ref name="WIPO">[https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/fr/2022/index.html «Index mundanus innovationis anni 2022»] (Arabice, Sinice, Anglice, Francice, Sinice et Hispanice), apud ''Ordinem mundanum proprietatis intellectualis'' (inspectum die [[8 Decembris]] anni [[2022]]).</ref> ===Crisis aquae=== Iemenia gravi crisi aquae laborat, cum renovabilis aquae quantitas quotannis per capita solum 72 m³ esset, gradus inferior quam limes exiguitatis 500 m³, apud indicem internationalem Falkenmarkianum. Incrementum demographicum, [[Calefactio globalis|climatis mutatio]] et parum idonea agriculturalis ratio ex [[anni 1990|annis 1990]] hanc crisin acerbaverunt. Habitatissimarum regionum aliquae, sicuti [[Sanaa]]e<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> et [[Saada]]e<ref name="Saada"/> regiones, sic ingente descensū quantitatis aquae phreaticae afficiuntur. Aliquae [[villagium|villagia]] derelicta sunt propter totam aquarum putealium exhaustionem.<ref name="Lackner"/> ==Infrastructura== ===Instrumenta divulgationis=== Iemenia [[impressio]]nem anno [[1853]] coepit, cum [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicae]] occupationis moderatores primum [[prelum typographicum]] [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]] introducerent quod procurationis necessitates satisfaceret. Etiam Britanni captivorum numerum in [[India]]m miserunt qui se [[Typus mobilis|typorum mobilium]] dispositione exercitarent ad utendum prelo typographico Arabice et Anglice imprimente. Impressio Adanae extensa est. Nunc sunt circiter legitima [[periodicum|periodica]] et [[Commentarius periodicus pictus|commentarii]] in Iemeniā, e quibus nonnulla inferiori in tabulā sunt:<ref>[https://www.worldpress.org/newspapers/MIDEAST/Yemen.cfm Yemen - World Newspapers and Magazines - Worldpress.org"] (Anglice). ''worldpress.org''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090821213115/http://www.sahafa.com/NewspapersandMagazines/Yemen.aspx "Arabic news website"] (Anglice). ''sahafa.com''. In tabulario servatum archetypum die [[21 Augusti]] anni [[2009]].</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! [[Periodicum]] seu [[Commentarius periodicus pictus|commentarius]] ! Genus ! Lingua ! Sedes ! Status |- | ''[[Yemen Post (newspaper)|Yemen Post]]''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140903190020/http://www.yemenpost.net/ "Yemen Post Newspaper online- EDITORIAL, LOCAL, INTERVIEW, REPORT, SOCIAL, BUSINESS, HEALTH, OPINION, YEMEN IN THE NEWS, MIDDLE EAST, INTERNATIONAL"] (Anglice). ''yemenpost.net''.</ref> | Independens diarium et [[propylon interretiale]]<ref>Vide [http://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_04_ijkl.pdf Lexicon Latinum hodiernum], auctore PETRO LUCUSALTIANO LATINOPHILO, ubi dicitur "'''Internetportal''', n ''propylon interretiale, n'' [2017]".</ref> nuntiorum | [[Anglice]] | [[Sanaa]]e<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> | Interretiale |- | ''[[Al-Ayyam (Yemen press)|Al-Ayyam]]''<ref>صحيفة الأيام -" (Arabice). ''al-ayyam.info''.</ref> | Independens diarium | [[Arabice]] | [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]]<ref name="Adana"/> | Localiter impeditum |- | ''[[Al-Sahwa (Yemen press)|Al-Sahwa]]''<ref>[https://www.alsahwa-yemen.net/ الصحوة نت"] (Arabice). ''alsahwa-yemen.net''.</ref> | [[Islamismus|Islamisticus]] commentarius hebdomadalis | Arabice et Anglice | [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]]<ref name="Adana"/> | Interretialis |- | ''[[Al-Thawra (Iemenia)|Al-Thawra]]''<ref name="althawranews.net">[https://althawrah.ye/ صحيفة الثورة"] (Arabice). ''althawranews.net''.</ref> | Publicum | Arabice | [[Sanaa]]e<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> | Interretiale |- |- | ''[[Al-Jumhuryah]]''<ref name="althawranews.net"/> | Publicum | Arabice | [[Taizzum|Taizzi]]<ref name="Taizzum"/> | Haud interretiale |- | ''[[Yemen Observer]]''<ref>[https://swap.stanford.edu/was/20090303170947/http://www.yobserver.com/ "Yemen observer"] (Anglice). ''yobserver.com''. In tabulario servatum archetypum die [[3 Martii]] anni [[2009]].</ref> | Independens | Anglice et Arabice | [[Sanaa]]e<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> | Interretiale |- | ''[[Yemen Times]]''<ref>["Yemen Times"] (Anglice). ''yementimes.com''. In tabulario servatum archetypum die [[11 Februarii]] anni [[2005]]. Inspectum die [[10 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> | Independens commentarius hebdomadalis | Anglice | [[Sanaa]]e<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> | Interretiale |- | ''[[Al-Motamar]]''<ref>[http://www.almotamar.net/en/ "Almotamar Net, Published by General People's Congress (GPC)"] (Anglice). ''almotamar.net''.</ref> | Publicum | Arabice et Anglice | [[Sanaa]]e<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> | Interretiale |- | ''[[Al-Thawri]]'' (Al-Eshteraki)<ref>[http://www.aleshteraki.net/ "www.aleshteraki.net"] (Anglice). ''aleshteraki.net''.</ref> | Factionis socialisticae commentarius hebdomadalis | Arabice | [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]]<ref name="Adana"/> | Interretialis |- | ''[[14 October (diarium)|14th October]]''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171223203911/http://www.14october.com/ "صحيفة 14 أكتوبر للصحافة و الطباعة و النشر"] (Arabice). In tabulario servatum archetypum die [[23 Decembris]] anni [[2017]]. Inspectum die [[10 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> | Publicum | Arabice et Anglice | [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]]<ref name="Adana"/> | Haud interretiale |- | ''[[Telecoms & IT magazine]]''<ref>[http://titmag.net.ye/ مجلة تكنولوجيا الاتصالات والمعلومات - تصدر عن وزارة الاتصالات وتقنية المعلومات". مجلة تكنولوجيا الاتصالات والمعلومات.]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Arabice).</ref> | Publicum | Arabice | [[Sanaa]]e<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> | Haud interretiale |} [[Radiophonia|Divulgatio per undas radiophonicas]] in Iemeniā [[anni 1940|annis 1940]] coepit, cum in Meridiem a [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannis]] et Septentrionem a [[Ioannes Mahometus Hamidus ad-Din|gubernante Imami Ioannis systemate]] adhuc dividebatur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327001747/http://al-bab.com/yemen/media/med.htm "The media in Yemen, short introduction to media in Yemen including broadcasting. Last revised on 21 February 2006"] (Anglice). Apud ''Al-bab.com''. In tabulario servatum archetypum die [[27 Martii]] anni [[2014]]. Inspectum die [[10 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Unificatā Iemeniā anno [[1990]], Iemenitica gubernatio societates radiophonicas reformavit et aliquas additas stationes radiophonicas localiter emittentes condidit. Nihilominus, radiophonia post annum [[1994]] retrocessit, propter infrastructuras [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 1994)|bello civili]] destructas. [[Televisio]] significativissimum aequum<ref>Vide [http://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_05_mnopq.pdf Lexicon Latinum hodiernum], auctore PETRO LUCUSALTIANO LATINOPHILO, ubi dicitur "'''Plattform (II)''', f ''aequum, i, n'' [vet.; KLW p.85,1; GHL I,192ff] {in re computatoria vel technica}".</ref> divulgatorium in Iemeniā est. Demissum ob indicem [[alphabetismus|alphabetismi]] in hac natione, televisio praecipuus nuntiorum fons Iemeniticis est. Sunt gratuiti tramites televisifici sex in praesenti cum sedi in Iemeniā, e quibus quattuor publici sunt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193429/http://www.arabmediaforum.ae/userfiles/EnglishAMO.pdf "Arab Media Outlook 2011–2015"] (PDF Anglice). 2012. p. 217. In tabulario servatum archetypum PDF die [[29 Octobris]] anni [[2013]]. Inspectum die [[10 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> [[Cinematographia|Industria cinematographica]] in primordiis est; solum duae [[pellicula]]e vulgata sunt ex anno [[2008]]. ===Vectura=== [[Fasciculus:Route bus in and around Sana'a.JPG|thumb|[[Laophorium]] [[Sanaa]]e<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/>.]] Nec [[ferrivia]]e nec [[Ferrivia subterranea|ferriviae subterraneae]] nec [[Currus electricus|currūs electrici]] in Iemeniā sunt, quamquam ferriviarum proposita sunt. Quod ad [[via]]s attinet, Iemenia anno [[1996]] 67 000 chiliometrorum viarum habebat, e quibus 7 700 chiliometrorum bituminata et 59 300 chiliometrorum non bituminata sunt. Haec natio [[filoraeda|filoraedā]] caret. Ceterum [[caput (urbs)|capite]] [[Sanaa]]e<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> et aliis in habitatis locis agunt publicae privataeque societates vectationes urbanas, suburbanas et interurbanas [[Laophorium|laophoriis]] factas gerentes. Respectū [[portus|portuum]], praecipui [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adenensis]]<ref name="Sinus Adenensis"/>, [[Hodeida|Hodeidensis]]<ref name="Iassonium"/>, [[Moquala|Moqualensis]]<ref name="Iassonium"/>, [[Mocha]]nus<ref name="LLH"/>, [[Ništūn]]ensis sunt. Denique, quod [[Aëroportus|aëroportūs]] spectat, Iemeniae erant anno [[1999]] aëroportūs 50. Quorum 13 bituminata [[Aërodromus|aërodromos]] habent, duos amplius 3047 metrorum longos, octo inter 2438 et 3047 metrorum, unum inter 1524 et 2437 metrorum, unum inter 914 et 1523 metrorum, unum minus quam 914 metrorum longum; aëroportūs autem 13 bituminatis sine aërodromis erant, e quibus duo amplius 3047 metrorum longi sunt, novem inter 2438 et 3047 metrorum, octo inter 1524 et 2437 metrorum, tredecim inter 914 et 1523 metrorum et quinque minus quam 914 metrorum. ===Educatio=== [[File:Index alphabetismi Iemeniae.png|thumb|300px|Index alphabetismi apud incolas annos 15 aut amplius natos inter annos [[1995]] et [[2015]], apud [[UNESCO]]nis Institutum Statisticae.]] Adultorum index [[alphabetismus|alphabetismi]] 64% anno [[2010]] erat.<ref>[http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=210 "National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)"] (Anglice et Francice). Ab UNESCOnis Institutum Statisticae. Inspectum die [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Gubernium reducendo analphabetismo ad minus quam 10% anno [[2025]] se dedidit.<ref>"Republic of Yemen, Ministry of Education Report 2008. "The Development of Education in the Republic of Yemen."" (PDF Anglice). Anno [[2008]]. p. 3. Inspectum die [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Quamquam Iemeniticum gubernium universalem, obligatoriam gratuitamque educationem [[impubes|impuberibus]] ex annis sex usque ad annos quindecim natis praebet, [[Ministerium Rerum Externarum Civitatum Foederatarum]] obligatoriam praesentiam non cogi refert. Gubernium Rationem evolvendae educationis basicae nationalis anno [[2003]] elaboravit, quae educationem ad 95% Iemeniticorum impuberum ex annis sex usque ad annos quattuordecim natorum praebere et quoque lacunam inter pueros ac puellas non solum urbibus sed etiam ruri imminuere expetebat.<ref>"Republic of Yemen, Ministry of Education Report 2008." The Development of Education in the Republic of Yemen."" (PDF Anglice). Anno 2008. p. 5. Inspectum die [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Septuenne propositum quod [[Genus (societas)|generis]] aequalitatem et [[Educatio secundaria|educationis secundariae]] qualitatem efficientiamque admelioraret, animo ad puellas ruricolas attendendo, ab [[Argentaria mundana|Argentariā mundanā]] Martio anni [[2008]] approbatum est. Secundum quae, Iemenia educationis impensam e 5% [[Productus domesticus generalis|PDG]] anno [[1995]] ad 10% anno [[2005]] auxit.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/ "Country Profile: Yemen"] (PDF Anglice). In [[Bibliotheca Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Bibliothecā Congressūs]] – in Divisione investigationis foederalis. Augusto anni [[2008]]. Inspectum die [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Apud [[Ordinatio cybermetrica universitatum mundanarum|Ordinationem cybermetricam universitatum mundanarum]] (Anglice ''Webometrics Ranking of World Universities''), excellentissimae universitates hac in natione [[Universitas Scientiae Technologiae (Iemenia)|Universitas Scientiae Technologiae]] (Arabice جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا) -ordine 6532 totius orbis terrarum collocata-, [[Universitas Alahkaph]]<ref>Respectū nominis huius universitatis, confer nomen surae XLVI, Latine Alahkaph nuncupata, sicuti vidimus in hoc sitū interretiali [https://books.google.es/books?id=mK1RAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA454&lpg=RA1-PA454&dq=Sura+XLVI+ALAHKAPH+Meccana&source=bl&ots=Hwp_ARe4Ej&sig=ACfU3U0pjNt3Uh159tH1EPdzS83IoFDYtA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqkuGuuJGDAxUUVKQEHdkuDiEQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Sura%20XLVI%20ALAHKAPH%20Meccana&f=false Al-Coranus].</ref> (Arabice جامعة الأحقاف) -ordine 8930 totius orbis terrarum collocata- et [[Universitas Sanaaënsis]] (Arabice جامعة صنعــاء ) -ordine 11043 totius orbis terrarum collocata-.<ref>[https://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Yemen "Yemen"] (Anglice et Hispanice). Apud interretialem universitatum ordinationem. Inspectum die [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Iemenia collocata est loco 131 apud [[Index mundanus innovationis|Indicem mundanum innovationis]] (Arabice مؤشر الابتكار العالمي, [[Sinice]] 全球創新指數, Anglice ''Global Innovation Index'', [[Francice]] ''Indice mondial de l'innovation'', [[Russice]] Глобальный инновационный индекс, [[Hispanice]] ''Índice mundial de innovación'') anno [[2021]], descendens e loco 129 anni [[2019]].<ref>[https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/ «Index mundanus innovationis anni 2021»] (Arabice, Sinice, Anglice, Francice, Sinice et Hispanice), apud Ordinem mundanum proprietatis intellectualis. A Nationibus Unitis. Inspectum die [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref><ref>[https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html «Index mundanus innovationis anni 2019»] (Arabice, Sinice, Anglice, Francice, Sinice et Hispanice), apud Ordinem mundanum proprietatis intellectualis. A Nationibus Unitis. Inspectum die [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref><ref>[https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 "RTD – Item"] (Anglice). Apud ''ec.europa.eu''. Inspectum die [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 "Global Innovation Index"] (Anglice). Apud ''INSEAD Knowledge''. Die [[28 Octobris]] anni [[2013]]. In tabulario servatum archetypum die 2 Septembris anni 2021. [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> ===Salus=== [[Fasciculus:Yemeni doctor.jpg|thumb|left|Iemenitica medica infantem in valetudinariā clinicā sede<ref>Vide lemma "''clínico''" apud "''Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno''", auctore Iosepho (vulgo ''Xosé'') López Díaz.</ref> ab [[USAID]] praebitā examinat.]] Contempto significativo progressū quem Iemenia fecit ut expanderetur admeliorareturque salutis procurandae ratio praeteritum per decennium, haec ratio adhuc subevoluta valde manet. Tota curationis medicae impensa anno [[2002]] 3,7% e [[Productus domesticus generalis|productū domestico generali]] constituebat.<ref name="Digital Collections">[https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/ "About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"] (Anglice). In [[Bibliotheca Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Bibliothecā Congressūs]]. Inspectum die [[15 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Eodem anno, per capita curationis medicae impensa exigua fuit, collata cum aliarum [[Asia occidentalis|Orientis Proximi]] nationum eis, -58 [[Dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollaria Statunitensia]] apud [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] statisticas et 23 dollaria Statunitensia] secundum [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordinem mundi sanitarium]]. Secundum [[Argentaria mundana|Argentariam mundanam]], [[medicus|medicorum]] numerus in Iemeniā amplius medicorum septem medietatem ascendit inter annos [[1995]] et [[2000]], sed ex anno [[2004]] erant adhuc solum medici tres pro 10 000 hominum. Anno [[2003]], Iemenia solum 0,6 [[valetudinarium|valetudinarii]] lectos milibus hominum promptos habebat.<ref name="Digital Collections"/> Curationis medicae diakoniae specialiter ruri tenues sunt. Solum 25% ruralium locorum salutis diakoniis satisfacta sunt, collata cum 80% urbanorum locorum. Promptae curationis loca<ref>Vide lemma "''urxencia''" apud "''Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno''", auctore Iosepho (vulgo ''Xosé'') López Díaz.</ref> non minus quam [[arcera]]rum diakoniae et receptacula sanguini colligendo<ref>Vide lemma "''Banco de sangue''" apud "''Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno''", auctore Iosepho (vulgo ''Xosé'') López Díaz.</ref> inexsistentia sunt.<ref name="Digital Collections"/> ==Cultura== [[File:Sana'a Museum.jpg|thumb|Museum Nationale [[Sanaa]]e.<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/>]] Iemenia [[cultura]]liter locuples natio est, multis [[civilizatio]]nibus affecta, sicuti antiquā civilizatione [[Sabaea|Sabaeorum]].<ref name="Sabaea"/><ref name="Burrowes"/><ref name="Simpson">A St. Ioanne (John) Simpson (anno [[2002]]) (Anglice). ''Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen''. British Museum Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-7141-1151-1.</ref><ref>A Canico (Kenneth) Anderson Kitchen (anno [[2003]]). [https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc On the Reliability of the Old Testament] (Anglice). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.</ref> ===Ars scaenica=== Iemeniticae [[Ars scaenica|artis scaenicae]] historia saltem originem trahit a saeculo uno, ineuntibus ab [[anni 1900|annis 1900]]. Tam voluptariae quam professionales (a gubernio sustentae) histrionum theatri societates praecipuis huius nationis urbanis centris [[perfunctio]]nes repraesentant. Iemeniticorum clarorum poetarum auctorumque multi, sicuti [[Ali Ahmedus Ba Kathir]], [[Mahometus al-Sharafi]] et [[Wagdi al-Ahdal]], [[Drama (fictio)|dramata]] scripserunt; [[poësis|poëmata]], [[mythistoria]]e et [[narratiuncula]]e Iemeniticis ab auctoribus, sicuti [[Mahometus Abdul-Wali|Mahometo Abdul-Wali]] et [[Abdelazizus Al-Maqaleh|Abdelazizo Al-Maqaleh]], scripta scaenae accommodata sunt. Fuerunt Iemeniticae effectiones [[Ludus scaenicus|ludorum scaenicorum]] confectorum tam Arabicis ab auctoribus, utputa [[Tauficus al-Hakim|Taufico al-Hakim]] et [[Saadus Abdalla Wannus|Saado Abdallā Wannus]]; quam [[Mundus occidentalis|Occidentalibus]] ab auctoribus, velut [[Gulielmus Shakesperius|Shakesperio]], [[Aloisius Pirandello|Aloisio Pirandello]], [[Bertoldus Brecht|Bertoldo Brecht]] et [[Tennessee Williams]]. Secundum historiam, australis portuaria urbs [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adana]]<ref name="Adana"/> Iemeniticae artis scaenicae cunabula; recentibus decenniis, [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Sanaa]]<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> plurima festivalia theatrica recepit, crebro coniunctim cum [[Dies mundialis theatri|Die mundiali theatri]]. ===Litterae=== [[Fasciculus:Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Saqqaf.png|thumb|[[Ahmedus filius Abdullae Al Saqqaf]] primus Iemeniticus mythistoriae scriptor putatur.]] [[Litterae]] in Iemeniā tum [[Litterae orales|litteras orales]] tum [[traditio]]nalia [[carmen|carmina]], orales narrationes, [[poësis|poësin]] quoque et opera hodiernorum scriptorum poëseōs, [[fictio]]nis, librorum rerum<ref>Vide Lexicon Latinum hodiernum, auctore PETRO LUCUSALTIANO LATINOPHILO, ubi dicitur "'''Sachbuch''', n ''liber rerum, m'' [2015]".</ref> et [[Drama (fictio)|dramatum]] complectuntur. Secundum Marcum Wagner, [[Litterae Arabicae|litterarum Arabicarum]] academicum,<ref>Vide lemma "académico apud [https://books.google.nl/books?id=0PXHgsvKqkkC&pg=PA176&lpg=PA176&dq=%22Canalis+Suesiensis%22&source=bl&ots=pgJTCGKIWJ&sig=sVKXdDfUfDLOCz6hQc91JFkCxeI&hl=nl&ei=P7SxS8n_EMnk-Qb7oZyIAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Canalis%20Suesiensis%22&f=false ''Diccionario auxiliar español-latino''], auctore Iosepho Ioanne (José Juan) Del Col.</ref> "Iemenitici auctores per annos propositorum varietatem tractaverunt; inclusis [[emigratio]]ne, [[exsilium|exsilio]], [[rassismus|rassismo]], rationibus inter [[Iudaei|Iudaeos]] ac [[Arabes]] et [[pluralismus culturalis|pluralismo culturali]]".<ref>Ab Wagner, Marco (Mark) (die 2017-10-26). [Wagner, Mark (2017-10-26). "Yemen". The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.32. ISBN 978-0-19-934979-1. Retrieved 2022-01-08. "Yemen". ''The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions''] (Anglice). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.32. ISBN 978-0-19-934979-1. Retrieved{{dubsig}} 2022-01-08.</ref> [[Ahmedus filius Abdullae Al Saqqaf|Ahmedi filii Abdullae Al Saqqaf]] (Arabice أحمد بن عبد الله السقاف) anni [[1927]] liber ''[[Fatat Qarout]]'' (Arabice فتاة قاروت, scilicet "Puella Garutensis") prima Iemenitici scriptoris [[mythistoria]] putatur.<ref>[https://kataranovels.com/novelist/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81/"Ahmad bin Abdullah al-Saqqaf"] (Arabice). ''[[Praemium Katara mythistoriae Arabicae]]''. Inspectum die [[16 Decembris]] anni [[2023]].</ref> Praeter magnum numerum operum [[Litterae Islamicae|oralibus aut scriptis litteris Islamicis]] motorum, erat distincta Iemenitica Iudaicarum poëseōs prosaeque traditio usque ad Iemeniticorum Iudaeorum exodum circa annum [[1950]].<ref>Ab Wagner, Marco (Mark) S. (anno [[2009]]). ''Like Joseph in Beauty: Yemeni Vernacular Poetry and Arab-Jewish Symbiosis'' (Anglice). Vol. 33 (Brill studies in Middle Eastern Literature). [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Leidae]]-[[Bostonia]]e: EJ Brill. OCLC 906777608.</ref> ===Musica=== [[File:Sa'dah 05.jpg|thumb|left|Saltatio [[Saada]]e<ref name="Saada"/> (Arabice صَعْدَة), boreoccidente in Iemeniā.]] [[Musica]] Iemenitica e [[saeculum 14|saeculo XIV]] colitur. Quamquam [[musica Arabica|musicae Arabicae]] similis est, nonnullas res proprias de usu habet propter [[Africa Orientalis|Africae Orientalis]] et [[Oceanus Indicus|Oceani Indici]] musicae influxum. Commutationum, [[caravana]]rum, [[nauta]]rum terra, Iemenia musicas proprietates cum eā [[Omana|Omanensi]] et eā [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiā]] participat. Nuperrime, complures Iemenitici [[religio Iudaica|religionis Iudaicae]] musici in [[Israël]]em migraverunt, ubi magni pretii putantur, sicuti [[Ofra Haza]] aut [[Thalia G. A Solan]]. Quod ad musicam traditionalem attinet, sunt quattuor varietates vocales in Iemeniā praecipue publicos per coetūs actae in magnarum familiarum sinū: * [[Carmen Sanaaënse]] (Arabice الغناء الصنعاني), [[Sanaa]]e,<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> cuius [[cantus]] monodiarius<ref>Vide lemma "''solista''" apud "''Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno''", auctore Iosepho (vulgo ''Xosé'') López Díaz.</ref> est ubi [[cantor]] aliquando ad [[uda (instrumentum musicum)|udam]]<ref name="uda">Vide lemma "''oud (I)''" apud [http://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_05_mnopq.pdf "''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum''"], auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, ubi dicitur "'''Oud (I), f'''/m ''uda, ae, f'' [2020] {instrumentum musicum Arabicum}".</ref> (Arabice عود) aut ad [[gambus|gambum]] (Arabice قنبوس) canit, et quoque aliquando moderata ad [[Membranophonum|membranophona]] sicuti [[cuprum|cupreum]] cymbalum [[sahn (musica)|sahn]] canit. Carmen Sanaaënse [[Arabice]] canitur, [[Vandalitia|Baeticis]]<ref>Vide lemma "''andaluz''" apud "''Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno''", auctore Iosepho (vulgo ''Xosé'') López Díaz.</ref> et [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanicis]] influxibus, et [[rhythmus|rhythmi]] in seriē -simili [[nuba Andalusiensis|nūbae]] (Arabice نوبة أندلسيّة)- [[quauma|quaumā]] (Arabice قومة) nuncupatā ordinantur. Repertorium canta poëmata dialecto [[homaynī]] (Arabice هوميني) nuncupata et Arabici [[muwaššaḥ]] similia et populares res subitarias [[mutawal]]ia, Arabici [[mawwal|mawwālis]] (Arabice موال) similia, comprehendit. [[UNESCO]] musicam traditionem Sanaaënsem [[carmen Sanaaënse]] (Arabice الغناء الصنعاني) [[Patrimonium culturale immateriale|Patrimonii culturalis immaterialis]] summum opus die [[7 Novembris]] anni [[2003]] declaravit. * [[Musica Chatramotitica|Carmen Chatramotiticum]] (Arabice حضرمي), in [[Muhafazae Iemeniae|muhafazā]] [[Muhafaza Chatramotita|Chatramotitā]]<ref name="Chatramotitae"/> seu [[Chatramitis (muhafaza)|Chatramiti]]<ref name="Chatramitis"/> seu [[Adrramyta (muhafaza)|Adrramytā]]<ref name="Adrramyta"/> seu [[Xaeli]]s<ref name="Imperium Turcicum">[[:Fasciculus:Imperium Turcicum in Europa, Asia Et Africa.jpg|Imperium Turcicum in Europā, Asiā et Africā]] ab Ioanne Baptistae Homanni Noribergae.</ref> seu [[Hadramuttae]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/>, cuius [[dān]] (Arabice دان) [[cantus]] classicus sine verbis sed [[syllaba|syllabis]] poëticis cantitatus est; hoc carmen tam populare quam traditionale est, praesertim a [[Beduini]]s cantum. A cappella aut ad [[uda (instrumentum musicum)|udam]]<ref name="uda"/> et ad [[membranophonum|membranophona]] cani potest. Praeterea, hac in regione, cantus ad salutandum advenientem declamatur, convivā vento per nuptias. * [[Ṣawt]] (Arabice ''صوت''), [[urbs|urbibus]], cantuum series est ad [[uda (instrumentum musicum)|udam]]<ref name="uda"/> vel [[canon (instrumentum musicum)|canonem]] seu [[canonacium]]<ref name="canonacium">Confer [[Lingua Neograeca|Neograecum]] vocabulum κανονάκι.</ref> (Arabice قانون) vel [[membranophonum|membranophona]] [[darbuka|darbūka]]m (Arabice دربوكة) vel [[mirwās]] (Arabice مرواس). Cantus [[tawšīha]] Arabice aliquando ab auditoribus resumitur. * [[Zār]] (Arabice زار) ritus est ubi cantus extasis aut sanationis spiritualis dialecto canitur ad [[simsimia]]m (Arabice سمسمية). Masculinae saltationes [[barā]], [[lebā]], [[dʒel]], [[šaniyya]] et [[mansarī]] etiam implentur praecipua per festa, [[acinaces|acinacibus]] et ad [[Tympanum|tympana]] [[ṭbol]] (Arabice طبول), [[tasa|tāsam]] et [[marfa]]m et ad [[clarineta]]m [[zurna]]m (Arabice زرنة) musicas per pompas [[zamel]] cantas. Alias apud saltationes [[hafka]] -saltatio ad salutandum advenientem-, [[šanab]] -solitaria saltatio-, [[murraka]] ac [[šahar]] -mulierum saltationes-, [[gotnī]] ac [[šāhib]] -Beduinorum et mixticiorum saltationes-, [[zirbadī]] -pompa madkhal-, [[haʒrī]] -veterum saltario-, [[mūzi'ī]] ac [[bandarī]] -iuvenum saltatio- et [[banī mighrah]] -venationis reditūs saltatio- sunt. [[Fasciculus:Luth'ud cor.jpg|thumb|200px|[[uda (instrumentum musicum)|uda]]<ref name="uda"/> (Arabice عود).]] Apud musicos citandi sunt [[Ahmedus Fathey]], [[Mahometus Selimus Ben Shamekh]], [[Mahometus al-Harithi]], [[Osama al-Attar]], [[Mahometus Zamari]], [[Takia (musicus)|Takia]] et [[Iobus Tarish Absi]]. Respectu traditionalium [[instrumentum musicum|instrumentorum musicorum]] memoranda sunt: [[Chordophonum|chordophona]] [[uda (instrumentum musicum)|uda]]<ref name="uda"/> (Arabice عود), [[gambus]] (Arabice قنبوس), [[canon (instrumentum musicum)|canon]] seu [[canonacium]]<ref name="canonacium">Confer [[Lingua Neograeca|Neograecum]] vocabulum κανονάκι.</ref> (Arabice قانون) ac [[simsimia]] (Arabice سمسمية); [[Aerophonum|aërophona]] [[zurna]] (Arabice زرنة), [[tuba punica]]<ref name="tuba punica">[http://ghcl.ub.edu/diccaxv/dictionary/ViewLema/1892 ghcl.ub.edu] ubi dicitur "Nebrija (Voc2, 1513): Añafil de moros. tuba punica. siue maura".</ref> seu [[tuba maura]]<ref name="tuba punica"/> (Arabice نَفير), [[nāy]] (Arabice ناي) ac [[šabbāba]] (Arabice شبابة); et [[membranophonum|membranophona]] [[darbuka|darbūka]] (Arabice دربوكة), [[mirwās]] (Arabice مرواس), [[ṭbol]] (Arabice طبول) ac [[tasa|tāsa]]. ===Cinematographia=== [[Fasciculus:Aden Cinima 1960s.JPEG|thumb|235px|[[Cinemateum]] Shahinaz [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]]<ref name="Adana"/> (anno [[1960]]).]] Iemenitica [[cinematographia]] relative obscura est, sed conspectūs breves ponderis et repraesentationis per annos vidit. Ex [[anni 1920|annis 1920]], cum expeditiones ex [[Europa|Europā]] in Iemeniam advenerunt, haec natio aliquot in [[Pellicula documentaria|documentariis]] et itinerum documentariis iam apparuerat. Haec primae pelliculae auditoribus Iemeniticos prospectūs, architecturam et culturam monstravit, toti orbi terrarum fenestram praebentes per quam alioquin non experti essent.<ref name="Yemen through Films">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170417082820/http://www.yementimes.com/en/1533/Variety/150/Yemen-through-Films.htm "Yemen through Films | Yemen Times"]. 2017-04-17. Servatum ex archetypo die 2017-04-17. Inspectum [[5 Ianuarii|Nonis Ianuariis]] anni [[2024]].</ref> Clari [[Dispositor cinematographicus|dispositores]] sicuti [[Ioannes Helfritz]], [[Gualterius Dostal]], [[Gordianus Troeller]], [[Maria Claudia Deffarge]], [[Volcherus Panzer]] et [[Chadidia al-Salami]] contribuerunt ad ostendendum Iemeniticum patrimonium et ad capiendam essentiam sua per opera. Adhuc internationaliter egregii dispositores velut [[Petrus Paulus Pasolini]] Iemeniticos prospectūs suas in pelliculas incorporavit ut adderetur peregrinitatis et cognoscendi cupiditatis aliquod narrationi.<ref name="Yemen through Films"/> Non obstante rarā Iemeniae praesentiā peregrinis in productionibus, non fuit usque ad annum [[2005]] cum Iemenitica cinematographia significativam agnitionem internationali in scaenā adepta est. [[Bader Ben Hirsi]], [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]] dispositor Iemeniticā e progenie, historiam fecit propter suam pelliculam ''[[A New Day in Old Sana'a]]''. Hoc romanticum drama, per Italiani photographi oculos visum, amorem electionesque contra antiqui [[Sanaa]]ënsis leporis adiuncta explorat. Haec pellicula praemia in [[Festum Cinematographicum Internationale Cairense|Festo Cinematographico Internationali Cairensi]] (Arabice مهرجان القاهرة السينمائي الدولي) accepit et in [[Festum Canuae|Festo Canuae]] expressa est, quod Iemeniticam cinematographiam illuminavit.<ref name="Yemen through Films"/> Nihilominus, notandum est Iemeniticae cinematographiae evolutionem politicae instabilitatis, corruptionis et opium carentiae annis obstatam esse. Huius nationis pugna contra paupertatem et limitatae educationis opportunitates artifiosae expressionis incrementum longius restrinxerunt, inclusā industriā cinematographicā.<ref name="Yemen through Films"/> Ausguto anni [[2008]], Iemeniticus Minister rerum interiorum [[Mutaher al-Masri]] longioris taeniae cinematographicae emissionem adiuvit ad educandos auditores de [[extremismus Islamicus|extremismi Islamici]] effectibus. Pellicula ''[[Al-rahan al-khasar]]'' a [[Fadl al-Olfi]] edita est. Argumentum duos Iemeniticos gihadistas<ref name="gihadista">[https://www.gottwein.de/horreum/belege.php?verbum=geschlachtet gottwein.de]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "Pellicula quaedam magnetoscopica depingit gihadistam (...)".</ref> sequitur, qui redeunt cum aliquot annos peregre vixissent. Qui domum ab [[Al-Qāʿida]]e artifice mittuntur ad conscribendos asseclas qui mortiferas actiones in Iemeniā perficiant.<ref name="Yemen through Films"/> Iemeniticas apud pelliculas memorandae sunt: ''[[al-Murhiqūn]]'' anni [[2023]]; ''[[10 'ayaam qabl alzafa]]'' anni [[2018]]; ''[[Alyamn:alharb alsaamita]]'' anni [[2018]]; ''[[The Mulberry House]]'' anni [[2013]], participantibus etiam Syriā, Aegypto, Britanniarum Regno et Emiratibus Arabicis Coniunctis; ''[[Lays lilkaramat judran]]'' anni [[2012]], participantibus Emiratibus Arabicis Coniunctis; ''[[Al-rahan al-khasar]]'' anni [[2008]]; et ''[[A New Day in Old Sana'a]]'' anni [[2005]]. Ceterum, apud pelliculas in Iemeniā impressas citandae sunt: Iemenitica-Syriaca-Aegyptiaca-Britannica-Emiratensis ''[[The Mulberry House]]'' anni [[2013]]; Iemenitica-Emiratensis ''[[Lays lilkaramat judran]]'' anni [[2012]]; Statunitensis ''[[The English Sheik and the Yemeni Gentleman]]'' anni [[2000]]; Italiana ''[[Il fiore delle mille e una notte]]'' anni [[1974]]; brevior Italiana ''[[Le mura di Sana]]'' anni [[1964]]; et Italiana ''[[Le schiave esistono ancora]]'' anni [[1964]]. Denique, evocandi sunt praecipui Iemenitici dispositores: [[Bader Ben Hirsi]], [[Osama Khaled]], [[Sara Ishaq]], [[Chadidia al-Salami]], [[Sufianus Abulohom]], [[Iosephus Assabahi]], et [[Omarus Gamal (dispositor)|Omarus Gamal]]. ===Architectura=== [[Fasciculus:Yemeni House 1.jpg|thumb|Usitata domus Iemenitica.]] [[Fasciculus:Old_City_of_Sana'a-111108.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Historicus antiquae Sanaae prospectus, secundum [[UNESCO]]nem [[Patrimonium totius mundi]]<ref name=":0">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/385/ "Old City of Sana'a"] (Anglice et Francice). Ab UNESCOnis Patrimonii totius mundi centro. Inspectum die [[7 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref>]] [[Architectura]]e historia in Iemeniā antiquis temporibus coepit, cum Arabiae Meridionalis architecturae traditio floruit hac in regione propter ortum urbium civitatum quae locupletes ob commercium crescebant.<ref name="Bloom">A M. Bloom, Ionathā (Jonathan); S. Blair, Sheilā (Sheila), ed. "Yemen, Republic of," ''The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture,'' vol. 3 (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2009).444–446. ISBN 9780195309911.</ref> Cuius evolutio per perihodon Islamicam perrexit, ostensis et localibus proprietatibus et externis influxibus. Hitorica Iemenitica urbes oppidaque etiam clara sunt traditionales propter domos turres, [[Later crudus|lateribus crudis]] aut saxo aedificatas et altas aliquot cum tabulatis.<ref name="Bloom"/> Antiquae urbes [[Sanaa]]<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/> (Arabice صَنْعَاء), [[Sibamum]]<ref name="Sibamum">[https://archive.org/stream/corpusinscriptio01acad/corpusinscriptio01acad_djvu.txt "Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atque digestum"], ubi dicitur "(...) quod occidentale Ma'ribo jacet, vicisset, legatus triumphans, Sibamum regressus, maximo dei sui Rimmoni beneficio donatus (...)".</ref> (Arabice شِبَام) et [[Zabida]]<ref name="Zabida"/> (Arabice زَبِيد) [[Patrimonium totius mundi]] ab [[UNESCO]]ne nominata sunt.<ref name="UNESCO">Ab UNESCOnis Patrimonii totius Centro. ["Yemen - UNESCO World Heritage Convention"] (Anglice). Inspectum die [[7 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref> ===Feriae et dies festi=== {| class=wikitable |+ '''Feriae et dies festi''' ! Dies !! Nomen Latinum !! Nomen Arabicum !! Notae |- | [[1 Ianuarii|Kalendis Ianuariis]] || [[Annus Novus]] || رأس السنة الميلادية || |----- | [[22 Maii]] ||Dies unitatis || اليوم الوطني للجمهورية اليمنية || Iemenitica unificationis celebratio |- | [[26 Septembris]] || Dies Rerum novarum Septembris|| ثورة 26 سبتمبر المجيدة || Anniversarius Rerum novarum anni [[1962]] |----- | [[14 Octobris|Pridie Idus Octobres]] || Dies Liberationis || ثورة ثورة 14 أكتوبر المجيدة || |- | [[30 Novembris|Pridie Kalendas Decembres]] ||Dies Independentiae || عيد الجلاء || |----- | colspan="4" align="center" | <small>Dies haec [[Calendarium Islamicum|Islamicum]] [[calendarium lunare]] sequuntur</small> |- | Inter 10 et 13 [[Dulhigia]]e || [[Festum Sacrificii]] || عيد الأضحى || [[Abraham]] suum filium [[Ismael|Ismaël]]em sacrificare volens honoratur |----- | Inter 1 et 3 [[Sievalus|Sievali]]<ref name="Büsching">Antonius Fridericus Büsching, Magazin für die neue Historie und Geographie, tomus 17, Salinis Saxonicis, anno 1783.</ref> || [[ʻĪd al-Fiṭr]] || عيد الفطر || Ieiunii finis celebratio |- | 1 [[Muhairamus|Muhairami]] || [[Annus Novus Islamicus]] || رأس السنة الهجرية || Novi anni lunaris celebratio |----- | 10 [[Muhairamus|Muhairami]] || 10 Muhairami || || [[Husainus filius Alis|Husaini]], [[Mahometus|Mahometi]] nepotis, mors [[Kerbala]]e<ref name="Kerbala">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240107193034/https://www.gottwein.de/LaWk/belege.php?verbum=enkel%7C gottwein.de], ubi dicitur "(...) Shiitae Kerbalae, in urbe Iraquiae meridionalis, Imam Hussein, filium Ali et nepotem prophetae, martyrem venerantur. Is enim anno sescentesimo octogesimo, cum ad Kerbalam contra Sunnitas pugnaret (...)".</ref> (Arabice كربلاء) lugetur |----- | 27 [[Ragiebus|Ragiebi]]<ref name="Büsching"/> ||[[Isra' et Mi'raj|Ascensus in caelum]] || الإسراء والمعراج || Nocturnum [[Mahometus|Mahometi]] iter in [[Hierosolyma]] et eius ascensus in caelum celebrantur |- | 12 [[Rabia prior|Rabiae prioris]]<ref name="Büsching"/> || [[Maulid]] || مَولِد النَّبِي || [[Mahometus|Mahometi]] dies natalis |} ===Coquina=== [[Fasciculus:Mandi.PNG|thumb|Domi paratum [[mandi (ferculum)|mandī]] (Arabice مندي) nationale Iemeniae ferculum putatur; Iemeniticā e [[Muhafazae Iemeniae|muhafazā]] [[Hadramuttae|Hadramuttā]]<ref name="Imperium Turcicum"/> (Arabice حضرموت) ortum.]] Iemenitica [[coquina]] omnino distincta ab amplius notis [[Asia occidentalis|Mesanatoliticis]]<ref name="Mesanatoliticus">Confer [[lingua Neograeca|Neograecum]] vocabulum "Μεσανατολίτικος".</ref> coquinis et etiam parum discrepat a regione in regionem. [[Pullina]], [[caprina]], [[agnina]] crebrius manducantur quam [[bubula]], quae carior est. [[Piscis|Pisces]] etiam manducatur, praecipue litoralibus in locis. [[Fasciculus:Machboos.JPG|thumb|[[Kabsa]] (Arabice كبسة).]] [[Caseus]], [[butyrum]], et alia lacticinia minus usitata Iemeniticā in diaetā sunt. Nihilominus, [[lac butyratum]]<ref name="Lac butyratum">Vide lemma "''Buttermilch''" apud "''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum''", auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, ubi dicitur "'''Buttermilch''', f ''oxygala, ae, f (n)'' [vet.; LEA p.146; GHL II,1427]; ''lac butyratum, n ''[LML29.01.2013]".</ref> in paene quotidiano usū est aliquibus in [[villagium|villagiis]] ubi promptius est. Usitatissima [[pingue|pinguia]] [[oleum|olea vegetabilia]] et [[ghee]]<ref name="ghee">Confer exemplum extractum e sitū interretiali [https://web.archive.org/web/20240114153055/https://ca.opentran.net/llat%C3%AD-catal%C3%A0/clarificatum.html ca.opentran.net], ubi dicitur "Sicut quivis butyrum clarificatum, ghee fere totus ex pinguibus componitur, 62% quorum ex adipe saturatioribus constat.".</ref> (Arabice سمن حيواني), quod saporosis in ferculis adhibetur, sunt, dum [[butyrum clarificatum]]<ref name="ghee"/> [[samna]] (Arabice سمنة) electum pingue in arte pistoriā adhibetum est. Quamquam singulae regiones singulas varietates habent, [[salta (ferculum)|salta]] (Arabice سلتة) nationale ferculum putatur. Cuius fundamentum fusca caro decocta<ref name="caro decocta"> Vide lemma "estufado" apud "Dicionario galego-latino clásico e moderno", auctore Iosepho (vulgo Xosé) López Díaz.</ref> maraq (Arabice مرق) nuncupata, [[Trigonella foenum-graecum|foeni Graeci]] spumae portio et [[seuc]] (Arabice سَحاوِق seu سحوق) -[[Capsicum (fructus)|capsicorum]], [[Solanum lycopersicum|pomorum aureorum]], [[Allium sativum|allii]], [[herba]]rum mixtura [[Ius (cibus)|iuris]] modo contrita- sunt. [[Oryza (victus)|Oryza]], [[patata]]e, ova misculata et [[holus|holera]] saltae communes adiunctiones sunt. Traditionaliter Iemenitico [[panis planus|pane plano]]<ref name="Panis planus">Vide lemma "''Fladenbrot''" apud "''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum''", auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, ubi dicitur "'''Fladenbrot''', n ''panis planus, m''".</ref> maducatur, qui sicut utensile adhibetur ad colligendum cibum. [[Schacschuca]]<ref name="Schacschuca">Vide lemma "''Schakschuka''" apud "''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum''", auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, ubi dicitur "'''Schakschuka''', n ''schacschuca, ae, f'' [2021] {cibus Israelicus ex Africa Septentrionali};".</ref> (Arabice شكشوكة) populare ferculum est in Iemeniā. Schacschuca ex [[ovum|ovis]], [[caro|carne]], [[Solanum lycopersicum|pomis aureis]], [[Capsicum dulce (fructus)|capsico dulci]], [[Allium cepa|cepā]] et [[aroma]]tibus -apud quae [[Cuminum cyminum|cuminum]], [[curcuma longa]] et [[Capsicum (fructus)|capsica]] includuntur- facta est. Iemenitico pane plano aut [[panis albus|pane albo]]<ref name="Panis albus">Vide lemma "''Weissbrot''" apud "''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum''", auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, ubi dicitur "'''Weissbrot''', n ''panis albus, m'' [LEA p.614; WFH p.283,1]; ''panis triticeus, m'' [LEA p.614]; ''panis siligineus, m'' [LMG p.692,2]; ''panis candidus, m'' [LEA p.614]".</ref> sicuti utensile apponi solet. [[Fasciculus:LambTharid1.jpg|thumb|left|Sicca [[agnina]]e concinnatio [[tharid]] (Arabice ثريد).]] [[Fasciculus:Fatut.jpg|thumb|Panis fricti cum ovis [[fatut|fatūt]] (Arabice فتوت).]] Alia apud popularia fercula sunt: [[puls punica|puls Punica]]<ref name="Puls Punica">Vide commentationem [[:fr:Assida#Histoire|Assida]] apud Vicipaediam Francicam ubi dicitur "''La préparation de ce mets est devenue courante dès que l'homme a su cultiver les céréales en Mésopotamie et en Méditerranée. Dans l’Antiquité, Caton rapporte dans son traité De agri cultura la recette d'une bouillie de semoule très populaire à Carthage et à Rome appelée'' puls punica".</ref> (Arabice عصيدة), [[fahsa]] (Arabice فحسة), [[tharid]] (Arabice ثريد), [[samakmufa|samakmūfa]] (Arabice ساماك موفا), [[mandi (ferculum)|mandī]] (Arabice مندي), [[kabsa]] (Arabice كبسة), [[fatta]] (Arabice فتة), [[shafut|shafūt]] (Arabice شفوت) et [[fatut|fatūt]] (Arabice فتوت). [[Thea cum lacte Iemenitica]] seu thea Adenensis (Arabice شاي حليب seu شاي عدني seu شاي مولابان) -scilicet [[thea]] cum [[lac]]te, post [[Catha edulis|catham edulem]] apposita-; [[thea nigra]]<ref name="thea">Vide lemma "''Tee''" apud "''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum''", auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, ubi dicitur "'''Tee''', m ''thea, ae, f'' [LEA p.547; CVS p.28]; (...) '''schwarzer ~''', m ''thea nigra, f'' (...)".</ref> -cum [[Cardamomum|cardamomo]], [[Syzygium aromaticum|syzygio aromatico]] aut [[Mentha|menthā]]-; [[qishr]] (Arabice قشر) -seu e [[Coffea|fabarum Arabicarum]] folliculis infusum-; [[coffeum modo Arabico]] (Arabice قهوة عربية); [[thea hibisci sabdariffae]] (Arabice شاي كركديه) -e siccis [[Hibiscus sabdariffa|hibisci sabdariffae]] floribus infusum-; [[infusum astaphidum Iemeniticum]] (Arabice نقيع الزبيب) -frigida ex astaphidibus potio-; et [[diba'a]] -[[cucurbita]]e nectar- popularium Iemeniticarum potionum exempla sunt. [[Mangus|Mangorum]] et [[Psidium guajava|guaiavarum]] [[sucus|suci]] etiam populares sunt. [[Fasciculus:LahohS.jpg|thumb|left|[[Laḥūḥ]] (Arabice لحوح).]] [[Malūǧa]] (Arabice ملوجة) seu [[malūǧ]] (Arabice ملوج) et [[laḥūḥ]] (Arabice لحوح) popularissima [[panis planus|panis plani]]<ref name="Panis planus"/> genera in Iemeniā inventa sunt. [[Malūǧa]] [[faba]]rum ferculis manducatur, sicuti [[ful|fūli]] (Arabice فول مدمس) -oryzae cum phaseolis simili ferculo-. [[Laḥūḥ]] attamen [[caril]]i, carne decoctā<ref name="caro decocta"/> et iusculis, non minus quam oryzae ferculis manducatur. [[Fasciculus:Buying Khat, Yemen (12404246195).jpg|thumb|right|Iemeniticus vir catham mandens vendensque.]] [[Filia ferculi]] (Arabice بنت الصحن) populare [[tragemata|tragēma]] est, quod [[mel]]i manducatur. [[Catha edulis]] (Arabice القات) pervulgate culta [[planta]] in Iemeniā est, quae ad mandendum adhibetur. Cum cathae sucus voratur, producitur [[Amphetaminum|amphetamino]] par effectus. Iemenitae traditionales [[ornatus|ornatos]] gerunt et narcoticam plantam catham post meridiem mandunt. Catham mandere quoque Iemeniticae negotiorum culturae pars est ad alendum processum decretorium, sed advenae participare non exspectantur. ===Loca intra Patrimonium totius mundi=== [[Fasciculus:Shibam Wadi Hadhramaut Yemen.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Superedita architectura [[Sibamum|Sibami]]<ref name="Sibamum"/> (Arabice شِبَام), in [[Vadio]]ne<ref name="Vadio">Vide lemma "''Wadi''" apud "''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum''", auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo, ubi dicitur "'''Wadi''', m ''vadio, onis, f'' [2014]; ''alveus (plerumque) aridus, m'' [NLL p.410,2] {vadio est verbum linguae esperanticae}".</ref> [[Adrramyta (muhafaza)|Adrramytā]]<ref name="Adrramyta"/>.]] Iemenitica apud delectamenta naturalia culturaliaque, ad [[Patrimonium totius mundi|Patrimonium totius mundi]] pertinentia loca sunt.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/ "List of World Heritage in Danger: The 54 properties which the World Heritage Committee has decided to include on the List of World Heritage in danger in accordance with Article 11 (4) of the Convention"] (Anglice). Ab [[UNESCO]]nis Centro Patrimonii totius mundi. Anno [[2015]]. Inspectum die [[20 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref><ref>A Bokova, Irenā (die [[12 Maii]] anni [[2015]]). [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1278/ "UNESCO Director-General calls on all parties to protect Yemen's cultural heritage"] (Anglice). Ab [[UNESCO]]nis Centro Patrimonii totius mundi. Inspectum die [[20 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]]. "Praeter atrocem humanum dolores causandum, hi impetūs Iemeniticum unicum culturale patrimonium destruunt, quod huius populi identitatis, historiae memoriaeque repositorium et incomparabile testimonium de Civilizationis Islamicae rebus gestis est."</ref> Antiqua urbs moenibus circumdata [[Sibamum]]<ref name="Sibamum"/> (Arabice شِبَام), ab [[UNESCO]]ne anno [[1982]] conscripta, biennio postquam Iemenia Consilio Patrimonii Mundani se iunxit, "Deserti Manhata" propter eius [[caeliscalpium|caeliscalpia]] agnominatur. Munitis [[moenia|moeniis]] e luto stramineque factis circumdata, haec [[saeculum 16|saeculi XVI]] urbs unum est apud exempla [[ars urbium disponendarum|urbanae dispositionis]] fundatae in verticalis aedificationis principio.<ref>Ab [[UNESCO]]nis Centro Patrimonii totius mundi. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/192/ "Old Walled City of Shibam"] (Anglice et Francice). Inspectum die [[20 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref> Antiqua urbs [[Sanaa]]<ref name="Sanaa et Adenum"/>, amplius 2100 [[metrum|metrorum]] sive 7000 [[Pes (mensura)|pedum]] altitudine, usque ab duobus millenniis et dimidio amplius habitatur et anno [[1986]] conscripta est. Sanaa praecipuum Islamicum centrum [[saeculum 7|saeculo VII]] facta est et 103 [[meschita]]e, 14 [[balneum Turcicum|balnea Turcica]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=SwtYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP120&lpg=PP120&dq=%22balneum+turcicum%22&source=bl&ots=KCUjBLpbSQ&sig=ACfU3U38kr8n__4hXOOFTW1E_Eppi5c8Ew&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp3JnJk-2DAxXn9LsIHbHuA1IQ6AF6BAgUEAM#v=onepage&q=%22balneum%20turcicum%22&f=false Civitates Orbis Terrarum: Theatri Præcipvarvm Totivs Mvndi Vrbivm Liber Sextvs], ubi dicitur "balneum turcicum".</ref> sive traditionalia balnea et amplius 6000 domuum -quae usque ad nostram memoriam supersunt- ab ante [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] originem trahunt.<ref>Ab [[UNESCO]]nis Centro Patrimonii totius mundi. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/385/ "Old City of Sana'a"] (Anglice et Francice). Inspectum die [[20 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref> Prope [[Rubrum mare|Rubri Maris]] litus, historicum oppidum [[Zabida]]e<ref name="Zabida"/> (Arabice زَبِيد), anno [[1993]] conscriptum, Iemeniticum [[caput (urbs)|caput]] e [[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]] ad [[saeculum 15|saeculum XV]] fuit et situs archaeologicus historicusque quoque est. Praecipuo munere functum est multa per saecula propter eius universitatem, quae cognitionis centrum toti Arabico Islamicoque mundo fuit.<ref>Ab [[UNESCO]]nis Centro Patrimonii totius mundi. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/611/ "Historic Town of Zabid"] (Anglice et Francice). Inspectum die [[20 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref> Recentissima additio Iemeniticum ad elencum locorum Patrimonii mundani [[Dioscoridis Insula|Dioscoridis]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora]]e<ref name="Iassonium"/> (Arabice سقطرى) archipelagus est. Cuius mentione a [[Marcus Paulus Venetus|Marco Paulo Veneto]] [[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]] factā, hoc remotum segregatumque [[archipelagus]] ex insulis quattuor et duobus saxosis [[insuletum|insuletis]] meridionalem [[Sinus Adenensis|Sini Adenensis]] limitem delineantibus consistit. Hic locus [[biodiversitas|biodiversitate]] abundat. Nullo totius orbis terrarum loco nisi in Zocotorā occurrunt 37% Dioscoridis 825 plantarum, 90% eius [[Reptilia|reptilium]] et 95% eius [[Cochlea (animal)|cochlearum]]. Domus est [[aves|avium]] [[Species (taxinomia)|speciebus]] 192, [[Corallium|coralliorum]] speciebus 253, litoralium [[piscis|piscium]] speciebus 730 et [[Brachyura|brachyurorum]] ac [[Nephropidae|nephropidarum]] speciebus 300.<ref>Ab [[UNESCO]]nis Centro Patrimonii totius mundi. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1263/ "Socotra Archipelago"] (Anglice et Francice). Inspectum die [[21 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref>, non minus quam arbori [[Dracaena cinnabari|dracaenae cinnabari]].<ref>[ttps://www.theguardian.com/e nvironment/2022/nov/12/saving-dragons-blood-island-refused-let-tree-die-out-socotra-yemen "Saving the dragon's blood: how an island refused to let a legendary tree die out"] (Anglice). A ''[[the Guardian]]''. [[12 Novembris|Pridie Idūs Novembres]] anni [[2022]]. Inspectum die [[21 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref> Culturale [[Dioscoridis Insula|Dioscoridis]] patrimonium unicam [[lingua Socotrensis|linguam Socotrensem]]<ref name="Socotrensis"/> includit. ==Disportus== [[Fasciculus:IRN-YMN 20190107 Asian Cup 12.jpg|thumb|Iemenitici pedilusores ante lusionem contra [[Irania]]m per Certamen Asianum Confoederationis Asianae Pedilusoriae anni 2019.|262x262px]] [[Pediludium]] popularissimus [[disportus]] est in Iemeniā. [[Societas Pedilusoria Iemenitica]] (Arabice الاتحاد اليمني لكرة القدم) foederationum [[FIFA]] et [[Confoederatio Asiana Pedilusoria|Confoederationis Asianae Pedilusoriae]] (Anglice ''Asian Football Confederation'' et Arabice الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة القدم) membrum est. [[Turma pedilusoria nationalis Iemenitica]] (Arabice منتخب الْيَمَن الْوَطَنِيُّ لِكُرَّةُ الْقَدَم) internationaliter participat. Haec natio societates pedilusorias etiam habet, quae nationalinus internationalibusque in certaminibus contendunt. Iemenitici montes multas opportunitates praebet disportibus subdialibus sicuti [[birotatio]]ni montanae, rupium ascensioni, peragrationi, deambulationi in montibus et aliis provocantibus disportibus, inclusā [[oreobatia|oreobatiā]]. Oreobatia et itinera deambulatoria in [[Montes Sarawatenses]]<ref name="Montes Sarawatenses">Confer binomen "Monomorium sarawatense".</ref> (Arabice جبال السروات) -cacumina 3000 metrorum seu 9800 pedum et amplius alta includentes et praesertim in [[Mons Prophetae Scioaib|Montem Prophetae Scioaib]] (Arabice جبل النبي شعيب)- a localibus internationalibus societatibus oreobaticis periodice instruuntur.<ref name="Burrowes"/><ref name="McLaughlin"/> Litoralia autem loca et [[Dioscoridis Insula|Dioscoridis]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> insula (Arabice سقطرى) multas opportunitates praebent disportibus aquaticis sicuti [[fluctivagatio]]ni, [[somatosanis|somatosanidi]]<ref>Vocabulum e [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Palaeograecis]] vocibus σῶμα et σανίς "corpus" et "tabulam" respective significantibus fictum ad vertendum Anglicum vocabulum ''bodyboard''.</ref>, velificationi, natationi et urinationi cum [[scuba|scubā]]. [[Dioscoridis Insula|Dioscoridis]]<ref name="Dioscoridis"/> seu [[Zocotora]]<ref name="Iassonium"/> insula unus apud optimos locos destinatos ad fluctivagandum in toto orbe terrarum est. Saltus super [[Camelus|camelum]] traditionalis disportus est qui magis magisque popularis fit apud [[Zaranici|tribum Zaranicam]] Occidentali in litore. Cameli a latere in latus collocantur et vincit aemulus qui -initiali e cursū- maximam camelorum quantitatem transilit. Huius tribūs viri -quia feminae contendere nequeunt- vestimenta circum medium corpus plicant ad reddendos faciliores motūs dum currunt transiliuntque.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120625091835/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/The-Sport-of-Camel-Jumping.html "The Sport of Camel Jumping"] (Anglice). Apud smithsonianmag.com. Septembre anni [[2010]]. Inspectum die [[21 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref> Maximus eventus disportivus Iemeniticus Vicesimi Certaminis Pilamallei Arabici (Arabice كأس الخليج العربي) celebratio fuit [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adanae]]<ref name="Adana"/> et in [[Muhafazae Iemeniae|muhafazā]] [[Abian]]e<ref name="Iassonium"/> anno [[2010]]. Iemenia in primis huius certaminis lusionibus tribus victa est.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042005/http://www.yemen-today.com/go/special_reports/8199.html "Yemenis open up about the Gulf Cup"] (Anglice). ''Yemen Today''. Die [[7 Ianuarii]] anni [[2011]]. In tabulario servatum archetypum die [[10 Maii]] anni [[2011]]. Inspectum die [[21 Ianuarii]] anni [[2024]].</ref> == Codices == Iemeniae hi codices sunt: * YEM, secundum normam [[ISO 3166-1]] alpha-3 (catalogi codicum nationum); * YEM, secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum Consilii Olympici Internationalis|catalogum codicum nationum Consilii Olympici Internationalis]]; * YMN, secundum [[Catalogus codicum internationalium notaculi autocineti|catalogum codicum internationalium notaculi autocineti]]; * YEM , secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur|catalogum codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur]], codicem alpha-3; * OY, secundum [[Catalogus praefixorum codicum aëroportuum quibus ICAO utitur|catalogum praefixorum codicum aëroportuum quibus ICAO utitur]]; * YE, secundum [[Catalogus codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur|catalogum codicum nationum quibus OTAN utitur]]; * YE, secundum normam [[ISO 3166-1]] (catalogi codicum rerum publicarum), codicem alpha-2 (catalogi codicum civitatis); * [[.ye]], secundum [[Dominium summum|dominium interretiale]]; * 7O-, secundum [[Catalogus praefixorum codicum notaculi aëronavium quibus ICAO utitur|catalogum praefixorum codicum notaculi aëronavium quibus ICAO utitur]]. ==Notae relationesque== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Adiuncta== {{CommuniaCat|Yemen|Iemeniam}} ===Bibliographia=== * A Laurentio (Laurent) Bonnefoy (dir.), Franck Mermier et Marine Poirier, ''Yémen, le tournant révolutionnaire'', [[Sanaa]]e, [[Lutetia]]e, CEFAS, 2012, 367 p. (ISBN 978-2-8111-0693-5, [https://books.google.es/books?id=JISKFfDlIs0C&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false legite in interreti]); * A M.O. El Habashi, ''Aden. L'évolution politique, économique et sociale de l'Arabie du sud'', [[Algeria]]e, SNED, 1966 * A Gregorio (Gregory) D. Johnsen, ''The Last Refuge : Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America's War in Arabia'', [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], W.W. Norton & Co., 2013, 352 p. (ISBN 978-0-393-08242-5) * Ab Helenā (Helen) Lackner (rectrice), ''Why Yemen matters : a society in transition'', [[Londinium|Londinii]], Saqi, 2014, 334 p. (ISBN 978-0-86356-777-3) * A Remigio (Rémy) Leveau (rectore), Francisco (Franck) Mermier et Udone (Udo) Steinbach, ''Le Yémen contemporain'', [[Lutetia]]e, Karthala, 1999, 459 p. (ISBN 2-86537-893-4) * A Paschali (Pascal) Maréchaux et Mariā (Maria) Maréchaux, ''Yémen'', Phébus, 2005, 238 p. (ISBN 978-2-7529-0128-6) * A Paschali (Pascal) Maréchaux et Sergio (Serge) Sautreau, ''Cités du Yémen'', [[Lutetia]]e, Imprimerie nationale, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2-7427-6354-2) * Ab Uzi Rabi, ''Yemen : revolution, civil war and unification'', Tauris, [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]], 2015, 275 p. (ISBN 978-1-78076-946-2). ===Pellicularum index=== * ''Yémen, le temps du sacré'', Layth Abdulamir [[pellicula]], a societate Zarafa films, Pantin, 2000, 52 minuta durans ([[DVD]]); * ''L'avenir voilé du Yémen'', Holgeris Riedel pellicula, a societate Arte France, 2009, 52 minuta durans (DVD); * ''Yémen, le cri des femmes'', film de [[Manon Loizeau]] pellicula, a societate Doc & Film, [[Lutetia]]e, 2013, 52 minuta durans (DVD); * ''Yémen, les enfants dans le couloir de la mort'', Thomae Dandois, Alexandrae Kogan et Francisci Xaverii Tregan pellicula, a societate Arte, [[Lutetia]]e, 2014, 21 minuta durans (DVD). {{NexInt}} * [[Adana (Iemenia)|Adana]] * [[Historia Iemeniae]] * [[Vexillum Iemeniae]] * [[Foederalizatio Iemeniae]] * [[Muhafazae Iemeniae]] ==Nexūs externi== * A Didaco (Diogo do) Couto; ''Observações sobre as principais causas da decadência dos portugueses na Ásia'' (Lusitanice); * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201213004858/http://www.yemen.gov.ye/ Gubernii Iemenitici situs interretialis officialis]^{vinculum amissum} (Arabice); * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090329091113/http://yemenparliament.org/ Gubernium Iemeniae -situs interretialis officialis-] apud Wayback Machine e Martio anni [[2009]] (Arabice); * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241217084112/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen/ Iemenia] apud ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Sedes centralis exploratoria|Sede centrali exploratoriā]] auctrice (Anglice); * [https://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&include.ft.matches=f&l=en&q=yemen De Iemeniā] interretiales opes a GovPubs praebitas in [[Universitas Coloratensis apud Boulder|Universitate Coloratensi apud Boulder]] (Anglice); * [https://curlie.org/Regional/Middle_East/Yemen De Iemeniā] apud [[Curlie]] (Anglice); * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14704852 Iemeniae descriptio] apud [[BBC News]] (Anglice); * A Davide Henrico (David Heinrich) Müller (1888). [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Yemen "Yemen"]. Apud [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædiam Britannicam]]. Vol. XXIV (IX ed.). p. 738–741.; * A Roberto Alexandro (Robert Alexander) Wahab (1991). [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Yemen "Yemen"]. Apud [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædiam Britannicam]]. Vol. 28 (XI ed.). p. 913-914.; * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Yemen Iemeniae Atlas] (Arabice Angliceque); * [https://observador.pt/2016/12/16/diogo-do-couto-o-portugues-da-india-ha-500-anos/ ''Diogo do Couto, o português da Índia há 500 anos''] (Lusitanice). {{Asia}} {{Capsae collectae|Iemenia|politica|{{Praesides Iemeniae}}}} [[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]] [[Categoria:Condita 1990]] [[Categoria:Iemenia|!]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} cd1bbtpackzwd9noyjcg5gizdroc0ho 0 8215 3994003 3994000 2026-10-11T12:19:47Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3994003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Cities of Tierra del Fuego.png|thumb|[[Tabula geographica]] Terrae Ignium]] [[Fasciculus:Ushuaia 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Ushuaia]], urbs in Terra Ignium sita.]] {{res|Terra Ignium}}<ref>[[Philippus Ferrarius|Philippi Ferrarii]] et [[Michael Antonius Baudrand|Michaelis Antonii Baudrand]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Lexicon_Geographicvm_in_qvo_Vniversi_Orb/fWexRyIvl1YC?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Terra+Ignium&pg=RA1-PA254&printsec=frontcover ''Lexicon geographicum'', p. 254]. Cf. [[nomen adiectivum|adiectivum]] ''fuegianus,'' — ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzenname''.</ref> ([[Hispanice]] ''Tierra del fuego'') est [[archipelagus]] ante maxime [[meridies|australem]] [[continens|continentis]] [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] apicem, plerumque trans [[Fretum Magellanicum]] iacens et [[Fretum Drakeanum|Drakeanum]] comprehendens. Quae corona insularum consistit in [[Insula Maior Terrae Ignium|Insula Maiore]] (maxima [[insula]], saepe etiam ''Terra Ignium'' ipsa vocata), cuius [[area (geometria)|area]] [[superficies|superficialis]] 48&thinsp;100 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometra quadrata]] est, atque in grege multarum variarum [[magnitudo|magnitudinum]] [[insula]]rum, inter quas insigniter [[Hornanum Caput]] [[promontorium]] et [[Insulae Diego Ramírez]] numerantur. Omnis [[regio]]nis terra inter [[Tsilia]]m et [[Argentina]]m dividitur, quarum Argentina [[occidens|orientale]] principalis insulae dimidium, ac Tsilia dimidium [[occidens|occidentale]] et insulas ad australem [[Canalis Beagle|Canalis Beagle]] versus et insulas maxime australes temperat. Maxime australis archipelagi pars paene ad [[septentrio]]nes [[latitudo|latitudinis]] 56°S patet. Prima [[colonia]] [[homo sapiens|humana]] in Terra Ignium nota abhinc annorum 10&thinsp;000 fere constituta est.<ref name="Ant86-331">{{cite journal |title=Hunter-gatherers, biogeographic barriers and the development of human settlement in Tierra del Fuego |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_2012-03_86_331/page/71 |journal=Antiquity |date=1 Martii [[2012]] |volume=86 |issue=331 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00062463|last1=Morello |first1=Flavia |last2=Borrero |first2=Luis |last3=Massone |first3=Mauricio |last4=Stern |first4=Charles |last5=García-Herbst |first5=Arleen |last6=McCulloch |first6=Robert |last7=Arroyo-Kalin |first7=Manuel |last8=Calás |first8=Elisa |last9=Torres |first9=Jimena |last10=Prieto |first10=Alfredo |last11=Martinez |first11=Ismael |last12=Bahamonde |first12=Gabriel |last13=Cárdenas |first13=Pedro |hdl=1893/3664 |s2cid=161882222 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Navigatio|Navigatores]] [[Europa]]ei has insulas primum per expeditionem [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Ferdinandi Magellani]] anno [[1520]] [[exploratio|exploraverunt]]. ''Terra Ignium'' et [[nomen proprium|nomina]] similia ex [[ignis|ignibus]] [[festum|festis]] ab [[indigena|indigenis]] factis appellabantur. == Historia == Anno [[1520]], [[Ferdinandus Magellanus]] primus eas insulas detexit cum [[orbis terrarum|orbem terrarum]] circumnavigare conaretur. Ei [[nomen proprium|nomen]] ''Terra Ignium'' dedit cum [[ignis|ignes]] incolarum videre crederet. Putabat eos [[navis|naves]] eius igne perdere velle. Hodie putatur hos ignes res naturales fuisse. [[Iacobus Le Maire]] (ca. 1585–1616), [[nauta]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]], primum promontorium [[Hornarum Caput|Hornarum]] circumnavigavit, sic Terram Ignium [[continens|continentem]] non esse demonstrans. Anno [[1881]], Terra Ignium ab [[Argentina]] [[Tsilia]]que in duas partes divisa est. Pars [[occidens|occidentalis]] maximae insulae et omnes insulae australes et occidentales Tsiliae [[Regio Magellanensis|regionis Magellanensis]] est. Regio [[oriens|orientalis]] maximae insulae Argentinae est (pars provinciae [[Terra Ignium, Antarctica et Insulae Atlantici Australis|Terrae Ignium]]). == Oecologia == === Flora === Solum 30 centesimae insularum [[silva]]s sustinent, quae in classem [[silvae subpolares Magellanicae|silvarum subpolarium Magellanicarum]] discribuntur. [[Septentrio]] et orientalis [[regio]]nis pars ex [[steppa|steppis]] et [[desreta|semidesertis]] frigidis constat. Sex [[arbor]]um [[species]] in Terra Ignium inveniuntur, quae sunt ''[[Drimys winteri]],'' ''[[Maytenus magellanica]],'' ''[[Pilgerodendron uviferum]]'' (maxime australis orbis terrarum conifer), et tres species [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Nothofagus|Nothofagi]]'': ''[[Nothofagus antarctica]],'' ''[[Nothofagus pumilio]],'' et [[sempervirens]] ''[[Nothofagus betuloides]].'' Aliquot [[planta]]e [[fructus|fructiferae]] in spatiis apertis inter has silvas crescunt, sicut ''[[Fragaria chiloensis]]'' var. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis'') et ''[[Berberis buxifolia]],'' cuius fructus ab [[Indi Americani|Indis Americanis]] et [[colonia|colonis]] [[Europa]]eis diu colliguntur.<ref>Martínez Crovetto 1968.</ref> Quae sunt solae orbis terrarum silvae in [[clima]]te cui sunt [[aestas|aestates]] tales frigidi. Arbores paene ad maxime australem [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] apicem extenduntur, ubi [[ventus|venti]] sunt tam fortes ut arbores in spatiis ad ventos expositis formas tortas exhibeant, ut homines eas arbores vexillares appellant. [[Vegetatio]] arborea usque ad australem regionis apicem extenditur, ad [[Insula Hornos|Insulam Hornos]], quamquam [[Insulae Wollastonenses]] a [[tundra]] subantarctica plerumque teguntur, praeter in spatiis a [[ventus|vento]] protectis, ubi arbores melius supervivere possunt. <gallery class="center" caption="Flora in Tierra del Fuego" widths="180px"> Fasciculus:Drimys winteri.jpg|''[[Drimys winteri]]'' ([[flos|flores]]) Fasciculus:Nothofagus antarctica D.jpg|''[[Nothofagus antarctica]]'' Fasciculus:Nothofagus pumilio.jpg|''[[Nothofagus pumilio]]'' Fasciculus:Nothofagus betuloides.jpg|''[[Nothofagus betuloides]]'' </gallery> === Fauna === [[Fasciculus:IslaLosLobos.jpg|thumb|[[Otariinae]] in Insula Luporum ad Canalem Beagle prope [[Ushuaia]].]] Inter [[animalia]] notissima in archipelago numerantur [[aves]] ''[[Enicognathus ferrugineus]]'' ([[Psittacidae]]), [[Laridae]], [[Alcedinidae]], [[Cathartidae]], ''[[Aptenodytes patagonicus]]'' ([[Spheniscidae]]), [[Strigiformes]], et ''[[Sephanoides sephaniodes]]'' ([[Trochilidae]]),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sephanoides sephaniodes.|date=1 Octobris [[2016]]|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687857A93172170.en}}.</ref> ac [[mammalia]] ''[[Lama guanicoe]]'' ([[Camelidae]])<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lama guanicoe.|date=3 Februarii [[2016]]|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11186A18540211.en}}.</ref> et [[vulpes]] ([[Canidae]]). [[Mare|Maria]] circa archipelagum pervarias [[cetacea|cetaceorum]] [[species]] sustinent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iwc.int/private/downloads/n-DEQOXouNkf8O248AmRQg/Argentina53.doc|title=Argentina: Progress Report on Cetacean Research, June 2000 to June 2001|first=Adrian|last=Schiavini|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710101422/https://iwc.int/private/downloads/n-DEQOXouNkf8O248AmRQg/Argentina53.doc|archive-date=10 Iulii 2019}}.</ref> ''[[Eubalaena australis|Eubalaenae australes]]'' ([[Balaenidae]]) in Terra Ignium magis atque magis annis 2000s videntur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoy en Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego (ballena) |date=18 Aprilis [[2009]] |url=http://www.taringa.net/posts/imagenes/2453994/Hoy-en-Rio-Grande-Tierra-del-Fuego-ballena.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505232019/http://www.taringa.net/posts/imagenes/2453994/Hoy-en-Rio-Grande-Tierra-del-Fuego-ballena.html |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=R. Natalie P. |last1=Goodall |last2=Benegas |first2=G. L. |last3=Dellabianca |first3=N. |last4=Riccialdelli |first4=L. |last5=Pimper |first5=E. L. |date=17 Ianuarii [[2014]] |title=The Presence of Southern Right Whales off Eastern Tierra del Fuego, 1987–2011 |url=http://iwcoffice.co.uk/_documents/sci_com/workshops/SRW/S11-RW30.pdf |access-date=2014-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505213903/http://iwcoffice.co.uk/_documents/sci_com/workshops/SRW/S11-RW30.pdf |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref> Similiter quinque [[Balaenopteridae]]: ''[[Megaptera novaeangliae]],''<ref>{{cite web |title=Whale Watching in the Southern Cone – Argentina |url=http://www.sconewhales.co.uk/argentina.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531084614/http://sconewhales.co.uk/argentina.html |archive-date=31 Maii 2014|access-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Whale Watching in the Southern Cone – Gallery |url=http://www.sconewhales.co.uk/gallery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531085244/http://sconewhales.co.uk/gallery.html |archive-date=31 Maii 2014|access-date=5 May 2014}}.</ref> ''[[Balaenoptera musculus]],''<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Whale (''Balaenoptera musculus'') on Tierra del Fuego Check List |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/listed_taxa/1314922 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917220152/http://www.inaturalist.org/listed_taxa/1314922 |archive-date=17 Septembris 2016}}.</ref> ''[[Balaenoptera physalus]],'' ''[[Balaenoptera borealis]],''<ref>{{cite web |title=Minke Whale (Sei Whale?) |date=9 Decembris [[2011]] |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/gauchocat/6529053177/in/photostream/ |via=[[Flickr]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624062956/https://www.flickr.com/photos/gauchocat/6529053177/in/photostream/ |archive-date=24 Iunii 2016}}.</ref> et ''[[Balaenoptera bonaerensis]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Minke Whale (''Balaenoptera acutorostrata'') on Tierra del Fuego Check List |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/listed_taxa/1314921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013930/https://www.inaturalist.org/listed_taxa/1314921 |archive-date=4 Ianuarii 2018}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Record of a dwarf minke whale (''Balaenoptera acutorostrata'') in northern Brazil |url=http://www.car-spaw-rac.org/IMG/pdf/Record_of_a_dwarf_minke_whale_Balaenoptera_acutorostrata_in_northern_Brazil.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233922/http://www.car-spaw-rac.org/IMG/pdf/Record_of_a_dwarf_minke_whale_Balaenoptera_acutorostrata_in_northern_Brazil.pdf |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref> [[Peregrinatio|Peregrinatores]] in canale Beagle rara cetacea [[endemismus|endemica]] saepissime visunt, inter quae certae [[delphinidae]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotia Sea: Part 5. The Great Marine Mammals |url=http://www.vulkaner.no/n/vlad/escotia5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505232039/http://www.vulkaner.no/n/vlad/escotia5.html |archive-date=5 Maii 2014|access-date=5 Maii 2014 }}</ref> et ''[[Caperea marginata]]'' ([[Cetotheriidae]]), species quae haud bene investigata est. Inter [[pinnipedia]] quae regiones Terrae Ignium habitant sunt ''[[Otaria flavescens]]'' ([[Otariidae]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Sailing to the Sea Lions and Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse in Catamarans |url=http://www.piratour.net/en/excursiones/ver/48-sailing-to-the-sea-lions-and-les-eclaireurs-lighthouse-in-catamarans.html |archive-date=20 Ianuarii [[2013]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120155937/http://www.piratour.net/en/excursiones/ver/48-sailing-to-the-sea-lions-and-les-eclaireurs-lighthouse-in-catamarans.html}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Sea Lions: Tierra del Fuego, Argentina |date=25 Septembris [[2011]] |url=http://www.ontfin.com/Word/southern-sea-lions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505231204/http://www.ontfin.com/Word/southern-sea-lions/ |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref> ''[[Arctophoca australis]]'' ([[Otariidae]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Horrell: Tierra del Fuego |date=28 Februarii [[2003]] |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/markhorrell/sets/72157651610126570/ |via=[[Flickr]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104113614/https://www.flickr.com/photos/markhorrell/sets/72157651610126570/ |archive-date=4 Novembris 2016}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ballenas en el Canal de Beagle |url=http://www.latdf.com.ar/2012/03/ballenas-en-el-canal-de-beagle.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505232401/http://www.latdf.com.ar/2012/03/ballenas-en-el-canal-de-beagle.html |archive-date=5 Maii 2014}}.</ref> ''[[Hydrurga leptonyx]]'' ([[Phocidae]], carnivorum quod alia pinnipedia venatur),<ref>{{cite web |title=Ushuaia Photo: leopard seal |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g312855-i19201023-Ushuaia_Province_of_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920011111/https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g312855-i19201023-Ushuaia_Province_of_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia.html |archive-date=20 Septembris [[2016]]}}.</ref> et ''[[Mirounga leonine]]'' ([[Phocidae]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Expedition Uncovers Wildlife Wonders at Tierra del Fuego |date=25 Februarii [[2011]] |url=http://www.wcs.org/news-and-features-main/admiralty-sound.aspx |archive-date=9 Iulii [[2011]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709101440/http://www.wcs.org/news-and-features-main/admiralty-sound.aspx }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cruceros Australis – Fjords of Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia & Cape Horn, Punta Arenas – Ushuaia – Punta Arenas |url=http://www.aonikenk.com/cruises-boats-ferries/cruceros-australis/fjords-of-tierra-del-fuego-patagonia-cape-horn/expedition-cruise-ship-beagle-channel-strait-of-magellan-fjords-punta-arenas-ushuaia-punta-arenas-mv-via-australis-mv-stella-australis |archive-date=5 Maii [[2014]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233043/http://www.aonikenk.com/cruises-boats-ferries/cruceros-australis/fjords-of-tierra-del-fuego-patagonia-cape-horn/expedition-cruise-ship-beagle-channel-strait-of-magellan-fjords-punta-arenas-ushuaia-punta-arenas-mv-via-australis-mv-stella-australis }}</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == * Bollen, Patrick. [[2000]]. "Tierra del Fuego." B/W Photobook. Tielt in Belgio: Lannoo Publishers. ISBN 90-209-4040-6. * Bridges, Lucas. (1948) [[1987]]. ''Uttermost Part of the Earth.'' Liber iterum impressa, praefatione a Gavin Young scripta. Century Hutchinson. ISBN 0-7126-1493-1. * De Agostini, Alberto M. [[1956]]. ''Treinta años en Tierra del Fuego 1.'' Bonaeropoli: Ediciones Peuser. * Keynes, Richard. [[2002]]. ''Fossils, Finches and Fuegians: Charles Darwin's Adventures and Discoveries on the ''[[Beagle (navis)|Beagle]],'' 1832–1836.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: HarperCollins Publishers. * King, Phillip Parker. [[1839]]. ''Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe.'' Proceedings of the first expedition, 1826-30, under the command of Captain P. Parker King, ed. Robert FitzRoy. Londinii: Henry Colburn. [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 Textus interretialis.] * Martínez Crovetto, Raúl. [[1968]]. "Estudios Etnobotánicos. Nombres de plantas y su utilidad según los indios Onas de Tierra del Fuego." ''Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria de la Universidad del Nordeste.'' * Pisano Valdés, Edmundo. [[1977]]. "Fitogeografía de Fuego-Patagonia chilena. I.-Comunidades vegetales entre las latitudes 52 y 56º S." In ''Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia,'' vol. VIII. Punta Arenas. == Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Tierra del Fuego|Terram Ingnium}}<!-- {{Wikivoyage|Tierra del Fuego|Terram Ingium}}--> {{Fontes geographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211015204021/https://findelmundo.tur.ar/es Situs interretialis Terrae Ignium proprius.] * [http://www.chileculture.org/tierra-del-fuego/ "Tierra del Fuego"] apud Societatem Culturae Tsiliensis. {{coord|54|S|70|W|region:CL_type:isle_scale:5000000|display=title}} [[Categoria:Archipelagi Oceani Atlantici]] [[Categoria:Archipelagi Oceani Pacifici]] [[Categoria:Insulae Argentinae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Chiliae]] [[Categoria:Patagonia]] [[Categoria:Regiones]] [[Categoria:Terra Ignium| ]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} cs5qg2j7y8boj9lwcwnipi8g7jg4kve 0 8647 3994058 3993932 2026-10-11T15:20:20Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3994058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Barbarossa.jpg|thumb|Fridericus I ([[Bibliotheca Vaticana]])]] [[Fasciculus:Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik 1-1000x1540.jpg|thumb|Fridericus I imperator cum filiis [[Henricus VI (imperator)|Henrico]] Germanorum rege (ad sinistram partem) et Friderico duce Sueviae. ''[[Historia Welforum]]'' (Landesbibliothek Fulda)]] {{res|Fridericus I}}, propter [[color]]em [[ruber|rubrum]] [[barba]]e "''Barbarossa''" [[Lingua Italica|Italice]] appellatus, [[Lingua Latina|Latine]] {{res|Aënobarbus}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=E.g., {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Melchior Goldastus|Melchioris Goldasti|de|qid=Q119611}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=HQt_rmg8lC8C&q=Fridericus+Aënobarbus#v=snippet&q=Fridericus%20Aënobarbus&f=false ''Politica imperialia,'' Francofurti 1514, p. 429].|2=Q119611}}, natus est in [[Germania]] anno [[1122]], mortuus est in [[Anatolia]] (hodie [[Turcia]]) die [[10 Iunii]] [[1190]] dum [[expeditio sacra|expeditionem sacram]] gerebat. == Vita == Fridericus erat filius [[comes|comitis]] Friderici II eiusque coniugis Iudithae. Fridericus [[Rex]] Romanorum die [[4 Martii]] [[1152]] [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]] electus et [[9 Martii]] [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]] coronatus est. Fuit successor patrui sui [[Conradus III|Conradi III]], qui [[15 Februarii]] eiusdem anni mortuus erat. Mense Octobri [[1154]] Fridericus in [[Italia]]m ivit et [[Papia]]e ab [[Hadrianus IV|Hadriano IV]] papa rex Italiae coronatus est. Anno 1155 [[Viterbium|Viterbii]] Fridericus papae occurrit, cui illustrem emendatorem ecclesiae [[Arnaldus Brixiae|Arnaldum Brixiae]] tradidit, qui Romae necaretur. Die [[18 Iunii]] [[1155]] Fridericus [[Imperator]] [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Romani Imperii]] coronatus est. Ab anno 1157 Imperium nominavit Sacrum se ipsum successorem iudicans [[Constantinus|Constantini]] et [[Iustinianus|Iustiniani]] et [[Carolus Magnus|Caroli Magni]], qui anno 1167 canonicatus erat. Die [[14 Novembris]] [[1158]] a Dieta Imperii Campis Roncaliis apud [[Mediolanum]] habita ius magistratus urbium omnium nominandi accepit. Anno [[1162]] Fridericus praeclaram et opulentam [[urbs|urbem]] [[Italia]]e [[Mediolanum]] diruit. Die [[18 Aprilis]] [[1163]] Fridericus I imperator monasteria abbatissae [[Hildegardis Bingensis]] sub tutelam imperialem posuit. At [[Papa]] [[Alexander III]] [[urbs|urbes]] [[Italia]]e contra imperatorem tam fortiter sustinuit ut novam urbem anno [[1168]] in [[Pedemontium|Pedemontio]] conditam incolae [[Alexandria (Italia)|Alexandriam]] ad honorem eius appellaverunt. Die [[29 Maii]] [[1176]] apud [[Lenianum]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italice]]'' Legnano''), vicum Mediolano proximum, [[Societas Lombardorum]]<ref>"Societas Lombardorum": [[Boso (cardinalis)|Boso]], ''[[Vita Alexandri III (Boso)|Vita Alexandri III]]'' ({{PL}} vol. 200 [http://archive.org/stream/patrologiaecur200mign#page/14/mode/2up col. 28])</ref> imperatorem profligavit. Die [[24 Iulii]] [[1177]] [[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiae]] [[imperator]] Fridericus et papa [[Alexander III]] [[pax|pacem]] inter se conciliaverunt. Veronae mense Novembri [[1184]] una cum Friderico papa [[Lucius III]] bullam "[[Ad abolendam]]" de haeresibus exstirpandis emisit. == Familia == Fridericus uxorem primam, nomine [[Adela de Vohburg|Adelam de Vohburg]], anno [[1147]] ineunte duxit. Ex ea filios nullos genuit eamque anno [[1153]] repudiavit. Ex altera, [[Beatrix Burgundiae|Beatrice Burgundiae]], quam die [[17 Iunii]] [[1156]] duxit, filios et filias duodecim genuit, scilicet: * Beatrix (mortua ante 1174) * Fridericus (1164-c. 1169), dux Sueviae ab anno 1167 * [[Henricus VI (imperator)|Henricus]] (1165-1197), rex Germanorum ab anno 1169, imperator (patris successor) * [[Fridericus VI (dux Sueviae)|Conradus]] (1167-1191), dux Sueviae (nomine Fridericus) ab anno 1170 * filia (1168-1184) * [[Otho (comes Burgundiae)|Otho]] (1170-1200), comes Burgundiae * [[Conradus (dux Sueviae)|Conradus]] (1172-1196) * Rainaldus (natus 1173, mortuus infans) * Guillelmus (natus 1176, mortuus infans) * [[Philippus (dux Sueviae)|Philippus]] (1177-1208), dux Sueviae ab anno 1191, rex Germanorum ab anno 1198 * Agnes (mortua 1184) * Sophia (mortua 1187 vel 1188) == Fontes vitae et regni Friderici I == * [[Otto Frisingensis|Otto]] et [[Rahewinus]] Frisingenses, ''[[Gesta Frederici]]'' * ''[[Carmen de gestis Frederici I Imperatoris in Lombardia]]'' * [[Guntherus Parisiensis]], ''Ligurinus'' ; Documenta * [[Authentica Habita|Authentica "Habita"]] == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Bibliographia == * "[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/federico-i-imperatore-detto-il-barbarossa/ Federico I imperatore, detto il Barbarossa (ted. Rotbart)]" in ''Enciclopedia italiana'' * P. Munz, ''Frederick Barbarossa: a study in medieval politics''. Londinii, 1969 * E. Otto, "Frederick Barbarossa in seinen Briefen" in ''Deutsches Archiv'' vol. 5 (1942) {{NexInt}} *[[1860 Barbarossa]] == Nexus externi == * {{Medlands|http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GERMANY,%20Kings.htm#FriedrichIGermanydied1190B|Friedrich von Staufen}} {{Imperatores SRI}} [[Categoria:Imperatores Romani Sacri]] [[Categoria:Participes tertiae expeditionis sacrae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1122]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1190]] [[Categoria:Familia Staufica]] [[Categoria:Fridericus I (imperator)|!]] [[Categoria:Alexander III (papa)]] {{Myrias|Homines}} gc0fpfsden8fovlwxnmvfpx9hxeos72 0 9143 3994083 3991072 2026-10-11T19:28:55Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In republica libera */ 3994083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Eques (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Roman Museum 007.jpg|thumb|Simulacrum equitis.]] '''Eques''' apud [[Roma antiqua|Romanos]] appellabatur homo '''ordinis equestris''', qui media dignitate utebatur inter ordinem [[senatus Romanus|senatorum]] et [[plebs|plebem]]. An quis ad ordinem equestrem pertineret, et a [[pater|patre]] et a censu pendebat. [[Vocabulum]] ''equitis'' sane ab ''[[equus|equo]]'' originem trahit, cum equites aut equo publico donari aut censum talem habere deberent, ut equum possidere eoque vecti militare possent. In principio tantummodo [[Patricius|patricii]] in equitatu militabant, aliquanto tamen post [[rex|reges]] exactos etiam [[Plebs|plebei]] inter equites asciti sunt. == Historia == === In republica libera === Initio, a [[Servius Tullius|Servio Tullio]] si historiographiae Romanae credimus<ref>[[Titus Livius]] I.42.</ref>, in [[Comitia centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]] equites, qui plurimi inter cives censebantur, primas centurias 18 formabant et ob id ipsum bellum in equitatu gerebant<ref>[[Quintus Cicero]], ''[[Commentariolum petitionis]]'' 33.</ref>. Coram [[censor|censoribus]] ''recognitio equitum'' fiebat militias suas enumerabant. Equus publicus ut anulus aureus semper insigne equitum<ref>[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Vita Pompei]]'' 22.5-7.</ref> fuit etiam tempore posteriore cum nullam militarem significationem retinebat. Ita a quarto saeculo a.C.n. exeunte atque adhuc sub [[Imperator Romanus|imperatoribus]] die [[15 Iulii|15 iulii]] ([[Idus|Idibus]] [[Quinctilis|Quinctiliis]]) quotannis [[Transvectio equitum|equitum iuniorum transvectio]] per urbem fiebat, in sex turmas divisa quibus [[Sevir equitum Romanorum|seviri]] praeerant<ref>{{CIL|11|3718}}. {{CIL|11|3367}}. Carolus Fridericus Menser, ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101071958043&seq=1 Dissertatio de annua equitum Romanorum transvectione et de eorundem recognitione seu censura]'', Lipsiae, 1734</ref>. Senatores antequam magistratus peterent atque in album senatus a [[censor|censoribus]] inscriberentur equites erant. Magistratus gesti senatores a ceteris equitibus distinguebant. Secundo saeculo a.C.n. apparet praefiguratio ordinis equestris senatorio oppositi tum cum societates [[Publicani|publicanorum]] provinciarum [[Vectigal|vectigalia]] conducebant et ''lex Sempronia iudiciaria'' a [[Gaius Sempronius Gracchus|Gaio Graccho]] [[121 a.C.n.]] lata iudicia repetundarum senatoribus ademit atque equitibus tradidit<ref>Robert J. Rowland, Jr., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/283738 C. Gracchus and the Equites]", ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1965: 361-73.</ref>. Nam in provinciis diripiendis utilitates equitum et senatorum in diversum abibant. Certamen igitur de iudiciis inter eos fuit usque ad [[Lex Aurelia iudiciaria|legem Aureliam iudiciariam]] quae iudicis munus inter senatores et equites aequaliter divisit. Et anno incerto ante [[Sylla|Syllam]] [[Dictatura|dictatorem]] equus publicus senatoribus ademptus est qui non iam inter equites numerabantur. Consilium politicum Ciceronis semper fuit concordia duorum maiorum ordinum<ref>D. H. Berry, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556492 Eqvester ordo tvvs est: Did Cicero Win His Cases Because of His Support for the Eqvites?]", ''The Classical Quarterly,'' 2003: 222-234 </ref> contra [[optimates]] qui [[Privilegium|privilegia]] senatus tuebantur. In summa senatores res publicas gerebant et nisi imperium provinciale acceperant non procul Roma manere debebant; econtra equites in quinque iudicum decurias<ref> {{CIL|6|3539}}: ... ''equo publico ex quinque decuriis'' ...</ref> inscribebantur et iudicandi officio operam dare nonnumquam debebant; alioqui rebus privatis consulebant et saepe in provinciis negotiabantur ubi libenter considebant. Tempore quo agri divites faciebant equites fundos imprimis possidebant et ex eorum reditibus vivebant. Optimum exemplar equitis Romani fuit Ciceronis amicus [[Titus Pomponius Atticus]] qui a rebus publicis et [[bellum civile|bellis civilibus]] diligenter abstinebat et vitam otiosam et litteris deditam egit [[Athenae|Athenis]] et [[Buthrotum|Buthroti]]. === Sub imperatoribus === Augustus duos primos ordines reipublicae, senatorium et equestrem, rursus ordinavit. Censum decies [[Sestertius|sestertium]] senatoribus, quadringentorum milium sestertium equitibus adsignavit. Ipse imperator equites albo equestri inscribit post annuam recognitionem in qua mores et census candidatorum inspiciuntur ([[Senatusconsultum|senatusconsultum]] anni [[23]]). Simul certas [[praefectura|praefecturas]] a se creatas ([[Praefectus Aegypti|Aegypti]], [[Praefectus annonae|annonae]], [[Praefectus vigilum|vigilum]], [[praefectus praetorio|praetorii]]) equitibus reservavit. Alios equites in rebus [[Fiscum|fiscalibus]] et pecuniariis, item in bonorum suorum administratione adhibuit cum [[Procurator|procuratoris]] titulo<ref>[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' LII.19 et 25; LIII.15.</ref>. Claudius procurationes multiplicavit et equites palatii [[Tabularium|tabulariis]] praeposuit. Simul verum [[Cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] equestrem ordinavit a senatorio dissimilem: tribus militiis inchoabat, plerumque praefectura [[Cohors (pars legionis)|cohortis]], praefectura [[Ala (exercitus)|alae]] et [[Tribunus militum|tribunatu]] angusticlavio [[Legio Romana|legionis]] (tribunus laticlavius erat senator)<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Claudius'' 25: ''Equestris militias ita ordinavit, ut post cohortem alam, post alam tribunatum legionis daret''.</ref>. Deinde procurationes et praefecturas equestres usque ad praefectum praetorio gerebant in quibus [[hierarchia]] per [[salarium]] indicabatur: ita procurationes sexagenariae, centenariae<ref> {{CIL|8|11174}}</ref>, ducenariae<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''Divus Claudius'' 24.</ref> (60 000[[HS]], 100 000HS, 200 000HS annua) fuerunt<ref>[[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' LII.25; LIII.15.</ref>. Eorum numerus usque ad tertium saeculum inflabatur sed minima pars totius ordinis equestris rebus publicis operam dabat. Paulatim dignitates equestris et senatoria [[Hereditas|hereditariae]] factae sunt. Nihil tamen obstabat quominus princeps aut [[centurio|centurionem]] bene meritum in equestrem ordinem aut equitem bene meritum ad [[magistratus]] senatorii honorum cursus promoveret. A tertio saeculo medio legiones et exercitus ducendi equitibus dantur qui antea senatoribus dabantur. In provinciis legionibus praeditis praesides ordinis equestris inveniuntur ubi antea legati Augusti pro praetore e senatorio ordine fuerant<ref>{{AE|1915|00051}}: διασημοτάτου = perfectissimi.</ref>. Simul primores ordinis titulo "viri perfectissimi" honorantur. At anno [[326]] imperatore [[Constantinus I|Constantino Magno]] ordines senatorius et equester in unum coaluerunt et nomen equitis Romani abolevit. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *P. A. Brunt, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300072 Princeps and Equites]", ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1983: 42-75 *Mireille Cébeillac-Gervasoni, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2011_num_22_1_1752 L’ordre équestre et la méthode prosopographique]", ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2011: 69-83 *Benjamin Cohen, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_0004-5527_1975_num_1_2_3319 La notion d' "ordo" dans la Rome antique]", ''Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé'', 1975: 259-282 *Caillan Davenport, ''A History of the Roman Equestrian Order'', Cambridge University Press, 2019 [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2019/2019.10.16 Recensio critica] [https://books.google.fr/books?id=JsyCDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] *Ségolène Demougin, ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1992_ths_153_1 Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.)]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1992 **''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1988_ths_108_1 L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens]'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1988 *Claudius Nicolet, ''L'ordre équestre à l'époque républicaine (312-43 a. C). T. 1. Définitions juridiques et structures sociales'', de Boccard, 1966 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1967_num_45_2_2685_t1_0504_0000_2 Recensio critica] **T. 2. ''Prosopographie des chevaliers Romains'', de Boccard, 1974 *''[https://www.persee.fr/issue/efr_0223-5099_1999_act_257_1 L’ordre équestre. Histoire d’une aristocratie (IIe siècle av. J.-C. - IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.)] Actes du colloque international de Bruxelles-Leuven, 5-7 octobre 1995. [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1999. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2001_num_79_1_6061_t1_0295_0000_3 Recensio critica] *Hans-Georg Pflaum, ''[https://fr.scribd.com/document/806526844/Hans-Georg-Pflaum-Les-carrieres-procuratoriennes-equestres-sous-le-Haut-Empire-romain-P-Geuthner-1960 Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain]'', P. Geuthner, 1960 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Equites equites Romanos] pertinent {{Roma antiqua}}<!-- {{Hist-stipula}} {{roma-stipula}}--> == Bibliographia == *Birley, Anthony. [[2002]]. ''Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda.'' {{Vicificanda}} * Burton, G. (1987): Government and the Provinces. In J. Wacher ed. ''The Roman World'' Vol I *{{cite book|author=Bury,J.B.|title=The History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 BC-180 AD)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1898}} (Bury(1898)): * Cornell, T. J. (1995): ''The Beginnings of Rome'' * Eck, Werner (2000): Emperor, Senate & Magistrates. In ''Cambridge Ancient History'' 2nd Ed. Vol XI * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): ''Roman Warfare'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): ''The Complete Roman Army'' * Heather, Peter (2005): ''Fall of the Roman Empire'' * Jones, A.H.M. (1964): ''Later Roman Empire'' * {{cite book |last=Keppie |first=Lawrence |title="The Army and the Navy" in Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed Vol X (The Augustan Empire 30BC - 69 AD) |year=1996}} * Ritner, R.K. (1998): Egypt Under Roman Rule: the Legacy of Ancient Egypt. In ''Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol I''. Ed. C.F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Scheidel, Walter (2006): ''Population & Demography'' (Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics) * Sidnell, Philip (2006): ''Warhorse'' * Smith W. (1890): ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' * Talbert, Richard (1996): The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts. In ''Cambridge Ancient History, Vol X'' 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * {{cite book |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=The Army of the Late Empire. In ''The Roman World'' (ed J. Wacher) |year=1988}} * {{cite web|first=J.B. |last=Greenough |first2=G.L. |origyear=1902 |date=17 June 2005 |last2=Kittredge |url=http://www.uah.edu/society/texts/misc/romancon.html |title=The Roman Constitution|publisher=[http://www.uah.edu/society/about.html The Society for Ancient Languages] |accessdate=22 August 2012}} ("This essay is reproduced in its entirety from 'Introduction: VI. The Roman Constitution', Select Orations and Letters of Cicero. ed. J.B. Greenough & G.L. Kittredge. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1902." * {{cite journal |last = Hill |first = H. |title = Equites and Celeres |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1938-07_33_3/page/283 |journal = Classical Philology |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 283–290|date = July 1938|doi = 10.1086/362138 |jstor=265360}} * {{cite web|year=2009 |url=http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/socialclass.html |title=Roman Social Class and Public Display}} * {{cite web|last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://www.livius.org/ei-er/eques/eques.html Livius.org: |title=Eques (Knight)}} [[Categoria:Roma antiqua]] [[Categoria:Tituli dignitatis]] 1cvrgst8bu90ng82u05r27dktr8ujok 0 9402 3994038 3790012 2026-10-11T14:55:58Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historia Italiae}} '''Historia Italiae''', si sub hanc historiam habitationis humanae [[paeninsula Italica|paeninsulae Italicae]] et insularum vicinarum intellegimus, abhinc annorum circiter 43&thinsp;500 coepit. == Aetate antiqua == Nomen ''Italia'' a Bruttia antiquissima Italorum gente accurate a vitulis, eorum sacris animalibus, ducitur et solum Romana occupatione, perfecta [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.|primo saeculo a.C.n.]] in terris sitis sub septentrionibus, ad totam paeninsulam pertinuit. Italia fuit incunabulum [[cultura]]rum [[natio]]numque gravissimorum, inter quas res [[Etrusci|Etruscae]] et [[Roma antiqua|Romanae]]. [[Roma]], hodie [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Italiae, ut olim caput [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]], multa [[saeculum|saecula]] fuit civilis [[Civilizatio Occidentalis|civilizationis Occidentalis]] sedes. == Medio aevo == Italia [[Imperium Romanum|Romani Imperii]] occidentis solis partium sedes fuit et eadem Christianae religionis Europaeae diffusionis fundamentum facta est; pontificatus finium potestas in mediam Italiam et Romam dominata est. Post [[Deminutio Imperii Romani|deminutionem Imperii Romani]], Italia multas inruptiones alienigenarum passa est - incursiones a [[Langobardi]]s, [[Ostrogothi]]s, et aliis [[tribus Germanici|tribubus Germanicis]] factas, a [[Normanni]]s quoque, et deinde a [[Byzantini]]s et aliis. Nonnullae (Ostrogothorum, Byzantinorum, [[Langobardi|Langobardorum]], [[Franci|Francorum]] et [[Normanni|Normannorum]]) occupationes multiplices rectionis globos construxerunt: nullo modo unam paeninsulae rem publicam facere potuerunt, sed ab anno [[568]] cum Langobardi Italiam invaserunt, paeninsula semper in multis [[civitas|civitatibus]] divisa mansit usque a diem [[20 Septembris]] [[1870]] cum novum Regnum Italia, anno [[1861]] condito, [[Civitas Ecclesiae|Civitatem Ecclesiae]] cepit. Nonnulla saecula post, inter saecula XII et XV, extremum mediae aetatis tempus civium ac publicorum bonorum administrationis magnificentia (civitatum et regnorum) publicarum partium studium confirmavit. Nam regio Italica [[Renascentia|Renascentiam]] peperit, maxime fertilem mentis motum, qui totum cogitationis Europaeae cursum penitus conformavit. [[Fasciculus:Italy 1494 AD-it.svg|thumb|200px|Italia anno [[1494]]]] == Aetate nova == Post [[saeculum 15|saeculum quintum decimum]], Italia igitur Europaeorum imperiorum principatus certationis optatum facta est, cum Europæ locus ad curam publicarum divitiarum pertinens ad septemtriones moveretur; primum Francogallia et Hispania contendebant de Italia, quae a XVI saeculo ad ineuntem XVIII saeculum in Hispanica dicionem redacta est, deinde paeninsula Austria ducta est et post 1815 annum quoque servata est. == [[Saeculum 19|Saeculo XIX]] == [[Fasciculus:Völkerkarte von Mittel- und Südosteuropa. Italien 1815 bis zur Gegenwart (1905).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Italia post Consilium Vindobonum]] Per multum historiae post Imperium Romanum, Italia in multa [[regnum|regna]] [[urbs|urbesque]] sui iuris fracta est, inter quas [[Regnum Sardiniae]], [[Regnum Duarum Siciliarum]] et [[Ducatus Mediolani]]. Nam [[Consilium Vindobonum]] post bellos [[Napoleo|Napolenis]] dominium [[Austria]]cum in Italia restituit, quamquam aliqui limes mutati sunt, accurate: * '''[[Regnum Sardiniae]]''' terras antiquae [[Respublica Genua|Respublicae Genuae]] consecutus est. * ''' [[Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae]]''' in parte media [[Italia]]e septemtrionalis conditum est. Hoc regnum ad [[Austria|Imperio Austriaco]] pertinebat; * '''[[Ducatus Lucensis]]''' conditus est et [[Carolus Ludovicus Borbonis]] eius dux factus est, sed secundum conventum ipsum post [[mors|mortem]] ducis [[Magnus Ducatus Tusciae|Magno Ducato Tusciae]] cedendus erat; * ''' [[Ducatus Parmensis et Placentinus]]''', qui [[Napoleo]] ab anno [[1808]] usque ad annum [[1814]] [[Francia]]e coniunxit, restitutus est. * '''[[Civitas Ecclesiae]]''' restituta est et mansit in fines suis anno [[1796]] praeter urbem [[Avenio]]nis, quae Franciae cessa est. Sed iam extremo [[saeculum 18|saeculo decimo octavo]], novum publicorum bonorum et eruditionis incrementum fecit conscientiam quae unam rem publicam esse studebat: [[17 Marti 1861|Vindicatione]] extentum est. Post tres bellos de Libertate italiana ([[Bellum primum de libertate Italiana]] 1848 - 1849, [[Bellum alterum de libertate Italiana]] 1859 ac [[Bellum tertium de libertate italiana]] 1866) parvo Sardo Pedemontanoque regno duce, anno [[1861]], post aevum tumultuosum Italice ''[[Risorgimento]]'', in una dicione [[Unificatio Italiae|coniuncta]] est et anno [[1870]] etiam Civitas Ecclesiae novo Regno Italiae coniuncta est. == [[Saeculum 20|Saeculo XX]] == [[Fasciculus:Map of Italy-it.svg|thumb|Italia hodierna.]] Italicae societatis horum temporum consuetudo et novitas lentae fuerunt, quia solum ineunte [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] officinarum principium constitutum est, sed continenter multum differebat inter fabricam et agriculturam vel inter septemtrionales et australes regiones. Primis unius rei publicae decenniis, libertatis studiosus civilis progressus tollere non potuit discrimen ex universi societatis impetu ortum, [[primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]]: inter [[1922]] et [[1945]] annos, [[Fascismus|fascistae]] dictaturae locum cessit et Italici unius hominis voluntati [[Benitus Mussolini|Beniti Mussolini]] obtemperaverunt. Post levioris momenti tempus, Italia in cunctis Europa et Terris non conservavit potentissimum pondus primi belli mundani victoria confirmatum, quia, inter [[1943]] et [[1945]] annos clade, in terris occidentem versus sitis ad mediocrium opum dignitatem descendit. A [[Saeculum 19|saeculo undevicesimo]] exeunte per primum bellum mundanum et ad initium [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundi belli mundani]], Italia [[Coloniale Italiae Imperium|imperium coloniale]] possedit, quod [[Libya]]m, [[Colonia Erythraea|Erythraeam]], [[Somalia Italica|Somaliam Italicam]], [[Aethiopia]]m, [[Albania]]m, [[Rhodus|Rhodum]], [[Dodecanesus|Dodecanesumque]] regnabat, et [[concessiones in Tianjin]] [[Sinae (regio)|Sinarum]] habebat. A die [[2 Iunii]] [[1946]], cum, [[Suffragium|suffragio]] populare indicto, Italiani pro Re Publica contra Monarchiam votant{{dubsig}} (12&thinsp;000&thinsp;000 suffragiorum contra 10&thinsp;000&thinsp;000), Italia res publica facta est. Alioquin popularis Res Publica in magni multitudinis partibus nisa crevit, etsi peculiaribus vitiis non carens erat: ingentis pecuniæ progressionis tempore, in opificiorum aetatem definitum aditum prosecuta est. Ab initio Italia [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] pars fuit, cum quinque aliis nationibus (quae [[Batavia]], [[Belgia|Belgica]], [[Francia|Francogallia]], [[Germania]], ad occasum vergens, et [[Luxemburgum]] erant). Anno [[1992]] inter indagationes quae dicuntur ''mani pulite'' id est [[Latine]] ''manus mundae'' multi urbis viri publici propter turpitudines a [[iudex|iudicibus]] inter quos celeberrimus est [[Antonius Di Pietro]], comprehensi sunt. Post [[1993]], de [[Italica Secunda Res Publica|Secunda Re Publica]] ergo dicitur. ==Bibliographia== *Coppa, Frank J., ed. [[1985]]. ''Dictionary of Modern Italian History.'' *Di Scala, Spencer M. [[1998]]. ''Italy: From Revolution to Republic, 1700 to the Present.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103004447/http://www.questia.com/read/98920663/italy-from-revolution-to-republic-1700-to-the-present Editio interretialis apud questia.com.] *Domenico, Roy. [[2002]]. ''The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071013/http://www.questia.com/read/102135404?title=The%20Regions%20of%20Italy:%20A%20Reference%20Guide%20to%20History%20and%20Culture Editio interretialis apud questia.com.] *Duggan, Christopher. [[2008]]. ''The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0618353674 Pars et investigatio textualis apud Amazon.com.] *Duggan, Christopher. [[2014]]. ''A Concise History of Italy''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Gilmour, David. [[2011]]. ''The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples''. Novi Eboraci: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. *Hearder, Henry, et D. P. Waley. [[1963]]. ''A Short History of Italy: From Classical Times to the Present Day.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621180349/http://www.questia.com/read/1149043 Editio interretialis apud questia.com.] *Holmes, George. [[2001]]. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0192854445 Pars et investigatio textualis apud Amazon.com.] *Killinger, Charles L. [[2002]]. ''The History of Italy.''[http://www.questia.com/read/101544720 Editio interretialis apud questia.com.] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Montanelli, Indro, Roberto Gervaso, et Mario Cervi. [[1959]]–[[1997]]. ''Storia d'Italia''. 12 vol. Mediolani: Rizzoli. *Smith, Denis Mack. [[1997]]. ''Modern Italy: A Political History.'' == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|History of Italy|Historiam Italicam}} {{Myrias|Historia}} {{Historia Europae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Italia, Historia}} [[Categoria:Historia Italiae|!]] se8jx49v47b5r4a46gk54e9buqt7lr5 5 9459 3994099 437442 2026-10-12T01:44:21Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:De hac redirectione|De hac redirectione]]}} 3994099 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] {{De hac redirectione}} 9u8wph5suu728t66y85psnzqrzlpm1e 0 11268 3994079 3898669 2026-10-11T16:52:05Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png|thumb|300px|Imperium Ottomanicum, 1683]] '''Imperium Ottomanicum''' ([[Lingua Turcica|Ottomanice]]: دولتِ عَليه عُثمانيه, Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye) plus quam sescentos annos fuit una ex maximis potentissimisque [[mare Mediterraneum|maris Mediterranei]] [[civitas|civitatibus]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Peace-conference-memoranda-respecting-syria-arabia-palestine5.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Sykes-Picot.]] Anno [[1299]] fundatum et anno [[1923]] dissolutum, tempore maximae potestatis in finibus suis terras [[Asia Minor|Asiam Minorem]], [[Illyria]]m, [[Arabia]]m, et [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africam Septentrionalem]] tenebat. Imperium a gente [[Turcici Oguzi|Turcicorum Oguzorum]] in [[Anatolia]] occidentali conditum est, et a progenie eorundem [[Turcae|Turcorum]] regnatum. Imperator primus erat [[Ottomanus I]], conditor imperii de cuius nomine ([[Lingua Arabica|Arabice]] عُثمَان Uthmān) appellatio [[Ottomanidae|Ottomanorum]] venit. [[Constantinopolis]], anno [[1453]] capta, deinde [[caput (urbs)|caput]] novum imperii fuit. [[Saeculum 16|Saeculo decimo sexto]] [[Suleimanus Magnificus]], unus e ducibus maximis Ottomanicis, [[Bagdatum]] partemque magnam [[Hungaria]]e cepit, et anno [[1529]] etiam [[Vindobona]]m obsedit, sed quia prae [[hiems|hieme]] urbem capere non potuit, mense Octobri regressus est. [[Fasciculus:Edirne 7333 Nevit.JPG|thumb|[[Meschita Selimiye (Edirne)|Meschita Selimiye]] fuit magnum opus [[Sinan|Mimar Sinan]], principalis Sultanorum [[Selimus I|Selimi I]], [[Suleimanus I (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Suleimani I]], [[Selimus II|Selimi II]] et [[Muradus III|Muradi III]] [[architectura|architecti]].]] [[Fasciculus:Safranbolu traditional houses.jpg|thumb|[[Safranbolu]] [[UNESCO Mundi Hereditas|Situs Hereditatis Mundi]] [[UNESCO]] ob [[architectura]]m domiciliariam Ottomannicam bene conservatuam anno [[1994]] inscriptum est.]] [[Fasciculus:Facial Chronicle - b.10, p.299 - Battle of Kosovo (1389).png|thumb|[[Proelium Agri Merulensis|Proelium Agri Merulensis (1389)]].]] [[Fasciculus:Nicopol final battle 1398.jpg|thumb|[[Proelium Nicopolis|Proelium Nicopolis (1396)]].]] [[Fasciculus:Chelebowski_varna.jpg|thumb|[[Proelium ad Varnam|Proelium ad Varnam (1444)]].]] Ottomani anno [[1453]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolim]], caput [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]], ceperunt, et interdum in [[Europa Media|Europam Mediam]] progressi sunt, bis [[Vindobona]]m obsidentes, sicut anno [[1529]] et anno [[1683]] a die [[17 Iulii]] usque ad diem [[12 Septembris]], cum foedus plurium civitatum Germanicarum et Poloniae Turcos vicit. Saeculis [[Saeculum 15|decimo quinto]] et [[saeculum 16|decimo sexto]] Ottomani [[Respublica Veneta|Reipublicae Venetae]] multas [[colonia]]s ceperunt sicut anno [[1571]] [[Cyprus|Cyprum]], quam anno [[1489]] [[Catharina Cornaro]], postrema [[Regnum Cypri|regina Cypri]], Reipublicae vendiderat et [[Marcus Antonius Bragadin]] frustra defendit, et anno [[1669]] [[Creta]]m . Die [[7 Octobris]] [[1571]] tamen in [[Proelium Lepanthinum|Proelio Lepanthino]] clara pugna [[navis|navali]] iuxta Graecam [[urbs|urbem]] [[Naupactus|Naupactum]], quam Italiani ''Lepanto'' vocant, civitates [[Christiani|christianae]] Ottomanicos vicerunt. Et in [[Asia]] et in [[Europa]] situm (exempli gratia [[Graecia]], [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Serbia]], et [[Hungaria]]e magna pars ad id pertinebant), imperium per totam suam [[historia]]m necessitudines et cum [[Asia Orientalis|Orienti]] et cum [[Europa Occidentalis|Occidenti]] habebat. A [[saeculum 16|saeculo decimo sexto]] imperium Ottomanicum etiam principatus [[Principatus Moldaviae|Moldaviae]], [[Principatus Valachiae|Valachiae]] et [[Transilvania]]m [[Tartaria Minor|Tartariamque Minorem]] in sua potestate habebat, quamquam hae civitates de iure liberae manebant. Postea, sultani fines extendere non potuerunt, et imperium bella cum [[Imperium Persarum|Persia]], [[Regnum Poloniae et Lithuaniae|regno Poloniae et Lithuaniae]], [[Ruthenia]], [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|imperio Austro-Hungarico]] gerens hebescebat. [[Saeculum 20|Saeculo vicensimo]] ineunte imperium [[primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]] a copiis foederatis, quibuscum et [[Arabi]] pugnabant, victum erat. Bello composito gubernatio collapsa est et victores terras imperii inter se dividerunt. Multae partes imperii secederunt; una ex quibus erat pars media imperii Ottomanici nomine [[Turcia|res publica Turciae]]. [[Familia]] sultanorum e finibus Anatoliae exterminata est, imperioque maximo potentissimoque terminato, [[Kemal Ataturk]] hodiernam civitatem condidit. == Fundamentum == Ante Imperium Ottomanicum vixit, Anatolia multos principes turcos habet et reliquum Byzantiis. (exempli gratia: Karamanicos, Ramazanicos Trebizonque) {{NexInt}} *[[Bassa]] *[[Collectio puerorum (Devsirme)]] *[[Ianizari]] *[[Ottomanidae]] ===Expositiones generales=== *Barkey, Karen. [[2008]]. ''Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Empire-Difference-Ottomans-Comparative-Perspective/dp/0521715334/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240307430&sr=1-7 Amazon.com]. *[[Eduardus Shepherd Creasy Eques|Creasy, Edward Shepherd]]. [[1877]]. ''History of the Ottoman Turks: From the beginning of their empire to the present time''. R. Bentley and Son. *Finkel, Caroline. [[2005]]. ''Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923.'' John Murray. ISBN 0719555132. [http://www.amazon.com/Osmans-Dream-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0465023967/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-6 Amazon.com], excerpt and text search *Goodwin, Jason. [[2003]]. ''Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Lords-Horizons-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0312420668/ref=sr_1_16?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-16 Amazon.com]. * Imber, Colin. [[2002]]. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power.'' Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-61386-4. * Inalcik, Halil, et Donald Quataert, eds. [[1995]]. ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914.'' * [[Demitrius Kitsikis|Kitsikis, Dimitri]]. [[1994]].''L'Empire ottoman.'' Ed. 3a. Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-043459-2. * McCarthy, Justin. [[1997]]. ''The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010232310/http://www.questia.com/read/58745078 Editio interretialis,] apud www.questia.com. * Pamuk, Sevket. [[1999]]. ''A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire.'' * Quataert, Donald. [[2005]]. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Ottoman-1700-1922-Approaches-European-History/dp/0521547822/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-2 Amazon.com]. ISBN 0521547822. * Shaw, Stanford J., et Ezel Kural Shaw. [[1977]]. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1.'' *Somel, Selcuk Aksin. [[2003]]. ''Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire.'' *Stone, Norman. [[2004]]. "Turkey in the Russian Mirror." In ''Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy,'' ed. Mark Erickson et Ljubica Erickson, 86–100. Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297849131. *Uyar, Mesut, et Edward Erickson. [[2009]]. ''A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk.'' ISBN 9780275988760. === Historia usque ad 1830 === * Braude, Benjamin, et Bernard Lewis, eds. [[1982]]. ''Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905122522/http://www.questia.com/read/52272246 Questia.com]. *Clot, André. [[1993]]. ''Suleiman the Magnificent.'' * Goffman, Daniel. [[2002]]. ''The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20081203224106/http://www.questia.com/read/107381987 Questia.com]. * Guilmartin, John F., Jr. [[1988]]. Ideology and Conflict: The Wars of the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1606. ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 18(4):721–747. * Koller, Markus. [[2012]]. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011121258 ''Ottoman History of South-East Europe''], European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History. * Kunt, Metin, et Christine Woodhead, eds. [[1995]]. ''Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World.'' * [[Albertus Howe Lybyer|Lybyer, Albert Howe]]. 1913. ''The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent''. Cantabrigiae Massachusettensium: Harvard University Press [https://archive.org/details/governmentofotto00lyby Textus apud archive.org] * Murphy, Rhoads. [[1999]]. ''Ottoman Warfare 1500–1700.'' * Parry, V. J. [[1976]]. ''A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730.'' * Pierce, Leslie P. [[1993]]. ''The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire.'' * Shaw, Stanford J. [[1976]]. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol I; Empire of Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1290–1808.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521212809. * Turnbull, Stephen. [[2003]]. ''The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20111123090601/http://www.questia.com/read/108569306 Questia.com]. === Historia post 1830 === * Ahmad, Feroz. [[1969]]. ''The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914.'' * Bein, Amit. [[2011]]. ''Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Ottoman-Ulema-Turkish-Republic-Guardians/dp/0804773114/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1304349943&sr=1-1 Amazon.com]. * Black, Cyril E., et L. Carl Brown. [[1992]]. ''Modernization in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire and Its Afro-Asian Successors.'' * Erickson, Edward J. [[2000]]. ''Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Ordered-Die-History-Contributions-Military/dp/0313315167/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-5 Amazon.com]. * Gürkan, Emrah Safa. [[2011]]. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20100921549 Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire], European History Online. Mainz: Institute of European History. * Faroqhi, Suraiya. [[2000]]. ''Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire.'' * Findley, Carter. [[1980]]. ''Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire.'' * Fortna, Benjamin C. [[2002]]. ''Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire.'' * Fromkin, David. [[2001]]. ''A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Peace-End-All-Ottoman-Creation/dp/0805068848/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-10 www.amazon.com.] * Göçek, Fatma Müge. [[1996]]. ''Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change.'' * Hanioglu, M. Sukru. [[2008]]. ''A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Brief-History-Late-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0691134529/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1261350646&sr=1-5 www.amazon.com.] * [[Albertus Howe Lybyer|Lybyer, Albert Howe]]. [[1913]]. ''The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. Anno [[1978]] ab AMS Press reimpressum: ISBN 0-404-14681-3. * Karpat, Kemal H. [[2001]]. ''The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State.'' * Kayali, Hasan. [[1997]]. ''Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918.'' [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft7n39p1dn/?&query=&brand=ucpress Commentarius totus,] apud content.cdlib.org. * Kushner, David. [[1977]]. ''The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908.'' * McCarthy, Justin. [[2001]]. ''The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire.'' Hodder Arnold. ISBN 0-340-70657-0. * Miller, William. [[1913]]. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=1wpFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Ottoman+intitle:Empire+intitle:1801+intitle:1913&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES Commentarius totus,] books.google.com. * Overy, Richard. [[2010]]. ''The Times Complete History of the World.'' HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9780007315697. * Quataert, Donald. [[1983]]. ''Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908.'' * Rodogno, Davide. [[2011]]. ''Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914.'' * Shaw, Stanford J., et Ezel Kural Shaw. [[1977]]. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975.'' [http://www.amazon.com/History-Ottoman-Empire-Modern-Turkey/dp/0521291666/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-2 www.amazon.com.] * Toledano, Ehud R. [[1982]].''The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890.'' * Hussain, Ishtiaq. [[2011]]. "The Tanzimat: Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire", [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112145701/http://faith-matters.org/resources/publicationsreports/252-the-tanzimat-secular-reforms-in-the-ottoman-empire Faith Matters.] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates]] [[Categoria:Imperium Ottomanicum|!]] 4as8cfqamyzc8n2jmedns2f9ox77ntt 0 17442 3994012 3987835 2026-10-11T12:42:14Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3994012 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Chile.estrechodemagallanes.png|thumb|'''Fretum Magellanicum''']] [[Fasciculus:StraitOfMagellan.jpg|thumb|Despectus in '''fretum Magellanicum''' ex [[satelles|satellite]] habitus]] '''Fretum Magellanicum'''<ref>Vide locutiones "ad fretum magellanicum" et "In rupibus humidis freti Magellanici"; in C. H. Persoon, ed., ''Synopsis Plantarum, seu Enchiridium Botanicum, complectens Enumerationem Systematicam Specierum Hucusque Cognitarum'' (Parisiis Lutetiorum: apud Carol. Frid. Cramerum; et Tubingae: apud J. G. Cottam, 1805), p. 15.</ref> ([[Hispanice]] ''Estrecho de Magallanes,'' [[Lusitanice]] ''Estreito de Magalhaes,'' [[Francice]] ''Détroit de Magellan,'' [[Anglice]] ''Strait of Magellan,'' [[Hollandice]] ''Straet van Magallanes'' seu ''Straat Magellaan'') est [[fretum]] in [[Chilia]] situm, inter extremam [[continens|continentis]] [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] partem australem et insulam [[Terra Ignium (insula)|Terram Ignium]]. Detectum est [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anno [[1520]] a [[Ferdinandus Magellanus|Ferdinando Magellano]], [[explorator]]e [[Portugallia|Lusitano]] et praefecto classis Hispanicae quinque [[navis|navium]], quam [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolus Rex I Hispaniae]] (seu Carolus V Sacri Imperii Romani) inventum transitum per extremam [[Novus Mundus|Novi Mundi]] partem australem in [[Insulae Moluccae|Insulas Moluccas]] commisit. Magellanus ipse huic freto Nomen ''fretum Omnium Sanctorum'' imposuit, sed posteriores id semper ''fretum Magellanicum'' appellant. ==Notae== <references/> [[Categoria:Freta Chiliae]] [[Categoria:Freta Oceani Atlantici]] [[Categoria:Freta Oceani Pacifici]] [[Categoria:Terra Ignium]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} b5jds2m18cy2ypi0sxu4f9meme87kq8 0 17761 3994080 3991164 2026-10-11T17:51:26Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3994080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:IndonesiaMalukuIslands.png|thumb|Tabula Insularum Moluccarum (terrae [[viridis|virides]]).]] {{res|Insulae Moluccae}},<ref>[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0193a.html Fons nominis] apud {{Lexfons}}.</ref><ref>Brevius "Moluccae"; confer "Samatra, Java utraque, Timora, Moluccae, Philippinae, Luconia": [http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=194684946 tabula anni 1595] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> ([[Arabice]] ''Jazirat al Maluk'' 'Insulae Regum' ; [[Indonesice]] ''Maluku''), sunt [[archipelagus]] [[Indonesia]]e, qui pars [[insulae Sundanae|insularum Sundanarum]] est. Hae [[insula]]e per [[historia]]m a [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] [[Europa]]eisque {{res|insulae aromatum}} appellantur.<ref>"''Molucche'': insulae aromatum" {{Google Books|kMtSAAAAcAAJ|vide indicem ad initium libri}}.</ref> [[Fasciculus:Sunset at Ternate and Tidore Islands, Maluku.jpg|thumb|Ternata et Tidor insulae iuxta sitae]] ==Res geographicae et geologicae== Archipelagus in [[Asia Meridio-Orientalis Maritima|Asiae Meridio-Orientali Maritima]] [[regio]]ne situs est. Quod attinet ad [[tectonica laminarum]], eae in [[Lamina Halmahera]] intra [[Zona Concursus Maris Moluccensis|Zonam Concursus Maris Moluccensis]] sitae sunt; quod attinet at [[geographia]]m, eae ad [[oriens|orientem]] [[Sulavesia]]e (Celebes), ad [[occidens|occidentem]] [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]], ad [[septentrio]]nes et [[oriens|orientem]] [[Timoria]]e patent. [[Fasciculus:Nusa Pombo Atas.jpg|thumb|Amboinia]] Insula maxima est [[Halmahera]], sed [[Ternata]] et [[Tidor]] parvae prope Halmaheram sitae notiores sunt. Eodem modo [[Amboina]] parva prope ad [[Ceramia]]m maiorem sita multo potentior erat. [[Mare Moluccense|Mari Moluccensi]] Moluccae a [[Celebis|Celebis]] separatae sunt, [[Mare Ceramense]] Halmaheram a Ceramia separat. Meridiem versus a Ceramia et Amboina insulae Bandanae sitae sunt, quas ab [[insulae Sundanae minores|insulis Sundanis minoribus]] [[mare Bandanum]] separat. Alii insularum greges ad orientem et meridiem a Bandanis iacent, quarum litora [[Mare Arafuranum|mari Arafurano]] alluuntur. [[Fasciculus:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Myrmecodia in kajoe poetih boom ('mierenplant') op Ambon beneden aan de stam en boven in het midden kleine bladeren van Dischidia species.' TMnr 10006299.jpg|thumb|''[[Myrmecodia]]'' rabor Amboniae (photographema anni 1926)]] ==Natura== Plurimis harum insularum sunt [[mons|montes]], atque adeo vivi [[mons ignifer|montes igniferi]], et [[clima]] omnino est humidum. [[Flora (summatio)|Flora]] insularum parvarum et angustarum, a [[mare|mari]] maxime circumsaeptarum, est luxuriosissima, inter quam [[silva pluvialis|silvae pluviales]]; ''[[Metroxylon sagu]], [[Cycas revoluta]],'' [[planta]]eque similes; [[Oryza (victus)|oryza]]; et [[condimentum|condimenta]] celeberrima ''[[Myristica fragrans]]'' et ''[[Syzygium aromaticum]].'' [[Fasciculus:Banda 1810.jpg|thumb|Naves prope Bandam insulam (1810)]] ==Historia== Populus multarum insularum, quamquam primum [[Melanesiani]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090414051629/http://www.irja.org/anthro/malmel.htm IRJA.org].</ref> praecipue intra [[Insulae Bandanae|Insulas Bandanas]], [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]] per "bella condimentorum" enecati sunt; alter autem [[immigratio|immigrantium]] [[Austronesiani|Austronesianorum]] influx [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] ineunte sub imperio [[Nederlandia|Nederlandico]] coepit et tempore Indonesiano persistit. == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus interni== *[[Herbarium Amboinense]] *[[Archipelagus Malaicus]] ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moluccae, insulae}} [[Categoria:Mare Moluccense]] [[Categoria:Insulae Indonesiae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Moluccae|!]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} a2ecvtddgpgovjfuq2uxopbbbpej61x 0 19814 3994088 3985899 2026-10-11T21:07:46Z Platonykiss 24099 /* Appendix de diaphonia */ 3994088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Aretinus}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Statue of Guido of Arezzo.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Monumentum]] Guidoni Aretino dicatum Aretii positum.]] '''Guido Aretinus'''<ref>Etiam ''Guido Monachus'' a nonnullis [[rerum gestarum scriptor]]ibus appellatus.</ref> (natus inter annos [[990]] et [[1000]]; mortuus circa annum [[1050]]) fuit [[monachus]] [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti|Benedictinus]], [[compositor]], et continuorum graduum [[musica|musicorum]] et [[notatio musica|notationis musicae]] [[auctor]]. == Vita == In [[abbatia]] [[Pompona|Pompomensi]] apud [[Ferraria (urbs)|Ferrariam]] et postea, inter annos [[1025]] et [[1035]], [[Arretium|Aretii]] docuit. == Opera == {{Latinitas|-3}} === Epistola ad Michaelem === Epistola ad Michaelem erat serum opus Guidonis, probabile scriptum post admissionem apud papam [[Ioannes XIX|Ioannem XIX]], itaque opus serissimus Guidonis. Ut explicuit in epistula ipsa [[hymnus|hymnum]] «Ut queant laxis» esse artem memoriae <!--? "musical art of memory" melius novum reum «ars memoriae», etsi sine musica--> in provincia [[cantus planus|cantus plani]]: :''Ad inveniendum igitur ignotum cantum, beatissime Frater! prima et vulgaris regula haec est, si litteras, quas quaelibet neuma habuerit, in monochordo sonaveris, atque ab ipso audiens tamquam ab homine magistro discere poteris. Sed puerulis ista est regula, et bona quidem incipientibus, pessima autem perseverantibus. [...]'' :''Si quam ergo vocem vel neumam vis ita memoriae commendare, ut ubicumque velis, in quocumque cantu, quem scias vel nescias, tibi mox possit occurrere, quatenus mox illum indubitanter possis enuntiare, debes ipsam vocem vel neumam in capite alicuius notissimae symphoniae notare, et pro unaquaque voce memoriae retinenda huiusmodi symphoniam in promtu habere, quae ab eadem voce incipiat: utpote sit haec symphonia, qua ego docendis pueris imprimis atque etiam in ultimis utor C, D, E, F, G, a, «Ut queant laxis resonare fibris mira gestorum famuli tuorum, solve polluti labii reatum, sancte Iohannes».''<ref>Diagraphum in manuscripto tuscianense XII saeculi utitur letteras Γ, A, B, C, D, E, itaque hexachordum durum incipiens ab Gamma ut ([[Bibliotheca Bodmeriana|CH-CObodmer]] cod. [[#CObodmer77|77]], f. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240526093307/http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/doubleview/fmb/cb-0077/37v/ 37v]). Serus scriptor addebat imaginem manus apud marginem. Ecce etiam diagramma solmisationis in pagina 191 codicis montecass. [[#MC318|318]].</ref> :''Vides itaque, ut haec symphonia senis particulis suis a sex diversis incipiat vocibus? Si quis itaque uniuscuiusque particulae caput ita exercitatus noverit, ut confestim quamcumque particulam voluerit, indubitanter incipiat, easdem sex voces ubicumque viderit, secundum suas proprietates facile pronuntiare poterit. Audiens quoque aliquam neumam sine descriptione, perpende, quae harum particularum eius fini melius aptetur, ita ut finalis vox neumae et principalis particulae aequisonae sint. Certusque esto, quia in eam vocem neuma finita est, in qua conveniens sibi particula incipit. Si vero descriptam aliquam symphoniam incognitam cantare ceperis, multum cavendum est, ut ita proprie unamquamque finias neumam, ut eodem modo finis neumae bene iungatur cum principio eius particulae, quae ab eadem incipit voce, in qua neuma finita est. Ergo ut inauditos cantus, mox ut descriptos videris, competenter enunties, aut indescriptos audiens cito describendos bene possis discernere, optime te iuvabit haec regula.'' ::—Guido Aretinus, ''Epistola ad Michaelem''<ref>Editio Gerbertis ([[#Gui1784|1784]], 44-45).</ref> [[Fasciculus:Guidonian hand.jpg|thumb|Manus Guidoniana cum XX locibus per phthongos musicales quam gradus hexachordarum]] Guido utebatur [[hymnus|hymno]] «[[Ut Queant Laxis|Ut qeant laxis]]» secundum illum gradus hexachordi (''Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La'') ab versibus memorati erant.<ref>Posterior erat etiam versionem primi versus incipiens «Domine», inde syllaba ''Do'' erat usa apud solmisationem septem syllabarum ''do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si'' secundum ''Opinioni de' cantori antichi, e moderni'' a [[:it:Pier Francesco Tosi|Piero Francesco Tosi]], sed non debet confusa esse cum methodo mediaevale apud Guidonem. Guido utebatur septem notis A, B, C, D, E, F, G, sed sine confusione cum sex vocibus hexachordi.</ref> Hoc modo: :'''Ut''' queant laxis :'''Re'''sonare fibris :'''Mi'''ra gestorum :'''Fa'''muli tuorum :'''Sol'''ve polluti :'''La'''bii reatum :Sancte Iohannes. [[Fasciculus:Mano guidoniana.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Manus Guidoniana ad initium carminis «O roma nobilis orbis» cum diagramma solmisationis ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p. 291).]] Hymnus non solum dedit exemplum vitae monasticae, sed etiam prima syllaba uniusquisque versus amplio in litteris ut '''ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la''' (qui appelati erant «sex diversas voces» a Guido) monstraverunt hexachordum a melodia hymni. Inter voces intervalla sunt tonus (ut—re, re–mi, fa—sol, sol—la) et semitonium (mi—fa). Hoc quo efficitur ordinem T—T—S—T—T per hexachordum ut visibiliter apud manum manuscripto Bibliothecae Montis Casini.<ref>Symbolum intervalli est scriptum in atramento rubro super letteras «vocis» passus in alto, e.g. est scriptum «S» super C quam intervallum passus a '''B mi''' ad '''C fa'''.</ref> Hexachordum potest incipere ab '''C ut''' (hexachordum naturale), ab '''F ut''' (hexachordum molle) et ab '''G ut''' (hexachordum durum). Guido mano cum articulibus quam locos phthongorum utebatur.<ref>Verbum ''phthongus'' sive ''phthongos'' (gr. {{lang|grc|ὁ φθόγγος}}, «vox») est usum solum singulariter a Guidone («ita in harmonia sunt phtongi» cap. XV ''Micrologi''). Phthongus dicitur per unam notam quam elementum in musica si est positum loco memoriae ut certus articulus mani Guidonianae vel certa tasta tabulae lyrae vel certum punctum divisionis monochordis. Verbum «vox» quam elementum hexachordi verisimile est interpretationem latinam verbi graeci «phthongus». Verbum «[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=LmL&lemid=P00195 phthongus]» apud ''Lexicon musicum Latinum medii aevi''.</ref> Phthongi sunt Gamma ('''Γ ut''') incipiens ab pollice cum hexachordo duro, '''A re, B mi, C fa ut''' (hexachordum naturale), '''D sol re, E la mi, F fa ut''' (hexachordum molle), '''G sol re ut''' (hexachordum durum), '''a la mi re, b mi / b fa, c fa sol ut''' (hexachordum naturale) etc. Manus Guidoniana erat pars artis memoriae in musica. Difficultas est mutatio hexachordarum selectandum '''b mi''' vel '''b fa''' vel '''mi diesis''' sub '''fa''' (ut '''a diesis''' sub '''b fa''')<ref>Nonnullae versiones ''Micrologus'' tractant diesem (cap. X).</ref> atque manus est instrumentum facendum viam inter tres hexachorda. Manus paginae 291 refert tonum «autentum tetrardum» carminis «O roma nobilis orbis» (incipiendum ab '''d sol'''), inde cantor invenit a extremo minimi digiti '''b mi''' ut symbolum rubrum «T» monstrat. Itaque finalis cantus est '''G sol ut'''. Diagramma solmisationis habet solum hexachordum durum cum sex vocis ab '''G ut''': solmisatio apud verba «et domina» sunt syllabas «m[i] m[i] r[e] v[t]». === Micrologus === Hodie magis quam centum manuscripta cum scriptis Guidonis conservata sunt, fortasse unum vel duo decima erant scripta XI saeculo, maior pars eorum habet solum excerpta tractatus ''Micrologus''. Titulus graecus est traductus etiam in verba latina «brevis sermo in musica» quod habet solum viginti capitula, nonnulla tantum brevia continent solum unum periodum vel duo. Mirus est versio collectionis Montis Casini ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], pp.156-291) ubi scriptor, verisimilis cantor abbatiae quod scripsit exempla cantuum in neumis italicis, fecit excerpta multarum tractatuum notarum in capitula (pp. 6-126), deinde [[Tonarium|tonaria]] sequuntur. Ad finem collectionis (p. 156) scriptor fecit diagraphum ''Micrologi'' substituendum ultimum capitulum ab alibus viginti novem capitulis (pp. 185-291), itaque versio Montis Casini habet quadraginta et novem capitula cum extractis epistolae ad Michaelem.<ref>Capitulum ultimum est scriptum in prima pagina manuscripti: «In nomine domini incipit michrologus, id est brevis ser[mo] in musica. Quomodo [musica] ex malleorum sonitu sit inventa» ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], pp.1-2). Secundum Christianum Meyer ([[#Mey2018|2018]], nota 2) redactio capituli XX est multo similem, sed non eadem ac exemplum XII saeculi in manuscripto Tusciae ([[Bibliotheca Bodmeriana|CH-CObodmer]] ms. [[#CObodmer77|77]], ff.25v-27v) praesentem in editione Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.228-234). Meyer ([[#Mey2018|2018]], pp.174-175, tabulam) et Angelo Rusconi ([[#Rus2018|2018]], pp.202-203) descripsunt omnes compilationes collectionis in manuscriptu.</ref> Versiones manuscriptorum sunt similae, sed non eaedem. Selecta sunt duo manuscripta. Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]]) comparationem facere servit per versionem augmentatam Montis Casini. Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:2-24) habet nunnullas proprietates qui sunt conservatas a versione XIII saeculi, pars [[#clm5539|libris cantuum]] a Diessen. ==== Introductio ad litteras notarum ==== [[File:Guido e Teodaldo.jpg|thumb|Guido monachus cum monochordo et Theodaldus Cannossensis, episcopus [[Arretium|Arretii]] ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Austriaca|A-Wn]] cod. lat. 51, f.35v, ''Micrologus'' ff.35r-41v)]] Ut dixit in primo capitulo novam artem docendi apud Guidonem non repudiare usum monochordis, sed eius methodus solmisationis nominavit voces ad cognitionem ignoti vel noti cantus: Igitur qui nostram disciplinam petit, aliquantos cantus nostris notis descriptos addiscat, in monochordi usu manum exerceat, hasque regulas saepe meditetur, donec vi et natura vocum cognita ignotos ut notos cantus suaviter canat. ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. I)<ref>Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.91-92).</ref> In capitulo secundo symbola notarum esse septem explicuit et omnes XXI (b est b fa sive b rotundum, ♮ est b mi sive b quadratum): Sequuntur septem alphabeti litterae graves ideoque maioribus litteris insignitae hoc modo: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. [...] Fiunt itaque simul omnes XXI, hoc modo: Γ. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. a. b. ♮. c. d. e. f. g. aa. bb. ♮♮. cc. dd. ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. II)<ref>Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.94-95).</ref> In capitulo tertio Guido explicuit usum monochordis modo faciliore. ==== Guido et diesis ==== Cum magis quam centum manuscripta intentionem auctoris coniectare difficilis est. Tantum versionum capituli decimi sunt ubi differentiae sunt exempla selecta cum et sine notatione (e.g. [[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.168 solum cum communione «Diffusa est gratia»). Nonnullae versiones tractant diesem et quomodo inveniat ipsam a divisionibus monochordis. Exemplum est manuscriptum ex Diessen cum passo describendo diesem:<ref>[[Bibliotheca publica Bavarica|D-Mbs]] clm cod. [[#clm5539|5539]], f.129r. Ipsum capitulum habet pluriora exempla nota etiam ab alia manuscripta antiquiore ut offertorium «Desiderium animae» (f.128v) cuius melodia incipiens ab '''C ut''' est notata a letteris Guidonianis et neumis in modo inusitato, non quam «plagium tritum» cum finale '''F fa ut''', sed «autentum protum» (finalis '''D re'''). Diesis faciatur sub tertiam ('''F fa''') et sextam notam ('''b fa'''). Aliae versiones incipiant melodiam offertorii ab '''c fa ut''' et deductio toni posita est ab verso [[Tonarium|tonarii]] «Tertia dies est quod haec facta sunt» qui erat versum tonus tertii cum finale '''E mi'''. Propterea tonus offertorii sit tertium sive «autentum deuterum», atque sexta nota sit '''♮ mi''' (Gerbert [[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], exempla ii:10 & 12).</ref> Igitur haec diesis, quae, sicut supra diximus, locum semitonii sumit, nusquam sumenda est, nisi isto modo, cum tritus canitur, et tetrardus producendus est in proto, iterumque deponendus est in semetipso, vel in eodem trito, vel etiam magis infimo. ——''Micrologus'', passus describendum diesem<ref>Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:11).</ref> Itaque verbum graecum «diesis» ({{lang|grc|ἡ δίεσις}}) dicitur minutio intervalli semitonii inter voces '''mi''' et '''fa''' qui usa est in melu ceterum tonorum ut apud «autentum tritum», «autentum tetrardum» et «autentum protus».<ref>In tractatu ''Micrologo'' nomina tonorum erant secundum terminologiam byzantinam notam ab [[Tonarium#Symbola 8 tonorum|tonario]] carolingio, non secundum enumerationem apud Hucbaldem.</ref> Guido vel serus cantor redigendum tractatum explicuit etiam quomodo intervalla iusta diligenter invenire a divisionibus monochordis potuerunt. [[File:Diesis on the monochord.png|thumb|center|Modus inveniendi dieses ab divisionibus cordarum (''Micrologus'', cap. X)|531x531px]] Metitur autem hoc modo. Cum a G. ad finem feceris novem passus, reperisque a. tunc ab a. ad finem partire per septem, et in termino primae partis reperies primam diesim, inter ♮. et c. Mox secundus et tertius passus erunt vacui, quartus vero tertii diesis obtinebit locum, qui similiter erit inter ♮♮. et cc. Modo simili a d. passus fiant totidem ad finem, moxque secundae patebit locus, supradicto ordine, quae erit inter e. et f. Tunc revertens ad primam diesin, divide ad finem per quatuor, et primus item passus terminabit inter e. et f. secundus inter ♮♮. et cc. reliqui vacant. Admonemus vero lectorem, ne existimet nos desipere, eoquod primo omisimus ista scribere. Nos enim paratos habebit, post finem operis ex istis respondere sibi; nunc ad cepta revertamur. ——''Micrologus'' (cap. X)<ref>Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:11).</ref> Adiuvat monochordum quam instrumentum cum tres vel quinque cordas imaginare. Deinde, prima corda est '''G ut''', secunda est '''a re''' id est intervallum tonus (8:9) in alto, tertia corda '''d sol''' id est intervallum diapentis (2:3) in alto. Hoc modo dieses inter '''♮ mi''' et '''c fa''' (D₁) atque in octavam inter '''♮♮ mi''' et '''cc fa''' (D₂) indigent divisione secundae cordae a septem partibus equalibus. Intervallum inter '''a re''' et '''♮ mi diesis''' habet proportionem 6:7 (et 3:7 in octava quae est duplum vel dimidium cordae ab '''♮ mi diesis'''). Diesis causat augmentationem tonus inter '''re''' et '''mi''' quae est quasi tertiam '''fa'''! Alia diesis inveniatur apud cordam tertiam ab '''d re''' ubi est diesis tertia inter '''e mi''' et '''f fa''' (D₃). Quoque hinc proportio est 6:7. Intonatio intervallorum ut ditonus vel tonus augmentatus a diese non est facilis. Itaque postulat usum monochordis quam preparationem consonantiae vocum. Capitula IV-VI tractant cuncta intervalla quam species diatessaron et diapente, hexachordum quam diapente cum tono (cap. IV), species diapason (cap. V) et qualitates intervallorum quam divisones vocum (cap. VI). ==== Affinitates vocum: modus, tropus, tonus ==== Guido elaborabat institutionem de musica solum ab quattuor modibus et verbum novum quod nominabat eorum «affinitates vocum»: A—D—a, B—E—♮, C—F—c et D—G—d: Primus modus vocum est, cum vox tono deponitur, et tono et semitonio, et duobus tonis intenditur, ut A. et D. Secundus modus est, cum vox duobus tonis remissa, semitonio et duobus tonis intenditur, ut B. et E. Tertius est modus, qui semitonio et duobus tonis descendit, duobus vero tonis et semitonio ascendit, ut C. et F. Quartus vero tono deponitur, surgit autem per duos tonos et semitonium, ut G. Et nota, quod se per ordinem sequuntur, ut primus in A. secundus in B. tertius in C. Item primus in D. secundus in E. tertius in F. quartus in G. Itemque nota has vocum affinitates per diatessaron et diapente constructas: A. enim ad D, et B. ad E, et C. ad F, et D. ad G, a gravibus diatessaron, ab acutis vero diapente coniungitur hoc modo: ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. VII)<ref>Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:7-8).</ref> [[Fasciculus:Guidonis Aretini IV modi.jpg|thumb|center|Affinitates vocum in IV modibus, deest quarto diapente G—d ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.165)|500x500px]] Itaque sunt quattuor species tetrachordarum et pentachordarum quas Guido appelavit «has vocum affinitates per diatessaron et diapente» secundum ordinem: primus modus (A—D, D—a), secundus modus (B—E, E—♮), tertius modus (C—F, F—c) et quartus modus (D—G, G—d). Initium capituli refert numerum troporum esse septem (hypodorium, hypophrygium, hypolydium, dorium, phrygium, lydium et mixolydium apud Boethium), sed Guido coniunxit septem tropos cum «vocibus» A–G. Studium Guidonis in quattuor tonos plagales habendas diatessaron a gravibus non erat solum simplificationem magni systematis perfecti, sed etiam interpretationem novam quae erat fundamentum diaphoniae sive organi. Guido non indiguit specierum aliarum quattuor octavae (illae autentorum tonorum) quia erat solum quaestionem utrum diatessaron sit in positione acuta an grave. Sine dubio positio gravis erat utilior quoque in cantu autentorum tonorum. Itaque species octavae non intererant ut illae diatessaron et diapente. Videtur Guidonem evitasse verba tetrachordum et pentachordum, verisimile prohibendum confusionem aut solum vicinitatem cum hexachordo et eius sex vocibus—verbum unicum apud Guidonem et non usum prius in hoc modo. Denique modus, tropus et tonus sunt tres verba et non debet confundere inter ea. Modus refert species tetrachordis (diatessaron apud Guidonem), pentachordis (diapente apud Guidonem) et octavae (diapason apud Guidonem), tropus invicem proportiones intervallorum apud monochordem et quoque transpositae. Tropus quam verbum etiam est usus attribuendum ad proprietates geographicas ut in capitulo quattuordecimo: Horum quidam troporum exercitati ita proprietates et discretas ut ita dicam, facies extemplo ut audierint, recognoscunt, sicut peritus gentium coram positis multis habitus eorum intueri potest et dicere: hic Graecus est, ille Hispanus, hic Latinus est, ille Teutonicus, iste vero Gallus. Atque ita diversitas troporum diversitati mentium coaptatur ut unus autenti deuteri fractis saltibus delectetur, alius plagae triti eligat voluptatem, uni tetrardi autenti garrulitas magis placet, alter eiusdem plagae suavitatem probat; sic et de reliquis. ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIV)<ref>Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.158-159)</ref> Attributi graeci antiqui ut dorius, phrygius etc. desunt apud Guidonem, sed hinc coniunctionem ad «facies» troporum est manifestum. Hinc, facies referunt diversitatem inter cantores variarum regionum. Latini et graeci possunt etiam esse cantores in [[Langobardi|Italia]] ubi ritus graecus et latinus erant praesentes, non solum ritus graecus [[Thessalonica|Thessalonicae]] et in patriarchatibus [[Constantinopolis mediaevalis|Constantinopolis]], [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymae]] et [[Alexandria|Alexandriae]], et diversitas inter cantores latini ut illi [[Mosarabes|mozarabicos]] in [[Hispania Visigothica|Hispania]], cantores [[Nova Aquitania|Aquitaniae]] et [[Ducatus Lotharingiae|Lotharingiae]] in [[Francia|Gallia]], et cantores apud [[Lacus Bodamicus|lacum Bodamicum]] in [[Regnum Teutonicum|Regno Teutonico]] cum [[Helvetia]] et [[Austria]]. [[Tonarium|Tonus]] invicem referet utrum tonalitatem cantus, eius formulas, psalmodiam et intonationem (echema) in contestu aliorum verborum ut «protus» et «tritus», an intervallum cum proportione 8:9 quod potest etiam dividere duo tetrachorda sive diatessera (e.g. A—D—G–a). ==== Appendix de diaphonia ==== Ad finem tractatus capitula octodecimum et nonodecimum sunt appendicem docendum polyphoniam dictam organum sive diaphoniam apud Guidonem, atque melius «cantare cantum in diaphonia» sive «cum organo». Prima solum est ''Scolica'' et ''Musica enchiriadis'' ubi auctor tractabat polyphoniam et videtur usum systematis Dasiani cum regulis evitandis tritonum. Guido repudiabat usum ipsius et eorum absonias quoniam usum tres hexachordarum fecit usum primi obsoletum. In capitulo octodecimo facebat differentiam inter modum durum et mollem diaphoniae. Modus durus est cantare cum tres vocibus, una gravior in diatessaron sub cantum et una acutior in duplum, id est diapente super cantum. Guido nominabat consonantiam ipsarum trium vocum «aptae vocum copulationes»: Diaphonia vocum disiunctio sonat, quam nos organum vocamus, cum disiunctae ab invicem voces et concorditer dissonant et dissonanter concordant. Qua quidam ita utuntur, ut canenti semper quarta chorda succedat, ut .A. ad .D. ubi si organum per acutum .a. duplices, ut sit .A.D.a., resonabit .A. ad .D. diatessaron, ad .a. diapason; .D. vero ad utrumque .A.a., diatessaron et diapente; .a. acutum ad graviores diapente et diapason. Et quia hae tres species tanta se ad organum societate ac ideo suavitate permiscent, ut superius vocum similitudines fecisse monstratae sunt symphoniae, id est aptae vocum copulationes dicuntur, cum symphonia et de omni cantu dicatur. ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XVIII)<ref>Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.196-198).</ref> Modus mollis invicem dicitur organum cum duo vocibus qui occurunt apud distinctionem (verbum allatum a grammatica). Guido appellabat ipsum «modum nostrum». «Occursus» est verbum principale et regulae eius sunt: Qui occursus tono melius fit, ditono non adeo, semiditono numquam. ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XVIII)<ref>Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], p.203).</ref> Itaque hexachordum interest quod habet sub se semitonium et semiditonum (tertiam minorem), intervalla non apta facendum occursus. Inde vox «ut» hexachordi dicitur «vis organi». Vox organalis sequitur cantum usque ad «ut», sed deinde non descendit. Regulae dant formam diaphoniae mutandum inter motum parallelum in diatessaron, sonum tentum et occursum vocum. In capitulo nonodecimo exempla sunt ut primum exemplum per distinctionem in cantu plagii triti ubi vox cantus facet occursum, sed non vox organi: Igitur a trito non deponimus organum, sive in eo sive in sequentibus finiatur, hoc modo: ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIX)<ref>Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], pp.208-209 cum exemplo «Ipsi soli»).</ref> [[Fasciculus:Guido of Arezzo's Diaphonia example «Ipsi soli».png|thumb|center|Guidonis Aretini exemplum diaphoniae «Ipsi soli» in plagio trito sive tono sexto ad initium capituli XIX, hinc nominatum «De non deponando organum a trito» ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.183)|635x635px]] Ecce finis distinctionis in trito C. a quo non deponimus organum, quia non habet sub se tonum vel ditonum, quibus fit occursus, sed habet semiditonum, per quem non fit occursus. ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIX)<ref>Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:22).</ref> Cantores abbatiae Montis Casini mutabantur exemplum occursus secundum regulam «tono melius fit, ditono non adeo». Maiores versiones finiantur tenendo organum a '''C ut''', hinc invicem voces continuant apud syllabam finalem «li» (vox organi—<span style="color:red">vox cantus</span>) C—<span style="color:red">D</span> B—<span style="color:red">E</span> C—<span style="color:red">F</span> D—<span style="color:red">E</span> C—<span style="color:red">D</span> C—<span style="color:red">C</span>.<ref>Non C—<span style="color:red">D</span> C—<span style="color:red">E</span> C—<span style="color:red">F</span> C—<span style="color:red">E</span> C—<span style="color:red">D</span> C—<span style="color:red">C</span>. Ad comparandum imaginem in editione Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], p.209) et in editione Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:22).</ref> Aliud exemplum in plagio proto monstrat ut cantor vires organi inter '''C ut''' et '''Γ ut''' mutare debet: Item: [[Fasciculus:Guido of Arezzo's diaphonia example «Veni ad docendum nos viam prudentiae».png|thumb|center|Exemplum diaphoniae «Veni ad docendum nos viam prudentiae» in plagio proto sive tono secundo ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.184)|660x660px]] Distinctio in proto A. In hac distinctione in inferiore trito C, qui fini proxime subest D, voces admissae sunt, et locus prior finita gravitate repetitus est, ubi diximus viam prudentiae. ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIX)<ref>Editio Gerbertis ([[#GuiMicrologus|1784]], ii:23, ex. 5).</ref> Ad finem debet esse '''D re''' cum duo vocibus in unisono: pru- C—<span style="color:red">F</span> den- C—<span style="color:red">C</span> ti- D—<span style="color:red">E</span> ae D—<span style="color:red">D</span> sive ED—<span style="color:red">D</span>.<ref>Exemplum editionis Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], p.211 ex. 3) est similiorem: (1) occursus a '''A re''' apud syllabam «nos» cum vi organi '''Γ ut''': A—<span style="color:red">D</span> Γ—<span style="color:red">C</span> Γ—<span style="color:red">B</span> A—<span style="color:red">A</span> atque (2) occursus a '''D re''' cum vi organi '''C ut''': pru- C—<span style="color:red">F</span> den- C—<span style="color:red">C</span> ti- D—<span style="color:red">E</span> ae D—<span style="color:red">D</span>.</ref> Ut prima auctor tractatorum ''Musica'' et ''Scolica enchiriadis'' Guido descripsit usum cantare in diaphonia, invicem videtur diaphoniam usa esse in modo simile apud ceteras scholas cantorum [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] et [[Wintonia|Wintoniae]].<ref>Diaphonia apud ''Musicam'' et ''Scolicam enchiriadis'' erat aequo minus aestimata, fortasse etiam propter systema Dasianum. Tamen musicologus Ioannis Varellius ([[#Var2013|2013]]) invenivit fontem probandum similem usum diaphoniae apud cantores [[Bingium|Bingii]] ([[Bibliotheca Britannica|GB-Lbl]] cod. Harleianus 3019, f.56v).</ref> Exemplum est schola cantorum abbatiae Sancti Mauri Fossarum ubi fontes hagiographicae monstrant conflictionem sub abbatem Odonem educatum cantorem apud [[Abbatia Cluniacensis|abbatiam Cluniacensem]].<ref>Michel Huglo ([[#Hug1982|1982]], pp.94-98).</ref> Folius 306 recto libris gradualis et antiphonarii abbatiae ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|F-Pn]] lat. [[#Pa12584|12584]]) est testimonium antiquissimum cantus «Benedicamus domino» in plagio proto attributum ad [[Fulbertus Carnotensis|Fulbertum Carnotensem]], notatum apud cantores scholae Notre-Dame Lutetiae et in Aquitania.<ref>Michel Huglo ([[#Hug1982|1982]], exemplum in p.119).</ref> Sub eo addendi sunt organa super responsorium prolixum «Petre amas me» et alias melodias per «Benedicamus domino». Unam videtur compositionem factam super echema primi tonus sive autento proto. Hodie est quasi non legibilis, sed restitutio organi fieri potest secundum regulas diaphoniae apud Guidonem: [[Fasciculus:Organum over Benedicamus domino in autentus protus (school of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés).jpg|thumb|center|Organum super melodiam «Benedicamus domino» in autento proto secundum scholam cantorum localem abbatiae Sancti Mauri Fossarum ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|F-Pn]] lat. [[#Pa12584|12584]], f.306r)|585x585px]] Duo partes neumarum (prima vox organalis, secunda vox cantus) sunt scriptae cum neumis in campo aperto, restitutio vocis organi solum est facta in modo approximativo. Ad finem potest aut occursum aut digressionem duo vocum in consonantia octavae, sed haec restitutio est exemplum diaphoniae secundum Guidonem ubi duo distinctiones («Benedicamus», «domino») sunt factae ab occursibus.<ref>Wulf Arlt ([[#Arl1993|1993]], p.136 ex. 20a & 20b) praebet duo restitutiones organi responsorii «Martir clemens» in alio antiphonario abbatiae Sancti Mauri ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|F-Pn]] lat. 12596, f.166bis). Optiones sunt aut diaphoniam secundum Guidonem mutandum inter motum parallelum in diatessaron cum voce organi graviore, vim organi et occursum vocum, aut diaphoniam secundum cantores Aquitaniae cum mutatione vocum, occursibus vocum magis frequentibus ut voces circumdandum inter eae sunt semper in eadem altitudine. Historia notandum organos in Aquitania est dictam polyphoniam obscuram, ubi duo voces sunt notatae quam unam vocem cum voce organi in dimidio secundo, deinde cantor organi continuat ad initium.</ref> Hoc exemplum est facile. Aliud exemplum Wintoniae est multum difficilior. Versus alleluiaticus «Angelus domini descendit de caelo» in autento tetrardo est transpositus a '''G sol re ut''' ad '''C sol re ut'''.<ref>Non est visibilis in notatione troparii Wintoniae, sed melos ascendens finit a '''d sol''' ad finem tres partum, inde letterae Willelmis Volpianis sunt «cd ef ghg fg g» ad initium (F-MOf cod. H159, f.67r).</ref> Itaque opportet studiare exemplum per autentum tetrardum apud Guidonem: [[Fasciculus:Guido of Arrezzo's example for diaphonia in tetrardus.jpg|thumb|center|Exemplum «Victor ascendens caelos unde descenderat» diaphoniae in tetrardo ([[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|I-MC]] cod. [[#MC318|318]], p.184)|658x658px]] Ecce ut .F. ad .G. et .a. in finem subsequitur. ——Guido Aretinus, ''Micrologus'' (cap. XIX)<ref>Editio Josephi Smits van Waesberghe ([[#JSWGuiMl|1955]], p.213).</ref> Notatus est b rotundum sive '''b fa''' apud vocem cantus in atramento rubro preparandum descensum, propterea vox organi mutat vim organi a '''G ut''' ad '''F ut''' evitandum semiditonum et preparandum occursum in tetrardo. Versus alleluiaticus «Angelus domini descendit de caelo» tractat res similem: [[Fasciculus:Organum over «Alleluia—Angelus domini descendit de caelo» (Winchester Troper).jpg|thumb|center|Organum (f.164v) super «Alleluia—Angelus domini descendit de caelo» (f.4r) troparii Wintoniae ([[Bibliotheca Parkeriana|GB-Ccc]] cod. [[#WinTr|473]])|523x523px]] Notatio musicae melius neumae anglicae est descripta apud Andream Holschneider in capitulo secundo eius habilitationis.<ref>Andreas Holschneider ([[#Hol1968|1968]], cap. II pp.83-87).</ref> Proprietas tantum diversa quam gradualem-antiphonarium Sancti Mauri est separationem vocis cantus a organo. Itaque cantores Wintoniae utebantur structuram libellorum dictus prosarium (collectio sequentiarum vel tractuum) et troparium (collectio troporum quam versi et melodiae ad cantandum inter versos cantorum proprii missae, incipit troporum ordinarii missae erant atque utile identificare melodias). Collectio organorum facebat partem troparii, sed organi erant separati a tropibus. In Gallia organi erant additionem manus posterioris in paginis vacuis, troparium Wintoniae erat unicam collectionem organorum. In Galli organum versorum alleluiaticorum erat solum super intium dictum intonationem, inde super partem intonationis precantoris, organum alleluiae «Angelus domini» super alleluiam est completum. Verosimile usus localis cantare versos alleluiaticos sine choro erat. Restitutio organi est diversa quam apud Andream Holschneider.<ref>Andreas Holschneider ([[#Hol1968|1968]], cap. II pp.110-112).</ref> Annotatio manuscripti initiandum a C est transposita secundum transcriptionem apud Holschneider, sed debet esse clarum species octavae dicta mixolydia. Inde octava C–c est quartum modum cum E quam phthongum mobilem ('''E mi''' vel '''E fa'''), et septima minore ('''b fa''') et tono sub '''C sol''': '''B fa'''! Hexachorda Guidonis sunt ''B fa ut'' (hexachordum molle), '''C re ut''' (hexachordum durum), et hexachordum naturale initiabat '''F sol fa ut'''. Notatores et cantores templi antiqui Wintoniae utebantur letteras significativas descriptas a Notkeri Balbulo. Adiuvant coordinare vocem organi cum canto. Notator cantus facebat errorem ([[Bibliotheca Parkeriana|GB-Ccc]] cod. [[#WinTr|473]], f.4r). Super «Allelui'''a'''» deest secunda virga annotata cum «[G]». Apud «et ascendens revolvit» (ultimum verbum sine annotatione) in versiculus psalmi melodia est eamdem quam illam responsorii. Melos figurandum resurrectionem ascendit ad '''G sol''' et ad finem responsorii et ad finem psalmelli quamvis '''C ut''' sit finalis. Sine dubio interpunctio scriptoris est clarum distinctionem finire apud verba «de caelo». Organum invicem initiat cum letteris signicativis «l s», id est «levate surso» ([[Bibliotheca Parkeriana|GB-Ccc]] cod. [[#WinTr|473]], f.164v). Itaque organum initiat iam a phthongo '''G sol''' preparandum occursum primi membri in phthongo ipso quod in Gallia sit finis intonationis. Argumentum et interpretatio letterarum «io» (id est «iorsum») apud Andream Holschneider est occursum apud finalem '''C ut''' non respectare vim organi hexachordis naturalis. Invicem non est hexachordis naturalis, sed illud durum. Inde cantus faciat apud torculum '''D mi—E fa—D mi''' cum presso D C. «Iorsum» alternatim indicet mutatio ad hexachordum molle a '''B fa ut''' cum salico BBC quam duo B rotunda, si regulae Guidonis sunt relevandum. Altra solutio se offeret etiam apud verbum «descendit» ubi non faciat distinctionem ut monstrat in analogia a Guidone.<ref>Invicem Andreas Holschneider ([[#Hol1968|1968]], p.110) proponet occursum fortem a G sol contra structuram texti.</ref> Immo letterae significativae ut «l» («levate») et «e» («equaliter») gubernant vocem organi in alto ut vox organi faciat partem cantus usque ad distinctionem et occursum a finale '''C sol''' apud verba «de caelo». Intervallum diatessaron inter duo voces apud verbum «descendit» habet qualitatem ut Guido descripsit: «disiunctae ab invicem voces et concorditer dissonant et dissonanter concordant». Secundum Susannam Rankin salicus ascendit saepe solum tono vel semitonio cum tertia neuma (repetendum phthongum ad initium). Ornamentum orisci etiam causat modificationem phthongi ipsius a hemitono, id est intervallum minor quam semitonium. ==== Vocales quam machinam compositionis cantuum ==== == Fortuna == Guidoni Aretino ab [[astronomus|astronomis]] dicatus est [[Guido d'Arezzo (crater)|Guido d'Arezzo]], [[crater]] [[planeta]]e [[Mercurius (planeta)|Mercurii]]. == Notae == {{reflist|3}} == Fontes == * {{cite web |title=Lutetia, Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica, fundus lat., cod. 12584 |work=Liber gradualis, antiphonarium et processionale |location=Abbatia Sancti Mauri Fossarum vulgo Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, [[Vallis Matronae]] |date=XI saeculo |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8422977w |access-date=6 June 2024 |ref=Pa12584 }}. * {{cite web |author=Vulfstan Cantor |title=Cantabrigia, Collegio «Corpus Christi», Bibliotheca «Parker», cod. 473 |work=Troparium Wintoniae |location=[[Wintonia]] |date=1020-1040 |url=https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/catalog/yp193mg4537 |access-date=17 March 2018 |ref=WinTr }}. * {{cite web |author=Guido Aretinus |title=Archicoenobium Montis Casini, Bibliotheca archicoenobii, cod. 318 olim Q318, pp. 156-291; 1-2. |work=«Incipit Michrologus id est brevi sermo in musica editus a Domno Widone» in XLIX [!] capitula (cap. I-XIX pp. 156-184, alia cap. 185-291) cum «epistola de ignoto cantu» («Qui vero monochordum desiderat...», «Ad inveniendum igitur ignotum cantum...» p.190) et capitulum XX substitutum (pp. 1-2) in collectione tractatuum de musica cum glossario scripto in scriptura dicta beneventana et neumis beneventanis |location=Scriptorium [[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|Montis Casini archicoenobii]] |date=1080-1100 |url=https://omnes.dbseret.com/montecassino/view.jsp?cid=IT-FR0084_0318 |ref=MC318 }}. * {{cite web |author=Guido Aretinus |title=Monacum, Bibliotheca civitatis Bavariae, clm (codices latini monacenses) cod. 5539, ff.120v-142v |work=«Incipiunt Guidonis usus de musicae explanatione suisque notis ordine», libellus artis musicae (XIII saeculo) in collectione cum cantu liturgico (troparium, sequentiarium) et paraliturgico (motteti) in notatione quadrata et mensurale |location=Ecclesia collegata Augustinorum, Diessen (Bavariae Superior) |date=1400 |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00042722/image_245 |ref=clm5539 }}. * {{cite web |author=Guido Aretinus |title=Colonia allobrogum, Opus fundatum Bodmerianum, cod. 77, ff.33r-47r, ff.81, 1r-27v |url=http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/fmb/cb-0077/33r/0/ |work=«Epistola ad Michaelem» et «Micrologus» in collectione tractatuum de musica |location=[[Tuscia]]e |date=XII saeculo |ref=CObodmer77 }}. == Editiones == * {{Cite book | edition = [[Hildesia]]e 1963 reimpressio | editor-last = Gerbert | editor-first = Martin | chapter = Epistola Guidonis Michaeli monacho de ignoto cantu directa | title = Scriptores Ecclesiastici de Musica Sacra Potissimum | volume = 2 | pages = 43–50 | location = Sanct Blasius | date = 1784 | chapter-url = https://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/GUIEPI | ref = GuiEpistola }}. * {{Cite book | edition = Hildesheim 1963 reimpressio | editor-last = Gerbert | editor-first = Martin | chapter = Guido d'Arezzo ''Micrologus'' | title = Scriptores Ecclesiastici de Musica Sacra Potissimum | volume = 2 | pages = 2-24 | location = Sanct Blasius | date = 1784 | chapter-url = https://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/GUIMIC | ref = GuiMicrologus }}. * {{Cite book | publisher = American Institute of Musicology | editor-last = Smits van Waesberghe | editor-first = Joseph | title = Guidonis Aretini Micrologus | series = Corpus scriptorum de musica | volume = 4 | pages = 79–234 | location = Roma | date = 1955 | url = https://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/GUIMICR | ref = JSWGuiMl }}. * {{Cite book | publisher = Stainer and Bell | isbn = 0-85249-894-2 | editor-last = Rankin | editor-first = Susan | title = The Winchester Troper: Facsimile Edition and Introduction | location = London | date = 2007 | ref = Ran2007 }}. == Bibliographia == * {{Cite book | publisher = Clarendon | isbn = 9780193161252 | last = Arlt | first = Wulf | chapter = Stylistic Layers in 11th-Century Polyphony: How can the Continental Sources contribute to our Understanding of the Winchester Organa? | pages = 101-144 | editors = Susan Rankin, David Hiley | title = Music in the Medieval English Liturgy | location = Oxford, New York, Toronto etc. | series = Plainsong & Mediaeval Music Society Centennial Essays | date = 1993 | ref = Arl1993 | url = https://archive.org/details/musicinmedievale00susa }}. * {{cite book |last=Holschneider |first=Andreas |date=1968 |title=Die Organa von Winchester: Studien zum ältesten Repertoire polyphoner Musik |degree=Habilitation Universität Hamburg 1967 |publisher=Georg Olms |location=Hildesheim |language=de |ref=Hol1968 }} (interpretatio capitulorum [https://www.robcwegman.org/materialia/Rob%20C%20Wegman%20-%20Holschneider%20Andreas,%20Winchester%20Organa%20ch.%202%20(1968,%20trans.%202016).pdf II] et [https://www.robcwegman.org/materialia/Rob%20C%20Wegman%20-%20Holschneider%20Andreas,%20Winchester%20Organa%20ch.%203%20(1968,%20trans.%202016).pdf III] in Anglice a Rob C. Wegman). * {{cite book |last=Huglo|first=Michel |chapter=Les débuts de la polyphonie à Paris: les premiers 'organa' parisiens |title=Aktuelle Fragen der musikbezogenen Mittelalterforschung : Texte zu einem Basler Kolloquium des Jahres 1975 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbICcgAACAAJ |series=Forum musicologicum |volume=3 |date=1982 |publisher=Amadeus |location=Winterthur |pages=93-164 |language=fr |ref=Hug1982 }} ([https://www.robcwegman.org/materialia/Rob%20C%20Wegman%20-%20Huglo%20Michel%20The%20First%20Parisian%20Organa%20(1982,%20trans.%202016).pdf interpretatio in Anglice a Rob C. Wegman]). * {{Cite book | publisher = Brepols | isbn = 978-2-503-57828-6 | volume = 51 | pages = 159–193 | editors = Laura Albiero & Isabelle Draelants | last1 = Meyer| first1 = Christian | title = Sciences du quadrivium au Mont-Cassin. Regards croisés sur le manuscrit Montecassino, Archivio dell'Abbazia 318 | chapter = Une anthologie au carrefour des savoirs et des cultures | location = Turnhout | series = Bibliologia elementa ad librorum studia pertinentia | date = 2018 | ref = Mey2018 }}. * {{Cite encyclopedia |publisher=Istituto Giovanni Treccani |last=Ruini |first=Cesarino |title=GUIDO d'Arezzo (Guido Aretinus) |series=Dizionario biografico degli italiani |volume=61 |date=2004 |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/guido-d-arezzo_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ }}. * {{Cite book | publisher = Viella | isbn = 978-88-8334-932-4 | volume = 10 | pages = 45–50 | editors = Nicola Tangari | last1 = Rusconi| first1 = Angelo | title = Musica e liturgia a Montecassino nel medioevo. Atti del Simposio internazionale di studi (Cassino, 9-10 dicembre 2010) | chapter = Per un’edizione di Montecassino 318 | location = Roma | series = Scritture e libri del medioevo | date = 2012 | ref = Rus2012 }}. * {{Cite book | publisher = Brepols | isbn = 978-2-503-57828-6 | volume = 51 | pages = 195–213 | editors = Laura Albiero & Isabelle Draelants | last1 = Rusconi| first1 = Angelo | title = Sciences du quadrivium au Mont-Cassin. Regards croisés sur le manuscrit Montecassino, Archivio dell'Abbazia 318 | chapter = Il ms. Montecassino 318 e la tradizione di Guido d'Arezzo | location = Turnhout | series = Bibliologia elementa ad librorum studia pertinentia | date = 2018 | ref = Rus2018 }}. * {{Cite journal | url = https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261127913000053 | doi = 10.1017/S0261127913000053 | issn = 0261-1279, 1474-0559 | volume = 32 | pages = 277–315 | last = Varelli | first = Giovanni | title = Two Newly Discovered 10th-Century Organa | journal = Early Music History | date = 2013-09-27 | ref = Var2013 }}. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109224218/http://www.bookmine.org/music/arezzo.mp3 De Guidone Aretino.] [[MP3]]. * [http://www.musicologie.org/publirem/mafucci_fr.html ''Guido d'Arezzo: les vingt premières années de sa vie.''] {{Ling|Francogallice|Latine}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 10|1050|Guido Aretinus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Latini mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Benedictini]] [[Categoria:Compositores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de musica]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] 8q2a3rkx51lwyemwzwx0tmtrnqhaamv 0 20425 3994047 3866285 2026-10-11T15:13:21Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 Solitas emendatiiones feci. 3994047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''10 Octobris''' [[dies]] 283ª anni est (284ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 82 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] '''ante diem sextum Idus Octobres''' (a.d.VI Id. Oct.) {{Calendarium-Octobris}} == Eventa == === Saeculo 18 === * [[1780]] (- [[16 Octobris]]) - [[Furacanum Magnum anni 1780|Furacano Magno]] circa 22 milia hominum necantur per [[Martinica]]m, [[Barbata]]m, et [[Sancti Eustatii insula|S. Eustatii insulam]]. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1824]] - [[Guadalupe Victoria]] primus praeses [[Mexicum|Mexici]] nominatur. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1911]] - In [[Sinae|Sinis]] [[Domus Qing|domus imperatorum Qing]] ex imperio pellitur, et [[Res publica Sinarum]] conditur. * [[1920]] - [[Italiam]] [[Provincia Bauzanensis|Tirolem meridionalem]] annectat. * [[1930]] - [[Georgius Mironescu]] novus praeses ministrorum [[Romania]]e fit. * [[1962]] - In [[Germania]] perodicum ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' commentarium "Bedingt abwehrbereit" (non plane ad defensionem promptus) de exercitu Germanico publicat. [[Franciscus Iosephus Strauß]] [[Administer Foederalis Defensionis Publicae]] idcirco diurnarios propter secreta profanata in carcerem iaci iubet, sed postea ipse ob hanc rem magistratum relinquere coagetur. * [[1970]] - [[Viti|Insulae Vitienses]] libertatem a [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] adipiscuntur. * [[1981]] - [[Bonna]]e trecenta milia hominum pro armis atomicis reducendis demonstrant. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2005]] - [[Angela Merkel]] cancellaria Germaniae nominatur. * [[2010]] - [[Antillae Nederlandenses]] dissolvuntur. == Nati == === Saeculo 15 === * [[1470]] - [[Selimus I (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Selimus I]] sultanus [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1520]]) * [[1486]] - [[Carolus III Sabaudiae|Carolus III]], dux [[Sabaudia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1553]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1731]] - [[Henricus Cavendish]], [[chemicus]], [[physicus]], et naturae peritus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1810]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1813]] - [[Iosephus Verdi]], compositor [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1901]]) * [[1830]] - [[Isabella II (regina Hispaniae)|Isabella II]], regina [[Hispania]]e (†&nbsp;[[1904]]) * [[1834]] - [[Alexius Kivi]], [[scriptor]] [[Finnia|Finnicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1872]]) * [[1858]] - [[Aelius Morpurgo]], vir politicus Italicus (†&nbsp;[[1944]]) * [[1861]] - [[Fridtjof Nansen]], explorator [[Polus septentrionalis|poli septentrionalis]], legatus laureatusque [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis componendae|praemii Nobeliani pacis componendae]] (†&nbsp;1930) * [[1863]] - [[Vladimirus Obručev]], geologus, geographus et [[scriptor]] [[Russia|Russicus]] et [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus [[1956]]) * [[1877]] - [[Gulielmus Ricardus Morris, vicecomes Nuffield]], machinator et philanthropus Anglicus (†&nbsp;[[1963]]) * [[1890]] - [[Morley Isaac Griswold]], gubernator [[Nivata]]e (†&nbsp;[[1951]]) === Saeculo 20 === * 1901 - [[Albertus Giacometti]], artifex [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (†&nbsp;[[1966]]) * [[1910]] **[[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]] origine [[India]]e; (†&nbsp;[[1995]]) **[[Price Daniel]], gubernator [[Texia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1988]]) * [[1913]] - [[Claudius Simon]], scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&nbsp;2005) * [[1917]] - [[Thelonius Monk]], musicus iazensis Americanus (†&nbsp;[[1982]]) * [[1918]] - [[Wernerus Dollinger]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[CSU]] (†&nbsp;[[2008]]) * [[1930]] ** [[Haroldus Pinter]], scriptor Britannicus (†&nbsp;2008) ** [[Ivo Chauvin]], [[chemicus]] Francicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemo Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&nbsp;[[2015]]) * [[1936]] - [[Gerhardus Ertl]], chemicus Germanicus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus * [[1941]] - [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], scriptor et politicorum peritus [[Nigeria]]nus (†&nbsp;[[1995]]) * [[1942]] - [[Radu Vasile]], rerum politicorum peritus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[2013]]) * 1944 - [[Balthasar Henricus Porras Cardozo]], [[archiepiscopus]] civitatis [[Emerita (Venetiola)|Emeritae]] ([[Venetiola]]). * [[1946]] ** [[Kan Naoto]], primus minister [[Iaponia]]e ** [[Carolus Dance]], histrio Britannicus * [[1948]] - [[Rogerius B. Wilson]], gubernator [[Missuria]]e * [[1951]] - [[Gulielmus Brase]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[SPD]] * [[1958]] - [[Tanya Tucker]], cantrix Americana * [[1959]] - [[Gulielmus Rammell]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]] * 1966 - [[Carolyn R. Bertozzi]], chemica Americana, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affecta * [[1967]] ** [[Ionathan Littell]], scriptor Franco-Americanus ** [[Gavinus Newsom]], gubernator [[California]]e * [[1969]] - [[Dilsa Demirbag-Sten]], scriptrix et [[diurnaria]] [[Suecia|Suecica]] * [[1975]] - [[Nuntia De Girolamo]], rerum politicarum Italica * [[1983]] - [[Jelle Van Damme]], pedilusor [[Belgica|Belgicus]] * [[1985]] - [[Marina Diamandis]], cantrix [[Cambria|Cambrica]] * [[1991]] - [[Gabriella Cilmi]], cantrix [[Australia]]na == Mortui == === Saeculo 1 === * [[19]] - [[Germanicus]], dux militaris Romanus === Saeculo 5 === * [[425]] seu [[426]] - [[Atticus Constantinopolitanus|Atticus]] [[archiepiscopus]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanus]] === Saeculo 9 === * [[827]] - [[Eugenius II]] [[papa]] (*&nbsp;ignoto anno) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1659]] - [[Abel Tasman]], navarchus et explorator [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1603]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1837]] - [[Carolus Fourier]], [[philosophus]] et [[oeconomia]]e peritus Francicus (natus [[1722]]) * [[1872]] - [[Gulielmus Henricus Seward]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1801]]) * [[1875]] - [[Alexius Tolstoj]], [[poeta]] et scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1817]]) * [[1890]] - [[Christianus Cavallin]], vir linguarum classicarum peritus Suecicus (*&nbsp;[[1831]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1914]] - [[Carolus I (rex Romaniae)|Carolus I]], rex [[Romania]]e (*&nbsp;[[1839]]) * [[1937]] - [[Ahmet Refik Altınay]], scriptor, poeta, [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Turcia|Turcicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1881]]) * [[1970]] - [[Eduardus Daladier]], primus minister Franciae (*&nbsp;[[1884]]) * [[1973]] - [[Ludovicus de Mises]], oeconomicus [[Austria]]cus (*&nbsp;1881) * [[1985]] - [[Orson Welles]], histrio et moderator cinematographicus Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1915]]) * [[1986]] - [[Michael Pellegrino]], archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Taurinensis|Taurinensis]] ac [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae catholicae]] (*&nbsp;[[1903]]) === Saeculo 21 === * [[2004]] - [[Christophorus Reeve]], histrio Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1952]]) * 2010 - [[Ioanna Sutherland]], supranus [[Australia]]na (*&nbsp;[[1926]]) * [[2012]] - [[Carola Porta Musa]], scriptrix Italica (*&nbsp;[[1902]]) * [[2015]] - [[Ricardus Heck]], chemicus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus (*&nbsp;[[1931]]) == Festa et Feriae == * Dies Sanctorum [[Cassius et Florentius|Cassii et Florentii]] ([[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesia orthodoxa]] et urbs [[Bonna]]) * [[Dies poenam capitalem abrogandi]] * [[Dies salutis mentis]] * Dies Nationalis ([[Viti|Insulae Vitienses]]) * Festum [[Franciscus Borgia|Sancti Francisci Borgiae]], confessoris (calendarium Romanae ecclesiae antiquum) {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] goidi8r52s3tjacu7o39eybow8iig6o 3994048 3994047 2026-10-11T15:14:13Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 litera superflua 3994048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''10 Octobris''' [[dies]] 283ª anni est (284ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 82 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] '''ante diem sextum Idus Octobres''' (a.d.VI Id. Oct.) {{Calendarium-Octobris}} == Eventa == === Saeculo 18 === * [[1780]] (- [[16 Octobris]]) - [[Furacanum Magnum anni 1780|Furacano Magno]] circa 22 milia hominum necantur per [[Martinica]]m, [[Barbata]]m, et [[Sancti Eustatii insula|S. Eustatii insulam]]. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1824]] - [[Guadalupe Victoria]] primus praeses [[Mexicum|Mexici]] nominatur. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1911]] - In [[Sinae|Sinis]] [[Domus Qing|domus imperatorum Qing]] ex imperio pellitur, et [[Res publica Sinarum]] conditur. * [[1920]] - [[Italia]] [[Provincia Bauzanensis|Tirolem meridionalem]] annectat. * [[1930]] - [[Georgius Mironescu]] novus praeses ministrorum [[Romania]]e fit. * [[1962]] - In [[Germania]] perodicum ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' commentarium "Bedingt abwehrbereit" (non plane ad defensionem promptus) de exercitu Germanico publicat. [[Franciscus Iosephus Strauß]] [[Administer Foederalis Defensionis Publicae]] idcirco diurnarios propter secreta profanata in carcerem iaci iubet, sed postea ipse ob hanc rem magistratum relinquere coagetur. * [[1970]] - [[Viti|Insulae Vitienses]] libertatem a [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] adipiscuntur. * [[1981]] - [[Bonna]]e trecenta milia hominum pro armis atomicis reducendis demonstrant. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2005]] - [[Angela Merkel]] cancellaria Germaniae nominatur. * [[2010]] - [[Antillae Nederlandenses]] dissolvuntur. == Nati == === Saeculo 15 === * [[1470]] - [[Selimus I (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Selimus I]] sultanus [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1520]]) * [[1486]] - [[Carolus III Sabaudiae|Carolus III]], dux [[Sabaudia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1553]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1731]] - [[Henricus Cavendish]], [[chemicus]], [[physicus]], et naturae peritus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1810]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1813]] - [[Iosephus Verdi]], compositor [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1901]]) * [[1830]] - [[Isabella II (regina Hispaniae)|Isabella II]], regina [[Hispania]]e (†&nbsp;[[1904]]) * [[1834]] - [[Alexius Kivi]], [[scriptor]] [[Finnia|Finnicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1872]]) * [[1858]] - [[Aelius Morpurgo]], vir politicus Italicus (†&nbsp;[[1944]]) * [[1861]] - [[Fridtjof Nansen]], explorator [[Polus septentrionalis|poli septentrionalis]], legatus laureatusque [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis componendae|praemii Nobeliani pacis componendae]] (†&nbsp;1930) * [[1863]] - [[Vladimirus Obručev]], geologus, geographus et [[scriptor]] [[Russia|Russicus]] et [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus [[1956]]) * [[1877]] - [[Gulielmus Ricardus Morris, vicecomes Nuffield]], machinator et philanthropus Anglicus (†&nbsp;[[1963]]) * [[1890]] - [[Morley Isaac Griswold]], gubernator [[Nivata]]e (†&nbsp;[[1951]]) === Saeculo 20 === * 1901 - [[Albertus Giacometti]], artifex [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (†&nbsp;[[1966]]) * [[1910]] **[[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]] origine [[India]]e; (†&nbsp;[[1995]]) **[[Price Daniel]], gubernator [[Texia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1988]]) * [[1913]] - [[Claudius Simon]], scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&nbsp;2005) * [[1917]] - [[Thelonius Monk]], musicus iazensis Americanus (†&nbsp;[[1982]]) * [[1918]] - [[Wernerus Dollinger]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[CSU]] (†&nbsp;[[2008]]) * [[1930]] ** [[Haroldus Pinter]], scriptor Britannicus (†&nbsp;2008) ** [[Ivo Chauvin]], [[chemicus]] Francicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemo Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&nbsp;[[2015]]) * [[1936]] - [[Gerhardus Ertl]], chemicus Germanicus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus * [[1941]] - [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], scriptor et politicorum peritus [[Nigeria]]nus (†&nbsp;[[1995]]) * [[1942]] - [[Radu Vasile]], rerum politicorum peritus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[2013]]) * 1944 - [[Balthasar Henricus Porras Cardozo]], [[archiepiscopus]] civitatis [[Emerita (Venetiola)|Emeritae]] ([[Venetiola]]). * [[1946]] ** [[Kan Naoto]], primus minister [[Iaponia]]e ** [[Carolus Dance]], histrio Britannicus * [[1948]] - [[Rogerius B. Wilson]], gubernator [[Missuria]]e * [[1951]] - [[Gulielmus Brase]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[SPD]] * [[1958]] - [[Tanya Tucker]], cantrix Americana * [[1959]] - [[Gulielmus Rammell]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]] * 1966 - [[Carolyn R. Bertozzi]], chemica Americana, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affecta * [[1967]] ** [[Ionathan Littell]], scriptor Franco-Americanus ** [[Gavinus Newsom]], gubernator [[California]]e * [[1969]] - [[Dilsa Demirbag-Sten]], scriptrix et [[diurnaria]] [[Suecia|Suecica]] * [[1975]] - [[Nuntia De Girolamo]], rerum politicarum Italica * [[1983]] - [[Jelle Van Damme]], pedilusor [[Belgica|Belgicus]] * [[1985]] - [[Marina Diamandis]], cantrix [[Cambria|Cambrica]] * [[1991]] - [[Gabriella Cilmi]], cantrix [[Australia]]na == Mortui == === Saeculo 1 === * [[19]] - [[Germanicus]], dux militaris Romanus === Saeculo 5 === * [[425]] seu [[426]] - [[Atticus Constantinopolitanus|Atticus]] [[archiepiscopus]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanus]] === Saeculo 9 === * [[827]] - [[Eugenius II]] [[papa]] (*&nbsp;ignoto anno) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1659]] - [[Abel Tasman]], navarchus et explorator [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1603]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1837]] - [[Carolus Fourier]], [[philosophus]] et [[oeconomia]]e peritus Francicus (natus [[1722]]) * [[1872]] - [[Gulielmus Henricus Seward]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1801]]) * [[1875]] - [[Alexius Tolstoj]], [[poeta]] et scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1817]]) * [[1890]] - [[Christianus Cavallin]], vir linguarum classicarum peritus Suecicus (*&nbsp;[[1831]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1914]] - [[Carolus I (rex Romaniae)|Carolus I]], rex [[Romania]]e (*&nbsp;[[1839]]) * [[1937]] - [[Ahmet Refik Altınay]], scriptor, poeta, [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Turcia|Turcicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1881]]) * [[1970]] - [[Eduardus Daladier]], primus minister Franciae (*&nbsp;[[1884]]) * [[1973]] - [[Ludovicus de Mises]], oeconomicus [[Austria]]cus (*&nbsp;1881) * [[1985]] - [[Orson Welles]], histrio et moderator cinematographicus Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1915]]) * [[1986]] - [[Michael Pellegrino]], archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Taurinensis|Taurinensis]] ac [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae catholicae]] (*&nbsp;[[1903]]) === Saeculo 21 === * [[2004]] - [[Christophorus Reeve]], histrio Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1952]]) * 2010 - [[Ioanna Sutherland]], supranus [[Australia]]na (*&nbsp;[[1926]]) * [[2012]] - [[Carola Porta Musa]], scriptrix Italica (*&nbsp;[[1902]]) * [[2015]] - [[Ricardus Heck]], chemicus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus (*&nbsp;[[1931]]) == Festa et Feriae == * Dies Sanctorum [[Cassius et Florentius|Cassii et Florentii]] ([[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesia orthodoxa]] et urbs [[Bonna]]) * [[Dies poenam capitalem abrogandi]] * [[Dies salutis mentis]] * Dies Nationalis ([[Viti|Insulae Vitienses]]) * Festum [[Franciscus Borgia|Sancti Francisci Borgiae]], confessoris (calendarium Romanae ecclesiae antiquum) {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] fi1nbynp04pg4douwcrzciwovrf7tdk 3994050 3994048 2026-10-11T15:15:36Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 /* Festa et Feriae */ Nexum dulicem delevi. 3994050 wikitext text/x-wiki '''10 Octobris''' [[dies]] 283ª anni est (284ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 82 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] '''ante diem sextum Idus Octobres''' (a.d.VI Id. Oct.) {{Calendarium-Octobris}} == Eventa == === Saeculo 18 === * [[1780]] (- [[16 Octobris]]) - [[Furacanum Magnum anni 1780|Furacano Magno]] circa 22 milia hominum necantur per [[Martinica]]m, [[Barbata]]m, et [[Sancti Eustatii insula|S. Eustatii insulam]]. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1824]] - [[Guadalupe Victoria]] primus praeses [[Mexicum|Mexici]] nominatur. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1911]] - In [[Sinae|Sinis]] [[Domus Qing|domus imperatorum Qing]] ex imperio pellitur, et [[Res publica Sinarum]] conditur. * [[1920]] - [[Italia]] [[Provincia Bauzanensis|Tirolem meridionalem]] annectat. * [[1930]] - [[Georgius Mironescu]] novus praeses ministrorum [[Romania]]e fit. * [[1962]] - In [[Germania]] perodicum ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' commentarium "Bedingt abwehrbereit" (non plane ad defensionem promptus) de exercitu Germanico publicat. [[Franciscus Iosephus Strauß]] [[Administer Foederalis Defensionis Publicae]] idcirco diurnarios propter secreta profanata in carcerem iaci iubet, sed postea ipse ob hanc rem magistratum relinquere coagetur. * [[1970]] - [[Viti|Insulae Vitienses]] libertatem a [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] adipiscuntur. * [[1981]] - [[Bonna]]e trecenta milia hominum pro armis atomicis reducendis demonstrant. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2005]] - [[Angela Merkel]] cancellaria Germaniae nominatur. * [[2010]] - [[Antillae Nederlandenses]] dissolvuntur. == Nati == === Saeculo 15 === * [[1470]] - [[Selimus I (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Selimus I]] sultanus [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1520]]) * [[1486]] - [[Carolus III Sabaudiae|Carolus III]], dux [[Sabaudia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1553]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1731]] - [[Henricus Cavendish]], [[chemicus]], [[physicus]], et naturae peritus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1810]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1813]] - [[Iosephus Verdi]], compositor [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1901]]) * [[1830]] - [[Isabella II (regina Hispaniae)|Isabella II]], regina [[Hispania]]e (†&nbsp;[[1904]]) * [[1834]] - [[Alexius Kivi]], [[scriptor]] [[Finnia|Finnicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1872]]) * [[1858]] - [[Aelius Morpurgo]], vir politicus Italicus (†&nbsp;[[1944]]) * [[1861]] - [[Fridtjof Nansen]], explorator [[Polus septentrionalis|poli septentrionalis]], legatus laureatusque [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis componendae|praemii Nobeliani pacis componendae]] (†&nbsp;1930) * [[1863]] - [[Vladimirus Obručev]], geologus, geographus et [[scriptor]] [[Russia|Russicus]] et [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus [[1956]]) * [[1877]] - [[Gulielmus Ricardus Morris, vicecomes Nuffield]], machinator et philanthropus Anglicus (†&nbsp;[[1963]]) * [[1890]] - [[Morley Isaac Griswold]], gubernator [[Nivata]]e (†&nbsp;[[1951]]) === Saeculo 20 === * 1901 - [[Albertus Giacometti]], artifex [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (†&nbsp;[[1966]]) * [[1910]] **[[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]] origine [[India]]e; (†&nbsp;[[1995]]) **[[Price Daniel]], gubernator [[Texia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1988]]) * [[1913]] - [[Claudius Simon]], scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&nbsp;2005) * [[1917]] - [[Thelonius Monk]], musicus iazensis Americanus (†&nbsp;[[1982]]) * [[1918]] - [[Wernerus Dollinger]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[CSU]] (†&nbsp;[[2008]]) * [[1930]] ** [[Haroldus Pinter]], scriptor Britannicus (†&nbsp;2008) ** [[Ivo Chauvin]], [[chemicus]] Francicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemo Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&nbsp;[[2015]]) * [[1936]] - [[Gerhardus Ertl]], chemicus Germanicus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus * [[1941]] - [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], scriptor et politicorum peritus [[Nigeria]]nus (†&nbsp;[[1995]]) * [[1942]] - [[Radu Vasile]], rerum politicorum peritus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[2013]]) * 1944 - [[Balthasar Henricus Porras Cardozo]], [[archiepiscopus]] civitatis [[Emerita (Venetiola)|Emeritae]] ([[Venetiola]]). * [[1946]] ** [[Kan Naoto]], primus minister [[Iaponia]]e ** [[Carolus Dance]], histrio Britannicus * [[1948]] - [[Rogerius B. Wilson]], gubernator [[Missuria]]e * [[1951]] - [[Gulielmus Brase]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[SPD]] * [[1958]] - [[Tanya Tucker]], cantrix Americana * [[1959]] - [[Gulielmus Rammell]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]] * 1966 - [[Carolyn R. Bertozzi]], chemica Americana, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affecta * [[1967]] ** [[Ionathan Littell]], scriptor Franco-Americanus ** [[Gavinus Newsom]], gubernator [[California]]e * [[1969]] - [[Dilsa Demirbag-Sten]], scriptrix et [[diurnaria]] [[Suecia|Suecica]] * [[1975]] - [[Nuntia De Girolamo]], rerum politicarum Italica * [[1983]] - [[Jelle Van Damme]], pedilusor [[Belgica|Belgicus]] * [[1985]] - [[Marina Diamandis]], cantrix [[Cambria|Cambrica]] * [[1991]] - [[Gabriella Cilmi]], cantrix [[Australia]]na == Mortui == === Saeculo 1 === * [[19]] - [[Germanicus]], dux militaris Romanus === Saeculo 5 === * [[425]] seu [[426]] - [[Atticus Constantinopolitanus|Atticus]] [[archiepiscopus]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanus]] === Saeculo 9 === * [[827]] - [[Eugenius II]] [[papa]] (*&nbsp;ignoto anno) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1659]] - [[Abel Tasman]], navarchus et explorator [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1603]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1837]] - [[Carolus Fourier]], [[philosophus]] et [[oeconomia]]e peritus Francicus (natus [[1722]]) * [[1872]] - [[Gulielmus Henricus Seward]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1801]]) * [[1875]] - [[Alexius Tolstoj]], [[poeta]] et scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1817]]) * [[1890]] - [[Christianus Cavallin]], vir linguarum classicarum peritus Suecicus (*&nbsp;[[1831]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1914]] - [[Carolus I (rex Romaniae)|Carolus I]], rex [[Romania]]e (*&nbsp;[[1839]]) * [[1937]] - [[Ahmet Refik Altınay]], scriptor, poeta, [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Turcia|Turcicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1881]]) * [[1970]] - [[Eduardus Daladier]], primus minister Franciae (*&nbsp;[[1884]]) * [[1973]] - [[Ludovicus de Mises]], oeconomicus [[Austria]]cus (*&nbsp;1881) * [[1985]] - [[Orson Welles]], histrio et moderator cinematographicus Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1915]]) * [[1986]] - [[Michael Pellegrino]], archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Taurinensis|Taurinensis]] ac [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae catholicae]] (*&nbsp;[[1903]]) === Saeculo 21 === * [[2004]] - [[Christophorus Reeve]], histrio Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1952]]) * 2010 - [[Ioanna Sutherland]], supranus [[Australia]]na (*&nbsp;[[1926]]) * [[2012]] - [[Carola Porta Musa]], scriptrix Italica (*&nbsp;[[1902]]) * [[2015]] - [[Ricardus Heck]], chemicus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus (*&nbsp;[[1931]]) == Festa et Feriae == * Dies Sanctorum [[Cassius et Florentius|Cassii et Florentii]] ([[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesia orthodoxa]] et urbs Bonna) * [[Dies poenam capitalem abrogandi]] * [[Dies salutis mentis]] * Dies Nationalis ([[Viti|Insulae Vitienses]]) * Festum [[Franciscus Borgia|Sancti Francisci Borgiae]], confessoris (calendarium Romanae ecclesiae antiquum) {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] hl16qej27e8pk2z5a6etcuh02kwdgti 3994052 3994050 2026-10-11T15:16:33Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 /* Festa et Feriae */ Nexum duplicem delevi. 3994052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''10 Octobris''' [[dies]] 283ª anni est (284ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 82 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] '''ante diem sextum Idus Octobres''' (a.d.VI Id. Oct.) {{Calendarium-Octobris}} == Eventa == === Saeculo 18 === * [[1780]] (- [[16 Octobris]]) - [[Furacanum Magnum anni 1780|Furacano Magno]] circa 22 milia hominum necantur per [[Martinica]]m, [[Barbata]]m, et [[Sancti Eustatii insula|S. Eustatii insulam]]. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1824]] - [[Guadalupe Victoria]] primus praeses [[Mexicum|Mexici]] nominatur. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1911]] - In [[Sinae|Sinis]] [[Domus Qing|domus imperatorum Qing]] ex imperio pellitur, et [[Res publica Sinarum]] conditur. * [[1920]] - [[Italia]] [[Provincia Bauzanensis|Tirolem meridionalem]] annectat. * [[1930]] - [[Georgius Mironescu]] novus praeses ministrorum [[Romania]]e fit. * [[1962]] - In [[Germania]] perodicum ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' commentarium "Bedingt abwehrbereit" (non plane ad defensionem promptus) de exercitu Germanico publicat. [[Franciscus Iosephus Strauß]] [[Administer Foederalis Defensionis Publicae]] idcirco diurnarios propter secreta profanata in carcerem iaci iubet, sed postea ipse ob hanc rem magistratum relinquere coagetur. * [[1970]] - [[Viti|Insulae Vitienses]] libertatem a [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] adipiscuntur. * [[1981]] - [[Bonna]]e trecenta milia hominum pro armis atomicis reducendis demonstrant. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2005]] - [[Angela Merkel]] cancellaria Germaniae nominatur. * [[2010]] - [[Antillae Nederlandenses]] dissolvuntur. == Nati == === Saeculo 15 === * [[1470]] - [[Selimus I (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Selimus I]] sultanus [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Ottomanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1520]]) * [[1486]] - [[Carolus III Sabaudiae|Carolus III]], dux [[Sabaudia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1553]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1731]] - [[Henricus Cavendish]], [[chemicus]], [[physicus]], et naturae peritus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1810]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1813]] - [[Iosephus Verdi]], compositor [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1901]]) * [[1830]] - [[Isabella II (regina Hispaniae)|Isabella II]], regina [[Hispania]]e (†&nbsp;[[1904]]) * [[1834]] - [[Alexius Kivi]], [[scriptor]] [[Finnia|Finnicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1872]]) * [[1858]] - [[Aelius Morpurgo]], vir politicus Italicus (†&nbsp;[[1944]]) * [[1861]] - [[Fridtjof Nansen]], explorator [[Polus septentrionalis|poli septentrionalis]], legatus laureatusque [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis componendae|praemii Nobeliani pacis componendae]] (†&nbsp;1930) * [[1863]] - [[Vladimirus Obručev]], geologus, geographus et [[scriptor]] [[Russia|Russicus]] et [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus [[1956]]) * [[1877]] - [[Gulielmus Ricardus Morris, vicecomes Nuffield]], machinator et philanthropus Anglicus (†&nbsp;[[1963]]) * [[1890]] - [[Morley Isaac Griswold]], gubernator [[Nivata]]e (†&nbsp;[[1951]]) === Saeculo 20 === * 1901 - [[Albertus Giacometti]], artifex [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (†&nbsp;[[1966]]) * [[1910]] **[[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]] origine [[India]]e; (†&nbsp;[[1995]]) **[[Price Daniel]], gubernator [[Texia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1988]]) * [[1913]] - [[Claudius Simon]], scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]] (†&nbsp;2005) * [[1917]] - [[Thelonius Monk]], musicus iazensis Americanus (†&nbsp;[[1982]]) * [[1918]] - [[Wernerus Dollinger]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[CSU]] (†&nbsp;[[2008]]) * [[1930]] ** [[Haroldus Pinter]], scriptor Britannicus (†&nbsp;2008) ** [[Ivo Chauvin]], [[chemicus]] Francicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemo Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&nbsp;[[2015]]) * [[1936]] - [[Gerhardus Ertl]], chemicus Germanicus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus * [[1941]] - [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], scriptor et politicorum peritus [[Nigeria]]nus (†&nbsp;[[1995]]) * [[1942]] - [[Radu Vasile]], rerum politicorum peritus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[2013]]) * 1944 - [[Balthasar Henricus Porras Cardozo]], [[archiepiscopus]] civitatis [[Emerita (Venetiola)|Emeritae]] ([[Venetiola]]). * [[1946]] ** [[Kan Naoto]], primus minister [[Iaponia]]e ** [[Carolus Dance]], histrio Britannicus * [[1948]] - [[Rogerius B. Wilson]], gubernator [[Missuria]]e * [[1951]] - [[Gulielmus Brase]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[SPD]] * [[1958]] - [[Tanya Tucker]], cantrix Americana * [[1959]] - [[Gulielmus Rammell]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]] * 1966 - [[Carolyn R. Bertozzi]], chemica Americana, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affecta * [[1967]] ** [[Ionathan Littell]], scriptor Franco-Americanus ** [[Gavinus Newsom]], gubernator [[California]]e * [[1969]] - [[Dilsa Demirbag-Sten]], scriptrix et [[diurnaria]] [[Suecia|Suecica]] * [[1975]] - [[Nuntia De Girolamo]], rerum politicarum Italica * [[1983]] - [[Jelle Van Damme]], pedilusor [[Belgica|Belgicus]] * [[1985]] - [[Marina Diamandis]], cantrix [[Cambria|Cambrica]] * [[1991]] - [[Gabriella Cilmi]], cantrix [[Australia]]na == Mortui == === Saeculo 1 === * [[19]] - [[Germanicus]], dux militaris Romanus === Saeculo 5 === * [[425]] seu [[426]] - [[Atticus Constantinopolitanus|Atticus]] [[archiepiscopus]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanus]] === Saeculo 9 === * [[827]] - [[Eugenius II]] [[papa]] (*&nbsp;ignoto anno) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1659]] - [[Abel Tasman]], navarchus et explorator [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1603]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1837]] - [[Carolus Fourier]], [[philosophus]] et [[oeconomia]]e peritus Francicus (natus [[1722]]) * [[1872]] - [[Gulielmus Henricus Seward]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1801]]) * [[1875]] - [[Alexius Tolstoj]], [[poeta]] et scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1817]]) * [[1890]] - [[Christianus Cavallin]], vir linguarum classicarum peritus Suecicus (*&nbsp;[[1831]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1914]] - [[Carolus I (rex Romaniae)|Carolus I]], rex [[Romania]]e (*&nbsp;[[1839]]) * [[1937]] - [[Ahmet Refik Altınay]], scriptor, poeta, [[historicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Turcia|Turcicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1881]]) * [[1970]] - [[Eduardus Daladier]], primus minister Franciae (*&nbsp;[[1884]]) * [[1973]] - [[Ludovicus de Mises]], oeconomicus [[Austria]]cus (*&nbsp;1881) * [[1985]] - [[Orson Welles]], histrio et moderator cinematographicus Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1915]]) * [[1986]] - [[Michael Pellegrino]], archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Taurinensis|Taurinensis]] ac [[cardinalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae catholicae]] (*&nbsp;[[1903]]) === Saeculo 21 === * [[2004]] - [[Christophorus Reeve]], histrio Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1952]]) * 2010 - [[Ioanna Sutherland]], supranus [[Australia]]na (*&nbsp;[[1926]]) * [[2012]] - [[Carola Porta Musa]], scriptrix Italica (*&nbsp;[[1902]]) * [[2015]] - [[Ricardus Heck]], chemicus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano chemiae affectus (*&nbsp;[[1931]]) == Festa et Feriae == * Dies Sanctorum [[Cassius et Florentius|Cassii et Florentii]] ([[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|ecclesia orthodoxa]] et urbs Bonna) * [[Dies poenam capitalem abrogandi]] * [[Dies salutis mentis]] * Dies Nationalis (Insulae Vitienses) * Festum [[Franciscus Borgia|Sancti Francisci Borgiae]], confessoris (calendarium Romanae ecclesiae antiquum) {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] 22ua719j2lla7et3i1da38h1tni57vb 0 32155 3994032 3718359 2026-10-11T14:39:08Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Hermaphroditus (discretiva)}} '''''Hermaphroditus''''' est liber carminum eroticorum ab [[Antonius Panormita|Antonio Panormita]] scriptus. Anno 1824 [[Fridericus Carolus Forberg]] editionem recensuit ''Hermaphroditi''; cui editioni cum notis eruditissimis addidit florilegium ex scriptoribus linguae Graecae, Latinae, Italicae ad coitum figurasque venereas pertinens. == Nexus externi == *''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609085047/http://www.ipa.net/%7Emagreyn2/hermaphroditus.pdf Hermaphroditus]'': Textus Latine *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071113213034/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001523641 Eugene O'Connor, "Panormita's reply to his critics: the 'Hermaphroditus' and the literary defense"] [Anglice] {{Lit-stipula}} {{Nexus absunt}} [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae Renascentes]] [[Categoria:Siciliae scripta]] [[Categoria:Libri de re veneria]] 9vofukh80cldj27shqb02huuh95c583 0 42167 3994127 3821242 2026-10-12T09:17:21Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:AspergesMe.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Incipit ''Asperges Me'' in Libro Usuali]] '''''Liber Usualis''''' est [[liber]] [[chorus |choralis]] cantuum [[Musica Gregoriana |Gregorianorum]], ab anno [[1896]] usque ad annum [[1964]] a [[monachus |monachis]] [[abbatia]]e ''Saint-Pierre de Solesmes'' in [[Francia]] editus, qui permultos cantus celebrationum [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] iuxta [[Ritus Romanus|ritum Romanum]] continet, tum e [[Graduale Romanum|Graduali Romano]], tum ex [[Antiphonarium officii|Antiphonali]] desumptos. In ''Libro Usuali'' inveniuntur cantus [[Missa|missae]] dominicarum et festorum, desunt autem pro maxima parte missae feriarum. Item inveniuntur [[Vespera (liturgia)|vesperae]] dominicarum et festorum, cantus ad laudes adhibendi raro, cantus [[Matutinum|matutini]] autem aliquot dierum maximi momenti tantum (ut puta Nativitatis Domini, [[Triduum Sacrum|Tridui sacri]], et similium). Editiones ''Libri usualis'' inter se differunt, tum [[Notatio musica|notatione]] (saepius quadrata cum quatuor lineis, rarius hodierna cum quinque), tum linguis rubricarum (Latina, Francogallica, Anglica vel Batava). ''Liber Usualis'' in usu est praesertim a his qui ritum Romanum ‘veterem’, scilicet qui ante [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum|Concilium Vaticanum II]] ubique vigebat, sequuntur; qui autem ritum ‘novum’, scilicet post Concilium introductum, sequuntur, potius Graduali Romano utuntur. ==Lege etiam== * ''Liber usualis missae et officii pro dominicis et festis cum cantu Gregoriano ex editione Vaticana adamussim excerpto a Solesmensibus Monachis.'' [[1896]]. Desclée: Paris/Tournai: Desclée. * ''Liber Usualis with Introduction and Rubrics in English.'' [[1997]]. Reprint of the Tournai edition of [[1953]]. Great Falls, Montana: St. Bonaventure Publishing. ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210321082444/http://www.solesmes.com/ Abbatia Solesmensis] * [http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/liberusualis.pdf Liber Usualis (1961) PDF] (115 MB) [[Categoria:Liturgia]] [[Categoria:Sacra supellex]] [[Categoria:Musica]] riop9k9f1gs19myb10qo69qr4xrtbhu 0 44055 3994023 3992431 2026-10-11T13:24:32Z Grufo 64423 Minora 3994023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Aretinus}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Petrus Aretinus'''<ref>{{Lexfons}} s.v. ''PETRUS Aretinus''</ref> ([[Italice]] ''Pietro Aretino,'' natus [[Arretium|Arretii]] die 19/[[20 Aprilis]] [[1492]]; mortuus [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] die [[21 Octobris]] [[1556]]) fuit [[scriptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]]. Philologia linguaque Latina reiectis linguam maternam [[lingua Italiana|Italicam]] fovebat. Dicitur primum omnium e scriptis suis impressis emolumenta diurnaria nancisci: addi oportet patronos nonnumquam sibi attraxisse non quia admirabant sed quia scripta eius satyrica metuebant. [[Fasciculus:Raphael LeoX ClementVII.jpg|thumb|Patronorum Petri Aretini secundus ([[Leo X]] papa, ad dextram partem) tertiusque ([[Clemens VII|Iulius Medices]], papa Clemens VII futurus, ad sinistram) anno [[1518]] a [[Raphaël Sanctius Urbinas|Raphaele Sanctio Urbinate]] picti]] Filius fuit calceolarii, nomine ''Luca del Tura'', uxorisque, nomine ''Tita'' vel ''Margherita Bonci''. Pater post aliquot annos, familia relicta, exercitui se inscripsit.<ref>{{qc|id= ''Famiglia''; Luzio, ed. (1884)}} pp. 385-387</ref> Matris faciem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Matthaeus Lappoli||it|qid=Q6789677}} artifex Arretinus ad [[virgo Maria|Mariam virginem]] fingendam olim depinxit; illa nobilis Ludovici Bacci amica erat, cuius cognatus, Iulianus Bacci, ibidem in figura angeli depictus est.<ref name="Madonna">"''Giulian Bacci, allora giovane, di bellissima aria ... ritraendo nella volta della Madonna la madre di M. Pietro Aretino famosissimo poeta''": {{qc|id= Vasari (1568)}} [https://archive.org/details/levitedepiveccel01vasa/page/450/mode/2up vol. 1 pars 2 p. 451]</ref> Petrus ergo familiam Bacci bene cognovit: inter iuvenes huius familiae, Gualterius Bacci eum ''fratello honorandissimo'', seipsum ''vostro fratello'' et ''buon fratello'' nuncupavit, atque mox Franciscus (de morte Gualterii nuntians) talibus verbis Petrum ''fratello mio honorando ... Pietro mio carissimo'', seipsum ''vostro caro fratello'' appellavit.<ref>{{qc|id= ''Lettere al Aretino'' (1552)}} [https://archive.org/details/letterescritteal12unse/page/158/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 159-161], [https://archive.org/details/letterescritteal12unse_0/page/172/mode/2up vol. 2 pp. 172-173].</ref> Petrus Aretinus domo a matre educatus est: in scholis Christianam religionem tantum imbibit, neque ab ullo praeceptore Latinam linguam neque Graecam didicit.<ref>{{qc|id= ''Lettere''}} 1:200, 2:242 editionis Parisinae</ref> Ab anno fere 1507 [[Perusia]]e morabat, ubi tiro picturam litterasque iuxta Franciscum Bontempi discebat dum carmina iuvenilia sub titulo ''Opera nova'' [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] quoquomodo anno [[1512]] divulgari curavit: nam se canere confessus est ''... sol per satisfar quel che più deggio / Francisco de Bontempi Perusino / Che per altri occhi al mondo più non veggio''. Postea in epistulis Perusiam hortum fuisse scripsit ubi iuventus sua primum floruerat.<ref>{{qc|id= ''Opera nova'' (1512)}}. Franciscus de Bontempi illius carminis idem fortasse fuit atque Franciscus Buoncambi cui epistulam direxit: {{qc|id= ''Lettere''}} [https://archive.org/details/bancorari_120_images/page/n43/mode/2up vol. 1 f. 20rv]</ref> Romam anno [[1516]] pervenisse censetur, ubi a principio in domo hominis locupletissimi [[Augustinus Chigius|Augustini Chigii]] laboravit: ''sendo quasi garzone, mi balzò appresso d'Agostino Chigi, dove sarei morto, pensando, che pur' era mercatante, se io non havessi risuscitato l'animo ne gli apparati, nelle cene, con la pompa, de le quali piu volte fece stupir' Leone inventore de la grandezza de i Papi.''<ref>{{qc|id= ''Lettere''}} [https://archive.org/details/bancorari_120_images/page/n103/mode/2up vol. 1 f. 50r]</ref> Post duos fere annos in domum papae [[Leo X|Leonis X]] intravit, de quo haec postea: ''non saria opra da ogniuno il giudicare chi piu gli dilettasse, ò la vertu de i dotti o le ciancie de i buffoni''.<ref>{{qc|id= ''Lettere''}} [https://archive.org/details/bancorari_120_images/page/n26/mode/1up vol. 1 f. 11v]</ref> Leo anno [[1521]] mortuus erit. Petrus iam illis annis amicus [[Iulius Medices|Iulii Medicis]] fit, cuius electio ad pontificatum anno 1521 pluribus scriptis scurrilibus favere inutiliter coepit: eo tempore anonymus quis de versibus Petri Aretini talia innuit: ''Fa sol che lo Aretino ti sia amico / Perchè gli è mal nemico a chi l'acquiste ... Dio ne guardi ciascun dalla sua lingua''<ref>{{qc|id= Rossi, ed., ''Pasquinate'' (1891)}} p. 161</ref> [[Hadrianus IV|Hadriano IV]] electo, sed post duos annos mortuo, Iulius anno [[1523]] electus nomenque Clementis VII adsumpsit. Se ''secretario del mondo'' nuncupavit.<ref>{{qc|id= ''Lettere''}} vol. 2 p. 356 editionis nationalis</ref> Apud Vasarium anno [[1548]] postulavit exemplar depictionis matris suae, a Matthaeo Lappoli olim pictae, in ecclesia S. Augustini Arretii eo aevo servata (sed hodie deperdita); id quod Vasarius post tres menses perfecit Petroque misit, qui amico [[Titianus Vecellius|Titiano Vecellio]] statim monstravit: hi ambo temptabant in effigie matris faciem filiolae Adriae recognoscere.<ref>{{qc|id= ''Lettere''}} [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10175735?page=158,159 vol. 5 f. 67r], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10175735?page=258,259 117r-118r]</ref> Vasarius ipse in editione altera ''Vitarum'' opus Lappoli commendavit.<ref name="Madonna" /> == Opera potiora == [[Fasciculus:Pietro aretino, opera nova del fecundissimo giovene pietro pictore arretino, per zoppino, venezia 1512 (bibl. marciana).jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|''Opera nova del fecundissimo giovane Pietro Pictore Aretino'', 1512]] [[Fasciculus:Giovanni Britto (attributed) and Pietro Aretino - Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino MET DP108988 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Stanze di M. Pietro Aretino'', 1537]] * 1512 : {{ec|id= ''Opera nova'' (1512)|c= ''Opera nova del fecundissimo giovane Pietro Pictore Aretino''; [https://archive.org/details/OperaNovaAC Editio Danielis Romei], [https://www.academia.edu/27575058/PIETRO_ARETINO_Opera_nova_Edizione_critica_e_commento_di_Danilo_Romei alibi] }} * 1524 : ''Laude di Clemente VII max. opt. p.'' [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00048293 Textus] * 1525 : ''Cortigiana comedia'' [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10207862 Editio 1535] * 1526 : ''Sonetti lussuriosi'' (''I modi''); [[:s:it:Sonetti lussuriosi (edizione 1792)|Textus apud Vicifontem]] * 1533 : ''Il marescalco'' [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10165915 Editio 1535], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10207863 alia] * 1534-1536 : ''Sei giornate'' (''Ragionamento della Nanna e della Antonia''; ''Dialogo nel quale la Nanna insegna alla Pippa sua figliola''); [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10189695 Ragionamenti: editio 1584/1589 pars 1], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10189696 2], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10207870 3]; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11103801 versio Latina] * 1534 : ''I sette salmi de la penitentia di David'' (''Aretino pentito''); [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10151953 Editio 1536], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11019477 1539], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10172916 1545], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10176446 1548] * 1535 : ''Marfisa''; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FMbzkyDF9zsC/ Textus] * 1535 : ''La passione di Giesù''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10151951 Textus]; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10172917 editio 1545] * 1535 : ''I tre ''[—'' quattro'']'' libri della humanità di Christo''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10982309 Textus]; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10205741 editio 1540], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10172927 1545] * 1536-1538 : ''Angelica'' (''Le lagrime d'Angelica'') [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10983517 Editio 1549] * 1537 : ''Stanze ... in lode di madonna Angela Sirena''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10165916 Textus] * 1538-1557 : ''Lettere'' (vide {{qc|id= ''Lettere''}} infra) * 1538 : ''Ragionamento ... de le corti''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10857925 Textus] * 1539 : ''Il genesi''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10176444 Textus]; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10176445 editio 1545] * 1539 : ''La vita di Maria Vergine''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10208877 Textus] * 1540 : ''La vita di Catherina vergine''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10208833 Textus] * 1540 : ''Orlandino''; [[:s:it:Orlandino (Aretino)|Editio apud Vicifontem]] * 1542 : ''La Talanta''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00048201 Editio Londiniensis 1588] * 1542 : ''Lo hipocrito''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10189692 Textus] * 1543 : ''La vita di San Tomaso signor d'Aquino''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10208879 Textus] * 1543 : ''Dialogo ... nel quale si parla del giuoco'' (''Le carte parlanti''); [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10172918 Editio 1545], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10754013 1650] * 1546 : ''Il filosofo''; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10189691 Editio 1549] * 1546 : ''L'Horatia''; [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102210646 Editio 1549] * 1547 : ''Astolfeida''; [https://copioni.corrierespettacolo.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ARETINO%20Pietro__Astolfeida__null__null__Unavailable__0.pdf Editio recens] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Aretino Lettere 1538 1st ed tp.jpg|thumb|Aretini ''Lettere'', 1538 (epistularum liber primus, Venetiis divulgatus): titulus]] ; Fontes fere coaevi * {{ec|id= Academia degli Intronati (1539)|c= ''Abbattimento Poetico del divino Aretino, et del bestiale Albicante ... celebrata nella Academia de gli Intronati à Siena'' [ {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Albertus Albicante|Giovanni Alberto Albicante|d|qid=Q141599988}}, Pietro Aretino]. 1539; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00065807 Textus] }} * {{ec|id= ''Capitoli'' (1540)|c= ''Capitoli Del S. Pietro Aretino, Di M. Lodovico Dolce, Di M. Francesco Sansovino, Et Di Altri Acvtissimi Ingegni''. Venetiis: Curtio Navò; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb00070213 Textus] }} * {{ec|id= ''Capricciosi ragionamenti'' (1660)|c= ''Capricciosi et piaceuoli ragionamenti di M. Pietro Aretino'' [aliorumque]. Cosmopoli, 1660; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10754016 Textus] }} * {{ec|id= Doni; Procaccioli, ed. (1998)|c= [[Antonius Franciscus Doni]]; Paolo Procaccioli, ed., ''Contra Aretinum; Teremoto; Vita ''[''dell'infame Pietro Aretino'']''; Oratione funerale; con un'appendice di lettere''. Romae: Vecchiarelli, 1998 }} * {{ec|id= Franco (1539)|c= {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nicolaus Francus|Nicolò Franco|it|qid=Q706230}}, ''Pistole vulgari''. Venetiis: Francesco Marcolini, 1539; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5BTyBE3GxXgC/ Textus apud Internet Archive] }} * {{ec|id= ''Lettere''|c= ''Lettere di M. Pietro Aretino''. Venetiis: Francesco Marcolini [aliique], 1538-1557; [https://archive.org/details/bancorari_120_images/ vol. 1], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10142585?page=2,3 alibi], [https://archive.org/details/lelettredimpietr0000aret/ editio correcta vol. 1] {{GB|fONfAAAAcAAJ|editio 2a vol. 1}}; [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10175730?page=6,7 vol. 2], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10175731?page=6,7 3], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10175734?page=4,5 4], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10175735?page=6,7 5], [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10175732?page=4,5 6] }} * {{ec|id= ''Lettere al Aretino'' (1552)|c= ''Lettere scritte al signor Pietro Aretino''. 2 voll. Venetiis: Francesco Marcolini, 1552; [https://archive.org/details/letterescritteal12unse/ vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/letterescritteal12unse_0/ vol. 2 apud Internet Archive] }} * {{ec|id= Luzio, ed., ''Famiglia'' (1884)|c= Alessandro Luzio, "[https://archive.org/details/giornalestoricod04toriuoft/page/360/mode/2up La famiglia di Pietro Aretino]" in ''Giornale storico della letteratura italiana'' vol. 4 (1884) pp. 361-388 }} * {{ec|id= Romano (1991)|c= Angelo Romano, ''Periegesi aretiniane. Testi schede e note biografiche intorno a Pietro Aretino''. Romae: Antenore, 1991 }} * {{ec|id= Rossi, ed., ''Pasquinate'' (1891)|c= Vittorio Rossi, ed., ''Pasquinate di Pietro Aretino ed anonime per il conclave e l'elezione di Adriano VI''. Panormi: Carlo Clausen, 1891; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=oxu1.602426754&seq=11 Textus apud Hathi Trust] }} * {{ec|id= Vasari (1550)|c= [[Georgius Vasarius]], ''Le vite de piu eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori italiani''. Florentiae; [https://archive.org/details/gri_vitedepivecc01vasa Partes 1-2], [https://archive.org/details/gri_vitedepivecc03vasa pars 3] }} * {{ec|id= Vasari (1568)|c= [[Georgius Vasarius]], ''Le vite de' piu eccellenti pittori, scultori, et architettori'' [editio 2a aucta]. Florentiae: I Giunti; [https://archive.org/details/levitedepiveccel01vasa Partes 1-2], [https://archive.org/details/levitedepiveccel02vasa pars 3 vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/levitedepiveccel03vasa pars 3 vol. 2] }} * {{ec|id= Daelli, ed., ''Vita'' (1864)|c= ''Vita di Pietro Aretino scritta da Francesco Berni'' [re vera ab alio quodam inimico composita]. Mediolani: Daelli, 1864 {{Google Books|OpBtWeHwRLMC}} }} ; De vita et opere * [[Gulielmus Apollinaire|Guillaume Apollinaire]], "[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/43822/43822-h/43822-h.htm Essai de bibliographie Arétinesque]" in ''L'Œeuvre du divin Arétin. II. Les Ragionamenti'' (Lutetiae: Bibliothèque des Curieux, 1910) pp. i-xxix * Christopher Cairns, ''Pietro Aretino and The Republic of Venice. Researches on Aretino and his circle in Venice, 1527–1556''. Florentiae: Olschki, 1985; [https://archive.org/details/pietroaretinorep0000cair Exemplar mutuabile] * Thomas Caldecott Chubb, ''Aretino: Scourge of Princes''. Novi Eboraci: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1940; [https://archive.org/details/aretinoscourgeof0000chub/page/n7/mode/2up Exemplar mutuabile] * James Cleugh, ''The divine Aretino: Pietro of Arezzo, 1492-1556: a biography''. Londinii: Anthony Blond, 1965; [https://archive.org/details/divinearetino0000cleu Exemplar mutuabile] * Marco Faini, Paola Ugolini, edd., ''A Companion to Pietro Aretino''. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2021 {{ISBN|9789004348059}} * Paula Findlen, "Humanismus, Politik und Pornographie im Italien der Renaissance" in Lynn Hunt, ed., ''Die Erfindung der Pornographie. Obszönität und die Ursprünge der Moderne'' (Francofurti: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1994) pp. 44–131 * Klaus W. Hempfer, "Aretinos Bezugnahme auf die Tradition des poema cavalleresco und die Problematik des anticlassicismo" in ''Antike und Abendland'' vol. 71 (2025) pp. 91–147 (in interrete reperienda) * Johannes Hösle, ''Pietro Aretinos Werk''. Berolini, 1969 * Edward Hutton, ''Pietro Aretino: the scourge of princes''. Londinii: Constable, 1922 {{Penna}}; [https://archive.org/details/pietroaretinosco00hutt/ Textus] * Giuliano Innamorati, "[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-aretino_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ Aretino, Pietro]" in ''Dizionario biografico degli italiani'' vol. 4 (Romae, 1960) pp. 89-104 * Paul Larivaille, ''Pietro Aretino fra Rinascimento e Manierismo''. Romae, 1980 * Bertrand Levergeois, ''L'Arétin ou l'insolence du plaisir'', Paris, Fayard, 1999 * ''Pietro Aretino nel cinquecentenario della nascita: atti del convegno, 1992''. 2 voll. Roma, Salerno Editrice, 1995 * Angelo Romano, ''Periegesi aretiniane. Testi schede e note biografiche intorno a Pietro Aretino''. Romae: Antenore, 1991 * William T. Rossiter, "'I was Born in One City, but Raised in Another': Aretino's Perugian Apprenticeship" in ''Renaissance Studies'' vol. 37 (2023) pp. 166-191 * Francesco Sberlati, ''L’infame: storia di Pietro Aretino''. Venetiis, 2018 * Klaus Thiele-Dohrmann, ''Kurtisanenfreund und Fürstenplage: Pietro Aretino und die Kunst der Enthüllung''. Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler, 1998 * Raymond B. Waddington, ''Aretino’s Satyr: sexuality, satire, and self-projection in sixteenth-century literature and art''. Toronti: University of Toronto Press, 2003 {{ISBN|9788822265715}} * Raymond B. Waddington, ''Pietro Aretino: subverting the system in Renaissance Italy''. Farnham, 2013 * Loel Zwecker, ''Pietro Aretino, der Machiavelli der Kunstkritik''. Bernae: Meyer, 2017 ; Specialia * Bernadine Barnes, "[https://www.academia.edu/18297326/Aretino_the_Public_and_the_Censorship_of_Michelangelos_Last_Judgment?email_work_card=reading-history Aretino, the public, and the censorship of Michelangelo's ''Last Judgment'']" in Elizabeth C. Childs, ed., ''Suspended license: censorship and the visual arts'' (University of Washington Press, 1997), pp.&nbsp;59–84 * Anna Bisceglia, Matteo Ceriana, Paolo Procaccioli, edd., ''Inchiostro per colore: arte e artisti in Pietro Aretino''. Romae, 2019 * Anna Bisceglia, Matteo Ceriana, Paolo Procaccioli, edd., ''Pietro Aretino e l’arte del Rinascimento''. Florentiae, 2019 * Elise Boillet, "L'Aretin et les papes de son temps" in Florence Alazard, Frank La Brasca, edd., ''La Papauté à la Renaissance'' (Lutetiae: Éditions Honoré Champion, 2007) pp.&nbsp;324–363 * Élise Boillet, ''L’Aretin et la Bible''. Genavae, 2007 * Marco Faini, "Pietro Aretino, St. John the Baptist and the rewriting of the Psalms" in ''Renaissance Rewritings'' (2017. ISBN 978-3-11-052502-1) pp. 225–252 * Luba Freedman, ''Titian's Portraits Through Aretino's Lens''. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995 * Patricia H. Labalme, "Personality and Politics in Venice: Pietro Aretino" in David Rosand, ed., ''Titian: His World and His Legacy'' (Novi Eboraci, 1982) pp. 119–132 * Paolo Procaccioli, "[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-aretino_(Enciclopedia-machiavelliana)/ Aretino, Pietro]" in ''Enciclopedia machiavelliana''. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2014 * Paolo Procaccioli, "Due re in Parnaso: Aretino e Bembo nella Venezia del doge Gritti" in Giorgio Patrizi, ed., ''Sylva: studi in onore di Nino Borsellino'' (Romae, 2002), vol. 1 pp. 207–231 * Francine Prose, Xavier F. Salomon, ''Titian's Pietro Aretino''. Frick Collection, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-911282-71-6}} * William T. Rossiter, "[https://www.academia.edu/80765622/Lingua_Eius_Loquetur_Mendacium_Pietro_Aretino_and_the_Margins_of_Reformation_Diplomacy 'Lingua eius loquetur mendacium': Pietro Aretino and the Margins of Reformation Diplomacy]" in ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' vol. 82 (2019) pp. 519-537 * Bette Talvacchia, ''Taking positions: on the erotic in Renaissance culture''. Princeton, 1999 * Raymond B. Waddington, "Pietro Aretino, religious writer" in ''Renaissance Studies'' vol. 20 (2006) pp. 277–292; [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24416742 JSTOR] * Raymond B. Waddington, ''Titian's Aretino: a contextual study of all the portraits''. Florentiae: Olschki, 2018. {{ISBN|9788822265715}} == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://www.wga.hu/database/glossary/illustri/aretino.html Biographia apud wga.hu.] {{Ling|Anglice}} * Tanya Rautiainen, ''[https://helda.helsinki.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/eb08a6d8-0042-4295-869f-fb25ea1caac2/content “The Spectacle of Scandal”: ecclesiastical censorship and self-censoring of early 16th century Italian erotic satire]'' (dissertatio Universitatis Helsinkiensis, 2024) {{Lifetime|1492|1556|Aretinus, Petrus}} [[Categoria:Petrus Aretinus|!]] [[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]] [[Categoria:Erotici]] [[Categoria:Satyrici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]] [[Categoria:Epistolographi]] 3z2n90dxewuk9rv7simict4kgvd60n0 0 44547 3994028 3903890 2026-10-11T13:52:58Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} {{Vicificanda}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Hagen Kleinert''' (natus [[Twardogóra]] in [[Silesia]] Inferiore die [[15 Iunii]] [[1941]]), est [[Scientia (ratio)|philosophus]] [[natura]]e [[germania|Germanicus]], insuper [[physica|rerum physicarum]] investigator necnon magister [[physica]]e contemplationis in [[Universitas Libera Berolinensis|Universitate Libera Berolinensii]]. Est socius honoris causa [[Academia Scientiarum Russica|Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]] pro bono ingenio et Magister Artium ac Doctor ad honorem in Alma Matre [[Pisphecum|Pispheci]]. Anno 2008<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200611072922/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/mbp.html.</ref> ei adiudicatum est praemium pro [[Maximus Born|Maximo Born]] nominatum, cum decore<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20071110004430/https://www.dpg-physik.de/dpg/preise/preistraeger/max-born-preis.pdf.</ref> Id fiebat pro auxiliis datis in studiis de forma [[Physica particularum elementarium|physica particularum]] ac solida [[materia]]. ==Actiones== {{Latinitas dolet|Auxilium eius ad librum qui [[Leo Landau|Leonis Landau]] diem natalem celebrabat anno centesimo postquam natus est contulit in eum honorem [[Hectoris Majoranae]] physici anno duo millesimo nono ([[2009]]) cum gemma ut tropaeum ingenii sui}}. Postea honorem accepit Magistri Artium ac Doctoris ab Occidenti Romanica Universitate [[Timisvaria]]e. Scripsit plurima commentaria de [[mathematica|mathematicis]] problematibus ad quaestiones physicas collatis elementarisque particulis, quod attinet ad [[nucleus|nucleos]], compositas species elementorum, fluida [[crystallum|crystalla]], [[biomembrana]]s, parvas mixturas, [[polymerum|polymera]], et alia opera mentis circa conatus negotiatorios. Invenimus aliquos codices suos de physicae contemplatione. Praeclarus pervulgatusque liber eius praetitulatus ''Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, and Polymer Physics'' editus est quater ab anno 1990. In ultimis duobus manuscriptis sunt {{Latinitas dolet|capitula de integrarum itineris notionum collatione ad mercatus negotiatorios}}.<ref>B. I. Henry, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200414060953/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/b5/reviews/picrithenry.doc Book Review, Australian Physics 44, 110 (2007)].</ref> Cum apud [[Boulder (Coloratum)|Boulder]] in [[Universitas Coloratensis apud Boulder|Universitate Coloratensi]] laureatus esset, annis inter 1965 et 1967 de notione [[Relativitatis generalis]] praecepta didicit a [[Georgius Gamov|Georgio Gamov]] inter patres theoriae impetus [[Fragor Maximus|Magno Fragore]]. Cum etiam iuvenis magister esset, anno 1972 venit ad "Caltechias"{{Dubsig}} (consociatas communitates) et statim est a clarissimo physico [[Ricardus Feynman|Ricardo Feynman]] commotus. Itaque Kleinert reperit quomodo integrarum itineris notione utamur ut integrae rationis itineris notiones in [[hydrogenum|hydrogeni]] atomo solvi possint.<ref>Duru I. H., Hagen Kleinert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080309160840/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_re65/65.pdf "Solution of the path integral for the H-atom", Physics Letters B 84, 185 (1979)].</ref><ref>Duru I. H., Hagen Kleinert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070627191646/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_re83/83.pdf "Quantum Mechanics of H-Atom from Path Integrals", Fortschr. Phys. 30, 401 (1982)].</ref> Hic labor praecepta a Feynman perfecta amplius in physica pandit. Postea<ref> {{cite journal | title = Travailler avec Feynman | author = Hagen Kleinert | journal = Pour La Science | volume = 19 | pages = 89-95 | year = 2004 | doi = | url = http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/feynman/feynmanw-Dateien/FEYNMAN_CH11_30avr.pdf}}</ref> Kleinert cum [[Ricardus Feynman]]o postremo operi suo interfuit.<ref>[[Richard P. Feynman|Feynman R. P.]], Hagen Kleinert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200312135004/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/159/159.pdf "Effective Classical Partition Functions", [[Physical Review]] A 34, 5080 (1986)]</ref> Hoc perturbatae mutationis rationi profuit quae {{Latinitas dolet|nunc de indicis<ref>Hagen Kleinert. [http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/279/279.pdf "Critical exponents from seven-loop strong-coupling φ4 theory in three dimensions"]. ''[[Physical Review]]'' D 60, 085001 (1999).</ref> in discrimine perscriptio maxime iusta exprimit}}. Is exitus finitimus videtur secundo ordini calentis viva vi permotionis ut elii fluida acriter condicio firmavit in astrorum vehiculorum experimentis.<ref>Lipa J.A.,[https://web.archive.org/web/20200312135109/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/papers/lipa.pdf "Specific heat of liquid helium in zero gravity very near the lambda point", ''[[Physical Review]]'' B 68, 174518 (2003).]</ref> De quantorum in [[quarcha|quarchis]] rationibus reliqua elementa<ref>Hagen Kleinert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200311041449/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/45/45.pdf "Bilocal Form Factors and Regge Couplings", Nucl. Physics B65, 77 (1973)]</ref> invenit ab origine in [[Tullius Regge|Tulli Reggi]] algebra, ab N. [[Nicolaus Cabibbo|Cabibbo]], L. Horvitio et I. Neemanio coniecta ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200611072910/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/papers/neeman1.pdf p.232] in<ref>Ne'eman Y., Reddy V. T. N., [https://web.archive.org/web/20200312135143/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/papers/neemredd.pdf "Universality in the Algebra of Vertex Strengths as Generated by Bilocal Currents"], ''Nucl. Phys.'' B 84, 221-233 (1981).</ref>). Cum C. Maki magistro fere crystallorum sub specie media icosaedricam architecturam explanavit.<ref>Hagen Kleinert, Maki K., [https://web.archive.org/web/20200426005943/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/75/75.pdf "Lattice Textures in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals", Fortschritte der Physik 29, 219 (1981)].</ref> Graphicis cogitandis variationum de physicis vectoribus discriminis punctum triplex anno millesimo nongentesimo octogesimo secundo ([[1982]]) prospexit.<ref>Hagen Kleinert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200311041517/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/97/97.pdf "Disorder Version of the Abelian Higgs Model and the Order of the Superconductive Phase Transition", Lett. Nuovo Cimento 35, 405 (1982)].</ref> Prognostica vere sunt patefacta a computariis simulationibus in [[Mons Carolus|Monte Carolo]] anno [[2002]].<ref>Hove J., Mo S., Sudbo A., [https://web.archive.org/web/20200314093626/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/papers/sudbotre064524.pdf "Vortex interactions and thermally induced crossover from type-I to type-II superconductivity", Phys. Rev. B 66, 064524 (2002)].</ref> Clainertius in volumina de indicatoriis [[aequor]]ibus (gaugis aequora) evolvit quamdam novam ingenii rationem permixtorum aequorum. Ita recepimus cogitationem suam de communibus quantorum aequoribus (in libro ''Gaugis aequora in densata materia'' ([[1989]], Scientiae Orbis edidit, [[Singapura]]e). Ex hac notione possimus videre proprietates de vortice fluctuanti ac lineis defectus describi ut elementariae excitationes per auxilium aequorum nomine ''pf,'' quorum graphica Pheynmania regularem faciem delineant. Quantorum perturbationis ratio duplicem faciem habet in ordinis notione de quantis ab L. D. Landavo expressa. Cum [[Sicilia|Siculae]] scholae aestatis interfuit Eryci, anno 1978, Kleinert proposuit fractura supersymmetriae cogitationem in atomis nucleis,<ref>Ferrara S., [https://web.archive.org/web/20200414053534/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/55/1978/supersnuc.pdf "The New Aspects of Subnuclear Physics", 1978 Erice Lecture publ. in Plenum Press (N.Y., Zichichi A. ed.) Vol. 40 (1980)]</ref> experimentibus confirmata.<ref>Metz A., Jolie J., Graw G., Hertenberger R., Gröger J., Günther C., Warr N., Eisermann Y., [https://web.archive.org/web/20200312135018/https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1542 "Evidence for the Existence of Supersymmetry in Atomic Nuclei"], Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1542 (1999).</ref> [[Ars|Artis]] sua praecepta de communibus quantorum aequoribus ac notiones geminationum a [[quarcum|quarcis]] adronum plurima exemplaria offerunt pro cogitationibus de densata materia,<ref>Hagen Kleinert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200426005918/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/55/55.pdf "Collective Quantum Fields", Fortschritte der Physik 36, 565 (1978)]</ref> et in nucleorum physica elementarisque particulis.<ref>Hagen Kleinert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200426005955/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/53/53.pdf "On the Hadronization of Quark Theories"], Lectures presented at the Erice Summer Institute 1976, in "Understanding the Fundamental Constituents of Matter", Plenum Press, New York, 1978 (Zichichi,A., ed.) p. 289-390</ref> Anno millesimo octogesimo sexto ([[1986]]), rigorem in coniectura chordae amplitudinis introduxit,<ref>Hagen Kleinert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200312135121/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/149/149.pdf "The Membrane Properties of Condensing Strings", ''Phys. Lett.'' B 174, 335 (1989)]</ref> quae recte a contentione est dominata. Hoc modo chordas effecit meliores de [[natura]] physica, pro multa specie. Eodem tempore, quo A. Poliacovio Russico magistro de rerum natura fecit, A. Clainertius simillimam notionem proposuit, cuius exitus nomatur [https://web.archive.org/web/20200611072911/https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.41.2634 chorda Poliacovii Clainertii]. Cum [[A. Cherviacov]] mutuo auxilio extendit distributionum notionem de veri similitudine ad dimidias turbas ex spatio lineari ut etiam una facta esset summa.<ref>Hagen Kleinert, Chervyakov A., [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408123949/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_re303/wardepl.pdf "Rules for integrals over products of distributions from coordinate independence of path integrals", Europ. Phys. J. C 19, 743 (2001)]</ref> Agenii Clainertii libri recentius editi est argumentum de multiformis aequoribus. Maxime amat scientiae investigationes intexere altae harmoniae speciei quae, ut ei videtur, regit fictionis intentus. Itaque possimus legere intra commentaria sua aliquas vocationes ex Latinis auctoribus ad similitudinem demonstrandam in itinere humanae sapientiae. Ut alterna forma ad [[Theoria Chordarum|teoriam chordarum]] comparata, Kleinert est tota similitudine inter non Euclidea crystallorumque rationes cum vitiis graphicis usus, prout geometrica postulat. Hoc cogitavit quo universi mundi exemplar instrueret [[mundum crystallo]] facto nomatum sive [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085553/http://ceram.agh.edu.pl/~icmmagh/artykuly/237%20PLANCK%20CRYSTAL%20DSL%20final.pdf Planchi-Clainerti crystallum] quod [[longitudinis Planchi]] de intervallo patente praebent discrimina ad chordarum rationes. Ex hiusmodi exemplare videmus materiam parere vitia in spatio tempore quod curvaturas exitusque varios gignit quae late patens relatio de rerum natura habet. Haec ratio Italicam mulierem in arte versatam subiecit, [http://www.laurapesce.it Lauream Piscem (Laura Pesce)] nomatam, pro pulchra fictione vitreorum signorum, quorum titulus [http://www.laurapesce.it/main/exhibitions/DICE2006/DICE2006.html "mundus in crystallum densatus"] est (etiam [http://www.laurapesce.it/main/exhibitions/ArteScienza/ArteScienza.html hic]). Kleinert est senior sodalis facultatis de Astrophysicae Relativisticae omnium gentium communis proposito, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070706095341/http://www.icra.it/IRAPPhD/2007/Welcome.htm IRAP] nomato, cuius partem consistit in toto orbe terrarum astrophysicae collegio.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080923222111/http://www.icra.it/Icranet/ ICRANet].</ref> Italica [[Icra]]e sedes est in amoeno loco [[Aternum|Aternensi]], ubi omnes rerum naturae periti scientiae rationes possunt in mutua concordia colere. Etiam socius operis est officinae [[Cosmologia|cosmologicae]] quae pendunt scientiae ex instituto Europaeo. == Notae == <references/> == Opera == * ''Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter'', Vol. I, "Superflow and Vortex Lines; Disorder Fields, Phase Transitions,", pp. 1–742, [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/0356.html World Scientific] ([[Singapura]]e, 1989); Paperback ISBN 9971-5-0210-0 '' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080527174206/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_reb1/contents1.html]). * ''Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter'', Vol. II, "Stresses and Defects; Differential Geometry, Crystal Melting," pp. 743–1456, [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/0356.html World Scientific] ([[Singapura]]e, 1989); Paperback ISBN 9971-5-0210-0 '' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080527174211/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_reb1/contents2.html]).'' * ''Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, and Polymer Physics,'' World Scientific, [[Singapura]]e, 1990. * ''Pfadintegrale in [[Quantenmechanik]], [[Quantenstatistik|Statistik]] und [[Polymerphysik]].'' Mannheim, 1993. * ''Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, and Polymer Physics,'' 2. Auflage, World Scientific, [[Singapura]]e, 1995. * ''Critical Properties of φ⁴-Theories'', [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/4733.html World Scientific] ([[Singapura]]e, 2001); paperback ISBN 981-02-4658-7; ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110716075110/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleinert/?p=booklist&details=6 www]) (coautore Verena Schulte-Frohlinde). * ''Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets'', 5. Auflage, [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/7305.html World Scientific] ([[Singapura]]e, 2009) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090101070536/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleinert/?p=booklist&details=11 www]). * ''Multivalued Fields in in Condensed Matter, Electrodynamics, and Gravitation'', [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6742.html World Scientific (Singapore, 2008)] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090318161544/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleinert/?p=booklist&details=9 www]). * ''Proceedings of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080414182436/http://www.icra.it/MG/mg11 Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting] on [[Relatividad general|General Relativity]]'', [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6997.html World Scientific (Singapore, 2008)] (coautore R.T. Jantzen)'', * ''Particles and Quantum Fields'', [http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9915 World Scientific (Singapore, 2016)] (also available [https://web.archive.org/web/20160617145018/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleinert/?p=booklist&details=12 online]) ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080303071842/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/ Hagen Kleinert in paginis universitariis] {{Lifetime|1941||Kleinert, Hagen}} [[Categoria:Physici Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Professores universitatum et scholarum Berolinensium]] 5ziireavkkz9xdxhyqsrfyiee033w36 0 49520 3994106 3719346 2026-10-12T04:12:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:Heywood portrait 1556.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Heywood anno 1556 pictus]] '''Ioannes Heywood'''<ref>Alii aliter hoc nomen Latine converterunt: ''Heivodum'' (acc. sg.), Gabriel Harvey; ''Haywoodos'' (acc. pl.), Carolus Fitzgeoffrey; ''Haiwodus'', [[Thomas Stapleton]]. Vide Graves (1923) p. 211.</ref> (natus anno [[1496]]/7; mortuus circa annum [[1580]]) fuit [[scriptor]] et [[poeta]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] [[ludus scaenicus|fabularum scaenicarum]], [[provrbium|proverbiorum]], [[epigramma]]tum. == Vita == Inter annos [[1529]] et [[1545]] musicus et choregus fuit apud aulam regis [[Henricus VIII (rex Angliae)|Henrici VIII]];<ref>Graves (1913) pp. 554-555.</ref> eo tempore fuit socius et amicus [[Thomas More|Thomae More]].<ref>[[Thomas Stapleton]], ''[[Tres Thomae]]'' [ed. 1612] p. 152.</ref> Anno 1544 cum aliis contra archiepiscopum [[Thomas Cranmer|Cranmerum]] coniuravit; ultimo supplicio damnatus, die [[26 Iunii]] [[1544]] nomine ''John Heywode, late of London, alias of [[North Mimms|Northmymmes]], Herts.'' absolutus, errorem suum recantavit ad crucem Sancti Pauli Londiniensem die 6 Iulii.<ref>Graves (1913) pp. 556-561.</ref> Filios genuit [[Iasper Heywood|Iasper]] (qui et ille scriptor fuit) atque [[Ellizeus Heywood|Ellizeum]], filiam [[Elizabetha Heywood|Elizabetham]] (quae mater fuit poetae [[Ioannes Donne|Ioannis Donne]]). [[Eduardus VI (rex Angliae)|Eduardo VI]] rege, Heywood rursus ad aulam regiam accessit. Ibi [[Maria I (regina Angliae)|Maria]] regnante [[Elizabetha I (regina Angliae)|Elizabethque]] in regnum adducta remansit ludosque scaenicos docuit, sed ante annum 1570 ut "Papista" vel [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus]] ex Anglia cum filiis fugerat; in [[Collegium Iesuitarum (Antverpia)|collegio Iesuitarum]] [[Antverpia]]e octogenarius anno [[1576]] admissus est. Dicitur in [[Mechelen]] in [[Belgia]] mortuus esse. De Heywood aliisque scriptoribus has [[trias|triadas]] composuit [[Gabriel Harvey]]: {{Citatio|Tria vividissima Britannorum ingenia, [[Galfridus Chaucer|Chaucerus]], [[Thomas Morus|Morus]], [[Ioannes Iuellus|Juellus]]; quibus addo tres florentissimas indoles, Heivodum, [[Philippus Sidney|Sidneium]], [[Edmundus Spenser|Spencerum]].|Gabriel Harvey|Marginalia'', ed. Smith, p. 122}} De florilegio proverbiorum a Ioanne Heywood congesso sic censuit [[Ioannes Florius]]: {{Citatio3|The Greekes and Latines thanke [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]], and our Englishmen make much of Heywood: for proverbs are the pith, the proprieties, the proofes, the purities, the elegances, as the commonest so the commendablest phrases of a language.|Ioannes Florio|Second Fruites'', "To the Reader"|Graeci et Latini Erasmo gratias agunt, Heywoodum autem Angli nostri magnificant. Proverbia enim sunt medullae, proprietates, probationes, puritates, elegantiae cuiusque linguae; sunt sententiae communissimae necnon laudatissimae.}} == Opera == ; Carmina et proverbia * ''[[The Dialogue of Wit and Folly]]''. Londinii: Thomas Berthlet, 1546 * ''[[Epigrams (Heywood)|Epigrams]]'' ; Ludi scaenici * ''[[John, Tyb and Sir John|A Mery Play betwene Johan Johan the Husbande, Tyb his Wyfe, and Sir Jhan the Priest]]'' Londinii: W. Rastell, die 12 Februarii 1533 * ''[[The Pardoner and the Friar|The Mery Play between the Pardoner and the Frere, the Curate and Neybour Pratte]]'' Londinii: W. Rastell, die 5 Aprilis 1533 * ''[[The Four PP|The Play called the foure PP]]''. Londinii, c. 1530 * ''[[The Play of the Weather|The Play of the Wether, a new and mery interlude of all maner of Wethers]]'' Londinii: W. Rastell, 1533 * ''[[A Play of Love]]''. Londinii: W. Rastell, 1534 == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones operum * J. S. Farmer, ed., ''The dramatic writings of John Heywood, comprising: The pardoner and the friar; The four P.P.; John the husband, Tyb his wife, and Sir John the priest; Play of the weather; Play of love; Dialogue concerning witty and witless; Note-book and word-list''. Londinii, 1905 [http://www.archive.org/details/dramaticwritings00heywuoft Textus apud archive.org] * J. S. Farmer, ed., ''The proverbs, epigrams, and miscellanies of John Heywood, comprising: A dialogue of the effectual proverbs in the English tongue concerning marriages; First hundred epigrams; Three hundred epigrams on three hundred proverbs; The fifth hundred epigrams; A sixth hundred epigrams; Miscellanies; Ballads; Note-book and word-lists''. Londinii, 1906 [http://www.archive.org/details/proverbsepigrams00heywrich Textus apud archive.org] ; Historica et critica * Robert W. Bolwell, ''The Life and Works of John Heywood''. Londinii, 1921 * Thornton S. Graves, "The Heywood Circle and the Reformation" in ''Modern Philology'' vol. 10 (1913) pp. 553-572 * Thornton S. Graves, "On the Reputation of John Heywood" in ''Modern Philology'' vol. 21 (1923) pp. 209-213 * A. W. Reed, ''John Heywood and his Friends''. Londinii, 1917 ; Aliae encyclopaediae * {{CathEnc|07319a|Jasper and John Heywood}} == Nexus externi == * ''[http://www.stagingthehenriciancourt.org Staging the Henrician Court]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' (de aula [[Henricus VIII|Henrici VIII]] in scaenis ostentata) * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111105160412/http://theatrehistory.com/british/heywoodj001.html John Heywood] apud ''TheatreHistory.com'' {{Ioannes Heywood tituli}} {{Scriptores scaenici Renascentiae Anglici}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Heywood, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Nati 1496]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 16]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Poetae Angliae]] [[Categoria:Paroemiographi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]] [[Categoria:Ioannes Heywood|!]] 279sqv2iomxet766au1cjxxze0sht7t 0 71111 3994087 2431094 2026-10-11T21:03:42Z Giupèt 51459 /* */ 3994087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christophorus Ioannes Wickham''', ([[Anglice]]: ''Christopher "Chris" John Wickham'') ([[18 Maii]] [[1950]] – [[9 Octobris]] [[2026]]), professor [[historia]]e [[medium aevum|mediaevalis]] ad [[universitas Oxoniensis|universitatem Oxoniensem]]. Est sodalis [[Collegium Omnium Animarum (Oxonia)|Collegii Omnium Animarum]]. ==Opera== ===Libri=== * ''Economy and society in 8th century northern Tuscany '' (1975) * ''Early medieval Italy : central power and local society, 400-1000'' (1981) * ''The mountains and the city: the Tuscan Apennines in the early Middle Ages'' (1988) * ''City and countryside in Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy: essays presented to Philip Jones'' edited by Trevor Dean and Chris Wickham. (1990) * ''Land and power : studies in Italian and European social history, 400-1200'' (1994) * ''Community and clientele in twelfth-century Tuscany : the origins of the rural commune in the plain of Lucca'' (1998) * ''Courts and conflict in twelfth-century Tuscany'' (2003) * ''[[Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800]]'' (2005) * ''Marxist History-Writing for the Twenty-First Century'' (2007; editor) * ''The Inheritance Of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000'' (2009) ===Symbola=== * 'Un pas vers le moyen âge' in ''Les campagnes de la Gaule à la fin de l'Antiquité'' (ed. P. Ouzoulias et al.), (Antibes, 2001) pp. 555-67 * 'Medieval studies and the British School at Rome', ''Papers of the British School at Rome''. Vol lxix (2001) pp. 35-48 * 'Paludi e miniere nella Maremma toscana, XI-XIII secoli' in ''Castrum'' 7 (ed. J.-M. Martin), (Rome, 2001) pp. 451-66 * (with E. Fentress), 'La valle dell'Albegna fra i secoli VII e XIV' in ''Siena e Maremma nel Medioevo'' (ed. M. Ascheri), (Sienna, 2001) pp. 59-82 * 'Rural economy and society' in ''Italy in the early Middle Ages'' (ed. C. La Rocca), (Oxford, 2001) pp. 118-43 * 'Society' in ''The Early Middle Ages'' (ed. R. McKitterick), (Oxford, 2001) pp. 59-94 * 'Una valutazione sull'archeologia medievale italiana', ''Quaderni storici''. Vol cvi (2001) pp. 295-301 * 'Comunidades rurales y señorio debil: el caso del norte de Italia, 1050-1250' in ''Comunidades locales y poderes feudales en la Edad media'' (ed. I. Álvarez), (Logroño, 2001) pp. 395-415 {{DEFAULTSORT:Wickham, Christopherus Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Historici Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1950]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] owq9jvyrvlo1qjcb3w3plgh6ab7527z 3994091 3994087 2026-10-11T22:35:00Z IacobusAmor 1163 3994091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} '''Christophorus Ioannes Wickham''', ([[Anglice]] ''Christopher "Chris" John Wickham'') ([[18 Maii]] [[1950]] – [[9 Octobris]] [[2026]]) fuit [[professor]] [[historia]]e [[medium aevum|mediaevalis]] ad{{dubsig}} [[universitas Oxoniensis|universitatem Oxoniensem]] et sodalis [[Collegium Omnium Animarum (Oxonia)|Collegii Omnium Animarum]]. ==Opera== ===Libri=== * ''Economy and society in 8th century northern Tuscany '' (1975) * ''Early medieval Italy : central power and local society, 400-1000'' (1981) * ''The mountains and the city: the Tuscan Apennines in the early Middle Ages'' (1988) * ''City and countryside in Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy: essays presented to Philip Jones'' edited by Trevor Dean and Chris Wickham. (1990) * ''Land and power : studies in Italian and European social history, 400-1200'' (1994) * ''Community and clientele in twelfth-century Tuscany : the origins of the rural commune in the plain of Lucca'' (1998) * ''Courts and conflict in twelfth-century Tuscany'' (2003) * ''[[Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800]]'' (2005) * ''Marxist History-Writing for the Twenty-First Century'' (2007; editor) * ''The Inheritance Of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000'' (2009) ===Symbola=== * 'Un pas vers le moyen âge' in ''Les campagnes de la Gaule à la fin de l'Antiquité'' (ed. P. Ouzoulias et al.), (Antibes, 2001) pp. 555-67 * 'Medieval studies and the British School at Rome', ''Papers of the British School at Rome''. Vol lxix (2001) pp. 35-48 * 'Paludi e miniere nella Maremma toscana, XI-XIII secoli' in ''Castrum'' 7 (ed. J.-M. Martin), (Rome, 2001) pp. 451-66 * (with E. Fentress), 'La valle dell'Albegna fra i secoli VII e XIV' in ''Siena e Maremma nel Medioevo'' (ed. M. Ascheri), (Sienna, 2001) pp. 59-82 * 'Rural economy and society' in ''Italy in the early Middle Ages'' (ed. C. La Rocca), (Oxford, 2001) pp. 118-43 * 'Society' in ''The Early Middle Ages'' (ed. R. McKitterick), (Oxford, 2001) pp. 59-94 * 'Una valutazione sull'archeologia medievale italiana', ''Quaderni storici''. Vol cvi (2001) pp. 295-301 * 'Comunidades rurales y señorio debil: el caso del norte de Italia, 1050-1250' in ''Comunidades locales y poderes feudales en la Edad media'' (ed. I. Álvarez), (Logroño, 2001) pp. 395-415 {{DEFAULTSORT:Wickham, Christopherus Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Historici Britanniae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Nati 1950]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] naj7z7y1vx3fq6s39nm7rlnqhypedex 0 75689 3994107 3962803 2026-10-12T04:26:48Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:CJMarshall.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ioannes Marshallus.]] '''Ioannes Marshallus'''<ref>"Marshallus Judex Supremus semper sum observantissimus æquum"; ''First Lessons in Latin'' (Philadelphiae, 1846): 122 [https://archive.org/details/firstlessonsinla00broo/page/122/mode/2up].</ref><ref>"Quapropter ipse et dominus Marshallus"; Nathan Covington Brooks, ''Vitae virorum illustrium Americae, a Columbo ad Jacksonum'', Novi Eboraci (1864): 153 [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Vitae_virorum_illustrium_Americae_a_Colu/88REAAAAIAAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Ioannes+Marshallus&pg=PA153&printsec=frontcover].</ref> (natus ''John Marshall'' [[24 Septembris]] [[1755]]–[[6 Iulii]] [[1835]]) alumnus [[Collegium Gulielmi et Mariae|Collegii Gulielmi et Mariae]] et [[iuris consultus|iuris peritus]], constitutionale ius Americanum formavit et [[Iudicium Maximum Civitatum Foederatarum]] fecit sedem potentiae. Ipse fuit [[Iudex Maximus Civitatum Foederatarum|Summus Civitatum Foederatarum Iudex]] a [[4 Februarii]] [[1801]] ad mortem. In [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|Camera Repraesentativorum]] interfuit a [[4 Martii]] [[1799]] ad [[7 Iunii]] [[1800]], et, [[Ioannes Adamius|Ioanne Adamio]] praeside, fuit [[Secretarius Civitatis CFA|Secretarius Civitatis]] a [[6 Iunii]] [[1800]] ad [[4 Martii]] [[1801]]. Fuit cives Reipublicae [[Virginia]]e et dux [[Factio Foederalista (CFA)|Factionis Foederalistae]]. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Beveridge, Albert J. [[1919]]. ''The Life of John Marshall.'' 4 vol. [http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofjohnmarsha01beveuoft Volumen I], [https://web.archive.org/web/20090131062406/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23111125 Volumen II], [http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofjohnmarsha024507mbp Volumen III] et [http://www.archive.org/details/lifejohnmarshal11bevegoog Volumen IV] apud [[Internet Archive]]. * [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3291 Corwin, Edward W. [[1919]]. ''John Marshall and the Constitution: A Chronicle of the Supreme Court.''] [[Yale University Press]], Editio interretialis apud [[Project Gutenberg]] * Hobson, Charles. [[1996]]. ''The Great Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Rule of Law.'' University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0788-9; ISBN 978-0-7006-0788-4. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091126034230/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98824790 Johnson, Herbert Alan. [[1997]]. "John Marshall." In ''The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, vol. 1,'' ed. Leon Friedman et Fred L. Israel, pp. 180–200.] * Johnson, Herbert A. [[1998]]. ''The Chief Justiceship of John Marshall from 1801 to 1835.'' [[University of South Carolina Press]]. * Newmyer, R. Kent. [[2001]]. ''John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court.'' [[Louisiana State University Press]]. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=64131020447313 online review, ''John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court''.] ISBN 0-8071-2701-9; ISBN 978-0-8071-2701-8. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090131060311/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9780244 Robarge, David. [[2000]]. ''A Chief Justice's Progress: John Marshall from Revolutionary Virginia to the Supreme Court.'' Greenwood Press.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090131071938/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27509305 Thomas C. Shevory. [[1994]]. ''John Marshall's Law: Interpretation, Ideology, and Interest.'' Greenwood Press.] * Simon, James F. [[2002]]. ''What Kind of Nation: Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, and the Epic Struggle to Create a United States.'' Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84871-6; ISBN 978-0-684-84871-6. * Smith, Jean Edward. [[1996]]. ''John Marshall: Definer Of A Nation.'' Henry, Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-1389-X; ISBN 978-0-8050-1389-4. * White, Edward. [[1991]]. ''The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815-1835.'' Macmillan. [[Oxford University Press]].<!-- ===Fontes primarii=== * Collin, Joseph P., Jr., ed., ''Constitutional Decisions of John Marshall'', (New York and London, 1905) * Hobson, Charles F.; Perdue, Susan Holbrook; and Lovelace, Joan S., eds. ''The Papers of John Marshall'' published by [[University of North Carolina Press]] for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture; the standard scholarly edition; most recent volume: ''Vol. 11: Correspondence, Papers, and Selected Judicial Opinions, April 1827–December 1830.'' (2002) *[[Joseph Story]], ed., [http://books.google.com/books?id=6FMPAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+writings+of+John+Marshall&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=Jff97LpLGz&sig=JCNQ0It0xqYKnL6nEpcIPpyoUG4&hl=en&ei=SM27SaqUKOeytweFz_T4Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPP8,M1 ''The Writings of John Marshall, late Chief Justice of the United States, upon the Federal Constitution'', Boston, 1839.] ==Aliae res== *{{cite book |last=Abraham |first=Henry J. |title=Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992 |location=New York |isbn=0-19-506557-3 }} *{{cite book |last=Cushman |first=Clare |title=The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 |edition=2nd |publisher=(Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books) |date=2001 |isbn=1568021267}} *{{cite book |last=Frank |first=John P. |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Leon |editor2-last=Israel |editor2-first=Fred L. |title=The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |date=1995 |isbn=0791013774}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Kermit L. |title=The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992 |location=New York |isbn=0195058356 }} *{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Fenton S. |coauthor=Goehlert, Robert U. |title=The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography |publisher=Congressional Quarterly Books |date=1990 |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0871875543 }} *{{cite book |last=Urofsky |first=Melvin I. |title=The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Garland Publishing |date=1994 |location=New York |pages=590 |isbn=0815311761 }}--> == Nexus externi == {{Communia|John Marshall|Ioannem Marshallum}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/marshall-john Vita] apud historiographi officinam * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508135529/http://supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_history/02_c04.html ''The Marshall Court, 1801-1835'']. Historica Summi Iudicii Societas. {{Iudices praesides Summi Iudicii Civitatum Foederatarum}} {{Secretarii Status CFA}} {{Lifetime|1755|1835|Marshallus, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Gulielmi et Mariae]] [[Categoria:Camerae Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum legati Virginiae]] [[Categoria:Episcopaliani Americani]] [[Categoria:Francomurarii]] [[Categoria:Homines Virginiae in Bello Libertatis]] [[Categoria:Iudices]] [[Categoria:Iuris consulti]] [[Categoria:Legati Domus Legatorum Virginiae]] [[Categoria:Secretarii Civitatis Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Sodales Societatis Philosophicae Americanae]] [[Categoria:Summi Iudices Civitatum Foederatarum]] bd30uya5r12mub15krczzpdir9nh81s 0 76252 3994002 3949289 2026-10-11T12:08:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa civitatis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Germania nazistica}},{{FD ref}} etiam {{res|[[Tertium Imperium]]}} appellata, fuit [[Germania]] per annos ab [[1933]] ad [[1945]], cum forma [[res publica|rei publicae]] esset [[civitas totalitaria]], ab [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolpho Hitler]] et [[Nationalistica Socialisticaque Operariorum Factio Germanica|Nationalistica Socialisticaque Operariorum Factione Germanica]] temperata. Hitler, a [[praeses|praeside]] [[Paulus de Hindenburg|Paulo von Hindenburg]] ad munus cancellarii imperii ([[Theodisce]] ''Reichskanzler'') die [[30 Ianuarii]] [[1933]] motus, omnes suae ut solius ducis [[potestas exsecutiva|potestatis]] adversarios cito exstirpavit. [[Civitas]] eum ut [[Führer]] ('dux') colebat, totam auctoritatem ei concedens. Proferunt [[historia|historici]] [[hypnosis|hypnoticum]] eius [[rhetorica]]e effectum in [[audientia|audientiis]] magnis, parvisque in gregibus eius [[oculus|oculorum]]: "Praeter omnes . . . Germani<!-- +with mystification--> de Hitleri [[vis]] attrahendi '[[hypnotismus|hypnotica]]' loquuntur."<ref>Neil J. Kressel, ''Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide and Terror'' (Basic Books, 2002), 121.</ref> Secundum "principium ductus," edicta ipsius Führer super omnes [[lex|leges]] supererant. Summi homines publici Hitlero deferebant eiusque rationes reipublicae gerendae efferebant; eis eutem erat aliquantum [[autonomia]]e: administratio non erat corpus compositum una agens<!--coordinated, cooperating body-->, sed potius congeries factionum quae potestatem consequi Hitleroque blandiri semper conabantur.<ref>Anthony McElligott, Tim Kirk, et Ian Kershaw, ''Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw'' (Manchester University Press, 2003), 6.</ref> Media [[Depressio oeconomica magna|Depressione Oeconomica Magna]], administratio Nazistica prosperitatem refecit atque magnam [[inopia operarum|operarum inopiam]] per [[pecunia]]m pro [[res militaris|rebus militaribus]] erogatam finivit et [[oeconomia mixta|oeconomiam mixtam]] consuetudinum [[mercatus liber]]i consiliique sedis imperii<!--free-market & central-planning practices--> instituit.<ref>Robert O. Paxton et Julie Hessler, ''Europe in the Twentieth Century'' (Cengage, 2011), 286.</ref> Permulta opera publica suscepta sunt, inter quae constructio [[via]]rum ''[[Autovia|Autobahn]]'' appellatarum. Prosperitas renovata administrationem populo gratissimam fecit; adversariis praeterea suppressis, imperium Hitleri maximam partem fuit tutum. [[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S33882, Adolf Hitler retouched.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Adolphus Hitler]] anno [[1937]].]] [[Fasciculus:World War II in Europe, 1942.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Europa]] summa expansione Germanica, 1941–1942. {{Legend|#313131|Maior Germania}} {{Legend|#555555|[[Europa a Germania occupata|Regiones in dicione Germaniae et/vel Axis]]}} {{Legend|#818181|[[Potestates Axis|Socii]] Germaniae, [[Co-belligerentia#Finnia in Bello Orbis Terrarum II|co-belligerentes]], et ''[[Puppet state#Puppet states of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|puppet states]]''}} {{Legend|#c75e5e|[[Unio Sovietica]] in dicione Sociorum}} {{Legend|#658a6f|Regiones in dicione [[Socii Belli Orbis Terrarum II|Sociorum]] (ex Unione Soviet|ica)}} {{Legend|#ffffff|[[Neutralitas|Civitates neutrius partis]]}}]] [[Rassismus]], praecipue [[antisemitismus]], fuit primum praeceptum [[societas humana|societatis]] in Germania Nazistica. [[Gestapo]] (clandestini civitatis [[vigil]]es) et [[SS]] sub [[Henricus Himmler|Henrico Himmler]] adversarios [[liberalismus|liberales]], [[socialismus|socialisticos]], [[communismus|communisticos]] exstinxit, [[Iudaei|Iudaeosque]] vexavit et necavit. Multitudo Germana credidit [[Germani|populos Germanicos]], etiam [[genus Nordicum]] appellatos, purissimum [[Ārya|generis Ariani]] exemplum fuisse, quod ergo erat [[genus dominans]]. [[Educatio]] [[biologia generis|biologiam generis]]<!--racial b.-->, rationem civium numeri gerendam<!--population policy-->, et [[habilitas athletica|habilitatem athleticam]]<!--physical fitness--> vehementius dixit. Socium esse societatis [[Iuvenes Hitleriani|Iuvenum Hitlerianorum]] coactum est. Numerus [[mulier]]um in educatione postsecundaria matriculatarum magnopere defecit, et occasiones mulierum in cursu honorum<!--career opportunities--> imminutae sunt. Homines Nazistici, [[ius mulierum|iura mulierum]] "opus ingenii Iudaei" appellantes, quod "[[libertas|liberationem]] ex liberatione" appellabant factitaverunt.<ref>Guntram H. Herb, ''Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008), 454.</ref> [[Oblectamentum|Oblectamenta]] et [[periegesis]] per programma [[Vis per Gaudium]] ordinatae sunt. Administratio expressiones [[ars|artisticas]] moderata est, proprias artis formas promovens et alias deterrens vel prohibens. Nazii infamem [[Ars Degener|Entartete Kunst]] (Artis Degeneris) exhibitionem anno [[1937]] produxerunt.<ref>Stephen J. Lee, ''Weimar and Nazi Germany'' (Heinemann, 1996), 56.</ref> [[Iosephus Goebbels]], [[propaganda Nazistica|Minister Propagandorum]], [[pellicula|cinemate]], comitiis cumulatis{{dubsig}}<!--mass rallies-->, et hypnotizante Hitleri eloquentia efficienter ad temperandam opinionem publicam usus est.<ref>Peter Watson, ''Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century'' (Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins, 2002), 328.</ref> Anno [[1936]], [[1936 Olympia Aestiva|Olympia Aestiva]] [[Tertium Imperium]] inter civitates vehementius monstravit. [[Fasciculus:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Vexillum]] [[crux gammata|crucis gammatae]], solum civitatis vexillum Germaniae Nazisticae, 1935–1945.]] [[Fasciculus:Flag of the German Reich (1933–1935).svg|thumb|upright=0.5|Vexillum Germaniae Nazisticae, coniunctim cum vexillo [[crux gammata|crucis gammatae]] adhibitum, 1933–1935.]] Germania plus atque plus infense poposcit, se [[bellum]] facturum monens.<!--threatening war if the demands were not met--> [[Britanniarum Regnum]] et [[Francia]] [[placatio]]nem offerebant, Hitlerum ad extremum placeri sperantes.<ref>Richard Holmes, ''World War II: The Definitive Visual History'' (Penguin, 2009), 42.</ref> Itaque [[Austria]] in dicionem Germanam anno [[1938]] redacta est, [[Sudetia]] per [[Pactio Monaci|Pactionem Monaci]] eodem anno, reliquia quoque [[Czechoslovakia]]e anno [[1939|insequente]] occupata. Hitler, [[Pactio Molotov–Ribbentrop|pactione]] cum [[Iosephus Stalin|Iosepho Stalin]] facto, [[Polonia]]m [[Incursio Poloniae|invasit]] [[September|Septembri]] [[1939]], [[secundum bellum mundanum]] conflans. Germania, cum [[Italia]] [[Benitus Mussolini|Beniti Mussolini]] sociata, Franciam et plurimum [[Europa]]e ante [[1940]] vicerat, et adeo minatus est [[Magna Britannia|Magnae Britanniae]], solum hostem superstitem. ''Reich Commissariats'' in [[regio]]nes victas saeviebant, et administratio Germana [[Imperium Generale]]<!--General Government--> appellata in Polonia instituta est. [[Castra carceralia]], etiam anno [[1933]] instituta, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Captus publicus|captos publicos|en|qid=Q217105}} hostesque administrationis tenere adhibebantur. Numerus castrorum quadruplex inter 1939 et 1942 factus est, usque ad plus quam trecenta, cum [[servitus|servi]]<!--slave-laborers--> ex omni Europa, [[Iudaei]], capti publici, homines facinorosi, [[homophylophilia|homosexuales]], [[Zingari]], [[morbus mentis|morbo mentis]] adfecti, et alii in custodiam coniecti sunt. Apparatus qui instrumentum vexationis coepit in [[generis occidio|occidione]] Iudaeorum et aliorum minoritatum{{dubsig}} in [[Holocaustum]] convertus est. [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] a Germania anno [[1941]] invasa, tempus a Tertio Imperio in [[proelium|proeliis]] [[Pugna Stalingradensis|Stalingradi]] et [[Kurscha| pugna Kurschensi]], maioribus victoriis militaribus, anno [[1943]] descivit. [[Exercitus]] Sovieticus ingentes impetus<!--counterattacks--> contra Germaniam faciebant, maxima [[historia]]e [[prelium terrestre|proelia terrestria]]. Immanis omnium maiorum [[urbs|urbium]] Germanarum, [[astarium|astariorum ferriviarum]], plantarumque [[petroleum|petrolei]] ordinata<!--systematic--> [[bomba]]rum verberatio<!--bombing--> anno [[1944]] crevit, ''Luftwaffe'' (Vim Aeream Germanam) obturans. Germaniam anno [[1945]] Sovietici ex [[oriens|oriente]] et [[Foederati secundi belli mundani|Foederati]] ex [[occidens|occidente]] pervagati sunt. Foederati victores [[denazificatio]]nem, rationem reipublicae gerendae, coeperunt, et ducatum Nazisticum per accusationes [[belli scelus|belli scelerum]] in [[Iudicia Norimbergensia|Iudiciis Norimbergensibus]] iudicavit. ==Nomina== === Deutsches Reich === [[Fasciculus:Nazi_Germany.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ambitus crescens imperii a 1933 ad 1943. Color ruber: 1933; roseus: 1939; aurantius: 1943]] ''Deutsches Reich'' ('Imperium Germanicum'")<ref name="van Wie 1999">Nomen ''Deutsches Reich'' usitate in Anglicum convertitur ''German Empire'' et ''German Reich.'' Paul D. van Wie, ''Image, History and Politics: The Coinage of Modern Europe'' (Lanham Terrae Mariae: University Press of America, 1999, ISBN 9780761812210), 37.</ref> fuit ritum Germaniae nomen a [[1871]] ad [[1945]], modis rerum publicarum inter se plene diversis. Status [[Imperium Germanicum (1871-1918)|Imperii Germanici]] die [[18 Ianuarii]] 1871 conditi usque ad res novas mensis Novembris anni [[1918]] erat [[foederatio]] ex [[Monarchia constitutionalis|monarchiis constitutionalibus]] et urbibus liberis constans. Imperium Germanicum temporis sequentis hodie [[Res Publica Vimariana]] vocari solet,<ref>Nomen ''Deutsches Reich'' tamen per tempus [[Res Publica Vimariana|Vimarianum]] perseveravit. ''Reich'' aliquando in Anglicum ''Realm'' convertitur. Vide ''Harper's Magazine,'' 63:593.</ref> quae a [[1919]] ad diem [[23 Martii]] [[1933]], qua Hitler summum imperium per "Ermächtigungsgesetz" obtinuit, in [[democratia repraesentativa]] consistebat. Cui, cum Hitler die [[30 Ianuarii]] 1933 a praeside [[cancellarius]] imperii factus esset, [[dictatura]] nazistica („nationalsozialistischen Führerstaat“, civitas ducalis nazistica) successit,<ref>Michael Kotulla: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934), Springer, Berolini 2008, § 35</ref>, quae simul cum [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] in [[Europa]], cum exercitus Germani se dederunt, die [[8 Maii]] [[1945]] finem habuit. === Großdeutsches Reich === Nazistae territorium imperii gradatim amplificaverunt. Post [[Austria]]m 12/13 Martii [[1938]] imperio adiunctam ("[[Anschluss]]") Austria "Ostmark" (marchia orientalis) nominata est, ab anno [[1942]] Donau- und Alpenreichsgaue (pagi Danuvii Alpiumque). Regiones Germaniae et pristinae Austriae coniunctim a mense Martio 1938, quamvis non publice, Großdeutsches Reich ('Maius Imperium Germanicum') appellatae sunt. Hoc nomine Nazistae posuerunt omnes Germanos, ut iam [[1848]] disputatum est, in unam civitatem congregandos esse, illos etiam, qui tum adhuc extra Germaniae fines habitarent.<ref>Klaus Hildebrand: Das vergangene Reich: Deutsche Außenpolitik von Bismarck bis Hitler 1871–1945. Oldenbourg, Monaci 2008, ISBN 3-486-58605-X, p. 704ff. + Robert Bohn: Die deutsche Herrschaft in den „germanischen“ Ländern 1940–1945, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgardiae 1997, ISBN 3-515-07099-0, p. 7.</ref> Itaque paulatim etiam aliae regiones postea occupatae imperio adiunctae sunt. Anno [[1943]] nomen publicum factum et ubique adhibitum est. === Altreich === Altreich (imperium antiquum) dictione Nazistica erat territorium Germanicum ante Austriam mense Martio 1938 coniunctam, una cum regione [[Saravus|Saravica]] (Saargebiet) anno [[1935]] redintegrata, [[Sudetia]] autem, quae mense Octobri 1938 annexa est, et [[Urbs Libera Gedania]] anno 1939 expugnata exclusae erant. Imperium antiquum, quod dicitur, stricte a regionibus noviter adiunctis distinctum est, quarum leges ac modi administrandi differebant. Civitates victores bello confecto regionem Saravicam partem Germaniae esse probaverunt. === Alia nomina === Nomina populo gratissima in verba ''Germania Nazistica'' et ''[[Tertium Imperium]]'' fieri possunt. Nomen ''Tertium Imperium'' a [[Nazismus|Nazistae]] adsumptum est in [[mythistoria]] ab [[Arthurus Moeller van den Bruck|Arthuro Moeller van den Bruck]] anno [[1923]] edita,<ref name=TR-N-01>Stan Lauryssens, [http://www.amazon.com/Man-Who-Invented-Third-Reich/dp/0750918667 ''The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck''] (Npi Media Ltd., 1999), ISBN 9780750918664.</ref> quae [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium]] ([[962]]–[[1806]]) primum, et [[Imperium Germanicum]] ([[1871]]–[[1918]]) alterum enumeravit. Simili modo verbum "Imperium millenarium" adhibitum est significans finem culmenque historiae esse. [[Nazismus|Nazistiae]] [[Res Publica Vimariana|Rempublicam Vimarianam]] ([[1918]]–[[1933]]) praeteriverunt, quam ut errorem [[historia|historicum]] vituperaverunt, eam [[systema|systema Nazisticum]] fastidiose appellantes.<ref name="Evans 2005">Richard J. Evans, ''The Coming of the Third Reich'' (Novi Eboraci: Penguin, 2005), 6–7.</ref> Germani hodie illud tempus [[historia|historiographice]] ''Zeit des Nationalsozialismus'' vel verbis contractis ''NS-Zeit'' ('tempus Socialismi Nationalis') dicunt. ==Historia== [[Fasciculus:Reichsadler.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|Insigne [[Tertium Imperium|Tertii Imperii]].]] {{Vide-etiam|Historia Germaniae}} ===Scaena===<!-- {{Further|Adolf Hitler's rise to power}}--> Motus Nazisticus inter iratos [[veteranus|veteranos]] iuvenes [[decennium 193|decennio 193]] ineunte ortus est; qui [[Foedus Versaliis sancitum (1919)]] (1919), [[Res Publica Vimariana|Rempublicam Vimarianam]], et ad summam [[democratia]]m repudiabant. Refectionem generis Aryani poscebant, Iudaeosque reprehendebant in eo quod difficultates Germaniae efficiebant. [[Propaganda Nazistica]] [[legendum proditionis]]<!--Stab-in-the-back legend--> efficienter adhibebat ad explanandam cladem militarem anni [[1918]], quod Iudaei, [[communismus|communistae]], aliique eversionis cupidi<!--subversives--> in culpa [[Berolinum|Berolini]] essent. Motus Nazisticus fuit parvus usque ad initium [[Depressio oeconomica magna|Magnae Depressionis]] anno [[1929]]. Dissensio insequens animum contra [[modernitas|modernitatem]] et [[liberalismus|liberalismum]] Reipublicae Vimarianae amplificavit (Goldhagen 1996:87). Eodem tempore<!-- on the left-->, [[Factio communistica Germanica]], a [[Moscua]] temperata, corroborabatur dum medium exprimebatur.{{dubsig}}<!--as the middle was squeezed--> Multi Germani statuerunt Factionem Nazisticam ordinem redintegrare, inquietem civilem sedare, et gloriam Germaniae inter [[civitas|civitates]] reficere posse (Goldhagen 1996: 87). Nazistae offerebantur fortem administrationem autocraticam, [[pax|pacem]] civicam, proposita [[oeconomia|oeconomica]] radicalia (inter quae plenam [[occasio laboris|laboris occasionem]]), plus spatii vivendi (''[[Lebensraum]]'') pro populis Germanicis, creationem communitatis civilis in genere<!--race--> conditam, et purgationem [[phyletismus|phyleticam]] per Iudaeos fortiter suppressos (Goldhagen 1996: 202–203). Pollicebantur praeterea renovationem civitatis et [[cultura]]e in [[motus Völkisch|motu ''Völkisch'']] conditam, [[aestimationes traditionales|traditionalismum]], civitatem iterum [[arma]]tam<!--rearmament-->, [[Compensatio sumptuum belli|compensationes]] repudiatas, reclamationem terrarum ob Foedus Versaliense amissarum. [[Comitia foederalia Germanica, Iulio 1932|Comitiis foederalibus 1932]] confectis, Nazistae erant maxima factio in [[Dieta Imperii Germanici VI (Res publica Vimariana)|Dieta Imperii]] (''Reichstag''), 230 legatos habentes (Kolb 2005: 224–225). ==="Comprehensio potestatis"=== [[Fasciculus:Franz von Papen at the Nuremberg war crimes trials, circa 1946 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Franciscus de Papen (1945/46).]] <!--{{Further|Machtergreifung}}--> Die [[30 Ianuarii]] [[1933]], [[Paulus de Hindenburg|Praeses Hindenburg]], a [[Franciscus de Papen|Francisco de Papen]] suasus, Hitlerum [[Cancellarius|Cancellarium Germaniae]] creavit. Hic eventus a nazistis'' [[Machtergreifung]]'' ("comprehensio potestatis") appellatus est.<!--By becoming the Vice Chancellor and keeping the Nazis a cabinet minority, von Papen expected to be able to control Hitler. Although the Nazis had won the greatest share of the popular vote in the two ''Reichstag'' general elections of 1932, they did not have a majority, so Hitler led a short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and the [[German National People's Party]] (DNVP).<ref name="Kershaw2000">Ian Kershaw, ''Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris.'' (Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton, 2000), capitulum 10.</ref>--><!--PLUS IN EN:--> Mensibus sequentibus [[NSDAP]] "adaequatione" ([[Gleichschaltung]]), quae a Nazistis vocabatur, omnis hominum vita sub factionis custodia posita est. Omnibus [[organizatio]]nibus, inter quas etiam gregibus rusticis, voluntariis, [[ars athletica|athleticis]], sectatores Nazistarum praepositi sunt. A mense Iulio 1933 solus exercitus et ecclesiae a custodia factionis exemptae erant (Evans 2005:14). Nocte diei [[27 Februarii]] 1933, [[aedificium]] [[Dieta Imperii Germanici VII (Res publica Vimariana)|Dieta Imperii]] accensa est; [[Marinus van der Lubbe]], [[communismus|communista]] [[Nederlandia|Batavus]], reus incendii factus est. Cum Hitler incendium initium seditionis communisticae esse asseveravisset, quattuor milia communistarum ubique Germaniae a [[SA]] comprehensi et in carcerem missi sunt. Cito variae leges factae sunt, quibus Hitlero summum imperium datum est ("Ermächtigungsgesetz") nec non facultas leges sine assensu praesidis et etiam contra constitutionem statuere. Legati dissentientes suffragio prohibiti, mox ceterae factiones praeter NSDAP abolitae sunt (Evans 2003 et Shirer) Signis Rei publicae Vimariae oppressis pristinum imperii [[vexillum]] trium [[color]]um (nigri, candidi, rubri), ut unum e duobus vexillis restitutum est.<ref>Hoc vexillo prius per constitutionem Vimarianam solis navibus mercatoriis utendum erat: "Die Handelsflagge ist schwarz-weiß-rot mit den Reichsfarben in der oberen inneren Ecke" (Const. Vim. art. 3.)</ref> Alterum [[Crux gammata|crucem gammatam]] demonstravit; quod ab anno 1935 solum vexillum publicum praescriptum est. "Horst-Wessel-Lied" ("Carmen Horst Wessel"), hymnus factionis Nazisticae, alter hymnus publicus factus est (Cuomo 1995: 231). {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Nazi Germany.png|thumb|Germania per aetatem Nazisticam.]] * [[Architectura nazistica]] * [[Carmina Nazistica]]<!-- * [[Conlaboratio cum Potestatibus Axis per Bellum Orbis Terrarum II]] * [[Glossarium Germaniae Nazisticae]] * [[Glossarium terminorum militarium Germanorum]] * [[Vergangenheitsbewältigung]] German resistance List of Nazi Party leaders and officials Nazi rule over the Danube River Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany Sino-German cooperation (1911–1941)--> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R69173, Münchener Abkommen, Staatschefs.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Diplomatia|Legati et duces]] qui [[Pactio Monaci]] signaturi sunt (a laeva): [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Eduardus Daladier]], [[Hitler]], [[Benitus Mussolini|Mussolini]], et [[Galeatius Ciano]].]] [[Fasciculus:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Miles|Milites]] Tertii Imperii [[Arcus Triumphalis|Arcum Triumphalem]] post [[Proelium Franciae|casum Franciae]] anno [[1940]] appropinquant.]] [[Fasciculus:Supermarinespitfire.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Proelium Britanniae]] Germanum in [[Europa Occidentalis|Europa Occidentali]] progressum finivit.]] [[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L20582, Charkow, Strassenkämpfe.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Peditatus]] Germanus et [[vehiculum armatum|vehicula armata]] [[Primum Proelium Charcoviae|defensore Sovieticos in viis Charcoviae pugnant]], Octobri [[1941]].]] [[Fasciculus:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Terrae quas Germania Nazistica et socii tempore maximi spatii (1941–1942) temperabant.]] [[Fasciculus:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Milites Sovietici [[domus|domum]] per proelium vel [[pugna Stalingradensis|pugnam Stalingradensem]] anno [[1943]] petunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Approaching Omaha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Invasio Normanniae]], [[6 Iunii]] [[1944]].]] [[Fasciculus:RIAN archive 633180 Stream crossing.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Milites et vehicula Exercitus Rubri [[flumen]] per "aestatem septentrionalem" anni [[1944]] transeunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Oberbefehlshaber der vier Verbündeten, TASS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Imperatores Supremi die [[5 Iunii]] [[1945]] [[Berolinum|Berolini]] inter se congrediuntur: [[Bernardus Montgomery]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Georgius Zhukov]], et [[Ioannes de Lattre de Tassigny]].]] *Beevor, Antony. [[2002]]. ''Berlin: The Downfall 1945.'' Londinii: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 9780670030415. *Beevor, Antony. [[2003]]. ''Berlin: The Downfall 1945.'' Novi Eboraci: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 9780142002803. *DeLong, J. Bradford. [[1997]]. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15 ''Nazis and Soviets.''] The Economic History of the Twentieth Century, 15. Berkeleiae: University of California at Berkeley. *Evans, Richard J. [[2005]]. ''The Third Reich in Power.'' Novi Eboraci" Penguin. ISBN 9780143037903. *Goldhagen, Daniel. [[1996]]. ''Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust.'' Novi Eboraci: Knopf. ISBN 9780679446958. *Grunberger, Richard. [[1971]]. ''The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945.'' Novi Eboraci: Holt Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 9780030764356. *Kershaw, Ian. [[2000]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation.'' Ed. 4a. Londinii: Arnold. ISBN 9780340760284. *Kershaw, Ian. [[2008]]. ''Hitler: A Biography.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393067576. *Kitchen, Martin. [[2006]]. ''A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000.'' Malden, Massachusettae:Blackwell. ISBN 9781405100403. *Kolb, Eberhard. [[1984]], [[2005]]. ''The Weimar Republic.'' Londinii, Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 9780415344418. *Nicholas, Lynn H. [[2006]]. ''Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web.'' Novi Eboraci: Vintage, ISBN 9780679776635. *Overy, Richard. [[1995]]. ''Why The Allies Won.'' Novi Eboraci: Norton. ISBN 9780393039252. *Pine, Lisa. [[2010]], [[2011]]. ''Education in Nazi Germany.'' Oxfoniae, Novi Eboraci: Berg. ISBN 9781845202651. *Rupp, Leila J. [[1978]]. ''Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691046495. OCLC 3379930. *Shirer, William L. [[1960]]. ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671624200. *[http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland.''] [[2006]]. Statistisches Bundesamt.<!-- http://web.archive.org/web/20070926002255/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf --> ==Bibliographia addita== '''Opera generalia et opera referentiae<!--reference works-->''' *Bracher, Karl Dietrich. [[1970]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism.'' Novi Eboraci: Praeger. *Burleigh, Michael. [[2002]]. ''The Third Reich: A New History.'' ISBN 080909326X. *Evans, Richard J. [[2005]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich.'' ISBN 0141009756. *Evans, Richard J. [[2005]]. ''The Third Reich in Power.'' ISBN 1594200742. *Evans, Richard J. [[2009]]. ''The Third Reich at war 1939–1945.'' *Leitz, Christian, ed. [[1999]]. ''The Third Reich: The Essential Readings.'' Oconiae: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0631207007. *Mommsen, Hans. [[2001]]. ''The Third Reich between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History, 1918–1945.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20120626121422/http://www.questia.com/read/104090875 Editio interretialis.] *Overy, Richard. [[2004]]. ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia.'' *Roderick, Stacke. [[1999]]. ''Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies.'' *Scheck, Raffael. [[2008]]. ''Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945.'' [http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/Contents.html Editio interretialis.] *[[Gulielmus L. Shirer|Shirer, William L.]] ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.'' ISBN 0671728687. *Zentner, Christian, et Friedemann Bedürftig, eds. [[1991]]. ''The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich.'' 2 voll. Macmillan. '''Oeconomica''' *Overy, R. J. [[1996]]. ''The Nazi Economic Recovery 1932–1938.'' *Sohn-Rethel, Alfred. [[1978]]. ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism.'' Londinii: CSE Books. ISBN 0906336007. *Tooze, Adam. [[2006]]. ''The Wages of Destruction: The Making and the Breaking of the Nazi Economy.'' Novi Eboraci: Viking. ISBN 9780670038268. *Turner, Henry Ashby. [[1985]]. ''German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195034929. '''Hitler''' *Bullock, Alan. [[1962]]. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20120623204437/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55427796 Editio interretialis.] *Geary, Dick. [[2000]]. ''Hitler and Nazism.'' *Kershaw, Ian. [[1987]]. ''The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich.'' *Kershaw, Ian. [[1999]]. ''Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris.'' Vol. 1. *Kershaw, Ian. [[2000]]. ''Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis.'' Vol 2. *Nicholls, David. [[2000]]. ''Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion.'' ABC-CLIO. '''Holocaustum, ideologia, rassismus''' *Bock, Gisela. [[1984]]. Racism and Sexism in Nazi Germany: Motherhood, Compulsory Sterilization, and the State. In ''When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany,'' ed. Renate Bridenthal, Atina Grossmann, et Marion Kaplan. Novi Eboraci: Monthly Review Press. *Friedlander, Saul. [[1998]]. ''Nazi Germany and the Jews: Volume 1: The Years of Persecution 1933–1939.'' *Friedlander, Saul. [[2007]]. ''The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945.'' *Gilbert, Martin. [[2002]]. ''The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust.'' *Höhne, Heinz. [[1971]]. ''The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS.'' Conversus a Richard Barry. Londinii: Penguin Books. *Koonz, Claudia. [[2003]]. ''The Nazi Conscience.'' Cantabrigiae Massaachusettae: Harvard University Press. *Niewyk, Donald, et Francis Nicosia. [[2000]]. ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20090501203022/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99854126&oplinknum=4 Editio interretialis.] *Peukert, Detlev. [[1987]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life.'' Londinii: Batsford. ISBN 071345217X. *Ruhs, Florian. [[2011]]. [http://www.aventinus-online.de/no_cache/persistent/artikel/8599/ Foreign Workers in the Second World War: The Ordeal of Slovenians in Germany.] ''Aventinus Nova'' 32. '''Ductus''' *Broszat, Martin. [[1981]]. ''The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich.'' Conversus a John W. Hiden. Londinii: Longman. ISBN 0582492009. *[[Guido Knopp|Knopp, Guido]]. [[2005]]. ''Hitler's Henchmen.'' Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0750937815. *McDonough, Frank. [[2003]]. ''Hitler and the Rise of The Nazi Party.'' Pearson Longman. *Read, Anthony. [[2003]]. ''The Devils Disciples: The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle.'' W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0393048004. *Smelser, Ronald, et Rainer Zitelmann.[[1993]]. ''The Nazi Elite.'' New York University Press. ISBN 0814779506. '''Locii et regiones''' *Allen, William Sheridan. [[1984]]. ''The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1922–1945.'' Novi Eboraci: F. Watts. ISBN 0531099350. *Garson, Paul. [[2008]]. ''Album of the Damned: Snapshots from the Third Reich.'' Sicagi: Academy Publishers. ISBN 978-0897335768. '''Consilia militaria et extera<!--foreign-->''' *Hillgruber, Andreas. [[1981]]. ''Germany and the two World Wars.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674353218. *Irving, David. ''Hitler's War.'' Londinii: Focal Point Publications. ISBN 1872197108. *Rich, Norman. [[1972]]. ''Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion.'' Vol. 1. *Rich, Norman. [[1974]]. ''Hitler's War Aims: The Establishment of the New Order.'' *Wheeler-Bennett, John. [[1953]], [[1964]], [[2005]]. ''The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945.'' Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403918120. '''Homines resistentes''' *Hamerow, Theodore S. [[1997]]. ''On the Road to the Wolf's Lair: German Resistance to Hitler.'' *Heller, R. P. [[1994]]. ''The Flame of Freedom: The German Struggle against Hitler.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20120623212039/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=93789256 Editio interretialis.] *[[Rogerius Moorhouse|Moorhouse, Roger]]. [[2006]]. ''Killing Hitler.'' Londinii: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0224071211. *Thomsett, Michael C. [[2007]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945.'' Ed. 2a. '''Societas et cultura''' *Cosner, Shaaron, et Victoria Victoria. [[1998]]. ''Women under the Third Reich: A Biographical Dictionary.'' Greenwood. *Grunberger, Richard. [[1974]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich.'' ISBN 0140136754. *Koonz, Claudia. [[1987]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312549334. *Michaud, Eric. [[2004]]. ''The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany.'' Liber a Janet Lloyd conversus. Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804743274. *Rempel, Gerhard. [[1989]]. ''Hitler's Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20071210222712/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94862712 Editio interretialis.] *Schoenbaum, David. [[1966]]. ''Hitler’s Social Revolution; Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939.'' Garden City, Novi Eboraci: Doubleday. *Stibbe, Matthew. [[2003]]. ''Women in the Third Reich.'' Londinii: Arnold. ISBN 0340761059. === Bibliographia Theodisca === *Götz Aly: Hitlers Volksstaat. Raub, Rassenkrieg und nationaler Sozialismus. 5a. editio, S. Fischer, Francofurti ad Moenum 2005, ISBN 3-10-000420-5. *Matthias Blazek: Unter dem Hakenkreuz: Die deutschen Feuerwehren 1933–1945, ibidem, Stuttgardiae 2009, ISBN 978-3-89821-997-6. *Martin Broszat: Der Staat Hitlers. Grundlegung und Entwicklung seiner inneren Verfassung. dtv, Reihe Weltgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts (1969), 12a. editio, Monaci 1989, ISBN 3-423-04009-2; Marix, Aquis Mattiacis 2007, ISBN 978-3-86539-113-1. *Norbert Frei: Der Führerstaat. Nationalsozialistische Herrschaft 1933 bis 1945, 6a. editio amplificata, dtv, Monaci 2001, ISBN 3-423-30785-4. *Klaus Hildebrand: Das Dritte Reich. 6a. editio, Oldenbourg, Monaci 2003, ISBN 3-486-49096-6. *Richard J. Evans: Das Dritte Reich – Aufstieg (Vol. 1 Historiae Imperii Tertii), Monaci 2004, ISBN 3-421-05652-8; volumina sequentia: Vol. 2 – Diktatur. 2007, ISBN 978-3-421-05653-5; Vol. 3 – Krieg. 2009, ISBN 978-3-421-05800-3. *Ian Kershaw: Hitlers Macht. Das Profil der NS-Herrschaft. dtv, Monaci 1992, ISBN 3-423-04582-5. *Ian Kershaw: Der NS-Staat – Geschichtsinterpretationen und Kontroversen im Überblick. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-499-60796-4. *Ursula Wolf: Litteris Et Patriae: Das Janusgesicht der Historie, Steiner, Stuttgardiae 1996, ISBN 3-515-*06875-9, ISBN 978-3-515-06875-8 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=d0W1phP8rKsC&pg=PA147#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books]). *Michael H. Kater: Das „Ahnenerbe“ der SS 1935–1945: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches, Oldenbourg, Monaci 2006, ISBN 3-486-57950-9, ISBN 978-3-486-57950-5 ([http://books.google.de/books?id=VoCHA6npCHkC&pg=PA176#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books]). ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Nazi Germany|Germaniam Nazisticam}} {{Fontes geographici}} * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/index.html Lebendiges Museum Interretiale,] www.dhm.de * [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Tertium Imperium,] www.axishitory.com * [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Tertium Imperium in Ruinis (photogrammata),] www.thirdreichruins.com {{coord|52|31|N|13|24|E|type:country_source:kolossus-ptwiki|display=title}} {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Condita 1933]] [[Categoria:Fascismus in Germania]] [[Categoria:Secundum bellum mundanum]] 1mj48qmggc861gn6jq4o4hqklzyh2e2 0 89002 3994011 3690500 2026-10-11T12:38:43Z Ziv 172423 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Chiavari-IMG 0504.JPG]] → [[File:Chiavari (GE) - via Vittorio Veneto.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · More precise 3994011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Clarium (discretiva)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Chiavari-panorama dal porto.jpg|thumb|Despectus in Clavarum e mare]] '''Clavarum'''<ref name="graesse">{{Graesse}}}</ref><ref>{{Godefridus Casalis}}</ref><ref> Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero, Breve trattato dell' antica e moderna geografia: con tutte le novità occorse circa la mutazione de' dominj stabiliti nelle Paci di Utrecht, Bada, Passarowitz, ec. : opera utile tanto a' principianti, quanto a tutti i dilettanti della studio geografico. Antonio Chiusole. Appresso Giambattista Recurti, 1722</ref> {{victio|Clavarum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Clarium''<ref name="graesse" />, ''Claverium''<ref name="graesse" />) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Chiavari|Chiavari]]'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 27&thinsp;295 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Liguria]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|Urbe metropolitana Genuensi]] situm. Urbani ''Clavarenses''<ref name="graesse" /><ref name="CathHier">Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|chia|Dioecesis Clavarensis}}</ref> appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''<ref>anno [[1648]], ex Re pubblica Genuae</ref> </gallery> === Sententia === Sententia urbis est: ''VITAM EXCOLVERE PER ARTES''. == Clari cives == == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == Clavarum [[sedes episcopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] est. Nomen sedis episcopalis [[Dioecesis Clavarensis]]<ref name="CathHier" /> est. == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === * ''Campodonico'', * ''Sanguineto'', * ''Sant'Andrea di Rovereto''. == Municipia finitima == * [[Carascum (Liguria)|Carascum]], * [[Cogornum]], * [[Zualis]], * [[Lavania]], * [[Laevi]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Liguria]]m (''regio''), * [[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|Urbem metropolitanam Genuensem]], * [[Provincia Genuensis|Provinciam Genuensem]] (''provincia abrogata''), * [[Genua]]m (''urbs''), * [[Urbes Italiae]]. == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.comune.chiavari.ge.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{CommuniaCat|Chiavari|Clavarum}} {{fontes geographici}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Map_of_comune_of_Chiavari_(province_of_Genoa,_region_Liguria,_Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Urbe metropolitana Genuensi. Imago:CoA fam ITA chiavari.png|Insigne Clavarense. Imago:Chiavari - palazzo municipale.jpg|Domus Municipalis. </gallery> <gallery> Imago:Chiavari (GE) - via Vittorio Veneto.jpg|''Carrugio'' </gallery> [[Categoria:Clavarum| ]] n7ar5ppxtva8m0289mbq5fmq51ywhsl 3994022 3994011 2026-10-11T13:22:40Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3994022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pro pagina discretiva vide|Clarium (discretiva)}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Chiavari-panorama dal porto.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Despectus in Clavarum e mari.]] '''Clavarum'''<ref name="graesse">{{Graesse}}}</ref><ref>{{Godefridus Casalis}}</ref><ref> Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero, Breve trattato dell' antica e moderna geografia: con tutte le novità occorse circa la mutazione de' dominj stabiliti nelle Paci di Utrecht, Bada, Passarowitz, ec.: opera utile tanto a' principianti, quanto a tutti i dilettanti della studio geografico. Antonio Chiusole. Appresso Giambattista Recurti, 1722</ref> {{victio|Clavarum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Clarium''<ref name="graesse" />, ''Claverium''<ref name="graesse" />) ([[Italiane]] ''Chiavari'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 27&thinsp;295 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Liguria]] et in [[Urbs metropolitana Genuensis|Urbe metropolitana Genuensi]] situm. Urbani ''Clavarenses''<ref name="graesse" /><ref name="CathHier">Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|chia|Dioecesis Clavarensis}}</ref> appellantur. === Sententia === Sententia urbis est: ''VITAM EXCOLVERE PER ARTES''. == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == Clavarum [[sedes episcopalis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] est. Nomen sedis episcopalis [[Dioecesis Clavarensis]]<ref name="CathHier" /> est. == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === * ''Campodonico'' * ''Sanguineto'' * ''Sant'Andrea di Rovereto'' == Municipia finitima == * [[Carascum (Liguria)|Carascum]] * [[Cogornum]] * [[Zualis]] * [[Lavania]] * [[Laevi]] {{NexInt}} * [[Genua]] * [[Provincia Genuensis]] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * [http://www.comune.chiavari.ge.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{CommuniaCat|Chiavari|Clavarum}} {{fontes geographici}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''<ref>anno [[1648]], ex Re pubblica Genuae</ref> Imago:Map_of_comune_of_Chiavari_(province_of_Genoa,_region_Liguria,_Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Urbe metropolitana Genuensi. Imago:CoA fam ITA chiavari.png|Insigne Clavarense. Imago:Chiavari - palazzo municipale.jpg|Domus Municipalis. Imago:Chiavari (GE) - via Vittorio Veneto.jpg|''Carrugio'' </gallery> [[Categoria:Clavarum| ]] gjlcdsbjl30w84trzr6jlllooh0kdeg 0 91537 3994109 3849501 2026-10-12T05:29:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iosephus Kort,''' usitate '''Joe Kort''' (natus anno [[1963]]), est [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] aperte [[homophylophilia|gay]] [[opera socialis|auxiliator pauperum]] clinicalis, [[sexologia|sexologus]] clinicalis, [[auctor]], [[orator]], et vir qui [[officinas]] faciliores reddit. In Michaelem consortem anno [[1993]] incidit; eorum religiosae secundum consuetudines [[Iudaismus Reformatus|Iudaismi Reformato]] nuptiae anno [[2000]] factae sunt, et ei legitime [[Coniugium|in matrimonio]] anno [[2005]] in [[Massachusetta]] coniuncti sunt. Diurnum ''[[New York Times]]'' eum sic profert: “Multis iuvenibus gay, annos inter viginti trigintaque habentis, hodie in coniunctione considere—vel matrimonio coniungi, si modo in [[Massachusetta]] habitent—res videbitur naturalissima."<ref>Benoit Denizet-Lewis, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/magazine/27young-t.html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=joe%20kort&st=cse "Young Gay Rites,"] ''New York Times,'' 27 Aprilis 2008.</ref> Sermonem in programmatibus [[televisio|televisificis]] [[radiophonia|radiophonicisque]] contulit. Principalis fuit hospes in [[programma conloquii|programmatibus conloquii]]<!--talk shows--> a [[Tyra Banks]]<ref>[http://tyrashow.warnerbros.com/2006/08/women_who_love_gay_men.php "Women Who Love Gay Men,"] ''The Tyra Banks Show,'' 19 Aprilis 2009.</ref> et [[Montel Williams]]<ref>"Mixed Orientation Marriages," ''[[The Montel Williams Show]],'' in pellicula mense Decembri 2005 relatum; die 11 Aprilis 2006 emissum.</ref> temperatis, de quaestione [[coniugum orientationum mixtarum|coniugiorum orientationum mixtarum]].<!--mixed-orientation marriages--> "Hi viri suas uxores sincere amant," commentarius in ''New York Times'' eum profert: "Uxores adamant, liberos procreant, et felices vivunt<!--they're on a chemical, romantic high-->; tum, post septem circiter annos, felicitate pallescente, eorum [[identitas]] gay emergere incipit."<ref>Katy Butler, "Many Couples Must Negotiate Terms of 'Brokeback' Marriages," ''The New York Times,'' 7 Martii 2006.</ref> Kort hospes in programmate televisifico "Better in Bed" seriei ''[[Oprah Radio|Oprah et Amici Radiophonici]],'' ab [[Oprah Winfrey]] temperatae, [[viri qui viros concumbunt|viros rectos qui viros concumbunt]] cum [[Laura Berman]] disputavit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090921064142/http://www.oprah.com/media/20090305_oradio_lb "Better in Bed"] cum Laura Berman in ''Oprah and Friends,'' XM 156/SIRIUS 195 Radio, 5 Martii 2009.</ref> Kort se ad acceptionem in societatem humanam et professionalem communium [[LGBT|gay, lesbianae, et bisexualis]] sanationem promotam consecravit. Primus liber eius, ''10 Smart Things Gay Men Can Do to Improve Their Lives'' (2003), quaestiones quotidianas quas clientes ei in medium protulerunt respondit, et efficacissimos modos quibus viri gay "negativitatem" effugere possunt et maiorem vitae expletionem adsequi adumbrat. Kort viros qui viros concumbunt candide sustinet, praecipue viros heterosexuales qui [[actus sexualis|actus sexuales]] cum aliis viris suscipiunt, etsi ei non sint gay vel bisexuales. Vulgaris locutio [[Anglica]] ''on the down-low'' ('sub rosa', ad verbum 'humiliter') mares [[Afroamericani|Africanos-Americanos]] diserte dicit, qui actus sexuales cum aliis maribus furtim suscipiunt; Kort autem notionem ''down-low'' praeter [[homo coloris|homines coloris]] extendi manifesto confirmat, et hos mores omnes [[ethnos|ethnicitates]], [[religio]]nes, status [[sociooeconomica|sociooeconomicos]], et genera transire acriter scribit. [http://www.straightguise.com Straight Guise], eius situs interretialis, viros feminasque quae in eis versantur adloquitur. Ab anno [[2009]], interretialem [[columna consilii|consilii columnam]]<!--advice column--> scribit apud [[Logo (canalis TV)|365gay.com]], canalem televisificum ab [[Viacom]] (divisione societatis [[televisio musicae|MTV]] LOGOque Televisionis) possessum et adhibitum. Ab anno [[1985]], Kort [[psychotherapia]]m et [[consilium de coniunctionibus]] dat singularibus et coniugibus, gay et heterosexualibus, et peritus est [[addictio sexualis|addictionis sexualis]] vel compulsivitatis, [[depressio propensio(psychiatria)|depressionis]], [[timor mortis|timoris mortis]], et quaestionum [[propensio sexualis|orientationis sexualis]], coniugorum orientationis mixtae, adultorumque usuum perversorum sexualium [[incestus]]ve superstitum. Continuum sanationis virorum gay gregem procurat. Officinas faciliores reddit, et acroases apud [[Psychotherapy Networker Symposium]] aliosque mentis medicorum conventus fecit. == Educatio et disciplina professionalis == Kort gradus [[A.B.]] in auxilio pauperum apud [[Universitas Civitatis Michiganiae|Universitatem Civitatis Michiganiae]] ([[1985]]), et [[Magister Auxilii Pauperum|magistri auxilii pauperum]] ([[1986]]) et [[Magister Psychologiae Educationis|magistri psychologiae educationis]] ([[1992]]) apud [[Universitas Civitatis Wayne|Universitatem Civitatis Wayne]] [[Detroitum|Detroiti]] abstulit. Doctoratu apud [[Americana Sexologiae Clinicalis Academia|Americanam Sexologiae Clinicalis Academiam]] [[Orlandus (Florida)|Orlandi]]{{dubsig}} [[Florida]]e completo, is [[Ph.D.|philosophiae doctor]] [[medicina]]m in sexologia clinicali factitat. Mense Iunio 1991, gradum ACSW (Academy of Certified Social Workers) accepit, latissime notum cultumque [[Reipublicae Consociatio Auxiliatorum Pauperum|Reipublicae Consociationis Auxiliatorum Pauperum]]<!--National Association of Social Workers-->{{dubsig}} signum. Anno [[1995]], confirmatus est ut administret [[Sanatio Imaginis|Sanationem Imaginis Coniunctionum]] ([[Anglice]] ''Imago Relationship Therapy'')<ref>[http://www.imagotherapy.com Imago Relationship Therapy.]</ref> ab [[Harville Hendrix]] excogitatam et in libris ''Getting the Love You Want'' (1988) et ''Keeping the Love You Find'' (1992) descriptam. Anno [[1998]], Kort confirmatus est ut "couples’ weekends"{{dubsig}} secundum praecepta Sanationis Imaginis Coniunctionum praebeat. Ab anno [[1998]], Kort, [[Professor|professor adiunctus]] in Schola Auxilii Pauperum apud [[Universitas Civitatis Wayne|Universitatem Civitatis Wayne]] cursus graduatos in studiis gay lesbianisque docet. Ab [[1999]], is est sodalis {{Creanda|en|Society for the Advancement of Sexual Health|Societas pro Ampliori Sanitatis Sexualis Gradu|Societatis pro Ampliori Sanitatis Sexualis Gradu}} (olim Reipublicae Concilium [[addictio sexualis|Addictionis Sexualis]] Morumque Coactorum<!--Compulsivity-->) et [http://www.aasect.org Americanae Educatorum, Consiliariorum, et Medicorum Consociationis Sexualitatis.] == Ipsius opera == === Libri === * [[2003]]. ''10 Smart Things Gay Men Can Do to Improve Their Lives.'' Angelopolis Californiae: Alyson Books. ISBN 1-55583-782-4. * [[2005]]. ''10 Smart Things Gay Men Can Do to Find Real Love.'' Angelopolis Californiae: Alyson Books. ISBN 1-55583-898-7. * [[2008]]. ''Gay Affirmative Psychotherapy for the Straight Clinician: The Essential Guide.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-70497-6. === Commentarii === Ab anno [[1996]], Kort commentarios de praecipuis gay lesbianarumque quaestiones in ''[[Detroit Free Press]], [[Between the Lines]], [[Detroit News]], [[The Oakland Press]],'' et aliis periodicis divulgat, quorum nonnulli sunt: * [[2002]]. "The Men in the Mirror: Gay Men and their Porn." ''In the Family,'' Iunio. * [[2004]]. "Queer Eye for the Straight Therapist." ''[[Psychotherapy Networker]],'' Maio. * [[2004]]. "Homosexuality and Pedophilia: The False Link." ''In the Family,'' Septembri. * [[2005]]. "The New Mixed Marriage." ''[[Psychotherapy Networker]],'' Septembri/Octobri. * [[2005]]. "Covert Cultural Sexual Abuse of Gay Male Teenagers Contributing to Etiology of Sexual Addiction." ''[[Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention]],'' hieme. * Cum Deborah M. Corley, Ph.D. [[2006]]. "The Sex Addicted Mixed-Orientation Marriage: Examining Attachment Styles, [[Homophobia]] and Viability of Marriage After Disclosure." ''Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity Journal,'' vere. * [[2007]]. "Gay Guise: What to Do when Your Client Has Sex with Men but Is Straight." ''[[Psychotherapy Networker]],'' Iulio/Augusto. * [[2008]]. "Straight Guise: Is My Partner Gay?" (capitulum de viris rectis in coniugis heterosexualibus qui alios viros concumbunt). In ''Mending A Shattered Heart: A Guide for Partners of Sex Addicts.'' Gentle Press. ISBN 0-9774400-6-0. * [[2008]]. Praefatio in ''Loving Ourselves: The Gay and Lesbian Guide to Self-Esteem,'' a Kimeron Hardin scripto. Alyson Books. ISBN 1-59350-045-9. * [[2009]]. "Depathologizing Porn." ''[[Psychotherapy Networker]],'' Novembri/Decembri. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * [[Harville Hendrix|Hendrix, Harville]]. [[1988]]. ''Getting the Love You Want.'' * [[Harville Hendrix|Hendrix, Harville]]. [[1992]]. ''Keeping the Love You Find.'' Novi Eboraci: [[Pocket Books]]. * [[Harville Hendrix|Hendrix, Harville]]. [[1997]]. ''Giving The Love That Heals: A Guide For Parents.'' Novi Eboraci: Pocket Books. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509075712/http://www.gayaffirmativetherapy.com/ GayAffirmativeTherapy.com] * [http://www.JoeKort.com JoeKort.com] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20100329014731/http://www.joekort.com/articles.htm Commentarii] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110105183850/http://www.joekort.com/broadcasts/Broadcast.D20060403.html Emissiones videophonicae] ** [http://www.StraightGuise.com StraightGuise.com] {{Lifetime|1963||Kort, Iosephus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Civicae Wayne]] [[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Agronomici et Universitatis Civicae Michiganensis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Philanthropi]] [[Categoria:Homosexualitas]] [[Categoria:Psychotherapeutae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Sexologi]] 9kx4ssusufc9au15sd9yybmxpid6m1o 3994111 3994109 2026-10-12T06:26:40Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}; minora 3994111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Iosephus Kort}}, usitate ''Joe Kort'' (natus anno [[1963]]), est [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] aperte [[homosexualitas|homosexualis]] [[opera socialis|auxiliator pauperum]] clinicalis, [[sexologia|sexologus]] clinicalis, [[auctor]], [[orator]], et vir qui [[officinas]] faciliores reddit. In Michaelem consortem anno [[1993]] incidit; eorum religiosae secundum consuetudines [[Iudaismus Reformatus|Iudaismi Reformato]] nuptiae anno [[2000]] factae sunt, et ei legitime [[Coniugium|in matrimonio]] anno [[2005]] in [[Massachusetta]] coniuncti sunt. Diurnum ''[[New York Times]]'' eum sic profert: “Multis iuvenibus gay, annos inter viginti trigintaque habentis, hodie in coniunctione considere—vel matrimonio coniungi, si modo in [[Massachusetta]] habitent—res videbitur naturalissima."<ref>Benoit Denizet-Lewis, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/magazine/27young-t.html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=joe%20kort&st=cse "Young Gay Rites,"] ''New York Times,'' 27 Aprilis 2008.</ref> Sermonem in programmatibus [[televisio|televisificis]] [[radiophonia|radiophonicisque]] contulit. Principalis fuit hospes in [[programma conloquii|programmatibus conloquii]]<!--talk shows--> a [[Tyra Banks]]<ref>[http://tyrashow.warnerbros.com/2006/08/women_who_love_gay_men.php "Women Who Love Gay Men,"] ''The Tyra Banks Show,'' 19 Aprilis 2009.</ref> et [[Montel Williams]]<ref>"Mixed Orientation Marriages," ''[[The Montel Williams Show]],'' in pellicula mense Decembri 2005 relatum; die 11 Aprilis 2006 emissum.</ref> temperatis, de quaestione [[coniugum orientationum mixtarum|coniugiorum orientationum mixtarum]].<!--mixed-orientation marriages--> "Hi viri suas uxores sincere amant," commentarius in ''New York Times'' eum profert: "Uxores adamant, liberos procreant, et felices vivunt<!--they're on a chemical, romantic high-->; tum, post septem circiter annos, felicitate pallescente, eorum [[identitas]] gay emergere incipit."<ref>Katy Butler, "Many Couples Must Negotiate Terms of 'Brokeback' Marriages," ''The New York Times,'' 7 Martii 2006.</ref> Kort hospes in programmate televisifico "Better in Bed" seriei ''[[Oprah Radio|Oprah et Amici Radiophonici]],'' ab [[Oprah Winfrey]] temperatae, [[viri qui viros concumbunt|viros rectos qui viros concumbunt]] cum [[Laura Berman]] disputavit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090921064142/http://www.oprah.com/media/20090305_oradio_lb "Better in Bed"] cum Laura Berman in ''Oprah and Friends,'' XM 156/SIRIUS 195 Radio, 5 Martii 2009.</ref> Kort se ad acceptionem in societatem humanam et professionalem communium [[LGBT|gay, lesbianae, et bisexualis]] sanationem promotam consecravit. Primus liber eius, ''10 Smart Things Gay Men Can Do to Improve Their Lives'' (2003), quaestiones quotidianas quas clientes ei in medium protulerunt respondit, et efficacissimos modos quibus viri gay "negativitatem" effugere possunt et maiorem vitae expletionem adsequi adumbrat. Kort viros qui viros concumbunt candide sustinet, praecipue viros heterosexuales qui [[actus sexualis|actus sexuales]] cum aliis viris suscipiunt, etsi ei non sint gay vel bisexuales. Vulgaris locutio [[Anglica]] ''on the down-low'' ('sub rosa', ad verbum 'humiliter') mares [[Afroamericani|Africanos-Americanos]] diserte dicit, qui actus sexuales cum aliis maribus furtim suscipiunt; Kort autem notionem ''down-low'' praeter [[homo coloris|homines coloris]] extendi manifesto confirmat, et hos mores omnes [[ethnos|ethnicitates]], [[religio]]nes, status [[sociooeconomica|sociooeconomicos]], et genera transire acriter scribit. [http://www.straightguise.com Straight Guise], eius situs interretialis, viros feminasque quae in eis versantur adloquitur. Ab anno [[2009]], interretialem [[columna consilii|consilii columnam]]<!--advice column--> scribit apud [[Logo (canalis TV)|365gay.com]], canalem televisificum ab [[Viacom]] (divisione societatis [[televisio musicae|MTV]] LOGOque Televisionis) possessum et adhibitum. Ab anno [[1985]], Kort [[psychotherapia]]m et [[consilium de coniunctionibus]] dat singularibus et coniugibus, gay et heterosexualibus, et peritus est [[addictio sexualis|addictionis sexualis]] vel compulsivitatis, [[depressio propensio(psychiatria)|depressionis]], [[timor mortis|timoris mortis]], et quaestionum [[propensio sexualis|orientationis sexualis]], coniugorum orientationis mixtae, adultorumque usuum perversorum sexualium [[incestus]]ve superstitum. Continuum sanationis virorum gay gregem procurat. Officinas faciliores reddit, et acroases apud [[Psychotherapy Networker Symposium]] aliosque mentis medicorum conventus fecit. == Educatio et disciplina professionalis == Kort gradus [[A.B.]] in auxilio pauperum apud [[Universitas Civitatis Michiganiae|Universitatem Civitatis Michiganiae]] ([[1985]]), et [[Magister Auxilii Pauperum|magistri auxilii pauperum]] ([[1986]]) et [[Magister Psychologiae Educationis|magistri psychologiae educationis]] ([[1992]]) apud [[Universitas Civitatis Wayne|Universitatem Civitatis Wayne]] [[Detroitum|Detroiti]] abstulit. Doctoratu apud [[Americana Sexologiae Clinicalis Academia|Americanam Sexologiae Clinicalis Academiam]] [[Orlandus (Florida)|Orlandi]]{{dubsig}} [[Florida]]e completo, is [[Ph.D.|philosophiae doctor]] [[medicina]]m in sexologia clinicali factitat. Mense Iunio 1991, gradum ACSW (Academy of Certified Social Workers) accepit, latissime notum cultumque [[Reipublicae Consociatio Auxiliatorum Pauperum|Reipublicae Consociationis Auxiliatorum Pauperum]]<!--National Association of Social Workers-->{{dubsig}} signum. Anno [[1995]], confirmatus est ut administret [[Sanatio Imaginis|Sanationem Imaginis Coniunctionum]] ([[Anglice]] ''Imago Relationship Therapy'')<ref>[http://www.imagotherapy.com Imago Relationship Therapy.]</ref> ab [[Harville Hendrix]] excogitatam et in libris ''Getting the Love You Want'' (1988) et ''Keeping the Love You Find'' (1992) descriptam. Anno [[1998]], Kort confirmatus est ut "couples’ weekends"{{dubsig}} secundum praecepta Sanationis Imaginis Coniunctionum praebeat. Ab anno [[1998]], Kort, [[Professor|professor adiunctus]] in Schola Auxilii Pauperum apud [[Universitas Civitatis Wayne|Universitatem Civitatis Wayne]] cursus graduatos in studiis gay lesbianisque docet. Ab [[1999]], is est sodalis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Societas pro Ampliori Sanitatis Sexualis Gradu|Societatis pro Ampliori Sanitatis Sexualis Gradu|en|qid=Q120043844}} (olim Reipublicae Concilium [[addictio sexualis|Addictionis Sexualis]] Morumque Coactorum<!--Compulsivity-->) et [http://www.aasect.org Americanae Educatorum, Consiliariorum, et Medicorum Consociationis Sexualitatis.] == Ipsius opera == === Libri === * [[2003]]. ''10 Smart Things Gay Men Can Do to Improve Their Lives.'' Angelopolis Californiae: Alyson Books. ISBN 1-55583-782-4. * [[2005]]. ''10 Smart Things Gay Men Can Do to Find Real Love.'' Angelopolis Californiae: Alyson Books. ISBN 1-55583-898-7. * [[2008]]. ''Gay Affirmative Psychotherapy for the Straight Clinician: The Essential Guide.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-70497-6. === Commentarii === Ab anno [[1996]], Kort commentarios de praecipuis gay lesbianarumque quaestiones in ''[[Detroit Free Press]], [[Between the Lines]], [[Detroit News]], [[The Oakland Press]],'' et aliis periodicis divulgat, quorum nonnulli sunt: * [[2002]]. "The Men in the Mirror: Gay Men and their Porn." ''In the Family,'' Iunio. * [[2004]]. "Queer Eye for the Straight Therapist." ''[[Psychotherapy Networker]],'' Maio. * [[2004]]. "Homosexuality and Pedophilia: The False Link." ''In the Family,'' Septembri. * [[2005]]. "The New Mixed Marriage." ''[[Psychotherapy Networker]],'' Septembri/Octobri. * [[2005]]. "Covert Cultural Sexual Abuse of Gay Male Teenagers Contributing to Etiology of Sexual Addiction." ''[[Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention]],'' hieme. * Cum Deborah M. Corley, Ph.D. [[2006]]. "The Sex Addicted Mixed-Orientation Marriage: Examining Attachment Styles, [[Homophobia]] and Viability of Marriage After Disclosure." ''Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity Journal,'' vere. * [[2007]]. "Gay Guise: What to Do when Your Client Has Sex with Men but Is Straight." ''[[Psychotherapy Networker]],'' Iulio/Augusto. * [[2008]]. "Straight Guise: Is My Partner Gay?" (capitulum de viris rectis in coniugis heterosexualibus qui alios viros concumbunt). In ''Mending A Shattered Heart: A Guide for Partners of Sex Addicts.'' Gentle Press. ISBN 0-9774400-6-0. * [[2008]]. Praefatio in ''Loving Ourselves: The Gay and Lesbian Guide to Self-Esteem,'' a Kimeron Hardin scripto. Alyson Books. ISBN 1-59350-045-9. * [[2009]]. "Depathologizing Porn." ''[[Psychotherapy Networker]],'' Novembri/Decembri. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * [[Harville Hendrix|Hendrix, Harville]]. [[1988]]. ''Getting the Love You Want.'' * [[Harville Hendrix|Hendrix, Harville]]. [[1992]]. ''Keeping the Love You Find.'' Novi Eboraci: [[Pocket Books]]. * [[Harville Hendrix|Hendrix, Harville]]. [[1997]]. ''Giving The Love That Heals: A Guide For Parents.'' Novi Eboraci: Pocket Books. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509075712/http://www.gayaffirmativetherapy.com/ GayAffirmativeTherapy.com] * [http://www.JoeKort.com JoeKort.com] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20100329014731/http://www.joekort.com/articles.htm Commentarii] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110105183850/http://www.joekort.com/broadcasts/Broadcast.D20060403.html Emissiones videophonicae] ** [http://www.StraightGuise.com StraightGuise.com] {{Lifetime|1963||Kort, Iosephus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Civicae Wayne]] [[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Agronomici et Universitatis Civicae Michiganensis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Philanthropi]] [[Categoria:Homosexualitas]] [[Categoria:Psychotherapeutae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Sexologi]] 7brpedk4h7blq9h48vmfl2wbtu93agx 0 114931 3994017 3993953 2026-10-11T13:07:33Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3994017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:International Criminal Court Headquarters, Netherlands.jpg|thumb|Sedes Tribunalis criminalis internationalis Hagae.]] [[Fasciculus:ICC member states.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Status ratificationis [[Foedus Romae de Tribunali criminali internationali|Foederis Romae de Tribunali criminali internationali]].]] '''Tribunal criminale internationale''' est [[iudicium]] internationale secundum "[[Foedus Romae de Tribunali criminali internationali|Statutum Romanum ad Tribunal criminale internationale]]"{{dubsig}} die [[17 Iulii]] [[1998]] institutum. A [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] [[Haga]]e die [[1 Iulii]] [[2002]] ad [[crimen|crimina]]{{dubsig}} contra [[humanitarianismus|humanitatem]] persequenda constitutum est. Eius [[lingua publica|linguae publicae]] sunt [[lingua Anglica|Anglica]] et [[lingua Francogallica|Francogallica]]. Ex anno [[2024]], praeses tribunalis est [[Tomoko Akane]]. [[Consociatio Nationum]] etiam [[Iudicium inter Civitates]] habet, sed alterius naturae est, quia tribunal criminale internationale de criminibus personarum, non [[civitas sui iuris|civitatum]], iudicat. Potestas tribunalis criminalis internationalis ad [[crimina contra humanitatem|scelera contra humanitatem commissa]] pertinet: {{div col|2}} * [[Actus sexuales]] per vim * [[Belli scelus]] * [[Disparatio coacticia]] * [[Generis occidio]] * [[Incursio magna]] * [[Mercatus hominum]] * [[Servitus sexualis]] * [[Sterilizatio coacticia]] * [[Stuprum]] systematicum * [[Tortura]] in omnibus formis * [[Humanitarium belli ius|Violationes iuris humanitarii belli]] {{div col end}} ==Controversiae et responsum== Cum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] die [[18 Augusti]] anno [[2026]] sanctiones in [[Tomoko Akane]] et Abdoulaye Seye (civem [[Senegalia]]e) imposuissent, Tribunal criminale internationale eas graviter reiecit.<ref>[https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-strongly-rejects-new-us-sanctions-designations The ICC strongly rejects new US sanctions designations].</ref> Praeterea Tomoko Akane oratione habita [[iustitia]]m Tribunalis criminalis numquam evinci posse affirmavit.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20260826_19/ ICC chief vows court will 'never defeated'].</ref> Die [[9 Octobris]] 2026, Civitates Foederatae sanctiones{{dubsig}} in Tribunal Criminale Internationale imposuit, quod tribunal ut violationem [[civitas in legibus posita|civitatis in legibus positae]] condemaverat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj20vkkx3rdvo US unreils sanctions on ICC in move court condemns as 'assault on rule of law].</ref> == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Conventio de Prohibitione Cohercitioneque Criminum Genocidii]] * [[Crimina contra humanitatem]] * [[Conventio contra Torturam, alteram Atrocem, Inhumanam seu Humiliantem Tractationem seu Poenam]] * [[Declaratio et Propositum ad agendum Vindobonae]] * [[Humanitarium belli ius]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.icc-cpi.int/ Situs interretialis tribunalis proprius.] {{Myrias|Societas}} [[Categoria:Constituta 2002]] [[Categoria:Ius]] [[Categoria:Tribunal criminale internationale| ]] 51ac23btm3ai8wjjpub30t7onae0ik6 0 116311 3994016 3993951 2026-10-11T12:59:31Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (10K) 3994016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Conic sections with plane.svg|thumb|Sectiones conicae: parabola (1), [[circulus]] et [[ellipsis]]; (2), [[hyperbola]].]] [[Fasciculus:Parts of Parabola.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Imago [[graphum (mathematica)|graphi]] parabolae.]] '''Parabola'''<ref>Archimedis Opera (1544), p. 142: "Archimedis quadratura parabolae, id est portionis contentae a linea recta et sectione rectanguli coni." Verba citata in ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' s.v. "parabola."</ref> ([[Graece]] παραβολή 'collatio, iuxta positionem') est sectio inter [[planus|planum]] et [[conus|conum]] sive [[sectio conica]]. == Aequationes == [[Aequatio]] canonica in [[systema orthogonale|systemate orthogonali]] est: <math>~\textstyle y^2=2px</math> Aequatio quadrata <math>~y=ax^2+bx+c</math>, <math>~a\neq 0</math> atque parabola est et graphice imaginatur eadem parabola <math>~y=ax^2</math>, et habet verticem non in [[systema coordinatarum|principio coordinatarum]], sed in puncto <math>~A</math>, coordinatae cujus calculantur a formulis: : <math>~x_A=-\frac{b}{2a},\;y_A=:-\frac{D}{4a}</math> === Calculatio coefficientorum aequationis quadrati === Si ad aequationem <math>~y = ax^2 + bx + c</math> scimus coordinatas trium varium [[punctum (mathematica)|punctorum]] [[graphum (mathematica)|graphici]] <math>~(x_{1}; y_{1})</math>, <math>~(x_{2}; y_{2})</math>, <math>~(x_{3}; y_{3})</math>, possumus invenire coefficientes nexo modo: <math>~a=\frac{y_{3}-\frac{x_{3}(y_{2}-y_{1})+x_{2}y_{1}-x_{1}y_{2}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}}{x_{3}(x_{3}-x_{1}-x_{2})+x_{1}x_{2}}, b=\frac{y_{2}-y_{1}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}-a(x_{1}+x_{2}), c=\frac{x_{2}y_{1}-x_{1}y_{2}}{x_{2}-x_{1}}+ax_{1}x_{2}</math> ==Nota== <references /> {{NexInt}} *[[Eccentricitas]] *[[Functio quadratica]] [[Categoria:Sectiones conicae]] {{Myrias|Mathematica}} e7x90wplhhhusri9gifee06bkdt5kv1 0 124941 3994115 3915551 2026-10-12T06:48:08Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Church Saint-Trémeur kergloff.JPG |thumb|200 px|Kergloff: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesiae]] turris campanaria]] ''' Kergloff ''' ([[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] '''Kerglof ''') est commune 859 incolarum (anno [[2021]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Finis Terrae (praefectura Franciae)|Finis Terrae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Britannia Minor]]e. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Finis Terrae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Kergloff|Kergloff }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141217121921/http://kergloff.fr/ Situs communis] {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Finis Terrae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Finis terrae]] 17qbhl82rhsqrf5mor58vky2th8git1 0 134389 3994019 3993957 2026-10-11T13:11:16Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3994019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina neglecta}} {{res|Scelus contra humanitatem}} est facinus contra [[humanitas|humanitatem]] vel [[humanitarium belli ius]] vel [[internationalis iurum humanorum lex|internationalem iurum humanorum legem]] commissum. Scelera contra humanitatem per [[Iudicium Internationale Criminale]] vel [[Iudicium inter Civitates]] iudicantur. == Quid sit scelus contra humanitatem == Articulus 7 ("[[Foedus Romae de Tribunali criminali internationali|Foedus Romae]] de [[Iudicium Internationale Criminale|Iudicio Internationali Criminali]]") haec scelera contra humanitatem decrevit esse: {{div col|3}} * [[Actus sexuales]] vi facti * [[Apartheid]] * [[Belli scelus]] * [[Disparatio coacticia]] * [[Generis occidio]] * [[Graviditas]] coacticia * [[Invasio]] * [[Servitus]] * [[Servitus sexualis]] * [[Stuprum]] coacticium * [[Tortura]] omnis generis * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Prositututio coacticia|<>|en|qid=Q2667359}} * [[Sterilizatio coacticia]] {{div col end}} {{Ius-stipula}} [[Categoria:Ius]] [[Categoria:Ius internationale]] 2kog7wtopm486op4rq8ij8gax3q7vla 0 134903 3994061 3476275 2026-10-11T15:29:51Z Kontributor 2K 172405 capsa 3994061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} ''' Lesquin''' est commune 9600 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Septentrio (praefectura Franciae)|Septentrionis]] in [[Francia]]e borealis regione [[Septentrio et Fretum|Septentrione et Freto]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Septentrionis]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Lesquin|Lesquin}} * {{INSEE commune|59343|de=Lesquin}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Septentrionis]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Septentrionis]] 4r5pu6q2r34p9um6nzxcyv0qm5q2662 0 135281 3994128 3939391 2026-10-12T09:47:21Z JackyM59 202366 Photograph updated 3994128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Mairie d'Orchies et l'église.jpg|left|thumb|Orchiacum: [[curia municipalis]]]] {{res|Orchiacum}}<ref>{{opus|auctor=Fredericus Comes de Bylandt |titulus= Commentatio ad quaestionem historico-litterariam |locus= Lovanii |annus= 1826|url= {{Google Books|1g7J5i-xHbMC|p. 205}}}}</ref> ([[Francogallice]] ''Orchies'') est commune {{formatnum:8396}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Septentrio (praefectura Franciae)|Septentrionis]] in [[Francia]]e borealis regione [[Alta Franciae|Altis Franciae]]. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Septentrionis]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Orchies|Orchiacum}} {{INSEE commune|59449|de=Orchiaco}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Septentrionis]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Septentrionis]] 7kmtuho8lyohbm5lqst1gbmd6ip7dou 0 135531 3994064 3476222 2026-10-11T15:30:41Z Kontributor 2K 172405 capsa 3994064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} ''' Semousies''' est commune 227 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Septentrio (praefectura Franciae)|Septentrionis]] in [[Francia]]e borealis regione [[Septentrio et Fretum|Septentrione et Freto]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Septentrionis]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Semousies|Semousies}} * {{INSEE commune|59563|de=Semousies}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Septentrionis]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Septentrionis]] djk878a6xt0ix4nfyti0ysz83t0cjk7 0 135708 3994063 3476112 2026-10-11T15:30:18Z Kontributor 2K 172405 capsa 3994063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} '''Warlaing''' est commune 603 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Septentrio (praefectura Franciae)|Septentrionis]] in [[Francia]]e borealis regione [[Septentrio et Fretum|Septentrione et Freto]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Septentrionis]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Warlaing|Warlaing}} * {{INSEE commune|59642|de=Warlaing}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Septentrionis]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Septentrionis]] f9bpun8u1ro5heonzu7r632hsklw20r 0 135714 3994065 3831643 2026-10-11T15:33:43Z Kontributor 2K 172405 capsa 3994065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Wambrechies hotel de ville.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|left|Wambrechies: vici curia.]] '''Wenebercis'''<ref name="duchet_1881">{{cite book |title=Les Chastelains de Lille, leur ancien estat, office et famille |last1=Van der Haer |first1=Floris |year=[[1611]] |publisher=Imprimerie de Christofle Beys |location=Insulae |page=171 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8716960t}}.</ref> ([[Francogallice]] ''Wambrechies'', [[Nederlandice]] ''Wemmersijs'') est commune 11012 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Septentrio (praefectura Franciae)|Septentrionis]] in [[Francia]]e borealis regione [[Septentrio et Fretum|Septentrione et Freto]]. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Septentrionis]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Wambrechies|Wambrechies}} * {{INSEE commune|59636|de=Wambrechies}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Septentrionis]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Septentrionis]] aokqu0ukf2u00s6gc8akoj1mqwmeflr 0 153231 3994121 3453569 2026-10-12T08:44:11Z Kontributor 2K 172405 capsa - [former commune] 3994121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Eglise de Murat.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|left|Murat.]] '''Murat''' est commune 1880 incolarum (anno [[2014]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mons Celtorum (praefectura Franciae)|Montis Celtorum]] in regione [[Arvernia]]. == Geographia == Fluvius [[Alanio]] ''Murat'' agrum labitur. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum|Indicem communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Murat (Cantal)|Murat}} * [http://www.murat.fr/ Murat pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|15138|de=Murat}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Cantalini]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Cantalini]] cog5lwgbjtnr9u4pr8asy5jr386wcnc 3994122 3994121 2026-10-12T08:46:53Z Kontributor 2K 172405 fuit commune Franciae usque ad annum 2017 3994122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Eglise de Murat.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|left|Murat.]] '''Murat''' fuit commune [[Francia]]e usque ad annum 2017 (1880 incolarum anno [[2014]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mons Celtorum (praefectura Franciae)|Montis Celtorum]] in regione [[Arvernia]]. == Geographia == Fluvius [[Alanio]] ''Murat'' agrum labitur. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum|Indicem communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Murat (Cantal)|Murat}} * [http://www.murat.fr/ Murat pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|15138|de=Murat}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Cantalini]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Cantalini]] 6e6xr05v9mor2dhpxrzee802ja6czhf 3994123 3994122 2026-10-12T08:48:10Z Kontributor 2K 172405 3994123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Eglise de Murat.JPG|thumb|upright=.8|left|Murat.]] '''Murat''' fuit commune [[Francia]]e usque ad annum 2017 (1880 incolarum anno [[2014]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mons Celtorum (praefectura Franciae)|Montis Celtorum]] in regione [[Arvernia]]. == Geographia == Fluvius [[Alanio]] ''Murat'' agrum labitur. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum|Indicem communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Murat (Cantal)|Murat}} * [http://www.murat.fr/ Murat pagina interretialis] * {{INSEE commune|15138|de=Murat}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Cantalini]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Cantalini]] twa0q07mkvp50qk7gdlmfwd279uyqj8 0 160392 3994112 2478851 2026-10-12T06:31:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994112 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: NO 1431 Jølster.svg |thumb|200 px|Ubi commune Jølster in Sogn og Fjordane situm est]] [[Fasciculus:Nikolai Astrup-Soleienatt.jpg |300 px |thumb|left|Jølster: Soleienatt. [[Nicolaus Astrup]] pinxit]] ''' Jølster''' est [[Norvegia]]e commune 3049 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) in provinciae ''[[Sogn og Fjordane]]'' districtu Sunnfjord. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Jølster|Jølster}} * [http://www.jolster.kommune.no/ Jølster pagina interretialis] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Norvegiae]] 41fn1tmw8erwl793xl7s4i7sjeaopb7 0 164501 3994021 3840173 2026-10-11T13:20:29Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:William Davenant.jpg|thumb|Gulielmus Davenant. [[Frontispicium]] [[liber|libri]] ''The Works of Sir William Davenant'' (Londinii: printed by TN for Henry Herringman, 1673).]] '''Gulielmus Davenant''' Eques (baptizatus [[3 Martii]] [[1606]]; mortuus [[7 Aprilis]] [[1668]]), etiam '''D'Avenant''' scriptum, fuit [[poeta]] et [[scriptor scaenicus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]]. Cum [[Thomas Killigrew|Thoma Killigrew]], Davenant fuit persona rara in [[theatrum Renascentiae Anglicae|theatro Renascentiae Anglicae]], cuius cursus vitae [[Litterae Anglicae#Litterae Carolina et Cromwelliana|aevum Carolineanum]] et [[Litterae Anglicae#Litteraturae Refectionis|Refectionem]] comprehendit, atque ante et post [[Bellum Civile Anglicum]] et per [[Interregnum Anglicum]] laboravit. ==Bibliographia== * Logan, Terence P., et Denzell S. Smith, eds. [[1975]]. ''The Later Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama.'' Lincolniae Nebrascae: University of Nebraska Press. ==Nexus externi== {{wikiquote|William Davenant|Gulielmum Davenant}} {{wikisource author|William Davenant|Gulielmum Davenant}} {{CommuniaCat|William Davenant|Gulielmum Davenant}} ===Biographica=== * [http://www.theatredatabase.com/17th_century/sir_william_davenant.html Biographia,] www.theatrebase.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200531031532/http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/shakespeare028.html "Shakespeare and Mrs. Davenant,"] www.theatrehistory.com * [http://oldpoetry.com/oauthor/show/William+Davenant Biographia,] oldpoetry.com ===Poemata et textus=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200531031532/http://www.poetry-archive.com/d/davenant_william.html Quattuor poemata,] www.poetry-archive.com * [http://www.bartleby.com/105/index2.html Quinque poemata ex ''Metaphysical Lyrics & Poems of the 17th century,''] www.bartleby.com * [http://www.bartleby.com/101/index2c.html Tria poemata ex ''The Oxford Book of English Verse: 1250–1900,''] www.bartleby.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030803025033/http://newark.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/tempest.html "The complete text of Davenant and Dryden's adaptation of ''The Tempest,''"] newark-rutgers.edu {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Davenant, William}} [[Categoria:Nati 1606]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1668]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Poetae laureati]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] fzutyz6dfm6eek4bmedg3xyvnerc0v4 0 192473 3994119 3740215 2026-10-12T07:34:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | name = Lactuca | image = Lactuca tuberosa 2.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Lactuca tuberosa]]'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]] | unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]] | ordo = [[Asterales]] | familia = [[Asteraceae]] | tribus = [[Cichorieae]] | genus = ''[[Lactuca]]'' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''''Lactuca''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[Angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] in familia [[Asteraceae]]. Genus minimum 50 species continet, toto orbi terrarum sed praecipue in [[Eurasia]] distributae. Membrum notissimum est ''[[Lactuca sativa]]''. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Illustration Lactuca virosa0.jpg|''[[Lactuca virosa]]'' Fasciculus:Lactucaserriola2web.jpg|''[[Lactuca serriola]]'' Fasciculus:Lactuca tenerrima.jpg|''[[Lactuca tenerrima]]'' Fasciculus:Lactuca serriola flowers RJP 01.jpg|''[[Lactuca serriola]]'' Fasciculus:Lactuca tatarica.jpeg|''[[Lactuca tatarica]]'' </gallery> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes de plantis}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120929201003/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,1466 Jepson Manual Treatment] {{Biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Genera plantarum]]{{Titulus italicus}} [[Categoria:Lactuca|!]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] emuowoc4mv2r1245pib74ase89ycxnv 0 198514 3994018 3993954 2026-10-11T13:09:34Z IacobusAmor 1163 3994018 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Flag of the United Nations.svg|thumb|[[Vexillum]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]].]] '''Dies internationalis puellae''' est [[dies]] a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] inter gentes decretus. Qui dies quotannis die [[11 Octobris]] agitur [[iura humana|iuribus]] [[puella]]rum, [[aequalitas ante legem|ante legem aequalitati]], [[ius educationis|iuri educationis]] provehendis et tuendis contra [[sexismus|sexismum]], [[violentia contra mulieres|violentiam]], [[matrimonium coacticium]], [[servitus|servitutem]], [[paupertas|paupertatem]]. Hic ritus primum anno [[2012]] celebrabatur. == Lemmata diei == * Anno 2012 lemma fuit "contra matrimonium impubes". * Anno 2013 lemma fuit "[[Innovatio]] [[Educatio|educationis]] puellis". * Anno 2014 lemma fuit "finire cyclum violentiae". * Anno 2015 lemma fuit "potentia puellae". * Anno 2016 lemma fuit "progressio puellarum; progressio ad [[Proposita progressus durabilis|Propositum progressum durabilem]]{{Dubsig}} <!-- Translatio corrigenda est. -->consequendum". * Anno 2017 lemma fuit "''EnPOWER'' puellae (Potentia [[autonomia]]e [[societas humana|societate]])". * Anno 2018 lemma fuit "cum illa: vis perita puellarum". * Anno 2019 lemma fuit "potentia puellae: libera et inalienabilis". * Anno 2020 lemma fuit "vox mea, futura aequalis nostra". * Anno 2021 lemma fuit "generatio digitalis, generatio nostra". * Anno 2022 lemma fuit "tempus nostrum nunc est: ius nostrum, furuta nostra". * Anno 2023 lemma fuit "iura puellae [[collocatio pecuniae|pecuniae conlocare]]: [[ducatus]] nostrus, [[subsidium sociale|subsidium]] nostrum". * Anno 2024 lemma fuit "Visio puellarum in futura". * Anno 2025 lemma fuit "Puella quae sum, mutatio quae duco". * Anno 2026 lemma est "Matrimonium impuberum finire et ad ius puellae collocare". {{NexInt}} * [[Dies internationalis feminarum]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|International Day of the Girl Child|Diem internationalem puellae}} * [https://www.un.org/en/observances/girl-child-day Situs publicus apud Nationes Unites] ([[Anglice]]) * [https://www.un.org/fr/observances/girl-child-day Situs publicus apud Nationes Unitae] ([[Francogallice]]) * [https://www.un.org/es/observances/girl-child-day Situs publicus apud Nationes Unitae] ([[Hispanice]]) [[Categoria:Feminae]] [[Categoria:Nationes Unitae]] [[Categoria:Ritus Octobris]] 57fwiyiu1xjq6bx7amaka9s5o747ham 0 201639 3994036 3978109 2026-10-11T14:55:30Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historia Germaniae}} '''Historiam Germaniae''' [[saeculum 10|decimo saeculo]] cum ortu [[regnum Germanicum|regni Germanici]] ex [[imperium Francicum|imperio Francico]] coepisse, communis opinio est, quo tempore plurimi incolae regni aut [[Germani]] aut [[Celtae]] (Galli) fuerunt, ab [[occidens|occidente]] autem etiam partes iam diu ad [[imperium Romanum|Romanum imperium]] pertinentes, quorum incolae Romana [[vita]] iam diu adhaeserant, hereditate accepit, ab oriente verum multae gentes [[Slavi|Slavici]], praecipue [[Venedi]], regno nuper orto subiecti erant. Quod [[rex|reges]] Germanici (imprimis stirps [[Ottones|Ottonum]]) auctoritate [[Papa|Papae]] Romanae felicissime nitebantur, eis mox auctoritas nominis imperii tributa est. Etiam stirpes [[Salii|Saliorum]] et [[Stirps Waiblingensium|Waiblingensium]] [[ecclesia]]m imperialem propagaverunt. Exiente Waiblingensium stirpe potestas regnum graviter adfecta est hactenus, ut imperium saepe seditionibus principum imperialium laborabatur. Demum per [[Bulla Aurea|bullam auream]] dictam imperatoris [[Carolus IV|Caroli IV]] modus regnum creandorum constitutus est. Praeterea nunc etiam [[urbs|urbes]] totius Germaniae magis magisque [[floruit|florere]] coeperunt. [[Novum Aevum|Novo aevo]] incipiente, imperium mutationibus mitissime tantum adfectum est, sed potius singulae partes eius novitatis comprehensae sunt. Praecipue [[reformatio]]ne, [[contrareformatio]]ne atque [[bellum tricennale|bello tricennali]] graviter labefactum est, quibus [[homo|hominibus]] magna ambiguitas de [[constitutio]]ne vetere fidei ac imperii administrandi atque de potestatibus translaticiis infusum est. Praeter [[Domus Habsburgensis|Habsburgenses]], qui ex [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]] quasi perpetue imperium moderabantur, etiam stirps [[Hohenzollern]] praesidens [[Prussia|Prussiae]] regno adeo conviruit, ut mox immo prisco [[imperium Austriacum|imperio Austriaco]] par esse existimatur. Exarsis [[Bella Coitionum|bellis coitionum]] [[Sacrum Imperium Romanum]] finem habuit. Cum [[Napoleo]] imperator Francicus totius ferme Europae potitus esset, Germaniae per [[bella liberationis]] iterum [[servitus|servitute]] liberatae instituta est [[Confoederatio Germanica]] praestantibus regnis [[Austria]]e atque [[Prussia]]e. Quamquam motus [[Res novae mensis Martii|rerum novarum mensis Martii]] cupiendarum, quo integritatem Germaniae restitui conatum est, sedatus est, copiae [[regnum Prussicum|regni Prussici]] hunc paulo post devincendo [[Francia]]m atque [[Austria]]m ad prosperum exitum duxerunt. Conditum est [[Imperium Germanicum (1871-1918)|Imperium Germanicum]]. Cum imperatori [[Gulielmus II (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmo II]] aetate [[Imperialismus|imperialismi]] totius orbis se potiri obversaretur motui gerendi belli quantum contribuit, ut paulo post [[Primum bellum mundanum]] coortum est. Cum imperium per [[Seditio Novembris|seditionem Novembris]] anni [[1918]] submersum esset, exclamata est [[Res Publica Vimariana|Res Publica]] Vimariana dicta secundum locum, ubi confecta sit nova constitutio democratica. Paucis solum annis autem exsistere illae contigit, dum iam anno [[1933]] in [[Nazismus|dictaturam Nazisticam]] delapsa est. [[Civitas|Civitates]] quae [[Nazismus|tyrannidem Nazisticam]] impugnaverint, oppresso [[Wehrmacht|exercitu Germanico]] partitionem Germaniae atque urbis [[Berolinum|Berolini]] quartas in partes decreverunt: pars orientalis sub dicionem [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum|Unionis Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum]] cecidit, partes occidentales autem in potestatem [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]], [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regni]] atque [[Francia|Franciae]] redactae sunt, ex quibus anno [[1949]] [[Res publica foederalis Germanica (1949–1990)|Res publica foederalis Germanica]] constituta est, partem autem orientalem paulo post [[Res publica democratica Germanica|Rem publicam democraticam Germanicam]] fore instructum est. Cum anno [[1961]] [[murus Berolinensis]] aedificaretur, divisio terrarum Germanicarum confirmata est. [[Seditio pacifica|Seditione ''pacifica'']] (Germanice commune ut ''cardo rerum'' notum) in parte orientali facta dictatura [[Factio Socialistica Unita Germaniae|Factionis Socialisticae Unitae Germaniae]] (SUG) eversa est, atque constitutum est mense Martio [[1990]] prima libera comitia in parte subsolana fieri, qua de causa mox actum est, ut [[Reunificatio Germaniae|Germania]] omnis restitueretur. Quod victores praeteriti belli nationis restitutioni assentiri parati esse se praebuerunt, valde in promisso pependit, Germaniam coniunctionem Europae nationum petituram esse. Germani autem instituendo monetam paneuropaeicam nomine [[Euro]] atque admittendo civitates Europae orientalis in [[Unio Europaea|Unionem Europaeam]] fidem servavisse videntur. [[Fasciculus:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hodiernum vexillum Germaniae.]] [[Fasciculus:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Situs Germaniae hodiernae.]] == Aetas praehistorica == [[Fasciculus:Venus vom Hohle Fels-01.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Replica ante 35&thinsp;000–40&thinsp;000 annos factae [[Venus de Hohlenfels|Veneris de Hohlenfels]], antiquissimae imaginis hominis]] Antiquissimum spolium generis [[Homo (genus)|hominis]] est quaedam [[mandibula]], quae abhinc annorum 500&thinsp;000 ferme vel 600&thinsp;000 genita esse creditur, exemplumque praebuit generis ''[[Homo heidelbergensis|Hominis heidelbergensis]].'' Paulo recentiora sunt reliquiae ''[[Homo steinheimensis|Hominis steinheimensis]].'' Ex ''Homine heidelbergensi'' abhinc annorum 130&thinsp;000 procreatum est [[Homo neanderthalensis|Homo neanderthalensis]], qui abhinc annorum circa 100&thinsp;000 in finibus hodiernae Germaniae vixisse putatur. Cum partes Germaniae posteriore [[Aevum glaciale|aetate glaciali]] ad [[tundra|tundram]] inhabitabilem reductae sunt, probabile est, nullas [[homonidae|hominidas]] tempore [[Aurignacia|Aurignaciarum]] usque ad [[Palaeolithicum|medium palaeolithicum]] inhabitavisse, neque ulla indicia [[cultura|cultus humani]] reperta sunt. [[Fasciculus:Doppelgrab von Oberkassel skeletons.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ossa cuiusdam [[mulier]]is inter 20–25 annos natae una cum iis cuiusdam viri abhinc annorum 14&thinsp;000 sepulta sunt.]] In [[Suebi|Suabia]] inventa est forma [[Venus vom Hohlen Fels|Veneris de Hohlenfels]] abhinc annorum 35&thinsp;000–40&thinsp;000 confecta, quae est veterrima hominis imago nota. Cum aetate [[Neolithicum|neolithica]] homines primo [[agricultura]], pecuaria, atque sedibus stabilibus uterentur, etiam [[figlina|ars figlinaria]] primo adhibita est. Quod eodem tempore etiam primo [[metallum|metallo]] utebatur hominibus indigenibus valde profuit. De [[Aetas aënea|aetate aenea]] in Germania relicta est exempli gratia [[discus caelestis Nebrae|discus caelestis Nebrae]], qui veterrima depictio [[caelum|caeli]] existimatur. == Origo gentis == Cum coeperent [[migrationes Europaeae populorum et gentium]] etiam partes aliarum gentium ut [[Sarmatae]] vel [[Hunni]] in finibus Germaniae remanserunt. Tractibus transdanubiis a Germanis paene vacuefactis [[Slavi]] eos frequentare coeperunt. Demum inter undecimum usque quartum decimum saeculum haec partes civitati Germanicae iterum adiunctae sunt. == Aetas antiqua == [[Fasciculus:GermanenAD50.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Gentes Germanicae anno ferme [[100]].]] Primum gentes Germanicae atque Gallicae apud scriptores Graecos et Romanos descripti sunt (praecipue in operibus [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] et [[Tacitus|Taciti]]). [[Saeculum 5 a.C.n.|Quinto saeculo a.C.n.]], inferiores partes Germaniae hodiernae a Gallis, superiores quidem a Germanis incolebantur. Ex hoc tempore Germani meridionales partes frequentabant, quo factum est ut vivante Caesare Danubius flumen ambos populos divideret. Exinde etiam Germani nonnullas vocationes et verba Gallica in linguam suam acceperunt. Expugnata tandem Gallia regnanteque Augusto Romani agminibus suis Germaniam occupabant usque ad insignem [[Clades Variana|Varianam cladem]] cum exercitus Romani se ultra Rhenum receperunt exque castris suis identidem expeditiones in Germaniam liberam faciebant. Tamen circa ex anno [[50]] usque ferme ad quintum saeculum partes trans Danubium et Rhenum ad imperium Romanum pertinebant atque inter annos ferme [[80]] usque [[260]] etiam pars Hassiae ([[Wetterau]]) et superiores regiones Badenses quibus limes Rhaeticus tutamini erat. Germania Romanis subdita erat divisa in provincias [[Germania superior]], [[Germania inferior]], et [[Raetia]]. Ibi urbes [[Augusta Treverorum]], [[Colonia Agrippina]], [[Bonna]], [[Vormatia]], et [[Augusta Vindelicorum]] conditae sunt. Ex omnibus partibus [[imperium Romanum|Romani imperii]] [[colonia|coloni]] ad [[provincia]]s excolendas transmigraverunt. Anno [[98]], [[Tacitus]], Romanus [[rerum gestarum scriptor]], [[historia]]m atque [[geographia]]m totius Germaniae tractavit. [[Marcus Aurelius|Marco Aurelio]] secundo iam saeculo a Marcomannis oppresso Germani limites vi transire ex tertio saeculo dum [[Discrimen tertii saeculi|imperium labefaceretur]] magis magisque conabantur cum Romani eodem tempore etiam a [[Imperium Sassanidarum|Sassanidis]] in oriente premebantur. Gentes [[Alamanni|Alamannorum]] atque [[Gothi|Gothorum]] ex minoribus tribubus nuper ortae iterum atque iterum provincias Romanas populationibus vexabant. Etiamsi [[Maximinus Thrax]] bene ac feliciter in Germaniam cum copiis suis impetum fecisset Romani anno [[259]]/[[260]] tractus trans Rhenum deserere coacti sunt. Cum exeunte tertio saeculo imperium propter restitutionem Diocletiani et Constantini magni reconvalescerat, tamen milites Romani frequenter [[Antiquitas posterior|antiquitate posteriore]] cum Germanis dimicabant. [[Fasciculus:Frankish Empire 481 to 814-de.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Regnum Francorum anno [[481]] usque [[814]].]] Postquam anno 375 [[Hunni]] in Europam invaserant, coeperunt migrationes gentium quinti saeculi. [[Transitio Rheni anni 406|Transitione Rheni anni 406]] [[Imperium Romanum Occidentale]] severiter adfectum est cum complures gentes Germanicae totius ferme imperii Romani potiti sunt, hactenus ut Romanis deposito [[Romulus Augustulus|Romulo Augusto]] nihil supererat nisi Italia ipsa. Exempli gratia hoc tempore condita sunt [[Regnum Vandalorum|regnum Vandalorum]] in [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africa Septentrionali]], [[Regnum Burgundiae|Burgundiae regnum]] in Gallia necnon imperia [[Ostrogothi|Ostrogothorum]] atque [[Visigothi|Visigothorum]]. Quorum potentissimum fuit regnum Francorum quinto saeculo expugnatum. == Aevum Medium == === Medium Aevum anterius === Cum Germani sedes translaticias trans Albam flumen [[Migrationes Europaeae populorum et gentium|migrando in terras australiores]] evacuissent [[Slavi|gentes Slavici]] usque ad finem 7. saeculi omnium tractuum trans Albam atque [[Sala (flumen)|Salam]] potiti sunt, quare regiones transalbanos usque ad [[Medium Aevum|medium aevum]] etiam [[Germania Slavica]] nominatae sunt. Hodie quoque supersunt Slavi in Germania, praecipue Venedi in [[Lusatia]]na parte. ==== Merovingi (ca 500–751) ==== Magna pars Europae [[Europa Occidentalis|occidentalis]] (praecipue vetus provincia Romana Galliae) et partes [[Media Europa|Mediae Europae]] ex initio [[saeculum 6|saeculi sexti]] regno [[Regnum Francorum|Francorum]] subiectae erant, etsi Germania boreo-occidentalis adhuc a gente [[Saxones|Saxonum]] incolebatur. Stirps Merovingorum autem fervore fines suos trans Rhenum propagavit: [[Alamanni]] atque [[Thuringi]] potestati Francicae concesserunt, tamen querela interna de imperio regnando atque incrementum potestatis [[Maior domus|maiorum domus]] impediverunt, ne rex singulorum principatuum firmius potiretur. Exeunte [[saeculum 7|saeculo septimo]] Merovingi de facto a [[Carolingi|Carolingis]] potestate amoti sunt, qui ex anno [[751]] etiam de iure diademata regibus Franciae imposita sunt. [[Fasciculus:Treaty of Verdun.svg|thumb|Partitio imperii Francici in [[Conventum Verodunense|Convento Verodunensi]] (843)]] ==== Carolingi (751–911) ==== Potentissimus illius stirpis fuit [[Carolus Magnus]], qui ex anno [[768]] (sed solus tantum ex anno [[771]]) usque [[814]] regnabat. Ille immo anno [[800]] auctoritatem imperatoris consecutus est. Carolus non solum cum Saxonis durissimis acerbissimisque bellis pugnabat sed etiam cum Langobardis in Italia necnon cum Avaris in Europa orientali atque cum Mauris in Hispania augendo imperio certabat. Etiam artes et litterae iterum in regno suo florescere coeperunt. Carolo defuncto, imperium anno [[843]] secundum inter heredes eius distributum est. Pars occidentalis veteris regni exordium fuit Francogalliae hodiernae; orientalis quidem pars quondam ad [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium]] devoluta est. Diviso imperio [[843]] imperium magis magisque delapsum est, usque ad regnum [[Ludovicus Pius|Ludovici Pii]], cui ultimo totum imperium regere contigit. Eum secutus est primogenitus [[filius]] eius [[Lotharius I (imperator)|Lotharius I]], cui media pars imperii divisi assignata est, cum [[Carolus Calvus]] partem occidentalem meruit et [[Hludovicus (rex Francorum orientalium)|Hludovicus]] conquisivit. Omnibus prognatis Lotharii defunctis medium regnum inter reges duarum partium Franciae partitum est. Ludovicus quidem cum anno [[876]] obiret regnum suum iterum inter filios suos Carloman, [[Ludovicus III (rex Francorum orientalium)|Ludovicum III]] et [[Carolus III (imperator)|Carolum III]] dividit. Anno [[880]], fines regni occidentalis cum orientali defixi sunt. Defunctibus et omnibus fratribus eius rex regni occidentalis Carolus III demum ad breve tempus imperium restituere valuit at, cum secorditer regnaret, anno [[887]] ab [[Arnulphus (imperator)|Arnulpho]] regno depulsus est. Mortuo Arnulphi filio [[Ludovicus IV|Ludovico infante]] anno [[911]] stirps [[Carolingorum stirps|Carolingorum]] exstincta est. Duces cum rati essent illum potestatem suam non minuere, [[Conradus I (rex Francorum orientalium)|Conradum I]] regem elegerunt (911–918).<!-- ====Ottoni (919–1024) ==== ===Medium Aevum proprium === ====Salii (1024–1125) ==== ====Stauvi (1138–1254) ====--> ===Medium Aevum Posterius=== [[Saeculum 14|Saeculo quarto decimo]], nimium incrementum hominum, messes tenues atque calamitates naturales causae fuerunt diuturnarum famium. Anno [[1349]]/[[1350]], tertia pars incolarum pestilentiae succubuit magnaque [[Hebraei|Hebraeorum]] pars tumultibus in [[Polonia]]m migrare compulsa est.<!-- ==== Interregnum atque radices regnum suae potestatis (1254–1313) ==== ==== Ludovicus IV Bavariensis atque Carolus IV (1314–1378) ==== ==== Ortus domus Habsburgensis (1378–1493) ==== == Novum Aevum anterius == === Maximilianus I (1486–1519) === === Reformatio atque Contrareformatio (1517–1618) === === Bellum tricennale (1618–1648) === === Absolutismus (1648–1789) === == Saeculum XIX "longum" dictum (1789–1918) == === Res novae Francogallicae atque „Bella liberationis“ (1789–1814) === === Restauratio (1814–1848) === === Res novae anni 1848/1849 === === Tempora reconstitutionis (1849–1858) atque Confoederatio Germaniae borealis (1866–1871) === === Imperium Germanicum (1871–1918) ===--> ==Saeculum XX breviter dictum: a primo bello mundano usque ad finem belli frigidi== Etsi aetas civium potentium ortus, inductionis industriarum atque imperiorum certantium etiam in Germania usque ad primum decennium saeculi vicensimi perdurabat sequentes [[Res publica Vimariana]] deinde [[Nazismus]] aetates [[secundum bellum mundanum|bellorum mundanorum]] saeculi vicensimi iam [[decennium 199|annis 1980]] exivisse communis opinio est.<!-- === Primum bellum mundanum (1914–1918) === === Res publica Vimariana (1918/19–1933) === === Nationalsozialismus et bellum mundanum alterum (1933–1945) === === Germania partita === ==== Tempora occupationis (ex 1945) ==== ==== Res publica foederata Germaniae (1949–1990) ==== ==== Res publica democratica Germanica (1949–1990) ==== == Germania restituta (ex 1990) ==--> ==Nexus interni== {{div col|2}} * [[Biedermeier]] * [[Hansa]] * [[Historia Daniae]] * [[Historia Estoniae]] * [[Historia Europae]] * [[Historia Finniae]] * [[Historia Lettoniae]] * [[Historia Lithuaniae]] * [[Historia Russiae]] * [[Historia Sueciae]] * [[Museum de Re publica Vimariana ]] {{div col end}} ==Bibliographia== ===Generalia=== *Biesinger, Joseph A. [[2006]]. ''Germany: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present.'' *Bithell, Jethro, ed. [[1955]]. ''Germany: A Companion to German Studies.'' Ed. 5a.<!-- http://www.questia.com/library/book/germany-a-companion-to-german-studies-by-jethro-bithell.jsp online edition--> *Buse, Dieter K., ed. [[1998]]. ''Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture 1871–1990.'' 2 voll. *Clark, Christopher. [[2006]]. ''Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947.'' * Detwiler, Donald S. [[1999]]. ''Germany: A Short History.'' Ed. 3a. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111231132404/http://www.questia.com/library/book/germany-a-short-history-by-donald-s-detwiler.jsp Editio interretialis.] * {{cite book |last=Fulbrook |first=Mary | title=A Concise History of Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521368360 |isbn=0521-36836-7 |format=paperback |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |series=Cambridge concise histories}} *Gall, Lothar. ''Milestones - Setbacks - Sidetracks: The Path to Parliamentary Democracy in Germany, Historical Exhibition in the Deutscher Dom in Berlin'' (2003).<!-- exhibit catalog; heavily illustrated, 420pp; political history since 1800--> * Holborn, Hajo. ''A History of Modern Germany'' (1959–64); vol 1: The Reformation; vol 2: 1648–1840; vol 3: 1840–1945. * Maehl, William Harvey. [[1979]]. ''Germany in Western Civilization.'' * Ozment, Steven. [[2005]]. ''A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People.'' * Raff, Diether. [[1988]]. ''History of Germany from the Medieval Empire to the Present.'' * Reinhardt, Kurt F. [[1961]]. ''Germany: 2000 Years.'' 2 vol. * Richie, Alexandra. [[1998]]. ''Faust's Metropolis: A History of Berlin.'' * Sagarra, Eda. ''A Social History of Germany 1648–1914'' (1977, 2002 editio) *Schulze, Hagen, et Deborah Lucas Schneider. [[2001]]. ''Germany: A New History.'' * Taylor, A. J. P. [[2001]]. ''The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704145101/http://www.questia.com/read/107459655 Editio interretialis.] * Watson, Peter. [[1020]]. ''The German Genius.'' ISBN 9780743285537. * Winkler, Heinrich August. [[2006]]. ''Germany: The Long Road West.'' 2 vol.<!--[http://www.amazon.com/Germany-Long-Road-West-v/dp/0199265976/ excerpt and text search vol 1]--> {{Historia Europae}} [[Categoria:Historia Germaniae|!]] {{Myrias|Historia}} p3s1m167crx2i2gcdecdu7ws8p0sk7i 0 202107 3994113 3992977 2026-10-12T06:35:16Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994113 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Notenkraker10.jpg|thumb|[[Pagina titularis]] ''[[De Notenkraker]],'' [[periodicum|magazinae]] [[satura|satiricae]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicae]], Kalendas Maias celebrat.]] '''Kalendae Maiae'''<ref>"''The ''Baal-tinne'' of Ireland agrees with May day ... Bel-tinne'' ab Hibernis vocantur Kalendae Maiae" {{Google Books|H5EbYwAKU5wC|vide p. 39 et nota 3}}</ref><ref>"Calendae Maiae": titulus carminis de his feriis a [[Georgius Buchanan|Georgio Buchanan]] scripti ([http://commonplaced.blogspot.fr/2010/07/calendae-maiae-george-buchanan-trans.html Textus cum versione Anglica])</ref> sunt antiquae [[Hemisphaerium Septentrionale|hemisphaerii septentrionalis]] feriae [[ver]]nae die [[1 Maii]] habitae, usitate [[feriae publicae]],<ref>Anthony Aveni, "May Day: A Collision of Forces," in ''The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays'' (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2004), 79–89.</ref> et in multis [[cultura|culturis]] translaticiae [[ver]]is feriae. Cum [[Dies Laboris|Internationali Operariorum Die]] congruit. In multis [[lingua|linguis]] tantum Dies Maii appellari potest; [[Anglice]] autem in [[Havaii]]s, Lei Day ('dies monilium'). ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Aveni, Anthony. [[2004]]. May Day: A Collision of Forces. In ''The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays,'' 79–89. [[Oxonia]]e: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195150244. *Judge, Roy. [[1988]]. ''May Day in England: An Introductory Bibliography.'' [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Folklore Society Library, Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. ISBN 0854181520. {{NexInt}} *[[1 Maii]] *[[Fiesta de las Cruces]] ('Feriae crucum') <!-- holiday celebrated 3 May in many parts of Spain and Hispanic America--> *[[Floralia]] *[[Malus Maius]] *[[Res Haymarket]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|May Day|Kalendas Maias}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923093246/http://piereligion.org/mayday.html Carmina Kalendarum Maiarum,] piereligion.org *[http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=7872 Dies Maii in Cuba,] www.havanatimes.org (photographemata a Bill Hackwell facta, ''Havana Times,'' 27 Aprilis 2009) *[http://www.marxists.org/espanol/tematica/1demayo/index.htm#eventos Index eventuum Diei Maii per orbem terrarum habitorum,] www.marxists.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120605095806/http://www.londonmayday.org/home.php Londiniense Diei Maii Consilium,] www.londonmayday.org *[http://www.ancientlights.org/morton.html "Meet Thomas Morton of Merrymount,"] www.ancientlights.org <!-- Extensive visual, textual and musical studies of American May Day customs since the first Maypole Revels were held at the Ma-Re Mount or Merrymount plantation on Massachusetts Bay in May 1627, hosted by Englishman Thomas Morton; and, last year the state of Massachusetts' Governor Deval Patrick proclaimed May 1 Thomas Morton Day--> *[http://www.homestead.com/englishheathenism/folkcustoms.html Paganismus Anglicus,] www.homestead.com (de originibus Kalendarum Maiarum in paganismo Anglico) <!-- *[http://www.lessonplanet.com/lesson_planning_articles/social_studies_lesson_plans/29_April_2010/404/may_day_activities May Day classroom resources] *[http://www.pretanicworld.com/Calendar.html Pretanic World] Holiday Traditions from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland that may pre-date the Christian Era *[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=17172 "Children Maypole Dancing - Archive Footage"] *[http://www.struggle.ws/anarchism/writers/ramor/berlinMAYDAY.html Mayday in Berlin] *[http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/113/article_3645.asp The history of May Day - Radio France Internationale in English] *[http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/113/article_3642.asp Round-up of 2009 May Day marches - Radio France Internationale in English] *[http://www.kaahelehawaii.com/pages/culture_lei.htm Website with information on modern Hawaiian Lei Day celebration with information on the lei as a traditional Hawaiian cultural art] *[http://www.leiday.net Website on modern Lei Day and May Day celebrations in Hawai`i] *[http://rgoldman.org/morris/mayday.htm Dancing up the Sun - May Day Morris Dancing celebrations in North America] --> '''Historiae Kalendarum Maiarum''' *Linebaugh, Peter. [[2006]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201110154050/http://www.counterpunch.org/2006/04/29/may-day-with-heart/ May Day with Heart,] ''CounterPunch.'' *Linebaugh, Peter. [[2010]]. [http://libcom.org/history/incomplete-true-authentic-wonderful-history-may-day-peter-linebaugh The Incomplete, True, Authentic and Wonderful History of May Day,] ''Midnight Notes.'' *Linebaugh, Peter. [[2012]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031414/http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/04/27/ypsilanti-vampire-may-day/ Ypsilanti Vampire May Day,] ''CounterPunch,'' Aprili. [[Categoria:Calendarium]] <!--melius: Neopaganism in the UK, subset of Neopaganism &c--> [[Categoria:Ritus Maii]] [[Categoria:Religio]] <!-- [[Category:Annual events]] [[Category:May observances]] [[Category:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland]] [[Category:Generic types of holidays]] --> 3utd53t4ztqdvdk6woz8rcvczsxk59o 0 207454 3994129 3990555 2026-10-12T11:50:05Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jonathan Edwards.jpg|thumb|[[Ionathan Edwards]], unus ex ducibus Magnae Excitationis Primae.]] '''Magna Excitatio Prima''',{{Convertimus}} [[Anglice]] ''First Great Awakening'', fuit motus redintegrationis [[Christianitas|Christianae]] qui [[Europa]]m [[Protestans|Protestantem]] et [[America Britannica|Americam Britannicam]] adfecit, praecipue [[Tredecim Coloniae|colonias Americanas]] inter [[1730]] at [[1750]], [[religio]]nem [[America]]nam perpetuo mutans. Consecutus est hic motus praedicationem potentem quae auditoribus sensum instillavit altissimae revelationis [[persona]]lis eorum necessitatis [[salus|salutis]] per [[Iesus Christus|Iesum Christum]] effectae. Motus, se ex [[ritus|ritibus]] et caerimoniis avellens, [[Christianitas|Christianitatem]] acriter personalem inter homines mediocres per altum convictionis spiritualis et [[redemptio (theologia)|redemptionis]] sensum nutritum fecit, et hominibus ipsos se inspicere et se novis [[mos|morum]] normis obligare suasit.<ref>Thomas S. Kidd, ''The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America'' (2009).</ref> Motus eventus maximi momenti in [[Nova Anglia]] fuit, qui auctoritatem institutam provocavit et malevolentiam instigavit inter [[traditionalismus (religion)|traditionalistas]] veteres, qui usitatos [[ritus]] et [[doctrina]]s conservare volebant, et [[redintegratio Christianal|redintegrationistas]] novos, qui effectum [[animi motus]] et convictionem [[persona]]lem suadebant. Magnos habuit effectus, [[Ecclesia Congregationalis|Ecclesiam Congregationalem]], [[Ecclesia Presbyteriana|Ecclesiam Presybterianam]], [[Ecclesia Refecta in America|Nederlandicam Ecclesiam Refectam]], et [[Germanica Ecclesia Refecta|Germanicam Ecclesiam Refectam]] reficiens, ac [[Baptistae|Baptistas]] et [[Methodismus|Anglicanos Methodisticos]] confirmans. Vix autem plurimos [[Anglicani|Anglicanos]] et [[Tremebundus|Tremebundos]] adfecit.<ref>Sydney E. Ahlstrom, ''A Religious History of the American People'' (1972), 280–330.</ref> In nonnullis locis, Christianitatem [[servitus in Civitatibus Foederatis|servis Africanis]] tulit. Magna Excitatio Prima, [[Magna Excitatio Secunda|Magnae Excitationis Secundae]] dissimilis, quae circa [[1800]] coepit et [[homines extra ecclesiam]]<!--?the [[unchurched]]--> attigit, homines excitavit qui socii ecclesiae iam fuerunt, et quorum [[ritus]], [[pietas|pietatem]], et [[cognitio]] sui mutavit. Ad evangelicas [[Reformatio|Reformationis Protestantis]] postulationes, Christiani Americani [[saeculum 18|saeculi duodevicensimi]] addere coeperunt divinas [[Spiritus Sanctus|Spiritus Sancti]] manifestationes et conversiones quae ardentem [[Deus|Dei]] [[amor]]em in fidelibus novis inseverunt. [[Conventus redintegrationis]] haec signa repraesentaverunt, et [[evangelicalismus|evangelicalismum]] nuper creatum in prima [[respublica|republica]] sparserunt.<ref>Harry Stout, ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'' (1991).</ref> ==Effectus inter civitates externas== Redintegratio evangelica multas [[civitas|civitates]] tetigit, imprimis civitates [[Europa]]eas plerumque Protestantis. Responsum fidelium qui templis [[Bristolium|Bristolii]] et [[Londinium|Londinii]] anno [[1737]] aderant, et [[carbo]]nariorum in [[Kingswood (Glocestria Meridiana)|Kingswood]], [[gena|genis]] lineis a [[lacrima|lacrimis]] sub contiones [[Georgius Whitefield|Georgii Whitefield]] anno [[1739]] distinctis,<ref>John Gillies, ''Memoirs of George Whitefield'' (Hunt & Co., 1841), 38-39.</ref> initium excitationis Anglicae fuit. [[Historicus]] [[Sydney E. Ahlstrom]] motum partem "magni tumultus Protestantis internationalis"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "great international Protestant upheaval."</ref> appellat, quod [[Pietismus|Pietismum]] in [[Germania]], et [[Evangelicalismus|Redintegrationem Evangelicam]] ac [[Ecclesiae Methodistae|Methodismum]] in [[Anglia]] etiam genuit.<ref>Ahlstrom p. 263.</ref> [[Redintegratio Christiana|Redintegratio]], gravis Magnae Excitationis pars, tertio [[decennium|decennio]] [[saeculum 17|saeculi septimi decimi]] coepit, in [[Scotia]] inter [[Presbyterianismus|Presbyterianos]], et [[praedicator itinerans|praedicatores itinerantes]] vehementius dixit.<ref>Howard C. Kee et al., ''Christianity: A Social and Cultural History,'' ed. 2a (Upper Saddle River Novae Caesatrae: Prentice Hall, 1998), 412.</ref> <!--PLUS IN EN:--> {{NexInt}} *[[Magna Excitatio]] *[[Magna Excitatio Secunda]] *[[Philosophia Americana]] *[[Redintegratio Christiana]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== ===Studia academica=== *Ahlstrom, Sydney E. [[1972]]. ''A Religious History of the American People.'' ISBN 0385111649. *Bonomi, Patricia U. [[1988]]. ''Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America.'' Oxford University Press. *Bumsted, J. M. [[1976]]. ''"What Must I Do to Be Saved?": The Great Awakening in Colonial America.'' Thomson Publishing. ISBN 0030866510. *Butler, Jon. [[1990]]. ''Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People.'' *Conforti, Joseph A. [[1995]]. ''Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition and American Culture.'' University of North Carolina Press. *Fisher, Linford D. [[2012]]. ''The Indian Great Awakening: Religion and the Shaping of Native Cultures in Early America.'' Oxford University Press. *Gaustad, Edwin S. [[1957]]. ''The Great Awakening in New England.'' *Gaustad, Edwin S. [[1954]]. The Theological Effects of the Great Awakening in New England. ''The Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 40(4):681–706. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1895863 in JSTOR] *Goen, C. C. [[1987]]. ''Revivalism and Separatism in New England, 1740–1800: Strict Congregationalists and Separate Baptists in the Great Awakening.'' Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0819561339. *Hatch, Nathan O. [[1989]]. ''The Democratization of American Christianity.'' *Heimert, Alan. [[1966]]. ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution.'' *Isaac, Rhys. [[1982]]. ''The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790.'' *Kidd, Thomas S. [[2009]]. ''The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America.'' ISBN 0300158467. *Kidd, Thomas S. [[2010]]. ''God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution.'' *Lambert, Frank. [[1994]]. ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals.'' *Lambert, Frank. [[1995]]. The First Great Awakening: Whose Interpretive Fiction? ''The New England Quarterly'' 68(4):650. *Lambert, Frank. [[1999]]. ''Inventing the "Great Awakening."'' * McLoughlin, William G. [[1978]]. ''Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607–1977.'' *Schmidt, Leigh Eric. [[2001]]. ''Holy Fairs: Scotland and the Making of American Revivalism.'' *Schmotter, James W. [[1979]]. The Irony of Clerical Professionalism: New England's Congregational Ministers and the Great Awakening. ''American Quarterly'' 31 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2712305 JSTOR.] *Stout, Harry. [[1991]]. ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism.'' ===Historiographia=== *Butler, Jon. [[1982]]. Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction. ''Journal of American History'' 69:305–325. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1893821 JSTOR.] *Goff, Philip. [[1998]]. Revivals and Revolution: Historiographic Turns since Alan Heimert's Religion and the American Mind. ''Church History'' 67(4):695–721. ISSN 0009-6407. [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=97803587 Textus.] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *McLoughlin, William G. [[1967]]. Essay Review: The American Revolution as a Religious Revival: "The Millennium in One Country." ''New England Quarterly'' 40(1):99–110 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/363855 JSTOR.] ===Fontes primarii=== *Davies, Samuel. [[1845]], [[1967]] ''Sermons on Important Subjects.'' Ed. Albert Barnes. 3 vol. *Edwards, Jonathan. [[1972]]. ''The Great-Awakening: A Faithful Narrative'' Ed. C. Goen. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300014376. *Gillies, John. [[1834]]. ''Memoirs of Rev. George Whitefield.'' Portu Novo: Whitmore and Buckingham, et H. Mansfield. *Heimert, Alan, et Perry Miller, eds. [[1967]]. ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences.'' *Jarratt, Devereux. [[1969]]. ''The Life of the Reverend Devereux Jarratt.'' Religion in America, ed. Edwin S. Gaustad. Novi Eboraci: Arno. *Whitefield, George. [[1960]]. ''George Whitefield's Journals.'' Ed. Iain Murray. Londinii: Banner of Truth Trust. *Whitefield, George. [[1976]]. ''Letters of George Whitefield.'' Ed. S. M. Houghton. Edimburgi: Banner of Truth Trust. ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101012095714/http://edsitement.neh.gov//view_lesson_plan.asp?id=698 Curriculum de Magna Excitatione Prima,] edsitement.neh.gov *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023321/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5711 "The Great Awakening Comes to Weathersfield, Connecticut: Nathan Cole's Spiritual Travels,"] historymatters.gmu.edu *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328030237/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5788 "I Believe It Is Because I Am a Poor Indian,"] historymatters.gmu.edu (biographia [[Samson Occom|Samsonis Occom]], ministri Indiani) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130923003416/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/85bellamy/85bellamy.htm "The Joseph Bellamy House: The Great Awakening in Puritan New England,"] www.nps.gov<!--National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places lesson plan--> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080920201013/http://edwards.yale.edu/images/pdf/sinners.pdf "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"] edwards.yale.edu (homilia [[Ionatan Edwards|Ionatanae Edwards]]) [[Categoria:Divisiones Christianorum]] [[Categoria:Historia Coloniarum Tredecim]] [[Categoria:Historia Novae Angliae]] [[Categoria:Historia religionis in Civitatibus Foederatis]] [[Categoria:Religiones Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!-- [[Category:18th-century Christianity|*]] [[Category:Christian terms]]--> 1ep7nmmiuzd0t07oz18lbi1ylpasp9p 0 216135 3994102 3993824 2026-10-12T03:05:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994102 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]] '''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur. Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur. Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent. Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent: * Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent. * Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent. * 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent. * 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent. === A === {{div col|3}} * [[Abensium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')</small> * [[Acheimum]]<ref name="Grote III 1877">Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')</small> * [[Achestedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')</small> * [[Adelebsenum]]<ref name="Funck 1736">Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')</small> * [[Adenebutla]]<ref name="Pischke 1998">Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')</small> * [[Adenhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703">Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')</small> * [[Adenthorpium]]<ref name="Höhbaum 1876">Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')</small> * [[Affinghusia]]<ref name="Rathlef 1766">Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')</small> * [[Aldendorpevilla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') * [[Alrebekesa]]<ref name="Oven 1872">Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')</small> * [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705">Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')</small> * [[Alfelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')</small> * [[Alfhusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')</small> * [[Algermissenum]]<ref name="Hoogeweg III 1903">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')</small> * [[Alisni (Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis)|Alisni]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Circulo Neoburgensi Visurgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Nienburg/Weser">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus " Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia "Neoburgensis-e" et "Visurgensis-e" ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}</ref>)</small> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Liebenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Levenau'')</small> * [[Alisni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circulo Paludis Visurgensis]]<ref name="Landkreis Wesermarsch">Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit. De Latina autem toponymia, vide Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter. Theodisce ''Landkreis Wesermarsch''.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')</small> * [[Almstedium]]<ref name="Hoogeweg II 1901">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')</small> * [[Alorstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1758">Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')</small> * [[Alvstedium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759">Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')</small> * [[Amelinghusium]]<ref name="Baring 1746">Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')</small> * [[Anchemium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')</small> * [[Andervenia]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')</small> * [[Andorlangia]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')</small> * [[Ansibarium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')</small> * [[Antiqua Medingha]]<ref name="Homeyer X 2006">Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')</small> * [[Apenum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')</small> * [[Apleremum]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')</small> * [[Appelium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')</small> * [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]<ref name="Mirus 1826">Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')</small> * [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]<ref name="Marcard 1805">Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')</small> * [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]<ref name="Statisitakamt Nord 2025">Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')</small> * [[Aroldishusium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1705"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')</small> * [[Artlenburgum]]<ref name="Baring 1746"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')</small> * [[Artlissa]]<ref name="Mader 1664">Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')</small> * [[Arx Agathae]]<ref name="Kochen 1724">Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')</small> * [[Arx Draconis]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drakenborg'')</small> * [[Ascalingium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')</small> * [[Asanthorpium]]<ref name="Vogell 1856">Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Harburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Harburgum]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Harburgensis-e" refertur-.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Asenthorpium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]<ref name="Landkreis Diepholz">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Diepholtia" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Diepholtia]]", vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')</small> * [[Assena]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892">Philippi, F., & Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')</small> * [[Assini]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')</small> * [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')</small> * [[Astedele]]<ref name="Astedele">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osteel/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''S''[igillum] ''Domini Siadonis in Astedele'' (Siegel des Herrn Syado in Osteel) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osteel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosteel'')</small> * [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]<ref name="Asylum">Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine "asylum" reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino "asylum" orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', "asylum'". Itaque "Asylum" non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')</small> * [[Aszi]]<ref name="Hermann">Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Aulica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')</small> * [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')</small> {{div col end}} === B === {{div col|3}} * [[Badberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')</small> * [[Baddekenstedium]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel & Ohainski X 2018">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')</small> * [[Balga]]<ref name="Udolph 1994">Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')</small> * [[Balga Cortis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balge'')</small> * [[Baltrumum]]<ref name="Wiarda III 1792">Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')</small> * [[Bamwida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')</small> * [[Bardenuvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')</small> * [[Bardorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859">Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')</small> * [[Barenburgum]]<ref name="Kolb 1712">Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')</small> * [[Bargstedum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764">Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')</small> * [[Barnstedum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702">Bünting, H., & Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')</small> * [[Barnstorfium]]<ref name="Böhmer 2007">Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')</small> * [[Barsela]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')</small> * [[Barsingehusa]]<ref name="Harenberg 1753">Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')</small> * [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]<ref name="Mindermann I II 2004">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Landreis Lüneburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Luneburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Luneburgensis-e" ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')</small> * [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010">Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, & U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Ulsenensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ulsenensis-e" ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma "res-publica Ulsenensis" apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}"; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')</small> * [[Barunvilla]]<ref name="SdaedhdlM 1862">Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')</small> * [[Barverum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844">Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')</small> * [[Barwedelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')</small> * [[Basdalum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')</small> * [[Bawinkelum]]<ref name="Moser 1738">Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')</small> * [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]<ref name="Ahlfeldt 2010">Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')</small> * [[Beckdorfium]]<ref name="AdWzG 2010"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')</small> * [[Beckedorfium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')</small> * [[Beckelnum]]<ref name="Böhmer 1844"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')</small> * [[Bedenbostelum]]<ref name="NL 1924">Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')</small> * [[Beierstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')</small> * [[Belmum]]<ref name="Moser 1738"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')</small> * [[Belumum]]<ref name="Mushard 1764"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')</small> * [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')</small> * [[Bendestorfium]]<ref name="Bührmann 2005">Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. </ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737">Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Celle">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Cellensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Cellensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')</small> * [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref name="Landkreis Osnabrück">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Osnabrugae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]", vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')</small> * [[Berga ad Dumnam]]<ref name="Bruzen de La Martinière 1737"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')</small> * [[Bergenborstelium]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')</small> * [[Bergfelda]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')</small> * [[Bernsium Minus]]<ref name="Bernsium">Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''Emsländische Landschaft''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)".</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')</small> * [[Bersenbrugum]]<ref name="Sandhoff 1785">Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')</small> * [[Bersinium]]<ref name="Kaemling 1987">Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')</small> * [[Berumburgum]]<ref name="Emmius 1616">Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')</small> * [[Bestena]]<ref name="Jellinghaus 1923">Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')</small> * [[Betzendorfum]]<ref name="Bünting & Letzner 1702"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')</small> * [[Bevernense Castrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')</small> * [[Beverstedum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')</small> * [[Bienenbuttelum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')</small> * [[Bilshusa]]<ref name="Wolf 1819">Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')</small> * [[Binethemum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688">Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')</small> * [[Binnenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Binn’n'')</small> * [[Bippenum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')</small> * [[Birsina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')</small> * [[Bissendorpum]]<ref name="Köbler 2016"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')</small> * [[Blenderum]]<ref name="Brosius 1993">Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')</small> * [[Bliederstorpum]]<ref name="Trüper 2017">Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')</small> * [[Bobentunum]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')</small> * [[Bocensis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]<ref name="Heidekreis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Heidensis" -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium "Heidensis-e" Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Schaumburg">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Theorosburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio "Theorosburgensis-e", quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')</small> * [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873">Ehmck, D. R., & von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]<ref name="Landkreis Friesland">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Frisicus" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisicus-a-um" ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]<ref name="Landkreis Vechta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Vetha" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')</small> * [[Bochorstia]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')</small> * [[Bodendicum]]<ref name="Brosius 1985">Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')</small> * [[Bodenfelda]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')</small> * [[Bodensa]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph">Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')</small> * [[Bodonis Insula]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')</small> * [[Boffeshusium]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski VI 2007">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')</small> * [[Boitersena]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001">Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')</small> * [[Boitzia]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')</small> * [[Bokenstorpium]]<ref name="Sudendorf 1859"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')</small> * [[Bokenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')</small> * [[Borchwega]]<ref name="Rüther 1905">Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')</small> * [[Borkna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')</small> * [[Borna Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')</small> * [[Borsla]]<ref name="Niemeyer 2012">Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')</small> * [[Borstla]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1842">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')</small> * [[Botela]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')</small> * [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')</small> * [[Braclina]]<ref name="Rübel 1881">Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')</small> * [[Bracum]]<ref name="Kirchbrak">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-acum-i" aut "-achium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)". Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi "Brac" applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) ''villa Brac'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')</small> * [[Bramascus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')</small> * [[Breddenberga]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898">Wilmans, R., & Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')</small> * [[Bredenforda]]<ref name="Hoogeweg 1898">Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')</small> * [[Bredthorpium]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')</small> * [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')</small> * [[Brincama]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878">Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')</small> * [[Britlinga]]<ref name="Udolph 2004">Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')</small> * [[Brochema]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')</small> * [[Brocleda]]<ref name="Janicke 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')</small> * [[Broclina]]<ref name="Mindermann 2001"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')</small> * [[Broma]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski 2014">Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')</small> * [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1855"/><ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')</small> * [[Brunsvicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')</small> * [[Bukina]]<ref name="Wilmans & Hoogeweg VI 1898"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')</small> * [[Bulcova]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')</small> * [[Bulsteda]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen 1873"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')</small> * [[Brunla]]<ref name="Bode 1893">Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')</small> * [[Bunda]]<ref name="Deiter">Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')</small> * [[Burchardivillare]]<ref name="Janicke 1892">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Wolfenbüttel">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Guelpherbytensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Guelpherbytensis-e" ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)"; et quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')</small> * [[Burgdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')</small> * [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]<ref name="Remling VII 2026">Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')</small> * [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]<ref name="Casemir & Ohainski & Udolph"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')</small> * [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]<ref name="Casemir 2003">Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')</small> * [[Butiadinga]]<ref name="Ehmck & Bippen II 1876">Ehmck, D. R., & Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')</small> * [[Buxtehuda]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1842">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')</small> * [[Byspinga]]<ref name="Hodenberg 1859">Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')</small> {{div col end}} === C === {{div col|3}} * [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]<ref name="Kalbe">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma "Calba" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')</small> * [[Calefelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Calefeldensis">"C" pro "K" ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii "Calefeldensis-e". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')</small> * [[Campus Rufus]]<ref name="Stüve 1789"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')</small> * [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894">Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')</small> * [[Capella Orientalis]]<ref name="Capella">Theodiscum suffixum ''-cappel(n)'' Latino vocabulo "capella-ae" vertitur.</ref><ref name="Orientalis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo "orientalis-e" vertitur.]</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ostercappeln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Austerkappeln'')</small> * [[Castrovallium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')</small> * [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')</small> * [[Clenza]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896">Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')</small> * [[Cloppenburgum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')</small> * [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]<ref name="Kluse">Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo "clūsa", "angustum montium aditum, locum clausum" significante, quae ad Latinum verbum "claudere" refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clausa, clusa" deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] "clūsa" explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')</small> * [[Coeli Porta]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')</small> * [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]<ref name="Erhard 1851">Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') * [[Cornu Curvatum]]<ref name="Cornu Curvatum">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo "curvatus-a-um"] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine "cornu-us" (n.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')</small> * [[Cramma]]<ref name="Casemir 2003"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')</small> * [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]<ref name="Cranenburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' "Cranenburgum" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')</small> * [[Curia Maiorica]]<ref name="Curia Maiorica">Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')</small> * [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]]<ref name="Marienhafe">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3134/Marienhafe.pdf ''Marienhafe''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich wird Marienhafe erstmals am 16. Februar 1250 als „curia sancte Marie“, d.h. „Hof der heiligen Maria“ erwähnt. 1362 ist von „curia Virginis gloriose“ (...)".</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marienhafe'')</small> * [[Cuxhavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')</small> {{div col end}} === D === {{div col|3}} * [[Dalemia]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')</small> * [[Dalenburgum]]<ref name="Rzihacek & Spreitzer XI 2024">Rzihacek, A., & Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')</small> * [[Dalum]]<ref name="Janicke II 1896"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')</small> * [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]<ref name="Philippi II 1894"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')</small> * [[Damnatzium]]<ref name="Garzmann LXXVI 2004">Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')</small> * [[Danneberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')</small> * [[Danthorpum]]<ref name="Casemir & Menzel % Udolph VII 2011">Casemir, K., Menzel, F., & Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')</small> * [[Dassela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')</small> * [[Dedenhusa]]<ref name="-husaDeensen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., & Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')</small> * [[Deinsta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')</small> * [[Deinstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')</small> * [[Delmenhorstium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')</small> * [[Dengdia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')</small> * [[Derenthalia]]<ref name="-thalia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)". Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata "-thalia-ae" seu "-dalia-ae".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')</small> * [[Dersum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')</small> * [[Dettum]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')</small> * [[Dicla]]<ref name="Mooyer 1855">Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')</small> * [[Diddersa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')</small> * [[Diekholza]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')</small> * [[Dielmissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')</small> * [[Diepenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Deepnau'')</small> * [[Diepholtia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')</small> * [[Dinklaga]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')</small> * [[Disaldishusa]]<ref name="-husaDelligsen">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. </ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')</small> * [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]<ref name="Hollern">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur "(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)".</ref><ref name="-ethum">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ethum-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')</small> * [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]<ref>Fingitur nomen "Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum "terra-ae" Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Emesensis-e" ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')</small> * [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')</small> * [[Dolnere]]<ref name="Dolnere">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')</small> * [[Doristacus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')</small> * [[Dornum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')</small> * [[Dorverda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')</small> * [[Dotlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')</small> * [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')</small> * [[Drentweda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')</small> * [[Drestadium]]<ref name="-stadt"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')</small> * [[Drochtersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')</small> * [[Dudanebutli]]<ref name="Lappenberg 1841">Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser & Mauke.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')</small> * [[Duderstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')</small> * [[Dunsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')</small> * [[Dunum (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]<ref name="Houtrouw 1889">Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')</small> * [[Duthungun]]<ref name="Udolph 2004"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')</small> {{div col end}} === E === {{div col|3}} * [[Ebbestorpium]]<ref name="Jaitner 1985">Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')</small> * [[Echemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')</small> * [[Edemissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')</small> * [[Egestorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')</small> * [[Edewechte]]<ref name="Berger 2012">Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')</small> * [[Eggermuhla]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')</small> * [[Ehra-Lessia]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')</small> * [[Eicklinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')</small> * [[Eildissum]]<ref name="Stumpf-Brentano II 1865">Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')</small> * [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]<ref name="-e"/> </small>(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]<ref name="Circulus Hildesiensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Hildesiensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Hildesiensis-e" ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')</small> * [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]<ref name="Circulus Holtisminnensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Holtisminnensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Holtisminni]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Holtisminnensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')</small> * [[Eimka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')</small> * [[Ekelum]]<ref>Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere "proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit." dicitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')</small> * [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')</small> * [[Elbingeroda]]<ref name="-roda"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')</small> * [[Eldinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')</small> * [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')</small> * [[Embeca]]<ref name="Embeca">"non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga" {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum "Embica", "Embecka" etc. reperis</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')</small> * [[Embsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')</small> * [[Emda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')</small> * [[Emmelkampus]]<ref name="Emmelkampus">Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')</small> * [[Emmendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')</small> * [[Emphstece]]<ref name="Emphstece">Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur "(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece" (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')</small> * [[Emsbura]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')</small> * [[Emtinghusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')</small> * [[Engda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')</small> * [[Engelschofa]]<ref name="-hofa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hofa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')</small> * [[Erenburgum]]<ref name="Minden II 1902">Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')</small> * [[Erkeroda]]<ref name="-roda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-roda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')</small> * [[Ermelstorpium]]<ref name="Pratje 1759"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')</small> * [[Ericetum Magnum]]<ref name="Ericetum">[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum et vocabulum ''(-)Heide'' Latino nomine "Ericetum-i" vertitur.]</ref><ref name="Magnus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um" vertitur.]</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')</small> * [[Escheda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')</small> * [[Eschershusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')</small> * [[Esena]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')</small> * [[Essel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')</small> * [[Esterwega]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'' seu ''Esdrup'')</small> * [[Estorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]<ref name="Landkreis Stade">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Stadae" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Stadae]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')</small> * [[Evergoteshemium]]<ref name="-hemiumEver">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')</small> * [[Everinga]]<ref name="-ingaEvern">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')</small> * [[Eversmeer]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')</small> * [[Evessum]]<ref name="NOB 2004">Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')</small> * [[Eydelstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')</small> * [[Eyendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')</small> * [[Eystharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eestrup'')</small> {{div col end}} === F === {{div col|3}} * [[Fallingbostela]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')</small> * [[Fardium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')</small> * [[Farva]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')</small> * [[Fassberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')</small> * [[Filsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')</small> * [[Firrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')</small> * [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')</small> * [[Flotide]]<ref name="Flotide">De nominibus "Flotide" {{caa|780|802}}, "Flathi" {{caa|1013}}, "Flatide" {{caa|1142}}, "Flothethe" {{caa|1187}}, "Vlothe" {{caa|1189}} et "Flotethe" {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')</small> * [[Frankenfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')</small> * [[Freda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')</small> * [[Fredenbiki]]<ref name="-biki">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-biki-orum", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')</small> * [[Frera]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')</small> * [[Fresenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')</small> * [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]<ref name="Friburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo "Friburgum" verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')</small> * [[Frideburgum]]<ref name="Frideburgum">Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')</small> * [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]<ref name="Friedland">Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam "Friedlandia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')</small> * [[Frisoyta]]<ref name="Frisoyta">Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur "(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')</small> * [[Furstenavia]]<ref name="Furstenavia">Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam "Furstenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur "(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')</small> * [[Furstenberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} === G === {{div col|3}} * [[Ganderkesea]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')</small> * [[Gandershemium]]<ref>[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=_NMr2DmhUK&sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27; [http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Gandershemium&source=bl&ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gandershemium&f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')</small> * [[Gandesberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Gannsbargen'')</small> * [[Garbsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')</small> * [[Garlstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')</small> * [[Garrel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')</small> * [[Garstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')</small> * [[Gartovia]]<ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')</small> * [[Geesta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')</small> * [[Geestlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')</small> * [[Gehrda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')</small> * [[Gemmegum]]<ref name="Gemmegum">Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')</small> * [[Georgsdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')</small> * [[Gerdavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')</small> * [[Gerdinum]]<ref name="Gerdinium">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')</small> * [[Gersta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')</small> * [[Geteloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')</small> * [[Gevensleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')</small> * [[Gevera]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')</small> * [[Gieboldehusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')</small> * [[Giesa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')</small> * [[Gifhorna]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')</small> * [[Gilta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')</small> * [[Glandorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')</small> * [[Gleicha]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')</small> * [[Gnarrenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')</small> * [[Godenstorfium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')</small> * [[Goldbiki]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')</small> * [[Goldenstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')</small> * [[Golencampus]]<ref name="campus-i">[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')</small> * [[Gorenthin]]<ref name="Gorenthin">Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')</small> * [[Gorleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')</small> * [[Goslaria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')</small> * [[Gottinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gottingensis&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=&f=false Libri Googles].</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')</small> * [[Grafhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-horstium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')</small> * [[Grasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')</small> * [[Grasleba]]<ref name="-leba">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-leba-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')</small> * [[Grethemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')</small> * [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')</small> * [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')</small> * [[Grunendicum]]<ref name="-dicum"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')</small> * [[Guderhandviertel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')</small> * [[Guelpherbytum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')</small> * [[Gusbornium]]<ref name="-bornium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bornium-ii", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')</small> * [[Gyhum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')</small> {{div col end}} === H === {{div col|3}} * [[Hachede]]<ref name="Hachede">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/marschacht/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''paludem a Blekethe vsque ad Ecclesiam Hachede'' (...) ''in quorum honore est altare in prefata ecclesia Hachethe dedicatum'' (...) ''Hinricus Bartolomei plebanus in Merschhachede'' (...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Merschachtede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Marschacht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meschacht'')</small> * [[Hademstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')</small> * [[Haeslinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')</small> * [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]<ref name="Haga">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „ Haga“ (um 1409) (...)".</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')</small> * [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Teutoburger Wald">Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: "... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Haga Bremensis]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref>Latinum gentilicium "Bremensis-e" Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')</small> * [[Haga Schauenburgi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stadthagen'')</small> * [[Hagenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')</small> * [[Halbemontium]]<ref name="-montium">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-montium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')</small> * [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]<ref name="Halla prope Neuenhusam">Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo "Halla-ae" latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m<ref name="-husa"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')</small> * [[Halvesbostel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')</small> * [[Hamala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')</small> * [[Hamberga]]<ref name="-berga"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')</small> * [[Hambuhra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')</small> * [[Hamele]]<ref name="Hamele">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')</small> * [[Hamelhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')</small> * [[Hamersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')</small> * [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]<ref name="-ah">Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')</small> * [[Handeloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')</small> * [[Handorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')</small> * [[Hantharpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')</small> * [[Hannovera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')</small> * [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Harburg"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')</small> * [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]<ref name="Landkreis Uelzen"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')</small> * [[Hardegsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')</small> * [[Harmstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')</small> * [[Harna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')</small> * [[Harpstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')</small> * [[Harsfeldum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')</small> * [[Harsum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')</small> * [[Hartsburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')</small> * [[Hasberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')</small> * [[Hasburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haßbargen'')</small> * [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]<ref name="Hasela">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')</small> * [[Hasla]]<ref name="Hasla">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')</small> * [[Hassendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')</small> * [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')</small> * [[Hatta]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')</small> * [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')</small> * [[Hauslinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')</small> * [[Haverla]]<ref name="Haverla">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')</small> * [[Hechthusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')</small> * [[Hedebere]]<ref name="Hedebere">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')</small> * [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')</small> * [[Heemsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')</small> * [[Heessa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')</small> * [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]<ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')</small> * [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]<ref name="Heina">Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')</small> * [[Heinbockel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')</small> * [[Heiningensis Locus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')</small> * [[Heinsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')</small> * [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]<ref name="Heli">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')</small> * [[Hellwega]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')</small> * [[Helmstadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')</small> * [[Helpsa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')</small> * [[Helvesiecca]]<ref name="-siek">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)". Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')</small> * [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmje'')</small> * [[Hemmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')</small> * [[Hemsbunda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')</small> * [[Hemslinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')</small> * [[Hemsloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')</small> * [[Hepstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')</small> * [[Hepstidi Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')</small> * [[Herrum]]<ref name="Herrum">Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')</small> * [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')</small> * [[Herzlaka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')</small> * [[Hespa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')</small> * [[Heuerssa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')</small> * [[Heya]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')</small> * [[Hildesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')</small> * [[Hilgermissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')</small> * [[Hillersa]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')</small> * [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]<ref name="Teutoburger Wald">Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: "... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')</small> * [[Himberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')</small> * [[Hinuti]]<ref name="Hinuti">Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')</small> * [[Hitgera]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')</small> * [[Hittberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')</small> * [[Hlunia (commune)|Hlunia]]<ref name="Hlunia">Nomen communis Theodisce ''Lenne'' dicti suo e homonymo fluvio, Latine "Hlunia" nuncupato, ortum est. Latinum igitur nomen huius communis Latino ex hydronymo etiam derivandum est. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lenne'')</small> * [[Hlutherun]]<ref name="Hlutherun">Vide [https://koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm?utm ''Koeble rGerhard Bodeinderdeutschen Ortsgeschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Lüder''', 11. Jh., an einem Bache bei Bodenteich bei Uelzen, F1-1383 HLUTAR (lauter bzw. rein) Hlutherun, Hlutherun (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüder'')</small> * [[Hodenhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')</small> * [[Hohbuoki]]<ref name="Hohbuoki">Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')</small> * [[Hohna]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')</small> * [[Hohnhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')</small> * [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')</small> * [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')</small> * [[Holdunesteti]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')</small> * [[Holenberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')</small> * [[Holla]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')</small> * [[Hollnsethum]]<ref name="-ethum">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ethum-i", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')</small> * [[Holsta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')</small> * [[Holtgaste]]<ref name="Friedländer 1878"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')</small> * [[Holtisminni]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')</small> * [[Holtlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')</small> * [[Holza]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')</small> * [[Honengesbuthele]]<ref name="Honengesbuthele">Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')</small> * [[Hoogsteda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')</small> * [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]<ref name="-e"/><ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')</small> * [[Horneburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')</small> * [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')</small> * [[Hoya]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'' seu ''Heien'')</small> * [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')</small> * [[Hudha]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')</small> * [[Hulseda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')</small> * [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Husum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Husen'')</small> * [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]<ref name="hutta-ae">Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo "Hutta-ae", quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.</ref><ref name="Georgius">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Georfii" vertitur].</ref><ref name="Maria">[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo "Mariae" vertitur].</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')</small> * [[Huvenni]]<ref name="Huvenni">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')</small> {{div col end}} === I === {{div col|3}} * [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]<ref name="Iatha">Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha] (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')</small> * [[Iburgum]]<ref name="Von Schaten 1714">Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')</small> * [[Ielmstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')</small> * [[Iembka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')</small> * [[Iemela]]<ref name="Iemela">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')</small> * [[Ierichsum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')</small> * [[Iesteburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')</small> * [[Ihlienverda]]<ref name="-verda-ae">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-verda-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')</small> * [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]<ref name="Indago Comitis Hoyae">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')</small> * [[Insula Iuistensis]]<ref name="Iuistensis">De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&code=598&valid=618&utm "juistensis"].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')</small> * [[Insula Longa (Saxonia Inferior)|Insula Longa]]<ref name="Insula Longa">Vocabulum ''Langeoog'', a vocibus [[Lingua Frisica|Frisicis Orientalibus]] ''lange-'' ([[Theodisce]] ''lang'') et ''-oog'' (Theodisce ''Insel'') compositum, [[Latine]] "Insula Longa" reddi potest: Buurman, in ''Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch, s. v. oog, ostfrisicum -oog «Insel» significare tradit atque exempla Langeoog, Spiekeroog, Wangeroog affert; item Glossarium der Flurnamensammlung Ostfriesland'', s. v. ''Oog'', vocabulum Frisicum Orientale ''ôg, oge'' Theodisco ''Insel'' interpretatur. [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/lang?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum autem adiectivum ''lang'' Latine "longus, -a, -um"] redditur; [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/insula?wb=gross&nr=2 nomen vero Theodiscum ''Insel'' Latine "insula, -ae" f.] dicitur. Quam ob rem compositum "Insula Longa" sensum toponymi fideliter reddit.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Langeoog''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Langeooch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langoog'')</small> * [[Isernhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')</small> * [[Isterberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')</small> * [[Itterbecca]]<ref name="-ecca">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-ecca-ae" seu "-eca-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')</small> * [[Iuniun]]<ref name="Iunium">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')</small> {{div col end}} === K === {{div col|3}} * [[Kakenstorpium]]<ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')</small> * [[Karwicium]]<ref name="-icium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-icium-i" aut "-itium-i" aut "-icia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')</small> * [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')</small> * [[Kettencampus]]<ref name="campus-i"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')</small> * [[Kirchgellersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')</small> * [[Kirchseelta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')</small> * [[Kirchtimka]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')</small> * [[Kirchwalseda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')</small> * [[Kissenbruga]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')</small> * [[Kneitlinga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')</small> * [[Kneta Maior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')</small> * [[Krebecca]]<ref name="-ecca"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')</small> * [[Krummendicum]]<ref name="-dicum">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dicum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')</small> * [[Kusta]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')</small> * [[Kutenholtia]]<ref name="-holtia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-holtia-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')</small> {{div col end}} === L === {{div col|3}} * [[Laatza]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'')</small> * [[Lachendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')</small> * [[Lacstidi]]<ref name="Lacstidi">Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''Mundart Kommission''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in locis quorum hec sunt nomina, Lacstidi, Romlo, Dudanebutli'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Loxstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lox'')</small> * [[Ladorpe]]<ref name="Abels 1929">Abels, H. (1929). ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes, in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. [[Paderbronna]]e: Ferdinand Schöningh.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lorup''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loorp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loorpe'')</small> * [[Laerium]]<ref name="Stüve 1789">Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')</small> * [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]<ref name="-e">Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'')</small> * [[Lahda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'')</small> * [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]<ref name="Lahna">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma "Lahna" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')</small> * [[Lamespringa]]<ref name="Lamespringa">Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'')</small> * [[Lamestede]]<ref name="Lamestede">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lamstedt/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''parochia Lamestede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'')</small> * [[Landesberga]]<ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Landesbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landsebargen'')</small> * [[Landolfshusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landolfshausen'')</small> * [[Langa (Circulus Terrae Emesensis)|Langa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langen'')</small> * [[Langa Inferior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="Nieder">Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Niederlangen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nederlangen'')</small> * [[Langa Superior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="Ober">Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur. V.gr. Cf. [[Austria Superior|Austriam Superiorem]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oberlangen'')</small> * [[Langelege]]<ref name="Langelege">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'')</small> * [[Langelshemium]]<ref name="Chemnitz 1717">Chemnitz, B. P., (1717). ''Belli Sueco-Germanici Volumen Primum: In quo ostenditur, quibus de caussis Gustavus Adolphus, Suecorum Rex, in Germaniam transiverit''. Sumptibus Ioh. Caspari Meyeri.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Langelsheim'')</small> * [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]<ref name="Langwedel">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220) (...)".</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'')</small> * [[Lare]]<ref name="Lare">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'')</small> * [[Lasdorpe]]<ref name="Lasdorpe">Vide [https://www.lastrup.de/portal/seiten/geschichte-900000009-31120.html?utm ''Lastrup''], ubi dicitur "(...) „Curia Lasdorpe“ (Haupthof Lastrup) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lastrup''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Laastrup'')</small> * [[Lauenbruga]]<ref name="-bruga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-brück(e)'' aut ''-brügge'' aut ''-brugg(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bruga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Steinbruga]], [[Kissenbruga]], [[Bruga]], [[Bruga ad Ederum]], [[Osnabruga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenbrüch'')</small> * [[Lauenforda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenförde'')</small> * [[Lauenhaga]]<ref name="-haga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-haga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loamharen'')</small> * [[Leezdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Leezdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leezdörp'')</small> * [[Leha (Terrae Emesensis)|Leha]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lehe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Läie'')</small> * [[Lehrta]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehrte'')</small> * [[Leiferda]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leiferde'')</small> * [[Lembruchium]]<ref name="-bruchium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-bruchium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lembruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lembrouk'')</small> * [[Lemgovia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref><ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lemgow'')</small> * [[Lemwerdera]]<ref name="Rüthning 1926">Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.</ref><ref name="-ovia">[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-ovia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')</small> * [[Lengethe]]<ref name="NOB VIII">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB VIII_Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''in Lengethe'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 275 S. 259) 1213 ''in Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 660 S. 631) um 1232 ''in Lengethe archidiaconus'' (UB Goslar I Nr. 518 S. 499) 1235 ''in Lengete'' (Orig. Guelf. IV Nr. 50 S. 144) 1256 ''in archidiaconatibus de Barem et Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 992 S. 497) 1311 Lenghedhe apud Vusenam (UB H.Hild. IV Nr. 85 S. 45) 1316 ''in Lengede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lengede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lenge'')</small> * [[Lengenbostel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lengenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengenbossel'')</small> * [[Lengirichi]]<ref name="Lengirichi">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''AltdeutschesNamenbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) 2) Lengerich an der Wallage, Kr. Lingen (...) Lengirichi Osnabr. Ukb. ca. a. 1000. (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke'')</small> * [[Leonis Forda]]<ref name="Leonis Forda">Vide [https://www.komoot.com/es-es/highlight/2261371 ''Iglesia Martín Lutero de Lemförde''], ubi dicitur "(...) La comunidad fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento en 1248. En épocas anteriores, el lugar se llamaba Löwenförde, Leonis forda (...)".</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemförde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lemfouer'')</small> * [[Leonovia]]<ref name="Leonovia">Vide [https://sempub.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum_vitae/de/wisski/navigate/93514/view?utm ''Propylaeum Vitae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Leonovia-Brunsvigius (...)".</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laena'')</small> * [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]<ref name="Ebel 1960">Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')</small> * [[Leri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')</small> * [[Lerin]]<ref name="NOB VII">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB VII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco Lerin provincie Saxo[n]um iuxta flumen Ouácra'' (...) ''Lerim'' (...)''in Lere'' (mGH Urk. Hdl nr. 50 s. 71) 1196-1197 ''Lere'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 311) 1234 ''in Lere'' (...) ''plebano in Lere'' (UB Braunschweig iii nr. 440 s. 325) 1344 ''in villa Leere'' (Flentje / Henrichvark, lehnbücher nr. 142 s. 69) 1380 ''Lere'' (UB Braunschweig Vii nr. 351 s. 324) 1419 ''actum in Lere'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehre'')</small> * [[Lethi]]<ref name="Lethi">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lathen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist der Ort im Emsland erstmals als ''Lethi'' im Urbar der Abtei Werden erwähnt; der Eintrag lässt sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen'')</small> * [[Liebenburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenburg''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenborg'')</small> * [[Liliarum Vallis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lilienthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leendaal'' seu ''Lelendaal'')</small> * [[Lindduri]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lindern'')</small> * [[Lindhorstium]]<ref name="-horstium"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lindhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lindhoste'')</small> * [[Lindwedel]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lindwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linneweh'')</small> * [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lingen'')</small> * [[Linsburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Linsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linsborg'')</small> * [[Lintlo]]<ref name="Lintlo">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')</small> * [[Liubeme]]<ref name="Lübbow">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/luebbow/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) Schriftlich ist das zweizeilige Reihendorf erstmals in einer kaiserlichen Urkunde aus dem Jahr 956 erwähnt: Ks. Otto I. († 973) schenkte dem Kloster Quedlinburg sechs Dörfer, darunter ''Liubeme'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lübbow'')</small> * [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')</small> * [[Lon]]<ref name="Lon">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''Das Güterverzeichniss Graf Heinrichs von Dale (1188)'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''parrochia Lon prope Vechtam'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lohne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')</small> * [[Longa Indago]]<ref name="Longa Indago">Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''www.dbnl.org''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''parrochianus de Longa Indagine'' (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Langenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langenhogen'')</small> * [[Longa Villa (Saxonia Inferior)|Longa Villa]]<ref name="Longa Villa">Theodiscum toponymum ''Langendorf'' Latino toponymo "Longa Villa" verti solet. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/15237/PDF/17250.pdf?utm ''Das Waldhufendorf in Schlesien'', Gualterii Bernardi], ubi dicitur "(...) Langedorf ca. 1305 L.F.B.208 Longa villa (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Langendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langendörp'')</small> * [[Loninga]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Löningen'')</small> * [[Lubberstedi]]<ref name="Lubberstedi">Vide [https://lübberstedt.de/ueber-unser-dorf/?utm ''Lübberstedt''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der ursprüngliche Name „lubberstedi“ ist zusammengesetzt aus „stedi“ (Ort, Platz, Stelle), womit eine Ansiedlung bezeichnet wird, und „lubber“, dem Namen des (ursprünglichen) Familienoberhauptes des Einzelhofes bzw. der kleinen Gemeinschaftssiedlung, bedeutet also: „Lubbers-Stätte“. (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lübberstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lübbs'')</small> * [[Luccavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Luccavia]]<ref name="Luccavia">Theodiscum toponymum ''Luckau'' forma "Luccavia" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Luccavia]]m apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Luckau'')</small> * [[Luchovia]]<ref name="Luchovia">Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur "(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')</small> * [[Ludersburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüsborg'')</small> * [[Ludersfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüschenfeile'')</small> * [[Luerdissa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Lüerdissen'')</small> * [[Luhda]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Luhden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Liuen'')</small> * [[Luneburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')</small> * [[Lunne]]<ref name="Lunne">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)". Latinum autem gentilicium "Haselunnensis-e" est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')</small> * [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]<ref name="Lunni">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur "(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')</small> * [[Lutetsburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lütetsburg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Lütsbörg'')</small> * [[Luttera Regalis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')</small> * [[Lyese]]<ref name="Lyese">Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783835341944_A39332036/preview-9783835341944_A39332036.pdf?utm ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum''], ubi dicitur "(...) in marchia Lyese proprietatis iure (...) in campis de Lyese trans Werram (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leese'')</small> {{div col end}} === M === {{div col|3}} * [[Maasa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Maasen'')</small> * [[Magna Palus]]<ref name="Magna Palus">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo "magnus-a-um"] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine "palus paludis" (f.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')</small> * [[Maius Vrelstede]]<ref name="Maius Vrelstede">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')</small> * [[Markloha]]<ref name="-loha">Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-loha-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marklohe'')</small> * [[Marlare (Saxonia Inferior)|Marlare]]<ref name="Marlare">Theodiscum toponymum ''Marl'' forma "Marlare" latinizari solet. Cf. [[Marlare|Marlare Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marl'')</small> * [[Marsunnon]]<ref name="Marsunnon">Vide [https://historischer-rueckklick-bielefeld.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/07svhvr-texte_ocr.pdf?utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Osnabrücker Raumes''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Merzen (Marsunnon)'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Merzen'')</small> * [[Marxa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marxen'')</small> * [[Masingi]]<ref name="Messingen">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2258/WOB%2011%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Kreises%20Paderborn.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''WOB 11 Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Paderborn''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''silva Masingorum'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Messingen'')</small> * [[Mechtersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Mechtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mechtsen'')</small> * [[Meckelsa Maior]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')</small> * [[Meckelsa Minor]]<ref name="-a"/><ref name="KleinGrosse"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')</small> * [[Media Lu]]<ref name="Media Lu">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/mittelnkirchen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi "(...) Mittelnkirchen ist nach 1305 und 1322 als ''medie Lu'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelnkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelskark'')</small> * [[Meinersa]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Meinersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Maanze'')</small> * [[Melbike]]<ref name="Melbeck">Vide [https://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/PortalData/10/Resources/historie/dokumente/Orts-_und_Gewaessernamen_im_Landkreis_Lueneburg.pdf?utm ''Orts- und Gewässernamen im Landkreis Lueneburg'']. ubi "(...) Melbeck 1296 in Melbeke. 1300 in villa Melbike. 1303 in villa Melbeke (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melbeck'')</small> * [[Mella]]<ref name="Mella">Vide [https://www.lemgo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Stadtarchiv/Bib_974.pdf?utm ''Album studiosorum Academiae'']. ubi "(...) Henrich Carl Kahmann Mella-Osnabrugensis (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melle'')</small> * [[Mellinghusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Mellinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mellgenhusen'')</small> * [[Menslaga]]<ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Menslage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Menslaoge'')</small> * [[Meppea]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')</small> * [[Merdvelde]]<ref name="Merdvelde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/martfeld/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''Curtem in Merdvelde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Martfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mattfeld'')</small> * [[Meribiki]]<ref name="Meribiki">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&langType=reviews&lemmaID=3296&utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Meerbeck''' (...) Meribiki MGd. 3 (1013) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Meerbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mierbke'')</small> * [[Messencampus]]<ref name="campus-i"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Messenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Messenkampe'')</small> * [[Meynum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meine'')</small> * [[Mittelstenaha]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelstenahe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelsnohn'')</small> * [[Moisburgum]]<ref name="-burg">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-burgum-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Moisburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mesborg'')</small> * [[Molberga]]<ref name="Molberga">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/loescher2/loescherthreni.html ''THRENI, SEU LAMENTATIOnes Ieremiae Prophetae...''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1318 ''Molberga vocatur'' (...) ''Sensit et externas Molberga innoxia vires'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Molbergen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Molbiergen'')</small> * [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')</small> * [[Monstere]]<ref name="Monstere">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/munster-st-urbani/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''decima in Monstere'' (...)"</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Munster''; [[Saxonice]] ''Munste'')</small> * [[Moormerlandia]]<ref name="-landia">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-landia-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moormerland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Moormerlound'')</small> * [[Moranga Curtis]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moringen'')</small> * [[Mundia Hannoverana]]<ref name="Mundia Hannoverana">Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur "(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')</small> * [[Munimeri]]<ref name="Dronke 1844">Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')</small> * [[Mutha]]<ref name="Mutha">Vide [https://niedersaechsischer-heimatbund.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/1022-Die-echte-und-die-gef%C3%A4lschten-Urkunden-f%C3%BCr-das-Kloster-St.-MIchaelis-in-Hildesheim_compressed.pdf?utm ''Niedersächsischer Heimatbund''], ubi dicitur "(...) III. ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. II S. 307); ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. III S. 66) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Müden'')</small> {{div col end}} === N === {{div col|3}} * [[Nahrendorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nahrendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norndörp'')</small> * [[Nenndorfium (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorfium]]<ref name="-dorf"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nenndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nenndörp'')</small> * [[Netesse]]<ref name="Netesse">Vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WG33LCQUIIHK3OA7DR6IKIOFHW6FXKYJ?utm ''12 Lüneburger Ratsmannen bekunden, dass der Magister Bernard de Netesse (Neetze) ½ Rump Salz...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Magister Bernard de Netesse (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neetze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neetz'' seu ''Näätz'')</small> * [[Neuenhusa]]<ref name="-husa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-husa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')</small> * [[Neyenkerken]]<ref name="Neyenkerken">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-lueneburger-heide/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''bona, que Vriban vulgariter nuncupantur, in Neyenkerken et Hellewede'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Ericetum Luneburgense|Ericeto Luneburgensi]]<ref name="Ericetum"/><ref name="Lüneburger">Theodiscum gentilicium ''Lüneburger'' Latino "Luneburgensis-e" vertitur, quod ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Lüneburger Heide">Theodisce ''Lüneburger Heide''.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkerken'')</small> * [[Niedernwohra]]<ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Niedernwöhren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niernweuern'')</small> * [[Nienstide]]<ref name="Nienstide">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-07-2017/AAAKoeblerGerhardSamtgemeindeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20170710%20-%20111.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) (Samtgemeinde in dem Landkreis Schaumburg,) rund 11000 Einwohner, Nienstide (1153-1170) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nienstädt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienstie'')</small> * [[Nighunburni]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Negenborn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niägenborn'')</small> * [[Norda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'')</small> * [[Nordcele]]<ref name="Nordcele">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&langType=reviews&lemmaID=2774&utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Nordsehl''', 13. Jh., Gemeinde in Schaumburg, s. GOV Schaumburg 384, (in) Nordcele Cal (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nordsehl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nordsiele'')</small> * [[Nordenhamia]]<ref name="-ham">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ham'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-hamia-ae" aut "hamium-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-ham''' : -''hamia,'' -''hamium'' (...)".</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordenham'')</small> * [[Norderneia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norderney''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Nördernee'')</small> * [[Nordtmor]]<ref name="Nordtmor">Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Nordtmorensis-e". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nortmoor/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Nordtmorensis: Hermannus Gueneranus'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nortmoor'')</small> * [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]<ref name="Nörten">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/noerten/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur "(...) ''Norhtunon'' (...)".</ref><ref name="-berga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-berga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg'')</small> * [[Northarpa]]<ref name="-tharpa">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-tharpa-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nortrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norpen'')</small> * [[Northemium]]<ref name="Nothemium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur "(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')</small> * [[Northorna]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')</small> * [[Nortleda]]<ref name="Nortleda">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordleda/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] , ubi dicitur "(...) urkundlich erstmals 1312 als ''Nortleda'' belegt (...) ''Marquardus de Nortleda'' (...) ''Thidericus rector ecclesie in Nortleda'' (...) ''rector parochialis ecclesia in Nortleda'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nordleda''; [[Saxonice]] ''De Lee'' seu ''Lee'')</small> * [[Notendorpe]]<ref name="Notendorpe">Vide [https://mgh.de/storage/app/media/v-ed/Urkunden_Heinrich_VI_deut_franzoes_italien_Empfaenger_DD_Vorabedition_Pferschy-Maleczek_2020-02-16.pdf?utm ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs VI: Vorabedition''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''confirmamus ducentos mansos in Notendorpe'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Natendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Natendörp'')</small> * [[Nottensdorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Nottensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nottensdörp'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Civitas]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neustadt am Rübenberge'' seu ''Neustadt a. Rbge.''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niestadt'')</small> * [[Nova Darchavia]]<ref name="Neu"/><ref name="-avia">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-avia-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Darchau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nee Darchau'')</small> * [[Nova Domus (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Domus]]<ref name="Nova Domus">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhaus'' Latino "Nova Domum" verti solet. Cf. Novas Domus apud {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neehuus'')</small> * [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Birsinam)|Nova Ecclesia]]<ref name="Nova Ecclesia">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuenkirchen'' Latino "Nova Ecclesia" verti solet. Cf. [[Nova Ecclesia (Liebenburgum)|Novam Ecclesiam Liebenburgensem]] apud [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2262/NOB%20X%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Goslar.pdf?utm ''NOB X Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Goslar''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [[Nova Ecclesia (Rugia)|Novam Ecclesiam in Rugia]] apud Fabricii (anno 1862) ''Urkunden zur Geschichte des Fürstenthums Rügen unter den eingebornen Fürsten''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Anclamum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope [[Anclamum]] apud Eggert (anno 1970) ''Geschichte Pommerns: Vol. 1. Bis zum Westfälischen Frieden''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Brandenburgum Novum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope Brandenburgum Novum apud ''Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 9); et Novam Ecclesiam Pomeranam apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(prope [[Birsina]]m<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')</small> * [[Nova Ecclesia-Vorda]]<ref name="Nova Ecclesia"/><ref name="-a"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen-Vörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken-Vörden'')</small> * [[Nova Exclusa Harlingana]]<ref name="Neu"/><ref name="exclusa>Vocabulum et suffixum [[lingua Saxonica|Saxonicum]] ''(-)Siel'' Theodisco vocabulum ''Schleuse'' respondet, ut iam Adelungus in ''Grammatisch-kritischem Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart'' s. v. ''Schleuse'' testatur: "Im Niederdeutschen wird eine Schleuse ... ein Siel ... [vocatur]"; ipsum autem Theodiscum ''Schleuse'' Latine "exclusa, -ae" f. redditur, nam Adelungus ibidem ''Schleuse'' inter mediae Latinitatis vocabula "exclusa", "inclusura", "conclusio", "sclusa", "clusa" refert, et ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' quoque ''Schleuse'' = "exclusa, -ae" f. tradit.</ref><ref name="Harlinganus-a-um">Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-harlinger-'' Latino "harlinganus-a-um" vertitur. Quo de Latino gentilicio, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3275/Altharlingersiel.pdf?utm Heinze, A. (2015). ''Altharlingersiel''. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Bibliothek/Ortsdatenbank], ubi dicitur "(...) claustrum Harlinganum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuharlingersiel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeharlingersiel'')</small> * [[Nova Indago (Circulus terrae Cellensis)|Nova Indago]]<ref name="Nienhagen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Nienhagen'' "Nova Indago" latinizari solet. Cf. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''"Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch / 4 1297-1300 ; Nachträge und Register zu Band I - IV''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nienhagen, A. Doberan, Kspl. Lichtenhagen, 13 NO Rostock, Nigenhaghen, Noua Indago, Nygenhaghen (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nienhagen'')</small> * [[Nova Leha]]<ref name="Neu"/><ref name="-e"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Neulehe'')</small> * [[Nova Lu]]<ref name="Nova Lu">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-altes-land/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) urkundlich erstmals 1274 als ''Nova Lu'' belegt (...) Landesgemeinde Altes Land (1361 eigenes Siegel, Umschrift: ''Sigillum communitates veteris terrae'') (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Vetus Terra|Vetere Terra]]<ref name="Nova Lu"/><ref name="Vetus Terra">Theodisce ''Altes Land''.</ref>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neekark'')</small> * [[Nova Palus Campensis]]<ref name="Neu"/><ref name="campensis">Theodiscum interfixum ''-kamper-'' Latino gentilicio "campensis-e" vertitur, quod ad vocabulum "campus-i" (Theodisce ''Kamp'') refertur. Revera, [https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum lexemate ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-campus-i"], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.</ref><ref name="-fehn">Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine "palus paludis" (f.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neukamperfehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeikamperfehn'')</small> * [[Nova Scona Mora]]<ref name="Neu"/><ref name="Scona Mora">Vide [https://www.holtgast-urlaub.de/cgi-bin/hvv/index.pl?gid=&id=&mid=40&utm ''Die Benediktinerzeit''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Visiator fand um 1290 im Kloster "Scona Mora" (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuschoo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeschoo'')</small> * [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')</small> * [[Novale Frigidum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')</small> * [[Novum Burgium]]<ref name="Neu">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo "novus-a-um"] vertitur.</ref><ref name="Remling VII 2026"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neubörger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naiboorger'')</small> * [[Novum Wulmstorpium]]<ref name="Neu"/><ref name="-torpium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-torpium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Wulmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vosshusen'')</small> * [[Nyenkerken (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Nyenkerken]]<ref name="NyenkerkenII">Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''dbnl''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Item curtis in Nyenkerken'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]<ref name="Landkreis Osnabrück"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken'')</small> * [[Nyenkerken (Haduloha)|Nyenkerken]]<ref name="Nyenkerken">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-land-hadeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Nyenkerken'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Haduloha (commune generale)|Haduloha]]<ref name="Haduloha">Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-9396.pdf?utm ''Westfälische Geschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) "Haduloha ... - hoc enim loco nomen, ubi oceanus Saxoniam alluit (...)".</ref> ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Land Hadeln'')</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')</small> {{div col end}} === O === {{div col|3}} * [[Oberndorfium (Osta)|Oberndorfium]]<ref name="-dorf">Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-dorfium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Oberndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öberndörp'')</small> * [[Obernfelda]]<ref name="-felda">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-felda-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Obernfeld'')</small> * [[Obernholtia]]<ref name="-holtia"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Obernholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obernholt'')</small> * [[Obernkircha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Obernkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öwernkerken'')</small> * [[Ochtersum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ochtersum'')</small> * [[Odenhus]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Osloß'')</small> * [[Oderquatum]]<ref name="Oderquatum">Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-at'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-atum-i". Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''-at''' : -''atum'' (...)". Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formae antiquae huius toponymi "Oderquat" applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1889hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cadenberghe, Oppele, Oderquat (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oederquart'')</small> * [[Odishemium]]<ref name="-hemium">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-hemium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Odisheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Godshem'')</small> * [[Oen (Saxonia Inferior)|Oen]]<ref name="NOB XV">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; ubi dicitur "(...) ''de dotali manso ecclesie Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de curia Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de domo Bernhardi Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) um 1150 ''in Toń'' (Urb. Werden I S. 234 Z. 19) 1188-1331 (A. 1331) ''in parrochia On'' (Philippi/Bannier, Güterverzeichnis S. 420) 1213 ''in parochia On'' (Niesert, Urkundensammlung IV Nr. 48 S. 188) 1263 ''de domo Herewici de One'' (WUB III Nr. 706 S. 366) 1282-1306 (A. Mitte 16. Jh.) ''curtem dictam Runhoff in parochia On'' (...) ''in parrochia On'' (...) ''domum des Doven in parochia Oen'' (...) ''curtem dictam Ruvenhoff, Cortehus in parochia On'' (...) ''in parochia Oen'' (Bruns, LB Steinfurt Nr. K53 S. 58) 1367 ''in parrochia, in qua et legione dictis Oen'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ohne'')</small> * [[Oesinga Maior]]<ref name="-inga">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-inga-ae", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="KleinGrosse">De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum "Klein" et "Gross" per Latina "Minor-us" et "Maior-ius", vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., & Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')</small> * [[Oetza]]<ref name="-a">Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata "-a-ae", quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Nieder">Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Oetzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ötzen'')</small> * [[Ohrum]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ohrum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohrn'')</small> * [[Oldenburgum]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Oldenburg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ooldenbuurich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ollnborg'' seu ''Ollenbörg'' seu ''Ollenborg'')</small> * [[Oldendorfium (Luya)|Oldendorfium]]<ref name="Oldendorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Oldendorf'' in Latinam "Oldendorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10932874?p=378&cq=ad&lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Partis III Liber XXXIII''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ergo comperto, Vrangelium coactis ad Oldendorfium copijs (...)".</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olndörp'')</small> * [[Oldendorpe]]<ref name="Oldendorpe">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/oldendorf-landkreis-stade/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''dominus Hermannus, rector ecclesie in Oldendorpe'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]<ref name="Landkreis Stade"/>)</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olendörp'')</small> * [[Osta (Saxonia Inferior)|Osta]]<ref name="Osta">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osten-oste/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''dominus Otto, rector ecclesie in Osta'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosten'')</small> * [[Osterbroke]]<ref name="Osterbroke">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osterbruch/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ecclesia in Osterbroke'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Osterbruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Osterbrook'')</small> * [[Ostereistadium]]<ref name="-stadt">Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato "-stadium-i", quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ostereistedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oostereis'')</small> * [[Osterode am Harz]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Osterwald]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Ostrhauderfehn]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')</small> * [[Otter]] * [[Otterndorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Ottersberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Ovelgönne]] * [[Ovenhagium]]<ref name="Schlegel 1703"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')</small> * [[Oyten]] {{div col end}} === P === {{div col|3}} * [[Padingbüttel]] * [[Palus Hagensis]]<ref name="Palus Hagensis">[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/ Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo "palus paludis" vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium "Hagensis-e", quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')</small> * [[Palus Hilcae]]<ref name="Hilkenbrook">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam "Hilca-ae" refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine "palus, paludis" reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum "palus, paludis" redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet "Palus Hilcae".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')</small> * [[Palus Regis]]<ref name="Palus Regis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo "palus-udis" vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo "regis"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')</small> * [[Papenburg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Parsau]] * [[Pattensen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Pegestorf]] * [[Pennigsehl]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pennigsähle'')</small> * [[Petrimons]]<ref name="Perizonius 1758">Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.</ref> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')</small> * [[Pohle]] * [[Pollhagen]] * [[Pons Cobbanus]]<ref name="Leuckfeld 1714">Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.</ref> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')</small> * [[Poynum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')</small> * [[Praefectura Neohusana]]<ref name="Grupen II 1742">Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')</small> * [[Pratum Vitulorum]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')</small> * [[Prezelle]] * [[Prinzhöfte]] {{div col end}} === Q === {{div col|3}} * [[Quakenbrück]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Quendorf]] * [[Querenhorst]] * [[Quernheim]] {{div col end}} === R === {{div col|3}} * [[Räbke]] * [[Radbruch]] * [[Raddestorf]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rastörpe'')</small> * [[Rastdorf]] * [[Rastede]] * [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]] * [[Rechtsupweg]] * [[Reeßum]] * [[Regesbostel]] * [[Rehburg-Loccum]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehborg-Locken'')</small> * [[Rehden]] * [[Rehlingen]] * [[Reinstorf]] * [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]] * [[Renkenberge]] * [[Rennau]] * [[Reppenstedt]] * [[Rethem (Aller)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rhade]] * [[Rhauderfehn]] * [[Rhede (Ems)]] * [[Rhumspringe]] * [[Ribbesbüttel]] * [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]] * [[Rieste]] * [[Ringe]] * [[Ringstedt]] * [[Rinteln]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Ritterhude]] * [[Rodenberg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Rodewald]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rowohle'')</small> * [[Rohrsen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rohßen'')</small> * [[Roklum]] * [[Rollshausen]] * [[Römstedt]] * [[Ronnenberg]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ronnenbarg'')</small> * [[Rosche]] * [[Rosdorf]] * [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]] * [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]<ref name="Rotenburgum ad Wemmam">De Latino toponymico syntagmate "[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotenburgensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo "[[Wemma]]", etiam vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')</small> * [[Rötgesbüttel]] * [[Rüdershausen]] * [[Rühen]] * [[Rullstorf]] {{div col end}} === S === {{div col|3}} * [[Sachsenhagen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sagterlandia]]<ref name="BOV 2013">Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')</small> * [[Salis Cancellum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703"/> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')</small> * [[Salzbergen]] * [[Salzdetfordium]]<ref name="Marcard 1805"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')</small> * [[Salzhausen]] * [[Salzhemmendorf]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Samern]] * [[Sandbostel]] * [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]] * [[Sanctae Mariae Vallis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mariental'')</small> * [[Sarstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Sassenburg]] * [[Sathsa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')</small> * [[Sauensiek]] * [[Schapen]] * [[Scharnebeck]] * [[Scheden]] * [[Scheeßel]] * [[Schellerten]] * [[Schiffdorf]] * [[Schladen-Werla]] * [[Schnackenburg]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schnega]] * [[Schneverdingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schola Dei]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')</small> * [[Scholen]] * [[Schönewörde]] * [[Schöningen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schöppenstedt]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schortens]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Schüttorf]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Schwaförden]] * [[Schwanewede]] * [[Schwarme]] * [[Schwarmstedt]] * [[Schweindorf]] * [[Schweringen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Swering'')</small> * [[Schwerinsdorf]] * [[Schwienau]] * [[Schwülper]] * [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]] * [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]] * [[Seelze]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seesen]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Seevetal]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Seggebruch]] * [[Sehlde]] * [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]] * [[Sehnde]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seinje'')</small> * [[Selsingen]] * [[Semmenstedt]] * [[Seulingen]] * [[Sibbesse]] * [[Sickte]] * [[Siedenburg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Sittensen]] * [[Soderstorf]] * [[Sögel]] * [[Söhlde]] * [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]] * [[Soltau]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Soltendieck]] * [[Sottrum]] * [[Spahnharrenstätte]] * [[Spella]]<ref name="Spella">Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')</small> * [[Spiekeroog]] * [[Sprakensehl]] * [[Springe]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Stadae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')</small> * [[Stadlandia]]<ref>Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=statlandia+saxonia&source=bl&ots=Ysl9JI4L06&sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&q=statlandia%20saxonia&f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')</small> * [[Staffhorst]] * [[Staufenberg]] * [[Stavern]] * [[Stedesdorf]] * [[Steimbke]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Steembke'')</small> * [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]] * [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]] * [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]] * [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]] * [[Stelle]] * [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]] * [[Stemne]]<ref name="Stemne">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordstemmen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''novem iugera sitam Stemne'' (...) ''novem iugeribus in Nortstempne'' (...) ''capellam in northstemne'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordstemmen'')</small> * [[Stemshorn]] * [[Steyerberg]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Staarbarg'')</small> * [[Stinstedt]] * [[Stöckse]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stöckse'')</small> * [[Stoetze]] * [[Stolzenau]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stoltnaa'')</small> * [[Stuhr]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Südbrookmerland]] * [[Suderburg]] * [[Südergellersen]] * [[Südheide]] * [[Sudwalde]] * [[Suhlendorf]] * [[Sulingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Süpplingen]] * [[Süpplingenburg]] * [[Süstedt]] * [[Sustrum]] * [[Surwold]] * [[Suthfeld]] * [[Syke]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === T === {{div col|3}} * [[Tappenbeck]] * [[Tarmstedt]] * [[Tespe]] * [[Teuderium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')</small> * [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')</small> * [[Thedinghausen]] * [[Theodolfestorpum]]<ref name="Asseburg 1855">Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')</small> * [[Thomasburg]] * [[Thorpum]]<ref name="Thorpum">Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')</small> * [[Thuine]] * [[Tiddische]] * [[Tiste]] * [[Toppenstedt]] * [[Tostedt]] * [[Tosterglope]] * [[Trebel]] * [[Triburi]]<ref name="Philippi & Bar 1892"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')</small> * [[Tülau]] * [[Twieflingen]] * [[Twilpstede Maius]]<ref name="Twilpstede Maius">Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1&utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')</small> * [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]] * [[Twistringen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === U === {{div col|3}} * [[Uchte]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Uchte'')</small> * [[Uehrde]] * [[Uelsen]] * [[Uetze]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Ulsena]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')</small> * [[Ummern]] * [[Undeloh]] * [[Upgant-Schott]] * [[Uplengen]] * [[Urlaha]]<ref name="">Vide [https://oerrel.feuerwehr-munster.de/---orla---die-kleine-oertze-.html ''Freiwillige Feuerwehr Oerre''], ubi dicitur "(...) „Vrlaha“ als das Kirchdorf „Oerel“ (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oerel'')</small> * [[Uslar]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Utarp]] {{div col end}} === V === {{div col|3}} * [[Vahlberg]] * [[Vahlbruch]] * [[Vahlde]] * [[Vallis Ambrae]]<ref name="Ambra">Latino de toponymo "Ambra" (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Vallis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo "vallis-is"] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')</small> * [[Vallis Augae]]<ref name="SLH 1988">Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')</small> * [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]<ref name="Conring 1730">Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')</small> * [[Vallis Mimedensis]]<ref name="Vallis"/><ref name="Mimedensis">Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Nieme-'' Latino gentilicio "Mimedensis-e" vertitur, quod ad flumen Mimede seu Mymede (Theodisce ''Nieme'') refertur. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''riuum, qui teutonice Mimede vocatur'' (...) ''riuum, qui toutonice Mymede vocatur'' (...) ''flumine Mimede'' (...) ''riuum, qui Mymede vocatur'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Niemetal'')</small> * [[Varel]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Varrel]] * [[Vastorf]] * [[Vechelde]] * [[Velpke]] * [[Veltheim (Ohe)]] * [[Vetha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')</small> * [[Via Paludis]]<ref name="Via Paludis">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&nr=1 Theodiscum nominale praefixum ''Moor-'' Latino substantivo casu genetivo "paludis" (f.)] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Weg?wb=gross&nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-weg'' Latino nomine "via-ae" (f.)] vertitur.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moorweg'')</small> * [[Vicus Adelaidis]]<ref name="ALF 2016">Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]<ref name="Vicus Vetus Hassicus">Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)".</ref> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')</small> * [[Vierden]] * [[Vierhöfen]] * [[Vildhusia]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')</small> * [[Villa Cremilonis]]<ref name="Meiborn III 1688"/> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')</small> * [[Vintlum]]<ref name="Vintlum">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')</small> * [[Visbek]] * [[Visselhövede]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Vögelsen]] * [[Vollersode]] * [[Voltlage]] * [[Vorda Bremensis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')</small> * [[Vordorf]] * [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]] * [[Vrees]] {{div col end}} === W === {{div col|3}} * [[Waake]] * [[Waddeweitz]] * [[Wagenfeld]] * [[Wagenhoff]] * [[Wahrenholz]] * [[Walchum]] * [[Walkenried]] * [[Wallenhorst]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wallmoden]] * [[Walsrode]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wangelnstedt]] * [[Wangerland]] * [[Wangerooge]] * [[Wanna]] * [[Warberg]] * [[Wardenburg]] * [[Warmsen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warmsen'')</small> * [[Warpe]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warpe'')</small> * [[Wasbüttel]] * [[Wathlingen]] * [[Wedemark]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Weener]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Weenzen]] * [[Wehrbleck]] * [[Welle]] * [[Wendeburg]] * [[Wendisch Evern]] * [[Wennigsen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wenngessen'')</small> * [[Wenzendorf]] * [[Werdum]] * [[Werlte]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Werpeloh]] * [[Wesendorf]] * [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]] * [[Westergellersen]] * [[Westerholt]] * [[Westertimke]] * [[Westerwalsede]] * [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]] * [[Westoverledingen]] * [[Wetschen]] * [[Wettrup]] * [[Weyhausen]] * [[Weyhe]] <small>commune sui iuris</small> * [[Wieda]] * [[Wiedensahl]] <small>[[oppidum]]</small> * [[Wiefelstede]] * [[Wielen]] * [[Wienhausen]] * [[Wiesmoor]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wietmarschen]] * [[Wietze]] * [[Wietzen]] <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wietzen'')</small> * [[Wietzendorf]] * [[Wilhelmshaven]] <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> * [[Wilstedt]] * [[Wilsum]] * [[Wingst]] * [[Winkelsett]] * [[Winnigstedt]] * [[Winsen (Aller)]] * [[Winsenia]]<ref name="Büttner">Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.</ref> <small>(ad [[Luya]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')</small> * [[Winzenburg]] * [[Wippingen]] * [[Wirdum]] * [[Wischhafen]] * [[Wistedt]] * [[Witmundia]]<ref>E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&pg=PA281&dq=Witmundia&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Witmundia&f=false p. 281].</ref> <small>[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')</small> * [[Wittingen]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Wittmar]] * [[Wittorf]] * [[Wohnste]] * [[Wolfsburgum]]<ref>Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).</ref> <small>[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]</small> </small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')</small> * [[Wollbrandshausen]] * [[Wollershausen]] * [[Wölpinghausen]] * [[Wolsdorf]] * [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]] * [[Woltershausen]] * [[Worde]]<ref name="Worde">Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')</small> * [[Worpswede]] * [[Wremen]] * [[Wrestedt]] * [[Wriedel]] * [[Wulfsen]] * [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]] * [[Wunstorf]] <small>commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]</small> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wunsdörp'')</small> * [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] * [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> {{div col end}} === Y === {{div col|3}} * [[Ylsede]]<ref name="Ylsede">Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur "(...) minori ylsede (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')</small> * [[Yppenerdhe]]<ref name="Yppenerdhe">Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')</small> * [[Ysinibutle]]<ref name="Ysinibutle">Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur "(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)".</ref> <small>([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')</small> {{div col end}} === Z === {{div col|3}} * [[Zernien]] * [[Zetel]] * [[Zeven]] <small>[[urbs]]</small> * [[Zorge]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]] 3z7bqodh8ib64x3m3m5gew934pfkidk 0 227855 3994104 3243475 2026-10-12T03:56:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994104 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Joe_Cocker_-_Festival_du_Bout_du_Monde_2013_-_010.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Cocker anno [[2013]]]] '''Ioannes Robertus Cocker''' vulgo magis notus simpliciter ut '''Joe Cocker''' (natus die [[20 Maii]] [[1944]] [[Sefelda]]e [[Anglia]]e; [[Cancer pulmonum|cancro pulmonum]] mortuus die [[22 Decembris]] [[2014]] in [[Crawford]] [[Coloratum |Colorati]], [[CFA]]) fuit clarus [[musicus]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicu]]s. == Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Joe Cocker|Ioannem Cocker}} * {{PND|118832034}} * {{IMDb name|0168312|Ioanne Cocker}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070627224338/http://www.cocker.com/ cocker.com] Ioannis Cocker pagina interretialis {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1944 |2014|Cocker, Ioannes }} [[Categoria:Musici Britanniae]] {{Myrias|Homines}} dkx4w0u4by1fwoshkqjagath1glcjeo 0 235964 3994118 3323872 2026-10-12T06:50:02Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} '''Keyboard cat''' (fortasse ''feles'' vel potius ''cattus clavialis'' sive ''[[clavilista]]'') est [[feles]] qui videtur in [[Memum interretiale|memo interretiali]]. Anno 1984 Carolus Schmidt, qui [[Spocanum|Spocani]] habitat, monumentum felis sui, nomine "Fatso," fecit pellicula brevi televisifica. Qua in pellicula feles, tunica caerulea indutus ut manus hominis qui re vera bracchia felis movet lateant, comice videtur psallere [[clavile]]. Multis post annis, etiam post Fatso mortuum, anno 2007 Schmidt pelliculam in [[Situs interretialis|situm interretiale]] [[YouTube]] transtulit, ubi notissimum [[memum interretiale]] facta est.<ref>http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/officehours/2013/may/07/story-behind-keyboard-cat-video-meme/</ref> Anno 2000 Fatso mortuus est; praesenti Keyboard Cat, qui Spocani quoque habitat, nomen est "Bento."<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250124124841/https://www.gonzagabulletin.com/article_3e0025a1-9057-5882-85c6-932687a2c0fb.html</ref> == Nexus externi == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J---aiyznGQ Pellicula originalis apud YouTube] * [http://charlieschmidt.com Situs Caroli Schmidt Officialis] * [http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/keyboard-cat Keyboard Cat apud Knowyourmeme.com] == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Mema interretialia]] [[Categoria:Felinae fictae]] [[Categoria:Spocanum]] [[Categoria:Musica]] k3sh55co4zcjosunbdbnnfbnfqw991j 0 240026 3994049 3956339 2026-10-11T15:14:53Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Horace Greeley restored.jpg{{!}}border|thumb|Horatius Greeley, annis [[1860]].]] '''Horatius Greeley''' ([[3 Februarii]] [[1811]]—[[29 Novembris]] [[1872]]) fuit [[editor principalis|editor]] [[diarium|diarii]] ''[[New-York Tribune]],'' inter maxima diaria sui temporis. Diu in [[civilitas|republica]] egens, [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|legatus]] in [[Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum|Congressu]] ex [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]] breviter meruit, candidatusque fuit factionum [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticae]] et [[Factio Republicana Liberalis (CFA)|Republicanae Liberalis]] in [[comitia praesidentialia Civitatum Foederatarum anni 1872|comitiis praesidentialibus anni 1872]]. Victus autem a [[Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|Praeside]] [[Ulixes S. Grant|Ulixe S. Grant]], ante [[suffragium electorale]] latum mortuus est. [[Fasciculus:Greeley arrives in New York.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Prima [[adumbratio]] adventus Greeleyani Novi Eboraci.]] [[Fasciculus:1840sGreeley.jpg|thumb|upright|Horatius Greeley. [[Photographema]] a [[Mathaeus Brady|Mathaeo Brady]] inter 1844 et 1860 factum.]] [[Fasciculus:Horace Greeley Signature.svg|thumb|[[Subscriptio]] Greeleyana.]] [[Fasciculus:New York Tribune editorial staff by Brady.jpg|thumb|Operarii diarii ''[[New-York Tribune]].'' Greeley tertius a laeva in serie anteriori sedet.]] [[Fasciculus:Horace Greeley 1961 issue.JPG|thumb|125px|[[Pittacium cursuale commemorativum]] Civitatum Foederatarum Horatium Greeley anno [[1961]] honorat.]] [[Fasciculus:Horace Greeley by Rockwood, 1869.jpg|thumb|Greeley ad suum fundum Chappaquensem anno [[1869]], ab amico [[Georgius G. Rockwood|Georgio G. Rockwood]] photographatus.]] [[Fasciculus:Greeley-Brown-1872.jpg|thumb|Folium murale expeditionis Greeleyanae et Brownianae.]] [[Fasciculus:Eat own words.jpg|thumb|[[Adumbratio]] [[Thomas Nast|Thomae Nast]] pro expeditione anni [[1872]] arguit Greeley suas rationes priores contradicere.]] [[Fasciculus:Greeley grave.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Monumentum]] Greeleyanum in Coemeterio Green-Wood.]] [[Fasciculus:Greeley City Hall Pk snowy jeh.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Horatius Greeley (Ward)|Statua Horatii Greeley]] a Ward facta, City Hall Park [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]].]] [[Fasciculus:Horace Greeley Statue.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Horace Greeley (Doyle)|Statua Horatii Greeley]] a Doyle facta, [[Quadratum Greeleyanum]] [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]].]] Greeley, pauper in [[Nova Hantonia]] natus, [[tiro|diabolus]] [[typographia|typographi]] in [[Mons Viridis|Monte Viride]] laborabat, annoque [[1831]] ad [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novum Eboracum]] fortunam petens migravit. Nonnullis publicationibus [[scriptor]] vel [[editor principalis|editor]] profuit, et se rebus [[Factio Whig (CFA)|Factionis Whig]] dedit, partes magni momenti egens in prospera [[comitia praesidentialia anni 1840|expeditione comitialia]] [[Gulielmus Henricus Harrison|Gulielmi Henrici Harrison]] anno [[1840]]. Proximo anno ''Tribune'' condidit, cuius editiones hebdomadales per [[cursus publicus|cursum publicum]] missae factae sunt maximae<!--highest-circulating--> in Civitatibus Foederatis. Inter multas res, deductionem suadere solebat [[Civitates Foederatae Occidentales|Occidentis Americani]], quem terram occasionis iuvenibus et [[inopia operarum|eis opera carentibus]] appellabat. Fecit ut locutio ''[[Go West, young man]], and grow up with the country'' ('I ad [[occidens|occidentem]], [[puer]], et cum [[patria]] adolesce') populo grata esset, sed incertum est num ipse haec veba excogitaret. Ob societatem Greeleyanam cum [[Gulielmus H. Seward|Gulielmo H. Seward]] et [[Thurlow Weed]], tres menses in [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|Camera Repraesentantium]] meruit, ubi multos per Congressum investigatum in suo diario offendit. Ad [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factionem Republicanam]] conditam anno [[1854]] adiuvit, sed eo fere tempore Seward et Weed reiecit, alios candiatos praesidentiales contra Seward in [[Conventus Nationalis Republicanus anni 1860|Conventu Nationali Republicano anni 1860]] adiuvans, ultimo favens candidato, [[Abrahamus Lincoln|Abrahamo Lincoln]]. [[Bellum Civile Americanum|Bello Civile Americano]] conflato, Praesidi Lincoln plerumque favebat, cui autem finem [[servitus|servitutis]] suasit, praeside nondum volente. [[Lincoln necatus|Lincoln denique necato]], [[Republicani Toti|Republicanis Totis]] contra Praesidem [[Andreas Johnson|Andrean Johnson]] favebat. Greeley, [[corruptio politica|corruptionem]] administrationis Republicanae Grantianae pugnans, fuit candidatus Factionis Republicanae Liberalis in [[comitia praesidentialia Civitatum Foederatarum anni 1872|comitiis praesidentialibus anni 1872]]. Contra additum [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Factionis Democraticae]] subsidium, graviter victus est. Animo ad repulsam deiecto, tres [[hebdomas|hebdomades]] post mortuus est, solus candidatus praesidentialis factionis maioris in Civitatibus Foederatis qui inter diem comitialem et diem [[suffragium electorale|suffragiorum electoralium]] numerandorum obiit. {{NexInt}} *[[Aetas Reconstructionis]] *[[Iacobus Gordon Bennett Sr.]] *''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' *[[Rehoboth (Chappaqua Novi Eboraci)]] ==Bibliographia== *Bonner, Thomas N. [[1951]]. Horace Greeley and the Secession Movement, 1860-1861. ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 38(3):425–444. JSTOR 1889030. *Greeley, Horace. [[1868]], [[1970]]. ''Recollections of a Busy Life.'' Novi Eboraci: Arno. ISBN 0405016743. *Gruber, Dorothy Whitney. [[1974]]. ''The Chappaqua life of Horace Greeley: An Illustrated History of His Farm, His Family, and His Houses.'' New Castle Novi Eboraci: Chappaqua Historical Society. *Linn, William Alexander. [[1974]]. ''Horace Greeley, Founder of the New York Tribune.'' Novi Eboraci: Beekman Publishers. ISBN 0846400154. *Goodwin, Doris Kearns. [[2005]]. ''Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780684824901. *Hale, William Harlan. [[1950]]. ''Horace Greeley: Voice of the People.'' Novi Eboraci: Harper & Brothers. *Lunde, Erik S. [[2000]]. [http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-00653.html Greeley, Horace.] ''American National Biography Online,'' Februario. *Lunde, Erik S. [[1981]]. Horace Greeley. In ''Twayne's United States Authors Series,'' 413. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805773436. *Nevins, Allan.[[1931]]. Horace Greeley. ''Dictionary of American Biography,'' 7:528–534. Scribner's. *Seitz, Don Carlos. [[1926]], [[1970]]. ''Horace Greeley: Founder of The New York Tribune.'' AMS Press. OCLC 27401223. *Snay, Mitchell. [[2011]]. ''Horace Greeley and the Politics of Reform in Nineteenth-Century America.'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. ISBN 0805773436. *Stoddard, Henry Luther. [[1946]]. ''Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader.'' G. P. Putnam's Sons. *Taliaferro, John. [[2013]]. ''All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt.'' Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781416597414. *Tuchinsky, Adam. [[2009]]. ''Horace Greeley's New-York Tribune: Civil War–Era Socialism and the Crisis of Free Labor.'' Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801446672. *Van Deusen, Glyndon G. [[1953]]. ''Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Reformer.'' University of Pennsylvania Press. *Williams, Robert C. [[2006]]. ''Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom.'' Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814794029. ==Bibliographia addita== ;Libri Greeleyani *[[1864]], [[1866]]. ''The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860-64.'' [http://archive.org/details/americanconflic06greegoog Vol. I] (1864). [http://archive.org/details/americanconflic00greegoog Vol. II] (1866). *[[1868]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN17013775 Recollections of a Busy Life.]'' *[[1870]]. [https://archive.org/details/essaysdesignedto00greeuoft ''Essays Designed to Elucidate The Science of Political Economy, While Serving To Explain and Defend The Policy of Protection to Home Industry, As a System of National Cooperation For True Elevation of Labor.''] ;Alia opera *Borchard, Gregory A. [[2011]]. ''Abraham Lincoln and Horace Greeley.'' Southern Illinois University Press. *Cross, Coy F., II. [[1995]]. ''Go West Young Man! Horace Greeley's Vision for America.'' University of Mexico Press. *Downey, Matthew T. [[1967]]. Horace Greeley and the Politicians: The Liberal Republican Convention in 1872. ''The Journal of American History'' 53(4):727–750. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196703%2953%3A4%3C727%3AHGATPT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B In JSTOR.] *Durante, Dianne. [[2007]]. ''Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide.'' Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. *Lunde, Erik S. [[1978]]. The Ambiguity of the National Idea: The Presidential Campaign of 1872. ''Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism'' 5(1):1-23. *Parrington, Vernon L. [[1927]]. ''Main Currents in American Thought,'' 2:247–257. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191023145046/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/Parrington/vol2/bk02_01_ch05.html Editio interretialis.] *Potter, David M. [[1941]]. Horace Greeley and Peaceable Secession. ''Journal of Southern History'' 7(2):145-159. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191468 In JSTOR.] *Robbins, Roy M. [[1933]]. [http://www.ditext.com/robbins/robbins.html Horace Greeley: Land Reform and Unemployment, 1837-1862.] ''Agricultural History'' 7:18. *Rourke, Constance Mayfield. [[1927]]. ''Trumpets of Jubilee: Henry Ward Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lyman Beecher, Horace Greeley, P. T. Barnum.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110117020618/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=30485375 Editio interretialis.] *Schulze, Suzanne. [[1992]]. ''Horace Greeley: A Bio-Bibliography.'' Greenwood Press. *Weisberger, Bernard A. [[1977]]. Horace Greeley: Reformer as Republican. ''Civil War History'' 23(1):5-25. [http://mtw160-198.ippl.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v023/23.1.weisberger.pdf PDF interretiale.] ==Nexus externi== {{wikiquote}} {{CommuniaCat|Horace Greeley|Horatium Greeley}}<!-- * {{Internet Archive author}} {{Wikisource author}}--> {{CongBio|G000405}} *[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=5008 Biographia,] www.biographi.ca (''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'') *[http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h150.html Biographia,] www.u-s-history.com (US History) *[http://nastandgreeley.harpweek.com/default.asp "Cartoonist Thomas Nast vs. Candidate Horace Greeley,"] nastandgreeley.harpweek.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20031221152922/http://www.newcastlehistoricalsociety.org/ Domus Horatii Greeley] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050404060325/http://mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=36&subjectID=3 "Mr. Lincoln and Friends: Horace Greeley,"] www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org *[http://www.mlwh.org/inside.asp?ID=48&subjectID=2 "Mr. Lincoln's White House: Horace Greeley,"] www.mlwh.orgwww.newcastlehistoricalsociety.org (New Castle Historical Society) *{{Gutenberg author |id=Greeley,+Horace | name=Horatii Greeley}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101209060328/http://www.thegreeleyfoundation.org/ Societas Fundata Horatii Greeley,] www.thegreeleyfoundation.org (Greeley Foundation) {{DEFAULTSORT:Greeley, Horatius}} [[Categoria:Nati 1811]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1872]] [[Categoria:Abolitionistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Diurnarii Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Editores diariorum]] <!--en:19th-century American newspaper founders + 19th-century American newspaper editors--> [[Categoria:Incolae Novae Hantoniae]]<!--People from Hillsborough County, New Hampshire--> [[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]]<!--People from Chappaqua, New York--> <!--en:New York Republicans--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] <!--en:Members of the Universalist Church of America + 19th-century Christian Universalists--><!-- [[Category:19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1872]] [[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:People of New York in the American Civil War]] [[Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery]] [[Category:New York Tribune personnel]] [[Category:New York Liberal Republicans]] [[Category:New York Whigs]] [[Category:Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]--> rdfkpf4zs646eeh4ca0zq02g4mjaynl 0 248701 3994031 3856548 2026-10-11T14:33:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Herbert Spencer.jpg|thumb|Herbertus Spencer anno aetatis suae 73.]] [[Fasciculus:HS_steel_portrait_sig.jpg|thumb|[[Subscriptio]].]] [[Fasciculus:Herbert Spencer 5.jpg|thumb|Caelatura Herberti Spencer.]] [[Fasciculus:Herbert Spencer 4.jpg|thumb|[[Photographema]] Herberti Spencer.]] [[Fasciculus:Spencer1.jpg|thumb|[[Photographema]] Herberti Spencer.]] '''Herbertus Spencer''' ([[Derbia]]e [[27 Aprilis]] [[1820]]—[[Brightonia]]e [[Sussexia]]e [[8 Decembris]] [[1903]]) fuit [[philosophus]], [[biologus]], [[anthropologus]], et [[sociologus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], ac prominens [[theorista]] [[theoria politica|politica]] [[liberalismus classicus|liberalis classicus]] [[aevum Victorianum|aevi Victoriani]]. Spencer excogitavit amplissumam notionem [[evolutio]]nis ut progressus mundi physici, [[organismus|organismorum]] [[biologia|biologicorum]], [[mens|mentis]] [[homo sapiens|humanae]], et [[cultura]]e humanae, et [[societas humana|societatum humanarum]]. Qui "evolutionem studiose exposuit," et etiam "de evolutione ante [[Carolus Darwin|Darwin]] scripserat."<ref name=Riggenbach>Riggenbach 2011.</ref> [[Polymathes]] permultas investigavit res, inter quas erant [[ethica]], [[religio]], [[anthropologia]], [[oeconomica]], [[philosophia politica|ratio politica]], [[philosophia]], [[litterae]], [[biologia]], [[sociologia]], et [[psychologia]]. Iam vivus auctoritatem miram habebat, praecipue in [[academia]] [[Anglice|Anglicoloquente]]: "Solus philosophus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] qui quasi talem popularitatem divulgatam habebat fuit [[Bertrandus Russell]], et tum [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]]."<ref>[[Anglice]]: "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell and that was in the 20th century."</ref><ref name=Richards>Richards 2010.</ref> Spencer "unice [[famosus|praeclarissimus]] [[Europa]]eus ultimis [[decennium|decennis]] [[saeculum 19|saeculi undevicensimi]] [[educatio|intellegens]]" fuit,<ref>[[Anglice]]: "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century" (Eriksen et Nielsen 2001:37).</ref><ref>"Spencer became the most famous philosopher of his time" (Tischler 2010:12).</ref> sed eius gratia post [[1900]] acriter defecit: "Quis legit Spencer nunc?"<ref>[[Anglice]]: "Who now reads Spencer?"</ref> rogavit [[Talcott Parsons]] anno 1937.<ref>Parsons 1968:3; attingens C. Crane Brinton, ''English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century'' (Londinii: Benn, 1933).</ref> Innotuit Spencer locutione ''[[salus aptissimi]],''{{FD ref}}<ref>[[Anglice]]: "survival of the fittest."</ref> quam excogitavit et primum divulgavit in [[liber|libro]] ''Principles of Biology'' (1864), postquam [[Carolus Darwin|Caroli Darwin]] commentarios ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' legerat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-5145#mark-5145.f3 |title=Letter 5145 – Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 5 July (1866) |publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=maurice_stucke |title=Better Competition Advocacy |author=Maurice E. Stucke |format=PDF |quote=Herbert Spencer in his ''Principles of Biology'' of 1864, vol. 1, p. 444, wrote "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life."}}</ref> Hoc [[vocabulum]] [[selectio naturalis|selectionem naturalem]] valide significat, sed cum Spencer evolutionem in provincias [[sociologia]]e et [[ethica]]e extenderet, [[Lamarckismus|Lamarckismo]] etiam utebatur.<ref name=Riggenbach/> == Fontes primarii == * [http://archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArchive&search=IN=MS791 Chartae Herberti Spencer in Senate House Library Universitatis Londiniensis,] archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk * [http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/herbert-spencer Plurimi ex libris Spenceranis, editio interretialis]: * "On The Proper Sphere of Government" (1842) * [http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=273 ''Social Statics: or, The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed''] (1851) ** [http://www.panarchy.org/spencer/ignore.state.1851.html "The Right to Ignore the State,"] capitulum 19 ex prima editione ''Social Statics'' ** ''Social Statics: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020056/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96054973 Abridged and Revised]'' (1892) * "A Theory of Population" (1852) * [http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1394 ''Principles of Psychology''] (1855), prima editio, in uno volumine impressa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090715225942/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98953755 ''Education'' (1861)] * [http://praxeology.net/HS-SP.htm ''System of Synthetic Philosophy,''] in decem voluminibus ** [http://praxeology.net/HS-SP.htm#firstprinciples ''First Principles,]'' ISBN 0-89875-795-9 (1862) ** 'Principles of Biology'' (1864, 1867; retractata et amplificata: 1898), in duobus voluminibus *** Volumen I: Pars I: ''The Data of Biology''; Pars II: ''The Inductions of Biology''; Pars III: ''The Evolution of Life''; Appendices *** Volume II: Pars IV: ''Morphological Development''; Pars V: ''Physiological Development''; Pars VI: ''Laws of Multiplication''; Appendices ** ''Principles of Psychology'' (1870, 1880), in duobus voluminibus *** Volumen I: Pars I:'' The Data of Psychology''; Pars II: ''The Inductions of Psychology''; Pars III: ''General Synthesis''; Pars IV: ''Special Synthesis''; Pars V: ''Physical Synthesis''; Appendix *** Volumen II: Pars VI: ''Special Analysis''; Pars VII: ''General Analysis''; Pars VIII: ''Congruities''; Pars IX: ''Corollaries'' ** ''Principles of Sociology'', in tribus voluminibus *** Volumen I (1874–75; amplificatum 1876, 1885): Pars I: ''Data of Sociology''; Pars II: ''Inductions of Sociology''; Pars III: ''Domestic Institutions'' *** Volumen II: Para IV: ''Ceremonial Institutions'' (1879); Para V: ''Political Institutions'' (1882); Para VI [in nonnullis editionibus]: ''Ecclesiastical Institutions'' (1885) *** Volumen III: Pars VI [in nonnullis editionibus]: ''Ecclesiastical Institutions'' (1885); Pars VII: ''Professional Institutions'' (1896); Pars VIII: ''Industrial Institutions'' (1896); Referentiae ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123164134/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/LFBooks/Spencer0236/PrinciplesEthics/HTMLs/0155-02_Pt05_Apps.html ''The Principles of Ethics''] (1897), in duobus voluminibus *** Volumen I: Pars I: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050507021237/http://fair-use.org/herbert-spencer/data-of-ethics The Data of Ethics]'' (1879); Pars II: ''The Inductions of Ethics'' (1892); Pars III: ''The Ethics of Individual Life'' (1892); Referentiae *** Volumen II: Pars IV: ''The Ethics of Social Life: Justice'' (1891); Pars V: ''The Ethics of Social Life: Negative Beneficence'' (1892); Pars VI: ''The Ethics of Social Life: Positive Beneficence'' (1892); Appendices * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120515130355/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96277756 ''The Study of Sociology'' (1873, 1896)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110227064334/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3559105 ''An Autobiography''] (1904), in duobus voluminibus ** Spencer, Herbert. [[1904]]. ''An Autobiography.'' D. Appleton and Company<!-- http://books.google.com/books?id=gUozqCwTGkEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=herbert+spencer#PPR3,M2--> ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110316025255/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7900182 v1 ''Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer'' by David Duncan] (1908) ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110817093120/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54665737 v2 ''Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer'' by David Duncan] (1908) * ''Descriptive Sociology; or Groups of Sociological Facts,'' parts 1–8, a Spencer classificata et ordinata, compilata et descripta a David Duncan, Richard Schepping, et James Collier (Londinii, Williams & Norgate, 1873–1881). ;Congeries commentariorum: * ''Illustrations of Universal Progress: A Series of Discussions'' (1864, 1883) * ''The Man versus the State'' (1884) * ''Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative'' (1891), in tribus voluminibus: ** Volumen I ("The Development Hypothesis," "Progress: Its Law and Cause," "The Factors of Organic Evolution," et alii commentarii) ** Volumen II ("The Classification of the Sciences", [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/8phil10.txt "The Philosophy of Style"] (1852), "The Origin and Function of Music," "The Physiology of Laughter," et alii commentarii) ** Volumen III ("The Ethics of Kant," "State Tamperings With Money and Banks," "Specialized Administration," "From Freedom to Bondage," "The Americans," et alii commentarii) * ''Various Fragments'' (1897, amplificata 1900) * [http://praxeology.net/HS-FC.htm ''Facts and Comments]'' (1902)<!-- *Great Political Thinkers (1960)--> == Iudicia philosophorum == * [[Henricus George|George, Henry]]. [[1892]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081230232644/http://www.grundskyld.dk/0-Perplexed.html ''A Perplexed Philosopher.''] * [[Gulielmus James|James, William]]. [[1878]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=c2rjtEWeYvwC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9 ''Remarks on Spencer's Definition of Mind as Correspondence.''] * [[Paulus Lafargue|Lafargue, Paul]]. [[1884]]. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1884/06/herbert-spencer.htm ''A Few Words with Mr Herbert Spencer.''] * [[Iosia Royce|Royce, Josiah]]. [[1904]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110304005943/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99533534 ''Herbert Spencer: An Estimate and Review.''] * [[Henricus Sidgwick|Sidgwick, Henry]]. [[1902]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110817105113/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14557498 ''Lectures on the Ethics of T. H. Green, Mr. Herbert Spencer, and J. Martineau.''] * [[Lester F. Ward|Ward, Lester F.]] [[1894]]. [[s:Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 44.djvu/874|''Spencer-smashing at Washington.'']] {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Henricus Bergson]] * [[Augustus Comte]] * [[Darwinismismus]] * [[Darwinismus socialis]] * [[Aemilius Durkheim]] * [[Geolibertarianismus]] * [[Auberon Herbert]] * [[Thomas Henricus Huxley]] * [[Ioannes Baptista Lamarck]] * [[Georgius Henricus Lewes]] * [[Ioannes London]] * [[Ioannes Stuart Mill]] * [[Organicismus]] * [[Paradigma]] * [[Carolus Sanders Peirce]] * [[Positivismus]] * [[Murray Rothbard]] * [[Henricus Sidgwick]] * [[Gulielmus Graham Sumner]] * [[Yan Fu]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Herbert Spencer by John McLure Hamilton.jpg|thumb|[[Pictura]] Herberti Spencer, a [[Ioannes McLure Hamilton|Ioanne McLure Hamilton]] facta, circa [[1895]].]] [[Fasciculus:Spencer Herbert grave.jpg|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]] Herberti Spencer in [[Coemeterium Highgate|Sepulcreto Highgate]].]] * Carneiro, Robert L., et Perrin, Robert G. [[2002]]. Herbert Spencer's ''Principles of Sociology:'' a Centennial Retrospective and Appraisal. ''Annals of Science'' 59(3):221–261. * Duncan, David. [[1908]]. ''The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer.'' [http://archive.org/details/lifeandlettersh00spengoog Editio interretialis.] * Elliot, Hugh. [[1917]]. ''Herbert Spencer.'' Londinii: Constable and Company, Ltd. * Elwick, James. [[2003]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070615181955/http://www.shpltd.co.uk/elwick-spencer.pdf Herbert Spencer and the Disunity of the Social Organism]. ''History of Science'' 41:35–72. * Elliott, Paul. [[2003]]. Erasmus Darwin, Herbert Spencer and the Origins of the Evolutionary Worldview in British Provincial Scientific Culture. ''Isis'' 94:1–29. * Eriksen, Thomas, et Finn Nielsen. [[2001]]. ''A history of anthropology.'' * Francis, Mark. [[2007]]. ''Herbert Spencer and the Invention of Modern Life.'' Novi Castelli: Acumen Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-4590-6. * Harris, Jose. [[2004]]. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36208 Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903).] ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.'' * Hodgson, Geoffrey M. [[2004]]. Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals: A Contribution to the History of the Term. ''Journal of Historical Sociology'' 17:428. * Hofstadter, Richard. [[1944]], [[1992]]. ''Social Darwinism in American Thought.'' Bostoniae: Beacon Press.ISBN 0-8070-5503-4. * Kennedy, James Gettier. [[1978]]. ''Herbert Spencer.'' Bostoniae: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-6688-X. * Mandelbaum, Maurice. [[1971]]. ''History, Man, and Reason: A Study in Nineteenth-century Thought.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press. * Offer, John, ed. [[2000]]. ''Herbert Spencer: critical assessments.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18184-4 (vol. 1), 0415181852 (vol. 2), 0415181860 (vol. 3), 0415181879 (vol. 4), 0415181836 (omnia volumina in capsa) * Parsons, Talcott. [[1937]], [[1968]]. ''The Structure of Social Action.'' Novi Eboraci: Free Press, 1968. * Perrin, Robert G. [[1993]]. ''Herbert Spencer: a primary and secondary bibliography.'' Novi Eboraci: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-4597-1. * Rafferty, Edward C. The Right to the Use of the Earth: Herbert Spencer, the Washington Intellectual Community, and American Conservation in the Late Nineteenth Century. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605182505/http://www.historians.org/annual/2006/06program/precirculated/Session145_Rafferty.pdf PDF.] * Richards, Peter. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140914021725/https://mises.org/daily/4779/Herbert-Spencer-Social-Darwinist-or-Libertarian-Prophet Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinist or Libertarian Prophet?] Mises Institute, 4 Novembris. * Richards, Robert J. [[1987]]. ''Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. * Riggenbach, Jeff. [[2011]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141110140341/https://mises.org/daily/5206/The-Real-William-Graham-Sumner "The Real William Graham Sumner."] Mises Institute.<!--24 Aprilis--> * Smith, George H. [[2008]]. Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903). In ''The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism,'' ed. Ronald Hamowy, 483–485. Thousand Oaks Californiae: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. OCLC 750831024. * Stewart, Iain. [[2011]]. Commandeering Time: The Ideological Status of Time in the Social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer. ''Australian Journal of Politics and History'' 57:389. * Taylor, Michael W. [[1992]]. ''Men versus the State: Herbert Spencer and Late Victorian Individualism.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Taylor, Michael W. [[2007]]. ''The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer.'' Londinii: Continuum. * Tischler, Henry L. [[2010]]. ''Introduction to Sociology.'' * Turner, Jonathan H. [[1985]]. ''Herbert Spencer: A Renewed Appreciation.'' Sage Publications. ISBN 0-8039-2426-7. * Versen, Christopher R. [[2006]]. Optimistic Liberals: Herbert Spencer, the Brooklyn Ethical Association, and the Integration of Moral Philosophy and Evolution in the Victorian Trans-Atlantic Community. Florida State University. === Opera Spenceriana === * Duncan, David. [[1908]]. ''The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer.'' [http://archive.org/details/lifeandlettersh00spengoog Editio interretialis.] * Spencer, Herbert. [[1993]]. ''Spencer: Political Writings,'' ed. John Offer. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought.<!--[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521437407 excerpt and text search]--> * Spencer, Herbert. ''Social Statics: The Man Versus the State'' * Spencer, Herbert. '' The Study of Sociology.''<!--[http://www.amazon.com/dp/1418188417 excerpt and text search]--> [https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020022/http://www.questia.com/read/96277756?title=The%20Study%20of%20Sociology Editio interretialis.] * Spencer, Herbert. ''The Principles of Psychology.''<!-- [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1402182716 excerpt and text search]--> [http://books.google.com/books?id=hTBVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:herbert+inauthor:spencer&lr=&num=30&as_brr=3 Editio interretialis.] * Spencer, Herbert. [[1896]]. ''Social Statics, Abridged and Revised: Together with the Man Versus the State.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020119/http://www.questia.com/read/96054973?title=Social%20Statics%2c%20Abridged%20and%20Revised%3a%20Together%20with%20the%20Man%20Versus%20the%20State Editio interretialis.] * Spencer, Herbert. [[1891]]. ''Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical.'' [http://archive.org/details/educationintell02spengoog Editio interretialis.] * Spencer, Herbert. [[1905]]. ''An Autobiography.'' 2 vol. [http://archive.org/details/anautobiography00spengoog Editio interretialis.] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Herbert Spencer|Herbertum Spencer}} {{wikiquote}} * Sweet, William. [http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/spencer.htm Herbert Spencer.] ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023230700/http://www.bolenderinitiatives.com/sociology/herbert-spencer-1820-1903 Materiae de Herberto Spencer.] www.bolenderinitiatives.com ;Fontes * {{Gutenberg author |id=Spencer,+Herbert | name=Herbert Spencer}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120701075207/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fperson=165&Itemid=28 Opera Herberty Spencer,] oll.libertyfund.org (Online Library of Liberty) * [https://mises.org/journals/lar/pdfs/2_2/2_2_9.pdf ''On Moral Education,''] mises.org, in ''Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought'' impressus (vere 1966) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020828181118/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&id=SpeFirs.xml&images=images%2Fmodeng&part=all&tag=public ''First principles,''] etext.lib.virginia.edu (Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library) * [http://praxeology.net/HS-SP.htm#firstprinciples ''First Principles,''] praxeology.net * [http://www.constitution.org/hs/ignore_state.htm "The Right to Ignore the State,"] www.constitution.org {{Myrias|Homines}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spencer, Herbertus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1820]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1903]] [[Categoria:Agnostici Anglici]] [[Categoria:Anthropologi Britanniae]]<!--en:English a.--> [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi]] [[Categoria:Biologi Britanniae]]<!--en:English b.--> [[Categoria:Derbiensis comitatus]] <!--en:People from Derby--> [[Categoria:Feminismus]]<!--en:Male feminists + Individualist f. + English f. writers + F. philosophers--> [[Categoria:Herbertus Spencer| ]] <!--en:English l.--> [[Categoria:Oeconomi Britanniae]]<!--en:English o.--> [[Categoria:Philosophi Angliae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi scientiae]] [[Categoria:Rhetores]]<!--en:English r.--> [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Sociologi]]<!--en:English s. + Men s. + British s.--> + <!-- [[Category:British classical liberals]] [[Category:English political philosophers]] [[Category:English political theorists]] [[Category:English political writers]] [[Category:Libertarian theorists]] [[Category:History of libertarianism]] [[Category:Functionalism (social theory)]] [[Category:Burials at Highgate Cemetery]] [[Category:Philosophers of social science]] [[Category:Libertarian economists]]--> 4qo9kau2g9oze79u0lagle5t528d6ja 0 254503 3994108 3719515 2026-10-12T04:28:21Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ioannes Mason''' (natus ''John Mason'' in [[Anglia]] circa [[1600]]; mortuus [[Norvicum (Connecticuta)|Norvici]] [[Connecticuta]]e, [[1672]]) fuit [[res militaris|centurio maior]] in [[Exercitus Angliae|Exercitu Angliae]] qui ad [[Nova Anglia|Novam Angliam]] anno [[1632]] [[navigatio|navigavit]]. Ante [[1637]] a [[Colonia Sinus Massachusettensium|Colonia Sinu Massachusettensium]] ad [[occidens|occidentem]] migravit, ad [[colonia]]s secundum [[Flumen Connecticutense]] quae [[Colonia Connecticuta]] facta est. Dissensiones ibi ortae sunt inter [[colonia|colonos]] et [[Indi Pequotenses|Indos Pequotenses]], cum rixae fierent et ad ultimum Indi Manisseani Insulae Block quemdam [[Ioannes Oldham (colonus)|Ioannem Oldham]] anno [[1636]] necarent. Quia Manisseani erant tributarii Nationis Pequotensis, Colonia Sinus Massachusettensium [[expeditio]]nem misit, Ioannem Mason amplectentem, ad Insulam Block ad Manisseanos interficiendos, tum ad Flumen Connecticutam procedere ut homicidas poscerent. Pequotensibus autem recusantibus, expeditio [[tentorium|tentoria]] et [[maizium]] incenderunt, [[Bellum Pequotense]] movens, quod finem per [[Trucidatio Mysticana|Trucidationem Mysticanam]] tandem cepit, quae [[tribus|tribum]] Pequotensem paene prorsus destruxit. Mason suas [[experientia]]s in Bello Pequotensi in [[liber|libro]] ''Major Mason's Brief History of the Pequot War'' [[narratio|narravit]], anno [[1736]] demum edito.<ref>John Mason, ''A Brief History of the Pequot War: especially of the memorable taking of their fort at Mistick in Connecticut in 1637'' (Bostoniae: S. Kneeland et T. Green, 1736).</ref> Bello confecto, Mason factus est Vice Gubernator Connecticutae. Ipse et alii [[oppidum Novae Angliae|oppidum]] [[Norvicum (Connecticuta)|Norvicum]] conditum duxerunt, ubi anno [[1672]] mortuus est.<!-- ==Munera== * Deputy for Dorchester to Massachusetts Bay General Court, 4 March 1634/5, 2 September 1635. * Captain by 1637. * Deputy for Windsor to Connecticut Court, November 1637, March 1638, April 1638, September 1639, February 1641, April 1641, September 1641. * Assistant, 1642–1659, 1669-71 [CT Civil List 35]. * War committee for Saybrook, May 1653, October 1654. * Major, June 1654 (but he was called Major at the General Court of 18 May 1654). * Connecticut Deputy Governor, May 1660, May 1661, May 1662, October 1662, May 1663, May 1664, May 1665, May 1666, May 1667, May 1668. * Commissioner for United Colonies, June 1654, May 1655, May 1656, May 1657, May 1660, May 1661. * Patentee, Royal Charter, 1662.--> ==Progenies== Inter progenies Ioannis Mason sunt: *[[David Brewster (diurnarius)|David Brewster]], [[dirunariorum ars|diurnalista]] *[[Diana Brewster]], [[histrio]] [[televisio|televisifica]] *[[Martha Wadsworth Brewster]], (1710–c.1757) [[poetria]] et [[scriptor]], una ex primis personis [[litterae|litterarum]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanis]] *[[Catherina Drew Gilpin Faust]] (nata [[18 Septembris]] [[1947]]), [[rerum gestarum scriptor|rerum gestarum scriptrix]], administrator collegiata, et praeses [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatis Harvardianae]] *[[Iacobus Rudolphus Garfield]] (17 Octobris 1865–24 Martii 1950), politicus, [[causidicus]], et [[filius]] [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum|Praesidis]] [[Iacobus Garfield]] et [[Lucretia Garfield|Lucretiae Garfield]] *[[Harrius Augustus Garfield]] (11 Octobris 1863–12 Decembris 1942), [[causidicus]] et [[academia|academicus]], octavus praeses [[Collegium Williamsianum|Collegii Williamsiani]] suae [[alma mater|almae matris]]. *[[Iacobus Butler Hickok]] (27 Maii 1837–2 Augusti 1876), Wild Bill Hickok appellatus, [[persona]] Occidentis Veteris Americani *Ioannes Mason Kemper, undecimus scholae rector in [[Academia Phillipsiana]] *[[Ioannes Kerry]], sexagensimus octavus [[Secretarius Status]] Civitatum Foederatarum et olim senior [[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Senator Civitatum Foederatarum]] ex [[Massachusetta]]<!--served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee--> *[[Georgius Trumbull Ladd]], [[philosophus]] et [[psychologus]] Americanus *[[Brice Lalonde]], olim [[socialismus|socialista]] et dux [[factio viridis|factionis viridis]] in [[Francia]]<!--who ran for [[President of France]] in the [[French presidential election, 1981|Presidential elections, 1981]]. In 1988 he was named [[Minister of the Environment (France)|Minister of the Environment]], and in 1990 founded the Green Party [[Génération Ecologie]]--> *[[W. Patrick Lang]], praefectus in [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Exercitu Civitatum Foederatarum]] et [[auctor]]<!--+US Intelligence Executive--> *[[Ieremias Mason]], [[Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum Americae|Senator Civitatum Foederatarum]] ex [[Nova Hantonia]] *[[Ioannes Sanford Mason]] (24 Augusti 1824–29 Novembris 1897), [[generalis]] in [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Exercitu Civitatum Foederatarum]] per [[Bellum Civile Americanum]] *[[Robertus Noyce]], "Mayor of Silicon Valley" per ludibrium appellatus, [[inventor]] [[circuitus integratus|circuitus integrati]] ("microchip") *[[Robertus Carolus Winthrop]], [[causidicus]] et [[philanthropia|philanthropus]], olim [[Rogator Camerae Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum]] *Patricia Dutcher-Walls, [[auctor]] et [[educatio|erudita]] [[Presbyterianismus|Presbyteriana]], [[professor]] in [[Universitas Torontonensis|Universitate Torontonensi]] et [[Universita Columbiae Britannicae|Universitate Columbiae Britannicae]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Allyn, James H. [[1976]]. ''Major John Mason's Great Island.'' Mystic Connecticutae: R. N. Bohlander. *Bradstreet, Howard. [[1933]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182658/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22847430 ''The Story of the War with the Pequots Re-Told.''] *Cave, Alfred A. [[1996]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182651/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10915930 ''The Pequot War.''] University of Massachusetts Press. *Haynes, William. [[1955]]. ''Connecticut's Own Major.'' *Mason, John. [[1736]], [[1869]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624024526/http://bc.barnard.columbia.edu/~rmccaugh/earlyAC/readings/pequot/pequot.pdf ''A Brief History of the Pequot War.''] Reimpressus a J. Sabin & sons. *Mason, John. [[1736]]. [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/42/ ''A Brief History of the Pequot War.''] Editio interretialis annotata (pdf). *Mason, Louis Bond. [[1935]]. ''The life and times of Major John Mason of Connecticut, 1600–1672.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: G. P. Putnam's Sons. *''Dictionary of American Biography.'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Mason, Ioannes (1600)}} [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 17]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1672]] [[Categoria:Bellum Pequotense]] [[Categoria:Incolae Connecticutae]]<!--en:People of colonial C.--> [[Categoria:Incolae Massachusettae]]<!--en:People of colonial M.--> [[Categoria:Participes bellorum]] [[Categoria:Participes bellorum colonialium Americanorum]] [[Categoria:Puritani]]<!--en:New England Puritanism + American Puritans--><!-- [[Category:Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:People from Windsor, Connecticut]] [[Category:Magistrates of the Connecticut General Court (1636–62)]]--> m6qsriq36vj45tzqgajnr9site8ybqr 0 255155 3994053 3993543 2026-10-11T15:16:58Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3994053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}}{{charta locatrix |Franciae meridio-occidentalis physicalis |label=Lattara |lat_deg =43 |lat_min =34 |lon_deg =3 | lon_min =54 |position=left |background = |mark = Brown pog.svg |width=200 |float=right |caption= Situs in Francia }} {{res|Lattara}}<ref>Vide e.g. {{qc|id=Barruol (1988)}}</ref> fuit [[portus]] et [[oppidum]] antiquum muris cinctum, anno circiter [[525 a.C.n.]] constructum, cuius ruinae anno [[1963]] sub [[ager|agris]] communis [[Latae|Latarum]] praefecturae hodiernae [[Arauris (praefectura Franciae)|Arauris]] in [[Francia]] meridiana repertae sunt. [[Fasciculus:Lattara-Porte du Port-20140524.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ruinae portae portuensis.]] Vestigia et semina fructuum ibi e tempore antiquissimo reperta sunt specierum ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' multa, ''[[Ficus carica]]'', ''[[Prunus spinosa]]'', ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'' atque post [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculum V a.C.n.]] ''[[Olea europaea]]'' pauciora; a saeculo V exeunte labrum ad racemos premendos e lapide factum; a saeculo V medio vas seminum uvarum plura milia continens. Amphorae [[Etrusci|Etruscae]] eo importatae sunt ab oppido condito usque in annum fere 475 a.C.n., [[Caere]]ti ut videtur factae; a saeculo V medio fragmenta amphorarum Massaliotarum, sed pauciorum, reperta sunt. Quae amphorae resina aut pice [[Pinus|pinea]] indutae vinum continuisse constat e reliquiis acidorum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|acidum tartaricum|tartarici|en|qid=Q194322}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|acidum succinicum|succinici|en|qid=Q213050}}, [[acidum malicum|malici]], [[acidum citricum|citrici]]. Amphorae duae composita chemica servant e speciebus ''[[Rosmarinus officinalis]]'' et ''[[Thymus vulgaris]]'' derivata. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:CeramiquesLattara.jpg|thumb|Vasa Gallica Lattarae reperta]] [[Fasciculus:SteleLattara.jpg|thumb|Monumentum funebre Gallo-Romanum]] [[Fasciculus:AmphoresDeLattara.jpg|thumb|Amphorae Lattarae inventae]] [[Fasciculus:ChevalTenillesLattara.jpg|thumb|Equus conchis delineatus]] * "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DL%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dledus-geo Ledus]" in {{Smith-geo}} * ''Port Ariane, construction deltaïque et utilisation d’une zone humide lors des six derniers millénaires'' (''Lattara'', vol. 20). Latis: Association pour la recherche archéologique en Languedoc oriental, 2007 * J. Arnal, R. Majurel, H. Prades, ''Le port de Lattara (Lattes, Hérault)''. Bordighera: Institut International d'Études Ligures, 1974 * {{ec|id=Barruol (1988)|c=Guy Barruol, "[http://www.syslat.on-rev.com/ArcheOnLine/PUB1/PUB000095.pdf Le toponyme Latara/Lattara]" in ''Lattara'' vol. 1 (1988)}} * Ramon Buxó i Capdevila, "Semences et fruits. Recherches sur les données carpologiques dans les niveaux antiques de Lattes : les procédures expérimentées sur la fouille" in ''Lattara'' vol. 2 (Latis: Association pour la recherche archéologique en Languedoc oriental, 1989) pp. 73-82 * Ramon Buxó i Capdevila, "Cueillette et agriculture à Lattes : les ressources végétales d'après les semences et les fruits, in M. Py, ed., ''Recherches sur l'économie vivrière des Lattarenses: Lattara'' vol. 5 (Latis: Association pour la recherche archéologique en Languedoc oriental, 1992) pp. 45-90 * Ramon Buxó i Capdevila, "Evidence for vines and ancient cultivation froin an urban area, Lattes (Hérault), Southern France" in ''Antiquity'' no. 70 (1996) pp. 393-407 * Ramon Buxó i Capdevila, L. Chabal, J.-C. Roux, "Toiture et restes carbonisés d'une maison incendiée dans l'habitat de Lattes au IVe s. av. n. è." in M. Py, ed., ''Urbanisme et architecture dans la ville antique de Lattes: Lattara'' vol. 9 (Latis: Association pour la recherche archéologique en Languedoc oriental, 1996) pp. 373-398 * D. Garcia, L. Vallet, edd., ''L’espace portuaire de Lattes antique'' (''Lattara'', vol. 15). Latis: Association pour le Développement de l’Archéologie en Languedoc-Roussillon, 2002 * T. Janin, M. Py, edd., ''Lattara (Lattes, Hérault): nouveaux acquis, nouvelles questions sur une ville portuaire protohistorique et romaine'' (''Gallia'', 2008) * Patrick E. McGovern, Benjamin P. Luley, Nuria Rovira, Armen Mirzoian, Michael P. Callahan, Karen E. Smith, Gretchen R. Hall, Theodore Davidson, Joshua M. Henkin, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212506/http://www.pnas.org/content/110/25/10147.full Beginning of viniculture in France]" in ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' vol. 110 (2013) pp. 10147–10152 * Michel Py, ''Les Gaulois du Midi, de la fin de l’Âge du Bronze à la conquête romaine''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1993 * Michel Py, Ramon Buxó i Capdevila, "[http://www.persee.fr/doc/galia_0016-4119_2001_num_58_1_3172 La viticulture en Gaule à l'Âge du Fer]" in ''Gallia'' vol. 58 (2001) pp. 29-43 * Nuria Rovira, Natalia Alonso, "La production de vin à Lattara. Ce qu'en disent les pépins" in ''Dossiers d'archéologie'' no. 362 (2014) pp. 72-77 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Site archéologique de Lattara|Lattaram}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{Coord|43|34|05|N|3|54|12|E|display=title}} * ''[http://syslat.on-rev.com/ Lattara.net: base de données archéologiques]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160220033403/http://museearcheo.montpellier3m.fr/ Situs Musei Lattarae] [[Categoria:Archaeologia vini]] [[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Portus maris Mediterranei]] [[Categoria:Urbes Galliae Romanae]] 7hfd50ajz5pkjiikzm4i6rl4p3qcpbi 0 256862 3994044 3992449 2026-10-11T15:07:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:Jacob de Wit - Allegorie op het schrijven van de geschiedenis 1754.jpg|thumb|[[Allegoria]] [[historia]]e scribendai [[Iacob de Wit|Iacobi de Wit]] (1754). [[Veritas]], paena nuda, [[rerum gestarum scriptor|rerum gestarum scriptorem]] observat. [[Pallas Athena]] ([[sapientia]]) parte laeva consilium dat.]] [[Fasciculus:Shiji.jpg|upright|thumb|Prima [[pagina]] ''[[Shiji]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Thucydides Manuscript.jpg|thumb|upright|Pars exemplaris ex [[saeculum 10|saeculo decimo]] [[Thucydides|Thucydidis]] ''[[Historiae|Historiarum]].'']] [[File:Beda Petersburgiensis f3v.jpg|upright|thumb|Pagina [[Beda]]e ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|Historiae ecclesiasticae gentis Anglorum]].'']] [[Fasciculus:Ibn Khaldoun.jpg|thumb|[[Ibn Khaldunus]], [[auctor]] historiographiae, [[historia culturalis|historiae culturalis]], et [[philosophia historiae|philosophiae historiae]]. [[Statua]] coniecturalis in [[Tunisia]] erecta.]] [[Fasciculus:Voltaire-Baquoy.gif|thumb|Opera historica [[Voltarius|Voltarii]] sunt exemplum historiae [[Illuminismus|Illuminismi]] scriptae. [[Pictura]] [[Petrus Carolus Baquoy|Petri Caroli Baquoy]].]] [[Fasciculus:Edward Gibbon by Henry Walton cleaned.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]] ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|Decline of the Roman Empire]]'' (1776) fuit [[magnum opus]] [[scriptura]]e historicae [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] exeunte editae.]] [[Fasciculus:Jules Michelet (49019723) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Iulius Michelet]] (1798–1874) senex.]] [[Fasciculus:Hippolyte taine.jpg|thumb|Hippolytus Taine (1828–1893).]] [[Fasciculus:Leopold Von Ranke 1877.jpg|thumb|[[Leopoldus de Ranke]] [[historia]]m [[disciplina academica|disciplinam academicam]] professionalem in [[Germania]] constituit.]] '''Historiographia''' est investigatio [[methodologia]]e per quam [[rerum gestarum scriptor|rerum gestarum scriptores]] [[historia]]m ut [[disciplina academica]] tractant, et porro ullum operis [[historia|historici]] corpus de certa re. Historiographia certae rei modos tractat per quos historici illam rem investigaverunt certis fontibus, rationibus, et praeceptis theoretis utentes. Eruditi de historiographia per singulas res disputant, sicut [[historiographia Britanniarum Regni]], [[historiographia Canadae]], [[historiographia Imperii Britannici]], [[historiographia primi Islam]], [[historiographia Sinica]], et per varias rationes et [[genus (ars)|genera]] scribunt, sicut [[historia politica]] et [[historia socialis]]. [[Saeculum 19|Saeculo undevicensimo]] ineunte, [[historia academica]] bene constituta, corpus [[litterae|litterarum]] historiographicarum ortum est. ===Nonnulla maiora periodica historiographica=== * 1840 ''[[Historisk Tidsskrift (Dania)|Historisk tidsskrift]]'' (Dania) * 1859 ''[[Historische Zeitschrift]]'' (Germania)<ref>Stieg, ''The Origin and Development of Scholarly Historical Periodicals'' (1986) pp 20-39.</ref> * 1866 ''[[Archivum historicum]],'' tandem ''Historiallinen arkisto'' (Finnia, Finnice scriptus) * 1867 ''[[Századok]]'' (Hungaria) * 1869 ''[[Časopis Matice moravské]]'' (Czechia, tum pars [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Imperii Austro-Hungarici]]) * 1871 ''[[Historisk tidsskrift (Norbegia)]]'' (Norvegia) * 1876 ''[[Revue Historique]]'' (Francia) * 1880 ''[[Svenska Historiska Föreningen|Historisk tidskrift]]'' (Suecia) * 1886 ''[[English Historical Review]]'' (Anglia) * 1892 ''[[William and Mary Quarterly]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1894 ''[[Ons Hémecht]]'' (Luxemburgum) * 1895 ''[[American Historical Review]]'' (Civitates Foederatae)<ref>Stieg, ''The Origin and Development of Scholarly Historical Periodicals'' (1986).</ref> * 1895 ''[[Český časopis historický]]'' (Czechia, tum pars [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Imperii Austro-Hungarici]]) * 1914 ''[[Mississippi Valley Historical Review]]'' (ex anno 1964 ''[[Journal of American History]]'' appellatus) (Civitates Foederatae)<ref name="Stieg, 1986">Stieg, ''The Origin and Development of Scholarly Historical Periodicals'' (1986) caput 4.</ref> * 1916 ''[[The Journal of Negro History]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1916 ''[[Historisk Tidskrift för Finland]]'' (Finnia, Suecice scriptus) * 1918 ''[[Hispanic American Historical Review]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1922 ''[[Slavonic and East European Review]]'' (Anglia)<ref name="Stieg, 1986 pp 127-47">Stieg, ''The Origin and Development of Scholarly Historical Periodicals'' (1986) pp 127-147.</ref> * 1928 ''[[Scandia (periodicum)|Scandia]]'' (Suecia) * 1929 ''[[Annales d'histoire économique et sociale]]'' (Francia) * 1935 ''[[Journal of Southern History]] (Civitates Foederatae)<ref name="Stieg, 1986"/> * 1941 ''[[The Journal of Economic History]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1952 ''[[Past & Present (periodicum)|Past & present: a journal of historical studies]]'' (Anglia) * 1953 ''[[Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte]]'' (Germania) * 1956 ''[[Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria]]'' (Nigeria) * 1957 ''[[Victorian Studies]]'' (Civitates Foederatae)<ref name="Stieg, 1986 pp 127-47"/> * 1960 ''[[Journal of African History]]'' (Anglia) * 1960 ''[[Technology and Culture|Technology and culture: the international quarterly of the Society for the History of Technology]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1967 ''[[Indian Church History Review]]'' (India) (olim ''Bulletin of the Church History Association of India'')<ref>[http://churchhistory.in/resources/journals/ Periodica].</ref> * 1967 ''[[The Journal of Social History]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1969 ''[[Journal of Interdisciplinary History]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1975 ''[[Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift für historische Sozialwissenschaft]]'' (Germania) * 1976 ''[[Journal of Family History]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1978 ''[[The Public Historian]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1982 ''[[Storia della Storiografia]]—History of Historiography—Histoire de l'Historiographie—Geschichte der Geschichtsschreibung''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cisi.unito.it/stor/home.htm |title=Unito.it |publisher=Cisi.unito.it}}.</ref> * 1982 ''[[Subaltern Studies]]'' ([[Oxford University Press]]) * 1986 ''[[Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts]]''<ref>Ex anno 2003, [http://www.stiftung-sozialgeschichte.de/ Sozial.Geschichte: ''Zeitschrift für historische Analyse des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts.'']</ref> (Germania) * 1990 ''[[Gender and History]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1990 ''[[Journal of World History]]'' (Civitates Foederatae) * 1990 ''[[L'Homme. Zeitschrift für feministische Geschichtswissenschaft]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.univie.ac.at/Geschichte/LHOMME/ |title=Univie.ac.at |publisher=Univie.ac.at}}.</ref> (Austria) * 1990 ''[[Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften]]'' (ÖZG)<ref> [http://www.univie.ac.at/Wirtschaftsgeschichte/OeZG/ Wirtschaftsgeschichte] (univie.ac.at).</ref> * 1992 ''[[Women's History Review]]'' Rationes historiographicae (et saepe [[disciplina academica|disciplinae academicae]]) maximi momenti sunt: *[[Auctoritas historica partita]] *[[Ethnohistoria]] *[[Historia Americae Latinae]] *[[Historia comparativa]] *[[Historia culturalis]] *[[Historia diplomatica]] *[[Historia circumiecturalis]] *[[Historia familiarum]] *[[Historia feministica]] *[[Historia intellectualis]] et [[historia notionum]] *[[Historia laboris]] *[[Historia locorum]] et [[microhistoria]] *[[Historia negotii]] *[[Historia oeconomica]] *[[Historia militaris]] *[[Historia mulierum]] et [[historia generis]] *[[Historia mundi]] et [[historia universalis]] *[[Historia oralis]] *[[Historia politicae]] *[[Historia publica]], praecipue [[museum|museorum]] et [[conservatio historica|consrvationis historicae]] *[[Historia quantitativa]], [[Cliometrica]] (in historia oeconomica); [[Prosopographia]]<!-- using statistics to study biographies--> *[[Historia religionis]] et [[historia ecclesiae]]<ref>Historia theologiae plerumque sub [[theologia]] tractatur.</ref> *[[Historia socialis]] et [[historia populorum]]<!--h. from below--><!-- + French version = [[Annales School]] et German = [[Bielefeld School]]--> *[[Historiographia Marxistica]] et [[materialismus historicus]] Eruditi se in certis thematibus et [[regio]]nibus [[geographia|geographicis]] usitate circumscribunt, sicut<!-- *[[Dark Ages (historiography)]]--> *[[Historia Whigiana]] *[[Historiographia Belli Frigidi]] *[[Historiographia Belli Orbis Terrarum II]] *[[Historiographia Canadae]] *[[Historiographia causarum Belli Orbis Terrarum I]] *[[Historiographia Christianitatis primae]] *[[Historiographia Civitatum Foederatarum]] *[[Historiographia et nationalismus]] *[[Historiographia Expeditionum Sacrarum]] *[[Historiographia feudalismi]] *[[Historiographia Germaniae]] *[[Historiographia Helvetiae]] *[[Historiographia Imperii Britannici]] *[[Historiographia Imperii Mughal casi]] *[[Historiographia in Unione Sovietica]] *[[Historiographia nationalistica Coreana]] *[[Historiographia Religionis Islamicae primae]] *[[Historiographia Rerum Novarum Francicarum]] *[[Historiographia Romana]] *[[Historiographia scientiae]] *[[Historiographia Sinarum]] **[[Historiographia Sinica]] *[[Revisionismus historicus]] ===Rami coniuncti=== Inter coniunctos scientiae ramos magni momenti sunt: {{div col|2}} *[[Antiquarianismus]] *[[Genealogia]] *[[Numismatica]] *[[Palaeographia]] *[[Periodizatio]] *[[Philosophia historiae]] *[[Pseudohistoria]] *[[Scientia heraldica]] *[[Translatio imperii]] {{div col end}} {{NexInt}}<!-- * [[Archival research]] * [[Auxiliary sciences of history]] * [[Annales School]], in France * [[Atlantic history]] * [[Bielefeld School]], in Germania--> * [[Annales]] * [[Archivum]] *[[Ferdinandus Braudel]] * [[Cliodynamica]] * [[Ratio historica]] ** [[Fons primarius]]: documenta, [[epistula]]e, [[diarium|diaria]] *** [[Fons secundarius]]: interpretationes, historia scripta **** [[Fons tertiarius]]: [[liber definitivus|libri definitivi]] et [[encyclopaedia]]e *[[v:Topic:Historiography|Historiographia in Wikiversity]], ubi pars [[v:School:History|Scholae Historiae]] est<!-- * [[Historiographia of Canada]] * [[Historiographia of China]] * [[Historiographia of Germany]] * [[Historiographia of early Islam]] * [[Historiographia of Japan]] * [[Historiographia of the French Revolution]] * [[Historiographia scienctiae]] * [[Historiographia Scotiae]] * [[Historiographia Helvetiae]] * [[List of historians]] ** [[List of historians by area of study]] * [[List of history journals]] * [[Philosophy of history]] * [[Popular history]] * [[Urban history]] ** [[American urban history]]--> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== ===Theoria=== *Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt, et Margaret Jacob. [[1994]]. ''Telling the Truth About History.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Company. *Bentley, Michael. [[1999]]. ''Modern Historiography: An Introduction.'' ISBN 0415202671. *Bloch, Marc. [[1940]]. ''The Historian's Craft.'' *Burke, Peter. [[1992]]. ''History and Social Theory.'' Oxoniae: Polity Press. *Cannadine, David, ed. [[2002]]. ''What is History Now.'' Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan. *Carr, E. H. [[1961]]. ''What is History?'' ISBN 039470391X. *Collingwood, R. G. [[1936]]. ''The Idea of History.'' ISBN 0192853066. *Doran, Robert. ed. [[2013]]. ''Philosophy of History After Hayden White.'' Londinii: Bloomsbury. *Elton, Geoffrey. [[1969]]. ''The Practice of History.'' ISBN 0631229809. *Evans, Richard J. [[1997]]. ''In Defence of History.'' ISBN 1862071047. *Fischer, David Hackett. [[1970]]. ''Historians' Fallacies: Towards a Logic of Historical Thought.'' Harper & Row. *Gardiner, Juliet, ed. [[1988]]. ''What is History Today...?'' Londiniin: MacMillan Education Ltd. *Harlaftis, Gelina, ed. [[2010]]. ''The New Ways of History: Developments in Historiography.'' I. B. Tauris. *Hewitson, Mark. [[2014]]. ''History and Causality.'' Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan. *Jenkins, Keith ed. [[2006]]. ''The Postmodern History Reader.'' *Jenkins, Keith. [[1991]]. ''Rethinking History.'' ISBN 0415304431. *Marwick, Arthur. [[2001]]. ''The New Nature of History: knowledge, evidence, language.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 0333964470. *Munslow, Alan. [[2000]]. ''The Routledge Companion to Historical Studies.'' *Spalding, Roger, et Christopher Parker. [[2008]]. ''Historiography: An Introduction.'' ISBN 0719072859. *Tosh, John. [[2002]]. ''The Pursuit of History.'' ISBN 0582772540. *Tucker, Aviezer, ed. [[2009]]. ''A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography'' Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell. *White, Hayden. [[2010]]. ''The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature, and Theory, 1957–2007.'' Ed. Robert Doran. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins Press. ===Duces eruditionis=== *Allison, William Henry. [[1931]]. ''A guide to historical literature.'' [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb06297.0001.001 Editio interretialis.] *Backhouse, Roger E., et Philippe Fontaine, eds. [[2014]]. ''A Historiography of the Modern Social Sciences.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Black, Jeremy. [[2015]]. ''Clio's Battles: Historiography in Practice.'' Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. *Boyd, Kelly, ed. [[1999]]. ''Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers.'' 2 vol. *Gray, Wood. [[1964]]. ''Historian's Handbook.'' Ed. 2a. Houghton-Miffin. *Loades, David, ed. [[2003]]. ''Reader's Guide to British History.''2 vol. Routledge. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AYEYAQAAIAAJ Pars et investigatio textualis.] *Norton, Mary Beth, ed. [[1995]]. ''The American Historical Association's guide to historical literature.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.06298 Vol. 1, textua interretialis.] [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.06298 Vol. 2, textus interretialis.] *Parish, Peter, ed. [[1997]]. ''Reader's Guide to American History.'' Routledge. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnQTAXf4NuIC Pars et investigatio textualis.] *Woolf, Daniel, et al. [[2011]]–[[2012]]. ''The Oxford History of Historical Writing.'' 5 vol. ===Historiae scripturae historicae=== *Barnes, Harry Elmer. [[1962]]. ''A history of historical writing.'' *Barraclough, Geoffrey. [[1978]]. ''History: Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences.'' *Bentley, Michael. ed., [[1997]]. ''Companion to Historiography.'' Routledge. ISBN 0415285577. *Boyd, Kelly, ed. [[1999]]. ''Encyclopedia of historians and historical writing.'' 2 vol. Taylor & Francis. *Breisach, Ernst. [[2007]]. ''Historiography: Ancient, Medieval and Modern.'' Ed. 3a. ISBN 0226072789. *Budd, Adam, ed. [[2009]]. ''The Modern Historiography Reader: Western Sources.'' Routledge. *Cohen, H. Floris. [[1994]]. ''The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry.'' ISBN 0226112802. *Conrad, Sebastian. [[2010]]. ''The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century.'' *Gilderhus, Mark T. [[2002]]. ''History an Historiographical Introduction.'' ISBN 0130448249. *Iggers, Georg G. [[2005]]. ''Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge.'' *Kramer, Lloyd, et Sarah Maza, eds. [[2006]]. +''A Companion to Western Historical Thought.'' Blackwell. ISBN 9781405149617. *Momigliano, Arnaldo. [[1990]]. ''The Classical Foundation of Modern Historiography.'' ISBN 9780226072838. *''The Oxford History of Historical Writing.'' [[2011]]. 5 vol. Vol. 1: Beginnings to AD 600. Vol. 2: 600-1400. Vol. 3: 1400-1800. Vol. 4: 1800-1945. Vol. 5: Historical Writing since 1945. *Rahman, M. M. ed. [[2006]]. ''Encyclopaedia of Historiography.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=1BhtHVHgnwAC Pars et investigatio textualis.] *Soffer, Reba. [[2009]]. '' History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan.'' [http://www.amazon.com/History-Historians-Conservatism-Britain-America/dp/0199208115/ Pars et investigatio textualis.] *Thompson, James Westfall. [[1942]]. ''From the earliest Times to the End of the 17th Century.'' A History of Historical Writing, 2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110817053659/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9276002 Editio interretialis.] *Thimpson, James Westfall. [[1942]]. ''The 18th and 19th Centuries.'' A History of Historical Writing, 2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330070721/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58613485 Editio interretialis.] *Woolf, Daniel, ed. [[1998]]. ''A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing.'' 2 vol. *Woolf, Daniel. [[2005]]. Historiography. ''New Dictionary of the History of Ideas,'' ed. M. C. Horowitz. Vol. 1. *Woolf, Daniel. [[2011]]. ''A Global History of History.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Woolf, Daniel, ed. [[2011]]–[[2012]]. ''The Oxford History of Historical Writing.'' 5 vol. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ===Historiographia feministica=== *Beard, Mary Ritter. [[1946]], [[1987]]. ''Woman as force in history: A study in traditions and realities.'' Novi Eboraci: Persea Books. ISBN 0892551135 (carta). *Bennett, Judith M. [[2006]]. ''History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism.'' University of Pennsylvania Press. *Des Jardins, Julie. [[2002]]. ''Women and the Historical Enterprise in America.'' University of North Carolina Press. *Hemmings, Clare. [[2011]]. ''Why Stories Matter: The Political Grammar of Feminist Theory.'' Duke University Press. *Lerner, Gerda. [[1979]]. ''The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. *Smith, Bonnie G. [[2000]]. ''The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. *Spongberg, Mary. [[2002]]. ''Writing women's history since the Renaissance.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0333726677. ISBN 0333726685 (carta). ===Studia nationalia et regionalia=== *Berger, Stefan et al., eds. [[1999]]. ''Writing National Histories: Western Europe Since 1800.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Writing-National-Histories-Western-Europe/dp/0415164265/ Pars et investigatio textualis.] *Iggers, Georg G. [[1975]]. ''A new Directions and European Historiography.'' *LaCapra, Dominic, et Stephen L. Kaplan, eds. [[1982]]. ''Modern European Intellectual History: Reappraisals and New Perspective.'' ====Civitates Foederatae==== *Hofstadter, Richard. [[1968]]. ''The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington.'' *Novick, Peter. [[1988]]. ''That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession.'' ISBN 0521343283. *Palmer, William W. [[2012]]. All Coherence Gone? A Cultural History of Leading History Departments in the United States, 1970–2010. ''Journal of The Historical Society'' 12:111–153. *Palmer, William. [[2001]]. ''Engagement with the Past: The Lives and Works of the World War II Generation of Historians.'' *Parish, Peter J., ed. [[1997]]. ''Reader's Guide to American History.'' *Wish, Harvey. [[1960]]. ''The American Historian.'' ====Britannia==== *Bann, Stephen. [[1995]]. ''Romanticism and the Rise of History.'' Bostoniae: Twayne Publishers. *Bentley, Michael. [[2006]].''Modernizing England's Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism, 1870-1970.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Modernizing-Englands-Past-Historiography-Modernism/dp/0521602661/ Pars et investigatio textualis.] *Cannadine, David. [[2003]]. ''In Churchill’s Shadow: Confronting the Passed in Modern Britain.'' *Furber, Elizabeth, ed. [[1966]]. ''Changing Views on British History; Essays on Historical Writing Since 1939.'' *Goldstein, Doris S. [[1986]]. The origins and early years of the English Historical Review. ''English Historical Review'' 101(398):6–19. *Goldstein, Doris S. [[1982]]. The Organizational Development of the British Historical Profession, 1884–1921. ''Historical Research'' 55(132):180-193. *Hale, John Rigby, ed. [[1967]]. ''The evolution of British historiography: from Bacon to Namier.'' *Hexter, J. H. [[1979]]. ''On Historians: Reappraisals of some of the makers of modern history.'' De Carl Becker, Wallace Ferguson, Fernan Braudel, Lawrence Stone, Christopher Hill, J. G. A. Pocock. *Howsam, Leslie. [[2004]]. Academic Discipline or Literary Genre?: The Establishment of Boundaries in Historical Writing. ''Victorian Literature and Culture'' 32(2):525–545. [http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=historypub Textus interretialis.] *Jann, Rosemary. [[1983]]. 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''Writing Canadian History: Aspects of English Canadian Historical Writing since 1900.'' Ed. 2a. *Bhattacharjee, J. B. [[2012]]. ''Historians and Historiography of North East India.'' *Davison, Graeme. [[2000]]. ''The Use and Abuse of Australian History.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170402182731/https://www.questia.com/library/102362202/the-use-and-abuse-of-australian-history Editiko interretialis.] *Farrell, Frank. [[1990]]. ''Themes in Australian History: Questions, Issues and Interpretation in an Evolving Historiography.'' *Gare, Deborah. [[2000]]. Britishness in Recent Australian Historiography. ''The Historical Journal'' 43(4):1145–1155 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3020885 JSTOR.] *Guha, Ranajiit. [[1998]]. ''Dominance Without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. *Granatstein, J. L. [[2000]]. ''Who Killed Canadian History?'' *Mittal, S. C. [[1995]]. ''India distorted: A study of British historians on India.'' *Saunders, Christopher. [[1988]]. ''The making of the South African past: major historians on race and class.'' *Winks, Robin, ed. [[2001]]. ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography.'' ====Asia et Africa==== *Cohen, Paul. [[1984]], [[2010]]. ''Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past.'' Studies of the East Asian Institute. Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Columbia University Press. Iterum impressus cum auctoris praefatione nova. ISBN 023152546X. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/discovering-history-in-china-american-historical-writing-on-the-recent-chinese-past/oclc/456728837/viewport Textus.] *Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. [[2003]]. ''Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey.'' Singapurae: Pustaka Nasional. *Martin, Thomas R. [[2009]]. ''Herodotus and Sima Qian: The First Great Historians of Greece and China: A Brief History with Documents.'' *Yerxa, Donald A. [[2008]]. ''Recent Themes in the History of Africa and the Atlantic World: Historians in Conversation.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Recent-Themes-History-Africa-Atlantic/dp/1570037574/ pars et investigatio textualis.] ====Francia==== *Revel, Jacques, and Lynn Hunt, eds. [[1995]]. ''Histories: French Constructions of the Past.'' Commentarii 65 ab historicis Francicis scripti. *Stoianovich, Traian. [[1976]]. ''French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press, 1976. ISBN 080140861X. ====Germania==== *Iggers, Georg G. [[1983]]. ''The German Conception of History: The National Tradition of Historical Thought from Herder to the Present.'' Ed. 2a. ===Themata, organizationes, doctrina=== *Carlebach, Elishiva, et al., eds. [[1998]]. ''Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Jewish-History-Memory-Yerushalmi-Institute/dp/0874518717/ Pars et investigatio textualis.] *Charlton, Thomas L. [[2007]]. ''History of Oral History: Foundations and Methodology.'' *Darcy, R. and Richard C. Rohrs. [[1995]]. ''A Guide to Quantitative History.'' *Dawidowicz, Lucy S. [[1981]]. ''The Holocaust and Historians.'' *Ernest, John. [[2004]]. ''Liberation Historiography: African American Writers and the Challenge of History, 1794–1861.'' *Evans, Ronald W. [[2011]]. ''The Hope for American School Reform: The Cold War Pursuit of Inquiry Learning in Social Studies.''Palgrave Macmillan. *Ferro, Marc. [[1988]]. ''Cinema and History.'' *Hudson, Pat. [[2002]]. ''History by Numbers: An Introduction to Quantitative Approaches.'' *Keita, Maghan. [[2000]]. ''Race and the Writing of History.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. *Leavy, Patricia. [[2011]]. ''Oral History: Understanding Qualitative Research.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Oral-History-Understanding-Qualitative-Research/dp/0195395093/ Pars et investigatio textualis.] *Loewen, James W. [[1996]]. ''Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong.'' *Manning, Patrick, ed. [[2006]]. ''World History: Global And Local Interactions.'' *Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. [[2005]]. ''The Past Within Us: Media, Memory, History.'' ISBN 1859845134. *Ritchie, Donald A. [[2010]]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Oral History.'' [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Oral-History-Handbooks/dp/019533955X/ Pars et investigatio textualis.] ===Periodica=== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191023024022/http://fupress.net/index.php/cromohs/index ''Cromohs.''] Recognitio historiographiae hodiernae *''History and Theory.'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151216001544/http://www.cisi.unito.it/stor/home.htm ''History of Historiography.''] ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120430141338/http://www-open2-net-vip2.open.ac.uk/history/natureofhistory/index.html ''BBC Historiography Guide.''] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071018074814/http://historiographyinternational.org/ International Commission for the History and Theory of Historiography.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050905120345/http://www.galilean-library.org/int18.html ''Philosophy of History.''] The Galilean Library. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211031/http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/page/189/postcolonial-empires.htm Grex Postcolonial Historiographies in Universitate Cantabrigiensi.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055620/http://www.galilean-library.org/tucker.html ''Scientific Historiography.''] Colloquium interrogatorium cum Aviezer Tucker in Bibliotheca Galilaeana *[http://www.activehistory.co.uk/historiography/index.htm Acroases.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101201220727/http://www.cusd.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/ib/histo.html Summarium scholarum historiographicarum.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190822183859/http://www.culturahistorica.es/welcome.html Porta interretialis de historiographia et cultura historica] {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Aeva historica| ]] [[Categoria:Historiographia|*]] [[Categoria:Philosophia historiae]] lxdk8md64fcgapwf9mmuldhilt5laih 0 259819 3994105 3992536 2026-10-12T03:59:51Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:John Dewey cph.3a51565.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Dewey.]] [[Fasciculus:John Dewey in 1902.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Dewey iuvenis (1902).]] [[Fasciculus:Hu Shih and John Dewey.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Dewey et Hu Shih, circa 1938-1942.]] [[Fasciculus:Timbre_USA_John_Dewey_oblW_21101968.jpg|thumb|[[Pittacium cursuale]] Civitatum Foederatarum (1968).]] [[Fasciculus:John Dewey Grave.JPG|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]] et [[monumentum]] Ioannis Dewey et uxoris.<!--alcove on north side of the Ira Allen Chapel, [[Burlington, Vermont]]--> Solum sepulcrum in campo [[Universitas Montis Viridis|Universitatis Montis Viridis]].]] [[Fasciculus:John Dewey caricat.jpg|thumb|[[Adumbratio]] Ioannis Dewey.]] '''Ioannes Dewey''' ([[Burlingtonia]]e [[Mons Viridis|Montis Viridis]] die [[20 Octobris]] [[1859]]; [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] [[1 Iunii]] [[1952]]) fuit [[philosophus]], [[psychologus]], et [[reformatio eruditionis|reformator educationalis]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], cuius notiones multum in [[educatio|eruditione]] et [[reformatio socialis|reformatione sociali]] valent. Qui est unus ex [[persona|personis]] maximi momenti cum philosophia [[pragmatismus|pragmatismi]] consociatis, unusque ex conditoribus [[functionalismus|psychologiae functionalis]] habetur. Inspectio generalis in ''Review of General Psychology'' anno [[2002]] edita eum in numero 93 psychologorum citatorum [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] habuit.<ref>Haggbloom et al. 2002:139–152.</ref> Dewey fuit nobilissimus [[intellectualis publicus]] et maior fautor [[eruditio progressiva|eruditionis progressivae]] et [[liberalismus hodiernus in Civitatibus Fopederatis|liberalismi]].<ref>Ryan 1995:32.</ref><ref>Violas, Tozer, et Senese, 121.</ref> Quamquam [[scriptura|scripturis]] de [[eruditio]]ne innotuit, de multis rebus aliis scribere solebat, inter quas [[aesthetica]], [[ars]], [[epistemologia]], [[ethica]], [[logica]], [[metaphysica]], [[theoria socialis]]. Praecipua operum Deweyanorum materia est [[fides]] profunda in [[democratia]], vel in [[civilitas|civilitate]], vel [[educatio|eruditione]], vel [[communicatio]]ne, vel [[diurnariorum ars|diurnariorum arte]] observata. Ipse anno [[1888]], iam in [[Universitas Viridimontana|Universitate Michiganensi]] laborans, dixit: "[[Democratia]] atque unum [[humanitas|humanitatis]] exemplar ultimum et [[ethica|ethicum]] mea sententia sunt [[synonymum|synonyma]]."<ref>[[Anglice]]: "Democracy and the one, ultimate, ethical ideal of humanity are to my mind synonymous."</ref><ref>''Early Works'' (Southern Illinois University Press), 1:128; citatus in Anderson 1993:383.</ref> Alumnus [[Universitas Viridimontana|Universitatis Montis Viridis]], [[professor]] docuit in [[universitas|universitatibus]] [[Universitas Chicaginiensis|Chicaginiensi]], [[Universitas Columbiae|Columbiae]], [[Universitas Michiganensis|Michiganensi]], [[Universitas Viridimontana|Montis Viridis]]. ==Gradus academici honoris causa concessi== *[[1946]]. Doctor honoris causa, [[Universitas Osloensis]] *[[1946]]. Doctor honoris causa, [[Universitas Pennsylvaniensis]] *[[1951]]. Doctor honoris causa, [[Universitas Yalensis]] *[[1951]]. Doctor honoris causa, [[Universitas Romana apud Sapientiam]] {{NexInt}} *[[Eruditio democratica]] *[[Instrumentalismus]] *[[Moises Saenz]] *[[Societas Ioannis Dewey]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Anderson, Douglas R. [[1993]]. ''The Journal of the American Academy of Religion'' 61(2). *Caspary, William R. [[2000]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203344/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108990927 ''Dewey on Democracy.''] Cornell University Press. *Haggbloom, Steven J., Jason E. Warnick, Vinessa K. Jones, Gary L. Yarbrough, Tenea M. Russell, Chris M. Borecky, Reagan McGahhey, et John L. Powell III. [[2002]]. The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. ''Review of General Psychology'' 6(2):139–152. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. [http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx URL.] *Martin, Jay. [[2003]]. ''The Education of John Dewey.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. *Rockefeller, Stephen. [[1994]]. ''John Dewey: Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press *Rud, A. G., Jim Garrison, et Lynda Stone, eds. [[2009]]. ''John Dewey at 150: Reflections for a New Century.'' West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. *Ryan, Alan. [[1995]]. ''John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton. *Violas, Paul C., Steven Tozer, et Guy B. Senese. ''School and Society: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives.'' McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. ISBN 0072985569. *Westbrook, Robert B. [[1993]]. ''John Dewey and American Democracy.'' Cornell University Press. ==Bibliographia addita== *Alexander, Thomas. [[1987]]. ''John Dewey's Theory of Art, Experience, and Nature.'' SUNY Press. *Bernstein, Richard J. [[1966]]. ''John Dewey.'' Washington Square Press. *Boisvert, Raymond. [[1997]]. ''John Dewey: Rethinking Our Time.'' SUNY Press. *Campbell, James. [[1995]]. ''Understanding John Dewey: Nature and Cooperative Intelligence.'' Open Court Publishing Company. *Crick, Nathan. [[2010]]. ''Democracy & Rhetoric: John Dewey on the Arts of Becoming.'' University of South Carolina Press. *Fishman, Stephen M., et Lucille McCarthy. [[2007]]. ''John Dewey and the Philosophy and Practice of Hope.'' University of Illinois Press. *Garrison, Jim. [[1997]], [[2010]]. ''Dewey and Eros: Wisdom and Desire in the Art of Teaching.'' Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.<!--Ed 1: Teachers College Press.--> *Good, James. [[2006]]. ''A Search for Unity in Diversity: The "Permanent Hegelian Deposit" in the Philosophy of John Dewey.'' Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739110614. *Hickman, Larry A. [[1992]]. ''John Dewey's Pragmatic Technology.'' Indiana University Press. *Hook, S. [[1939]]. ''John Dewey: An Intellectual Portrait.'' *Kannegiesser, H. J. [[1977]]. ''Knowledge and Science.'' The Macmillan Company of Australia. *Lamont, Corliss, ed. cum Mary Redmer. [[1959]]. ''Dialogue on John Dewey.'' Novi Eboraci: Horizon Press. *Knoll, Michael. [[2014]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161030141559/http://mi-knoll.de/122501.html Laboratory School, University of Chicago]. In ''Encyclopaedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy,'' vol. 2, ed. D. C. Phillips, 455–458. Londinii: Sage. *Knoll, Michael. [[2014]]. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00220272.2014.936045 John Dewey as Administrator: The Inglorious End of the Laboratory School in Chicago.] ''Journal of Curriculum Studies.'' *Morse, Donald J. [[2011]]. ''Faith in Life: John Dewey's Early Philosophy.'' Fordham University Press. *Pappas, Gregory. [[2008]]. ''John Dewey's Ethics: Democracy as Experience.'' Indiana University Press. *Pring, Richard. [[2007]]. ''John Dewey: Continuum Library of Educational Thought.''Continuum. ISBN 0826484034. *Popkewitz, Thomas S., ed. [[2005]]. ''Inventing the Modern Self and John Dewey: Modernities and the Traveling of Pragmatism in Education.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan. *Putnam, Hilary. [[1994]]. Dewey's ''Logic'': Epistemology as Hypothesis. In ''Words and Life'', ed. James Conant. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. *Richardson, Henry S. [[1998]]. Truth and ends in Dewey. ''Canadian Journal of Philosophy'' 28(Supplement 1):109–147. doi:10.1080/00455091.1998.10717497. *Rogers, Melvin. [[2008]]. ''The Undiscovered Dewey: Religion, Morality, and the Ethos of Democracy.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. *Roth, Robert J. [[1962]]. ''John Dewey and Self-Realization.'' Prentice Hall. *Rorty, Richard. [[1982]]. Dewey's Metaphysics. In ''The Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays 1972–1980.'' Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press. *Seigfried, Charlene Haddock, ed. [[2001]]. ''Feminist Interpretations of John Dewey.'' Pennsylvania State University Press. *Shook, John. [[2000]]. ''Dewey's Empirical Theory of Knowledge and Reality.'' The Vanderbilt Library of American Philosophy. *Sleeper, R. W. [[2001]]. ''The Necessity of Pragmatism: John Dewey's Conception of Philosophy.'' Praefatio Tom Burke. University of Illinois Press. *Talisse, Robert B. [[2007]]. ''A Pragmatist Philosophy of Democracy.'' Routledge. *Weber, Michel, et Will Desmond, eds. [[2008]]. [http://www.academia.edu/279955/Handbook_of_Whiteheadian_Process_Thought ''Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought.''] Francofurti et Lancaster: Ontos Verlag.<!--Process Thought X1 & X2--> *White, Morton. [[1943]]. ''The Origin of Dewey's Instrumentalism.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|John Dewey|Ioannem Dewey}} *[http://deweycenter.siu.edu Center for Dewey Studies.] **[https://web.archive.org/web/20200306014851/https://archives.lib.siu.edu/index.php?p=collections%2Fcontrolcard&id=2125 John Dewey Papers, 1858–1970.] Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center. **[https://web.archive.org/web/20090327050727/http://www.siu.edu/~deweyctr/CHRONO.pdf John Dewey Chronology at Southern Illinois University.] *{{Gutenberg author |id=Dewey,+John | name=John Dewey}}. {{Myrias|Homines}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dewey, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Nati 1859]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1952]] [[Categoria:Aesthetica]] [[Categoria:Ars]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Hopkinsiensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Viridimontanae]] [[Categoria:Atheistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Paedagogi]] <!--en:Education theory + en:Democratic education--> [[Categoria:Epistemologi]] [[Categoria:Ethica]] [[Categoria:Humanistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Montis Viridis]] [[Categoria:Logica]] [[Categoria:Metaphysica]] [[Categoria:Ontologi]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Educatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophi scientiae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi technologiae]] [[Categoria:Praesides Societatis Psychologicae Americanae]] [[Categoria:Pragmatistae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Chicagoensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Michiganensis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Viridimontanae]] [[Categoria:Psychologi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Psychologi educationis]] [[Categoria:Socialistae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Socialistae democratici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] <!-- + [[Category:American educational theorists]] [[Category:American Federation of Teachers people]] [[Category:Functionalist psychologists]] [[Category:Presidents of the American Association of University Professors]] [[Category:Progressive education]] [[Category:Vermont culture]] [[Category:Western writers about Soviet Russia]]--> r9q4y8lhb2l34nl7835stypau9awnlw 0 266159 3994077 3932726 2026-10-11T16:43:32Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3994077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}}[[Fasciculus:Relief Map of Severnaya Zemlya.png|thumb|Terra Borealis]]{{Vide discretivam|archipelago Russico in Oceano Arctico}} '''Terra Borealis'''<ref>{{ZK|Северная Земля, о-в}}</ref> ([[Russice]] Северная Земля, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Severnaja Zemlja'') est [[archipelagus]] in [[Oceanus Arcticus|Oceano Glaciali Septentrionali (Arctico)]]. Area archipelagi est circa 37 milia chm², quorum 47 % [[glacies|glacie]] tecta sunt. [[Fasciculus:Akhmatowa-Fjord 2 2014-08-30.jpg|thumb|[[Fiordum]] Achmatovii in Bolsevico insula]] ==Situs== Inter maria [[Mare Karense|Karense]] et [[Mare Lapteviorum|Lapteviorum]] archipelagus situs est, Nunc ad districtum municipalem [[Taimyr]]icum [[territorium Crasnoiarense|territorii Crasnoiarensis]] [[Russia|Foederationis Russicae]] pertinet. [[Fretum Vilkitzkii|Freto Vilkitzkii]] a paeninsula [[Taimyr]]ica Terra Borealis separata est. [[Fasciculus:Solnechnaya-Bucht 2 2014-08-29.jpg|thumb|Sinus Solaris (''Solnechnaja Buchta'') Bolsevici insulae]] ==Insulae== Insulae Terrae Borealis maximae sunt insula Rerum Novarum Octobrium<ref>Vel ''insula Revolutionis Octobris'', — ibidem, s.v. Октябрьской Революции.</ref>, Bolshevik<ref>Ibidem, s.v. Большевик.</ref> (i.e. '[[Bolsevicus]]'), ''Komsomolec'' et ''Pioner''. [[Fretum Schokalskii]] insulas Rerum novarum Octobrium et Bolshevik separat. Insularum minorum [[insula Schmidtii]]<ref>Ibidem, s.v. Шмидта о-в.</ref> septentrionem versus ab insulis principalibus sita et nomine [[Otto Schmidt|Ottonis Schmidtii]] exploratoris clari nominata. memoranda est. [[Fasciculus:Severnaya Zemlya - raising of the Russian flag in 1913.jpg|thumb|Vilkitzkij anno 1913 [[vexillum]] Russicum in insula inventa tollit]] ==Historia== Archipelagus, nunc ut "Terra Borealis" notus, inventus est anno [[1913]] ab expeditione [[Imperium Russicum|Russica]], cuius praefectus fuit [[Boris Vilkitzkij]]. Initio tamen pars maxima archipelagi insulam singulam esse putabatur, quae anno [[1914]] "Terra [[Imperatores Russiae|Imperatoris]] [[Nicolaus II (imperator Russiae)|Nicolai II]]" ([[Russice]] Земля Императора Николая II, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Zemlja Imperatora Nikolaja II'') nominata est, anno [[1926]] tamen haec "insula" in "Terram Borealem" renominata. Annis [[1931]]–[[1933]] autem exploratores [[URSS|Sovietici]] detegerunt terram illam e nonnullis insulis separatis formatam esse. Tunc insulae illae nomina sua propria obtinuerunt, postquam "Terra Borealis" appellatio totius archipelagi facta est. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{communiaCat|Severnaya Zemlya|Terram Borealem}} {{fontes geographici}} * [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article100526.html Pagina de Terra Boreali ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422172852/https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/3543518 Pagina de Terra Boreali ''Encyclopaediae Russicae Magnae''] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Insulae Russiae Asiaticae]] [[Categoria:Siberia]] [[Categoria:Territorium Crasnoiarense]] [[Categoria:Mare Karense]] [[Categoria:Archipelagi Oceani Arctici]] [[Categoria:Mare Lapteviorum]] {{Myrias|Geographia}} nafm096eophykyi0b1gnr456y44xg7k 0 266722 3994041 3836107 2026-10-11T14:59:33Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Agricola]] cum binis [[pecus|bobus]] [[cornu]]tis in [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]] agrum [[aratio|arat]]. [[Pictura]] in conclave [[sepulcrum|funereo]] [[Sennedjem]] [[artifex|artificis]], circa [[1200 a.C.n.]]]] [[Fasciculus:Shoshoni tipis.jpg|thumb|[[Traditio]]nalis [[venatio et collectio|venatorum et collectorum]] [[societas humana|societas]] in [[Vyomina]] anno [[1870]] [[photographia|photographice]] picta est.]] [[Fasciculus:ClaySumerianSickle.jpg|thumb|[[Sumer]]iana metoris [[falx]], [[3000 a.C.n.]], ex [[argilla]] cocta est.]] [[Fasciculus:VAM - Rollsiegel 1.jpg|thumb|[[Animalia]] domata in [[sigillum cylindricum|sigillo cylindrico]] [[Sumer]]iano, 2500 a.C.n.]] [[Fasciculus:Terrace field yunnan china.jpg|thumb|Antiqui [[agger oryzae|aggeres oryzae]] in [[Yuanyang Comitatus|Comitatu Yuanyang]] provinciae [[Yunnan]]. [[Photographema]] hodiernum.]] [[Fasciculus:Pieter Bruegel the Elder- The Harvesters - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Messores.'' [[Tabula]] [[Petrus Breugelius senior|Petri Breughelii senioris]], [[1565]].]] '''Historia agriculturae''' [[domitus|domitum]] [[planta]]rum et [[animal]]ium atque [[inventio]]nem, progressum, et disseminationem [[ars|artium]] ad eos fertiliter alendos tractat. [[Agricultura]], quae in variis [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[regio]]nibus separatim orta est, varia [[taxon|taxa]] comprehendit. Saltem [[undecim]] separatae [[mundus|mundorum]] [[Mundus Vetus|veteris]] [[Novus Mundus|novique]] regiones liberi [[locus originis|loci originis]] factae sunt. Colligebantur et consumebantur [[frumentum|frumenta]] abhinc annorum 22&thinsp;000 vel antea. Ex circa 9500 a.C.n., octo [[plantae conditorum neolithicae]]—[[far]], [[triticum monococcum|triticum]], [[hordeum]], [[pisum sativum|pisum]], [[lens culinaris|lentem]], [[Vicia ervilia|vicia]], [[cicer arietinum|cicer]], [[linum usitatissimum|linum]]—in [[Levans|Levante]] colebantur. [[Oryza (victus)|Oryza]] in [[Sinae|Sinis]] inter 11&thinsp;000 et 6200 a.C.n. colebatur, tum [[fabaceae|fabae]] [[Vigna radiata|vigna]], [[Glycine max|glycine]], [[Vigna angularis|angularis]]. [[Sus|Sues]] domabantur in [[Mesopotamia]] circa 13&thinsp;000 a.C.n., [[ovis|oves]] inter 11&thinsp;000 et 9000 a.C.n., [[Bos taurus|boves]] ex [[Bos primigenius|bove fero]] in [[regio]]nibus [[Turcia]]e et [[Pakistania]]e circa 8500 a.C.n. ''[[Saccharum officinarum]]'' et nonnulla [[holus radicale|holera radicalia]] in [[Nova Guinea]] circa [[7000 a.C.n.]] coli coeperunt. [[Sorghum]] colebatur in [[Sahelia]], [[regio]]ne [[Africa]]na, ante [[5000 a.C.n.]] In [[Andes|Andibus]] [[America Australis|Americae Australis]], ''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'' domabatur inter [[8000 a.C.n.|8000]] et 5000 a.C.n., cum [[fabaceae|fabis]], [[Erythroxylaceae|coca]], [[lama glama|lamis]], [[Vicugna pacos|vicugnis]], [[Cavia porcellus|caviis]]. [[Gossypium]] praeterea in [[Peruvia]] ante 3600 a.C.n. colebatur. In [[America Centralis|Media America]], [[zea|teosinte]] ferum in [[maizum]] ante [[4000 a.C.n.]] commutabatur. [[Camelus|Cameli]] seri temporis domabantur, fortasse circa [[3000 a.C.n.]] {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Agricultura ignea]] *[[Agrobiologia]] *[[Agronomia]] *''[[Anden]]'' *[[Aqua agriculturalis]] *[[Commutatio neolithica]] *[[Complexus agrarius orientalis]] *[[Fetus biennialis]] *[[Historia mundi]] *[[Hortus]] *[[Irrigatio]] *[[Luna fertilis]] *[[Permutatio Columbiana]] {{div col end}}<!-- ==Notae== <references/>--> ==Bibliographia== ===Generalia=== *Civitello, Linda. [[2011]]. ''Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People.'' Wiley. [https://www.amazon.com/Cuisine-Culture-History-Food-People/dp/0470403713/ Pars.] *Federico, Giovanni. [[2005]]. ''Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture 1800-2000.'' Princeton University Press. *Grew, Raymond. [[1999]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604193653/http://www.questia.com/read/99923753?title=Food%20in%20Global%20History ''Food in Global History.''] *[[Carolus Bixler Heiser|Heiser, Charles B.]] [[1990]]. ''Seed to Civilization: The Story of Food.'' W. H. Freeman. *Herr, Richard, ed. [[1993]]. ''Themes in Rural History of the Western World.'' Iowa State University Press. *Mazoyer, Marcel, et Laurence Roudart. [[2006]]. ''A History of World Agriculture: From the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis.'' Monthly Review Press. *Prentice, E. Parmalee. [[1939]]. [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;cc=chla;q1=history;rgn=title;view=toc;idno=2727319 ''Hunger and history: the influence of hunger on human history.''] Harper. *Tauger, Mark. [[2008]]. ''Agriculture in World History.'' (Routledge. ===Tempora praemoderna=== *Bakels, C. C. [[2009]]. ''The Western European Loess Belt: Agrarian History, 5300 BC - AD 1000.'' Springer. *Barker, Graeme, et Candice Goucher, eds. [[2015]]. ''A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE–500 CE.'' The Cambridge World History, 2. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Bowman, Alan K., et Rogan, Eugene, eds. [[1999]]. ''Agriculture in Egypt: From Pharaonic to Modern Times.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. *Cohen, M. N. [[1977]]. ''The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. *Crummey, Donald, et C. C. Stewart, eds. [[1981]]. ''Modes of Production in Africa: The Precolonial Era.'' Sagem. *[[Jared Diamond|Diamond, Iared]]. [[1997]]. ''Guns, Germs, and Steel.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton. *Duncan-Jones, Richard. [[1982]]. ''Economy of the Roman Empire.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Habib, Irfan. [[2013]]. ''Agrarian System of Mughal India.'' Ed. 3a. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. *Harris, D. R., ed. [[1996]]. ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia.'' Routledge. *Isager, Signe, et Jens Erik Skydsgaard. [[1995]]. ''Ancient Greek Agriculture: An Introduction.'' Routledge. *Lee, Mabel Ping-hua. [[1921]]. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=OJsrAQAAMAAJ ''The economic history of china: with special reference to agriculture.''] Novi Eboraci: Columbia University. *Murray, Jacqueline. [[1970]]. ''The First European Agriculture.'' Edinburgi: Edinburgh University Press. *Oka, H-I. [[2012]]. ''Origin of cultivated rice.'' Elsevier. *Price, T. D., et A. Gebauer, eds. [[1995]]. ''Last Hunters—First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture.'' *Srivastava, Vinod Chandra, ed. [[2014]]. ''History of Agriculture in India.'' 5 vol. *Stevens, C. E. [[1971]]. Agriculture and Rural Life in the Later Roman Empire. In ''The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages.'' Cambridge Economic History of Europe, 1. *Teall, John L. [[1959]]. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291130 The grain supply of the Byzantine Empire, 330-1025]. ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' 13: 87-139. *Yasuda, Y., ed. [[2003]]. ''The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture.'' SAB. ===Tempora hodierna=== *Collingham, E. M. [[2012]]. ''The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food.'' Penguin. *Kerridge, Erik. [[1969]]. The Agricultural Revolution Reconsidered. ''Agricultural History'' 43:4, 463-75. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4617724 JSTOR.] *Ludden, David, ed. [[1999]]. ''New Cambridge History of India: An Agrarian History of South Asia.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521364248 Pars apud Amazon.com.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081119231934/http://www.questia.com/library/book/an-agrarian-history-of-south-asia-by-david-ludden.jsp Editio interretialis.] *McNeill, William H. [[1999]]. How the Potato Changed the World's History. ''Social Research'' 66(1): 67–83. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40971302 JSTOR.] *Mintz, Sidney. [[1986]]. ''Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History.'' Penguin. *Reader, John. [[2008]]. ''Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History.'' Heinemann. *Salaman, Redcliffe N. [[2010]]. ''The History and Social Influence of the Potato.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ===Europa=== *Ambrosoli, Mauro. [[1997]]. ''The Wild and the Sown: Botany and Agriculture in Western Europe, 1350–1850.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Brassley, Paul, Yves Segers, et Leen Van Molle, eds. [[2021]]. ''War, Agriculture, and Food: Rural Europe from the 1930s to the 1950s.'' Routledge. *Brown, Jonathan. [[1987]]. ''Agriculture in England: A Survey of Farming, 1870–1947.'' Mancuniae: Manchester University Press. *Clark, Gregory. [[2007]]. The long march of history: Farm wages, population, and economic growth, England 1209–1869. ''Economic History Review'' 60(1): 97–135. [https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/31320/1/50512257X.pdf Editio interretialis, PDF.] *Dovring, Folke, ed. [[1965]]. ''Land and labor in Europe in the twentieth century: a comparative survey of recent agrarian history.'' Springer. *Gras, Norman. [[1925]]. [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2845579 ''A history of agriculture in Europe and America.''] Crofts. *Harvey, Nigel. [[1980]]. ''The Industrial Archaeology of Farming in England and Wales.'' HarperCollins. *Hoffman, Philip T. [[1936]]. ''Growth in a Traditional Society: The French Countryside, 1450–1815.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. *Hoyle, Richard W., ed. [[2013]]. ''The Farmer in England, 1650–1980.'' Routledge. [http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/130/544/757.short Censura interretialis.] *Kussmaul, Ann. [[1990]]. ''A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538–1840.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Langdon, John. [[1986]]. ''Horses, Oxen and Technological Innovation: The Use of Draught Animals in English Farming from 1066 to 1500.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *McNeill, William H. [[1948]]. The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland. ''Journal of Modern History'' 21: 218–21. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1876068 JSTOR.] *Moon, David. [[2014]]. ''The Plough that Broke the Steppes: Agriculture and Environment on Russia's Grasslands, 1700–1914.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. *Slicher van Bath, B. H. [[1963]]. ''The agrarian history of Western Europe, AD 500–1850.'' Eimpressio. Edward Arnold. *Thirsk, Joan, et al. [[1978]]. ''The Agrarian History of England and Wales.'' 8 vol. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. *Williamson, Tom. [[2002]]. ''Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape 1700–1870.'' Liverpool University Press. *Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina, Rachel Duffett, et Alain Drouard, eds. [[2011]] ''Food and war in twentieth century Europe.'' Ashgate. ===America Septentrionalis=== *Cochrane, Willard W. [[1993]]. ''The Development of American Agriculture: A Historical Analysis.'' University of Minnesota Press. *Fite, Gilbert C. [[1983]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171003095833/http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8923&context=annals-of-iowa American Farmers: The New Minority.] ''Annals of Iowa'' 46(7): 553–555. *Gras, Norman. [[1925]]. [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2845579 ''A history of agriculture in Europe and America.''] F. S. Crofts. *Gray, L. C. [[1933]]. ''History of agriculture in the southern United States to 1860.'' P. Smith. [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;cc=chla;q1=gray;rgn=book%20author;view=toc;idno=2944804_1944 Volumen I]; [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;cc=chla;q1=gray;rgn=book%20author;view=toc;idno=2944804_1945 Volumen 2]. *Hart, John Fraser. [[2004]]. ''The Changing Scale of American Agriculture.'' University of Virginia Press. *Hurt, R. Douglas. [[2002]]. ''American Agriculture: A Brief History.'' Purdue University Press. *Mundlak, Yair. [[2005]]. Economic Growth: Lessons from Two Centuries of American Agriculture. ''Journal of Economic Literature'' 43(4): 989–1024. *O'Sullivan, Robin. [[2015]]. ''American Organic: A Cultural History of Farming, Gardening, Shopping, and Eating.'' University Press of Kansas. *Rasmussen, Wayne D. ed. [[1960]]. ''Readings in the history of American agriculture.'' University of Illinois Press. *Robert, Joseph C. [[1949]]. [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=3136323 ''The story of tobacco in America.''] University of North Carolina Press. *Russell, Howard. [[1981]]. ''A Long Deep Furrow: Three Centuries of Farming In New England.'' University Press of New England. *Russell, Peter A. [[2012]]. ''How Agriculture Made Canada: Farming in the Nineteenth Century.'' McGill-Queen's University Press. *Schafer, Joseph. [[1936]], [[1970]]. [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2712484 ''The social history of American agriculture.''] (Da Capo Press. *Schlebecker John T. [[1972]]. ''Whereby we thrive: A history of American farming, 1607-1972.'' Iowa State University Press. *Weeden, William Babcock. [[1891]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JUJaNzIMr44C&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:weeden&num=30&as_brr=1 ''Economic and Social History of New England, 1620-1789.''] Houghton, Mifflin. *Yeargin, Billy. [[2008]]. ''North Carolina Tobacco: A History.'' History Press. ==Nexus externi== *[http://chla.library.cornell.edu/ ''The Core Historical Literature of Agriculture.''] Bibliotheca Universitatis Cornellianae. [[Categoria:Historia agriculturae| ]] [[Categoria:Technologia]]<!--melius: [[Categoria:Historia industriarume|Agricultura]]--> {{Myrias|Historia}} 9ezndtwc773udcp2gmhfgxhcuth0vz7 0 284270 3994034 3969576 2026-10-11T14:55:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994034 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Abraham Ortelius Map of Europe.jpg|thumb|Europa ab [[Abraham Ortelius|Abrahamo Ortelio]], [[cartographia|cartographo]] [[Antverpia|Antverpiensi]] picta (1595).]] [[Fasciculus:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|thumb|[[Machina vaporaria]] [[Iacobus Watt|Wattensis]], plerumque [[carbo]]ne effecta, [[Conversio Industrialis|Conversionem Industrialem]] in Europa Septentrio-occidentali [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] propulsit.]] [[Fasciculus:Europe Prehistory.gif|thumb|[[Praehistoria]] Europae.]] [[Fasciculus:Tholos of Atreus.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Thesaurus]] [[Atreus|Atrei]], vel [[monumentum]] [[Agamemnon]]is, [[Mycenae|Mycenis]] 1250 a.C.n.]] [[Fasciculus:Parthenon from south.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Parthenon]], [[templum]] [[Athenae|Athenis]] in [[Acropolis|Acropoli]] [[Roma]]e anno [[176 a.C.n.]] obvenit.]] [[Fasciculus:Europe-In-301BC.png|thumb|upright=1|Europa anno [[301 a.C.n.]]]] [[Fasciculus:Cesare prima Gallia 58 a.C. jpg.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Res publica Romana]] et finitimi anno [[58 a.C.n.]].]] [[Fasciculus:Europe-In-117AD.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Imperium Romanum]] [[magnitudo|magnitudie]] maxima, anno [[117]], [[Trajanus|Traiano]] [[imperator]]e.]] [[Fasciculus:Europa in 526.png|thumb|upright=1|Europa anno [[526]].<!--the three dominating powers of the west-->]] [[Fasciculus:Hagia Sophia Southwestern entrance mosaics 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Constantinus I]] et [[Iustinianus I]] cum [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Beata Virgine Maria]] intra [[Aedes Sanctae Sophiae (Constantinopolis)|Aedes Sanctae Sophiae]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]].]] [[Fasciculus:Europe 814.svg|thumb|upright=1|Europa [[Aevum Medium|Aevo Medio]] ineunte.]] [[Fasciculus:Europe 1000.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Europa anno [[1000]], plurimis civitatibus iam constitutis.]] [[Fasciculus:Europe map 1092.PNG|thumb|upright=1|Europa anno [[1092]].]] [[Fasciculus:HRE-at-its-peak.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Europa anno [[1204]].]] [[Fasciculus:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg|thumb|upright=1|[[Obsidium Antiochense]] per primam [[expeditio sacra|expeditionem sacram]]. Miniatura [[pictura]] mediaevalis.]] [[Fasciculus:Chrzest Litwy 1387 Matejko.JPG|thumb|upright=1|''Christianizatio Lithuaniae anno 1387.'' [[Pictura]] [[Ioannes Matejko|Ioannis Matejko]], 1889.<!--Royal Castle in Warsaw-->]] [[Fasciculus:Pestilence spreading 1347-1351 europe.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mors atra]] ab [[1347]] ad [[1351]] per Europam movetur.]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Republik Venedig Handelswege01.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] (red) and [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] (green) maritime trade routes in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] and [[Black Sea]]]] [[Fasciculus:Pacioli.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Portrait of Luca Pacioli]]'', the founder of accounting, by [[Jacopo de' Barbari]] ([[Museo di Capodimonte]]).]]--> [[Fasciculus:Cantino Planisphere.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Planisphaerium Cantini]] est prima [[tabula geographica]] (1502) quae [[explorator|explorationes]] [[Vascus Gama|Vasci Gamae]], [[Christophorus Columbus|Christophori Columbi]], et [[Petrus Álvares Cabral|Petri Alvari filii Cabral]] monstrat.]] [[Fasciculus:95Thesen.jpg|thumb|''[[Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum]]'' vel ''Nonaginta Quinque Theses'' [[Martinus Luther|Martini Lutheri]], [[monacus|monaci]] [[Germania|Germanici]], [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiam Catholicam]] reprehenderunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Europe map 1648.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|Europa anno [[1648]].]] [[Fasciculus:Alberico Gentili.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Albericus Gentili]], pater [[iurisprudentia]]e internationalis.]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Contemporary woodcut depicting the [[Second Defenestration of Prague]] (1618), which marked the beginning of the [[Bohemian Revolt]], which began the first part of the Thirty Years' War.]] [[Fasciculus:Map of Europe in 1794 Samuel Dunn Map of the World in Hemispheres.JPG|thumb|Europe in [[1794 Samuel Dunn Map of the World in Hemispheres|1794 Samuel Dunn Map of the World]]]]--> [[Fasciculus:Europe 1815 map en.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Fines [[natio]]num Europaearum a [[Consilium Vindobonense|Consilio Vindobonensi]] constituti, anno [[1815]].]] [[Fasciculus:YCBA London a Pilgrimage 06 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''[[Caminus|Camini]] [[Londinium|Londinienses]] anno [[1870]].'' [[Adumbratio]] a [[Gustavus Doré|Gustavo Doré]] picta.]] [[Fasciculus:Barricade Voltaire Lenoir Commune Paris 1871.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Commune Parisiorum anni 1871|Commune Lutetiense]], [[1871]].]] [[Fasciculus:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Bastida]] per [[res novae Francicae|res novas Francicas]] anni [[1789]] expugnata.]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[The Battle of Waterloo (painting)|The Battle of Waterloo]]'', where [[Napoleon]] was defeated by the Seventh Coalition in 1815]] [[Fasciculus:Maerz1848 berlin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Cheering the [[Revolutions of 1848]] in Berlin]] [[Fasciculus:Missolonghi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Beginning in 1821, the [[Greek War of Independence]] began as a rebellion by Greek revolutionaries against the ruling Ottoman Empire.]]--> [[Fasciculus:Breakup of Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif|thumb|upright=0.8|Dissolutio Yugoslaviae.]] [[Fasciculus:Europe map 1919.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Europa anno [[1919]].]] [[Fasciculus:Colonization 1945.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Colonica Europae Occidentalis imperia in [[Asia]] et [[Africa]] post secundum bellum mundanum dissolvi coeperunt.]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Berlin Wall 1961-11-20.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961]]--> [[Fasciculus:DNV opona.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Reliqua "[[aulaeum ferreum|aulaei ferrei]]" [[Devínska Nová Ves]] in oppido [[Bratislava]]e (Slovakiae).]] '''Historia Europae''' [[societas humana|societates]] [[cultura]]sque [[populus|populorum]] tractat qui [[Europa]]m a [[tempus|temporibus]] [[praehistoria|praehistoricis]] ad [[saeculum 21|praesens]] habitant. [[Continens]] Europaea [[neolithicum|aevo neolithico]] [[aevum|aevoque]] [[migrationes Indoeuropaeae|migrationum Indoeuropaearum]] [[migratio|incursiones]] hominum ex [[regio]]nibus [[oriens|orientalibus]] commutationesque [[cultura]]e [[materia]]rumque magni momenti accepit. [[Aevum]] [[antiquitas classica]] usitate appellatum coepit cum [[civitas sui iuris|civitates]] [[urbs|urbanae]] [[Graecia antiqua|Graeciae antiquae]] ortae essent. Deinde [[Imperium Romanum]] in omnes [[ora]]s [[mare Mediterraneum|Mediterraneas]] dominabatur. [[Occasus Imperii Romani Occidentalis]] anno [[476]] secundum [[historiographia]]m [[traditio]]nalem fuit initium [[Aevum Medium|aevi medii]]. [[Renascentia]] [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]], [[saeculum 14|saeculo quarto decimo]] iniens, priscas [[doctrina]]s scientificas [[theologia|theologicasque]] provocavit. [[Reformatio]] [[ecclesia]]s [[Protestantes]] plerumque in [[Germania]], [[Scandinavia]], et [[Anglia]] simul constituit. Post annum [[1800]] fere, [[conversio industrialis]] res florentes in [[Magna Britannia]] [[Europa Occidentalis|Europaque Occidentali]] magnopere efficit. Maximae [[potestas|potestates]] Europaeae [[colonia]]s in plurimo [[America]]e, [[Africa]]e, [[Oceania]]eque, et in nonnullis [[terra|terris]] [[Asia]]nis deduxerunt. [[Saeculum 20|Saeculo vicensimo]], [[primum bellum mundanum|primum]] et [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundum]] [[bellum mundanum|bella mundana]] [[millio]]nibus hominum [[mors|necem]] intulerunt. [[Bellum frigidum]] in [[politica|res geopoliticas]] Europaeas ab anno [[1947]] ad annum [[1989]] dominabatur. {{NexInt}} {{div col|3}} * [[Aetas Hellenistica]] * [[Aevum Illuminationis]] * [[Archaeologia Europaea]] * [[Carolus Magnus]] * [[Christianismus]] * [[Civilizatio]] * [[Colonialismus]] * [[Consociatio Europaea liberi commercii]] * [[Consociatio Nationum]] * [[Cultura Occidentalis]] * [[Dissolutio Unionis Sovieticae]] * [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] * [[Europa praehistorica]] * [[Expeditio sacra]] * [[Geographia Europae]] * [[Historia architecturae]] * [[Historia Franciae]] * [[Historia philosophiae]] * ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' * [[Imperium Britannicum]] * [[Imperium Byzantinum]] * [[Imperium Romanum]] * [[Integratio Europaea]] * [[Lingua Anglica]] * [[Lingua Graeca]] * [[Lingua Latina]] * [[Lingua Protoindoeuropaea]] * [[Litterae Europae]] * [[Mors atra]]<!-- *[[Mundus Atlanticus]]--> * [[Nationalismus]] * [[Ordo Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum|Ordo Teutonicorum]] * [[Praehistoria]] * [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium]] * [[Servitudo]] * [[Unio Europaea]] {{div col end}}<!-- ==Notae== <references/> --> == Bibliographia == === Conspectus generales === * Blum, Jerome, et al. [[1970]]. ''The European World.'' Ed. 2a. 2 vol. * Davies, Norman. [[1998]]. ''Europe: A History.'' * Gay, Peter, et R. K. Webb. [[1973]]. ''Modern Europe: To 1815.'' [https://archive.org/details/moderneurope00gayp Editio interretialis.] ** Gay, Peter, et R. K. Webb. [[1973]]. ''Modern Europe: Since 1815.'' * Holmes, George, ed. [[2001]]. ''The Oxford illustrated history of medieval Europe.'' * McKay, John P., et al. [[2010]]. ''A History of Western Society.'' 2 vol. * Moncure, James A., ed. [[1992]]. ''Research Guide to European Historical Biography: 1450–Present.'' 4 vol. * Roberts, J. M. [[1997]]. ''The Penguin History of Europe.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Penguin. ISBN 0140265619. * Roberts, J. M. [[2001]]. ''Europe, 1880-1945.'' Ed. 3a. Harlow Angliae et Novi Eboraci: Longman. ISBN 0582357462, ISBN 0582357454. * Simms, Brendan. [[2013]]. ''Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, from 1453 to the Present.'' Novi Eboraci: Basic Books, socius Perseus Books Group. ISBN 9780465013333. === Geographia et libri tabularum === * ''Cambridge Modern History Atlas.'' [[1912]]. [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/16/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.78914/2015.78914.The-Cambridge-Modern-History-Atlas_text.pdf PDF interretialis]. * Catchpole, Brian. [[1982]]. ''Map History of the Modern World.'' * Darby, H. C., et H. Fullard, eds. [[1978]]. ''Atlas.'' The New Cambridge Modern History, 14. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. * East, W. Gordon. [[1950]]. ''An Historical Geography of Europe.'' Ed. 4a. * Haywood, John. [[1997]]. ''Atlas of world history.'' [https://archive.org/search.php?query=atlas%20world%20history%20haywood Editio interretialis.] * Horrabin, J. F. [[1941]]–[[1945]]. ''An Atlas History of the Second Great War.'' 9 vol. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28atlas%20war%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28horrabin%29 Editio interretialis.] * Kinder, Hermann, et Werner Hilgemann. [[1978]]. ''Anchor Atlas of World History.'' 2 vol. * O'Brian, Patrick K. [[2007]]. ''Atlas of World History.'' [https://archive.org/details/atlas-of-world-history/page/n2 Editio interretialis.] * Pounds, Norman J. G. [[1990]]. ''An Historical Geography of Europe.'' * ''Rand McNally Atlas of World History.'' [[1983]]. <!--Published in Britain as the ''Hamlyn Historical Atlas''--> [https://archive.org/details/randmcnallyatlas00 Editio interretialis.] * Robertson, Charles Grant. [[1922]]. ''An historical atlas of modern Europe from 1789 to 1922 with an historical and explanatory text.'' [https://ia902901.us.archive.org/3/items/HistoricalAtlas/HistoricalAtlas_text.pdf Editio interretialis.] * Talbert, Richard J. A. [[2014]]. ''Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World for iPad.'' Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4876-8. * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Historical_atlas ''Historical Atlas.''] Wikipedia maps. * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Germany ''Atlas of Germany.''] Wikipedia maps. === Nationes maiores === * Black, Jeremy. [[1996]]. ''A history of the British Isles.'' * Carr, Raymond, ed. [[2000]]. ''Spain: A history.'' * Clark, Christopher M. [[2006]]. ''Iron kingdom: the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947.'' * Davies, Norman. [[2001]]. ''The Isles: A History.'' * Duggan, Christopher. [[2013]]. ''A concise history of Italy.'' * Fraser, Rebecca. [[2006]]. ''The Story of Britain: From the Romans to the Present: A Narrative History.'' * Holborn, Hajo. [[1959]]. ''A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation,'' vol. 1; ''A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840,'' vol. 2; ''A history of modern Germany: 1840–1945,'' vol. 3. * Kamen, Henry. [[1973]]. ''A concise history of Spain.'' * Helle, Knut, ed. [[2003]]. ''The Cambridge History of Scandinavia,'' vol. 1. * Holmes, George, ed. [[1997]]. ''The Oxford illustrated history of Italy.'' * Jones, Colin. [[1997]]. ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of France.'' * Kitchen, Martin. [[1996]]. ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany.'' * Morgan, Kenneth O., ed. [[1984]]. ''The Oxford illustrated history of Britain.'' * Price, Roger. [[2014]]. ''A concise history of France.'' * Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., et Mark D. Steinberg. [[2010]]. ''A History of Russia.'' 2 vol. * Sagarra, Eda. [[2003]]. ''A social history of Germany.'' * Tombs, Robert. [[2014]]. ''The English and their History.'' [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/17/the-english-and-their-history-review-robert-tombs-resounding-importance Recognitio interretialis.] * Wilson, Peter H. [[2016]]. ''Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.'' === Res classicae === * Boardman, John, et al. eds. [[2002]]. ''The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World.'' Ed. 2a. * Boardman, John, et al., eds. [[2001]]. ''The Oxford History of the Roman World.'' * Cartledge, Paul. [[2002]]. ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece,'' === Imperium Romanum Occidentale exiens === * Heather, Peter. [[2010]]. ''Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Jones, A. H. M. [[1964]]. ''The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey.'' 2 vol. * Mitchell, Stephen. [[2006]]. ''A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641: The Transformation of the Ancient World.'' === Aevum mediaevale === * Davis, R. H. C. [[2000]]. ''A History of Medieval Europe.'' Ed. 2a. * Ferguson, Wallace K. [[1962]]. ''Europe in Transition, 1300–1520.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200801181058/https://www.questia.com/library/1608627/europe-in-transition-1300-1520 Editio interretialis.] * Hanawalt, Barbara. [[1999]]. ''The Middle Ages: An Illustrated History.'' * Holmes, George, ed. [[2001]]. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe.'' * Koenigsberger, H. G. [[1987]]. ''Medieval Europe 400–1500.'' * Riddle, John M. [[2008]]. ''A history of the Middle Ages, 300–1500.'' === Aevum modernum iniens === * Blanning, T. C. W. [[2003]]. ''The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789.'' * Cameron, Euan. [[2001]]. ''Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History.'' * Friedrich, Carl J. [[1962]]. ''The Age of the Baroque, 1610–1660.''<!-- [https://archive.org/details/ageofbaroque100frie 14-day borrowing copy]--> * Hesmyr, Atle. [[2014]]. ''Scandinavia in the Early Modern Era; From Peasant Revolts and Witch Hunts to Constitution Drafting Yeomen.'' * McKay, Derek, et Hamish M. Scott. [[2014]]. ''The rise of the great powers 1648–1815.'' Ed. 3a. * Rice, Eugene F. [[1994]]. ''The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460–1559.'' Ed. 2a. * Merriman, John. [[2009]]. ''A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present.'' Ed. 3a. 2 vol. * Scott, Hamish, ed. [[2015]]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350–1750: Volume I: Peoples and Place.'' * Scott, Hamish, ed. [[2015]]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350–1750: Volume II: Cultures and Power.'' * Stoye, John. [[2000]]. ''Europe Unfolding, 1648–1688.'' Ed. 2a. * Treasure, Geoffrey. [[2003]]. ''The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780.'' Ed. 3a. * Wiesner, Merry E. [[2006]]. ''Early Modern Europe, 1450–1789.'' (Cambridge History of Europe. === Conspectus praeteriti in historia Europaea hodierna === * Earle, Edward Mead. [[1921]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YncMAAAAYAAJ ''An Outline of Modern History; A Syllabus with Map Studies.''] Novi Eboraci: Macmillan. * Taylor, William Cooke, Charles Duke Yonge, et G. W. Cox. [[1880]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bjQYAAAAYAAJ ''The Student's Manual of Modern History; Containing the Rise and Progress of the Principal European Nations, Their Political History, and the Changes in Their Social Condition; with a History of the Colonies Founded by Europeans.''] === Saeculum 19 === * Anderson, M. S. [[2003]]. ''The Ascendancy of Europe: 1815–1914.'' Ed. 3a. * Blanning, T. C. W., ed. [[2000]]. ''The Nineteenth Century: Europe 1789–1914.'' Short Oxford History of Europe. * Brinton, Crane. [[1934]]. ''A Decade of Revolution, 1789–1799.'' [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/20/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.74354/2015.74354.A-Decade-Of-Revolution-1789-1799_text.pdf Editio interretialis.] Langer series on the history of Europe. * Bruun, Geoffrey. [[1938]]. ''Europe and the French Imperium, 1799–1814.'' [https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.183653/2015.183653.Europe-And-The-French-Imperium-1799-1814_text.pdf Editio interretialis]. * Cameron, Rondo. [[1961]]. ''France and the Economic Development of Europe, 1800–1914: Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War.'' * Evans, Richard J. [[2016]]. ''The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914.'' * Gildea, Robert. [[2003]]. ''Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800–1914.'' Short Oxford History of the Modern World. Ed. 3a. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200820132641/https://www.questia.com/read/55547824/barricades-and-borders-europe-1800-1914 Interretialis editionis secundae editio.] * Grab, Alexander. [[2003]]. ''Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe.'' * Kertesz, G. A., ed [[1968]]. ''Documents in the Political History of the European Continent 1815–1939.'' * Mason, David S. [[2011]]. ''A Concise History of Modern Europe: Liberty, Equality, Solidarity.'' * Merriman, John, et J. M. Winter, eds. [[2006]]. ''Europe 1789 to 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire.'' 5 vol. * Richardson, Hubert N. B. [[1921]]. ''A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times.'' [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnapo00rich Editio interretialis.] * Steinberg, Jonathan. [[2011]]. ''Bismarck: A Life.'' * Salmi, Hannu. [[2008]]. ''19th Century Europe: A Cultural History.'' * Taylor, A. J. P. [[1954]]. ''The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918.'' [https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt Editio interretialis.] * Thomson, David. [[1923]]. ''Europe Since Napoleon.'' [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98593 Editio interretialis.] === Ex 1900 === * Brose, Eric Dorn. [[2004]]. ''A History of Europe in the Twentieth Century.'' * Buchanan, Tom. [[2012]]. ''Europe's Troubled Peace: 1945 to the Present.'' Blackwell History of Europe. * Cook, Bernard A. [[2001]]. ''Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia.'' 2 vol. * Davies, Norman. [[2008]]. ''Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory.'' * Dear, I. C. B., et M. R. D. Foot, eds. [[2006]]. ''The Oxford Companion to World War II.'' * Frank, Matthew. [[2017]]. ''Making Minorities History: Population Transfer in Twentieth-Century Europe.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=52226 Editio interretialis.] * Grenville, J. A. S. [[1994]]. ''A History of the World in the Twentieth Century.'' [https://archive.org/details/historyofworldin00gren Editio interretialis.] * Hallock, Stephanie A. [[2012]]. ''The World in the 20th Century: A Thematic Approach.'' * Jarausch, Konrad H. [[2015]]. ''Out of Ashes: A New History of Europe in the Twentieth Century.'' * Judt, Tony. [[2006]]. ''Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945.'' * Martel, Gordon, ed. [[2011]]. ''A Companion to Europe, 1900–1950.'' * Mazower, Mark. [[2000]]. ''Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century.'' * Merriman, John, et Jay Winter, eds. [[2006]]. ''Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age War and Reconstruction.'' 5 vol. * Payne, Stanley G. [[2011]]. ''Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949.'' [https://www.amazon.com/Civil-Europe-1905-1949-Stanley-Payne/dp/1107648157/ Editio interretialis.] * Paxton, Robert O., et Julie Hessler. [[2011]]. ''Europe in the twentieth century.'' Ed. 5a. [https://www.amazon.com/Europe-Twentieth-Century-Robert-Paxton-ebook/dp/B00B7L8ZQ2/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1482129779&sr=8-1&keywords=Paxton%2C+Robert+O.%2C+and+Julie+Hessler.+Europe+in+the+twentieth+century.+Cengage+Learning%2C+2011. Editio interretialis]. * Pollard, Sidney, ed. [[1990]]. ''Wealth and Poverty: an Economic History of the 20th Century.'' [https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyeco00poll Editio interretialis.] * Stearns, Peter, ed. [[2001]]. ''The Encyclopedia of World History.'' * Stone, Dan, ed. [[2015]]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History.'' * Ther, Philipp. [[2016]]. ''Europe since 1989: A History.'' Princeton University Press. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10812.html Pars.] * Toynbee, Arnold, ed. [[1954]]. ''Survey Of International Affairs: Hitler's Europe 1939–1946.'' [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84095 Editio interretialis.] * Weinberg, Gerhard L. [[2005]]. ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II.'' === Agricultura et oeconomia === * Bakels, C. C. [[2009]]. ''The Western European Loess Belt: Agrarian History, 5300 BC – AD 1000.'' * Berend, Iván T. [[2013]]. ''An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe.'' * Berend, Iván T. [[2010]]. ''Europe Since 1980.'' * Broadberry, Stephen, et Kevin H. O'Rourke, eds. [[2010]]. ''The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe.'' 2 vol. * Dovring, Folke, ed. [[1965]]. ''Land and labor in Europe in the twentieth century: a comparative survey of recent agrarian history.'' * Gras, Norman. [[1925]]. ''A history of agriculture in Europe and America.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20150903230427/http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2845579 Editio interretialis.] * Milward, Alan S., et S. B. Saul. [[1977]]. ''The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914.'' * Murray, Jacqueline. [[1970]]. ''The First European Agriculture.'' * Pollard, Sidney, ed. [[1990]]. ''Wealth and Poverty: an Economic History of the 20th Century.'' [https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyeco00poll Editio interretialis.] * Pounds, N. J. G. [[1994]]. ''An Economic History of Medieval Europe.'' * Slicher van Bath, B. H. [[1966]]. ''The agrarian history of Western Europe, AD 500–1850.'' * Thorp, William Long. [[1926]]. ''Business Annals: United States, England, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Australia, India, Japan, China.'' === Diplomatia === * Albrecht-Carrié, René. [[1958]]. ''A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna.'' * Black, Jeremy. [[2002]]. ''European International Relations, 1648–1815.'' * Black, Jeremy. [[2011]]. ''A History of Diplomacy.'' * Kertesz, G. A., ed. [[1968]]. ''Documents in the Political History of the European Continent 1815–1939.'' * Langer, William. [[1973]]. ''An Encyclopedia of World History.'' Ed. 5a. * Macmillan, Margaret. [[2013]]. ''The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914.'' * Mowat, R. B. [[1928]]. ''History of European Diplomacy, 1451–1789.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20201220134229/https://www.questia.com/library/23721/a-history-of-european-diplomacy-1451-1789 Editio interretialis.] * Petrie, Charles. [[1949]]. ''Earlier diplomatic history, 1492–1713.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101023359/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027344731;view=1up;seq=5 Editio interretialis.] * Petrie, Charles. [[1946]]. ''Diplomatic History, 1713–1933.'' [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503129 Editio interretialis.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084318/https://www.questia.com/library/4005380/diplomatic-history-1713-1933 Editio interretialis in Questia.] * Schroeder, Paul. [[1994]]. ''The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705225235/https://www.questia.com/library/3696068/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848 Editio interretialis.] * Steiner, Zara. [[2007]]. ''The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933.'' * Steiner, Zara. [[2011]]. ''The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939.'' * Taylor, A. J. P. [[1954]]. ''The struggle for mastery in Europe, 1848–1918.'' === Imperia et interactiones === * Bayly, C. A., ed. [[1989]]. ''Atlas of the British Empire.'' * Brendon, Piers. [[2008]]. ''The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997.'' * Darwin, John. [[2008]]. ''After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400–2000.'' * James, Lawrence. [[1997]]. ''The Rise and Fall of the British Empire.'' * Tolan, John et al., eds. [[2013]]. ''Europe and the Islamic World: A History.'' [https://www.questia.com/read/120884191/europe-and-the-islamic-world-a-history Editio interretialis.]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} === Notiones et scientia === * Heilbron, John L., ed. [[2003]]. ''The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science.'' * Outhwaite, William. [[2003]]. ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought.'' * Wiener, Philip P. [[1973]]. ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas.'' 5 vol. === Religio === * Latourette, Kenneth Scott. [[1958]]–[[1969]]. ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.'' 5 vol. * MacCulloch, Diarmaid. [[2011]]. ''Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years.'' === Res sociales === * Knepper, Paul, et Anja Johansen, eds. [[2016]]/ ''The Oxford Handbook of the History of Crime and Criminal Justice.'' [https://www.amazon.com/dp/019935233X/ Pars.] * Maynes, Mary Jo. [[1985]]. ''Schooling in Western Europe: A social history.'' * Sagarra, Eda. [[2017]]. ''A social history of Germany, 1648–1914.'' * Stearns, Peter N., ed. [[2000]]. ''Encyclopedia of European Social History.'' 6 vol. * Stearns, Peter N., et Herrick Chapman. [[1975]]. ''European society in upheaval: social history since 1750.'' * Tipton, F., et R. Aldrich. [[1987]]. ''An Economic and Social History of Europe, 1890–1939.'' * Watts, Sheldon J. [[2017]]. ''A Social History of Western Europe, 1450–1720: tensions and solidarities among rural people.'' * Woolf, Stuart. [[2016]]. ''The poor in Western Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.'' === Ars belli === * Archer, Christon I., John R. Ferris, et Holger H. Herwig. [[2014]]. ''World History of Warfare.'' * ''The Cambridge History of the First World War.'' [[2014]]. 3 vol. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820160141/http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/subject_title_list.jsf?subjectCode=15&heading=Warfare&tSort=title+closed&aSort=author+default_list&ySort=year+default_list Editio interretialis.] * ''The Cambridge History of the Second World War.'' [[2015]]. 3 vol. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820160141/http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/subject_title_list.jsf?subjectCode=15&heading=Warfare&tSort=title+closed&aSort=author+default_list&ySort=year+default_list Editio interretialis.] * Dear, I. C. B., et M. R. D. Foot, eds. (1995) [[2001]]. ''The Oxford Companion to World War II.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860446-4. * Dupuy, R. Ernest. [[1993]]. ''The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 BC to the Present.'' * Goldsworthy, Adrian, et John Keegan. [[2000]]. ''Roman Warfare.'' * Horne, John, ed. [[2012]]. ''A Companion to World War I.'' * Keegan, John. [[1994]]. ''A History of Warfare.'' * Kennedy, Paul. [[1989]]. ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.'' * Paret, Peter, ed. [[1986]]. ''Makers of Modern Strategy.'' * Rapport, Mike. [[2013]]. ''The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction.'' * Sheehan, James J. [[2008]]. ''Where Have All the Soldiers Gone? The Transformation of Modern Europe.'' * Weinberg, Gerhard L. [[2005]]. ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II.'' Ed. 2a. * Zeiler, Thomas W., et Daniel M. DuBois, eds. [[2013]]. ''A Companion to World War II.'' 2 vol. === Mulieres et genus === * Anderson, Bonnie S., et Judith P. Zinsser. [[2000]]. ''A History of Their Own: Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present.'' Ed. 2a. * Bridenthal, Renate, et al. eds. [[1997]]. ''Becoming Visible: Women in European History.'' Ed. 3a. * Frey, Linda, Marsha Frey, et Joanne Schneider. [[1982]]. ''Women in Western European History: A Select Chronological, Geographical, and Topical Bibliography.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200521233936/https://www.questia.com/library/70061929/women-in-western-european-history-a-select-chronological Annales interretiales.] * Hufton, Olwen. [[1996]]. ''The Prospect Before Her: A History of Women in Western Europe, 1500–1800.'' * Herzog, Dagmar. [[2011]]. ''Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History.'' * Offen, Karen. [[2010]]. "Surveying European Women's History since the Millenium: A Comparative Review.",''Journal of Women's History'' 22, no. 1 (Ver). doi:10.1353/jowh.0.13. * Timm, Annette F., et Joshua A. Sanborn. [[2016]]. ''Gender, sex and the shaping of modern Europe: a history from the French Revolution to the present day.'' * Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. [[2019]]. ''Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe.'' Ed. 4a. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|History of Europe|historiam Europae}} {{CommuniaCat|Atlas of European history}} {{CommuniaCat|History of Europe|veteres Europae tabulas}} {{Wikibooks|European History}}<!-- {{Wikiversity|European History}} {{Wikivoyage|European history|European history|travel information}}--> *[http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/eurhistxx.asp EurhistXX: The Network for the Contemporary History of Europe.] *[http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/eurostat-yearbook-95-pbCA8193204/ De normis vivendi historicis in variis civitatibus Europaeis.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090422060232/http://primary-sources.eui.eu/ Fontes primarii historiae Europaeae.]<!-- *{{cite web |title=History of Europe |url= http://www.nypl.org/collections/nypl-recommendations/guides?field_subject_taxonomy_value=604 |author=[[New York Public Library]] |location=New York |work=Research Guides }}--> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005904/http://www.vistorica.com/eng/persongroups/1500%2C2000%2Ceuropean%2Call.html "Vistorica": annales historiae hodiernae Europaeae.] {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Historia Europae| ]] 1rzj3rvkpufcu9hqt37rhfcwrkmm5gh 0 286539 3994039 3946018 2026-10-11T14:57:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | perrow = 1/1/1 | total_width = 260 | caption_align = center | title = | image1 = Mayan Frieze from Classic Era - Palenque Archaeological Site Museum - Chiapas - Mexico - 01 (15057686313).jpg | caption1 = [[Toreuma]] in [[Palenque]], [[urbs|urbe]] classica. [[Scriptum Mayense]], solum scribendi systema in [[America praecolumbiana]], initium [[historia scripta|historiae scriptae]] coepit. | image2 = Casta_Painting_by_Luis_de_Mena.jpg | caption2 = [[Ludovicus de Mena]], [[Nostra Domina Guadalupensis|Virgo Guadalupensis]] et [[castas]], [[1750]].<!-- Colonialism had a profound influence in shaping what would become Mexico: [[Roman Catholicism in Mexico|religion]], [[Castas|race]], [[Mexican Spanish|language]], [[Mexican art#Colonial era, 1521–1821|art]], [[Territorial evolution of Mexico|territory]].--> | image3 = Centenario3.jpg | caption3 = Celebrationes centum libertatis annorum, anno [[1910]]. [[Photographema]] ab [[Aurelius Escobar Castellanos|Aurelio Escobar Castellanos]] factum. Porphyriatus sequentesque res novae Mexicanae Mexicum in aevum hodiernum duxerunt. | align = | direction = | alt1 = }} '''Historia [[Mexicum|Mexici]],''' [[civitas sui iuris|civitatis sui iuris]] in [[meridies|meridianis]] [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] [[regio]]nibus sitae, plus quam tria [[millennium|millennia]] tractat. [[Homo|Homines]] regionem abhinc annorum 13 000 habitare coeperunt,<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/12/03/oldest.skull/ "Oldest American skull found"], CNN, December 3, 2002</ref> atque ex [[terra]] ortae sunt multiplices [[indigenae Mexici|indigenarum]] [[civilizatio]]nes antequam [[explorator]]es [[conquisitatores Hispani|conquisitatoresque]] [[Hispania|Hispani]] [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] [[victoria Hispanica Mexici|regionem in earum dicionem redegerunt]]. Res gesta civilizationum [[Mesoamerica]]narum magni momenti fuit [[inventio]] [[scriptura]]e (Mesoamerica fuit sola regio in [[America]] ubi scriptura temporibus praecolumbianis exstabat), ut scripta Mexici historia nonnulla centum annorum ante Hispanos adventos anno [[1519]] incipiat. Historia Mesoamericana ante illud tempus aetas praehispanica et [[America praecolumbiana|precolumbiana]] appellatur. [[Fasciculus:Yucatan chix crater.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tabula geographica]] [[Paeninsula Iucatensis|Paeninsulae Iucatensis]] indicia subtilia sed certa [[crater Chicxulub|crateris Chicxulub]]. Nunc constat inter eruditos hunc impulsum [[Exstinctio Cretacea-Palaeogenica|Exstinctionem Cretacea-Palaeogenicam]] effecisse, eventum abhinc annorum 65 millionum qui subitum [[dinosauria|dinosauriorum]] [[exstinctio]]nem indicat, cum exstinctione plurimarum [[vita]]e formarum in [[tellus|tellure]].]] [[Fasciculus:Corncobs.jpg|thumb|Variae [[maizum|maizi]] [[spica]]e.]] Ex [[1521]], victoria Hispanica regionem in [[Imperium Hispanicum]] redegit, nomine [[viceregnum Novae Hispaniae|Nova Hispania]] et [[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]] sede imperii [[colonia]]lis. Quae [[urbs]], super ruinas [[Temistitlana]]e [[caput|capitis]] [[Azteci|Aztecorum]] exstructa, fuit et manet frequentissima regio urbana in Mexico. [[Colonizatio Americae Hispanica|Temporibus colonialibus]], [[cultura]] indigena cum cultura Europaea se miscuit, culturam mixtam efficiens, fortasse clarissime in usu [[lingua]]e visam: [[civitas]] est ambae frequentissima civitas [[lingua Hispanica|hispanoloquens]] in [[mundus|mundo]] et terra plurimorum hominum in America Septentrionali qui [[lingua indigena Americae]]{{dubsig}} loquuntur. Hereditas trium [[saeculum|saeculorum]] imperii Hispanici est civitas hispanoloquens, [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]], et plerumque [[cultura Occidentalis]]. Nova Hispania post productum [[libertas|libertatis]] certamen (1810–21) ad ultimum Mexicum civitas sui iuris facta est, [[foedus Cordubense|foedere Cordubensi]] icto. Post breve [[monarchia]]e tempus (1821–23), [[Primum Imperium Mexicanum]] appellatum, res publica Mexicana condita est, sub [[constitutio]]ne foederali anno [[1824]] constituta. quae [[lex|legitimas]] classes [[phyle]]ticas et systema [[castas]] abolevit. [[Servitus]] anno [[1829]] abolita est. Mexicum iam est res publica foederata, sub [[Constitutio Mexici 1917|Constitutione Mexici 1917]]. Mexicum primum consistebat in non solum terris intra suos fines hodiernos, sed etiam in plurimo [[Civitates Foederatae Occidentales|Occidentalis Americani]], regionibus in [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatibus]] [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[Novum Mexicum|Novo Mexico]], [[Nivata]], [[Texia]], [[Oclahoma]], alibique numeratis. Ab [[anni 1820|annis 1820]] exeuntibus ad [[anni 1850|annos 1850]] ineuntis, [[Antonius López de Santa Anna]], [[creolus]] et [[miles]], praeses regebat, tempore usitate Aetate Santa Anna appellato. [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates autem Foederatae]] anno [[1846]] [[bellum inter Mexicum et Civitates Foederatas|bellum contra Mexicum]] intulerunt, quod biennium post desiit, cum Mexicum paene dimidium suarum terrarum per [[foedus Guadalupe Hidalgo]]{{dubsig}} Civitatibus Foederatis concederet. Santa Anna clade innocens non erat, sed iterum praeses electus est. [[Liberalismus|Liberales]] autem Mexicani eum anno [[1854]] deiecerunt, [[La Reforma]] inaugurantes, motum liberalizantem.{{dubsig}} [[Constitutio Mexici 1857]] principia liberalismi in [[lex|legibus]] confirmavit, praecipue [[separatio ecclesiae et civitatis|separationem ecclesiae et civitatis]] atque aequalitatem hominum ante legem.<!--, stripping corporate entities (the Catholic Church and indigenous communities) of special status.--> Quae reformato [[bellum civile]] movit inter liberales, qui [[constitutio]]nem defendebant, et [[conservatismus|conservativos]], qui ei adversabantur. Conservativi [[Bellum Reformationis|Bello Reformationis]] in locis pugnae victi sunt, sed validi manebant, et interventionem externam contra liberales invitaverunt ut se ad ultimum vincerent. [[Francia]] Mexicum anno [[1861]] invasit.<!-- on a pretext of collecting on defaulted loans to the government of [[Benedictus Juárez]], but at the invitation of Mexican conservatives seeking to restore monarchy in Mexico, --> et [[Maximilianus I (imperator Mexici)|Maximilianum I]] imperatorem [[Secundum Imperium Mexicanum|Secundi Imperii Mexicani]] creavit. Civitates Foederatae, inter sese [[Bellum Civile Americanum|bellum civile]] eodem tempore (1861–65) pugnantes, invasionem Francicam impedire non conatae sunt. Celebrationes ''Cinco de Mayo'' (diei [[5 Maii]]), clarae in Civitatibus Foederatis, victoriam [[exercitus]] Mexicani contra hostes Francicos anno [[1862]] attingunt. Francia post Mexicum victum [[Civitates Confoederatae Americae|Civitates Confoederatas Americae]] adiuvare meditabatur, sed frustra, quia Mexicum imprudens [[Unio (CFA)|Unionem]] adiuvit. Qua pro causa, [[Abraham Lincoln]] liberales Mexicanos sustinuit. [[Copia|Copiis]] Unionis vincentibus, Civitates Foederatae liberales contra regimen Maximilianum adiuverunt. Francia Maximilianum anno [[1867]] reliquit, cuius rectio cito collapsa est, et ipse [[poena capitalis|supplicio affectus est]]. Imperio Mexicano Secundo finito, tempora res publica restituta (1867–76) saepe appellantur. [[Civilitas|Homines civilitatis periti]] [[Benedictus Juárez|Benedictum Juarez]] iterum praesidem creaverunt, qui autem mox mortuo, [[Sebastianus Lerdo de Tejada]] praeses factus est, sed [[Porphyrius Díaz]], [[heros]] [[res militares|militaris]] et liberalis, eum deiecit, tempus stabilitatis et auctus [[oeconomia|oeconomici]] initians. Quinque cessationis oeconomicae et confusionis politicae [[decennium|decennia]] finierunt, et Díaz praeses civitatis [[potestas|potestatem]] paene continenter ab anno [[1876]] ad annum [[1911]] retinuit, tempus quidem [[Porphyriatus]] appellatum. Díaz [[ratio]]nem suadebat quam [[ordo|ordinem]] progressumque appellare solebat, [[violentia]]m supprimens, [[oeconomia]]m renovans, externam [[pecunia]]e collocationem invitans. Eo regente, [[industria]] et [[infrastructura]] a [[rectio]]ne valente stabilique sed aliquantulum [[autocratia|autocratica]] renovabantur. [[Vectigal]]ia aucta et administratio melior [[salus publica|salutem publicam]], [[valetudo publica|valetudinem publicam]], [[ferriviaria]]s, [[metalleutice]]s, [[rerum fabricatio]], [[commercium]] externum, et [[ratio aeraria|aerarias]] [[natio]]nis rationes magnopere emendabant. [[Fasciculus:Porfirio Diaz.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Porphyrius Díaz]] Mori, vicensimus nonus praeses Mexici.]] [[Fasciculus:Yaxchilan Lintel 24.jpg|thumb|upright|Shield Jaguar{{dubsig}} et [[Domina Xoc]], Maya, limen superum 24 [[templum|templi]] 23, Yaxchilan Mexici, ca. [[725]]. [[Calx]], 3'7" × 2' 6.5". [[Museum Britannicum]] [[Londonium|Londinii]].<!-- The Maya built vast complexes of temples, palaces, and plazas and decorated many with painted reliefs.-->]] [[Fasciculus:Olmeca head in Villahermosa.jpg|thumb|Immane [[caput]] [[Olmeci|Olmecense]]<!--The identities Olmec colossal are uncertain, but their individualized features and distinctive headgear, as well as later Maya practice, suggest that these heads portray rulers rather than deities.-->]] [[Fasciculus:Maya Chac Mool by Luis Alberto Melograna.jpg|thumb|[[Chacmool]], Maya, in suggestu [[aquila]]rum, [[Chichen Itza]] Mexici, ca. [[800]]–[[890]]. [[Saxum]], 4' 10.5" altum. [[Museum Nationale Anthropologiae (Mexicum)|Museum Nationale Anthropologiae]] [[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]]. Chacmool bellatores interfectos repraesentant, supinos iacentis, receptaculis in [[pectus|pectore]] ad dona [[sacrificium|sacrificiorum]] accipienda.<!-- Excavatores discovered one in the burial chamber inside the Castilloyo-->]] [[Fasciculus:Reunión_con_el_presidente_electo_y_equipos_de_trabajo_10.jpg|thumb|left|Ministri [[Andreas Emmanuel López Obrador|Andreae Emmanuelis López Obrador]] (laeva) et [[Henricus Peña Nieto|Henrici Peña Nieto]] (dextra).]] [[Fasciculus:La Venta Pirámide cara sur.jpg|thumb|[[Pyramis]] principalis de La Venta, una ex veterrimis pyramidibus in America.]] [[Fasciculus:Chichen Itza 3.jpg|thumb|Castellum, Chichen Itza Mexici, ca. [[800]]–[[900]]. Templum [[Kukulkan]] dicatum in summa huius pyramidis parte sedet, cui pyramidi sunt 365 gradus in quaternis lateribus dispositi. [[Sol]] [[umbra]]m [[aequinoctium|aequinoctiis]] [[ver]]ano [[autumnus|autumnoque]] conicit quae [[anguis]] formam secundum [[scala]]m septentrionalem habet.]] [[Fasciculus:San juan ulua1.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Castellum]] [[Sanctus Ioannes Uluensis|Sancti Ioannis Uluensis]] [[Vera Crux (urbs)|Vera Cruce]] in urbe.]] [[Fasciculus:Retrato de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Fray Miguel Herrera).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ioanna Agnes a Cruce]], [[monacha]], [[scriptrix]], [[poeta]], [[compositor]], [[philosophia|philosopha]] Mexicana. [[Pictura]] a Michaele de Herrera (1700–1789) facta.]] [[Fasciculus:Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna c1853 (cropped).png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Antonius López de Santa Anna]].]] Porphyriatus anno [[1910]] finem cepit, [[res novae Mexici|rebus novis Mexici]] erumpentibus. Tempus confusum coepit quod usque ad [[1920]] durabat. Incertitudo successionis praesidentialis anno 1910, cum Díaz [[suffragium|suffragiis]] manifeste fraudulentis iterum electus esset, violentiam movit in Mexico septentrionalis atque in [[Morelum|Morelo]], civitate ad meridiem [[Mexicopolis]] sita. [[Auctor]]es erant [[Franciscus I. Madero]], dives praedii possessor, eruditi liberales, agitatores laboris industrialis, rustici terram petentes, et flores<!--elites (Traupman)--> extra coetum Diazianum. Diaz in exsilium iit anno [[1911]]. Madero eodem anno [[democratia|democratice]] electus est, sed mense Februario anni [[1913]] ab hominibus qui pristinum rerum statum revocare volebant, [[Victorianus Huerta]] [[generalis]] imperium cepit. Copiae contra Huerta in septentrionibus sese sub [[Venustianus Carranza|Venustiano Carranza]] coniunxerunt, polittico loci, agrorum possessore, et duce factionis constitutionalisticae. In Morelo, rustici sub [[Aemilianus Zapata|Aemiliano Zapata]] Huerta separatim etiam Huerta adversabantur. Certamen erat confusum, nec politice nec militariter solidatum, et [[violentia]] in omnibus civitatis regionibus non fiebat. In septentrionibus, exercitus ordinati sub generalibus constitutionalistis sicut [[Franciscus Villa (activista)|Francisco Villa]] et [[Alvarus Obregón|Alvaro Obregón]]; in regione media, praecipue civitate Morelo, rustici [[bellum clandestinum]] susceperunt. Constitutionalistae bellum civile vicerunt, et Carranza praeses anno [[1917]] electus est. Bellum decimam multitudinis civitatis partem necavit, multosque [[civis|cives]] trans fines septentrionales in Civitates Foederatas egit. Nova ratio legitima in [[Constitutio Mexici 1917|Constitutione 1917]] constituta est, quae principium a Díaz institutum, absoluta agrorum [[ius|iura]] hominibus concedens, abolevit. <!--Article 27 of the Constitution empowered the state to expropriate owners and gave the state subsoil rights, as during the colonial era. Organized labor's contribution to the revolution was recognized in Article 123, guaranteeing labor unions' rights. In Article 3, the state strengthened its anticlerical measures to control the power of the Roman Catholic Church.--> Uterque [[Alvarus Obregón]] et [[Plutarcus Elías Calles]], generales revolutionarii septentrionales, munus praesidis spatium quattuor annorum post certamen militare anno [[1920]] sustinuit. Obregón autem insidiis anno [[1928]] interfectus discrimen successionis praesidentialis coepit, a structura factionum anno [[1929]] instituta dissoluta.<!--by Calles =?--> Aevum postrevolutionarium plerumque placidum erat, cum certamina per violentiam non dissolverentur. Hoc tempore emendationes Constitutionis anni 1917 rationes [[oeconomia|oeconomicas]] [[neoliberalismus|neoliberales]] sinere coeperumt. Post antecessorem [[Factio Revolutionaria Institutionalis|Factionis Revolutionariae Institutionalis]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Partido Revolucionario Institucional,'' PRI) anno [[1929]] fundatum, haec factio [[civilitas|res politicas]] [[natio]]nis et civitatum post [[1929]] rexit, et [[industria]]m [[petroleum|petrolei]] [[anni 1930|annis 1930]] ad civitatem iuvandam cepit. Mexicum [[secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] saeviente firme erat socius Civitatum Foederatarum, qui [[metallum|metalla]] pro rebus belli exportavit operariosque [[agricultura]]les misit, ut [[vir]]i Civitatum Foederatarum trans [[mare]] pugnarent. Mexicum post bellum, magnas divitias et stabilitatem politicam habens, audaces progressus oeconomici [[ratio]]nes coepit, [[Miraculum Mexicanum]] saepe appellatas.<!-- Quod was organized around the principles of [[import substitution industrialization]], with the creation of many state-owned industrial enterprises.--> Multitudo, rapide crescens, magis urbana facta est, cum multi cives in Civitates Foederatas [[immigratio|immigrarent]]. Novum aevum in Mexico post [[1988]] coepit. Factio Revolutionaria Institutionalis vix vicit, et [[Carolus Salinas de Gortari]] praeses latas reformationes [[neoliberalismus|neoliberales]] exsequi coepit, quae Constitutionem emendatam requisierunt, praecipue potestatem civitatis Mexicanae ad [[negotium|negotia]] externa disponenda minuens, sed etiam suppressionem Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae in Mexico finiens. Oeconomia Mexicana porro cum oeconomiis Civitatum Foederatarum et [[Canada]]e post [[1994]] coniuncta est, cum [[North American Free Trade Agreement]]{{dubsig}} ([[NAFTA]]) claustra [[commercium|commercii]] minuere coepit. Septem [[decennium|decennia]] moderationis FRI anno [[2000]] desierunt, cum [[Vincentius Fox]] [[Factio Actionis Nationalis (Mexicum)|Factionis Actionis Nationalis]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Partido Acción Nacional,'' PAN) electus est. [[Philippus Calderón]], successor eiusdem factionis, bellum contra dominos [[medicamentum|medicamentorum]] intulit, cum aliquot milia hominum necarentur. Plerumque belli medicamentorum causa, Factio Revolutionaria Institutionalis potestatem iterum anno [[2012]] cepit, sub aegide [[Henricus Peña Nieto|Henrici Peña Nieto]], se renovaturum esse promittens. Violentia autem et [[corruptio]] durabant, atque incertitudo de NAFTA res implicabant, unde mense Iulio [[2018]], [[Andreas Manuel López Obrador]] magisterium civile in [[megacyma]]te [[suffragium|suffragiorum]] vicit. {{NexInt}} *[[Bellum inter Mexicum et Civitates Foederatas]] *[[Cessio Mexicana]] *[[Codices Aztecorum]] *[[Complexus entheogenorum Mesoamericanus]] *[[Ferdinandus Cortesius]] *[[Galeones Manilenses]] *[[Index praesidum Mexici]] *[[Mutezuma II]] *[[Museum Nationale Anthropologiae (Mexicum)]] *[[Provisum Wilmotianum]] *[[Res novae Texanae]] ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== ===Generalia=== *Alisky, Marvin. [[2007]]. ''Historical Dictionary of Mexico.'' Ed. secunda. *Batalla, Guillermo Bonfil. [[1996]]. ''Mexico Profundo.'' Austinopoli: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70843-2. *Beezley, William, et Michael Meyer. [[2010]]. ''The Oxford History of Mexico.'' Ed. secunda. [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-History-Mexico-William-Beezley/dp/0199731985/ Pars et indagatio.] *Beezley, William, ed. [[2011]]. ''A Companion to Mexican History and Culture.'' Blackwell Companions to World History. [https://www.amazon.com/Companion-Mexican-History-Blackwell-Companions/dp/1405190574/ Nonnullae paginae et indagatio textualis.] *Fehrenback, T. R. [[1995]]. ''Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico.'' Editio retractata. Da Capo Press. *Hamnett, Brian R. [[2006]]. ''A concise history of Mexico.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083639/http://sytlcommunitydevelopement.com/media/a0704555a609d465ffff836effffd502.pdf Nonnullae paginae.] *Kirkwood, J. Burton. [[2009]]. ''The history of Mexico.'' Ed. secunda. ABC-CLIO. *Krauze, Enrique. [[1997]]. ''Mexico: biography of power: a history of modern Mexico, 1810–1996.'' Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins Publishers. *MacLachlan, Colin M., et William H. Beezley. [[2003]]. ''El Gran Pueblo: A History of Greater Mexico.'' Ed. tertia. *Kelly, Joyce. [[2001]]. ''An Archaeological Guide to Central and Southern Mexico.'' University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3349-X. *Kirkwood, Burton. [[2000]]. ''The History of Mexico.'' Greenwood Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091224124206/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726 Editio interretialis.] *Meyer, Michael C., William L. Sherman, et Susan M. Deeds. [[2002]]. ''The Course of Mexican History.'' Ed. septima. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202103530/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662 Editio interretialis.] *Russell, Philip L. [[2016]]. ''The essential history of Mexico: from pre-conquest to present.'' Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-84278-5. [https://books.google.com/books?id=K5xdBwAAQBAJ Google Books.] *Werner, Michael S., ed. [[1997]]. ''Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture.'' 2 vol. 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Dupee Jr. '65 Mexican History Collection in John Hay Library, comprehendens tabulas et photographemata librorum.] Bibliotheca Univseritatis Brownensis. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050842/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552620 "Economic Struggles of the 80s."] Ex [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314235531/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552619 "Embattled Country."] Ex [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110227190715/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/53901/old-mexico-vintage-photos#index/0 Photographemata prisca Mexici veteris.] ''Life magazine.'' *[http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/digitized_collections/mexico/ "Mexico: From Empire to Revolution."] Photographemata ex collectionibus Getty Research Institute de historia culturaque Mexici in imaginibus inter 1857 et 1923 factis. *[http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/ "A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War."] Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington. *[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/mexican_war.htm "US-Mexican War."] De foedere Guadalupe Hidalgo. *[http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CIVAMRCA/AZTECS.HTM "Civilizations in America."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090506050949/http://mexicanhistory.org/timeline.htm "Time Line of Mexican History."] *[http://www.history.com/topics/mexico Historia Mexici.] The History Channel. *Mayo, C. M. [http://maximilian-carlota.blogspot.com Blog de Imperio Secundi Mexici.]<!-- etiam = French Intervention--> *[http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/mexico/#history "Mexico: History."] Latin American Network Information Center, University of Texas at Austin. [[Categoria:Historia Mexici| ]]<!-- [[Category:Latin American studies]]--> {{Myrias|Historia}} rviapd5jkimz5qoznxdjz9f5pi98gg9 0 286689 3994037 3980895 2026-10-11T14:55:34Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994037 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Religion map of Switzerland in 1800 - en.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Geographia]] [[religio]]sa anno [[1800]]: [[color]]e [[aurantius|aurantio]], [[Protestantes]]; [[viridis|viride]], [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholici]].]] [[Fasciculus:Divico und Caesar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Divico]] et [[Iulius Caesar]] post [[oppugnatio Bibractis|oppugnationem Bibractis]].'' [[Adumbratio]] [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] facta.]] '''Historia Helvetiae''' ex [[1848]] [[historia]]m [[confoederatio Helvetica|confoederationis Helveticae]] tractat, [[respublica foederalis|rei publicae foederalis]] [[pagus|pagorum]] aliquantulum [[libertas|liberorum]] [[maiestas (ius constitutionale)|suique iuris]], quorum nonnullis est [[traditio]] [[foederatio|confoederationis]], quae abhinc plus quam 700 [[annus|annos]] coepit, qua pro causa Helvetia hodierna una ex veterrimis [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[respublica|rebus publicis]] exstantibus habetur. ==Ordo antecessionis pagorum== Helveticus antecessionis pagorum ordo in [[constitutio]]ne foederali datus historicum accessionis ordinem sequitur, praeter tris pagos urbanos ([[caput (urbs)|capitibus]] [[Turicum|Turico]], [[Berna]], [[Lucerna]]), in summum indicem positos.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Swiss Federal Statistical Office |title=Regional Portraits: Cantons |date=2011 |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/thematische_karten/maps/uebersichtskarte.html |location=Neuchâtel, Switzerland |accessdate=21 Decembris 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430051050/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/thematische_karten/maps/uebersichtskarte.html |archivedate=30 Aprilis 2009 |df=mdy-all }}.</ref> ;''[[Octo Pagi]]'' *[[1291]] – pagi conditores: [[Fasciculus:Wappen Uri matt.svg|20px]] [[Urania (pagus)|Urania]], [[Fasciculus:CHE Schwyz SZ COA.svg|20px]] [[Suitia]], [[Fasciculus:Wappen Unterwalden alt.svg|20px|]] [[Subsilvania]] *[[1332]] – [[Fasciculus:Lucerne-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Lucerna (pagus)|Lucerna]] *[[1351]] – [[Fasciculus:Wappen Zürich matt.svg|20px]] [[Turicum (pagus)|Turicum]] *[[1352]] – [[Fasciculus:Glaris-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Glarona (pagus)|Glarona]], [[Fasciculus:Zug-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Tugium (pagus)|Tugium]] *[[1353]] – [[Fasciculus:CHE Bern COA.svg|20px]] [[Berna (pagus)|Bern]] ;Expansio ad ''[[Tredecim Pagi|Tredecim Pagos]]'' *1481 – [[Fasciculus:Wappen Freiburg matt.svg|20px]] [[Friburgum (pagus)|Friburgum]], [[Fasciculus:Solothurn-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Solodurum (pagus)|Solodurum]] *1501 – [[Fasciculus:Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg|20px]] [[Basilea (pagus)|Basilea]], [[Fasciculus:Schaffhouse-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Scafusa (pagus)|Scafusa]] *1513 – [[Fasciculus:Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg|20px]] [[Appenzell]] ;[[Actus Mediationis]] *1803 – [[Fasciculus:Coat of arms of canton of St. Gallen.svg|20px]] [[Sanctogallum (pagus)|Sanctogallum]], [[Fasciculus:CHE Graubünden COA.svg|20px]] [[Grisonia]], [[Fasciculus:Wappen Aargau matt.svg|20px]] [[Argovia]], [[Fasciculus:Thurgovie-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Turgovia]], [[Fasciculus:Tessin-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Pagus Ticinensis]], [[Fasciculus:Wappen Waadt matt.svg|20px]] [[Pagus Valdensis]] ;[[Restitutio et Regeneratio in Helvetia|Tempus restitutionis]] *1815 – [[Fasciculus:Wappen Wallis matt.svg|20px]] [[Valesia]], [[Fasciculus:CHE Canton de Neuchâtel COA.svg|20px]] [[Novicastrum (pagus)|Novicastrum]], [[Fasciculus:Wappen Genf matt.svg|20px]] [[Genava (pagus)|Genava]] ;[[Helvetia civitas foederalis]] *1979 – [[Fasciculus:Jura-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Iura (pagus Helvetiae)|Iura]] ([[Quaestio Iurassica|secessio a Berna]]) *1999 – Proprii sex [[semipagus|semipagorum]] ut pagi ([[Fasciculus:Obwald-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Subsilvania superior]] et [[Fasciculus:Nidwald-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Subsilvania inferior]], [[Fasciculus:Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg|20px]] [[Abbatis Cella Exterior]] et [[Fasciculus:Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg|20px]] [[Abbatis Cella Interior]], [[Fasciculus:Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg|20px]] [[Pagus Basilea Urbs]] et [[Fasciculus:BaleCampagne-coat of arms.svg|20px]] [[Pagus Basilea rus]]) {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Historische Karte CH Rome 1.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Tabula]] Helvetia aetate [[imperium Romanum|Romana]].]] {{div col|2}} * [[Alamanni]] * [[Alpes]] * [[Alpes Poeninae]] * [[Ioannes Calvinus]] * [[Celtae]] * [[Comitatus Sabaudiae]] * [[Consociatio Europaea liberi commercii]] * [[Custodes Helvetici]] * [[Ducatus Sabaudiae]] * [[Foedus Pactum Helveticum]] * [[Genava]] * [[Helvetii]] * [[Historia Alpium]] * [[Historia Europae]] * [[Historiographia Helvetiae]] * [[Iura (mons)]] * [[Leponti]] * [[Lexicon Helvetiae historicum]] * [[Respublica Helvetica]] * [[Wilhelmus Thellius]] * [[Turicum]] * [[Uldrychus Zwingli]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== [[Fasciculus:Leonhard Euler 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Leonhardus Eulerus]] (1707–83), [[mathematicus]] [[physicus]], [[astronomus]], [[geographus]]. [[logica|logicus]], et [[ingeniarius]] Helveticus, unus ex eruditis maximi momenti [[Illuminismus|aetatis illuminationis]].]] *Balsiger, Jörg. [[2009]]. ''Uphill Struggles: The Politics of Sustainable Mountain Development in Switzerland and California.'' *Bonjour, E., H. S. Offler, et G. R. Potter. [[1952]]. ''A Short History of Switzerland.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20151013195101/https://www.questia.com/library/1547608/a-short-history-of-switzerland Editio interretialis.] *Burnett, Amy Nelson, et Campi, Emidio, eds. [[2016]]. ''A Companion to the Swiss Reformation.'' Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30102-3. *Church, Clive H. [[2004]]. ''The Politics and Government of Switzerland.'' Londinii: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-69277-2. *Church, Clive H., et Randolph C. Head. [[2013]]. ''A concise history of Switzerland.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521194440&ss=fro Catalogus interretialis.] *Codevilla, Angelo M. [[2000]]. ''Between the Alps and a Hard Place: Switzerland in World War II and the Rewriting of History.'' [https://www.amazon.com/dp/089526238X/ Partes et indagatio textus.] *Dalton, O. M. [[1927]]. ''The History of the Franks, by Gregory of Tours.'' Oxoniae: The Clarendon Press. *Dawson, William Harbutt. [[1897]]. ''Social Switzerland: Studies of Present-Day Social Movements and Legislation.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=TMNFAAAAIAAJ Editio interretialis (Google Books).] *Fahrni, Dieter. [[2003]]. ''An Outline History of Switzerland: From the Origins to the Present Day.'' Ed. octava, augmentata. Turici: Pro Helvetia. ISBN 3-908102-61-8. *Halbrook, Stephen P. [[2003]]. ''Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II.'' [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0306813254/ Partes et indagatio textus.] *Lerner, Marc. [[2011]]. ''A laboratory of liberty: the transformation of political culture in Republican Switzerland, 1750-1848.'' Brill. *Luck, James Murray. [[1985]]. ''A History of Switzerland: The First 100,000 Years: Before the Beginnings to the Days of the Present.'' Palo Alto Californiae: SPOSS. ISBN 0-930664-06-X. *Oechsli, Wilhelm. [[1922]]. ''History of Switzerland, 1499-1914.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=oS1pAAAAMAAJ Editio interretialis.] *Ozment, Steven E. [[1975]]. ''"The Reformation in the Cities: The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland.'' *Remak, Joachim. [[1993]]. ''A very civil war: The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847.'' *Schelbert, Leo. [[2007]]. ''Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.'' [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0810849313 Partes et indagatio textus.] *Wilson, John. [[1832]].''History of Switzerland.'' [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1177261855/ Partes et indagatio textus.] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|History of Switzerland|historiam Helvetiae}}<!-- {{Wikisource1911Enc|Switzerland/History}}--> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190308235155/http://www.swissworld.org/en/history/ Historia Helvetiae.] Swissworld.org. *[http://www.dodis.ch/ "Swiss Diplomatic Documents."] *[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Switzerland:_Primary_Documents "History of Switzerland: Primary Documents."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110309035235/http://swissamericanhistoricalsoc.org/ Situs interretialis Societatis Historicae Helvetico-Americanae proprius.] {{DEFAULTSORT:Historia Helvetiae}} [[Categoria:Historia Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Helvetiae| ]] {{Myrias|Historia}} mqr5cy4kfsia2l3k8djq830hceeyo57 0 286907 3994033 3987676 2026-10-11T14:50:09Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|right|thumb|upright=1|Prae[[colonia]]les Africae [[civitas|civitates]] ex variis temporibus.]] [[Fasciculus:Obelisk Luxor.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Obeliscus]] ad [[templum]] [[Thebae (Aegyptus)|Thebis]] in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]], circa [[1200 a.C.n.]]]] [[Fasciculus:Rytter fra Bagirmi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Eques]] [[regnum|regni]] [[regnum Baguirmi|Baguirmi]].<!--in full [[gambeson|padded armour]] suit-->]] [[Fasciculus:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Pyramides Gizenses]] pro [[symbolus|symbolis]] [[civilizatio]]nis [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypti antiquae]] sunt.]] [[Fasciculus:Carthaginianempire.PNG|thumb|upright=1|[[Imperium]] Karthaginiense.]] [[Fasciculus:Ruines de Carthage.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ruinae [[Karthago|Karthaginis]].]] [[Fasciculus:Benin bronze Louvre A97-14-1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Protome]] [[aes|aenea]] ex [[Beninum|Benino]]]] '''Historia Africae''' incipit cum [[hominidae]], [[homo|homines archaici]], et abhinc annorum saltem 200&thinsp;000 homines [[anatomia|anatomice]] moderni (''[[Homo sapiens]]'') in [[Africa Orientalis|Africa Orientali]] orireuntur, et usque ad [[praesens]] continuo pergit cento quidem variarum et [[civilitas|politice]] emergentium [[civitas nationis|civitatum nationalium]].<!--nation-states--> Prima [[historia in tabulas relata]] in [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]], ac deinde in [[Nubia]], [[Sahelia]],{{dubsig}} [[Barbaria (Africa)|Barbaria]], et [[Cornu Africae]] orta est. Historia [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africae Septentrionalis]] post [[eremopoesis|eremopoesin]] [[Sahara]]e cum historia [[Asia occidentalis|Asiae Occidentalis]] et [[Europa Meridiana|Europae Meridianae]] implicabatur, cum [[Bantuenses]] a [[Cameronia]] hodierna in [[Africa Media]] trans multum [[continens|continentis]] [[Africa Subsahariana|subsarianae]] per series [[unda|undarum]] a [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 10 a.C.n.|decimo a.C.n.]] ad [[saeculum 1|saeculum primum p.C.n.]] migrarent, [[unitas|unitatem]] [[linguistica]]m trans continentem mediam [[Africa Austrina|austrinamque]] constituentes.<!-- ==Notae== <references/>--> ==Bibliographia== *Akyeampong. Emmanuel, et Robert H. Bates, eds. [[2014]]. ''Africa's Development in Historical Perspective.'' *Collins, Robert O., et James M. Burns. [[2007]]. ''A History of Sub-Saharan Africa.'' Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68708-9. *Davidson, Basil. [[1991]]. ''Africa In History: Themes and Outlines.'' Ed. secunda, retractata et aucta. Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82667-4. *Ehret, Christopher. [[2002]]. ''The Civilizations of Africa.'' Charlottesville Virginiae: University of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-2085-X. *Iliffe, John. [[2007]]. ''Africans: The History of a Continent.'' Ed. secunda. Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-68297-8. *Lye, Keith. [[2002]]. ''Encyclopedia of African Nations and Civilization.'' Novi Eboraci: The Diagram Group. ISBN 0-8160-4568-2. *Manning, Patrick. [[2009]]. ''The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. *Manning, Patrick. [[2014]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150914082553/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3335703931/the-african-diaspora-slavery-modernity-and-globalization "The African Diaspora: Slavery, Modernity, and Globalization."] ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 47 (1): 147–. *Martin, Phyllis M., et Patrick O'Meara. [[1995]]. ''Africa.'' Ed. tertia. Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20984-6. *Page, Willie F. [[2001]]. ''Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: From Conquest to Colonization (1500–1850).'' Novi Eboraci: Learning Source Books. ISBN 0-8160-4472-4. *Shillington, Kevin. [[2005]]. ''History of Africa.'' Ed secunda, retractata. Novi Eboraci: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-59957-8. *[[Iared Diamond|Diamond, Jared M.]]. [[1999]]. ''Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-31755-2. *Stearns, Peter, ed. [[2001]]. ''The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged.'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 644651969. *''Encyclopaedia Britannica. [[1911]]. "Africa." Vol. 1, pp. 320–58. *Grimal, Nicolas. [[1988]]. ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' Librairie Arthéme Fayard. *Habachi, Labib. [[1963]]. "King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods." ''Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte'' 19:16–52. ==Bibliographia addita== *Clark, J. Desmond. [[1970]]. ''The Prehistory of Africa''. Londinii: Thames and Hudson. *Davidson, Basil. [[1964]]. ''The African Past.'' Harmondsworth: Penguin. *Fage, J. D., et Roland Oliver, eds. [[1975]]–[[1986]]. ''The Cambridge History of Africa.'' 8 vol. *Falola, Toyin. ''Africa.'' Volumina 1–5. *Freund, Bill. [[1998]]. ''The Making of Contemporary Africa.'' Boulder Colorati: Lynne Rienner. Cum "Annotated Bibliography," paginae 269–316. *Herbertson, A. J., et O. J. R. Howarth. eds. [[1914]]. ''The Oxford Survey of the British Empire.'' 6 vol. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.172714/page/n1/mode/2up De Africa.] *July, Robert. [[1998]]. ''A History of the African People.'' Waveland Press. *Killingray, David, et Richard Rathbone, eds. [[1986]]. ''Africa and the Second World War.'' Springer. *Obenga, Théophile. [[1980]]. ''Pour une Nouvelle Histoire.'' Présence Africaine. Lutetiae. *Reader, John. [[1997]]. ''Africa: A Biography of the Continent.'' Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13047-6. *Roberts, Stephen H. [[1929]]. ''History of French Colonial Policy (1870-1925).'' 2 vol. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84402 Vol. 1 interretiale.] Ettiam [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89866 Vol, 2 interretiale.] *Shillington, Kevin. [[1989]]. ''History of Africa.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's. *[[UNESCO]]. [[1980]]–[[1994]]. ''General History of Africa.'' 8 vol. *Worden, Nigel. [[1995]]. ''The Making of Modern South Africa.'' Oxoniae et Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Blackwell. ===[[Tabula geographica|Tabulae geographicae]]=== *Ajayi, A. J. F., et Michael Crowder. [[1985]]. ''Historical Atlas of Africa.'' *Fage, J. D. [[1978]]. ''Atlas of African History.'' *Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. [[1991]]. ''The New Atlas of African History.'' *Kwamena-Poh, Michael, et al. [[1982]]. ''African history in maps.'' Longman. *McEvedy, Colin. [[1996]]. ''The Penguin Atlas of African History.'' Ed. secunda. [https://www.amazon.com/Penguin-Atlas-African-History-Revised/dp/0140513213/ Pars.] ===Historiographia=== *Boyd, Kelly, ed. [[1999]]. ''Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers'' 1:4–14. Routledge. *Manning, Patrick. [[2013]]. "African and World Historiography." ''The Journal of African History'' 54 (3): 319–30. doi:10.1017/S0021853713000753. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221114212226/http://www.manning.pitt.edu/pdf/2013.Manning.JAH.pdf PDF.] *Manning, Patrick. [[2016]]. "Locating Africans on the World Stage: A Problem in World History." ''Journal of World History'' 27 (3): 605–37. ==Nexus externi== *About.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071213144544/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/countryhistoryatoz/u/PeoplePlaces.htm "African History."] *[[Museum Britannicum|The British Museum]]. 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100815022804/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa Worldtimelines.org.uk "Africa."] *[http://historyscoper.com/africahistoryscope.html "The Historyscoper."] *BBC World Service. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index.shtml "The Story of Africa."] *[http://www.kushcom.co.uk/history-of-africa/programme-information/ Historia Africae.] Kushcom. *Hooker, Richard. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527200833/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAFRCA/ABOUT.HTM#Purpose "Civilization of Africa."] [[Universitas Civica Vasintoniensis]]. *[[Museum Artis Metropolitanum|Metropolican Museum of Art]]. [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/te_index.asp?i=Africa "African Art."] *Muhammad, Khaleel. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190519102901/http://www.africankingdoms.com/ "African Kingdoms."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181050/http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=12651%2F Mapungubwe Museum.] [[Universitas Praetoriensis]]. *PBS. [https://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_wn.htm "Wonders of the African World."] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20211018021941/https://www.omarviktor.com/project-diaspora Project Diaspora.] [[Categoria:Historia Africae| ]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 17dpxvyd7zah55yk683xjt93q7iy4cu 0 292893 3994035 3956332 2026-10-11T14:55:28Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3994035 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Akan face.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Figura terracotta ex populo [[Akan]] [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] aut [[saeculum 17|septimo decimo]]. [[Museum Artis Metropolitanum]] [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]].]] [[Fasciculus:Kumasi.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Domus]] [[Asanti]]. Imago ex [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]].]] [[Fasciculus:Asante map.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Tabula geographica]] [[Imperium Asanti|Imperii Asanti]].]] [[Fasciculus:Guinea map 1725.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Tabula geographica]] [[Litus Aureum Suecicum|Litoris Aurei Suecici]].]] [[Fasciculus:Triangular trade.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Triangula [[servus|servorum]] [[commercium|commercii]] itinera [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantica]].]] [[Fasciculus:FortsSekondi.JPG|thumb|upright=1|[[Castellum|Castella]] proxima [[Britannia|Britannica]] et [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicc]] ad [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Sekondi]].]] [[Fasciculus:Aschanti Gefecht 11 july 1824 300dpi.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Proelium per [[bella Anglo-Ahanti]].]] [[Fasciculus:Viscount Garnet Joseph Wolseley.jpeg|upright=0.8|thumb|[[Garnet Wolseley]] [[eques]], maior generalis.]] [[Fasciculus:Gold Coast Map 1896.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Tabula geographica]] Coloniae Litoris Aurei Britannici (1896).]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Elmina slave castle.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The Portuguese-built [[Elmina Castle]] as purchased by Britain in 1873. It is now a World Heritage Site.]] [[Fasciculus:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-46-45.jpg|thumb|upright=1|A typical [[Dagomba people|Dagomba]] household comprising husband, wife and three children in [[Yendi]], 1957.]] [[Fasciculus:1957-03-07 A New Nation.ogv|thumbtime=0:43|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Universal Newsreel]] about the independence of Ghana]] [[Fasciculus:Ghana Independence overprint on Gold Coast 1s stamp 1957.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A postage stamp of Gold Coast overprinted for Ghanaian independence in 1957.]] --> [[Fasciculus:Kwame Nkrumah (JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Kwame Nkrumah]] anno [[1961]].]]<!-- [[Fasciculus:Ghana's 50th Independence Anniversary.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Ghana's 50th Independence Anniversary parade in Accra, March 2007.]]--> '''Historia Ganae''' [[historia|res gestas]] [[Gana|rei publicae Ganensis]] tractat, [[civitas sui iuris|civitatis nunc sui iuris]], quae ex [[Imperium Ganense|Imperio Ganensi]], [[politia]] [[medium aevum|mediaevali]] in [[Africa Occidentalis|Africa Occidentali]] sita appellatur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028144246/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570799/Ghana.html Encarta article on Ghana]: "the new state took its name from that of the medieval empire of Ghana." 1 Novembris 2009.</ref> Quod [[imperium]] in [[Europa]] et [[Arabia]] ex [[titulus|titulo]] eius [[imperator]]um notum est.<ref>{{Citation|last=Abaka|first=Edmund|title=Ghana Empire|date=27 Aprilis [[2010]]|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.47874|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Imperium ut videtur dissolutum est post eius [[terra]]s ab [[Abubacer filius Omaris|Abubacero filio Omaris]] [[Almoravides|domus Almoravidarum]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wasscehistorytextbook.com/3-islam-in-west-africa-introduction-spread-and-effects/|title=3: Islam in West Africa: Introduction, spread and effects – History Textbook|language=Anglice|access-date=21 Ianuarii 2020}}.</ref> anno [[1076]] victas. Imminutum autem [[regnum]] iam exsistebat post dicionem Almoravidensem desitam, et regnum cum [[regna Saheliana|imperiis Sahelianis]] sequentibus contributum est, sicut [[Regnum Melli|Regno Melli]] nonnulla [[saeculum|saecula]] post.<ref>{{Cite document|title=Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumBosporos: Aspects of The Bosporan Kingdom in the later Roman empire.|doi=10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a27_424}}.</ref> In [[geographia]], Imperium Ganense antiqua 800 fere [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] ad [[septentrio]]nes [[occidens|occidentemque]] Ganae [[civitas|civitatis]] hodiernae patebat, et terras in [[regio]]ne [[Senegalus|Senegali]] [[flumen|fluminis]] et ad [[oriens|orientem]] versus ad flumina [[Niger|Nigerensia]] in [[Senegallia]], [[Mauritania]], et [[Malium|Malio]] hodiernis tenebat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ushistory.org/civ/7a.asp|title=Kingdom of Ghana [ushistory.org]|website=www.ushistory.org|access-date=21 Ianuarii 2020}}.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== * Ahlman, Jeffrey S. [[2017]]. ''Living with Nkrumahism: Nation, State, and Pan-Africanism in Ghana.'' * Asare, Abena Ampofoa. [[2018]]. ''Truth without reconciliation: A human rights history of Ghana.'' University of Pennsylvania Press. *{{cite book|author=Austin, Gareth |title=Labour, Land, and Capital in Ghana: From Slavery to Free Labour in Asante, 1807-1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JGXubE9NSIC|year=2005|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=9781580461610}}. * Austin, Dennis. [[1970]]. ''Politics in Ghana, 1946-1960.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. * Biney, Ama. [[2008]]. "The Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah in Retrospect." ''Journal of Pan African Studies'' 2(3). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064300/http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist247/winter_2014/resources/LegacyOfKwameNkrumah.pdf online], historiographia. * Boahen, Adu. [[1966]]. "A new Look at the History of Ghana." ''African Affairs'' 1966: 212–22. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/719802 JSTOR.] * Boahen, A. Adu. [[1966]]. ''Mfantsipim and the Making of Ghana: a centenary history, 1876-1976.'' Sankofa Educational Publishing. * Bourret, Florence Mabel. [[1949]]. ''Gold Coast: A survey of the Gold Coast and British Togoland, 1919-1946.'' Stanford University Press. [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/36011/GIPE-023967.pdf?sequence=3 Editio interretialis..] *Buah, F. K. [[1980]]. ''A history of Ghana.'' Londinii: Macmillan. ISBN 0333295153. * Claridge, W. W. [[1915]]. ''A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti.'' * Davidson, Basil. [[1990]]. ''Black star: a view of the life and times of Kwame Nkrumah.'' * Fuller, Harcourt. [[2014]]. ''Building the Ghanaian Nation-State: Kwame Nkrumah’s Symbolic Nationalism.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=NNUaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA01 Editio interretialis.] * Gocking, Roger S. [[2005]]. ''The History of Ghana.'' [https://archive.org/details/historyofghana00gock Editio interretialis.] * Graham, Charles Kwesi. [[2013]]. ''The History of Education in Ghana: From the Earliest Times to the Declaration of Independence.'' Routledge. * McLaughlin, James L., et David Owusu-Ansah. [[1995]]. "Historical setting." In ''Ghana: A country study.'' Library of Congress. [https://www.loc.gov/item/95018891/ Editio interretialis.] * Owusu-Ansah, David. [[2014]]. ''Historical dictionary of Ghana.'' Rowman & Littlefield. * Szereszewski, R. [[1965]]. ''Structural Changes in the Economy of Ghana, 1891-1911.'' Londinii: Weidenfeld and Nicolson *Ward, W. E. F. [[1967]]. ''History of the Gold Coast: A history of Ghana.'' Ed. quarta. Londinii: Allen & Unwin. [https://archive.org/details/historyofghana0000ward Editio interretialis.] ===Fontes primarii=== * Great Britain. Colonial Office. ''Annual report on the Gold Coast'' (annual 1931-1953) [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28annual%20%22gold%20coast%22%29 online free] * Nkrumah, Kwame. [[1976]]. ''I Speak of Freedom: A Statement of African Ideology.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123756/https://www.questia.com/read/48142860/i-speak-of-freedom-a-statement-of-african-ideology Editio interretialis.] ===Fontes interretiales in Questia=== * Apter, David E. [[1963]]. ''Ghana in Transition.'' Novi Eboraci: Atheneum. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123754/https://www.questia.com/read/70519474/ghana-in-transition. * Asare, Abena Ampofoa. [[2018]]. ''Truth without Reconciliation: A Human Rights History of Ghana.'' Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press. http://www.questia.com/read/127562050/truth-without-reconciliation-a-human-rights-history{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * Biney, Ama. [[2008]]. "The Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah in Retrospect." ''Journal of Pan African Studies'' 2, no. 3: 129+. http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-192353346/the-legacy-of-kwame-nkrumah-in-retrospect{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * Boateng, E. A. [[1966]]. ''A Geography of Ghana.'' Ed secunda. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. http://www.questia.com/read/57250144/a-geography-of-ghana{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * Bourret, F. M. [[1960]]. ''Ghana, the Road to Independence, 1919-1957.'' Ed. retractata. Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629092637/https://www.questia.com/read/8117832/ghana-the-road-to-independence-1919-1957. * Foster, Philip, et Aristide R. Zolberg, eds. [[1971]]. ''Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernization''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20120824185432/http://www.questia.com/read/3085544/ghana-and-the-ivory-coast-perspectives-on-modernization. * Gebe, Boni Yao. [[2008]]. "Ghana's Foreign Policy at Independence and Implications for the 1966 Coup D'etat." ''Journal of Pan African Studies'' 2 (3): 160+. http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-192353342/ghana-s-foreign-policy-at-independence-and-implications{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * Jahoda, Gustav. [[1961]]. ''White Man: A Study of the Attitudes of Africans to Europeans in Ghana before Independence.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 1961. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123724/https://www.questia.com/read/694336/white-man-a-study-of-the-attitudes-of-africans-to. * Lentz, Carola. [[2006]]. ''Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana''. International African Library. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629092636/https://www.questia.com/read/125872346/ethnicity-and-the-making-of-history-in-northern-ghana. * Osemwengie, Ikonnaya. [[2019]]. "Living with Nkrumahism: Nation, State, and Pan-Africanism in Ghana." ''African Studies Quarterly'' 18 (3): 3+. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123910/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-595353128/living-with-nkrumahism-nation-state-and-pan-africanism. * Poe, D. Zizwe. [[2003]]. ''Kwame Nkrumah's Contribution to Pan-Africanism: An Afrocentric Analysis.'' Novi Eboraci: Routled. http://www.questia.com/read/107981752/kwame-nkrumah-s-contribution-to-pan-africanism-an{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * Quist-Adade, Charles. [[2007]]. "Ghana at Fifty Symposium: British Columbia, Canada." ''Journal of Pan African Studies'' 1 (9): 224+. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123841/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-192394167/ghana-at-fifty-symposium-british-columbia-canada. * Quist-Adade, Charles. [[2007]]. "Kwame Nkrumah, the Big Six, and the Fight for Ghana's Independence." ''Journal of Pan African Studies'' 1 (9): 230+. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123739/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-192394169/kwame-nkrumah-the-big-six-and-the-fight-for-ghana-s. * Salm, Steven J., et Toyin Falola. [[2002]]. ''Culture and Customs of Ghana''. Westport Connecticutae: Greenwood Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123927/https://www.questia.com/read/101350359/culture-and-customs-of-ghana. * Schittecatte, Catherine. [[2012]]. "From Nkrumah to NEPAD and Beyond: Has Anything Changed?" ''Journal of Pan African Studies'' 4 (9): 58+. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123821/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-306596679/from-nkrumah-to-nepad-and-beyond-has-anything-changed. * Smertin, Yuri. [[1987]]. ''Kwame Nkrumah.'' Novi Eboraci: International Publishers. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123736/https://www.questia.com/read/54335783/kwame-nkrumah. * Tettey, Wisdom J., Korbla P. Puplampu, et Bruce J. Berman, eds. [[2003]]. ''Critical Perspectives in Politics and Socio-Economic Development in Ghana''. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110123831/https://www.questia.com/read/109306612/critical-perspectives-in-politics-and-socio-economic. ==Nexus externi== {{Fontes geographici}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20211021020539/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2552/ "Ghana, One Year Old: a First Independence Anniversary Review."] * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22gold+coast%22%29&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22texts%22&sort=-date Libri de Litore Aureo.] [[Categoria:Historia Ganae| ]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 58zbuswgbwztjsyo1lghkl4xlhlyz0z 0 296398 3994060 3616898 2026-10-11T15:27:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Notae */ 3994060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | Retinitis pigmentosa |- ! colspan="2" | Cognitores |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Medicina|Disciplina medica]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | [[Ophthalmologia]] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[ICD-9]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | 362.74 |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[ICD-10]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | H35.- |- ! colspan="2" | Rationes clinicae |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | <div style="position: relative;">[[Fasciculus:Fundus of patient with retinitis pigmentosa, mid stage.jpg|250px|Retinitis pigmentosus]]</div> |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 85%; width:250px" | [[fundus (oculus)|Fundus ophthalmologicus]] apud retinitidem pigmentosam |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Pathologia]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | [[genetica]] |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Symptoma]]ta'' || style="font-size: 85%" | Amaurosis nocturnam,<br />Visus periphericus reductus |- | style="font-size: 85%" | ''[[Therapia]]'' || style="font-size: 85%" | [[Retinylopalmitatum]] |} '''Retinitis pigmentosa''' est morbus geneticus, retinas oculorum itaque visum afficiens<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Hartong D. T., Berson E. L., Dryja T. P. |title=Retinitis pigmentosa |journal=Lancet |year=2006 |month=Nov |volume=368 |issue=9549 |pages=1795-809 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17113430/}}</ref>. Plus quam 70 [[genum|gena]] descripta sunt<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Xiu-Feng Huang |title=Current Pharmacological Concepts in the Treatment of the Retinitis Pigmentosa |journal=Advances in experimental medicine and biology |year=2018 |volume=1074 |pages=439-45 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29721974/}}</ref>. Mutationibus geneticis causa primum [[neuron bipolare bacillotopicum|neurona bipolaria bacillotopica]] degenerant. In morbi cursu aegroti "visionem cuniculi" patiantur, praeterea etiam [[neuron bipolare conotopicum|neurona bipolaria conotopica]] damnum capiant. Initium morbi saepe in infantia occurrit. Caecitas totalis rarissime narratur. Tractatio per [[retinylopalmitatum]] et [[acidum adipatum omega 3|acida adipata omega 3]] fit, in parte per [[acidum valproicum]]<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Chen W.-J., Ma L., et al. |title=Valproic acid's effects on visual acuity in retinitis pigmentosa: a systemic review and Meta-analysis |journal=International journal of ophthalmology |year=2019 |month=Ian |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=129-34 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30662852/}}</ref>. [[Fasciculus:Tunnel vision sc.png|thumb|"Visio cuniculi" (infra)]] == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Peter A. Campochiaro, Tahreem A. Mir. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135094621730071X The mechanism of cone cell death in Retinitis Pigmentosa]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2018: 24-37 {{NexInt}} * [[Caecitas]] * [[Cuniculus (aedificium)]] == Nexus externi == * ''Institutum oculorum nationalis'' de [https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/retinitis-pigmentosa retinitide pigmentosa] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205230/http://kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/downloads/Understand-Retinitis-Pigmentosa.pdf Retinitidem pigmentosam intellegere] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{med-stipula}} [[Categoria:Ophthalmologia]] r5k4d6svsorwbvqsan94jngwb6w90ip 0 304706 3994082 3732751 2026-10-11T17:53:01Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3994082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Banda Neira 1724.jpg|thumb|Insula Banda Nigra circa annum 1724]] '''Insulae Bandanae'''<ref>[[Didericus Walterus Iacobus Carolus van Lijnden|Didericι Walterι Iacobι Carolι van Lijnden]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=05tdAAAAcAAJ&q=insulae+bandanae#v=snippet&q=insulae%20bandanae&f=false ''Dissertatio ... de commercio Societatis Indiæ Orientalis'', Schoonhoviae 1839, pp. 26, 32, 62]; {{Creanda|de|Johann Christoph Bekmann|Ioannes Christophorus Bekmann|Ioannis Christophori Bekmann}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=c4xaAAAAQAAJ&q=insularum+bandanarum#v=snippet&q=insularum%20bandanarum&f=false ''Historia orbis terrarum, geographica et civilis,...'', Francofurti ad Oderam, 1685, p. 589].</ref> ([[Indonesice]] ''Kepulauan Banda'') sunt [[archipelagus]] in [[mare Bandanum|mari Bandano]], [[Moluccae insulae|Moluccarum insularum]] pars. Area insularum tota circa 150 chm² est. Incolarum circa 15 milia habent. Insula archipelagi maxima Banda nominatur<ref>{{Creanda|nl|Anthony Hendrik van der Boon Mesch|Antonius Henricus van der Boon Mesch|Antonii Henrici van der Boon Mesch}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=BggAAAAAQAAJ&q=insulae+bandae#v=snippet&q=insulae%20bandae&f=false ''Disputatio geologica de incendiis montium igni ardentium insulae Iavae'', Lugduni Batavorum, 1826, p. 86].</ref>; praeter eam sex insulae habitatae sunt et permultae parvae et desertae. [[Nux moschata]] insulis Bandanis nativa non solum bellorum multorum sed et incolarum pristinorum archipelagi caesorum et expulsorum causa fuit. == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Insulae Bandanae|!]] 4xxkw4dedx35r9w4jjnh61rcgtkxqte 3994103 3994082 2026-10-12T03:38:06Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3994103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Banda Neira 1724.jpg|thumb|Insula Banda Nigra circa annum 1724]] {{res|Insulae Bandanae}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=[[Didericus Walterus Iacobus Carolus van Lijnden|Didericι Walterι Iacobι Carolι van Lijnden]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=05tdAAAAcAAJ&q=insulae+bandanae#v=snippet&q=insulae%20bandanae&f=false ''Dissertatio ... de commercio Societatis Indiæ Orientalis'', Schoonhoviae 1839, pp. 26, 32, 62]; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Christophorus Bekmann|Ioannis Christophori Bekmann|de|qid=Q105443}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=c4xaAAAAQAAJ&q=insularum+bandanarum#v=snippet&q=insularum%20bandanarum&f=false ''Historia orbis terrarum, geographica et civilis,...'', Francofurti ad Oderam, 1685, p. 589].|2=Q105443}} ([[Indonesice]] ''Kepulauan Banda'') sunt [[archipelagus]] in [[mare Bandanum|mari Bandano]], [[Moluccae insulae|Moluccarum insularum]] pars. Area insularum tota circa 150 chm² est. Incolarum circa 15 milia habent. Insula archipelagi maxima Banda nominatur{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Antonius Henricus van der Boon Mesch|Antonii Henrici van der Boon Mesch|nl|qid=Q15445801}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=BggAAAAAQAAJ&q=insulae+bandae#v=snippet&q=insulae%20bandae&f=false ''Disputatio geologica de incendiis montium igni ardentium insulae Iavae'', Lugduni Batavorum, 1826, p. 86].|2=Q15445801}}; praeter eam sex insulae habitatae sunt et permultae parvae et desertae. [[Nux moschata]] insulis Bandanis nativa non solum bellorum multorum sed et incolarum pristinorum archipelagi caesorum et expulsorum causa fuit. == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Insulae Bandanae|!]] cqp3v41qclpfdfvmrvtxpo1xkfwbz0p 0 304717 3994081 3732891 2026-10-11T17:52:10Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3994081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Arrival, at the Dalem of the Sultan of Tidore (1776-1851) RP-P-OB-66.594.jpg|thumb|[[Sultanus|Sultani]] Tidorensis palatium [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] ineunte.]] '''Tidor'''<ref>Gen. ''Tidoris'', — [[Didericus Walterus Iacobus Carolus van Lijnden|Didericι Walterι Iacobι Carolι van Lijnden]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=05tdAAAAcAAJ&q=Tidoris#v=snippet&q=Tidoris&f=false ''Dissertatio ... de commercio Societatis Indiæ Orientalis'', Schoonhoviae 1839].</ref>, vulgo '''Tidore''', est [[insula]] [[Indonesia]]e prope [[Halmahera]]m et [[Ternata]]m sita. Una ex [[insulae Moluccae|insularum Moluccarum]] est. [[Mare Moluccense]] litora Ternatae alluit. [[Area geographica|Area]] insulae 116 chm² est. Incolarum circa 80 milia habet. Urbs insulae maxima [[Soasio]] est. [[Sultanatus Tidoris]] antiquus multas terras possidebat; [[caryophyllum]] hic producebatur, et eius [[mercatus]] moderandi causa multa bella gerebantur. [[Hispani]] Tidorem adiuvabant, [[Batavi]] Ternatam; solum [[Indonesia]] liberata et unita post [[bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum orbis terrarum alterum]] [[sultanatus]] desiit. == Notae == <references/> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Insulae Indonesiae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Moluccae]] 4sy8oxvr1cjqyd8ntcdvv3tt6bhn53b 0 306568 3994056 3993743 2026-10-11T15:17:57Z Grufo 64423 {{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}} 3994056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|urbe|flumen|Saletsa (flumen)}}{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} {{res|Saletsa}}<ref>[[Ioannes Georgius Theodorus Graesse|J. G. Th. Graesse]], ''[[Orbis Latinus]]'', [[Brunsvicum|Brunopoli]] 1972, [https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00050914/images/index.html?id=00050914&groesser=&fip=193.174.98.30&no=&seite=310 vol. III, p. 308].</ref> ([[Lettonice]] ''Salacgrīva'', [[Theodisce]] antea ''Salis'', [[Russice]] ''Салисы'') est urbs [[Lettonia]]e in [[Livonia]] regione historica situm. Ad litus [[sinus Rigensis]] in ostio [[Saletsa (flumen)|fluminis eiusdem nominis]] sita est. Incolas 3269 anno 2017 habuit. ==Historia== Ab anno 1226 nota est, cum castellum [[Albrechtus de Buxthoeven|Albrechti de Buxthoeven]] episcopi [[Riga]]e hic aedifucatum est (saeculo XVIII destructum est). Circa eum colonia piscatorum [[lingua Livonica|Livonum]] crescebat. Ab anno 1561 in [[Ducatus Ultradunensis|ducatu Ultradunensi]], ab anno 1629 in [[Liflandia]] provincia [[Suecia]]e, ab anno 1710 in [[gubernium Liflandense|gubernio Liflandensi]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]], ab anno 1917 Lettonica. [[Fasciculus:Bm02005abm.jpg|thumb|left|Saletsa circa annum 1780 (e libro {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Christophorus Brotze|Ioannis Christophori Brotze|de|qid=Q73522}})]] ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} * [https://www.salacgriva.lv/lat/salacgrivas_novads/ Situs proprius] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Categoria:Urbes Lettoniae]] [[Categoria:Livonia]] [[Categoria:Portus maris Baltici]] bo70fihku9jt9rskrg9ynsxjwand0rs 5 313985 3994100 3848177 2026-10-12T01:44:49Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:De hac redirectione|De hac redirectione]]}} 3994100 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vicipaedia:Tituli petiti]] {{De hac redirectione}} 1wwz3n695740agcjt13o8ltnpta7ikd 5 314174 3994101 3889939 2026-10-12T01:45:08Z Grufo 64423 +{{[[Formula:De hac redirectione|De hac redirectione]]}} 3994101 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vicipaedia:Officina]] {{De hac redirectione}} lcd6466ol5jn7twqlir1aok8pvxgrgr 2 314478 3994110 3992165 2026-10-12T05:50:10Z Grufo 64423 3994110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notae caducae | titulus = Memoranda | pagina = /notae }} [[Specialis:Praefixa/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|Subpaginae]]: * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Facienda|Facienda]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta|Experimenta]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Tabularium|Tabularium]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum]] * [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Annotationes|Annotationes]] == Annotationes == * [[:Categoria:Categoriae exploratoriae]] * <code>[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/6d93921797f12b82dea25f3a9ce40cd3008a66f0/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mw.lua#L208-L511 newFrame]</code> * <code>[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/703942affa454493cfcc240d41eeb81ac10c9c03/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/LuaEngine.php#L687-L689 newChildFrame]</code> * {{Nexus planus | 1 = //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Acategory&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%22fields%22%3A%7B%22intitle%22%3A%22category%22%7D%7D&ns8=1 | 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Anglicae }} * [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/design-tokens/color.html Color _ Codex] * {{Nexus cum parametris | search = intitle:category | profile = advanced | fulltext = 1 | advancedSearch-current = {"fields":{"intitle":"category"}<nowiki />} | ns8 = 1 | 1 = Specialis:Quaerere | 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Latinae }} * {{Nexus cum parametris | 1 = Specialis:Quaerere | 2 = Paginae documentationis quae &#123;&#123;Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae&#125;&#125; requirunt | search = insource:/\{{!}}\s*!\s*\]\]/i | limit = 500 | offset = 0 | ns10 = 1 | sort = last_edit_desc | searchToken = d52ms0m5mhbjrlausqohxllfv }} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\<ref[^>\/]*\>[^<]*\{\{safesubst:/i|Annotationes cui est <code>safesubst:</code>|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\<ref[^>\/]*\>[^<]*\{\{subst:/i|Annotationes cui est <code>subst:</code>|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/invoke:params/i|Ubi modulus Params adhibeatur|intra=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,100,101,118,119,710,711,829|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}} * [[Formula:Thesaurus veterum formularum]] * [[:en:Category:Disambiguation pages not identified by Wikidata]] * [[:en:Category:Disambiguation pages with (qualified) titles]] * [[:en:Help:Reporting issues on other wikis]] * [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?limit=500&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&search=MediaWiki%3AEditcheck-&fulltext=1&ns0=1&ns1276=1&ns1284=1&ns1256=1&ns1214=1&ns1286=1&ns1272=1&ns1264=1&ns1242=1&ns1250=1&ns1236=1&ns1202=1&ns1218=1&ns1254=1&ns1266=1&ns1248=1&ns1228=1&ns1262=1&ns1240=1&ns1244=1&ns1268=1&ns1278=1&ns1210=1&ns1258=1&ns1280=1&ns8=1&ns1230=1&ns1246=1&ns1212=1&ns1260=1&ns1204=1&ns1220=1&ns1234=1&ns1216=1&ns1270=1&ns1222=1&ns1274=1&ns1288=1&ns1238=1&ns1226=1&ns1208=1&ns1252=1&ns1200=1&ns1232=1&ns1282=1&ns1206=1&ns1224=1&searchToken=9vmbetnzq0m2s2b1rfq3j8gfr MediaWiki:Editcheck-...] * [[:meta:Community Wishlist/Wishes]] == De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum == * [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio” – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]] * [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] * [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-0]] * [[Specialis:Nexus ad paginam/Alkinum]] * [[MediaWiki:Hf-nsheader-Adumbratio]] * [[MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-118]] * [[MediaWiki:Draft header]] * [[MediaWiki:Namespacenotice-118]] == Alia == * [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Edit notice]] * [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Sitenotice]] * [[Mw:Extension:PageNotice]] * [[phab:T405104|Consider linting/deprecating blank template parameter names – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T430383|Introduce a parser function that allows editors to define a maximum cache validity interval for a page – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431913|TemplateData's custom format does not support the tab character – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431938|Add support for :focus-within when the content model is “sanitized-css” – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T431940|Allow TemplateData to specify the intended template invocation method – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T432542|Add a returnType field to TemplateData – Phabricator]] * [[phab:T434632|Allow CSS variables in counter() and counter-increment – Phabricator]] * [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#The_language_is_called_%E2%80%9CLatinum%E2%80%9D,_not_%E2%80%9CLatina%E2%80%9D translatewiki:Support § The language is called “Latinum”, not “Latina”] * [[phab:T439197|pairs(mw.title) does not enumerate all title properties – Phabricator]] 3udqsgsn3n7xbsdefmttp2i4zkrnw4w 10 321031 3994095 3992740 2026-10-12T01:38:28Z Grufo 64423 +[[:Categoria:Paginae disputationis ad suas paginas coniunctas redigentes]] 3994095 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|disputationis|annuntiationis}} | imago = Soft redirect arrow.svg | color = #3366aa | 1 = {{#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|14 | ; Haec categoria est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] : Ad categorias [[Vicipaedia Latina|Vicipaediae Latinae]] explorandas, “'''{{{sourcePage}}}'''” et “'''[[:{{{fullText}}}]]'''” tamquam synonyma tractantur. Oportet tamen hanc categoriam '''nullam paginam neque ullam subcategoriam continere'''.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Categoriae quae sunt redirectiones]]{{#ifeq:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:{{PAGENAME}}|all}}|0||[[Categoria:Categoriae non vacuae quae sunt redirectiones]]}}}} | {{#if:{{{fragment|}}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] ad capitulum : Haec pagina ad capitulum '''[[{{{prefixedText|}}}#{{{fragment}}}|{{{prefixedText|}}} § {{{fragment}}}]]''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula]]}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] : In [[Vicipaedia Latina]] {{#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|10 | formulae &#123;&#123;'''{{PAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}'''&#125;&#125; et &#123;&#123;'''{{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|10 | [[:{{{fullText}}}|{{{text}}}]] | [[:{{{fullText}}}]] }}'''&#125;&#125; | “'''{{{sourcePage}}}'''” et “'''[[:{{{fullText}}}]]'''” }} tamquam synonyma tractantur. }} }}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | {{#if: {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|3 | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | {{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} | + }} | + }} | + }} | {{#ifexist:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|119 | ; Disputationes ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] coniunctae : Quum pagina coniuncta in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paretur, disputationes ibidem inveniuntur. | {{#ifeq:{{{fullText}}}|{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Hic non sunt disputationes, quia ipsa pagina coniuncta est pagina disputationis.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis ad suas paginas coniunctas redigentes]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | | ; Disputationes ad aliud spatium nominale motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }}{{#ifeq:{{{ratio|}}}|collectio | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est pars alicuius rei maioris vel illic sunt relatae disputationes quae saepius visitantur. | {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{{sourcePage}}}|{{{fullText}}}|1|true}}|1 | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est subpagina alicuius paginae maioris. | {{#switch:{{#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}}} | {{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} = ; Disputationes unā cum pagina annexa motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia unā cum pagina annexa mota est. | = ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent]]}} | #default = ; Redirectio incongruens : Haec redirectio paginae annexae non congruit. Fortasse per errorem creata est.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt]]}} }} }} }} }} }} | ; Redirectio delenda : Haec redirectio delenda est, quia est in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio]] disputationis et paginā coniunctā caret.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Deletiones celeres propositae]]}} }} | ; Redirectio ad disputationes alterius usoris : Haec pagina ad disputationes alterius usoris redigit, quia plura nomina ad singulum hominem pertinent aut nomen usoris mutatum est. }} | {{#if: {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|2 | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | {{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} | + }} | + }} | + }} | {{#if:{{#invoke:params|new|pulling|sourcePage|with_value_matching|^%s*VP:%S|or|^%s*A:%S|value_of|sourcePage}} | ; Hoc est compendium : [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|Compendia]] sunt nexūs breves qui accessum facilem ad paginas praebent. Paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] encyclopaedico non solent fieri compendia, multa autem sunt compendia paginarum quae in spatiis nominalibus <code>Vicipaedia:</code> et <code>Auxilium:</code> iacent.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Compendia]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|118 | ; Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] redigit : Haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{{text}}}|{{{sourcePage}}}|in|(sub titulo “{{{text}}})” in}} [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paratur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | | {{#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|118 | ; Haec fuit adumbratio : Pagina “[[:{{{fullText}}}]]” olim hic parata est.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes perfectae]]}} | ; Redirectio ad aliud spatium nominale : Haec pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }} }} }} }} | ; Redirectio ad alium usorem : Haec pagina usoris ad alium usorem redigit, quia plura nomina ad singulum hominem pertinent aut nomen usoris mutatum est. }} }}{{#if:{{{qid|}}} | ; Haec redirectio est ad [[Vicidata]] annexa : Entitas Vicidatorum [[:d:{{{qid}}}|{{Sin secus|{{#invoke:vicidata|appellatio|tessera={{{qid}}}}}|{{{qid}}}|“|” <small>({{{qid}}})</small>}}]] huic redirectioni nectitur. Quod indicare solet hanc redirectionem esse caducam et paginam Latinam quae talem entitatem interpretatur hic exspectari. }}{{#if:{{{recensio|}}} | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec [[Specialis:PermanentLink/{{{recensio}}}|fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}]], quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{olim|}}}|pagina | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}, quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} }} }}{{#ifeq:{{{subpageText|}}}|{{{text|}}} | | ; Haec est redirectio ad [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpaginam]] : Pagina “'''[[:{{{fullText|}}}|/{{{subpageText|}}}]]'''” sub pagina “'''[[:{{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|0||{{ns:{{{namespace}}}}}:}}{{{baseText|}}}]]'''” iacet. }}{{#if:{{{cum-disputationibus|}}} | ; Huic redirectioni sunt disputationes : De hac pagina [[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|disputatum est]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones cum disputationibus]]}} }}{{#switch:{{{protectio|}}} | partialis = ; Haec redirectio partim protegitur : [[Formula:Invitatio|Ustricibus usoribusque ignotis]] {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|hoc tempore|'''intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}'''}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|non licet]] hanc paginam recensere. Si nomine Vicipaediano cares, quaesumus ut emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}} proponas vel nomen [[Special:Userlogin|crees]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae semi-protectae]]}} | plena = ; Haec redirectio protegitur : Ob [[Vicipaedia:Malefactor|maleficia]] perpetua haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|ad tempus|intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta]] est. Suggere, quaesumus, emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}}, vel pete a [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratu]] ut pagina deprotegatur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae protectae]]}} }}{{#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|fullText| pulling|sourcePage| reassigning|sourcePage|1|rename| reassigning|fullText|2|rename| entering_substack| with_value_matching|%s+%(nomen%)$|or|%s+%(praenomen%)$|or|%s+%(cognomen%)$| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|2| leaving_substack| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$| mapping_by_mixing|1| flushing| providing|1|0| providing|2|0| sequential| list_values }} | 10 = {{#if:{{{fragment|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{targetIsDisambiguationPage}}}|true|+}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad paginam '''tacite discretivam''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva corrigenda : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad paginam '''non discretivam''' male redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae false dicunt se esse discretivas]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} }} | 20 = {{#if:{{{fragment|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{targetIsDisambiguationPage}}}|true|+}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva nominis : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] nominis ad paginam '''tacite discretivam''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae de nominibus discretivae]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva nominis corrigenda : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] nominis ad paginam '''non discretivam''' male redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae false dicunt se esse discretivas]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} }} | 01 = ; Redirectio ad paginam discretivam : Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas aperte discretivas]][[Categoria:Tituli ambigui]]}} | 02 = ; Redirectio ad paginam discretivam nominis : Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam nominis]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas aperte discretivas]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Tituli ambigui]]}} | 11 = ; Redirectio inter paginas discretivas : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad aliam paginam discretivam redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 12 = ; Redirectio a pagina discretiva ad paginam discretivam nominis : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad paginam discretivam nominis redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 21 = ; Redirectio a pagina discretiva nominis ad paginam discretivam : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva nominis]] ad paginam discretivam redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 22 = ; Redirectio inter paginas discretivas nominis : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva nominis]] ad aliam paginam discretivam nominis redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 00 = {{#ifeq:{{{targetIsDisambiguationPage}}}|true | ; Redirectio inter paginas tacite discretivas : Haec pagina ad paginam tacite [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Tituli ambigui]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas tacite discretivas]]}} }} }}{{#if:{{{annotatio|}}} | ; Annotatio de hac redirectione addita est {{Vitta sententiae|color=#fff|1={{{annotatio}}}}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio formulae machinariae}}</noinclude> mvluth0ow5702zigg07wndb6yc9kyaa 3994097 3994095 2026-10-12T01:41:24Z Grufo 64423 [[:Categoria:Paginae disputationis ad suas paginas coniunctas redigentes]] → [[:Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae ad paginas eis coniunctas redigunt]] 3994097 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|disputationis|annuntiationis}} | imago = Soft redirect arrow.svg | color = #3366aa | 1 = {{#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|14 | ; Haec categoria est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] : Ad categorias [[Vicipaedia Latina|Vicipaediae Latinae]] explorandas, “'''{{{sourcePage}}}'''” et “'''[[:{{{fullText}}}]]'''” tamquam synonyma tractantur. Oportet tamen hanc categoriam '''nullam paginam neque ullam subcategoriam continere'''.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Categoriae quae sunt redirectiones]]{{#ifeq:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:{{PAGENAME}}|all}}|0||[[Categoria:Categoriae non vacuae quae sunt redirectiones]]}}}} | {{#if:{{{fragment|}}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] ad capitulum : Haec pagina ad capitulum '''[[{{{prefixedText|}}}#{{{fragment}}}|{{{prefixedText|}}} § {{{fragment}}}]]''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula]]}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] : In [[Vicipaedia Latina]] {{#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|10 | formulae &#123;&#123;'''{{PAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}'''&#125;&#125; et &#123;&#123;'''{{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|10 | [[:{{{fullText}}}|{{{text}}}]] | [[:{{{fullText}}}]] }}'''&#125;&#125; | “'''{{{sourcePage}}}'''” et “'''[[:{{{fullText}}}]]'''” }} tamquam synonyma tractantur. }} }}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | {{#if: {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|3 | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | {{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} | + }} | + }} | + }} | {{#ifexist:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|119 | ; Disputationes ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] coniunctae : Quum pagina coniuncta in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paretur, disputationes ibidem inveniuntur. | {{#ifeq:{{{fullText}}}|{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Hic non sunt disputationes, quia ipsa pagina coniuncta est pagina disputationis.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae ad paginas eis coniunctas redigunt]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | | ; Disputationes ad aliud spatium nominale motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }}{{#ifeq:{{{ratio|}}}|collectio | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est pars alicuius rei maioris vel illic sunt relatae disputationes quae saepius visitantur. | {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{{sourcePage}}}|{{{fullText}}}|1|true}}|1 | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est subpagina alicuius paginae maioris. | {{#switch:{{#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}}} | {{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} = ; Disputationes unā cum pagina annexa motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia unā cum pagina annexa mota est. | = ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent]]}} | #default = ; Redirectio incongruens : Haec redirectio paginae annexae non congruit. Fortasse per errorem creata est.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt]]}} }} }} }} }} }} | ; Redirectio delenda : Haec redirectio delenda est, quia est in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio]] disputationis et paginā coniunctā caret.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Deletiones celeres propositae]]}} }} | ; Redirectio ad disputationes alterius usoris : Haec pagina ad disputationes alterius usoris redigit, quia plura nomina ad singulum hominem pertinent aut nomen usoris mutatum est. }} | {{#if: {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|2 | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | {{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} | + }} | + }} | + }} | {{#if:{{#invoke:params|new|pulling|sourcePage|with_value_matching|^%s*VP:%S|or|^%s*A:%S|value_of|sourcePage}} | ; Hoc est compendium : [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|Compendia]] sunt nexūs breves qui accessum facilem ad paginas praebent. Paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] encyclopaedico non solent fieri compendia, multa autem sunt compendia paginarum quae in spatiis nominalibus <code>Vicipaedia:</code> et <code>Auxilium:</code> iacent.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Compendia]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|118 | ; Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] redigit : Haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{{text}}}|{{{sourcePage}}}|in|(sub titulo “{{{text}}})” in}} [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paratur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | | {{#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|118 | ; Haec fuit adumbratio : Pagina “[[:{{{fullText}}}]]” olim hic parata est.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes perfectae]]}} | ; Redirectio ad aliud spatium nominale : Haec pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }} }} }} }} | ; Redirectio ad alium usorem : Haec pagina usoris ad alium usorem redigit, quia plura nomina ad singulum hominem pertinent aut nomen usoris mutatum est. }} }}{{#if:{{{qid|}}} | ; Haec redirectio est ad [[Vicidata]] annexa : Entitas Vicidatorum [[:d:{{{qid}}}|{{Sin secus|{{#invoke:vicidata|appellatio|tessera={{{qid}}}}}|{{{qid}}}|“|” <small>({{{qid}}})</small>}}]] huic redirectioni nectitur. Quod indicare solet hanc redirectionem esse caducam et paginam Latinam quae talem entitatem interpretatur hic exspectari. }}{{#if:{{{recensio|}}} | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec [[Specialis:PermanentLink/{{{recensio}}}|fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}]], quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{olim|}}}|pagina | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}, quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} }} }}{{#ifeq:{{{subpageText|}}}|{{{text|}}} | | ; Haec est redirectio ad [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpaginam]] : Pagina “'''[[:{{{fullText|}}}|/{{{subpageText|}}}]]'''” sub pagina “'''[[:{{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|0||{{ns:{{{namespace}}}}}:}}{{{baseText|}}}]]'''” iacet. }}{{#if:{{{cum-disputationibus|}}} | ; Huic redirectioni sunt disputationes : De hac pagina [[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|disputatum est]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones cum disputationibus]]}} }}{{#switch:{{{protectio|}}} | partialis = ; Haec redirectio partim protegitur : [[Formula:Invitatio|Ustricibus usoribusque ignotis]] {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|hoc tempore|'''intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}'''}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|non licet]] hanc paginam recensere. Si nomine Vicipaediano cares, quaesumus ut emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}} proponas vel nomen [[Special:Userlogin|crees]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae semi-protectae]]}} | plena = ; Haec redirectio protegitur : Ob [[Vicipaedia:Malefactor|maleficia]] perpetua haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|ad tempus|intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta]] est. Suggere, quaesumus, emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}}, vel pete a [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratu]] ut pagina deprotegatur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae protectae]]}} }}{{#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|fullText| pulling|sourcePage| reassigning|sourcePage|1|rename| reassigning|fullText|2|rename| entering_substack| with_value_matching|%s+%(nomen%)$|or|%s+%(praenomen%)$|or|%s+%(cognomen%)$| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|2| leaving_substack| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$| mapping_by_mixing|1| flushing| providing|1|0| providing|2|0| sequential| list_values }} | 10 = {{#if:{{{fragment|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{targetIsDisambiguationPage}}}|true|+}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad paginam '''tacite discretivam''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva corrigenda : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad paginam '''non discretivam''' male redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae false dicunt se esse discretivas]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} }} | 20 = {{#if:{{{fragment|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{targetIsDisambiguationPage}}}|true|+}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva nominis : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] nominis ad paginam '''tacite discretivam''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae de nominibus discretivae]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva nominis corrigenda : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] nominis ad paginam '''non discretivam''' male redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae false dicunt se esse discretivas]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} }} | 01 = ; Redirectio ad paginam discretivam : Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas aperte discretivas]][[Categoria:Tituli ambigui]]}} | 02 = ; Redirectio ad paginam discretivam nominis : Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam nominis]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas aperte discretivas]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Tituli ambigui]]}} | 11 = ; Redirectio inter paginas discretivas : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad aliam paginam discretivam redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 12 = ; Redirectio a pagina discretiva ad paginam discretivam nominis : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad paginam discretivam nominis redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 21 = ; Redirectio a pagina discretiva nominis ad paginam discretivam : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva nominis]] ad paginam discretivam redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 22 = ; Redirectio inter paginas discretivas nominis : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva nominis]] ad aliam paginam discretivam nominis redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 00 = {{#ifeq:{{{targetIsDisambiguationPage}}}|true | ; Redirectio inter paginas tacite discretivas : Haec pagina ad paginam tacite [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Tituli ambigui]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas tacite discretivas]]}} }} }}{{#if:{{{annotatio|}}} | ; Annotatio de hac redirectione addita est {{Vitta sententiae|color=#fff|1={{{annotatio}}}}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio formulae machinariae}}</noinclude> 971jg58011y9lkotwybdedufy3uy31t 3994117 3994097 2026-10-12T06:49:41Z Grufo 64423 3994117 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|disputationis|annuntiationis}} | imago = Soft redirect arrow.svg | color = #3366aa | 1 = {{#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|14 | ; Haec categoria est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] : Ad categorias [[Vicipaedia Latina|Vicipaediae Latinae]] explorandas, “'''{{{sourcePage}}}'''” et “'''[[:{{{fullText}}}]]'''” tamquam synonyma tractantur. Oportet tamen hanc categoriam '''nullam paginam neque ullam subcategoriam continere'''.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Categoriae quae sunt redirectiones]]{{#ifeq:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:{{PAGENAME}}|all}}|0||[[Categoria:Categoriae non vacuae quae sunt redirectiones]]}}}} | {{#if:{{{fragment|}}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] ad capitulum : Haec pagina ad capitulum '''[[{{{prefixedText|}}}#{{{fragment}}}|{{{prefixedText|}}} § {{{fragment}}}]]''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad capitula]]}} | ; Haec est [[Vicipaedia:redirectio|redirectio]] : In [[Vicipaedia Latina]] {{#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|10 | formulae &#123;&#123;'''{{PAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}'''&#125;&#125; et &#123;&#123;'''{{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|10 | [[:{{{fullText}}}|{{{text}}}]] | [[:{{{fullText}}}]] }}'''&#125;&#125; | “'''{{{sourcePage}}}'''” et “'''[[:{{{fullText}}}]]'''” }} tamquam synonyma tractantur. }} }}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | {{#if: {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|3 | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | {{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} | + }} | + }} | + }} | {{#ifexist:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|119 | ; Disputationes ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] coniunctae : Quum pagina coniuncta in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paretur, disputationes ibidem inveniuntur. | {{#ifeq:{{{fullText}}}|{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}} | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Hic non sunt disputationes, quia pagina coniuncta est pagina disputationis ipsa.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae ad paginas eis coniunctas redigunt]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | | ; Disputationes ad aliud spatium nominale motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }}{{#ifeq:{{{ratio|}}}|collectio | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est pars alicuius rei maioris vel illic sunt relatae disputationes quae saepius visitantur. | {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|find|{{{sourcePage}}}|{{{fullText}}}|1|true}}|1 | ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia [[:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina coniuncta]] est subpagina alicuius paginae maioris. | {{#switch:{{#invoke:redirection|get_target_page|{{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}}} | {{SUBJECTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} = ; Disputationes unā cum pagina annexa motae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit, quia unā cum pagina annexa mota est. | = ; Disputationes in singulum locum collectae : Haec pagina disputationis ad alias disputationes redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent]]}} | #default = ; Redirectio incongruens : Haec redirectio paginae annexae non congruit. Fortasse per errorem creata est.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt]]}} }} }} }} }} }} | ; Redirectio delenda : Haec redirectio delenda est, quia est in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio]] disputationis et paginā coniunctā caret.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Deletiones celeres propositae]]}} }} | ; Redirectio ad disputationes alterius usoris : Haec pagina ad disputationes alterius usoris redigit, quia plura nomina ad singulum hominem pertinent aut nomen usoris mutatum est. }} | {{#if: {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|2 | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | {{#ifeq:{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{fullText}}}}} | + }} | + }} | + }} | {{#if:{{#invoke:params|new|pulling|sourcePage|with_value_matching|^%s*VP:%S|or|^%s*A:%S|value_of|sourcePage}} | ; Hoc est compendium : [[Vicipaedia:Compendium|Compendia]] sunt nexūs breves qui accessum facilem ad paginas praebent. Paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] encyclopaedico non solent fieri compendia, multa autem sunt compendia paginarum quae in spatiis nominalibus <code>Vicipaedia:</code> et <code>Auxilium:</code> iacent.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Compendia]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|118 | ; Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|adumbrationem]] redigit : Haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{{text}}}|{{{sourcePage}}}|in|(sub titulo “{{{text}}})” in}} [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatio nominali]] adumbrationum adhuc paratur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | | {{#ifeq:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}}|118 | ; Haec fuit adumbratio : Pagina “[[:{{{fullText}}}]]” olim hic parata est.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Adumbrationes perfectae]]}} | ; Redirectio ad aliud spatium nominale : Haec pagina ad aliud [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] redigit. }} }} }} }} | ; Redirectio ad alium usorem : Haec pagina usoris ad alium usorem redigit, quia plura nomina ad singulum hominem pertinent aut nomen usoris mutatum est. }} }}{{#if:{{{qid|}}} | ; Haec redirectio est ad [[Vicidata]] annexa : Entitas Vicidatorum [[:d:{{{qid}}}|{{Sin secus|{{#invoke:vicidata|appellatio|tessera={{{qid}}}}}|{{{qid}}}|“|” <small>({{{qid}}})</small>}}]] huic redirectioni nectitur. Quod indicare solet hanc redirectionem esse caducam et paginam Latinam quae talem entitatem interpretatur hic exspectari. }}{{#if:{{{recensio|}}} | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec [[Specialis:PermanentLink/{{{recensio}}}|fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}]], quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} | {{#ifeq:{{{olim|}}}|pagina | ; Olim haec redirectio fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} : Haec fuit {{#switch:{{{spatium-redirectionis}}} | 0 = commentatio | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = pagina disputationis | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }}, quae [[Special:PageHistory/{{{sourcePage}}}|postea]] facta est redirectio.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae]]}} }} }}{{#ifeq:{{{subpageText|}}}|{{{text|}}} | | ; Haec est redirectio ad [[Vicipaedia:Subpaginae|subpaginam]] : Pagina “'''[[:{{{fullText|}}}|/{{{subpageText|}}}]]'''” sub pagina “'''[[:{{#ifeq:{{{namespace}}}|0||{{ns:{{{namespace}}}}}:}}{{{baseText|}}}]]'''” iacet. }}{{#if:{{{cum-disputationibus|}}} | ; Huic redirectioni sunt disputationes : De hac pagina [[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|disputatum est]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones cum disputationibus]]}} }}{{#switch:{{{protectio|}}} | partialis = ; Haec redirectio partim protegitur : [[Formula:Invitatio|Ustricibus usoribusque ignotis]] {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|hoc tempore|'''intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}'''}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|non licet]] hanc paginam recensere. Si nomine Vicipaediano cares, quaesumus ut emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}} proponas vel nomen [[Special:Userlogin|crees]].{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae semi-protectae]]}} | plena = ; Haec redirectio protegitur : Ob [[Vicipaedia:Malefactor|maleficia]] perpetua haec pagina {{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}|infinity|ad tempus|intra horam {{#time:H:i \d\i\e\i [[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:edit}}}}}} [[Vicipaedia:Paginae protectae|protecta]] est. Suggere, quaesumus, emendationes in {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|[[Vicipaedia:Taberna|nostra Taberna]]|[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{{sourcePage}}}}}|pagina disputationis]]}}, vel pete a [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratu]] ut pagina deprotegatur.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae protectae]]}} }}{{#switch: {{safesubst:<noinclude />#invoke:params|new| pulling|fullText| pulling|sourcePage| reassigning|sourcePage|1|rename| reassigning|fullText|2|rename| entering_substack| with_value_matching|%s+%(nomen%)$|or|%s+%(praenomen%)$|or|%s+%(cognomen%)$| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|2| leaving_substack| with_value_matching|%s+%(discretiva%)$|or|%s+%(discretio%)$| mapping_by_mixing|1| flushing| providing|1|0| providing|2|0| sequential| list_values }} | 10 = {{#if:{{{fragment|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{targetIsDisambiguationPage}}}|true|+}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad paginam '''tacite discretivam''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva corrigenda : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad paginam '''non discretivam''' male redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae false dicunt se esse discretivas]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} }} | 20 = {{#if:{{{fragment|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{targetIsDisambiguationPage}}}|true|+}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva nominis : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] nominis ad paginam '''tacite discretivam''' redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae de nominibus discretivae]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} | ; Redirectio antidiscretiva nominis corrigenda : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] nominis ad paginam '''non discretivam''' male redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones quae false dicunt se esse discretivas]][[Categoria:Redirectiones antidiscretivae]]}} }} | 01 = ; Redirectio ad paginam discretivam : Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas aperte discretivas]][[Categoria:Tituli ambigui]]}} | 02 = ; Redirectio ad paginam discretivam nominis : Haec pagina ad [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|paginam discretivam nominis]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Redirectiones ad paginas aperte discretivas]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Tituli ambigui]]}} | 11 = ; Redirectio inter paginas discretivas : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad aliam paginam discretivam redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 12 = ; Redirectio a pagina discretiva ad paginam discretivam nominis : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva]] ad paginam discretivam nominis redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 21 = ; Redirectio a pagina discretiva nominis ad paginam discretivam : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva nominis]] ad paginam discretivam redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Nominum redirectiones]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 22 = ; Redirectio inter paginas discretivas nominis : Haec [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|pagina discretiva nominis]] ad aliam paginam discretivam nominis redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Paginae discretivae]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas]]}} | 00 = {{#ifeq:{{{targetIsDisambiguationPage}}}|true | ; Redirectio inter paginas tacite discretivas : Haec pagina ad paginam tacite [[Vicipaedia:Discretio|discretivam]] redigit.{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||[[Categoria:Tituli ambigui]][[Categoria:Redirectiones inter paginas tacite discretivas]]}} }} }}{{#if:{{{annotatio|}}} | ; Annotatio de hac redirectione addita est {{Vitta sententiae|color=#fff|1={{{annotatio}}}}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio formulae machinariae}}</noinclude> kjvc8vxoody99g30u2vdrvexrek7mbr 10 321032 3994096 3990863 2026-10-12T01:40:25Z Grufo 64423 /* Ulteriora si cupis */ +[[:Paginae disputationis quae ad paginas eis coniunctas redigunt]] 3994096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Vicitextus concors | Postilla redirectionis | De hac redirectione }} {{Lua | Params | Redirection | String | Vicidata }} Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi potest. In simplicibus redirectionibus non requiritur, sed oportet eam inserere: {{De hac redirectione/quando}} Haec formula pluribus categoriis vestigatoriis utitur—vide [[#categoriae-vestigatoriae|indicem]] hic infra. {{Nota bene}} Aliquando, quum paginae moventur, [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutio]] systematis {{Fsn|Postilla redirectionis}} hanc capsam sua sponte inserit. == De usu == Formula argumenta facultativa tria tantum accipit ({{para|ratio}}, {{para|olim}}) et {{para|annotatio}}). '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Catamarca (provincia)}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|baseText=Argentina|canTalk=true|contentModel=wikitext|exists=true|fragment=Divisio administrativa|fullText=Argentina|id=2156|interwiki=|isContentPage=true|isExternal=false|isLocal=true|isRedirect=false|isSpecialPage=false|isSubpage=false|isTalkPage=false|namespace=0|nsText=|olim=|recensio=|prefixedText=Argentina|qid=Q44756|redirectTarget=false|rootText=Argentina|sourceIsDisambiguationPage=false|sourcePage=Catamarca (provincia)|subjectNsText=|subpageText=Argentina|talkNsText=Disputatio|targetIsDisambiguationPage=false|text=Argentina|thePartialUrl=Argentina|propositum=exhibitio}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|VP:1000}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Vicipaedia:1000 paginae]] {{De hac redirectione}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|baseText=1000 paginae|canTalk=true|contentModel=wikitext|exists=true|fragment=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|fullText=Vicipaedia:1000 paginae|id=103137|interwiki=|isContentPage=false|isExternal=false|isLocal=true|isRedirect=false|isSpecialPage=false|isSubpage=false|isTalkPage=false|namespace=4|nsText=Vicipaedia|olim=|recensio=|prefixedText=|qid=|redirectTarget=false|rootText=1000 paginae|sourceIsDisambiguationPage=false|sourcePage=VP:1000|subjectNsText=Vicipaedia|subpageText=1000 paginae|talkNsText=Disputatio Vicipaediae|targetIsDisambiguationPage=false|text=1000 paginae|thePartialUrl=1000_paginae|propositum=exhibitio}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=2434003}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|baseText=Affixum|canTalk=true|contentModel=wikitext|exists=true|fragment=|fullText=Affixum|id=31563|interwiki=|isContentPage=true|isExternal=false|isLocal=true|isRedirect=false|isSpecialPage=false|isSubpage=false|isTalkPage=false|namespace=0|nsText=|olim=2434003|recensio=2434003|prefixedText=Affixum|qid=|recensio=2434003|redirectTarget=false|rootText=Affixum|sourceIsDisambiguationPage=false|sourcePage=Adfixum|subjectNsText=|subpageText=Affixum|talkNsText=Disputatio|targetIsDisambiguationPage=false|text=Affixum|thePartialUrl=Affixum|cum-disputationibus=/|qid=Q2758870|propositum=exhibitio}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Adfixum}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Affixum]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=pagina}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|baseText=Affixum|canTalk=true|contentModel=wikitext|exists=true|fragment=|fullText=Affixum|id=31563|interwiki=|isContentPage=true|isExternal=false|isLocal=true|isRedirect=false|isSpecialPage=false|isSubpage=false|isTalkPage=false|namespace=0|nsText=|olim=pagina|recensio=|prefixedText=Affixum|qid=|recensio=2434003|redirectTarget=false|rootText=Affixum|sourceIsDisambiguationPage=false|sourcePage=Adfixum|subjectNsText=|subpageText=Affixum|talkNsText=Disputatio|targetIsDisambiguationPage=false|text=Affixum|thePartialUrl=Affixum|cum-disputationibus=/|qid=Q2758870|propositum=exhibitio}} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus ({{*eg}} in pagina “{{rns|Apollonius Syrus}}”):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">#REDIRECT [[Historia Augusta]] {{De hac redirectione|olim=2415019}}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus:''' {{De hac redirectione/tabula|baseText=Historia Augusta|canTalk=true|contentModel=wikitext|exists=true|fragment=|fullText=Historia Augusta|id=28607|interwiki=|isContentPage=true|isExternal=false|isLocal=true|isRedirect=false|isSpecialPage=false|isSubpage=false|isTalkPage=false|namespace=0|nsText=|prefixedText=Historia Augusta|qid=Q4068055|redirectTarget=false|rootText=Historia Augusta|sourceIsDisambiguationPage=false|sourcePage=Apollonius Syrus|subjectNsText=|subpageText=Historia Augusta|talkNsText=Disputatio|targetIsDisambiguationPage=false|text=Historia Augusta|thePartialUrl=Historia_Augusta|olim=2415019|recensio=2415019|propositum=exhibitio}} == De argumentis == <templatedata>{ "description": "Haec capsa paginis redirectionis addi solet.", "params": { "ratio": { "label": "Ratio", "description": "Scribe ‘ratio=collectio’ si pagina disputationis ad disputationes in singulum locum collectas redigit", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "collectio" }, "olim": { "label": "Olim", "description": "Scribe ‘olim=pagina’ aut ‘olim=[NUMERUS RECENSIONIS]’ si redirectio erat pagina cum sua historia", "type": "string", "required": false, "example": "pagina" }, "annotatio": { "label": "Annotatio", "description": "Annotatio de hac redirectione", "type": "content", "required": false, "example": "Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres." } } }</templatedata> == Subformulae auxiliares == * {{relfn|Formula:De hac redirectione/tabula}} == Ulteriora si cupis == {{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae | ancora = categoriae-vestigatoriae | Adumbrationes in locum paginarum substitutae # caduciter | Adumbrationes perfectae | Categoriae non vacuae quae sunt redirectiones # infeliciter | Categoriae quae sunt redirectiones | Compendia | Deletiones celeres propositae # tacite, infeliciter, caduciter | Nominum redirectiones | Paginae de nominibus discretivae | Paginae discretivae | Paginae disputationis quae ad paginas eis coniunctas redigunt | Paginae disputationis quae male redigunt # infeliciter | Paginae disputationis quae sunt redirectiones etiamsi paginam habent # infeliciter | Paginae protectae | Paginae semi-protectae | Redirectiones ad capitula | Redirectiones ad paginas aperte discretivas | Redirectiones antidiscretivae | Redirectiones cum disputationibus | Redirectiones inter paginas aperte discretivas | Redirectiones inter paginas tacite discretivas | Redirectiones quae false dicunt se esse discretivas # infeliciter | Redirectiones quae olim fuerunt paginae | Tituli ambigui }} * [[:Categoria:Redirectiones ad Vicidata annexae]] * [[Vicipaedia:Redirectio]] * {{Fn|Redirectio obliqua}} * {{Fn|Nondum}} * {{Fn|Pagina protecta}} * {{Fn|Disputationes redirectionem comitantes}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> gidq3roxhftp66g3krhmm8egw55bybu 10 326798 3994114 3993980 2026-10-12T06:39:55Z Grufo 64423 De formula in pagina documentationis ostenta 3994114 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa notionis | titulus = Cave! | imago = Important2.svg | color = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c) | pigmentum = var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5) | 1 = '''Noli mutare.''' {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = Haec commentatio inter plures sitūs Vicimediales eadem | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 101 | 119 | 711 | 829 = Haec pagina disputationis inter plures sitūs Vicimediales eadem | 6 = Hic fasciculus inter plures sitūs Vicimediales idem | 10 = Haec formula inter plures sitūs Vicimediales eadem | 118 = Haec adumbratio inter plures sitūs Vicimediales eadem | 828 = Hic modulus inter plures sitūs Vicimediales idem | 14 = Haec categoria inter plures sitūs Vicimediales eadem | #default = Haec pagina inter plures sitūs Vicimediales eadem }} servatur. Omnes emendationes in [[:{{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{{1}}} | mw }}:{{Sin secus | 1 = {{#invoke:vicidata|titulus_barbarus | 1 = {{#switch:{{{1|}}} | mw | = mediawikiwiki | c = commonswiki | m = metawiki | s = sourceswiki | #default = {{{1}}}wiki }} }} | 2 = {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = | 1 = Talk: | 2 = User: | 3 = User talk: | 4 = Wikipedia: | 5 = Wikipedia talk: | 6 = File: | 7 = File talk: | 8 = MediaWiki: | 9 = MediaWiki talk: | 10 = Template: | 11 = Template talk: | 12 = Help: | 13 = Help talk: | 14 = Category: | 15 = Category talk: | 100 = Portal: | 101 = Portal talk: | 118 = Draft: | 119 = Draft talk: | 126 = MOS: | 127 = MOS talk: | 710 = TimedText: | 711 = TimedText talk: | 828 = Module: | 829 = Module talk: | 1728 = Event: | 1729 = Event talk: | #default = {{NAMESPACE}} }}{{#if:{{{2|}}} | {{{2}}} | {{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}} | {{PAGENAME}} | {{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | harenarium = {{BASEPAGENAME}} | {{PAGENAME}} }} }} }} }}|exemplari interviciali communi]] faciendae sunt. '''Si {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 = commentatio | 6 = fasciculus | 10 = formula | 118 = adumbratio | 828 = modulus | 14 = categoria | #default = pagina }} obsolevit, renovare licet.''' }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> ml1m17blmkq1jf8evuvj3ltpx9qctwb 10 328279 3994013 3986011 2026-10-11T12:42:15Z Grufo 64423 3994013 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa lateralis | imago = Toicon-icon-hatch-sync.svg | 1 = {{#invoke:params| excluding_non-numeric_names| trimming_values| mapping_by_replacing|#.*$||1| mapping_by_replacing|^:+$||1| with_value_not_matching||strict| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|^:| detaching_substack| mapping_by_replacing|^:+%s*||1| mapping_by_magic|FULLPAGENAME| renaming_by_mixing|$@| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|$@| snapshotting|entering_substack| mapping_by_magic|NAMESPACENUMBER| with_value_not_matching|0|strict| detaching_substack| with_value_not_matching||strict| renaming_by_magic|FULLPAGENAME| mapping_by_mixing|$#| leaving_substack| mixing_names_and_values|Formula:$@|Formula:$@| renaming_by_magic|FULLPAGENAME| flushing| flushing| discarding|| mapping_by_invoking|redirection|walk_through|names_only| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching||strict| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|$#| leaving_substack| renaming_by_mixing|$@| flushing| entering_substack|new| pulling|{{NAMESPACE}}:{{Haec formula}}| detaching_substack| mixing_names_and_values|h|Quum simul {{#switch:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 6 = excogitati sint, '''vicitextui huius fasciculi | 10 = excogitatae sint, '''vicitextui huius formulae | 118 = excogitatae sint, '''vicitextui huius adumbrationis | 828 = excogitati sint, '''vicitextui huius moduli | 14 = excogitatae sint, '''vicitextui huius categoriae | #default = excogitatae sint, '''vicitextui huius paginae }} his aliis opibus Vicipaedianis congruendum est''': <ul><li>| providing|h|Quum simul excogitatae sint, '''his opibus Vicipaedianis inter se congruendum est''': <ul><li>| leaving_substack| setting_by_flushing| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|^[Ff]ormula%s*:|or|^[Tt]emplate%s*:| detaching_substack| mapping_by_replacing|^[^:]+:%s*(.-)$|&#123;&#123;[[:Formula:%1|%1]]&#125;&#125;|1| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|^[Mm]odulus%s*:|or|^[Mm]odule%s*:| detaching_substack| mapping_by_replacing|^[^:]+:%s*(.-)$|&#123;&#123;[[:Modulus:%1|&#35;invoke:%1]]&#125;&#125;|1| leaving_substack| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching|^[^:]+:| detaching_substack| mapping_by_replacing|^([^:]-)%s*:%s*(.-)$|[[:%1:%2]]|1| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|[[:$@]]| flushing| flushing| flushing| setting|i/f/n|</li><li>|</li></ul>|{{Error|Error: Saltem una formula vel modulus vel pagina scribenda est.}}| all_sorted| list_values }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> fn9cgmfdr0r229r6hk2p4jct1xpzc59 10 328280 3994116 3993978 2026-10-12T06:48:27Z Grufo 64423 3994116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Lua|Params|Redirection}} Adde hanc capsam lateralem '''documentationi''' plurium modulorum formularumve si vicitextu simili nituntur. Non semper vicitextus, qui in pluribus opibus idem aut similis est, in formulam redigitur. Aliquando vicitextus in pluribus locis simpliciter repetitur idem, praesertim antequam in formulam communem redigatur; aliquando autem partes eius tantum inter se similes sunt, ita ut singulae versiones retinendae sint. His in casibus utile est indicare quaenam opes vicitextu congruo utantur, ut, si vicitextus unius mutatur, ceteri quoque considerentur et, si opus sit, congruantur. Si nullum [[Vicipaedia:Spatium nominale|spatium nominale]] indicatur, <code>Formula:</code> intellegitur. Capsa aliter se gerit prout pagina quae eam transcludit inter opes indicatas numeretur necne. == De usu == '''Vicitextus cum pagina ostendente memorata:''' {{Fvt|<nowiki>{{Vicitextus concors | </nowiki>{{Haec formula}}<nowiki> | Formula saepe in paginis harum categoriarum adhibita | Metaformula tantum | Metaformula quoque }}</nowiki>}} '''Effectus (apud marginem dextrum):''' {| |- | {{Vicitextus concors | {{Haec formula}} | Formula saepe in paginis harum categoriarum adhibita | Metaformula tantum | Metaformula quoque }} |} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus sine pagina ostendente:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Vicitextus concors | Formula saepe in paginis harum categoriarum adhibita | Metaformula tantum | Metaformula quoque }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus (apud marginem dextrum):''' {| |- | {{Vicitextus concors | Formula saepe in paginis harum categoriarum adhibita | Metaformula tantum | Metaformula quoque }} |} {{Ast}} '''Vicitextus cum pluribus spatiis nominalibus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Vicitextus concors | Scholium | Modulus:String | Vicipaedia:Adumbratio | :Marcus Tullius Cicero }}</syntaxhighlight> '''Effectus (apud marginem dextrum):''' {| |- | {{Vicitextus concors | Scholium | Modulus:String | Vicipaedia:Adumbratio | :Marcus Tullius Cicero }} |} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae documentationis]] * {{Fn|Servatio concors}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae documentationis|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae cunctas paginas afficiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 1ega50ir3296te056jc78tuz3fwgkpp 0 329301 3994094 3993997 2026-10-12T01:01:04Z Grufo 64423 Typographia 3994094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Ordinem vestrum | genus = [[Bulla apostolica]] | pontifex = [[Innocentius IV]] | insigne = | datum = [[14 Novembris]] [[1245]] | annus_pontificatus = III | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = Declaratio Regulae Fratrum Minorum | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} {{lres|Ordinem vestrum}} [[incipit]] [[bulla apostolica]] ab [[Innocentius IV|Innocentio IV]] die [[14 Novembris]] anni [[1245]] [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] promulgata, tertio anno pontificatus sui currente. Haec bulla ad ministrum generalem, ministros provinciales, custodes ceterosque fratres [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum|Ordinis Fratrum Minorum]] missa est. Altera est declaratio pontificia de [[Regula Fratrum Minorum|Regula]] anno [[1223]] approbata, quindecim annis post bullam ''[[Quo elongati]]'' a [[Gregorius IX|Gregorio IX]] editam, cuius explicationes papa imperfectas esse iudicabat.<ref name="Accrocca2015">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Accrocca | nomen auctoris = Felix | titulus = ‘Ordinem vestrum’: un pronunciamento fragile e resistente | contextus Frate Francesco | lingua = it | volumen = 81 | fasciculus = 2 | paginae = 477–504 | mensis = 11 | annus = 2015 | url = https://www.capdox.capuchin.org.au/formation/ordinem-vestrum-a-delicate-and-antagonistic-decree/ }}.</ref><ref name="Devery">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Accrocca | nomen auctoris = Felix | cognomen redactoris = Devery | nomen redactoris = Gary | genus = summarium articuli Felicis Accrocca | titulus = ‘Ordinem vestrum’: a delicate and antagonistic decree | lingua = en | url = https://www.capdox.capuchin.org.au/formation/ordinem-vestrum-a-delicate-and-antagonistic-decree/ | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-09 }}.</ref> Differt haec bulla a ''Quo elongati'', quia nec causam edendi nec petitiones fratrum, quae eam forsitan suscitaverint, exponit: Innocentius IV verba Regulae refert et de singulis punctis sententiam suam profert, quasi ex proprio erga Ordinem amore et cura profectam. Neque de [[Testamentum sancti Francisci]] mentionem facit, quaestione quam Gregorius IX anno [[1230]] iam solverat.<ref name="Devery" /> Bulla praecipue ob duas novitates memoratur: usum nuntiorum ad pecuniam tractandam ampliavit, et dominium proprietatemque bonorum fratribus ad usum concessorum Ecclesiae Romanae adscripsit. Ambae sententiae a magna Ordinis parte aegre acceptae sunt, ita ut capitulum generale [[Metae|Metense]] anno [[1254]] declarationem suspenderit in iis quae a Gregorio IX discreparent. Attamen doctrina de proprietate fundamentum iuridicum praebuit, quo Ordo in posterioribus de paupertate controversiis usus est.<ref name="Devery" /><ref name="TMR">{{Opus | cognomen interpretis = Jones | nomen interpretis = John | titulus = Recensio libri ‘The Poverty of Christ and the Apostles’ | contextus = The Medieval Review | lingua = en | tempus = 2015-02-15 | url = https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/15045 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-09 }}.</ref> == Contextus historicus == Capitulum generale anno [[1239]] Ordini momentum mutationis attulit: ministri provinciales transalpini, Gregorio IX praecipue favente, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Elias Cortonensis|Eliam Cortonensem|en|qid=Q1329212}} ministrum generalem deposuerunt, et exinde multa legislatio generalis edita est. Inter annos [[1239]] et [[1241]] Gregorius IX insuper fratribus plures epistulas misit, variis facultatibus concessis; inter eas ''Gloriantibus vobis'' ([[19 Iunii]] [[1241]]), qua ministris licuit candidatorum receptionem delegare, et ''Prohibente regula'' ([[12 Decembris]] [[1240]]), qua ministris provincialibus cum definitoribus facultas data est praedicatores examinandi et approbandi.<ref name="Devery" /> Initio pontificatus sui Innocentius IV has dispositiones praedecessoris saepius confirmavit: ''Prohibente regula'' die [[30 Octobris]] [[1243]] iteravit et ''Gloriantibus vobis'' die [[3 Ianuarii]] [[1245]] confirmavit. Eodem tempore aemulatio inter duos maximos ordines mendicantes crescebat: die [[21 Aprilis]] [[1244]], in epistula ''Quo vos'', papa Fratres Minores reprehendit propter scandala quae ex frequenti receptione fratrum [[Ordo Praedicatorum|Ordinis Praedicatorum]] oriebantur, et die [[24 Iunii]] [[1244]] utrique ordini epistulam ''Meminimus vobis'' misit, qua prohibuit ne indiscrete membra alterius ordinis reciperentur neve quisquam ad professionem admitteretur ante completum novitiatus annum. In his rerum adiunctis capitulum generale [[Genua|Genuense]] anno [[1244]] decrevit ad memoriam Francisci redire, et [[Thomas de Celano|Thomae Celanensi]] mandavit ut vitam sancti conscriptam compleret.<ref name="Devery" /> Hoc in contextu ''Ordinem vestrum'' ut nova Regulae interpretatio edita est. Textus ipse asserit quaedam loca Regulae dubia et obscura remansisse, Gregorium IX sensum nonnullorum tantum imperfecte declarasse, et se omnem obscuritatem plena declaratione tollere velle.<ref name="Devery" /><ref name="Texto">{{Opus | lingua = en | titulus = Ordinem vestrum of Innocent IV (1245) | domus editoria = CapDox | url = https://www.capdox.capuchin.org.au/legislation/ordinem-vestrum-of-innocent-iv-1245/ | accessus = 9 Octobris 2026 }}.</ref> == Argumentum == Textus Latinus bullae in ''Bullario Franciscano'' invenitur.<ref name="BF">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sbaraglia | nomen auctoris = Ioannes Hyacinthus | titulus = ''Bullarium Franciscanum | volumen = 1 | fasciculus = 114 | lingua = la | annus = 1759 | paginae = 400–402 | locus = [[Roma]]e | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GyZGQOBVKRoC }}.</ref> Ordinem Regulae secutus, Innocentius IV haec praecipue declarat.<ref name="Texto" /> De observantia Evangelii statuit fratres iis tantum consiliis evangelicis teneri quae in Regula expresse per modum praecepti vel prohibitionis continentur. De receptione novorum fratrum concedit ut ministri provinciales, consilio quorundam fratrum discretorum, eam vicariis aliisque fratribus prudentibus committant; non omnes indiscrete recipiantur, sed ii qui doctrina aliisque dotibus Ordini utiles esse possint. Ministri insuper eos qui exierint redeuntes recipere et fratres iam admissos in casibus a capitulo generali determinatis expellere valent. De officio divino declarat sufficere ut fratres id cum aliis clericis celebrent.<ref name="Texto" /><ref name="Devery" /> De pecunia, quam Regula fratribus accipere vetat, nec per se nec per interpositam personam, Innocentius IV solutionem a ''Quo elongati'' traditam late evolvit: fratres nuntium alicui qui eleemosynam pecuniariam dare velit praesentare possunt, qui nuntius non fratrum est, sed eius cuius auctoritate solvit vel qui recipit. Novum est quod usus nuntiorum ad res non solum necessarias sed etiam utiles extenditur, quod nuntius eleemosynas residuas retinere potest, et quod eleemosynae apud amicum spiritualem fratrum deponi possunt, ad quem fratres in bona conscientia recurrere valent. Hoc modo fratres nec pecuniam recipere dicuntur. Secundum Accrocca, huius conceptus utilitatis et commoditatis introductio paupertatem absolutam mitigavit et inter causas fuit quae Ordinis reprobationem maxime moverunt.<ref name="Texto" /><ref name="Devery" /> De infirmis, quos Regula ministris et custodibus per amicos spirituales curandos committit, bulla permittit ut alii quoque fratres hanc curam suscipiant, cum ab illis eis commissa fuerit. Hanc rem ''Quo elongati'' non tractabat; secundum Accrocca, ex numero fratrum aucto et domorum dispersione orta est.<ref name="Texto" /><ref name="Devery" /> De proprietate bonorum, pontifex vetitum Regulae reiterat: fratres nec in speciali nec in communi quidquam possidere possunt, sed Ordini usus locorum, domorum, supellectilis, librorum aliorumque bonorum mobilium conceditur, ad arbitrium ministrorum generalis et provincialium. Differt hoc a ''Quo elongati'', quae bona mobilia tantum respiciebat; nunc etiam domus et loca nominantur, quod Accrocca augmento fundationum et progressivae Ordinis «conventualizationi» attribuit. Haec bona sine licentia Sedis Apostolicae vel cardinalis Ordinis gubernatoris vendi, permutari vel alienari non possunt. Novitas gravissima est quod papa declarat ius, proprietatem et dominium bonorum mobilium et immobilium Ecclesiae Romanae immediate pertinere, nisi donatores haec sibi expresse reservaverint; domus et loca Ordinis ut proprietas et possessio beati Petri recipiuntur, cui fratres in spiritualibus et temporalibus immediate subsunt. Sic bulla ultra ''Quo elongati'' progreditur, in qua proprietas penes donatores manebat. Fratribus insuper licet, cum licentia superiorum, res mobiles parvi pretii extraneis donare.<ref name="Texto" /><ref name="Devery" /> De confessione, declarat Regulae praescriptum de recursu ad ministros provinciales peccata publica et manifesta tantum respicere, et ministros eam potestatem custodibus aliisque sacerdotibus discretis committere posse; pro peccatis privatis, in singulis provinciis confessarii ex maturioribus sacerdotibus constituantur. De capitulo generali statuit ut custodes cuiusque provinciae unum ex se eligant qui ministrum provincialem comitetur et vocem pro eis habeat. Accrocca notat papam, contra Gregorium IX, clausulam omisisse qua statutum a fratribus conditum approbatum censebatur, quasi solus pontifex fons iuris esset. De praedicatione concedit ut minister generalis examen et approbationem ministris provincialibus eorumque vicariis delegare possit, et ut ii qui in facultate theologica instructi, aetate maturi et idonei sint, sine examine mandatum praedicandi recipiant.<ref name="Texto" /><ref name="Devery" /> De monasteriis feminarum, Regula fratribus ingressum sine licentia speciali Sedis Apostolicae vetat. Innocentius IV declarat hanc prohibitionem praesertim monialibus inclusis Ordinis Sancti Damiani applicari, et nomine monasterii claustrum, habitationes et officinas interiores intellegi; in ceteris partibus fratres a superioribus ob maturitatem et idoneitatem licentiati ingredi possunt ad praedicandum, eleemosynam petendam vel alias honestas rationabilesque causas. Secundum Accrocca, haec determinatio a ''Quo elongati'' discrepat, quae vetitum ad quodlibet monasterium extendebat, quod [[Clara Assisiensis|Clarae Assisiensis]] vehementem reactionem excitaverat.<ref name="Texto" /><ref name="Devery" /> Bulla clausula usitata finitur, qua nemini licet hanc paginam infringere vel ei ausu temerario contraire, sub poena indignationis omnipotentis Dei et beatorum Petri et Pauli apostolorum, et Lugduni die 14 Novembris, pontificatus anno tertio, data est.<ref name="Texto" /> == Receptio et consequentiae == ''Ordinem vestrum'' animos fratrum iam turbatos non pacavit. Secundum Thomam de Eccleston, minister Angliae Guillelmus de Nottingham aliique fratres in capitulo generali, contra fere totum capitulum, effecerunt ut privilegium pecuniam per procuratores recipiendi atque expositio Regulae Innocentii IV, in quibus largior erat quam Gregorii IX, abolerentur. Accrocca monet capituli Genuensis mentionem fortasse errorem chronographi vel traditionis textus esse; certe capitulum Metense anno [[1254]] bullam in iis punctis suspendit, quam decisionem capitulum [[Narbo|Narbonense]] anno [[1260]] ratum habuit, vetans ne ea utantur in iis quae declarationi Gregorii IX contradicerent.<ref name="Devery" /> Idem auctor probabile putat bullam socios Francisci impulisse ut, mense Augusto [[1246]], ministri generalis Crescentii de Iesi petitioni de testimoniis de sancto mittendis responderent, et controversias inde ortas in Thomae Celanensis ''Memoriali'' ([[1247]]) reflecti, praesertim in locis de paupertate domorum, supellectilis et librorum. Notat etiam Hugonem de Digne in commentario suo super Regulam a pontificiis interventibus, praesertim ab ''Ordinem vestrum'', se segregare studuisse.<ref name="Devery" /> Secundum Accrocca, reprobatio bullae Metis probabiliter causa fuit cur Innocentius IV die [[22 Novembris]] [[1254]] epistulam ''Etsi animarum'' ederet, contra ordines mendicantes severissimam; unde crisis anni [[1254]] radicem haberet in pronuntiatione anni [[1245]], non in controversia de Gerardo de Burgo Sancti Donnini. Quamvis resistentias excitaverit, bulla Ordini fundamentum theoreticum praebuit ad superioritatem eius spiritualem in Ecclesia asserendam: cum proprietas Ecclesiae Romanae adscriberetur, fratres affirmare poterant se altissimam paupertatem profiteri. Haec persuasio, quam nemo fratrum per octoginta fere annos contradicere ausus est, postea ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Angelus Clarenus|Angelo Clareno|en|qid=Q537595}} in dubium vocata est, qui paupertatem minoriticam in fictionem iuridicam versam esse affirmavit.<ref name="Devery" /> Distinctio inter usum et proprietatem a bulla instituta etiam fundamentum iuridicum praebuit thesi fratres bonis uti sine possidendo, quam postea [[Bonaventura de Balneoregio|Bonaventura]] in ''Apologia pauperum'' ([[1269]]) defendit et [[Nicolaus III]] bulla ''[[Exiit qui seminat]]'' ([[1279]]) confirmavit.<ref name="TMR" /> == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Bullae]] [[Categoria:Innocentius IV]] [[Categoria:1245]] [[Categoria:Ordines Franciscani]] hgolmyf3qy4klaeff9jrahq4mu7txq8 0 329310 3994010 3993906 2026-10-11T12:38:32Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 /* Insulae maiores quam 25 milia chm² */ 3994010 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index [[insula]]rum maximarum in orbe terrarum ([[continens|terrae continentes]] non enumerantur). ==Insulae maiores quam 250 milia chm²== {| class="wikitable" ! ! Insula ! Area ([[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]) ! Natio |- | 1 | [[Terra Viridis]] |align="right"| {{num|2166086}} | [[Dania]]e provincia autonoma |- | 2 | [[Nova Guinea]] |align="right"| {{num|785753}} | [[Indonesia]], [[Papua Nova Guinea]] |- | 3 | [[Borneum|Insula Bonae Fortunae]] |align="right"| {{num|748168}} | [[Bruneium]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaesia]] |- | 4 | [[Madagascaria|Ιnsula Delphina]] |align="right"| {{num|587713}} | [[Madagascaria]] |- | 5 | [[Insula Baffini|Terra Baffini]] |align="right"| {{num|507451}} | [[Canada]] ([[Nunavut]]) |- | 6 | [[Sumatra]] |align="right"| {{num|443066}} | [[Indonesia]] |} ==Insulae maiores quam 25 milia chm²== {| class="wikitable" ! ! Insula ! Area ([[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]) ! Natio |- | 7 || [[Britannia Maior]] || 229 848 ||[[Britanniarum regnum]] |- | 8 || [[Honsua]] || 227 970 || [[Iaponia]] |- | 9 || [[Victoria (Canada)|Victoria]] || 217 291 || [[Canada]] |- | 10 || [[Insula Ellesmere|Ellesmere]] || 196 236 || [[Canada]] |- | 11 || [[Celebis]] || 180 681 || [[Indonesia]] |- | 12 || [[Insula Australis (Nova Zelandia)|Insula Australis]] Novae Zelandiae || 145 836 || [[Nova Zelandia]] |- | 13 || [[Iava]] || 130 023 || [[Indonesia]] |- | 14 || [[Insula Septentrionalis (Nova Zelandia)|Insula Borealis]] Novae Zelandiae|| 111 583 || [[Nova Zelandia]] |- | 15 || [[Luconia]] || 109 965 || [[Philippinae]] |- | 16 || [[Terra Nova]] || 108 860 || [[Canada]] |- | 17 || [[Cuba]] || 105 806 || [[Cuba]] |- | 18 || [[Islandia]] || 103 000 || [[Islandia]] |- | 19 || [[Mindanaum]] || 97 530 || [[Philippinae]] |- | 20 || [[Hibernia]] || 81 638 || [[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]], [[Britanniarum regnum]] |- | 21 || [[Esonia]] || 78 719 || [[Iaponia]] |- | 22 || [[Sachalina]]|| 76 600 || [[Russia]] |- | 23 ||[[Hispaniola]]|| 76 480 || [[Res publica Dominiciana]], [[Haitia]] |- | 24 || [[Insula Banksiana]] || 70 028 || [[Canada]] |- | 25 || [[Taprobane]] || 65 268 || [[Srilanca]] |- | 26 || [[Tasmania]] || 64 519 || [[Australia]] |- | 27 || [[Insula Devonia]] || 55 247 ||[[Canada]] (maxima insula inhabitata) |- | 28 || [[Insula Alexandri|Terra Alexandri I]] || 49 070 || ''(in [[Antarctica]])'' |- | 29 || [[Insula Borealis]] Novae Zemblae || 48 904||[[Russia]] |- | 30 || [[Terra Ignium (insula)|Terra Ignium]] || 47 401 || [[Argentina]], [[Chilia]] |- | 31 || [[Berkner]] || 43 873 || ''(in [[Antarctica]])'' |- | 32 || [[Insula Axelii Heiberg]] || 43 178 || [[Canada]] |- | 33 || [[Insula Melvillii]] || 42 149 || [[Canada]] |- | 34 || [[Hantonia Insula|Insula Hantonia]] || 41 214 || [[Canada]] |- | 35 || [[Insula Maraiensis]] || 40 100 || [[Brasilia]] (maxima insula in [[delta fluminis|delta]]) |- | 36 || [[Spitzberga|Terra Montium Acutorum]] || 38 981 || [[Norvegia]] |- | 37 || [[Ximum]] || 37 437 || [[Iaponia]] |- | 38 || [[Formosa]]|| 35 883 || [[Res publica Sinarum]] |- | 39 || [[Nova Britannia]] || 35 145 || [[Papua Nova Guinea]] |- | 40 || [[Insula Principis Cambriae (Nunavut)|Insula Principis Cambriae]] || 33 339 || [[Canada]] |- | 41 || [[Insula Australis (Nova Zembla)|Insula Australis]] Novae Zemblae || 33 246 || [[Russia]] |- | 42 || [[Hainania]] || 33 210 || [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinae]] |- | 43 || [[Insula Vancuveria]] || 31 285 || [[Canada]] |- | 44 || [[Timora]] || 28 418 || [[Timora Orientalis]], [[Indonesia]] |- | 45 || [[Sicilia]] || 25 662 || [[Italia]] |- |} ==Insulae maiores quam 10 milia chm²== {| class="wikitable" ! ! Insula ! Area ([[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]]) ! Natio |- | 46 || [[Insula Somerset (Nunavut)|Somerset]] || 24 786 || [[Canada]] |- | 47 || [[Sardinia]] || 24 100 || [[Italia]] |- | 48 || [[Kotelnyi]] || 23 200 || [[Russia]] |- | 49 || [[Bananal]] || 20 000 ||[[Brasilia]] (maxima insula fluvialis) |- | 50 || [[Sicocus]] || 18 545 || [[Iaponia]] |- | 51 || [[Halmahera]] || 18 040 || [[Indonesia]] |- | 52 || [[Ceramia]] || 17 454 || [[Indonesia]] |- | 53 || [[Nova Caledonia]] || 16 648 ||[[Francia]]e [[Collectivitas Transmarina Francica|collectivitas transmarina]] |- | 54 || [[Insula Bathurst (Canada)|Bathurst]] || 16 042|| [[Canada]] |- | 55 || [[Insula Principis Patricii]] || 15 848|| [[Canada]] |- | 56 || [[Insula Thurston|Thurston]] || 15 700 || ''(in [[Antarctica]])'' |- | 57 || [[Sumbava]] || 14 386 || [[Indonesia]] |- | 58 || [[Terra Boreorientalis]] [[Svalbardum|Svalbardi]] || 14 247 || [[Norvegia]] |- | 59 || [[Insula Rerum Novarum Octobrium]] [[Terra Borealis|Terrae Borealis]]|| 14 204 || [[Russia]] |- | 60 || [[Flores]] || 14 154 || [[Indonesia]] |- | 61 || [[Insula Regis Gulielmi]] || 13 111|| [[Canada]] |- | 62 || [[Negros]] || 13 074 || [[Philippinae]] |- | 63 || [[Samar (insula)|Samar]] || 12 849 || [[Philippinae]] |- | 64 || [[Palavan]] || 12 189 || [[Philippinae]] |- | 65 || [[Panay]] || 12 011 || [[Philippinae]] |- | 66 || [[Tupinambarana]]<ref>Insula fluvialis, nunc in quattuor partes bracchiis divisa.</ref>|| 11 850 || [[Brasilia]] |- | 67 || [[Yos Sudarso]] || 11 742 ||[[Indonesia]] |- | 68 || [[Bangka]] || 11 413 ||[[Indonesia]] |- | 69 || [[Insula Ellef Ringnes|Ellef Ringnes]] || 11 295|| [[Canada]] |- | 70 || [[Bolshevik]] ([[Terra Borealis]])|| 11 206 || [[Russia]] |- | 71 || [[Iamaica]] || 11 190 || [[Iamaica]] |- | 72 || [[Insula Bylot|Bylot]] || 11 067|| [[Canada]] |- | 73 || [[Sumba]] || 10 711 || [[Indonesia]] |- | 74 || [[Mindoro]] || 10 572 || [[Philippinae]] |- | 75 || [[Viti Levu]] || 10 531 || [[Viti]] |- | 76 || [[Havaii (insula)|Insula Magna]] [[Havaii (civitas)|Havaiorum]] || 10 434 || [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] |- | 77 || [[Insula Capitis Britonum]] || 10 311|| [[Canada]] |- |} ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20251109080310/http://www.worldislandinfo.com/ ''World Island Information''] * [http://www.globalislands.net/links/islands/islands.php ''Global Island Network''] [[Categoria:Indices insularum|!]] 0l9kanfmcev9mm4samovujefclh6td5 0 329312 3994029 3993933 2026-10-11T14:20:31Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Notae */ 3994029 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Rod Cell.svg|thumb|Morphologia neuri bacilliferi.]] '''Neuron bacilliferum''' vel brevius '''bacillum'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/batonnet-133706756#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt bacilla et [[neuron coniferum|neura conifera]]. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De bacillis et conis == Nam unum pigmentum (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates (sive propius album sive propius atrum), ut in vetustioribus [[Pellicula|pelliculis]] non coloratis, ad cerebrum mittunt. Praeterea minima luce egent, uno [[Photon|photone]] excitari possunt. Econtra multa luce cito saturantur atque munere suo fungi desinunt. Nam visioni in obscuritate et [[Crepusculum|crepusculo]] (scotopia) apta sunt. Porro multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt ita ut potestas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum apud ea debilis sit. Proprietates contrariae conis insunt. Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: in peripheria enim cumulantur, in [[Fovea (discretiva)|fovea]] pauca sunt, a parte centrali foveae, [[Foveola (retina)|foveola]] dicta, omnino absunt. Coni ad visionem diurnam et coloratam, subtilem et accuratam destinantur, bacilla autem ad parvam lucem in tenebris percipiendam. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron bacilliferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei rhodopsinam pigmentum includentes. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. *fibra externa segmentum internum cum corpore cellulari (soma) et nucleo connectit *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Antonin Jandot, Hugo Calligaro, Christine Coutanson, Marie-Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl, Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1769449323003035 Voie de signalisation des bâtonnets mise en jeu dans la réponse à la lumière des horloges rétinienne et centrale]", ''Médecine du Sommeil'', 2023: 243 *Antonin Jandot, Hugo Calligaro, Christine Coutanson, Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1769449321001060 Rôle des bâtonnets dans le décalage de phase par la lumière des horloges rétinienne et centrale]", ''Médecine du Sommeil'', 2021: 197 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 *Theodore G. Wensel, Zhixian Zhang, Ivan A. Anastassov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946216300416 Structural and molecular bases of rod photoreceptor morphogenesis and disease]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2016: 32-51 ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Oculus]] [[Categoria:Neurologia]] l8jfsql18imvj7l9lilhacqpt1na6u9 3994030 3994029 2026-10-11T14:22:48Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Notae */ 3994030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Rod Cell.svg|thumb|Morphologia neuri bacilliferi.]] '''Neuron bacilliferum''' vel brevius '''bacillum'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/batonnet-133706756#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt bacilla et [[neuron coniferum|neura conifera]]. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De bacillis et conis == Nam unum pigmentum (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates (sive propius album sive propius atrum), ut in vetustioribus [[Pellicula|pelliculis]] non coloratis, ad cerebrum mittunt. Praeterea minima luce egent, uno [[Photon|photone]] excitari possunt. Econtra multa luce cito saturantur atque munere suo fungi desinunt. Nam visioni in obscuritate et [[Crepusculum|crepusculo]] (scotopia) apta sunt. Porro multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt ita ut potestas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum apud ea debilis sit. Proprietates contrariae conis insunt. Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: in peripheria enim cumulantur, in [[Fovea (discretiva)|fovea]] pauca sunt, a parte centrali foveae, [[Foveola (retina)|foveola]] dicta, omnino absunt. Coni ad visionem diurnam et coloratam, subtilem et accuratam destinantur, bacilla autem ad parvam lucem in tenebris percipiendam. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron bacilliferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei rhodopsinam pigmentum includentes. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. *fibra externa segmentum internum cum corpore cellulari (soma) et nucleo connectit *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Antonin Jandot, Hugo Calligaro, Christine Coutanson, Marie-Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl, Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1769449323003035 Voie de signalisation des bâtonnets mise en jeu dans la réponse à la lumière des horloges rétinienne et centrale]", ''Médecine du Sommeil'', 2023: 243 *Antonin Jandot, Hugo Calligaro, Christine Coutanson, Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1769449321001060 Rôle des bâtonnets dans le décalage de phase par la lumière des horloges rétinienne et centrale]", ''Médecine du Sommeil'', 2021: 197 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 *Theodore G. Wensel, Zhixian Zhang, Ivan A. Anastassov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946216300416 Structural and molecular bases of rod photoreceptor morphogenesis and disease]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2016: 32-51 ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Oculus]] apo42dqc5el5nr48ucda271trbgvkwh 0 329327 3994124 3993984 2026-10-12T09:09:04Z Pippobuono 54500 post inquisionem breviam 3994124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Dounoux, Église Saint-Médard 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Dounoux: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus|Sanctis]] [[Iacobus Minor (apostolus)|Iacobo]] [[Sanctus Philippus|Philippoque]] dicata.]] {{res|Dounoux}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 880 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Dounoux|Dounoux}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] gdfp210tfaqw86f0fz6537f1ij43si0 1 329328 3994125 3993986 2026-10-12T09:11:59Z Pippobuono 54500 /* Titulus ecclesiae ??? Sanctus Medardus aut Sancti Philippus et Iacobus */ Reply 3994125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Dounoux|238955864}} == Titulus ecclesiae ??? Sanctus Medardus aut Sancti Philippus et Iacobus == In corpore documentationis Francicae, dedicatio ecclesiae dicitur Philippo et Iacobo, in Commons, titulus fit Medardo... [[Usor:Pippobuono|Pippobuono]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pippobuono|disputatio]]) 08:38, 11 Octobris 2026 (UTC) :vide [https://www.catholique88.fr/lieu/eglise-sts-jacques-et-philippe situm Dioecesis] [[Usor:Pippobuono|Pippobuono]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pippobuono|disputatio]]) 09:11, 12 Octobris 2026 (UTC) 2vb5o8hgm4dgt984hdupdcuvfxq60h8 3994126 3994125 2026-10-12T09:12:42Z Pippobuono 54500 /* Titulus ecclesiae ??? Sanctus Medardus aut Sancti Philippus et Iacobus */ Reply 3994126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Dounoux|238955864}} == Titulus ecclesiae ??? Sanctus Medardus aut Sancti Philippus et Iacobus == In corpore documentationis Francicae, dedicatio ecclesiae dicitur Philippo et Iacobo, in Commons, titulus fit Medardo... [[Usor:Pippobuono|Pippobuono]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pippobuono|disputatio]]) 08:38, 11 Octobris 2026 (UTC) :vide [https://www.catholique88.fr/lieu/eglise-sts-jacques-et-philippe situm Dioecesis] [[Usor:Pippobuono|Pippobuono]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pippobuono|disputatio]]) 09:11, 12 Octobris 2026 (UTC) ::et etiam [https://www.fondation-patrimoine.org/les-projets/eglise-de-dounoux-dans-les-vosges/103858 Fondationem patrimonii]] [[Usor:Pippobuono|Pippobuono]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pippobuono|disputatio]]) 09:12, 12 Octobris 2026 (UTC) nbpe7jztx8f6hsi0z6k397zbi79rqu7 0 329329 3994001 3993998 2026-10-11T12:03:06Z ~2026-54663-88 216050 Argumentum 3994001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Etsi animarum | genus = [[Bulla apostolica]] | pontifex = [[Innocentius IV]] | insigne = | datum = 22 Novembris 1254 | annus_pontificatus = XII | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = Restrictio privilegiorum ordinum mendicantium | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} {{lres|Etsi animarum}} incipit [[bulla apostolica]] ab [[Innocentius IV|Innocentio IV]] die 22 Novembris anno 1254, duodecimo pontificatus sui anno currente, promulgata. Qua bulla pontifex privilegia [[Ordo mendicans|ordinum mendicantium]] quoad praedicationem, confessiones et sepulturas magnopere restrinxit, controversiam inter clerum saecularem et fratres Minores et Praedicatores, quae maxime [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] exarserat, respiciens.<ref name="Accrocca">{{Opus | lingua = en | auctor = Gary Devery | titulus = ''Ordinem vestrum'': a delicate and antagonistic decree (summarium articuli Felicis Accrocca, ''Frate Francesco'' 81/2, 2015, pp. 477-504) | url = https://www.capdox.capuchin.org.au/formation/ordinem-vestrum-a-delicate-and-antagonistic-decree/ | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Tabone">{{Opus | lingua = la | auctor = A. Tabone | titulus = Historica evolutio privilegii «Liberae sepulturae» regularibus a S. Sede concessi pro regularium subditis, ''Melita Theologica'' XIV (1963), pp. 3-4 | url = https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/24927/1/MELITA%20THEOLOGICA%2014-1.pdf | annus = 1963 | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Oles">{{Opus | lingua = en | auctor = Piotr Oleś | titulus = ''Letania more solito dicantar[ur]. A contribution to the study of the Marian devotion among medieval Dominicans'', ''Folia Historica Cracoviensia'' 19 (2013), pp. 43-57 | url = https://doaj.org/article/abcf8eeb333149f695fe25feae532879 | annus = 2013 | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref> Haec bulla paucis diebus ante mortem Innocentii IV edita est; successor eius [[Alexander IV (papa)|Alexander IV]] praecipuas eius dispositiones fere statim, die 22 Decembris 1254, litteris ''Nec insolitum'' suspendit vel revocavit.<ref name="Charansonnet">{{Opus | lingua = fr | auctor = A. Charansonnet | titulus = Thesis (Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2001), sectio de ''portée de la bulle Etsi animarum'' | url = https://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2001.charansonnet_a&part=40547 | annus = 2001 | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Tabone" /> Secundum [[Felix Accrocca|Felicem Accrocca]], ''Etsi animarum'' epistula fuit severissima contra fratres mendicantes, quae in ipsis acerbam reactionem excitare potuit.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Contextus historicus == Controversia inter clerum saecularem et ordines mendicantes Lutetiae orta est: Praedicatores scholas suas annis 1229-1230 aperuerunt, Minores anno 1231. Anno 1252 universitas Praedicatoribus se opposuit, eis unam tantum cathedram concedere volens, et deinde episcopos clerumque saecularem in certamen attraxit; hinc ad bullam anni 1254 perventum est. Innocentius IV antea mendicantibus favere solebat, quae mutatio, ut in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' dicitur, nondum satis explicata est.<ref name="CathEnc">{{Opus | lingua = en | auctor = | titulus = Mendicant Friars, ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' | url = https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mendicant-friars | annus = | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref> Exeunte anno 1254, Innocentius IV haesitationem ostendit. Universitatem Parisiensem coegit ut expensas [[Guillelmus de Sancto Amore|Guillelmi de Sancto Amore]] apud curiam solveret, sed de statuto magistrorum saecularium iudicium vitavit. Accusatio nova a Guillelmo facta, in triginta et una propositionibus ex ''Introductorio'' [[Gerardus de Burgo Sancti Donnini|Gerardi de Burgo Sancti Donnini]] sumptis fundata, indecisa mansit, quia papa textus integros prius habere voluit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Accrocca putat reprobationem bullae ''[[Ordinem vestrum]]'' in capitulo generali [[Metae|Metensi]] anno 1254 causam fuisse cur Innocentius IV bullam ''Etsi animarum'' ederet; crisis igitur anni 1254 radices haberet in pronuntiatione anni 1245, non in controversia de Gerardo.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Argumentum == Bulla privilegia fratrum mendicantium in ministerio pastorali restringit. Secundum Sitam Steckel, causam magistrorum saecularium adiuvit: fratribus vetitum est confessiones audire parochianorum qui proprios sacerdotes recusarent, atque praedicare vel missas celebrare dum parochi vel episcopi id facerent. Bulla fratres etiam reprehendit qui aegrotos visitarent ut sepulturam in coemeteriis mendicantium suaderent, eosque in iura aliena contra Deum et iustitiam usurpanda peccare dixit.<ref name="Steckel">{{Opus | lingua = en | auctor = Sita Steckel | titulus = Rewriting the Rules. The Secular-Mendicant Controversy in France and its Impact on Dominican Legislation, c. 1230-1290, pp. 105-131 | url = https://www.academia.edu/14631051/Rewriting_the_Rules_The_Secular_Mendicant_Controversy_in_France_and_its_Impact_on_Dominican_Legislation_c_1230_1290 | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref> Quod ad sepulturas attinet, constitutio religiosis praecepit ut, cum aliquem in suis ecclesiis ad sepulturam reciperent, episcopo vel parocho dimidium, tertiam vel quartam partem proventuum sepulturae, etiam non requisiti, intra octo dies exhiberent. Haec dispositio responsio fuit querelis cleri paroecialis, qui fratres iurium suorum invasores esse arbitrabatur. Textus constitutionis in supplemento ''Bullarii Franciscani'' (Claras Aquas 1908, p. 259) invenitur.<ref name="Tabone" /> ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Bullae]] [[Categoria:Innocentius IV]] [[Categoria:1254]] [[Categoria:Ordines Franciscani]] to0o8t4bjx6bwo1kqqch7lxf2bw7mqk 3994004 3994001 2026-10-11T12:28:21Z ~2026-54663-88 216050 Receptio 3994004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Etsi animarum | genus = [[Bulla apostolica]] | pontifex = [[Innocentius IV]] | insigne = | datum = 22 Novembris 1254 | annus_pontificatus = XII | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = Restrictio privilegiorum ordinum mendicantium | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} {{lres|Etsi animarum}} incipit [[bulla apostolica]] ab [[Innocentius IV|Innocentio IV]] die 22 Novembris anno 1254, duodecimo pontificatus sui anno currente, promulgata. Qua bulla pontifex privilegia [[Ordo mendicans|ordinum mendicantium]] quoad praedicationem, confessiones et sepulturas magnopere restrinxit, controversiam inter clerum saecularem et fratres Minores et Praedicatores, quae maxime [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] exarserat, respiciens.<ref name="Accrocca">{{Opus | lingua = en | auctor = Gary Devery | titulus = ''Ordinem vestrum'': a delicate and antagonistic decree (summarium articuli Felicis Accrocca, ''Frate Francesco'' 81/2, 2015, pp. 477-504) | url = https://www.capdox.capuchin.org.au/formation/ordinem-vestrum-a-delicate-and-antagonistic-decree/ | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Tabone">{{Opus | lingua = la | auctor = A. Tabone | titulus = Historica evolutio privilegii «Liberae sepulturae» regularibus a S. Sede concessi pro regularium subditis, ''Melita Theologica'' XIV (1963), pp. 3-4 | url = https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/24927/1/MELITA%20THEOLOGICA%2014-1.pdf | annus = 1963 | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Oles">{{Opus | lingua = en | auctor = Piotr Oleś | titulus = ''Letania more solito dicantar[ur]. A contribution to the study of the Marian devotion among medieval Dominicans'', ''Folia Historica Cracoviensia'' 19 (2013), pp. 43-57 | url = https://doaj.org/article/abcf8eeb333149f695fe25feae532879 | annus = 2013 | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref> Haec bulla paucis diebus ante mortem Innocentii IV edita est; successor eius [[Alexander IV (papa)|Alexander IV]] praecipuas eius dispositiones fere statim, die 22 Decembris 1254, litteris ''Nec insolitum'' suspendit vel revocavit.<ref name="Charansonnet">{{Opus | lingua = fr | auctor = A. Charansonnet | titulus = Thesis (Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2001), sectio de ''portée de la bulle Etsi animarum'' | url = https://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2001.charansonnet_a&part=40547 | annus = 2001 | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Tabone" /> Secundum [[Felix Accrocca|Felicem Accrocca]], ''Etsi animarum'' epistula fuit severissima contra fratres mendicantes, quae in ipsis acerbam reactionem excitare potuit.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Contextus historicus == Controversia inter clerum saecularem et ordines mendicantes Lutetiae orta est: Praedicatores scholas suas annis 1229-1230 aperuerunt, Minores anno 1231. Anno 1252 universitas Praedicatoribus se opposuit, eis unam tantum cathedram concedere volens, et deinde episcopos clerumque saecularem in certamen attraxit; hinc ad bullam anni 1254 perventum est. Innocentius IV antea mendicantibus favere solebat, quae mutatio, ut in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' dicitur, nondum satis explicata est.<ref name="CathEnc">{{Opus | lingua = en | auctor = | titulus = Mendicant Friars, ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' | url = https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mendicant-friars | annus = | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref> Exeunte anno 1254, Innocentius IV haesitationem ostendit. Universitatem Parisiensem coegit ut expensas [[Guillelmus de Sancto Amore|Guillelmi de Sancto Amore]] apud curiam solveret, sed de statuto magistrorum saecularium iudicium vitavit. Accusatio nova a Guillelmo facta, in triginta et una propositionibus ex ''Introductorio'' [[Gerardus de Burgo Sancti Donnini|Gerardi de Burgo Sancti Donnini]] sumptis fundata, indecisa mansit, quia papa textus integros prius habere voluit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Accrocca putat reprobationem bullae ''[[Ordinem vestrum]]'' in capitulo generali [[Metae|Metensi]] anno 1254 causam fuisse cur Innocentius IV bullam ''Etsi animarum'' ederet; crisis igitur anni 1254 radices haberet in pronuntiatione anni 1245, non in controversia de Gerardo.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Argumentum == Bulla privilegia fratrum mendicantium in ministerio pastorali restringit. Secundum Sitam Steckel, causam magistrorum saecularium adiuvit: fratribus vetitum est confessiones audire parochianorum qui proprios sacerdotes recusarent, atque praedicare vel missas celebrare dum parochi vel episcopi id facerent. Bulla fratres etiam reprehendit qui aegrotos visitarent ut sepulturam in coemeteriis mendicantium suaderent, eosque in iura aliena contra Deum et iustitiam usurpanda peccare dixit.<ref name="Steckel">{{Opus | lingua = en | auctor = Sita Steckel | titulus = Rewriting the Rules. The Secular-Mendicant Controversy in France and its Impact on Dominican Legislation, c. 1230-1290, pp. 105-131 | url = https://www.academia.edu/14631051/Rewriting_the_Rules_The_Secular_Mendicant_Controversy_in_France_and_its_Impact_on_Dominican_Legislation_c_1230_1290 | accessus = 10 Octobris 2026 }}</ref> Quod ad sepulturas attinet, constitutio religiosis praecepit ut, cum aliquem in suis ecclesiis ad sepulturam reciperent, episcopo vel parocho dimidium, tertiam vel quartam partem proventuum sepulturae, etiam non requisiti, intra octo dies exhiberent. Haec dispositio responsio fuit querelis cleri paroecialis, qui fratres iurium suorum invasores esse arbitrabatur. Textus constitutionis in supplemento ''Bullarii Franciscani'' (Claras Aquas 1908, p. 259) invenitur.<ref name="Tabone" /> == Receptio == Secundum Marcum-Mariam Dufeil, a Charansonnet citatum, bulla simplex restrictio privilegiorum fuit, quae posteriores pontificum sententias usque ad [[Concilium Tridentinum]] anticipat; Charansonnet existimat Innocentium IV famam inimicitiae erga fratres, quam historiographia posterior ei tribuit, non mereri. Bulla tamen magnum in tempore suo sonum habuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Innocentius IV paucis diebus post mortuus est; quidam Franciscani eius mortem divinam ultionem esse dixerunt.<ref name="Steckel" /> Alexander IV, die 20 Decembris consecratus, die 22 Decembris 1254 brevi ''Nec insolitum'' praecipuas bullae dispositiones annullavit; ut ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' refert, praedecessoris ordinationes suspendit, novas promisit et interim ne quid contra mendicantes fieret vetuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /><ref name="CathEnc" /> Die 14 Aprilis 1255, bulla ''Quasi lignum vitae'', Alexander controversiam composuit, statuta universitatis contra mendicantes irrita fecit.<ref name="CathEnc" /> [[Humbertus de Romanis]] postea in epistula encyclica capituli Mediolanensis plurima ex hac bulla repetivit.<ref name="Steckel" /> ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Bullae]] [[Categoria:Innocentius IV]] [[Categoria:1254]] [[Categoria:Ordines Franciscani]] 4i9jnosy1o0fvsj6los4h1dk2l1547b 3994005 3994004 2026-10-11T12:32:00Z Grufo 64423 Paginam vicificavi 3994005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Etsi animarum | genus = [[Bulla apostolica]] | pontifex = [[Innocentius IV]] | insigne = | datum = [[22 Novembris]] [[1254]] | annus_pontificatus = XII | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = Restrictio privilegiorum ordinum mendicantium | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} {{lres|Etsi animarum}} [[incipit]] [[bulla apostolica]] ab [[Innocentius IV|Innocentio IV]] die [[22 Novembris]] anni [[1254]], duodecimo pontificatus sui anno currente, promulgata. Qua bulla pontifex privilegia [[Ordines Mendicantes|ordinum mendicantium]] quoad praedicationem, confessiones et sepulturas magnopere restrinxit, controversiam inter clerum saecularem et fratres Minores et Praedicatores, quae maxime [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] exarserat, respiciens.<ref name="Accrocca">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Accrocca | nomen auctoris = Felice | cognomen redactoris = Devery | nomen redactoris = Gary | titulus = ‘Ordinem vestrum’: a delicate and antagonistic decree | lingua = en | url = https://www.capdox.capuchin.org.au/formation/ordinem-vestrum-a-delicate-and-antagonistic-decree/ | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }} (summarium articuli Felicis Accrocca, ''Frate Francesco'' 81/2, [[2015]], pp. 477–504).</ref><ref name="Tabone">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Tabone | nomen auctoris = A. | titulus = Historica evolutio privilegii ‘Liberae sepulturae’ regularibus a S. Sede concessi pro regularium subditis | contextus = Melita Theologica | lingua = la | volumen = 14 | url = https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/24927/1/MELITA%20THEOLOGICA%2014-1.pdf | annus = 1963 | paginae = 3–4 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref><ref name="Oles">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Oleś | nomen auctoris = Piotr | lingua = en | titulus = Letania more solito dicantar&#91;ur&#93;. A contribution to the study of the Marian devotion among medieval Dominicans | contextus = Folia Historica Cracoviensia | volumen = 19 | paginae 43–57 | url = https://doaj.org/article/abcf8eeb333149f695fe25feae532879 | annus = 2013 | doi = 10.15633/fhc.230 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Haec bulla paucis diebus ante mortem Innocentii IV edita est; successor eius [[Alexander IV]] praecipuas eius dispositiones fere statim, die 22 Decembris 1254, litteris ''Nec insolitum'' suspendit vel revocavit.<ref name="Charansonnet">{{Opus | cognomen = Charansonnet | nomen = A. | titulus = Les hésitations finales d’Innocent IV (second semestre 1254): portée de la bulle Etsi animarum | contextus = Thesis | lingua = fr | url = https://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2001.charansonnet_a&part=40547 | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Université Lumière Lyon 2 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 | retrospectio = 20220807165641 | salus url = obiit }}.</ref><ref name="Tabone" /> Secundum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Felix Accrocca|Felicem Accrocca|en|qid=Q21542180}}, ''Etsi animarum'' epistula fuit severissima contra fratres mendicantes, quae in ipsis acerbam reactionem excitare potuit.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Contextus historicus == Controversia inter clerum saecularem et ordines mendicantes Lutetiae orta est: Praedicatores scholas suas annis [[1229]]–[[1230]] aperuerunt, Minores anno [[1231]]. Anno [[1252]] universitas Praedicatoribus se opposuit, eis unam tantum cathedram concedere volens, et deinde episcopos clerumque saecularem in certamen attraxit; hinc ad bullam anni [[1254]] perventum est. Innocentius IV antea mendicantibus favere solebat, quae mutatio, ut in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' dicitur, nondum satis explicata est.<ref name="CathEnc">{{Opus | titulus = Mendicant Friars | contextus = Catholic Encyclopedia | lingua = en | url = https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mendicant-friars | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Exeunte anno [[1254]], Innocentius IV haesitationem ostendit. Universitatem Parisiensem coegit ut expensas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus de Sancto Amore|Guillelmi de Sancto Amore|en|qid=Q2576059}} apud curiam solveret, sed de statuto magistrorum saecularium iudicium vitavit. Accusatio nova a Guillelmo facta, in triginta et una propositionibus ex ''Introductorio'' {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gerardus de Burgo Sancti Donnini|Gerardi de Burgo Sancti Donnini|en|qid=Q1512849}} sumptis fundata, indecisa mansit, quia papa textus integros prius habere voluit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Accrocca putat reprobationem bullae ''[[Ordinem vestrum]]'' in capitulo generali [[Metae|Metensi]] anno [[1254]] causam fuisse cur Innocentius IV bullam ''Etsi animarum'' ederet; crisis igitur anni [[1254]] radices haberet in pronuntiatione anni [[1245]], non in controversia de Gerardo.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Argumentum == Bulla privilegia fratrum mendicantium in ministerio pastorali restringit. Secundum Sitam Steckel, causam magistrorum saecularium adiuvit: fratribus vetitum est confessiones audire parochianorum qui proprios sacerdotes recusarent, atque praedicare vel missas celebrare dum parochi vel episcopi id facerent. Bulla fratres etiam reprehendit qui aegrotos visitarent ut sepulturam in coemeteriis mendicantium suaderent, eosque in iura aliena contra Deum et iustitiam usurpanda peccare dixit.<ref name="Steckel">{{Opus | cognomen auctricis = Steckel | nomen auctricis = Sita | lingua = en | titulus = Rewriting the Rules. The Secular–Mendicant Controversy in France and its Impact on Dominican Legislation, c. 1230–1290 | paginae = 105–131 | url = https://www.academia.edu/14631051/Rewriting_the_Rules_The_Secular_Mendicant_Controversy_in_France_and_its_Impact_on_Dominican_Legislation_c_1230_1290 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Quod ad sepulturas attinet, constitutio religiosis praecepit ut, cum aliquem in suis ecclesiis ad sepulturam reciperent, episcopo vel parocho dimidium, tertiam vel quartam partem proventuum sepulturae, etiam non requisiti, intra octo dies exhiberent. Haec dispositio responsio fuit querelis cleri paroecialis, qui fratres iurium suorum invasores esse arbitrabatur. Textus constitutionis in supplemento ''Bullarii Franciscani'' (Claras Aquas [[1908]], p. 259) invenitur.<ref name="Tabone" /> == Receptio == Secundum Marcum-Mariam Dufeil, a Charansonnet citatum, bulla simplex restrictio privilegiorum fuit, quae posteriores pontificum sententias usque ad [[Concilium Tridentinum]] anticipat; Charansonnet existimat Innocentium IV famam inimicitiae erga fratres, quam historiographia posterior ei tribuit, non mereri. Bulla tamen magnum in tempore suo sonum habuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Innocentius IV paucis diebus post mortuus est; quidam Franciscani eius mortem divinam ultionem esse dixerunt.<ref name="Steckel" /> Alexander IV, die 20 Decembris consecratus, die 22 Decembris 1254 brevi ''Nec insolitum'' praecipuas bullae dispositiones annullavit; ut ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' refert, praedecessoris ordinationes suspendit, novas promisit et interim ne quid contra mendicantes fieret vetuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /><ref name="CathEnc" /> Die 14 Aprilis 1255, bulla ''Quasi lignum vitae'', Alexander controversiam composuit, statuta universitatis contra mendicantes irrita fecit.<ref name="CathEnc" /> [[Humbertus de Romanis]] postea in epistula encyclica capituli Mediolanensis plurima ex hac bulla repetivit.<ref name="Steckel" /> == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Bullae]] [[Categoria:Innocentius IV]] [[Categoria:1254]] [[Categoria:Ordines Franciscani]] dg2k8tc5apqizhz6i6jqixkbvom52vn 3994006 3994005 2026-10-11T12:33:32Z Grufo 64423 /* Receptio */ 3994006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Etsi animarum | genus = [[Bulla apostolica]] | pontifex = [[Innocentius IV]] | insigne = | datum = [[22 Novembris]] [[1254]] | annus_pontificatus = XII | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = Restrictio privilegiorum ordinum mendicantium | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} {{lres|Etsi animarum}} [[incipit]] [[bulla apostolica]] ab [[Innocentius IV|Innocentio IV]] die [[22 Novembris]] anni [[1254]], duodecimo pontificatus sui anno currente, promulgata. Qua bulla pontifex privilegia [[Ordines Mendicantes|ordinum mendicantium]] quoad praedicationem, confessiones et sepulturas magnopere restrinxit, controversiam inter clerum saecularem et fratres Minores et Praedicatores, quae maxime [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] exarserat, respiciens.<ref name="Accrocca">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Accrocca | nomen auctoris = Felice | cognomen redactoris = Devery | nomen redactoris = Gary | titulus = ‘Ordinem vestrum’: a delicate and antagonistic decree | lingua = en | url = https://www.capdox.capuchin.org.au/formation/ordinem-vestrum-a-delicate-and-antagonistic-decree/ | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }} (summarium articuli Felicis Accrocca, ''Frate Francesco'' 81/2, [[2015]], pp. 477–504).</ref><ref name="Tabone">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Tabone | nomen auctoris = A. | titulus = Historica evolutio privilegii ‘Liberae sepulturae’ regularibus a S. Sede concessi pro regularium subditis | contextus = Melita Theologica | lingua = la | volumen = 14 | url = https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/24927/1/MELITA%20THEOLOGICA%2014-1.pdf | annus = 1963 | paginae = 3–4 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref><ref name="Oles">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Oleś | nomen auctoris = Piotr | lingua = en | titulus = Letania more solito dicantar&#91;ur&#93;. A contribution to the study of the Marian devotion among medieval Dominicans | contextus = Folia Historica Cracoviensia | volumen = 19 | paginae 43–57 | url = https://doaj.org/article/abcf8eeb333149f695fe25feae532879 | annus = 2013 | doi = 10.15633/fhc.230 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Haec bulla paucis diebus ante mortem Innocentii IV edita est; successor eius [[Alexander IV]] praecipuas eius dispositiones fere statim, die 22 Decembris 1254, litteris ''Nec insolitum'' suspendit vel revocavit.<ref name="Charansonnet">{{Opus | cognomen = Charansonnet | nomen = A. | titulus = Les hésitations finales d’Innocent IV (second semestre 1254): portée de la bulle Etsi animarum | contextus = Thesis | lingua = fr | url = https://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2001.charansonnet_a&part=40547 | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Université Lumière Lyon 2 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 | retrospectio = 20220807165641 | salus url = obiit }}.</ref><ref name="Tabone" /> Secundum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Felix Accrocca|Felicem Accrocca|en|qid=Q21542180}}, ''Etsi animarum'' epistula fuit severissima contra fratres mendicantes, quae in ipsis acerbam reactionem excitare potuit.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Contextus historicus == Controversia inter clerum saecularem et ordines mendicantes Lutetiae orta est: Praedicatores scholas suas annis [[1229]]–[[1230]] aperuerunt, Minores anno [[1231]]. Anno [[1252]] universitas Praedicatoribus se opposuit, eis unam tantum cathedram concedere volens, et deinde episcopos clerumque saecularem in certamen attraxit; hinc ad bullam anni [[1254]] perventum est. Innocentius IV antea mendicantibus favere solebat, quae mutatio, ut in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' dicitur, nondum satis explicata est.<ref name="CathEnc">{{Opus | titulus = Mendicant Friars | contextus = Catholic Encyclopedia | lingua = en | url = https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mendicant-friars | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Exeunte anno [[1254]], Innocentius IV haesitationem ostendit. Universitatem Parisiensem coegit ut expensas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus de Sancto Amore|Guillelmi de Sancto Amore|en|qid=Q2576059}} apud curiam solveret, sed de statuto magistrorum saecularium iudicium vitavit. Accusatio nova a Guillelmo facta, in triginta et una propositionibus ex ''Introductorio'' {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gerardus de Burgo Sancti Donnini|Gerardi de Burgo Sancti Donnini|en|qid=Q1512849}} sumptis fundata, indecisa mansit, quia papa textus integros prius habere voluit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Accrocca putat reprobationem bullae ''[[Ordinem vestrum]]'' in capitulo generali [[Metae|Metensi]] anno [[1254]] causam fuisse cur Innocentius IV bullam ''Etsi animarum'' ederet; crisis igitur anni [[1254]] radices haberet in pronuntiatione anni [[1245]], non in controversia de Gerardo.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Argumentum == Bulla privilegia fratrum mendicantium in ministerio pastorali restringit. Secundum Sitam Steckel, causam magistrorum saecularium adiuvit: fratribus vetitum est confessiones audire parochianorum qui proprios sacerdotes recusarent, atque praedicare vel missas celebrare dum parochi vel episcopi id facerent. Bulla fratres etiam reprehendit qui aegrotos visitarent ut sepulturam in coemeteriis mendicantium suaderent, eosque in iura aliena contra Deum et iustitiam usurpanda peccare dixit.<ref name="Steckel">{{Opus | cognomen auctricis = Steckel | nomen auctricis = Sita | lingua = en | titulus = Rewriting the Rules. The Secular–Mendicant Controversy in France and its Impact on Dominican Legislation, c. 1230–1290 | paginae = 105–131 | url = https://www.academia.edu/14631051/Rewriting_the_Rules_The_Secular_Mendicant_Controversy_in_France_and_its_Impact_on_Dominican_Legislation_c_1230_1290 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Quod ad sepulturas attinet, constitutio religiosis praecepit ut, cum aliquem in suis ecclesiis ad sepulturam reciperent, episcopo vel parocho dimidium, tertiam vel quartam partem proventuum sepulturae, etiam non requisiti, intra octo dies exhiberent. Haec dispositio responsio fuit querelis cleri paroecialis, qui fratres iurium suorum invasores esse arbitrabatur. Textus constitutionis in supplemento ''Bullarii Franciscani'' (Claras Aquas [[1908]], p. 259) invenitur.<ref name="Tabone" /> == Receptio == Secundum Marcum-Mariam Dufeil, a Charansonnet citatum, bulla simplex restrictio privilegiorum fuit, quae posteriores pontificum sententias usque ad [[Concilium Tridentinum]] anticipat; Charansonnet existimat Innocentium IV famam inimicitiae erga fratres, quam historiographia posterior ei tribuit, non mereri. Bulla tamen magnum in tempore suo sonum habuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Innocentius IV paucis diebus post mortuus est; quidam Franciscani eius mortem divinam ultionem esse dixerunt.<ref name="Steckel" /> Alexander IV, die 20 Decembris consecratus, die 22 Decembris [[1254]] brevi ''Nec insolitum'' praecipuas bullae dispositiones annullavit; ut ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' refert, praedecessoris ordinationes suspendit, novas promisit et interim ne quid contra mendicantes fieret vetuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /><ref name="CathEnc" /> Die 14 Aprilis [[1255]], bulla ''Quasi lignum vitae'', Alexander controversiam composuit, statuta universitatis contra mendicantes irrita fecit.<ref name="CathEnc" /> {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Humbertus de Romanis||en|qid=Q2623954}} postea in epistula encyclica capituli Mediolanensis plurima ex hac bulla repetivit.<ref name="Steckel" /> == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Bullae]] [[Categoria:Innocentius IV]] [[Categoria:1254]] [[Categoria:Ordines Franciscani]] 1xbcl0o8xiry5tjpypc063fhr8rt5er 3994007 3994006 2026-10-11T12:34:21Z Grufo 64423 3994007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Etsi animarum | genus = [[Bulla apostolica]] | pontifex = [[Innocentius IV]] | insigne = | datum = [[22 Novembris]] [[1254]] | annus_pontificatus = XII | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = Restrictio privilegiorum ordinum mendicantium | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} {{lres|Etsi animarum}} [[incipit]] [[bulla apostolica]] ab [[Innocentius IV|Innocentio IV]] die [[22 Novembris]] anni [[1254]], duodecimo pontificatus sui anno currente, promulgata. Qua bulla pontifex privilegia [[Ordines Mendicantes|ordinum mendicantium]] quoad praedicationem, confessiones et sepulturas magnopere restrinxit, controversiam inter clerum saecularem et fratres Minores et Praedicatores, quae maxime [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] exarserat, respiciens.<ref name="Accrocca">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Accrocca | nomen auctoris = Felice | cognomen redactoris = Devery | nomen redactoris = Gary | titulus = ‘Ordinem vestrum’: a delicate and antagonistic decree | lingua = en | url = https://www.capdox.capuchin.org.au/formation/ordinem-vestrum-a-delicate-and-antagonistic-decree/ | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }} (summarium articuli Felicis Accrocca, ''Frate Francesco'' 81/2, [[2015]], pp. 477–504).</ref><ref name="Tabone">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Tabone | nomen auctoris = A. | titulus = Historica evolutio privilegii ‘Liberae sepulturae’ regularibus a S. Sede concessi pro regularium subditis | contextus = Melita Theologica | lingua = la | volumen = 14 | url = https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/24927/1/MELITA%20THEOLOGICA%2014-1.pdf | annus = 1963 | paginae = 3–4 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref><ref name="Oles">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Oleś | nomen auctoris = Piotr | lingua = en | titulus = Letania more solito dicantar&#91;ur&#93;. A contribution to the study of the Marian devotion among medieval Dominicans | contextus = Folia Historica Cracoviensia | volumen = 19 | paginae 43–57 | url = https://doaj.org/article/abcf8eeb333149f695fe25feae532879 | annus = 2013 | doi = 10.15633/fhc.230 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Haec bulla paucis diebus ante mortem Innocentii IV edita est; successor eius [[Alexander IV]] praecipuas eius dispositiones fere statim, die [[22 Decembris]] [[1254]], litteris ''Nec insolitum'' suspendit vel revocavit.<ref name="Charansonnet">{{Opus | cognomen = Charansonnet | nomen = A. | titulus = Les hésitations finales d’Innocent IV (second semestre 1254): portée de la bulle Etsi animarum | contextus = Thesis | lingua = fr | url = https://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2001.charansonnet_a&part=40547 | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Université Lumière Lyon 2 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 | retrospectio = 20220807165641 | salus url = obiit }}.</ref><ref name="Tabone" /> Secundum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Felix Accrocca|Felicem Accrocca|en|qid=Q21542180}}, ''Etsi animarum'' epistula fuit severissima contra fratres mendicantes, quae in ipsis acerbam reactionem excitare potuit.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Contextus historicus == Controversia inter clerum saecularem et ordines mendicantes Lutetiae orta est: Praedicatores scholas suas annis [[1229]]–[[1230]] aperuerunt, Minores anno [[1231]]. Anno [[1252]] universitas Praedicatoribus se opposuit, eis unam tantum cathedram concedere volens, et deinde episcopos clerumque saecularem in certamen attraxit; hinc ad bullam anni [[1254]] perventum est. Innocentius IV antea mendicantibus favere solebat, quae mutatio, ut in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' dicitur, nondum satis explicata est.<ref name="CathEnc">{{Opus | titulus = Mendicant Friars | contextus = Catholic Encyclopedia | lingua = en | url = https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mendicant-friars | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Exeunte anno [[1254]], Innocentius IV haesitationem ostendit. Universitatem Parisiensem coegit ut expensas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus de Sancto Amore|Guillelmi de Sancto Amore|en|qid=Q2576059}} apud curiam solveret, sed de statuto magistrorum saecularium iudicium vitavit. Accusatio nova a Guillelmo facta, in triginta et una propositionibus ex ''Introductorio'' {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gerardus de Burgo Sancti Donnini|Gerardi de Burgo Sancti Donnini|en|qid=Q1512849}} sumptis fundata, indecisa mansit, quia papa textus integros prius habere voluit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Accrocca putat reprobationem bullae ''[[Ordinem vestrum]]'' in capitulo generali [[Metae|Metensi]] anno [[1254]] causam fuisse cur Innocentius IV bullam ''Etsi animarum'' ederet; crisis igitur anni [[1254]] radices haberet in pronuntiatione anni [[1245]], non in controversia de Gerardo.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Argumentum == Bulla privilegia fratrum mendicantium in ministerio pastorali restringit. Secundum Sitam Steckel, causam magistrorum saecularium adiuvit: fratribus vetitum est confessiones audire parochianorum qui proprios sacerdotes recusarent, atque praedicare vel missas celebrare dum parochi vel episcopi id facerent. Bulla fratres etiam reprehendit qui aegrotos visitarent ut sepulturam in coemeteriis mendicantium suaderent, eosque in iura aliena contra Deum et iustitiam usurpanda peccare dixit.<ref name="Steckel">{{Opus | cognomen auctricis = Steckel | nomen auctricis = Sita | lingua = en | titulus = Rewriting the Rules. The Secular–Mendicant Controversy in France and its Impact on Dominican Legislation, c. 1230–1290 | paginae = 105–131 | url = https://www.academia.edu/14631051/Rewriting_the_Rules_The_Secular_Mendicant_Controversy_in_France_and_its_Impact_on_Dominican_Legislation_c_1230_1290 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Quod ad sepulturas attinet, constitutio religiosis praecepit ut, cum aliquem in suis ecclesiis ad sepulturam reciperent, episcopo vel parocho dimidium, tertiam vel quartam partem proventuum sepulturae, etiam non requisiti, intra octo dies exhiberent. Haec dispositio responsio fuit querelis cleri paroecialis, qui fratres iurium suorum invasores esse arbitrabatur. Textus constitutionis in supplemento ''Bullarii Franciscani'' (Claras Aquas [[1908]], p. 259) invenitur.<ref name="Tabone" /> == Receptio == Secundum Marcum-Mariam Dufeil, a Charansonnet citatum, bulla simplex restrictio privilegiorum fuit, quae posteriores pontificum sententias usque ad [[Concilium Tridentinum]] anticipat; Charansonnet existimat Innocentium IV famam inimicitiae erga fratres, quam historiographia posterior ei tribuit, non mereri. Bulla tamen magnum in tempore suo sonum habuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Innocentius IV paucis diebus post mortuus est; quidam Franciscani eius mortem divinam ultionem esse dixerunt.<ref name="Steckel" /> Alexander IV, die [[20 Decembris]] consecratus, die [[22 Decembris]] [[1254]] brevi ''Nec insolitum'' praecipuas bullae dispositiones annullavit; ut ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' refert, praedecessoris ordinationes suspendit, novas promisit et interim ne quid contra mendicantes fieret vetuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /><ref name="CathEnc" /> Die [[14 Aprilis]] [[1255]], bulla ''Quasi lignum vitae'', Alexander controversiam composuit, statuta universitatis contra mendicantes irrita fecit.<ref name="CathEnc" /> {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Humbertus de Romanis||en|qid=Q2623954}} postea in epistula encyclica capituli Mediolanensis plurima ex hac bulla repetivit.<ref name="Steckel" /> == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Bullae]] [[Categoria:Innocentius IV]] [[Categoria:1254]] [[Categoria:Ordines Franciscani]] qge0pthrz9bhzfehd0w3vtdm6j2e7tq 3994024 3994007 2026-10-11T13:24:46Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3994024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Documentum pontificium | titulus = Etsi animarum | genus = [[Bulla apostolica]] | pontifex = [[Innocentius IV]] | insigne = | datum = [[22 Novembris]] [[1254]] | annus_pontificatus = XII | titulus_vernaculus = | argumenta = Restrictio privilegiorum ordinum mendicantium | numerus_paginarum = | n_doc_pontificis = | n_doc = | antecedens = | subsequens = }} {{lres|Etsi animarum}} [[incipit]] [[bulla apostolica]] ab [[Innocentius IV|Innocentio IV]] die [[22 Novembris]] anni [[1254]], duodecimo pontificatus sui anno currente, promulgata. Qua bulla pontifex privilegia [[Ordines Mendicantes|ordinum mendicantium]] quoad praedicationem, confessiones et sepulturas magnopere restrinxit, controversiam inter clerum saecularem et fratres Minores et Praedicatores, quae maxime [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] exarserat, respiciens.<ref name="Accrocca">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Accrocca | nomen auctoris = Felice | cognomen redactoris = Devery | nomen redactoris = Gary | titulus = ‘Ordinem vestrum’: a delicate and antagonistic decree | lingua = en | url = https://www.capdox.capuchin.org.au/formation/ordinem-vestrum-a-delicate-and-antagonistic-decree/ | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }} (summarium articuli Felicis Accrocca, ''Frate Francesco'' 81/2, [[2015]], pp. 477–504).</ref><ref name="Tabone">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Tabone | nomen auctoris = A. | titulus = Historica evolutio privilegii ‘Liberae sepulturae’ regularibus a S. Sede concessi pro regularium subditis | contextus = Melita Theologica | lingua = la | volumen = 14 | url = https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/24927/1/MELITA%20THEOLOGICA%2014-1.pdf | annus = 1963 | paginae = 3–4 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref><ref name="Oles">{{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Oleś | nomen auctoris = Piotr | lingua = en | titulus = Letania more solito dicantar&#91;ur&#93;. A contribution to the study of the Marian devotion among medieval Dominicans | contextus = Folia Historica Cracoviensia | volumen = 19 | paginae 43–57 | url = https://doaj.org/article/abcf8eeb333149f695fe25feae532879 | annus = 2013 | doi = 10.15633/fhc.230 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Haec bulla paucis diebus ante mortem Innocentii IV edita est; successor eius [[Alexander IV]] praecipuas eius dispositiones fere statim, die [[22 Decembris]] [[1254]], litteris ''Nec insolitum'' suspendit vel revocavit.<ref name="Charansonnet">{{Opus | cognomen = Charansonnet | nomen = A. | titulus = Les hésitations finales d’Innocent IV (second semestre 1254): portée de la bulle Etsi animarum | contextus = Thesis | lingua = fr | url = https://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2001.charansonnet_a&part=40547 | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Université Lumière Lyon 2 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 | retrospectio = 20220807165641 | salus url = obiit }}.</ref><ref name="Tabone" /> Secundum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Felix Accrocca|Felicem Accrocca|en|qid=Q21542180}}, ''Etsi animarum'' epistula fuit severissima contra fratres mendicantes, quae in ipsis acerbam reactionem excitare potuit.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Contextus historicus == Controversia inter clerum saecularem et [[ordo mendicans|ordines mendicantes]] [[Lutetia]]e orta est. Praedicatores [[schola]]s suas annis ab [[1229]] ad [[1230]] aperuerunt, Minores anno [[1231]]. Anno [[1252]] universitas Praedicatoribus se opposuit, eis unam tantum cathedram concedere volens, et deinde episcopos clerumque saecularem in certamen attraxit; hinc ad bullam anni [[1254]] perventum est. Innocentius IV antea mendicantibus favere solebat, quae mutatio, ut in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' dicitur, nondum satis explicata est.<ref name="CathEnc">{{Opus | titulus = Mendicant Friars | contextus = Catholic Encyclopedia | lingua = en | url = https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mendicant-friars | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Exeunte anno [[1254]], Innocentius IV haesitationem ostendit. Universitatem Parisiensem coegit ut expensas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Guillelmus de Sancto Amore|Guillelmi de Sancto Amore|en|qid=Q2576059}} apud curiam solveret, sed de statuto magistrorum saecularium iudicium vitavit. Accusatio nova a Guillelmo facta, in triginta et una propositionibus ex ''Introductorio'' {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Gerardus de Burgo Sancti Donnini|Gerardi de Burgo Sancti Donnini|en|qid=Q1512849}} sumptis fundata, indecisa mansit, quia papa textus integros prius habere voluit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Accrocca putat reprobationem bullae ''[[Ordinem vestrum]]'' in capitulo generali [[Metae|Metensi]] anno [[1254]] causam fuisse cur Innocentius IV bullam ''Etsi animarum'' ederet; crisis igitur anni [[1254]] radices haberet in pronuntiatione anni [[1245]], non in controversia de Gerardo.<ref name="Accrocca" /> == Argumentum == Bulla privilegia fratrum mendicantium in ministerio pastorali restringit. Secundum Sitam Steckel, causam magistrorum saecularium adiuvit: fratribus vetitum est confessiones audire parochianorum qui proprios sacerdotes recusarent, atque praedicare vel missas celebrare dum parochi vel episcopi id facerent. Bulla fratres etiam reprehendit qui aegrotos visitarent ut sepulturam in coemeteriis mendicantium suaderent, eosque in iura aliena contra Deum et iustitiam usurpanda peccare dixit.<ref name="Steckel">{{Opus | cognomen auctricis = Steckel | nomen auctricis = Sita | lingua = en | titulus = Rewriting the Rules. The Secular–Mendicant Controversy in France and its Impact on Dominican Legislation, c. 1230–1290 | paginae = 105–131 | url = https://www.academia.edu/14631051/Rewriting_the_Rules_The_Secular_Mendicant_Controversy_in_France_and_its_Impact_on_Dominican_Legislation_c_1230_1290 | tempus inspectionis = 2026-10-10 }}.</ref> Quod ad sepulturas attinet, constitutio religiosis praecepit ut, cum aliquem in suis ecclesiis ad sepulturam reciperent, episcopo vel parocho dimidium, tertiam vel quartam partem proventuum sepulturae, etiam non requisiti, intra octo dies exhiberent. Haec dispositio responsio fuit querelis cleri paroecialis, qui fratres iurium suorum invasores esse arbitrabatur. Textus constitutionis in supplemento ''Bullarii Franciscani'' (Claras Aquas [[1908]], p. 259) invenitur.<ref name="Tabone" /> == Receptio == Secundum Marcum-Mariam Dufeil, a Charansonnet citatum, bulla simplex restrictio privilegiorum fuit, quae posteriores pontificum sententias usque ad [[Concilium Tridentinum]] anticipat; Charansonnet existimat Innocentium IV famam inimicitiae erga fratres, quam historiographia posterior ei tribuit, non mereri. Bulla tamen magnum in tempore suo sonum habuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /> Innocentius IV paucis diebus post mortuus est; quidam Franciscani eius mortem divinam ultionem esse dixerunt.<ref name="Steckel" /> Alexander IV, die [[20 Decembris]] consecratus, die [[22 Decembris]] [[1254]] brevi ''Nec insolitum'' praecipuas bullae dispositiones annullavit; ut ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' refert, praedecessoris ordinationes suspendit, novas promisit et interim ne quid contra mendicantes fieret vetuit.<ref name="Charansonnet" /><ref name="CathEnc" /> Die [[14 Aprilis]] [[1255]], bulla ''Quasi lignum vitae'', Alexander controversiam composuit, statuta universitatis contra mendicantes irrita fecit.<ref name="CathEnc" /> {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Humbertus de Romanis||en|qid=Q2623954}} postea in epistula encyclica capituli Mediolanensis plurima ex hac bulla repetivit.<ref name="Steckel" /> == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Bullae]] [[Categoria:Innocentius IV]] [[Categoria:Ordines Franciscani]] [[Categoria:1254]] h0ekkzqla0jotzw2vb1nu5z0fw8m9u9 0 329330 3994008 2026-10-11T12:36:11Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3994008 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Darwin mountain range.jpg|thumb|Iugum cum Monte Darwinii super [[fiordum|fiordo]] Yendegaia]] {{res|Terra Ignium}}<ref>[[Philippus Ferrarius|Philippi Ferrarii]] et [[Michael Antonius Baudrand|Michaelis Antonii Baudrand]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Lexicon_Geographicvm_in_qvo_Vniversi_Orb/fWexRyIvl1YC?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Terra+Ignium&pg=RA1-PA254&printsec=frontcover ''Lexicon geographicum'', p. 254]. Cf. [[nomen adiectivum|adiectivum]] ''fuegianus,'' — ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzenname''.</ref> vel {{res|Insula Maior Terrae Ignium}} ([[Hispanice]] ''Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego '') est [[insula]] principalis [[Terra Ignium|archipelagi eiusdem nominis]]. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] {{num|47992}} [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. [[Fretum Magellanicum|Freto Magellanico]] a [[continens|terra continente]] separatur et [[fretum Beagle|freto Beagle]] aliisque fretis ab insulis minoribus. Pars insulae orientalis [[Argentina|Argentiniana]] est, occidentalis [[Chilia]]na. Urbs maxima est [[Ushuaia]] in litore orientali sita. Partis Chilianae urbs maxima est [[Futurum (Chilia)|Futurum]] (''Porvenir''). Insula montuosa est: cacumen altissimum est Mons Darwinii in parte Chiliana, 2488 [[m]] altitudinis. Litora saxosa et [[fiordum|fiordis]] dissecata. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Terra Ignium]] [[Categoria:Insulae Chiliae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Argentinae]] p9oog8t5xfkfqry1dakxx0ibhswh7cp 3994014 3994008 2026-10-11T12:48:30Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3994014 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Darwin mountain range.jpg|thumb|Iugum cum Monte Darwinii super [[fiordum|fiordo]] Yendegaia]] {{res|Terra Ignium}}<ref>[[Philippus Ferrarius|Philippi Ferrarii]] et [[Michael Antonius Baudrand|Michaelis Antonii Baudrand]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Lexicon_Geographicvm_in_qvo_Vniversi_Orb/fWexRyIvl1YC?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Terra+Ignium&pg=RA1-PA254&printsec=frontcover ''Lexicon geographicum'', p. 254]. Cf. [[nomen adiectivum|adiectivum]] ''fuegianus,'' — ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzenname''.</ref> vel {{res|Insula Maior Terrae Ignium}} ([[Hispanice]] ''Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego '') est [[insula]] principalis [[Terra Ignium|archipelagi eiusdem nominis]]. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] {{num|47992}} [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. [[Fretum Magellanicum|Freto Magellanico]] a [[continens|terra continente]] separatur et [[fretum Beagle|freto Beagle]] aliisque fretis ab insulis minoribus. Pars insulae orientalis [[Argentina|Argentiniana]] est, occidentalis [[Chilia]]na. Urbs maxima est [[Ushuaia]] in litore orientali sita. Partis Chilianae urbs maxima est [[Futurum (Chilia)|Futurum]] (''Porvenir''). Pars occidentalis montuosa est: cacumen altissimum est Mons Darwinii in parte Chiliana, 2488 [[m]] altitudinis. Litora partis occidentalis saxosa et [[fiordum|fiordis]] dissecata sunt. Pars orientalis planior est et litora habet aequa. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Terra Ignium]] [[Categoria:Insulae Chiliae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Argentinae]] 5mcraw73rw9xxhtg4xd47i6sip2xzqa 3994015 3994014 2026-10-11T12:52:41Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3994015 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:Darwin mountain range.jpg|thumb|Iugum cum Monte Darwinii super [[fiordum|fiordo]] Yendegaia]] {{res|Terra Ignium}}<ref>[[Philippus Ferrarius|Philippi Ferrarii]] et [[Michael Antonius Baudrand|Michaelis Antonii Baudrand]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Lexicon_Geographicvm_in_qvo_Vniversi_Orb/fWexRyIvl1YC?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Terra+Ignium&pg=RA1-PA254&printsec=frontcover ''Lexicon geographicum'', p. 254]. Cf. [[nomen adiectivum|adiectivum]] ''fuegianus,'' — ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzenname''.</ref> vel {{res|Insula Maior Terrae Ignium}} ([[Hispanice]] ''Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego '') est [[insula]] principalis [[Terra Ignium|archipelagi eiusdem nominis]]. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] {{num|47992}} [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. [[Fretum Magellanicum|Freto Magellanico]] a [[continens|terra continente]] separatur et [[fretum Beagle|freto Beagle]] aliisque fretis ab insulis minoribus. Pars insulae orientalis [[Argentina|Argentiniana]] est, occidentalis [[Chilia]]na. Urbs maxima est [[Ushuaia]] in litore orientali sita. Partis Chilianae urbs maxima est [[Futurum (Chilia)|Futurum]] (''Porvenir''). Pars insulae austroccidentalis montuosa est: cacumen altissimum est Mons Darwinii in parte Chiliana, 2488 [[m]] altitudinis. Litora partis occidentalis saxosa et [[fiordum|fiordis]] dissecata sunt. [[Lacus Fagnano]] longus fiordo similis est. Pars septentrionalis et orientalis planior est et litora habet aequa. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Terra Ignium]] [[Categoria:Insulae Chiliae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Argentinae]] 3348htl5m45q9zgdwevdafmsvtp0qmh 3994026 3994015 2026-10-11T13:31:10Z IacobusAmor 1163 3994026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Darwin mountain range.jpg|thumb|Iugum cum Monte Darwinii super [[fiordum|fiordo]] Yendegaia.]] {{res|Terra Ignium}}<ref>[[Philippus Ferrarius|Philippi Ferrarii]] et [[Michael Antonius Baudrand|Michaelis Antonii Baudrand]] [https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Lexicon_Geographicvm_in_qvo_Vniversi_Orb/fWexRyIvl1YC?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Terra+Ignium&pg=RA1-PA254&printsec=frontcover ''Lexicon geographicum'', p. 254]. Cf. [[nomen adiectivum|adiectivum]] ''fuegianus,''—''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzenname''.</ref> vel {{res|Insula Maior Terrae Ignium}} ([[Hispanice]] ''Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego '') est [[insula]] principalis [[Terra Ignium|archipelagi eiusdem nominis]]. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] {{num|47992}} [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. [[Fretum Magellanicum|Freto Magellanico]] a [[continens|terra continente]] separatur et [[fretum Beagle|freto Beagle]] aliisque fretis ab insulis minoribus. Orientalis insulae pars [[Argentina|Argentiniana]] est, occidentalis [[Chilia]]na. [[Urbs]] maxima est [[Ushuaia]] in [[litus|litore]] orientali sita. Partis Chilianae urbs maxima est [[Futurum (Chilia)|Futurum]] (''Porvenir''). Meridiana et occidentalis insulae pars montuosa est: cacumen altissimum est Mons Darwinii in parte Chiliana, 2488 [[m]] altitudinis. Litora partis occidentalis [[saxum|saxosa]] et [[fiordum|fiordis]] dissecata sunt. [[Lacus Fagnano]] longus fiordo similis est. Pars [[septentrio]]nalis et orientalis planior est, et litora habet aequa. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Insulae Argentinae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Chiliae]] [[Categoria:Terra Ignium| ]] tau0ga5dhvzezgh08udrxwyfpgmfkoh 0 329331 3994009 2026-10-11T12:37:40Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3994009 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Terra Ignium (insula)]] 4rd5k6p86hta9vnga1c2qw89fj42wdv 0 329332 3994025 2026-10-11T13:30:35Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 nova 3994025 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:A remote Sawai village, Maluku.jpg|thumb|Rus populi Sawai in Ceramia]] {{res|Ceramia}}<ref>[[Carolus Ludovicus Blume|Caroli Ludovici Blume]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=W8kUAAAAIAAJ&q=Ceramiae+insulae#v=snippet&q=Ceramiae%20insulae&f=false ''Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum'', vol. I, Lugduni Batavorum 1849-51, p. 182].</ref> ([[Indonesice]] ''Seram''<ref>Quod ''terribilis'' valet.</ref>) est [[insula]] [[Indonesia]]e; una [[insulae Moluccae|insularum Moluccarum]] est. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] {{num|17100}} [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. Inter [[Nova Guinea|Novam Guineam]] in oriente et insulam [[Buru]] in occidente sita est; [[Amboina]] insula minor, sed plus nota Ceramiae litori austroccidentali adiacet. [[Mare Ceramense]] litora Ceramiae bprealia alluit, a [[Halmahera]] eam separans. Montibus haud altis et [[silva tropica]] insula operta est. [[Species (taxinomia)|Species]] [[Endemismus|endemicae]] avium Ceramiae sunt ''[[Eclectus roratus]], [[ Lorius domicella]], [[Cacatua moluccensis]], [[Todiramphus lazuli]], [[Todiramphus sanctus]], [[Philemon subcorniculatus]]'' et ''[[Alisterus amboinensis]]''. Inter animalia Ceramiae iam [[Marsupialia]] inveniuntur, quorum rariores ''[[Rhynchomeles prattorum]]'' et ''[[Rattus feliceus]]'' sunt. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Insulae Indonesiae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Moluccae]] m391yfynqfrft62mlxxq3k4jj39m2w5 3994027 3994025 2026-10-11T13:33:21Z IacobusAmor 1163 3994027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:A remote Sawai village, Maluku.jpg|thumb|Rus populi Sawai in Ceramia.]] {{res|Ceramia}}<ref>[[Carolus Ludovicus Blume|Caroli Ludovici Blume]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=W8kUAAAAIAAJ&q=Ceramiae+insulae#v=snippet&q=Ceramiae%20insulae&f=false ''Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum'', vol. I, Lugduni Batavorum 1849-51, p. 182].</ref> ([[Indonesice]] ''Seram''<ref>Quod ''terribilis'' valet.</ref>) est [[insula]] [[Indonesia]]e; una [[insulae Moluccae|insularum Moluccarum]] est. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] {{num|17100}} [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. Inter [[Nova Guinea|Novam Guineam]] in oriente et insulam [[Buru]] in occidente sita est; [[Amboina]] insula minor, sed plus nota Ceramiae litori austroccidentali adiacet. [[Mare Ceramense]] litora Ceramiae bprealia alluit, a [[Halmahera]] eam separans. Montibus haud altis et [[silva tropica]] insula operta est. [[Endemismus|Endemicae]] [[avis|avium]] [[species]] Ceramiae sunt ''[[Eclectus roratus]], [[ Lorius domicella]], [[Cacatua moluccensis]], [[Todiramphus lazuli]], [[Todiramphus sanctus]], [[Philemon subcorniculatus]],'' et ''[[Alisterus amboinensis]]''. Inter [[animalia]], Ceramiae iam [[Marsupialia]] inveniuntur, quorum rariores ''[[Rhynchomeles prattorum]]'' et ''[[Rattus feliceus]]'' sunt. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Insulae Indonesiae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Moluccae]] 92d7u77600kf4wd0gm94hoyrfg7av7n 3994120 3994027 2026-10-12T08:36:29Z Demetrius Talpa 81729 3994120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imago:A remote Sawai village, Maluku.jpg|thumb|Rus populi Sawai in Ceramia.]] {{res|Ceramia}}<ref>[[Carolus Ludovicus Blume|Caroli Ludovici Blume]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=W8kUAAAAIAAJ&q=Ceramiae+insulae#v=snippet&q=Ceramiae%20insulae&f=false ''Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum'', vol. I, Lugduni Batavorum 1849-51, p. 182].</ref> ([[Indonesice]] ''Seram''<ref>Quod ''terribilis'' valet.</ref>) est [[insula]] [[Indonesia]]e; una [[insulae Moluccae|insularum Moluccarum]] est. [[Area (geometria)|Aream]] {{num|17100}} [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm²]] habet. Inter [[Nova Guinea|Novam Guineam]] in oriente et insulam [[Buru]] in occidente sita est; [[Amboina]] insula minor, sed plus nota Ceramiae litori austroccidentali adiacet. [[Mare Ceramense]] litora Ceramiae borealia alluit, a [[Halmahera]] eam separans. Montibus haud altis et [[silva tropica]] insula operta est. [[Endemismus|Endemicae]] [[avis|avium]] [[species]] Ceramiae sunt ''[[Eclectus roratus]], [[ Lorius domicella]], [[Cacatua moluccensis]], [[Todiramphus lazuli]], [[Todiramphus sanctus]], [[Philemon subcorniculatus]],'' et ''[[Alisterus amboinensis]]''. Inter [[animalia]], Ceramiae iam [[Marsupialia]] inveniuntur, quorum rariores ''[[Rhynchomeles prattorum]]'' et ''[[Rattus feliceus]]'' sunt. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Insulae Indonesiae]] [[Categoria:Insulae Moluccae]] 54sbmx9t62wfmoub5hml00tj5vrbavm 0 329333 3994040 2026-10-11T14:59:11Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis....' 3994040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis photonibus non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo), coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L (''l''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron bacilliferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei rhodopsinam pigmentum includentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * segmentum internum cum corpore cellulari (soma) et nucleo directe connectitur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Oculus]] 088d9t2frp6voud8r8grts2etl3axqp 3994042 3994040 2026-10-11T15:03:14Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Notae */ 3994042 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis photonibus non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo), coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L (''l''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron bacilliferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei rhodopsinam pigmentum includentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * segmentum internum cum corpore cellulari (soma) et nucleo directe connectitur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] tusgngzyra2tt9n49a4ap8xu30394h9 3994043 3994042 2026-10-11T15:05:24Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3994043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis photonibus non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo), coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L (''l''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron bacilliferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei rhodopsinam pigmentum includentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * segmentum internum cum corpore cellulari (soma) et nucleo directe connectitur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] 2c83w6a6lts8v95b1h2e1fmntpui0f3 3994045 3994043 2026-10-11T15:09:26Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De proprietatibus */ 3994045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo), coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L (''l''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron bacilliferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei rhodopsinam pigmentum includentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * segmentum internum cum corpore cellulari (soma) et nucleo directe connectitur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] 10d88eszzbs2vxxiqrl2hxhpu8zvhw9 3994046 3994045 2026-10-11T15:12:03Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De morphologia neuri bacilliferi */ 3994046 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo), coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L (''l''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] 20x33z82bw7nk3iomyq45vg2zoddlzl 3994051 3994046 2026-10-11T15:15:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3994051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo), coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L (''l''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] n34opdvvxp5kvvvhcjp64fi7nywvn3a 3994054 3994051 2026-10-11T15:17:16Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De proprietatibus */ 3994054 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L (''l''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] 2g96rw2wf8duazz7g5v0l2qabf68l5c 3994055 3994054 2026-10-11T15:17:38Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De proprietatibus */ 3994055 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] a5tj3eajdvqkmft5qvz2lp1uwevlp9p 3994057 3994055 2026-10-11T15:20:11Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3994057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] 4s62cdogcy093r6lv5rijs1rpwlud9g 3994059 3994057 2026-10-11T15:24:13Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3994059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] h90lug2k62oufilmdcggeyrlu4qugma 3994062 3994059 2026-10-11T15:30:16Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3994062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] ps76tkb1ekrkpyzhtug1h971gzt86p2 3994066 3994062 2026-10-11T15:33:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3994066 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] 0f4fdi0cfbk8wazygp8c7k7gdyg35nd 3994067 3994066 2026-10-11T15:38:58Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3994067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925bRods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant [[Categoria:Oculus]] ckoz2z533rf5pjyq7z00vbe4vwriks4 3994068 3994067 2026-10-11T15:41:37Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externi */ 3994068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925bRods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] g3s45qjnj8oexak8dm2hghy199ikv93 3994069 3994068 2026-10-11T15:43:19Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De proprietatibus */ 3994069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta in membrana sua praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925bRods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] l9etfur5vzukehaym9wtzxvp1txy54i 3994070 3994069 2026-10-11T15:46:49Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De morphologia neuri bacilliferi */ 3994070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri bacilliferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925bRods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] rfzc7kv2o9ihht3t442k4dwm71d5d4n 3994071 3994070 2026-10-11T15:48:37Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De morphologia neuri bacilliferi */ 3994071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri coniferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925bRods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] dvp46qcvowkia5h937qagbf22yrb4pj 3994072 3994071 2026-10-11T15:50:42Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3994072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri coniferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925bRods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] rin1ukiua3mkcp2ieppgb8fjwvkqxwy 3994073 3994072 2026-10-11T15:52:20Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3994073 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri coniferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] s4wucei3hybnmkt95vh18plbcacgwjb 3994074 3994073 2026-10-11T15:52:49Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3994074 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. == De morphologia neuri coniferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] iag9cbr5fq6udrgt7d98yipirc4m2xb 3994075 3994074 2026-10-11T16:01:05Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De proprietatibus */ 3994075 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. Quattuor pigmenta et quattuor species conorum in multis animalibus tamen inveniuntur quae quadrichromata dicuntur ([[squamata]], [[aves]], [[crocodilia]]). == De morphologia neuri coniferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] 3wchh99sgi3stovovxckd79pkeozs0w 3994078 3994075 2026-10-11T16:46:01Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De proprietatibus */ 3994078 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. Quattuor pigmenta et quattuor species conorum in multis animalibus tamen inveniuntur quae quadrichromata dicuntur ([[squamata]], [[aves]], [[crocodilia]]). Ipse conus tamen nihil aliud facit quam photones a se captos summare cuiuscumque longitudinis: cerebrum deinde coniectura colorem definit secundum conorum species. == De morphologia neuri coniferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] lhdli1oq5kg9ue3hn8ps8fwm08yul1a 3994084 3994078 2026-10-11T20:18:53Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De proprietatibus */ 3994084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. Quattuor pigmenta et quattuor species conorum in multis animalibus tamen inveniuntur quae quadrichromata dicuntur ([[squamata]], [[aves]], [[crocodilia]]). Ipse conus tamen nihil aliud facit quam photones a se captos summare cuiuscumque longitudinis: cerebrum deinde coniectura colorem definit secundum conorum species. == De morphologia neuri coniferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] 3j41vnkj478b0x5b719t6nsrg0j9fgz 3994085 3994084 2026-10-11T20:22:37Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De proprietatibus */ 3994085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. Nam conus ipse nihil aliud facit quam photones a se captos summare cuiuscumque longitudinis: cerebrum deinde coniectura colorem definit secundum conorum species excitatas. Quattuor pigmenta et quattuor species conorum in multis animalibus inveniuntur quae quadrichromata dicuntur ([[squamata]], [[aves]], [[crocodilia]]). == De morphologia neuri coniferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] cnt3ww3cvgf7d9yn5nhc8jiuv46doq7 3994086 3994085 2026-10-11T20:23:48Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De proprietatibus */ 3994086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]] [[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]] '''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''<ref>Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]</ref> est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt. == De proprietatibus == Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia). Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad visionem nocturnam parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm) et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)<ref>Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).</ref>, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intensitatis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. Nam conus ipse nihil aliud facit quam photones a se captos summare cuiuscumque longitudinis: cerebrum deinde coniectura colorem definit secundum conorum species excitatas. Quattuor pigmenta in quattuor speciebus conorum apud multa animalia inveniuntur quae quadrichromata dicuntur ([[squamata]], [[aves]], [[crocodilia]]). == De morphologia neuri coniferi == Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet: *segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]]. *segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent. * corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur *sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit == Plura legere si cupis == *Vadim Y. Arshavsky, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]", ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728 *David J. Calkins, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287 *''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]" et caput 14: "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]". * Masahiro Kono, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]", in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476 *Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. "[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]", m/s Médecine Sciences, 2015: 828 - 830 *Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302 *Edward N Pugh, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]", ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376 *C. Salesse, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]", ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250 * Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]", ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128 ==Notae== <references /> == Nexus externi == *Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant * [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&afi=33&is=9257&il=fr&l=fr_FR&isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS] [[Categoria:Oculus]] 4v8jgwir2xkm4ja21xvxbkqeee8dyfi 0 329334 3994089 2026-10-11T22:12:38Z Nonsolobiz 216067 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Niccolò Haydn Gamberini''', vulgo '''Nico Gamberini''', natus [[Bononia]]e die [[13 Iulii]] [[2006]], est scriptor, diurnarius, blogger, youtuber, mercator et moderator [[Italia|Italicus]]. Fundator est commentarii interretialis «La Voce Scomoda». == Vita == Natus est Bononiae die 13 Iulii 2006. Studuit in instituto Manfredi Tanari, deinde in instituto Di Majo de re pecuniaria et mercatura. Est activus ut blogger et creator c...' 3994089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Niccolò Haydn Gamberini''', vulgo '''Nico Gamberini''', natus [[Bononia]]e die [[13 Iulii]] [[2006]], est scriptor, diurnarius, blogger, youtuber, mercator et moderator [[Italia|Italicus]]. Fundator est commentarii interretialis «La Voce Scomoda». == Vita == Natus est Bononiae die 13 Iulii 2006. Studuit in instituto Manfredi Tanari, deinde in instituto Di Majo de re pecuniaria et mercatura. Est activus ut blogger et creator contentorum. Canalem YouTube @niccologamberini06 gerit, de rebus praesentibus, politicis et geopoliticis, stilo analytico extra vulgarem opinionem.<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://youtube.fandom.com/it/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Gamberini|title=Niccolò Gamberini|website=YouTube Wiki (Fandom)|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref><ref name="atuttolibri1">{{cite web|url=https://atuttolibri2026.blogspot.com/2026/10/niccolo-gamberini.html|title=Niccolò Gamberini|website=A Tutti i Libri 2026|date=2026-10-07|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Anno 2024 una cum patre Roberto Gamberini-Colonna (praemio Flaiano ornato) librum «Primus» ({{lang-it|Il Primo}}) scripsit. In eo libro Niccolò coauctor et auctor praefationis fuit.<ref name="atuttolibri1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.it/-/en/Primo-Roberto-Gamberini-Colonna/dp/B0DCSX9YB9|title=Il Primo|website=Amazon.it|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Anno 2026 primum librum solus edidit: «Russia et Ucraina. Mendacia Occidentis» ({{lang-it|Russia e Ucraina. Le bugie dell’Occidente}}; Editore Gamberini, 105 paginae, ISBN 979-8160705361, die 7 Octobris 2026). Liber de contextu historico belli, de expansione NATO, de eventibus anni 2014, de situ in Donbass, de pactis Minsk et de munere mediorum occidentalium agit. Auctor dicit textum non esse defensionem invasionis.<ref name="atuttolibri1"/><ref name="atuttolibri2">{{cite web|url=https://atuttolibri2026.blogspot.com/2026/10/intervista-esclusiva-niccolo-gamberini.html|title=Intervista esclusiva a Niccolò Gamberini|website=A Tutti i Libri 2026|date=2026-10-08|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Anno 2026 commentarium independens interretiale «La Voce Scomoda» fundavit, de geopolitica, rebus praesentibus, politicis et societate. Est etiam canalis YouTube ad commentarium pertinens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lavocescomoda.altervista.org/chi-siamo/|title=Chi Siamo?|website=La Voce Scomoda|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Est etiam fundator AuraMarket, platformae commercii electronici Italicae. Projectum coepit ut taberna in eBay, deinde factum est verum e-commerce (pars gregis Italmedia / Gamberini AuraMarket). Societas de rebus domesticis, electronicis et vestimentis agit et se proponit ut possibilem «Amazon Italiae», exemplum sumens de marketplace Russo Ozon. Gamberini etiam laborat ut reporter et blogger (blogum personale in Altervista habet). Ab anno 2026 cum tertio diurno Italiae, {{iw|Il Fatto Quotidiano||en|Il Fatto Quotidiano}}, collaborat.<ref name="atuttolibri2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://niccologamberini.altervista.org/|title=Niccolò Gamberini — Il Blog|website=Altervista|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Ob opiniones criticas de narratione occidentali belli in Ucraina criticatus est ut «filoputinianus» una cum [[Alessandro Di Battista]], Alessandro Orsini et Angelo D’Orsi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_giugno_05/rete-putin-italia-chi-sono-influencer-opinionisti-che-fanno-propaganda-mosca-fce2f91c-e437-11ec-8fa9-ec9f23b310cf.shtml|title=La rete di Putin in Italia|website=Corriere della Sera|date=2022-06-05|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it|author=Monica Guerzoni, Fiorenza Sarzanini}}</ref> == Opera == * «Primus» ({{lang-it|Il Primo}}, 2024, una cum Roberto Gamberini-Colonna) * «Russia et Ucraina. Mendacia Occidentis» ({{lang-it|Russia e Ucraina. Le bugie dell’Occidente}}, 2026), Editore Gamberini, ISBN 979-8160705361 == Pellicula == * ''Risate all'italiana'' (2022) — moderator<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmnavi.ru/2022/risate-allitaliana|title=Risate all'italiana (2022)|website=FilmNavi|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=ru}}</ref> == Nexus externi == * [https://niccologamberini.altervista.org/ Blogum personale] * [https://lavocescomoda.altervista.org/ La Voce Scomoda] * [https://www.youtube.com/@niccologamberini06 Canalis YouTube] * [https://youtube.fandom.com/it/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Gamberini Pagina in YouTube Wiki] {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gamberini, Niccolò Haydn}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Diurnarii Italiae]] [[Categoria:Blogger Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nati 2006]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Nati Bononiae]] hunhuig2ac13p10wpt6xjoyldib5w0b 3994090 3994089 2026-10-11T22:33:40Z IacobusAmor 1163 Vicificanda 3994090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vicificanda}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Niccolò{{dubsig}} Haydn Gamberini''', vulgo '''Nico Gamberini''', natus [[Bononia]]e die [[13 Iulii]] [[2006]], est scriptor, diurnarius, blogger, youtuber, mercator et moderator [[Italia|Italicus]]. Fundator est commentarii interretialis «La Voce Scomoda». == Vita == Natus est Bononiae die 13 Iulii 2006. Studuit in instituto Manfredi Tanari, deinde in instituto Di Majo de re pecuniaria et mercatura. Est activus ut blogger et creator contentorum. Canalem YouTube @niccologamberini06 gerit, de rebus praesentibus, politicis et geopoliticis, stilo analytico extra vulgarem opinionem.<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://youtube.fandom.com/it/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Gamberini|title=Niccolò Gamberini|website=YouTube Wiki (Fandom)|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref><ref name="atuttolibri1">{{cite web|url=https://atuttolibri2026.blogspot.com/2026/10/niccolo-gamberini.html|title=Niccolò Gamberini|website=A Tutti i Libri 2026|date=2026-10-07|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Anno 2024 una cum patre Roberto Gamberini-Colonna (praemio Flaiano ornato) librum «Primus» ({{lang-it|Il Primo}}) scripsit. In eo libro Niccolò coauctor et auctor praefationis fuit.<ref name="atuttolibri1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.it/-/en/Primo-Roberto-Gamberini-Colonna/dp/B0DCSX9YB9|title=Il Primo|website=Amazon.it|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Anno 2026 primum librum solus edidit: «Russia et Ucraina. Mendacia Occidentis» ({{lang-it|Russia e Ucraina. Le bugie dell’Occidente}}; Editore Gamberini, 105 paginae, ISBN 979-8160705361, die 7 Octobris 2026). Liber de contextu historico belli, de expansione NATO, de eventibus anni 2014, de situ in Donbass, de pactis Minsk et de munere mediorum occidentalium agit. Auctor dicit textum non esse defensionem invasionis.<ref name="atuttolibri1"/><ref name="atuttolibri2">{{cite web|url=https://atuttolibri2026.blogspot.com/2026/10/intervista-esclusiva-niccolo-gamberini.html|title=Intervista esclusiva a Niccolò Gamberini|website=A Tutti i Libri 2026|date=2026-10-08|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Anno 2026 commentarium independens interretiale «La Voce Scomoda» fundavit, de geopolitica, rebus praesentibus, politicis et societate. Est etiam canalis YouTube ad commentarium pertinens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lavocescomoda.altervista.org/chi-siamo/|title=Chi Siamo?|website=La Voce Scomoda|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Est etiam fundator AuraMarket, platformae commercii electronici Italicae. Projectum coepit ut taberna in eBay, deinde factum est verum e-commerce (pars gregis Italmedia / Gamberini AuraMarket). Societas de rebus domesticis, electronicis et vestimentis agit et se proponit ut possibilem «Amazon Italiae», exemplum sumens de marketplace Russo Ozon. Gamberini etiam laborat ut reporter et blogger (blogum personale in Altervista habet). Ab anno 2026 cum tertio diurno Italiae, {{iw|Il Fatto Quotidiano||en|Il Fatto Quotidiano}}, collaborat.<ref name="atuttolibri2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://niccologamberini.altervista.org/|title=Niccolò Gamberini — Il Blog|website=Altervista|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Ob opiniones criticas de narratione occidentali belli in Ucraina criticatus{{dubsig}} est ut «filoputinianus» una cum [[Alessandro Di Battista]], Alessandro Orsini et Angelo D’Orsi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_giugno_05/rete-putin-italia-chi-sono-influencer-opinionisti-che-fanno-propaganda-mosca-fce2f91c-e437-11ec-8fa9-ec9f23b310cf.shtml|title=La rete di Putin in Italia|website=Corriere della Sera|date=2022-06-05|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it|author=Monica Guerzoni, Fiorenza Sarzanini}}</ref> == Opera == * «Primus» ({{lang-it|Il Primo}}, 2024, una cum Roberto Gamberini-Colonna) * «Russia et Ucraina. Mendacia Occidentis» ({{lang-it|Russia e Ucraina. Le bugie dell’Occidente}}, 2026), Editore Gamberini, ISBN 979-8160705361 == Pellicula == * ''Risate all'italiana'' (2022) — moderator<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmnavi.ru/2022/risate-allitaliana|title=Risate all'italiana (2022)|website=FilmNavi|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=ru}}</ref> == Nexus externi == * [https://niccologamberini.altervista.org/ Blogum personale] * [https://lavocescomoda.altervista.org/ La Voce Scomoda] * [https://www.youtube.com/@niccologamberini06 Canalis YouTube] * [https://youtube.fandom.com/it/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Gamberini Pagina in YouTube Wiki] {{DEFAULTSORT:Gamberini, Niccolò Haydn}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Diurnarii Italiae]] [[Categoria:Blogger Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nati 2006]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Nati Bononiae]] 9hnqsvxl1m4pr6zb1x8erx9ddmd297s 3994092 3994090 2026-10-11T22:40:12Z Grufo 64423 +{{Pagina autotranslata}} +{{Pagina infeste propagata}} +{{Gravitas dubia}} 3994092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina autotranslata}} {{Pagina infeste propagata}} {{Gravitas dubia}} {{Vicificanda}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Niccolò{{dubsig}} Haydn Gamberini''', vulgo '''Nico Gamberini''', natus [[Bononia]]e die [[13 Iulii]] [[2006]], est scriptor, diurnarius, blogger, youtuber, mercator et moderator [[Italia|Italicus]]. Fundator est commentarii interretialis «La Voce Scomoda». == Vita == Natus est Bononiae die 13 Iulii 2006. Studuit in instituto Manfredi Tanari, deinde in instituto Di Majo de re pecuniaria et mercatura. Est activus ut blogger et creator contentorum. Canalem YouTube @niccologamberini06 gerit, de rebus praesentibus, politicis et geopoliticis, stilo analytico extra vulgarem opinionem.<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://youtube.fandom.com/it/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Gamberini|title=Niccolò Gamberini|website=YouTube Wiki (Fandom)|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref><ref name="atuttolibri1">{{cite web|url=https://atuttolibri2026.blogspot.com/2026/10/niccolo-gamberini.html|title=Niccolò Gamberini|website=A Tutti i Libri 2026|date=2026-10-07|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Anno 2024 una cum patre Roberto Gamberini-Colonna (praemio Flaiano ornato) librum «Primus» ({{lang-it|Il Primo}}) scripsit. In eo libro Niccolò coauctor et auctor praefationis fuit.<ref name="atuttolibri1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.it/-/en/Primo-Roberto-Gamberini-Colonna/dp/B0DCSX9YB9|title=Il Primo|website=Amazon.it|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Anno 2026 primum librum solus edidit: «Russia et Ucraina. Mendacia Occidentis» ({{lang-it|Russia e Ucraina. Le bugie dell’Occidente}}; Editore Gamberini, 105 paginae, ISBN 979-8160705361, die 7 Octobris 2026). Liber de contextu historico belli, de expansione NATO, de eventibus anni 2014, de situ in Donbass, de pactis Minsk et de munere mediorum occidentalium agit. Auctor dicit textum non esse defensionem invasionis.<ref name="atuttolibri1"/><ref name="atuttolibri2">{{cite web|url=https://atuttolibri2026.blogspot.com/2026/10/intervista-esclusiva-niccolo-gamberini.html|title=Intervista esclusiva a Niccolò Gamberini|website=A Tutti i Libri 2026|date=2026-10-08|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Anno 2026 commentarium independens interretiale «La Voce Scomoda» fundavit, de geopolitica, rebus praesentibus, politicis et societate. Est etiam canalis YouTube ad commentarium pertinens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lavocescomoda.altervista.org/chi-siamo/|title=Chi Siamo?|website=La Voce Scomoda|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Est etiam fundator AuraMarket, platformae commercii electronici Italicae. Projectum coepit ut taberna in eBay, deinde factum est verum e-commerce (pars gregis Italmedia / Gamberini AuraMarket). Societas de rebus domesticis, electronicis et vestimentis agit et se proponit ut possibilem «Amazon Italiae», exemplum sumens de marketplace Russo Ozon. Gamberini etiam laborat ut reporter et blogger (blogum personale in Altervista habet). Ab anno 2026 cum tertio diurno Italiae, {{iw|Il Fatto Quotidiano||en|Il Fatto Quotidiano}}, collaborat.<ref name="atuttolibri2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://niccologamberini.altervista.org/|title=Niccolò Gamberini — Il Blog|website=Altervista|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it}}</ref> Ob opiniones criticas de narratione occidentali belli in Ucraina criticatus{{dubsig}} est ut «filoputinianus» una cum [[Alessandro Di Battista]], Alessandro Orsini et Angelo D’Orsi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_giugno_05/rete-putin-italia-chi-sono-influencer-opinionisti-che-fanno-propaganda-mosca-fce2f91c-e437-11ec-8fa9-ec9f23b310cf.shtml|title=La rete di Putin in Italia|website=Corriere della Sera|date=2022-06-05|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=it|author=Monica Guerzoni, Fiorenza Sarzanini}}</ref> == Opera == * «Primus» ({{lang-it|Il Primo}}, 2024, una cum Roberto Gamberini-Colonna) * «Russia et Ucraina. Mendacia Occidentis» ({{lang-it|Russia e Ucraina. Le bugie dell’Occidente}}, 2026), Editore Gamberini, ISBN 979-8160705361 == Pellicula == * ''Risate all'italiana'' (2022) — moderator<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmnavi.ru/2022/risate-allitaliana|title=Risate all'italiana (2022)|website=FilmNavi|access-date=2026-10-11|lang=ru}}</ref> == Nexus externi == * [https://niccologamberini.altervista.org/ Blogum personale] * [https://lavocescomoda.altervista.org/ La Voce Scomoda] * [https://www.youtube.com/@niccologamberini06 Canalis YouTube] * [https://youtube.fandom.com/it/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Gamberini Pagina in YouTube Wiki] {{DEFAULTSORT:Gamberini, Niccolò Haydn}} [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Diurnarii Italiae]] [[Categoria:Blogger Italiae]] [[Categoria:Nati 2006]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Nati Bononiae]] hyrciwl3dn8yj5sq2pxzw1ogi6nl9nu 0 329335 3994093 2026-10-12T00:58:33Z Grufo 64423 Redirectionem ad “[[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]]” creavi 3994093 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]] pr43afepnn6qvk4bkzo1mwm19h70y3n 14 329336 3994098 2026-10-12T01:43:51Z Grufo 64423 Prima adumbratio 3994098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Categoria administrativa Vicipaediae | De hac redirectione }} {{Categoria redirectionum}} {{Videatur etiam|Categoria:Fora Vicipaediae}} [[Categoria:Disputationes]] 60wk8so4mv7na4dc8rjnxymop3d9kid