Argentina

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    <title>Argentina</title>
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        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
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      <text bytes="28849" sha1="7mwfjhwwxgm0lar9yh4f0awxy2aqvw6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Argentina_orthographic.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Tabula geographica]].]]
'''Argentina''', seu plenius '''Respublica Argentina''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Foederata Respublica Statuum La Plata . . . etiam Respublica Argentina&quot; {{Google Books|iXZYAAAAcAAJ|p. 173}}.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[civitas sui iuris]] in [[America Australis|America Australi]] sita, cuius [[caput (urbs)|caput]] est [[Bonaëropolis]].
[[Fasciculus:La Argentina - Del Barco Centenera - Portada original.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Prima [[pagina]] primae editionis carminis ''La Argentina'' [[Martinus del Barco Centenera|Martini del Barco Centenera]], anno [[1602]] prolatae.]]

Argentina fines cum [[Bolivia]] [[Paraquaria]]que [[septentrio]]ne, [[oriens|oriente]] cum [[Brasilia]], [[Uraquaria|Uruquaria]] et [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]], [[meridies|australi]] cum [[Fretum Drakeanum|Freto Drakeano]] et austroccidente cum [[Chilia]] habet, et a tricies nongenties centena milibus [[homo|hominum]] inhabitatur. Forma [[gubernatio]]nis est [[res publica]] [[foederalismus|foederalis]].[[praeses|praesidentialistica]]. [[Civitas]] [[America Latina|Americae Latinae]] cui est maxima [[productus domesticus grossus]] [[per capita]] (secundum [[paritas potestatis emptoriae|paritatis potestatis emptoriae]] normam) et maximus [[index incrementi humani]]) est. Gubernatio, rite '''Nación Argentina''' ('Civitas Argentina') Hispanice, in multis propositis [[lex|legitimis]] nominatur.

Si [[spatium]] consideratur, Argentina [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] secunda a maxima civitas post [[Brasilia]]m et [[orbis terrarum]] [[octo|octava]] est. [[Continens|Continentalis]] [[superficies|superficiei]] [[area (geometria)|area]] 2 766 889 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]] est (1 078 000 km²) inter [[Andes|montes continuos Andes]] [[occidens|occidente]] et [[meridies|australi]], [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] [[oriens|oriente]]. Civitas [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannica]] territoria gubernata [[Falklandia]]e ([[Malvinae]]) et [[insula]]rum [[Georgia Australis|Georgiae Australis]] et [[Insulae Sandvicenses Australes|Sandvicensium Australium]] vindicat. Cum [[Antarctica Argentina|Antarcticae Argentinae]] nomine, 96&amp;thinsp;464 chiliometrorum quadratorum [[Antarctica]]e, alias vindicationes [[Tsilia]] et [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] factas amplexa, vindicat.

==Historia==
[[Historia Argentinae]] cum primorum [[homo|hominum]] adventu in [[regio]]nem initium habet, abhinc [[annus|annorum]] 13 000 fere. Boreoccidentalis [[regio]] hodierni territorii [[Imperium Incae|Incaici Imperii]] pars erat, et [[Pampa]]e ab [[Indi Americani|indigenis Americanis]] nomadibus dominatae sunt. Mense Februario anni [[1516]], [[Ioannes Diaz de Solis]], [[nauta]] Hispanus, [[navis|navem]] in [[aestuarium]] [[Flumen Argenteum|Fluminis Argentei]] gubernavit, et regionem nomine [[Hispania]]e postulavit. Hispanica [[colonia|colonizatio]] per saecula [[saeculum 16|sextum decimum]] et [[saeculum 17|septimum decimum]] transcurrit. Argentinae nomen ex ''[[argentum|argento]]'' deducitur, magnae [[metallum|metalli]] summae in [[manus|manibus]] indigenarum inventae causa.
[[Fasciculus:Buenos Aires shortly after its foundation 1536.png|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Bonaeropolis]] anno [[1536]].]]

Ab [[Hispania]] [[libertas]] anno [[1816]] facta est, et innumerabiles rixas intestinas effecit. Primae [[constitutio]]nis proclamatio anno [[1853]] facta est; hodie adhuc vigentis, mutationibus anno [[1994]] perfectis. Medio [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] et usque ad [[1955]] fere, [[historia Argentinae|civitatis historia]] intestinis certaminibus inter [[conservatismus|conservativos]] [[res militares|militares]] et cives liberales notata est, inter quos [[Peronismus|Peronistici]] motus principium eminet, [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum II|Bello Orbis Terrarum II]] conficiente. Inter annos [[1955]] et [[1983]], permulti civiles militaresque praesides in gubernatione se alternaverunt, cum crebris seditionibus et [[violentia|violentarum]] [[dictatura]]rum implantatione. De illo tempore, Argentina [[democratia]] secum magnam [[oeconomia|oeconomicam]] perturbationem habet, quae suum extremum attigit, praesidente [[Ferdinandus de la Rúa|Ferdinando de la Rúa]] cum [[recessio oeconomica|recessione]] sine praecedentibus in civitate.

==[[Civilitas]]==
[[Fasciculus:Casa Rosada in Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Villa Rosacea [[Bonaeropolis|Bonaëropolensis]].]]
Post emendationem anni [[1994]], Argentinae [[constitutio]] potestatum [[potestas exsecutiva|exsecutivae]], [[potestas legisfera|legisferae]] et [[potestas iudicialis|iudicialis]] separationem instituit, seu civitatis, seu provinciarum planarum. Praeses et praeses vicarius [[suffragium universale|suffragio universale]] per quadriennium mandatum eliguntur, cum solum una reelectione{{dubsig}} consecutiva permissa. Praeses ([[Hispanice]] ''Presidente de la Nación Argentina'') simul [[caput civitatis]] et gubernationis est. Hic libere administros nominat et instantis periculi causa aut necessitatis causa leges ferre per decretum potest.

Argentinum [[parlamentum]] ([[Hispanice]] ''Congreso Nacional'') [[duo|duas]] [[camerae parlamenti|cameras]] habet: [[Senatus|Senatum]] (Hispanice ''Senado'') cum septuaginta duo scamnis et Cameram Legatorum (''Cámara de Diputados'') cum 257 sodalibus. De anno [[2001]], [[senator]]es suffragio universale in provinciis et in Capite Foederale eliguntur, unaquaeque cum [[tres|trium]] senatorum sexennio mandatum fungentium [[ius|iure]]. Tertia Senatus scamnorum pars quoque [[biennium|biennio]] eliguntur. Camerae Legatorum sodales quadrienniis mandatis eliguntur.

==Divisio administrativa==
[[Fasciculus:Map of Argentina with provinces.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Provinciae Argentinae. ''Territoria russo [[color]]e non sub imperio effectivo Argentino sunt: [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniarum Regno]] occupantur (Insulae Atlantici Australis) aut vindicatio in suspenso (Antarctica).'']]
[[Fasciculus:Regiones de Argentina.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Quattuor]] regiones in quibus Argentinae provinciae conectuntur. Provincia Boni Aëris et Urbs Autonoma Bonaëropolitana, [[color]]e [[flavus|flavo]], nullam regionem integrant.]]
Argentina in [[viginti tres]] [[provincia]]s et una civitas autonoma divisa est. Hae et sua capita sunt:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Numerus
!Provincia [[Latine]]
!Provincia [[Hispanice]]
!Caput Provinciae Latine
!Caput Provinciae Hispanice
|-
|1
|[[Bonaeropolis|Urbs Autonoma Bonaëropolitana]]
|''Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires''
|[[Bonaëropolis]]
|''Buenos Aires''
|-
|2
|[[Bonus Aer (provincia)|Bonus Aer]]
|''Provincia de Buenos Aires''
|[[Urbs Platensis]]
|''La Plata''
|-
|3
|[[Catamarca (provincia)|Catamarca]]
|''Catamarca''
|[[Sanctus Ferdinandus a Vallis Catamarcensis]]
|''San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca''
|-
|4
|[[Chaco (provincia)|Chaco]]
|''Chaco''
|[[Resistentia (Argentina)|Resistentia]]
|''Resistencia''
|-
|5
|[[Ciubutum (provincia)|Ciubutum]]
|''Chubut''
|[[Rausonopolis]]
|''Rawson''
|-
|6
|[[Corduba (provincia Argentinae)|Corduba]]
|''Córdoba''
|[[Corduba (Argentina)|Corduba]]
|''Córdoba''
|-
|7
|[[Fluenta (Provincia)|Fluenta]]
|''Corrientes''
|[[Fluenta]]
|''Corrientes''
|-
|8
|[[Mesopotamia (Argentina)|Mesopotamia]]
|''Entre Ríos''
|[[Parana (Argentina)|Parăna]]
|''Paraná''
|-
|9
|[[Formosa (provincia Argentinae)|Formosa]]
|''Formosa''
|[[Formosa (Argentina)|Formosa]]
|''Formosa''
|-
|10
|[[Iuiui|Iuiuiy]]
|''Jujuy''
|[[Sanctus Salvator Soteriae|Sanctus Salvator ''Iuiuyensis'']]
|''San Salvador de Jujuy''
|-
|11
|[[Pampa (provincia)|Pampa]]
|''La Pampa''
|[[Sancta Rosa (Argentina)|Sancta Rosa]]
|''Santa Rosa''
|-
|12
|[[Rioxa (provincia Argentinae)|Rioxa]]
|''La Rioja''
|[[Rioxa (Argentina)|Rioxa]]
|''La Rioja''
|-
|13
|[[Mendoza (provincia)|Mendoza]]
|''Mendoza''
|[[Mendoza (Argentina)|Mendoza]]
|''Mendoza''
|-
|14
|[[Missiones (provincia Argentinae)|Missiones]]
|''Misiones''
|[[Rochi Fanum]]
|''Posadas''
|-
|15
|[[Neucenum (provincia)|Neucenum]]
|''Neuquén''
|[[Neucenum (urbs)|Neucenum]]
|''Neuquén''
|-
|16
|Nigrum Flumen
|''Río Negro''
|Domus Viduae
|''Viedma''
|-
|17
|[[Salta (provincia)|Salta]]
|''Salta''
|[[Salta]]
|''Salta''
|-
|18
|[[Sanctus Ioannes (provincia Argentinae)|Sanctus Ioannes]]
|''San Juan''
|[[Sanctus Ioannes a Cuio]]
|''San Juan''
|-
|19
|[[Sanctus Ludovicus (provincia Argentinae)|Sanctus Ludovicus]]
|''San Luis''
|[[Sanctus Ludovicus (Argentina)|Sanctus Ludovicus]]
|''San Luis''
|-
|20
|[[Sancta Crux (provincia Argentinae)|Sancta Crux]]
|''Santa Cruz''
|[[Flumina Gallaica]]
|''Río Gallegos''
|-
|21
|[[Sancta Fides (provincia Argentinae)|Sancta Fides]]
|''Santa Fe''
|[[Urbs Sanctae Fidei Verae Crucis|Sancta FidesVerae Crucis]]
|''Santa Fe''
|-
|22
|[[Sanctus Iacobus ad Uligines (provincia Argentinae)|Sanctus Iacobus ad Uligines]]
|''Santiago del Estero''
|[[Sanctus Iacobus ad Uligines]]
|''Santiago del Estero''
|-
|23
|[[Terra Ignium, Antarctica et Insulae Atlantici Australis]]
|''Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur''
|[[Ushuaia]]
|''Ushuaia''
|-
|24
|[[Tucumanum]]
|''Tucumán''
|[[Sanctus Michael Tucumanensis]]
|''San Miguel de Tucumán''
|}

Provincia Boni Aëris et [[urbs|urbe]] autonoma{{dubsig}} Bonaëropolitana exceptis, ceterae provinciae interprovincialia integrationis foedera quattuor [[regio]]nes ad diversa proposita conformantes obsignaverunt:

*[[Regio Septemtrionis Magni Argentini]] (Hispanice ''Región del Norte Grande Argentino'', [[Catamarca]]e, [[Fluentum|Fluentorum]], [[Tzacum Magnum|Tzaci]], [[Formosa (Argentina)|Formosae]], [[Soteria]]e, [[Missio]]num, [[Tucumanum|Tucumani]], [[Salta]]e, et Sancti Iacobi ad Uligĭnes provinciis formata.
*[[Regio Novi Cuii]] (Hispanice ''Región del Nuevo Cuyo''), Rioxae, Mendozae, Sancti Ioannis et Sancti Ludovici provinciis formata.
*[[Regio Patagonica]], Ciubuti, Pampae, Neuqueni, Melanopotamiae, Sanctae Crucis et Terrae Ignium, Antarcticae et Insularum Atlantici Australis provinciis formata.
*[[Regio Media]] (Hispanice ''Región Centro'') Cordubae, Mesopotamiae et Sanctae Fidei provinciis formata.

==Geographia==
[[Fasciculus:Buenos_Aires-Center-P3050007.JPG|thumb|[[Bonaëropolis]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] Argentinae.]]
[[Fasciculus:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|Salta.]]
Legitima tota [[superficies]] est 3 745 247 chiliometrorum quadratorum, quorum 2 780 400 [[America]]no [[continens|continenti]] et 964 847 [[Antarctica]] continenti respondent. Publici quidem et privati Argentini fontes territoria [[Insulae Malvinae]] et adiacentes insulas adhuc considerant, totam superficiem ad 3 761 274 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chiliometrorum quadratorum]] augentes.

Per numerum civium, Argentina est [[octo|octava]] orbis terrarum civitas et quarta Americae, post [[Canada]]m, [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas]], et [[Brasilia]]m.

Argentina in partes tres schematice dividi potest: fertiles [[Pampa]]rum [[planities]] media in civitate, quae Argentinarum [[agricultura]]lium opum medium sunt, [[Patagonia]]e aequum media Meridie usque ad [[Terra Ignium|Terrae Ignium]], aliquando planum, aliquando undulatum, et [[mons|montes]] continuos [[Andes|Antisenses]] per cum [[Chilia]] limitem, cuius maximum culmen mons [[Aconcagua]], 6960 [[metrum|metra]] altus, est.

Principalia [[flumen|flumina]] [[Paraquarium (flumen)|Paraquarium]] (Hispanice ''Paraguay''), [[Flumen Rubrum (Argentina)|Flumen Rubrum]] (Hispanice ''Bermejo''), [[flumen Coloratum (Argentina)|Coloratum]] (Hispanice ''Colorado''), [[Uraquaria (flumen)|Uraquaria]] (Hispanice ''Uruguay''), et maximum omnium, [[flumen Parana|Parăna]] (Hispanice ''Paraná'') sunt. [[Duo]] ultima ante ostium [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceani Atlantici]] coniunguntur [[aestuarium]] [[Flumen Argenteum]] conformantia. Argentinum [[clima]] plerumque [[temperatus|temperatum]] cum extremis de [[zona subtropica|subtropica]] septentrione ad [[clima aridum|aridum]] vel subantarcticum Australi extremo.

===Regiones geographicae===
*[[Pampa]]: Mediorientalem civitatis regionem operit; immensa intensi agropecuarii usus planities est. [[Clima temperatum]] umidumque.
*'''Mesopotamia''': ubi est [[silva subtropica]] et [[valles hydrographica]] fluminibus [[Uraquarium|Uraquario]] et [[flumen Parana|Parăna]] formata; [[clima]] [[subtropica|subtropicum]].
*'''Boreoriens''': terras Argentini [[Tzacum Magnum|Tzaci]] (Hispanice ''Chaco'') continet, [[lignum|lignorum]] locupletes; calidum umidumque clima.
*'''Boreoccidens''': Montanum et mineralium locuples [[solum]]; calidum [[deserta|deserticumque]] clima.
*[[Cuium]] (Hispanice ''Cuyo''): Fertilium [[mons|montium]] [[vinum|viniculturae]] aptorum [[Andes|Antisensis]] regio, cum abundantibus thermalium [[minerale|mineraliumque]] [[aqua]]rum fontibus; clima [[zona temperata|temperatum]].
*[[Patagonia]]: Nationis Meridie situm aequum, in cuius topis [[lacus]], [[silva]]e, et [[mons glaciei|moles glaciatae]] eminent; clima [[frigus|frigidum]] umidumque.

===Limites extremaque===
Tota finium area 9376 km [[quinque]] civitates vicinas tangentium: [[Tsilia]]m, [[Bolivia]]m, [[Paraquaria]]m, [[Brasilia]]m, [[Uraquaria]]m. Latissimus finis cum Tsilia est (5150 km), per totos montes continuos [[Andes|Andium]].

Septentrione Boliviam civitatem Paraquariamque tangit, et septentrionale extremum in fluminum [[flumen Grande (Argentina)|Grandis]] (in [[Sanctus Ioannes (provincia Argentina)|provincia Sancto Ioanne]] et [[flumen Moxinerum|Moxineri]] (Hispanice ''Mojinere'') (in [[Soteria (provincia)|provincia Soteria]]) confluentia est.

Meridie Tsiliam et [[Oceanus Atlanticus]] tangit, cum [[Promunturium Sanctus Pius]] meridionale extremum esset, in [[Insula Magna]] (in [[Terra Ignium, Artarctica et Insulae Atlantici Australis|provincia Terra Ignium, Antarctica et Insulis Atlantici Australis]]) situm.

Oriente Brasiliam, Uraquariam, et Oceanum Atlanticum tangit. Orientalis extremus locus municipii [[Bernardus de Irigoyen (urbs)|Bernardi de Irigoyen]] (in [[Missiones (provincia)|provincia Missionibus]] Boreoriente est.

Occidente Chiliam tangit. Occidentalis extremus locus inter colles [[collis Agassis|Agassem]] (Hispanice ''Cerro Agassis'') et [[collis Boladi|Bolados]] (Hispanice ''Cerro Bolados'') in [[Horti Nationales Molium Glaciatarum|Hortis Nationalibus Molium Glaciatarum]] (in [[Sancta Crux (provincia Argentina)|provincia Sancta Cruce]]) est.

==Clima==
Maxima reipublicae pars in australi [[zona temperata]] est. Etiam in aliquibus [[regio]]nibus [[zona tropica|tropicis]] et [[zona subtropica|subtropicis]], [[clima aridum|arida]] et frigida climata sunt, coniuncta cum aliis propter magnas [[altitudo|altitudinum]] variationes.

==Oeconomia==
[[Fasciculus:Monumento_Bandera_%28frente%29.jpg|thumb|[[Rosarium (oppidum)|Rosarium]].]]
Argentina [[America Meridioinalis|Americae Meridionalis]] secunda a maxima [[oeconomia]] est, et una cum [[Brasilia]], [[Paraquaria]], [[Uraquaria]], et [[Venetiola]] partem [[Mercatus Communis Meridionalis]] format.

===Productus domesticus grossus===
Argentinus [[productus domesticus grossus]] (PDG) anno [[1998]] [[contentionis pricipatus|contentionis principatum]] expertus est, 299 billiones [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] pro [[pondus Argentinum|pondere]] (Hispanice ''peso'') adsecutus. De hoc anno, continuos casus passus est, infimum limitem anno 2002 assecutus. Anno [[2013]], PDG 610 [[billio]]nes [[dollarium (CFA)|dollariorum]] assecutus est, Argentinam loco 21º globalis classificationis et loco tertio in [[America Latina]] relinquens&lt;ref&gt;&quot;GDP (current US$)&quot;. ''World Development Indicators''.World Bank. Retrieved 18 December 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Principalia exportaticia producta ===
Quia [[Pampa]]m possidet, quam fertilissimum soli genus orbis terrarum, in magna [[frumentum|frumentorum]] productione eminet, praesertim [[triticum|tritici]], (15 miliones tonnorum), [[Zea mays|maysis]] (19 miliones tonnorum), et [[soia]]e (18 miliones tonnorum). Post quae, [[Ilex paraguariensis|ilicis Paraguariensis]], [[avena]]e et [[hordeum|hordei]], [[Helianthus annuus|helianthi]], [[Solanum tuberosum|solani]], et [[Gossypium|xyli]] productiones sunt.

====Res pecuaria====
Res pecuaria magni ponderis est Argentinae oeconomiae. Bovilla [[caro]] et [[lana]] productae in civitate inter orbis terrarum optimas sunt, cum [[refrigeratio]]nis artificia et carnorum et subproductorum tractatio mentionis digna essent. Annua carnis productio circiter tres [[millio]]nes tonnorum est. Argentinum armentum circiter 49.5 millionibus bovum et 13 milionibus ovium componitur. Annua lanae productio 62 milia tonnorum aestimatur. 

====Piscatus====
Annua [[piscatus|piscatoria]] Argentinae productio circiter 1.2 millionum [[tonna]]rum est, inter quam [[merlucius|merlucii]] et [[loligo|loligines]] eminent.

== Demographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Miguel Angel Zotto and partner dance tango.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saltatores [[tango]]nis.]]
Circa 95 centesimae Argentinorum [[cutis]] candidae, [[Europa]]eorum, praesertim [[Hispania|Hispaniorum]] et [[Italia|Italorum]], posteri sunt. Ingens hominum [[immigratio]] ex [[Italia]] et [[Hispania]] venitorum inter exeuntem [[saeculum 19|saeculum undevicensimum]] et ineuntem [[saeculum 20|vicensimum]], qui olim maximam multitudinem [[indigena]]rum et [[mixticius|mixticiorum]] denique diluerunt. Quod evidens est [[genetica|geneticis]] investigationibus, 56 centesimae Argentinorum aliquos maiores indigenas habere indicantibus. Nuper, [[Paraquaria|Paraquariensium]] et [[Bolivia]]norum immigrantium incrementum videtur.

===Linguae===
[[Fasciculus:Bkb tower 15-11-2005.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Turris [[BankBoston]], inaugurata anno [[2001]].]]
Solemnis lingua Argentinae [[lingua Hispanica]] est, usitate ''Castellana'' (Hispanice ''Castellano'') ab Argentinis nominata. Phoneticum studium Laboratorio Investigationum Sensoriorum [[Consilium Nationale Investigationum Scientificarum et Technicarum|CONICET]] et [[Universitas Torontina|Universitate Torontina]] conductum [[Bonaëropolis|Bonaëropolitanorum]] (nominatorum Hispanice ''porteños'') accentum simillimum [[lingua Italica|Italicae]] [[lingua Neapolitana|dialecti Neapolitanae]], quam aliae in mundo [[fabula]]tae linguae esse monstravit. [[Italia|Itala]] [[immigratio]] et aliae Europaeae immigrationes momentum habuerunt ad sermonem gregarium [[Lunfardus|Lunfardum]] (Hispanice ''Lunfardo''), quo regio Flumen Argenteum loquuntur, et qui vernaculare aliarum regionum vocabularium etiam permeat.

Argentini maximam [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanophonam]] societatem universe eo quod ''[[voseo]]'' ([[Pronomen|pronominis]] ''vos'' pro ''tú'' (tu) usus, alternativarum verbalium formarum usum etiam provocans) nominatur utentem formant. Praevalentissima dialectos [[Dialectus Argyropotamica|Argyropotamica]] (Hispanice ''rioplatense'') est cuius locutores sinum [[Flumen Argenteum|Argyropotamicum]] praecipue colunt.

[[Theodisce]] inter 400&amp;thinsp;000 et 500&amp;thinsp;000 Argentinorum cum [[Germania|Germanis]] maioribus loquuntur, quamquam ut circiter 1&amp;thinsp;800&amp;thinsp;000 essent affirmatum est. Numerus hominum Theodisce loquentium tertius aut quartus a maximo est. 

Secundum schedam circiter 1&amp;thinsp;500&amp;thinsp;000 hominum [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] (nam numerus Italiane loquentium secundus a maximo est), et 1&amp;thinsp;000&amp;thinsp;000 [[lingua Arabica|Arabice]] loquuntur. Qui quidem numeri non diutius valere videntur, quia iuniores generatim in Hispanicam linguam commutant nec maiorum lingua domi iam loquuntur. Idem phaenomenon [[lingua Gallaica|linguae Gallaicae]] qua multi Hispani immigrantes utebantur, [[lingua Iudaeogermanica|linguae Iiddicae]] et [[Lingua Iaponica|linguae Iaponicae]] applicatur. Quarum usus vergit, quia propriae immigrationis undae finiverunt primo saeculi vicensimi medio.

Aliquae indigenae communitates autochtonas linguas servaverunt. [[Lingua Guaranica|Guaranice]] aliqui Boreoriente loquuntur, praesertim in [[Fluenta (provincia)|Fluentis]] ubi statu solemni fruitur et in [[Missiones (provincia Argentina)|Missionibus]]. [[Linguá Quechua]] aliqui Boreoccidente loquuntur, et localis varians in [[Sanctus Iacobus ad Uligines (provincia Argentina)|Sancto Iacobo ad Uligĭnes]] est. [[Lingua Aymara|Aymare]] Bolivianae communitatis homines in Argentinam e [[Bolivia]] migrantes loquuntur. In [[Patagonia]], variae communitates [[Lingua Cambriana|Cambriane]] loquuntur.

Recentiores immigrantes linguas [[Lingua Sinica|Sinicam]] [[Lingua Coreana|Coreanamque]], praecipue in [[Bonaeropolis|Bonaëropolin]] portaverunt. [[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]], [[lingua Lusitana|Lusitane]] Brasiliane et [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallice]] parvi ambitus loquuntur. Lingua Anglica usitatissima lingua in scholis docta est cum Lusitana et Francogallica longe post se.

===Religio===
[[Fasciculus:Catedral de Córdoba, Argentina.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Cathedralis Cordubae (Argentina)|Cathedralis Cordubae]] [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]] condita.]]
Argentini praecipue [[religio]]si sunt. Circa 93 centesimae [[Ecclesia Catholica|Romani Catholici]] se declarant secundum schedas dissimiles, quamquam plerique non practicantes{{dubsig}} sint; ecclesia affiliationem{{dubsig}} 70 centesimae aestimat. Secundum Constitutionem, Catholicismus Romanus Argentinae gubernationi sustentandus est. Nihilominus, hoc ut Catholica Reipublicae Argentinae religio solemnis sit et ut in gubernatione laborantes hanc fidem habeant non implicat.

[[Protestantes|Evangelicae]] ecclesiae locum de [[decennium 199|decennio 199]] consecuta sunt et sui assectatores adhuc amplius 3.5 milionum summam conficiunt, circiter 10 centesimas omnium incolarum. [[Protestantes]] generis posteris traditi communitates in plerisque locis adsunt. 

[[Ecclesia Iesu Christi Sanctorum in Novissimis Diebus|Mormones]] amplius 330&amp;thinsp;300 discipulorum sumam conficiunt, septima a maxima conglobatione in mundo.

Civitas totius [[America Latina|Americae Latinae]] maximam [[Religio Iudaica|Iudaicam]] multitudinem etiam hospitio accipit, circa 2 centesimas incolarum.

[[Religio Islamica]] in Argentina circiter 1.5 centesimas multitudinis, id est, circiter 500&amp;thinsp;000 aut 600&amp;thinsp;000 aestimati (quorum 93% [[Sunnitae]] sunt) constituit. Argentina maximarum [[meschita]]rum etiam domus in America Latina est, Argentinae [[Religio Islamica|Musulmanae]] communitati servientium.

Circa 7 centesimae Argentinorum [[irreligio]]si, [[saecularis|saeculares]], vel [[atheismus|athei]] considerari possunt.

===Vitae gradus===
Secundum [[mos|mores]] posteris traditos, Argentina rerum publicarum Americae Latinae una cum maximo [[vita]]e gradu indicatur. Nihilominus, ob prolatam [[oeconomia|oeconomicam]], [[politica]]m [[societas humana|socialemque]] crisin{{dubsig}} quae civitas nuper vastavit, res indicatoriae sociales notabilem iniuriam passae sunt. Vetus media classis Argentina hodie minuta incolarum fimbria est, propter novorum pauperum numerum.

Quamquam in rerum asperitate adhuc est, Argentina bonum systema [[educatio]]nis (primaria educatio, verbi gratia, gratuita et obstringens [[puer]]is inter [[sex]] et [[quattuordecim]] annos natis) et parvam [[analphabetismus|analphabetismi]] taxationem inter alias res indicatorias propitias etiamnunc ostendit.

===Gastronomia===
Argentina Europaeum et [[Indigena|autochthonum]] momentum in sua [[gastronomia]] habet, sed propter [[pampa]]m [[Uraquaria]]e et [[Brasilia]]e finitimam cuius antiqua activitas{{dubsig}} oeconomica est [[res pecuaria]], usitata varia fercula bovilla [[caro|carne]] et [[lac]]teis deductis fundantur. Bonaërensibus in popinis, carnes assae botuli ([[picanna]] Brasiliensis), dorsum tenerum, intersecta caro et costa communia sunt. Praeter [[caseus|caseos]] variatos et bellaria lactea, [[alfaxor]]es, [[socolata]]e et [[tuber]]a communes sunt. [[Citrus maxima|Citri maximae]] [[sucus]] communissimus est et [[gas]]osi [[frigidus potus|frigidi potus]] forma inveniri potest. In [[panis|panificio]], crustulum ([[Hispanice]] ''media luna,'' Francogallicae originis) bona petitio ut [[thea]]m cum lacte in variis civitatis tabernis [[caffearium|caffaeariis]] et popinis sectetur est.

===Principales indicatoriae res sociales===
* Exspectantio vitae ortu: 75.24 anni (viri 71.56; feminae 79.06) (anno 2005)
* Taxatio fertilitatis: 2.3 filii pro femina (anno 2005)
* Mortalitas infantilis: 14.4 pro mille natorum vivorum (anno 2004)
* Taxatio analphabetismi: 3.1 centesimae (anno 2006) (definitio: homines quindecim annos aut plus nati legendo scribendoque inscii)
* Universitates publicae: 37 (anno 1999)
* Universitates privatae: 49 (anno 1999)

==Cultura==
In [[cultura]] Argentinae, [[litterae]] universalis elocutionis nomina habent, inter quae [[Georgius Ludovicus Borges]], [[Iulius Cortázar]], [[Dominicus Faustinus Sarmiento]], [[Adolfus Bioy Casares]], et [[Ernestus Sabato]] eminent.

[[Pediludium]] videtur praecipua Argentinae [[ars athletica]], post quod [[tenniludium]], [[certamen autocineticum|certamina autocinetica]], et [[ludus follis ovati]]&lt;!--harpastum? rugby XV? vel?--&gt; sequuntur. Praecipuus aemulus turmae Argentinae pediludicae (nominatae &quot;Albicaelestis&quot;, [[Hispanice]] ''La Albiceleste'') est [[Brasilia]]. Populo gratissimae consociationes pediludicae in Argentina sunt [[Boca Juniors]] (CABJ), [[River Plate]] (CARP), [[Independiente]] (CAI), Racing Club Avellanedae, et [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo de Almagro]] (CASLA).

Praecipuum Argentini pediludii nomen [[Didacus Hermannus Maradona]], in [[Calix Orbis Terrarum 1986|Calice Orbis Terrarum 1986]] in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] Albicaelestis turmae [[heros]] est, et in duplo principatu mundano pediludico manus dux.

Praecipuum autocineticorum certaminum Argentinorum nomen [[Ioannes Manuel Fangio]] est, gubernator qui [[quinque|quinquiens]] [[Formula 1|Formulae 1]] victor mundanus fuit tempore quo gubernatores habiliores et minus [[autocinetum|autocinetis]] pendentes erant.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|+ Feriae
|-
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; | Die aut tempore
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Nomen [[Latine]]
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Nomen loci
|-
| [[1 Ianuarii|Kalendis Ianuariis]]
| [[1 Ianuarii|Novus annus]]
| ''Año Nuevo''
|-
|[[Februarius|Februario]] aut [[Martius|Martio]]
|[[Carnelevarium]]
|''Carnaval''
|-
|[[24 Martii]]
|Sollemnitas Memoriae pro Veritate et Iustitia
|''Día Nacional de la Memoria por la Verdad y la Justicia''
|-
| Martio aut Aprili
| [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Pascha]]
| ''Viernes Santo''
|-
| [[2 Aprilis]] *
| Sollemnitas veterani [[bellum|belli]] et caesorum in [[Bellum Falklandense|Bello Falklandense]]
| ''Día del Veterano de Guerra y de los Caídos en la Guerra de las Malvinas''
|-
| [[1 Maii|Kalendis Maiis]]
| Sollemnitas Internationalis [[Labor]]is
| ''Día Internacional del Trabajo''
|-
| [[25 Maii]]
| Rerum Maiorum eversio
| ''Revolución de Mayo''
|-
| [[20 Iunii]] **
| Solemnitas [[Vexillum|Vexilli]] Argentini
| ''Día de la Bandera''
|-
| [[9 Iulii]]
| Sollemnitas [[Libertas|Libertatis]]
| ''Día de la Independencia''
|-
| [[17 Augusti]] **
| [[Mors]] imperatoris [[Iosephus Sancti Martini|Iosephi a Sancti Martini]]
| ''Muerte del general José de San Martín''
|-
| [[12 Octobris]] *
|Sollemnitas Respectus culturarum varietatis
| ''Día del Respeto a la Diversidad Cultural''
|-
|[[20 Novembris]]
|Sollemnitas Imperii Civitatis
|''Día de la Soberanía Nacional''
|-
| [[8 Decembris]]
| [[Immaculata Conceptio]] Mariae
| ''Inmaculada Concepción de María''
|-
| [[25 Decembris]]
| [[Christi Natalis]]
| ''Navidad''
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;| * Si sollemnitas Martis aut Mercurii die est, feria ad [[Lunae dies|Lunae diem]] priorem mutatur. Si sollemnitas [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] aut [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] die, ad posteriorem Lunae diem mutatur. ** Feria tertio Lunae die mensis accidit.
|}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Historia Argentinae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Abad de Santillán, Diego. ''Historia Argentina.'' Bonaeropoli: Tipográfica Editora Argentina.
* Bodemer, Klaus, Andrea Pagni, et Peter Waldmann, eds. [[2010]]. ''Argentinien heute: Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur.'' 2. voll. Francofurti: Vervuert. ISBN 978-3-86527-594-3.
* Galasso, Norberto. [[2011]]. ''Historia de la Argentina.'' 2 voll. Bonaeropoli: Colihue. ISBN 978-950-563-478-1.
* Potthast, Barbara. [[2010]]. ''Eine kleine Geschichte Argentiniens.'' Berolini: Suhrkamp. ISBN 978-3-518-46147-1.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Bellum Malvinaense]]
* [[Carolus Gardel]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Argentina|Argentinam}}

{{America}}
{{Capsae collectae|Argentina|politica|{{Praesides Argentinae}}{{Cancellarii Argentinenses}}}}

[[Categoria:Argentina|!]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1816]]
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{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="13748" sha1="nhwh9yk82z9syh2yqcdajmdj6a2bgcw" xml:space="preserve">{{Eventus currens}}
{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}

== Eventa ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem [[moneta]]m induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a [[miles|militibus]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
=== Mense Februario ===
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
=== Mense Martio ===
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat.
=== Mense Aprili ===
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat  et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur.
* 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem faciunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant.
* 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit.
=== Mense Maio ===
* 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui.
* 16 Maii: Epidemia [[ebolavirus]] Bundibugyoensis in [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Re publica democratica Congolensi]] declaratur. Contra hunc typum neque cura neque vaccinatio nota est.
* 23 Maii: Protestationes in [[Albania]], quae &quot;Revolutio Phoenicopterorum&quot; appellantur.
* 25 Maii: ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'', epistola encyclica [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] prima, editur.
=== Mense Iunio ===
* 12 Iunii: [[Elon Musk]] primus fit, qui {{num|1000000000000}} [[dollarium Civitatum Foederatarum|dollariorum Americanorum]] accumulaverit.
* 22 Iunii: [[Keir Starmer]] se ab officio primi ministri [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] abdicaturum nuntiat.
* 24 Iunii: [[Terrae motus]] maior magnitudinis 7.5 in Venetiola complura milia hominum necat multaque aedificia concidit.
=== Mense Iulio ===
* 1 Iulii: [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X]] [[Esquinia]]e quattuor [[episcopus|episcopos]] novos sine mandato [[papa]]li consecrat. [[Leo XIV]] papa totam societatem [[excommunicatio|excommunicat]].
* 3 Iulii: [[Keiko Fujimori]] prima muliebris praeses civitatis [[Peruvia|Peruviae]] eligitur.
* 19 Iulii: [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica]] vincit [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2026)|certamen mundanum pediludii]]. [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] secunda et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]] tertia sunt.
* 20 Iulii: [[Carolus III (rex Britanniarum)|Carolus III]] rex [[Andreas Burnham|Andream Burnham]] primum ministrum [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum regni]] constituit.
* 26 Iulii: [[Thaddaeus Pogačar]], birotarius [[Slovenia|Slovenicus]], quintum [[Circuitus Franciae|Circuitum Franciae]] vincit.
* 28 Iulii: [[Terrae motus Kumamoto anni 2026|Terrae motus Kumamoto]] accidit.
* 30 Iulii: Octoginta milia [[migratio|migrantium]] [[Septa]]m e [[Marocum|Maroco]] intrant, 111 moriuntur, plerique remittuntur.
=== Mense Augusto ===
* 2 Augusti: [[Arabia Saudiana]], [[Pakistania]] et [[Turcia]] [[Mecca]]e pactum defensionis subscribunt.
* 12 Augusti: [[Defectio solis]] [[Siberia]]e et [[Hiberia]]e.
* 20 Augusti: [[Rojava]] [[Syria]]e plene integra est, iam non amplius [[autonomia]] praedita.
* 26 Augusti: [[Inundatio]] mortifera [[Nepalia]]m et [[Tibetum]] affligit.
* 28 Augusti: [[Hacon VIII]], patre [[Haraldus V (rex Norvegiae)|Haraldo V]] mortuo, rex [[Norvegia]]e fit.
=== Mense Septembri ===
* 6 Septembris: [[Alternativa pro Germania]] pluralitatem suffragiorum in [[Saxonia et Anhaltium|Saxonia et Anhaltio]] conciliat.
* 16 Septembris: [[Ursula de Leyen]] [[Canada]]m ut socia consociata [[Unionis Europaeae]] invitat.
* 17 Septembris: [[Leopardus tilcayo]], nova species [[felidae|felina]], reperta est; prima species felina post plus quam saeculum inventa.
* 29 Septembris: [[Mahometus VI (rex Marocensis)|Mahometus VI]] rex [[Fatima Ezzahra al-Mansouri|Fatimam Ezzahram al-Mansouri]] primam mulierem primam ministram [[Marocum|Maroci]] constituit, comitiis habitis.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambicana]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]
** [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]].
** [[Gulielmus Foege]], [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
=== Mense Februario ===
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[2 Februarii]]: [[Athanasius Carolus Renoux]], monachus Benedictinus et orientalista Francicus; natus est anno [[1925]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].

=== Mense Martio ===
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno 1941.
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].
=== Mense Aprili ===
* [[6 Aprilis]]: [[Christianus Schwarz-Schilling]], politicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]].
* [[7 Aprilis]]: [[Iacobus Whittaker]], alpinista [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
* [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].
* [[9 Aprilis]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno 1951.
* [[19 Aprilis]]: [[Desmond Morris|Desmondus Morris]], zoologus ethologusque Anglicus; natus est anno [[1928]].
* [[24 Aprilis]]: [[Sophia Zdybicka]], philosopha et monacha [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno 1928.
=== Mense Maio ===
* [[6 Maii]]: [[Theodorus Turner]], vir negotii et philanthropus Americanus; natus est anno 1938.
* [[8 Maii]]: [[Festus Mogae]], politicus [[Botsuana|Botsuanicus]]; natus est anno 1939.
* [[25 Maii]]: [[Sonny Rollins]], saxophonista iazensis Americanus; natus est anno 1930.
* [[29 Maii]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bryan Bergougnoux||en|qid=Q936402}}, lusor harpastum Gallicus; nata est anno [[1983]].
=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[6 Iunii]]: [[Osorius Citora Afonso]], episcopus necatus [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1972]].
* [[14 Iunii]]: [[Oliverius Tree]], cantor histrioque [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1993]].
* [[16 Iunii]]: [[Camillus Ruini]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[21 Iunii]]: [[Franciscus Guterres]], politicus [[Timora Orientalis|Timoracus]]; natus est anno [[1954]].
* [[22 Iunii]]: [[Alanus Greenspan]], pristinus praeses [[Systema aerarium foederale|systematis aerarii foederalis Americae]]; natus est anno [[1926]].
=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[8 Iulii]]: [[Anna Widdecombe]], politica Britannica; nata est anno [[1947]].
* [[11 Iulii]]: [[Lindsey Graham]], politicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1955]].
* [[14 Iulii]]: [[Ioannes Michael Maitzen]], astronomus [[Austria]]cus; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[29 Iulii]]: [[Harrius Mitchell]], politicus Americanus; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[31 Iulii]]:
** [[Francus Baresi]] pedilusor Italicus; natus est anno [[1960]].
** [[Antonius Mazzi]], presbyter Italicus; natus est anno 1929.
=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[2 Augusti]]: [[Kay Granger]], politica Americana; nata est anno 1943.
* [[3 Augusti]]: [[Iulius Duarte Langa]], cardinalis [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]]; natus est anno [[1927]].
* [[6 Augusti]]: [[Franciscus Guccini]], cantor Italicus; natus est anno 1940.
* [[7 Augusti]]: [[Luciana Stassaert]] poetria pictrixque Belgica; nata est anno 1936.
* [[15 Augusti]]: [[Alexander Danilin]], [[psychiater]] [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1960]].
* [[16 Augusti]]: [[Hayden Panettiere]], actrix Americana; nata est anno [[1989]].
* [[17 Augusti]]: [[Stanislaus Lalanne]], episcopus Francicus; natus est anno 1948.
* [[24 Augusti]]: [[Hideki Shirakawa]], chemicus Iaponicus; natus est anno 1936.
* [[25 Augusti]]:
** [[Timotheus Curry]], actor Anglicus; natus est anno [[1946]].
** [[Dolly Parton]], cantrix Americana; nata est anno 1946.
* [[27 Augusti]]: [[Ratko Mladić]], scelestus bellicus Serbicus; natus est anno 1942.
* [[28 Augusti]]: [[Haraldus V (rex Norvegiae)|Haraldus V]], rex [[Norvegia]]e; natus est anno [[1937]].
* [[31 Augusti]]:
** [[Eduardus Balladur]], polticus Francicus; natus est anno 1929.
** [[Ada Yonath]], [[chemica]] Israeliana; nata est anno 1939.
=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[1 Septembris]]: [[Aentius Bianchi]] theologus Italicus; natus est anno 1943.
* [[2 Septembris]]: [[Gloria Steinem]], diurnalista Americana; nata est anno [[1934]].
* [[4 Septembris]]: [[Galfridus Sutton]], philologus Britannicus; natus est anno 1947.
* [[11 Septembris]]
** [[Astrida (principissa Norvegica)|Astrida]], principissa Norvegica; nata est anno [[1932]].
** [[Emma Bonino]], politica Italica; nata est anno 1948.
* [[14 Septembris]]: [[Petrus Maximilianus]], artifex Germano-Americanus; natus est anno 1937.
* [[16 Septembris]]: [[Dolores Sibonga]], politica Americana; nata est anno [[1931]].
* [[17 Septembris]]: [[Ioannes Llewellyn Kyl]], politicus Americanus; natus est anno 1942.
* [[23 Septembris]]
** [[Mauritius de Germiny]], episcopus Francicus; natus est anno 1939.
** [[Gregorius Pitkäranta]] auctor neolatinus [[Finnia|Finnicus]]; natus est anno 1945.
=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[7 Octobris]]: [[Barbara Spinelli]], politica Italica; nata est anno 1946.
* [[9 Octobris]]: [[Michael Ditka]], [[harpastum Americanum|pedilusor Americanus]]; natus est anno 1939.

== Cultura popularis ==
=== Musica ===
* [[Gratia Abrams]] - ''Daughter from Hell''
* [[Zacharias Bryan]] - ''With Heaven on Top''
* [[Ariana Grande]] - ''Petal''
* [[BTS]] - ''Arirang''
* [[Noë Kahan]] - ''The Great Divide''
* [[Ella Langley]] - ''Dandelion''
* [[Bruno Mars]] - ''The Romantic''
* [[Olivia Rodrigo]] - ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''
* [[Henricus Styles]] - ''Kiss All the Time. Disco, Occasionally''

=== Pelliculae ===
* [[28 Martii]]: ''[[The Super Mario Galaxy Movie]]'' (CFA)
* [[10 Aprilis]]: ''[[Michael (2026 pellicula)|Michael]]'' (CFA)
* [[9 Iunii]]: ''[[Toy Story 5]]'' (CFA)
* [[6 Iulii]]: ''[[The Odyssey (2026 pellicula)|The Odyssey]]'' (CFA &amp; Britannia)
* [[27 Iulii]]: ''[[Spider-Man: Brand New Day]] (CFA)
* [[15 Septembris]]: ''[[Resident Evil (2026 pellicula)|Resident Evil]]'' (CFA &amp; Germania)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aquae Sextiae</title>
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      <text bytes="3570" sha1="be4jn09q059kq6p3gb8gkispm7vkay1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Aix-en-Provence Cathedrale Saint-Sauveur 1 20061227.jpg|thumb|Aquarum sextiarum [[ecclesia cathedralis]] Sancti Salvatoris.]]
[[Fasciculus:Map commune FR insee code 13001.png|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Aquarum sextiarum communis tabula.]]
[[Fasciculus:BeffroiAix.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Aquarum Sextiarum [[belfredus]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Blason ville fr Aix-en-Provence.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|Aquarum Sextiarum arma gentilitia.]]

'''Aquae Sextiae'''&lt;ref&gt;Société de l'histoire de France, ''Annuaire historique pour l'année 1858'' (Parisiis: Jules Renouard, 1837), 57. [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=Ko4PAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA77&amp;lpg=PA77&amp;dq=Kemperlegium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=cmQp56KNA9&amp;sig=-3ytTlL2LQw8M--IuGZBq9ptMg4&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=G8BHT6yjI8PYgAemmLCRDg&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Kemperlegium&amp;f=false] [[Google Books]]. {{Ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Aix-en-Provence'') sunt [[urbs]] [[Francia|Francicae]] circiter 141&amp;thinsp;148 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ostia Rhodani|Ostiorum Rhodani]] in regione [[Provincia, Alpes, Litus Lazuli|Provincia, Alpibus, Litore Lazuli]].

== Historia ==
Aquae Sextiae anno [[122 a.C.n.]] a [[Gaius Sextius Calvinus|Gaio Sextio Calvino]] [[consul]]e in finibus [[Salluvii|Salluviorum]] conditae sunt. Apud Aquas Sextias anno [[102 a.C.n.]] [[Gaius Marius]] [[Teutones]] profligavit.&lt;ref&gt;''&quot;C. Marius cos. summa vi oppugnata a Teutonis et Ambronibus castra defendit. Duobus deinde proeliis circa Aquas Sextias eosdem hostes delevit, in quibus caesa traduntur hostium CC milia, capta XC.&quot;'' [[Titus Livius]] Perochiae LXIII [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/livy/liv.per68.shtml|apud The Latin Library]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Saeculum 4|Saeculo IV]] Aquae Sextiae caput provinciae [[Narbonensis Secunda]]e fuerunt. Urbs temporibus [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] [[ius Latii|iure Latii]] donata est. Ab imperatore Augusto Colonia Iulia Augusta Aquae Sextiae rite facta est.

== Thermae ==
Aquae thermarum saeculo XIX medio explicatae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[[Maximus Durand-Fardel]], ''Dictionnaire général des eaux minérales et d'hydrologie médicale'' (Lutetiae, 1860) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2013645/f74.image vol. 1, p. 43.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ecclesia Catholica ==
Aquae Sextiae sunt sedes [[archiepiscopus|archiepiscopalis]].

== Praeclari cives ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Franciscus Augustus Mignet]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] et [[diurnarius]]
* [[Ioannes Baptista de Loo]], [[pictor]]
* [[Paulus Cézanne]], pictor
* [[Andreas Campra]], [[compositor]]
* [[Mauritius Rouvier]], [[vir publicus]]
* [[Paulus Veyne]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]]

=== Mortui ===
* [[Paulus Cézanne]], pictor
* [[Iulius Isaac]], rerum gestarum scriptor

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Index communium praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Aix-en-Provence|Aquas Sextias}}
* {{INSEE commune|13001|de=Aquais Sextis}}

* [http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/ Aquis Sextiis pagina interretialis]
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=320 De hoc commune apud Cassini]

{{Capita civitatum Galliae Narbonensis}}

[[Categoria:Aquae Sextiae| ]]
[[Categoria:Coloniae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]
[[Categoria:Condita 122 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ostiorum Rhodani]]
[[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Thermae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Urbes Galliae Romanae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Petrus I (imperator Russiae)</title>
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      <text bytes="14205" sha1="kocz343ltxl48qrv6a2k3j6vmtuupxh" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{videdis|Petrus Magnus (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Andrei Matveev - Portrait of Peter I.jpg|thumb|[[Petri Imperatoris effigies (Matveev)|Petrus Imperator]] ab [[Andreas Matveev|Andrea Matveev]] anno 1724/1725 pictus ([[Museum Solitarium]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]])]]
'''Petrus I Alexii filius'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=e8Q3m_Zvc_MC&amp;pg=RA1-PA214&amp;dq=%22Petrus+I+Alexii+filius%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiGnY_Pmd3iAhUd5KYKHStTD3wQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Petrus%20I%20Alexii%20filius%22&amp;f=false Ioannis Barclaii ''Icon animorum virorum clarissimorum Augusto Buchneri et Christiani Iunckeri notis illustrata.'' Dresdae &amp; Lipsiae, 1733, p. 214]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ad Capponianas&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=Shz80qfg0PoC&amp;pg=PP33&amp;dq=%22Petrus+I+Alexii+filius%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiGnY_Pmd3iAhUd5KYKHStTD3wQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Petrus%20I%20Alexii%20filius%22&amp;f=false Nicolai Carminii Falconii ''Ad Capponianas Ruthenas tabulas commentarius.'' Romae, 1755, p. ]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Пётр I Алексеевич, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Pëtr I Alekseevič''; [[Moscua]]e natus die [[9 Iunii]] [[1672]], [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] mortuus die [[8 Februarii]] [[1725]]), cognomento '''Magnus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Ad Capponianas&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=D6U_AAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22Petrus+I+Magnus%22&amp;dq=%22Petrus+I+Magnus%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=SsrwTYr9JNGYOryWzL4D&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CD0Q6AEwBDgK Nicolai Nilles ''Kalendarium Manuale Utriusque Ecclesiae Orientalis et Occidentalis'', tomus III. Oeniponte, 1885, p. xcvi]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Petrus Magnus&quot;&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=hIUFAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Petrus+Magnus%22&amp;dq=%22Petrus+Magnus%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=EMzwTeDtM8qhOqv9rZoD&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=6&amp;ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ Ровинский Д.А. ''Подробный словарь русских гравированных портретов'', tomus II.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Великий, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Velikij''), e domo regnatrice [[Domus Romanovia|Romanovia]], fuit [[Tzares Russiae|Tzar et Magnus Dux Totius Russiae]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ru/books?id=569FAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=%22Petrus+Alexii+filius%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjDgPWbtMzMAhVBMZoKHVaFADgQ6AEIXDAJ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Petrus%20Alexii%20filius%22&amp;f=false ''Liste alphabétique de portraits russes'', vol. II., p. 211]&lt;/ref&gt; ab anno [[1682]] (annis [[1682]]–[[1696]] cum fratre suo [[Ioannes V (tzar Russiae)|Ioanne V]]), reformator terrae suae eminens, anno [[1721]] primus [[Imperator]] [[Imperium Russicum|Imperii Russici]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=nyJbAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA189&amp;dq=%22Petrus+Alexiowitz%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=cbikUayHKIqK4gSX8IDADA&amp;ved=0CGQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Petrus%20Alexiowitz%22&amp;f=false Ludovici Holbergii ''Synopsis historiae universalis, p. 189]&lt;/ref&gt; ('[[Russorum Imperator]]'&lt;ref name=&quot;Petrus Magnus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=M_daAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA464&amp;dq=%22Petrus+I+Russorum+Imperator%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=GsvwTZ7GEZCYOrT11JsD&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Petrus%20I%20Russorum%20Imperator%22&amp;f=false ''Acta eruditorum Lipsiensia, anno 1682 à 1776'', p. 464]; [http://books.google.ru/books?id=g6ZGAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Petrus+I+Russorum+Imperator%22&amp;dq=%22Petrus+I+Russorum+Imperator%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;ei=-srwTYLqMoehOtvv0JcD&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ Šafařík E. ''Joannes Kupezky, 1667-1740'', p. 180]&lt;/ref&gt;) factus et titulo [[Pater Patriae|Patris Patriae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Petrus Magnus&quot;/&gt; dignatus.
== Biographia ==
=== Adulescentia et certamen pro potestate ===
[[Fasciculus:Petrus Magnus Imperator Russorum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|&quot;Petrus Magnus Imperator Russorum&quot; ad frontispicium libri von Stählin (1785) pictus]]
Petrus fuit [[tzar]]is [[Alexius (tzar Russiae)|Alexii]] filius quem ex uxore altera [[Natalia Naryškina]] genuit. Alexius e muliere prima [[Maria Miloslavskaja]] quinque filios genuerat, quorum tres in pueritia mortui sunt; unus ([[Theodorus III (tzar Russiae)|Theodorus]]) patri breviter succedit sed die [[7 Maii]] [[1682]] mortem obiit. Ultimo e filiis Mariae, [[Ioannes V (tzar Russiae)|Ioanne]], corpore et mente invalido, Petrus annum decimum agens ad regnum vocatus est, favente imprimis familia Naryškin, abnuente familia Miloslavski et factione ''[[streltsy]]'', scilicet militum pyrobolistarum. Hi, motu populi Moscuensis sublevato, creationem ''dvoetsarstvenniki'' vel &quot;Caesarum binorum&quot; suaserunt; Ioannes igitur, natu maior, iuxta Petrum fratrem minorem die [[25 Iunii]] [[1682]] incoronatus est et usque ad mortem suum (die [[8 Februarii]] [[1696]]) titulum ''Tzar'' tenuit. 

Postquam [[Sophia Alexii filia|Sophia]] regens Russiae facta est, Petrus e Moscua rus expulsus est. Ex adulescentibus rusticis sibi &quot;exercitum ludicum&quot; instituit, qui postea exercitus novus factus est. Amicus eius optimus [[Alexander Menšikov]] fuit, postea dux illustrissimus factus. Anno 1689, Petrus Sophiam e potestate removit.

=== Rex et imperator ===
Experientia terrarum [[Europa]]e occidentalis a Petro I pro progressione industriae, mercaturae, culturae Russiae adhibebatur. Monarcha ille annis ab [[1697]] ad [[1698]] in [[Borussia]], [[Nederlandia]], et [[Anglia]] peregrinabat, ubi [[navigatio]]nem et fabricationem navium studebat. 

Reformationes administrationis a Petro I perfectae sunt. Formata sunt nova instituta: [[Senatus (Russia)|Senatus]], [[Collegia (Russia)|Collegia]], etc.; [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Russica]] subordinata est regno; [[Russia]] divisa est in [[gubernium (Russia)|gubernia]]; [[Petropolis]] (anno [[1703]] condita) facta est [[caput]] regni illius. Die [[20 Decembris]] [[1699]] tzar Petrus I [[Calendarium Iulianum]] cum annis a [[Nativitas Iesu|nativitate Iesu Christi]] numeratis induxit. Ad hunc diem in Russia anni a creatione mundi numerati erant.

Manufacturae, officinae, navaliae, porti, canales constructae in Russia sunt. Voluntate Petri I conditae sunt scholae multae et (anno [[1724]]) [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana]], forma hodierna litterarum [[abecedarium Cyrillicum|alphabeti Cyrillici]] annis ab [[1708]] ad [[1710]] accepta est.

Annis ab [[1716]] ad [[1717]] in [[Europa Media]] et [[Europa Occidentalis|Occidentali]] iterum peregrinavit; terras [[Balti]]cas, [[Germania|Germanas]] ([[Hamburgum]], [[Magdeburgum]], [[Berolinum]]), [[Batavia|Batavicas]] [[Austria]]casque ([[Aquae Spadanae|Aquas Spadanas]] in [[Belgia]] hodierna) visit. In [[Francia]], [[Abraham Hannibal]]em, principem Africanum a [[Turci]]s captum et postea regi Francico redditum, convenit. Hic amicus Petri [[centurio]] [[exercitus Russicus|exercitus Russici]] factus est; proavus poetae [[Alexander Puškin|Alexandri Puškin]] est.

=== Bella ===
Imperatoris illius gratia reformatus est exercitus Russiae, classis militaris Russica creata est. Tempore regiminis Petri I Russia dignitatem imperii magni accepit. Petrus I duxit copias Russicas in bellis contra [[Imperium Ottomanicum]] ('Militiae [[Asovia|Asovienses]]', annis [[1695]]–[[1696]]; 'Militia [[Pyretus|Pyretensis]]', anno [[1711]]), [[Suecia]]m ('Bellum Boreale', annis [[1700]]–[[1721]]) et [[Irania|Persiam]] ('Militia Persica', annis [[1722]]–[[1723]]).

=== Uxores liberique ===
Bis uxores duxit. E prima [[Eudocia Lopuchina]] filios tres genuit, quorum senior, [[Alexius Petri filius|Alexius]], 28 annos natus anno [[1718]] obiit, duo alii infantes mortui sunt; ex altera [[Catharina I (imperatrix Russiae)|Martha Skavronskaja]] liberos undecim, sed, nullo filio supervivente, haec uxor (quae nomen &quot;Catharina&quot; in matrimonio adsumpserat) marito successit in imperio. Filia eius [[Elisabetha (imperatrix Russiae)|Elisabetha]] imperatrix annis 1741-1761 fuit; filius sororis eius [[Anna Petri filia|Annae]], [[Petrus III (imperator Russiae)|Petrus III]], imperator annis 1761-1762 fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[2720 Pyotr Pervyj]]
== Bibliographia ==
; Documenta
* ''Письма и бумаги императора Петра Великого''. 13 voll. 1887—1992
* Olaf Brockmann, &quot;Der Bruch Peters des Großen mit Alt-Moskau. Korbs Diarium und Diplomatenberichte aus Moskau zu den Ereignissen der Jahre 1698 und 1699&quot; in ''Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas'' vol. 38 (1990) pp. 481-503
* Reinhold Neumann-Hoditz, ''Peter der Große in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten''. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 2000. ISBN 3-499-50314-X
; Bibliographica
* E. A. Zitser, &quot;Post-Soviet Peter: New Histories of the Late Muscovite and Early Imperial Russian Court&quot; in ''Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History'' n.s. vol. 6 (2005) pp. 375–392
; Opera antiquiora
* [[Hartvigus Ludovicus Christianus Bacmeister|H. L. C. Bacmeister]], ''Beiträge zur Geschichte Peters des Großen''. 3 voll. Riga: Hartkoch, 1774–1784
* R. N. Bain, &quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh517.html Peter the Great and his Pupils, 1689-1730]&quot; in ''The Cambridge Modern History'' vol. 17
* А. Г. Брикнер, ''Иллюстрированная история Петра Великого''. Petropoli: Тип. П.П. Сойкина, 1902-1903 [https://web.archive.org/web/20120314170401/http://runivers.ru/lib/book4353/ Textus interretialis] 
* А. С. Чистяков, ''История Петра Великого''. 1903. Reimpressum Moscuae: Изд-во «Буклет» (РИА «Двойная радуга»), 1992. ISBN 5-88150-001-6
* Голиков И. И. ''Деяния Петра Великого, мудрого преобразителя России, собранные из достоверных источников и расположенные по годам''. 1788—1789
* [[Alexander Gordon|A. Gordon]], ''The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia: to which is prefixed a short general history of the country from the rise of that monarchy''. Londinii: Douglass and Murray, 1755 {{Google Books|kv0EAAAAYAAJ}}
* S. Graham, ''Peter the Great: a life of Peter I of Russia called the Great''. 1929
* [[Gerardus Antonius de Halem|G. A. von Halem]], ''Leben Peters des Großen''. 3 voll. Monasterii, 1803–1804
* [[Iacobus de Stählin|J. von Stählin]], ''Originalanekdoten von Peter dem Großen''. Lipsiae: Breitkopf, 1785 {{Google Books|1WNKAAAAYAAJ}}
* [[Voltarius|Voltaire]], ''Histoire de l'Empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, par l'auteur de l'histoire de Charles XII''. Genavae, 1761-1763
; Vita et imperium
* P. A. Bushkovitch, ''Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671-1725''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2001 [https://web.archive.org/web/20071219123818/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=105314267 Textus interretialis]
* J. Cracraft, ''The Revolution of Peter the Great'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003 [https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o Textus interretialis]
* E. Donnert, ''Peter der Große''. Lipsiae: Koehler und Amelang, 1988. ISBN 3-7338-0031-1
* I. Grey, ''Peter the Great: Emperor of All Russia''. 1960 [https://web.archive.org/web/20091126234137/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=5411490 Textus interretialis]
* L. Hughes, ''Russia in the Age of Peter the Great''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-300-07539-1; ISBN 0-300-08266-5
* L. Hughes, ''Peter the Great: A Biography''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-300-09426-4; ISBN 0-300-10300-X
* R. K. Massie, ''Peter the Great: His Life and World''. Novi Eboraci: Ballantine Books, 1981. ISBN 0-345-29806-3
* Н. И. Павленко, ''Пётр Первый''. Moscuae: Мол. гвардия, 1975
* [[Henricus Troyat|H. Troyat]], ''Pierre le Grand''. Lutetiae, 1979
; Specialia
* P. A. Bushkovitch, &quot;The Epiphany Ceremony of the Russian Court in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries&quot; in ''Russian Review'' vol. 49 (1990) pp. 1–17 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/130080 Situs venalis]
* L. Hughes, ''Peter the Great and the West: New Perspectives''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. ISBN 0-333-92009-0
* A. Moutchnik, &quot;Der „Strelitzen-Aufstand“ von 1698&quot; in Heinz-Dietrich Löwe, ed., ''Volksaufstände in Russland. Von der Zeit der Wirren bis zur „Grünen Revolution“ gegen die Sowjetherrschaft'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006, ISBN 3-447-05292-9)
* B. Richter, ''Verbrannte Erde. Peter der Große und Karl XII. Die Tragödie des ersten Russlandfeldzuges''. Gottingae: MatrixMedia Verlag, 2010. ISBN 978-3-932313-37-0
* П. В. Седов, ''Закат Московского царства: Царский двор конца XVII века''. Petropoli: Изд-во «Дмитрий Буланин», 2006. (Санкт-Петербургский институт истории РАН.) ISBN 5-86007-517-0

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Peter I of Russia|Petrum I Magnum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://books.google.ru/books?id=E89FAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA3&amp;dq=%22Petrus%22%2B%22imperator%22&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwighv61tczMAhXHYJoKHUrWAnYQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Iustitia armorum quae sacra sua Csarea Maiestas Petrus I., Magnae Rossiae imperator, in sui defensionem adversus perfidum Turcarum Sultanum Achemetem, pacis violatorem, arripuit ...'', Hagae-Comitis, 1711.] {{ling|Latine}}
* [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article088647.html Pagina de Petro I Magno ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}}
* [http://www.hrono.info/biograf/bio_p/petr1.php Pagina de Petro I Alexii filio in situ interretiali &quot;www.hrono.info&quot;] {{ling|Russice}}

{{arca initii}}
{{arca successionis unus|
 ante=[[Theodorus III (tzar Russiae)|Theodorus III]] |
 titulus=[[Tzares Russiae|Tzar et Magnus Dux Totius Russiae]] |
 anni=1682-1721 |
postquam=ipse ut Imperator Russiae}}
{{arca successionis unus|
ante=ipse ut Tzar Russiae|
titulus=[[Imperatores Russiae|Imperator Russiae]]|
anni=1721-1725|
postquam=[[Catharina I (imperatrix Russiae)|Catharina I]]
}}
{{arca finis}}
{{1000 paginae}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1672]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1725]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]]
[[Categoria:Tzares Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Urbium conditores]]
[[Categoria:Romanov]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}
{{FA stella}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>14 Octobris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994218</id>
      <parentid>3863463</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T08:19:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Obsessio Vindobonae hodie, non cras finita est.</comment>
      <origin>3994218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7270" sha1="qfmo495uzph1mz414rcavso5jujgck3" xml:space="preserve">'''14 Octobris''' dies 287ª anni est (288ª in [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendario Gregoriano]]. 78 dies manent.

Secundum [[Calendarium Romanum]] est ''pridie Idus Octobres''.

{{Calendarium-Octobris}}

== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 11 ===
* [[1066]] - [[Pugna Hastingensis|Pugna Hastingensi]] [[Gulielmus I (rex Angliae)|Gulielmus]] dux [[Normannia|Normannorum]] [[Haroldus II (rex Anglorum)|Haroldum II]] regem [[Anglia|Anglorum]] vicit.

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1529]] - [[Prima obsidio Viennensis (1529)|Obsessio Vindobonae]] a [[Turcia|Turcis]] sultano [[Suleimanus I (sultanus Ottomanicus)|Suleimano I]] duce suffertur.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1806]] - [[Proelium Ienense|Proelio Ienensi]] [[Borussia]] a [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone I]] imperatore [[Francia]]e pervicti sunt.
* [[1809]] - In [[Palatium Belli Fontis|Palatio Belli Fontis]] apud [[Vindobona]]m de [[Pax Palatii Belli Fontis|pace]] conventum est inter Franciam Austriam et Russiam.
* [[1852]] - [[Statio Regis Crucis]] [[Londinium|Londinii]] inaugurata est.
* [[1891]] A die 14 Octobris usque ad diem [[20 Octobris]] anno 1891 [[Erfordia]]e in [[Germania]] congressus erat [[Socialis Democratica Factio Germaniae|SPD]]. Eventum congressus erat [[Programma Erfordiense]].

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1933]] - [[Germania]] statum [[Confoederatio Nationum|Confoederationis Nationum]] descivit.
* [[1944]] - [[Ervinus Rommel]], dux militum [[Germania|Germanicus]] coactus est, ut mortem sua manu peteret, quod conscius erat coniurationis [[20 Iulii 1944]].
* [[1964]] - [[Martinus Lutherus King Jr.]] [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis]] laudatur.
* [[1991]] - [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] Praemium Nobelianum pacis laudatur.
* [[1994]] - [[Iasser Arafat]], [[Simon Peres]] et [[Yitzhak Rabin]] Praemium Nobelianum pacis laudatur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2010]] - [[Marcus Rutte]] primus minister [[Nederlandia]]e factus est.
* [[2017]] - Impetus bombarum in [[Mogadiscio]], [[Somalia]]: 300+ homines necati sunt.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1465]] - [[Conradus Peutingerus]], iuris consultus, humanista et antiquarius; mortuus est anno [[1547]].

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1633]] - [[Iacobus II (rex Angliae)|Iacobus II]] Angliae, Scotiae et Hiberniae rex (mortuus [[1701]]).
* [[1644]] - [[Gulielmus Penn]], conditor provinciae [[Pennsylvania]]e; mortuus est anno [[1713]].

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1712]] - [[Georgius Grenville]], primus minister [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum Regni]]; mortuus est anno [[1770]].
* [[1784]] - [[Ferdinandus VII (rex Hispaniae)|Ferdinandus VII]], rex [[Hispania]]e; mortuus est anno [[1833]].

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1801]] - [[Armandus Trousseau]], medicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1867]].
* [[1827]] - [[Gulielmus Vernon Harcourt]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Liberalis (Britanniarum Regnum)|Liberalis]]; mortuus est anno [[1904]].
* [[1873]] - [[Iulius Rimet]], praeses [[FIFA]]e; mortuus est anno [[1956]].
* [[1882]] - [[Edmundus de Valera]], primus minister et praeses [[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]e; mortuus est anno [[1975]].
* [[1888]] - [[Catharina Mansfield]], scriptrix [[Nova Zelandia|Novozelandensis]]; mortua est anno [[1923]].
* [[1890]] - [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[praeses]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]]; mortuus est anno [[1969]].
* [[1893]] - [[Lilliana Gish]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]]; mortua est anno [[1993]].
* [[1894]]
** [[E. E. Cummings]], scriptor [[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno [[1962]]. 
** [[Henricus Luebke]], praeses [[Germania]]e; mortuus est anno [[1972]].

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1901]] - [[Andreas Emo]], philosophus [[Italia]]nus; mortuus est anno [[1983]].
* [[1906]] - [[Anna Arendt]], philosopha et historica [[Germania|Germanica]]; mortua est anno [[1975]].
* [[1914]] - [[Raimundus Davis]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno [[2006]].
* [[1915]] - [[Loris Franciscus Capovilla]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2016]].
* [[1927]] - [[Rogerius Moore]], histrio [[Anglia|Anglicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2017]].
* [[1930]] - [[Iosephus Desideratus Mobutu|Mobutu Sese Seko]], dictator [[Respublica Democratica Congensis|Reipublicae Democraticae Congensis]]; mortuus est anno [[1997]].
* [[1939]] - [[Radulphus Lauren]], [[vestimenta|vestificus]] et homo negotiorum [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[1940]] - [[Cliff Richard]], cantor [[Anglia|Anglicus]].
* [[1941]] - [[Petrus Ducke]], pedilusor [[Germania|Germanicus]] [[DDR|Rei Publicae Democraticae Germanicae]].
* [[1942]] - [[Petrus Nadas]], scriptor [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]].
* [[1964]] - [[Martinus Burkert]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[SPD]].
* [[1971]]
** [[Jyrki Katainen]], [[primus minister Finniae]] annis [[2011]] ad [[2014]].
** [[Beatrix Lorenzin]], rerum politicarum perita [[Italia]]na.
* [[1972]] - [[Nyomi Banxxx]], [[Pornographia|actrix pornographica]] [[CFA|Americana]].
* [[1973]] - [[Mors Georgii Floyd|Georgius Floyd]]; necatus est anno [[2020]].
* [[1978]] - [[Usher]], cantor, saltator et actor [[CFA|Americanus]].
* [[1979]] - [[Rodericus Tello]], pedilusor [[Chilia]]e.
* [[1989]] - [[Mia Wasikowska]], actrix [[Australia]]na.

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 3 ===
* [[222]] - [[Callixtus I]], papa.

=== Saeculo 11 ===
* [[1066]] - [[Haroldus II (rex Anglorum)|Haroldus II]], rex [[Anglia|Anglorum]]; natus est circa annum [[1022]].

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1480]] - [[Eoudong]], saltatrix, artifitrix, poetria, scriptrix, meretrix et diurnaria [[Respublica Coreana|Coreana]]; nata est anno [[1440]].

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1546]] - [[Ioannes Megabachus]], medicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1487]].

=== Saeculo 18 ===

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1879]] - [[Ferdinandus Kürnberger]], scriptor Austriacus

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1944]] - [[Ervinus Rommel]], miles [[Germania|Germanicus]], natus anno [[1891]].
* [[1961]] - [[Paulus Ramadier]], primus minister [[Francia]]e; natus est anno [[1888]].
* [[1984]] - [[Martinus Ryle]], astronomus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1918]].
* [[1990]] - [[Leonardus Bernstein]], compositor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1918]].
* [[1999]] - [[Iulius Nyerere]], praeses [[Tanzania]]e; natus est anno [[1922]].

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2003]] - [[Moktar Ould Daddah]], praeses [[Mauritania]]e annis [[1961]] ad [[1978]]; natus est anno [[1924]].
* [[2010]] - [[Benedictus Mandelbrot]], mathematicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1924]].
* [[2015]] 
** [[Matthaeus Kérékou]], praeses [[Beninum|Benini]]; natus est anno [[1933]].
** [[Nurlan Balgimbaev]], primus minister [[Kazachstania]]e; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[2017]] - [[Ricardus Wilbur]], poeta et translator [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1921]].
* [[2019]]
**[[Haroldus Bloom]], criticus litterarius [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1930]].
**[[Anca Fuchs]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[2022]] - [[Robbie Coltrane]], histrio [[Scotia|Scotus]]; natus est anno [[1950]].

== Festa et Feriae ==
* [[Dies mundialis normalizationis]] ([[ISO]] et [[Nationes Unitae]])
* Dies Nyerere ([[Tanzania]])

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994222</id>
      <parentid>3992603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T08:48:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Argentina */</comment>
      <origin>3994222</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="140719" sha1="nju0d60y7g1g9umz6fvug6d7r7p2nwk" xml:space="preserve">Hic sunt [[dioecesis|dioeceses]] et [[eparchia]]e [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] (sine [[Episcopus titularis|episcopis titularibus]]), tum aliae [[ecclesia]]e particulares, quae dioecesibus assimilantur.

== Statistica ==
:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
! Ecclesiae particulares !! [[Codex Iuris Canonici|CIC]]&lt;br /&gt;can. !! [[Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium|CCEO]]&lt;br/&gt;can. !!style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| anno&lt;br /&gt;2015 !!style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| anno&lt;br /&gt;2020 !!style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| anno&lt;br /&gt;2025 !! ''[[#Ecclesia Latina|Eccl.&lt;br /&gt;lat.]]'' !! ''[[#Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales|Eccl.&lt;br /&gt;or.]]''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| [[Sancta Sedes]] || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cic83_lat_liber2.htm#02010101 331] || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cceo_lat_titulus03.htm#0301 43] ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 1 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 1 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 1 || ''1'' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| sedes [[Patriarcha#Patriarchae Romani-Catholici|patriarchales]] || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cic83_lat_liber2.htm#02020202 438] || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cceo_lat_titulus04.htm 55] ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 9 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 9 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 9 || ''3'' || ''6''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| sedes [[Archiepiscopus maior|archiepiscopales maiores]] || || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cceo_lat_titulus05.htm 151] ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 4 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 4 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 4 || || ''4''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| sedes [[Metropolita|metropolitanes]] sui iuris || || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cceo_lat_titulus06.htm 155] ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 5 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 5 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 5 || || ''5''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| sedes metropolitanes ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cic83_lat_liber2.htm#02020101 369]&lt;br /&gt;([https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cic83_lat_liber2.htm#02020202 435]) ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cceo_lat_titulus07.htm 177]&lt;br /&gt;([https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cceo_lat_titulus04.htm#0406 133]) ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 548 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 555 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 564 || ''537'' || ''27''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| sedes [[Archiepiscopus|archiepiscopales]] ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 77 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 76 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 77 || ''48'' || ''29''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| sedes [[Episcopus|episcopales]] ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 2212 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 2247 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 2261 || ''2122'' || ''139''
|- style=&quot;border-top:2px solid gray;&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| [[Praelatus|praelaturae]] territoriales || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cic83_lat_liber2.htm#02020101 370] || ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 42 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 41 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 39 || ''39'' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| [[Abbatia territorialis|abbatiae territoriales]] || 370 || – ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 11 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 11 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 11 || ''10'' || ''1''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| [[exarchatus]] apostolici || || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cceo_lat_titulus08.htm 311] ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 16 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 13 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 14 || || ''14''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| [[Ordinarius (ecclesia)|ordinariatus]] orientales || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cic83_lat_liber2.htm#02020101 372] || ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 8 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 9 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 9 || || ''9''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| ordinariatus militares || 372 || ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 36 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 36 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 36 || ''36'' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| ordinariatus personales || 372 || ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 3 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 3 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 3 || ''3'' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| praelatura personalis ''([[Opus Dei]])'' || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cic83_lat_liber2.htm#0104 294] || ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 1 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 1 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 1 || ''1'' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| [[Vicariatus Apostolicus|vicariatus apostolici]] || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cic83_lat_liber2.htm#02020101 371] || ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 88 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 83 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 81 || ''81'' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| [[Praefectura Apostolica|praefecturae apostolicae]] || 371 || ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 39 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 39 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 38 || ''38'' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| administrationes apostolicae || 371 || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cceo_lat_titulus07.htm#070105 234] ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 8 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 8 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 8 || ''6'' || ''2''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| administratio apostolica personalis || 371 || ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 1 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 1 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 1 || ''1'' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| [[Missio sui iuris|missiones sui iuris]] || – || ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 8 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 8 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 8 || ''8'' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| exarchatus patriarchales || || 311 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 10 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 10 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 10 || || ''10''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| exarchatus archiepiscopales || || 311 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 5 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 5 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 5 || || ''5''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;| territoria patriarchales || || [https://www.codex-iuris-canonici.de/cceo_lat_titulus04.htm#0402 101] ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 5 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 5 ||style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;| 5 || || ''5''
|-
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Summa !!style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray; text-align:right&quot;| 3137 !!style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray; text-align:right&quot;| 3170 !! style=&quot;border-left:2px solid gray; text-align:right&quot;| 3190 !!style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| ''2934'' !!style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;| ''256''
|}

= [[Ecclesia Latina]] =
(in ordine [[Continens|continentum]] et conferentiarum episcoporum)

== [[Africa]] ==

=== [[Aegyptus]], [[Gibutum]], [[Somalia]] ===
Vide [[#Nationes Arabicae|Nationes Arabicae]].

=== [[Aethiopia]] – [[Erythraea]] ===
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Avasanus]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Gambellensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Gimmaensis-Bonganus]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Hararensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Hosannensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Mekiensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Nekemteensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Soddensis]]
* [[Praefectura Apostolica Robensis]]

=== [[Africa Australis]] – [[Botsuana]] – [[Swazia]] ===
In Africa Meridionali hae sunt provinciae:
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bloemfonteinensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bethlehemensis]], [[Dioecesis Keimoesana-Upingtonensis]], [[Dioecesis Kimberleyensis]], [[Dioecesis Kroonstadensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Civitas Capitis]]''': [[Dioecesis Alivalensis]], [[Dioecesis De Aarensis]], [[Dioecesis Oudtshoornensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Elizabethensis]], [[Dioecesis Civitatis Reginae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Durbaniana]]''': [[Dioecesis Dundeensis]], [[Dioecesis Eshovensis]], [[Dioecesis Kokstadensis]], [[Dioecesis Mariannhillensis]], [[Dioecesis Umtatana]], [[Dioecesis Umzimkulensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ioannesburgensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Klerkpolitana]], [[Dioecesis Manziniensis]] ([[Swazia|SZ]]), [[Dioecesis Vitbankensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Praetoriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Francistaunensis]] ([[Botsuana|BW]]), [[Dioecesis Gaboronensis]] ([[Botsuana|BW]]), [[Dioecesis Polokwanensis]], [[Dioecesis Rustenburgensis]], [[Dioecesis Tzaneensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Ingvavumensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Africae Australis]]

=== [[Res publica Africae Mediae]] ===
[[Fasciculus:RCA - Arcidiocesi di Bangui.png|thumb|100px|Rea publica Africae Mediae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Banguensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Alindaoensis]], [[Dioecesis Bambaritana]], [[Dioecesis Bangassuensis]], [[Dioecesis Berberatensis]], [[Dioecesis Bossangoensis]], [[Dioecesis Buarensis]], [[Dioecesis Kagiensis-Bandorensis]], [[Dioecesis Mbaikiensis]]

=== [[Africa Septentrionalis]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Algeriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Constantiniana]], [[Dioecesis Oranensis]] ([[Algerium|DZ]])
* [[Dioecesis Laghuatensis]] ([[Algerium|DZ]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Rabatensis]]''' ([[Marocum|MA]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tingitana]]''' ([[Marocum|MA]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tunetana]]''' ([[Tunesia|TN]])
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Berenicensis]] ([[Libya|LY]])
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Dernensis]] ([[Libya|LY]])
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Tripolitanus]] ([[Libya|LY]])
* [[Praefectura Apostolica Misuraensis]] ([[Libya|LY]])
* [[Praefectura Apostolica de Sahara Occidentali]] ([[Sahara Occidentalis|EH]])

=== [[Angolia]] – [[Insulae Sancti Thomae et Principis]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Huambensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Benguelensis]], [[Dioecesis Kvitobiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Luandensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Cabindana]], [[Dioecesis Caxitonsis]], [[Dioecesis Mbanzacongensis]], [[Dioecesis Sumbensis]], [[Dioecesis Viananensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lubangensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Menonguensis]], [[Dioecesis Namibana]], [[Dioecesis Ondiivana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Malaniensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ndalatandensis]], [[Dioecesis Uiiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Saurimoensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Dundensis]], [[Dioecesis Lvenana]]
* [[Dioecesis Sancti Thomae in Insula]]

=== [[Beninum]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cotonuensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Abomeiensis]], [[Dioecesis Dassana-Zumensis]], [[Dioecesis Lokossaensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Novi]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Parakuensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Diuguensis]], [[Dioecesis Kandina]], [[Dioecesis Natitinguensis]], [[Dioecesis Ndaliensis]]

=== [[Burkina Faso]] – [[Niger]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bobodiulassensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Banforensis]], [[Dioecesis Deduguensis]], [[Dioecesis Diebuguensis]], [[Dioecesis Gauensis]], [[Dioecesis Nunensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kupelaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Doriensis]], [[Dioecesis Fada Ngurmaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kayana]], [[Dioecesis Tenkodogoënsis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Uagaduguensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kuduguensis]], [[Dioecesis Mangana]], [[Dioecesis Uahiguyaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Niameyensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Maradensis]]

=== [[Burundia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Buiumburaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bubantina]], [[Dioecesis Bururiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kitegaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Muyingana]], [[Dioecesis Ngoziensis]], [[Dioecesis Rutana]], [[Dioecesis Ruyigiensis]]

=== [[Cammarunia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bamendana]]''': [[Dioecesis Bueaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kumbana]], [[Dioecesis Kumboensis]], [[Dioecesis Mamfensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bertuana]]''': [[Dioecesis Baturiensis]], [[Dioecesis Dumensis-Abongensis-Mbangensis]], [[Dioecesis Yokadumana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Dualaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bafangensis]], [[Dioecesis Bafussamensis]], [[Dioecesis Edeana]], [[Dioecesis Esekanensis]], [[Dioecesis Nkongsambensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Garuensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Maruana-Mokolensis]], [[Dioecesis Ngaunderensis]], [[Dioecesis Yaguana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Yaundensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bafiensis]], [[Dioecesis Ebolouana]], [[Dioecesis Kribensis]], [[Dioecesis Mbalmayoensis]], [[Dioecesis Obalana]], [[Dioecesis Sangmelimaensis]]

=== [[Res publica Congensis]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Brazzapolitana]]''': [[Dioecesis Dolisiensis]], [[Dioecesis Gambomensis]], [[Dioecesis Impfondensis]], [[Dioecesis Kinkalana]], [[Dioecesis Nkayiensis]], [[Dioecesis Uessitana]], [[Dioecesis Ouandoensis]], [[Dioecesis Nigrirostrensis]]

=== [[Res publica democratica Congensis]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bukavuensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Butembensis-Benensis]], [[Dioecesis Gomaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kasongoensis]], [[Dioecesis Kinduensis]], [[Dioecesis Uviraensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kanangana]]''': [[Dioecesis Kabindaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kolensis]], [[Dioecesis Ludovicana]], [[Dioecesis Lueboensis]], [[Dioecesis Mbugimayensis]], [[Dioecesis Mvekaensis]], [[Dioecesis Tshumbeensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kinshasana]]''': [[Dioecesis Bomaensis]], [[Dioecesis Idiofaensis]], [[Dioecesis Inongoensis]], [[Dioecesis Kengensis]], [[Dioecesis Kikuitensis]], [[Dioecesis Kisantuensis]], [[Dioecesis Matadiensis]], [[Dioecesis Popokabakaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kisanganiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bondoensis]], [[Dioecesis Buniaensis]], [[Dioecesis Butana]], [[Dioecesis Dorumaensis-Dunguensis]], [[Dioecesis Isangiensis]], [[Dioecesis Isirensis-Niangaraensis]], [[Dioecesis Mahagiensis-Niokaensis]], [[Dioecesis Vambaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lubumbashiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kalemiensis-Kirunguensis]], [[Dioecesis Kaminaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kilvaensis-Kasengaensis]], [[Dioecesis Koluezensis]], [[Dioecesis Kongoloensis]], [[Dioecesis Manonensis]], [[Dioecesis Sakaniensis-Kipushiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mbandakana-Bikoroensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Basankusuensis]], [[Dioecesis Bokunguensis-Ikelaensis]], [[Dioecesis Budialaensis]], [[Dioecesis Lisalaensis]], [[Dioecesis Loloensis]], [[Dioecesis Molegbensis]]

=== [[Gabon]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Liberopolitana]]''': [[Dioecesis Francopolitana in Gabone]], [[Dioecesis Muilaensis]], [[Dioecesis Oyemensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Gentilis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Makokouensis]]

=== [[Gambia]] – [[Mons Leoninus]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Liberae Urbis]]''': [[Dioecesis Boënsis]], [[Dioecesis Kenemaensis]], [[Dioecesis Makenensis]]
* [[Dioecesis Baniulensis]]

=== [[Ghana]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis a Litore Aureo]]''': [[Dioecesis Sekondiensis-Takoradiensis]], [[Dioecesis Viavsensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Accraënsis]]''': [[Dioecesis Hoensis]], [[Dioecesis Iasikanensis]], [[Dioecesis Ketaensis-Akatsiensis]], [[Dioecesis Koforiduana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kumasiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Goasonensis]], [[Dioecesis Konongensis-Mampongana]], [[Dioecesis Obuasiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sunyaniensis]], [[Dioecesis Techimanensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tamalensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Damongoensis]], [[Dioecesis Navrongensis-Bolgatangana]], [[Dioecesis Vaensis]], [[Dioecesis Yendensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Donkorkromensis]]

=== [[Guinea]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Konakriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kankanensis]], [[Dioecesis Nzerekorensis]]

=== [[Guinea Aequinoctialis]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Malaboensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bataensis]], [[Dioecesis Ebebiyinensis]], [[Dioecesis Evinayongensis]], [[Dioecesis Mongomensis]]

=== [[Kenia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kisumuensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bungomaensis]], [[Dioecesis Eldoretensis]], [[Dioecesis Homa Bayensis]], [[Dioecesis Kakamegaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kisiiana]], [[Dioecesis Kitalensis]], [[Dioecesis Loduarina]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mombasaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Garissaensis]], [[Dioecesis Malindiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Nairobiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kerichoensis]], [[Dioecesis Kituiensis]], [[Dioecesis Machakosensis]], [[Dioecesis Nakurensis]], [[Dioecesis Ngongensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Nyeriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Embuensis]], [[Dioecesis Maralalensis]], [[Dioecesis Marsabitensis]], [[Dioecesis Meruensis]], [[Dioecesis Murangaensis]], [[Dioecesis Nyahururensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Isiolansus]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Keniae]]

=== [[Lesothum]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Maseruena]]''': [[Dioecesis Leribensis]], [[Dioecesis Mohaleshoekensis]], [[Dioecesis Qachasnekensis]]

=== [[Liberia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Monroviensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Capitis Palmensis]], [[Dioecesis Gbarngana]]

=== [[Litus Eburneum]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Abidianensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Agbovillensis]], [[Dioecesis Bassam Maioris]], [[Dioecesis Yopugonensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Buakensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Abenguruensis]], [[Dioecesis Bondukuensis]], [[Dioecesis Yamussukroensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Gagnoaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Daloaensis]], [[Dioecesis Manensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Petri in Litore Eburneo]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Korhogoensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Katiolaensis]], [[Dioecesis Odiennensis]]

=== [[Madagascaria]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Antananarivensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Antsirabensis]], [[Dioecesis Maintiranensis]], [[Dioecesis Miarinarivensis]], [[Dioecesis Tsiroanomandidyensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Antsirananensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ambaniaënsis]], [[Dioecesis Mahagiangana]], [[Dioecesis Portus Bergensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Fianarantsoaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ambositrensis]], [[Dioecesis Farafanganensis]], [[Dioecesis Ihosiensis]], [[Dioecesis Mananiariensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Toamasinensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ambatondrazakaënsis]], [[Dioecesis Fenoarivensis-Atsinananensis]], [[Dioecesis Moramangana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Toliarana]]''': [[Dioecesis Morombensis]], [[Dioecesis Morondavensis]], [[Dioecesis Tolagnarensis]]

=== [[Malavium]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Blantyrensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Chiquavana]], [[Dioecesis Mangociensis]], [[Dioecesis Zombaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lilongvensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Dedzaensis]], [[Dioecesis Karongana]], [[Dioecesis Mzuzuensis]]

=== [[Malia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bamakoënsis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kayesensis]], [[Dioecesis Moptiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanensis]], [[Dioecesis Seguensis]], [[Dioecesis Sikassensis]]

=== [[Mozambicum]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Beirensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Cimoiana]], [[Dioecesis Guruensis]], [[Dioecesis Quelimanensis]], [[Dioecesis Tetiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Maputensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Inhambaniana]], [[Dioecesis Xai-Xaiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Nampulensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Guruensis]], [[Dioecesis Lichingaensis]], [[Dioecesis Nacalana]], [[Dioecesis Pembana]]

=== [[Namibia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vindhoekensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Keetmanshoopensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Runduensis]]

=== [[Nigeria]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Abugensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Gbokensis]], [[Dioecesis Idahina]], [[Dioecesis Katsinensis-Alensis]], [[Dioecesis Lafiensis]], [[Dioecesis Lokoiana]], [[Dioecesis Makurdensis]], [[Dioecesis Otukpoena]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Calabarensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ikotekpenensis]], [[Dioecesis Ogogiaensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Harcurtensis]], [[Dioecesis Uyoensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ibadanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ekitiensis]], [[Dioecesis Ilorinensis]], [[Dioecesis Ondoensis]], [[Dioecesis Osogboana]], [[Dioecesis Oyoensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Iosensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bauchiana]], [[Dioecesis Ialingoensis]], [[Dioecesis Maiduguriensis]], [[Dioecesis Pankshinensis]], [[Dioecesis Shendamensis]], [[Dioecesis Yolaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kadunaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kafancana]], [[Dioecesis Kanensis]], [[Dioecesis Minnaensis]], [[Dioecesis Sokotoensis]], [[Dioecesis Zariensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lagosensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Abeokutana]], [[Dioecesis Iiebuodensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Onitshana]]''': [[Dioecesis Abakalikiensis]], [[Dioecesis Auguensis]], [[Dioecesis Avkaensis]], [[Dioecesis Enuguensis]], [[Dioecesis Nneviensis]], [[Dioecesis Nsukkana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Overriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Abana]], [[Dioecesis Ahiarana]], [[Dioecesis Okigvensis]], [[Dioecesis Orluana]], [[Dioecesis Umuahiana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Urbis Beninensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Auchiana]], [[Dioecesis Bomadiensis]], [[Dioecesis Isseleukuana]], [[Dioecesis Uromiensis]], [[Dioecesis Varriensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Kontagoranus]]

=== [[Oceanus Indicus]] ===
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Insularum Comorensium]] ([[Insulae Comorianae|KM]])
* [[Dioecesis Portus Ludovici]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Rodrigensis]] ([[Mauritia|MU]])
* [[Dioecesis Sancti Dionysii Reunionis]] ([[Reunio|RE]])
* [[Dioecesis Portus Victoriae]] ([[Insulae Seisellenses|SC]])

=== [[Ruanda]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kigaliensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Butarensis]], [[Dioecesis Byumbana]], [[Dioecesis Cyanguguensis]], [[Dioecesis Ghikongoroensis]], [[Dioecesis Kabgayensis]], [[Dioecesis Kibungensis]], [[Dioecesis Nyundoensis]], [[Dioecesis Ruhengeriensis]]

=== [[Sancta Helena, Ascensio et Tristan da Cunha]] ===
* [[Missio sui iuris Sanctae Helenae, Ascensionis et Tristanensis]]

=== [[Senegalia]] – [[Mauritania]] – [[Promontorium Viride]] – [[Guinea-Bissavia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Dakarensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kaolackensis]], [[Dioecesis Koldaensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ludovici Senegalensis]], [[Dioecesis Tambacundana]], [[Dioecesis Thiesina]], [[Dioecesis Ziguinchorensis]]
* [[Dioecesis Nuakchottensis]]
* [[Dioecesis Mindelensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iacobi Capitis Viridis]]
* [[Dioecesis Bafatana]], [[Dioecesis Bissagensis]]

=== [[Sudania]] – [[Sudania Australis]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Khartumensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Elobeidensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Iubaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Malakalensis]], [[Dioecesis Rumbekensis]], [[Dioecesis Tomburaensis-Yambioensis]], [[Dioecesis Toritensis]], [[Dioecesis Vavensis]], [[Dioecesis Yeiensis]]

=== [[Tanzania]] ===
In Tanzania hae sunt provinciae:
* '''[[Archidioecesis Arushanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Mbuluensis]], [[Dioecesis Moshiensis]], [[Dioecesis Samensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Daressalaamensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ifakarensis]], [[Dioecesis Mahengensis]], [[Dioecesis Morogoroensis]], [[Dioecesis Tangaensis]], [[Dioecesis Zanzibarensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Dodomaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kondoaënsis]], [[Dioecesis Singidaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mbeyaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Iringaensis]], [[Dioecesis Sumbavangensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mvanzaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bukobaensis]], [[Dioecesis Bundana]], [[Dioecesis Geitaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kayangana]], [[Dioecesis Musomensis]], [[Dioecesis Rulengensis]], [[Dioecesis Shinyangaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Songeana]]''': [[Dioecesis Lindiensis]], [[Dioecesis Mbingaensis]], [[Dioecesis Mtuarana]], [[Dioecesis Niombena]], [[Dioecesis Tunduruensis-Masasiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Taboraënsis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kahamaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kigomaensis]], [[Dioecesis Mpandensis]]

=== [[Togum]] ===
In Togo est provincia:
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lomensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Anehensis]], [[Dioecesis Atakpemensis]], [[Dioecesis Dapaongana]], [[Dieocesis Karaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kpalimensis]], [[Dioecesis Sokodensis]]

=== [[Tzadia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ndiamenanaa]]''': [[Dioecesis Dobana]], [[Dioecesis Gorensis]], [[Dioecesis Liensis]], [[Dieocesis Moundoun]], [[Dioecesis Palaensis]], [[Dioecesis Sarhensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Mongensis]]

=== [[Uganda]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Guluensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Aruaënsis]], [[Dioecesis Lirensis]], [[Dioecesis Nebbensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kampalaënsis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kasana-Luveerina]], [[Dioecesis Kiyindaënsis-Mityanaënsis]], [[Dieocesis Lugasiensis]], [[Dieoecesis Masakaënsis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mbararaënsis]]''': [[Dieocesis Arcis Portal]], [[Dioecesis Hoimana]], [[Dieocesis Kabalena]], [[Dieoecesis Kasesensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tororoënsis]]''': [[Dioecesis Gingiana]], [[Dieoecsisi Kotidoënsis]], [[Dioecesis Morotoënsis]], [[Dieoecsis Sorotiensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Ugandae]]

=== [[Zambia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Zambia diocesi.png|thumb|100px|Zambia]]
In Zambia hae sunt provinciae:
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kasamaënsis]]''': [[Dioecesis Mansaënsis]], [[Dioecesis Mpikaënsis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lusakensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Chipatensis]], [[Dioecesis Livingstonensis]], [[Dioecesis Monguensis]], [[Dioecesis Monzensis]],[[Dioecesis Ndolaensis]], [[Dioecesis Solveziensis]]

=== [[Zimbabvia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Diocesi dello Zimbabwe.png|thumb|100px|Zimbabvia]]
In Zimbabvia hae sunt provinciae:
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Bulauaiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Gueruensis]], [[Dioecesis Huangensis]], [[Dioecesis Masvingensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hararensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Chinhoyiensis]], [[Dioecesis Gokvensis]], [[Dioecesis Mutarensis]]

== [[America]] ==

=== [[Aequatoria]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Conchensis in Aequatoria]]''': [[Dioecesis Azoguensis]], [[Dioecesis Loiana]], [[Dioecesis Machalensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Guayaquilensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Babahoiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Hyacinthi]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Portus Veteris]]''': [[Dioecesis Sancti Dominici in Aequatoria]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Quitensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ambatensis]], [[Dioecesis Guarandensis]], [[Dioecesis Ibarrensis]], [[Dioecesis Latacungensis]], [[Dioecesis Rivibambensis]], [[Dioecesis Tulcanensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Aguaricoënsis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Esmeraldensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Galapagensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Mendezensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Napensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Puyoënsis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Sancti Michaëlis de Sucumbios]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Zamorensis in Aequatoria]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Aequatoriae]]

=== [[Antillae]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Karte Kirchenprovinzen und Diözesen der Karibik.png|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Antillarum.]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Arcis Gallicae et Sancti Petri]]''' ([[Martinica|MQ]]): [[Dioecesis Imae Telluris]] ([[Guadalupia (praefectura)|GP]]), [[Dioecesis Caiennensis]] ([[Guiana Francica|GF]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Castriensis]]''' ([[Insula Sanctae Luciae|LC]]): [[Dioecesis Regalitana]] ([[Sanctus Vincentius et Granatinae|VC]]), [[Dioecesis Rosensis]] ([[Dominica (civitas)|DM]]), [[Dioecesis Sancti Georgii]] ([[Granata (civitas Caribica)|GD]]), [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis Imatellurana]] ([[Antiqua et Barbuda|AG]], [[Anguis (insula)|AI]], [[Montserrat|MS]], [[Sanctus Christophorus et Nives|KN]], [[Virginis Insulae Britannicae|VG]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Nassaviensis]]''' ([[Insulae Bahamenses|BS]]): [[Dioecesis Hamiltonensis in Bermuda]] ([[Bermuda|BM]]), [[Missio sui iuris Turcensium et Caicensium]] ([[Insulae Turcenses et Caicenses|TC]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Regiopolitana in Iamaica]]''' ([[Iamaica|JM]]): [[Dioecesis Belizepolitana-Belmopana]] ([[Beliza|BZ]]), [[Dioecesis Mandevillensis]] ([[Iamaica|JM]]), [[Dioecesis Sinus Sereni]] ([[Iamaica|JM]]), [[Missio sui iuris Insularum Caimanensium]] ([[Insulae Caimanenses|KY]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Portus Hispaniae]]''' ([[Trinitas et Tabacum|TT]]): [[Dioecesis Georgiopolitana]] ([[Guiana|GY]]), [[Dioecesis Gulielmopolitana]] ([[Antillae Nederlandenses|AN]]), [[Dioecesis Paramariboënsis]] ([[Surinamia|SR]]), [[Dioecesis Pontipolitana]] ([[Barbata|BB]])

=== [[Argentina]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Arquidiócesis de Buenos Aires.svg|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Argentinae]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Bonaēropolis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bonaërensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Avellanediensis-Lanusenis]], [[Dioecesis Clivi Zamorensis]], [[Dioecesis Foromartiniensis]], [[Dioecesis Gregorii de Laferrere]], [[Dioecesis Merlensis-Morenensis]], [[Dioecesis Moronensis]], [[Dioecesis Quilmensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Isidori in Argentina]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iusti]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Michaëlis in Argentina]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Centralis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cordubensis in Argentina]]''': [[Dioecesis Civitatis Mariae]], [[Dioecesis Crucis Axeatae]], [[Dioecesis Franciscopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Rivi Quarti Immaculatae Conceptionis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Funesiopolitana]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Boreo-Orientalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Corrientensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Goyanensis]], [[Dioecesis Oberensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Iguassuensis]], [[Dioecesis Posadensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Thomae in Argentina]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Resistenciae]]''': [[Dioecesis Formosae]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Rochi]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Boreo-Occidentalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Saltensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Catamarcensis]], [[Dioecesis Iuiuyensis]], [[Dioecesis Novoraniensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Cafayatensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Humahuacensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tucumanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Anatuyanensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iacobi de Estero]], [[Dioecesis Sanctissimae Conceptionis in Argentina]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Cuyo''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mendozensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Fororaphaëliensis]], [[Dioecesis Neuqueniana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Ioannis de Cuyo]]''': [[Dioecesis Rioiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ludovici in Argentina]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Lītorālis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Paranensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Foroconcordiana]], [[Dioecesis Gualeguaychensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Rosariensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Cervi Lusci]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Nicolai de los Arroyos]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sanctae Fidei Verae Crucis]]''': [[Dioecesis Raphaëliensis]], [[Dioecesis Reconquistensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Platensis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Platensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Azulensis]], [[Dioecesis Chascomusensis]], [[Dioecesis Maris Platensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Dominici Novem Iulii]], [[Dioecesis Zaratensis-Campanensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mercedensis-Luianensis]]'''
''Regio ecclesiastica Patagoniae-Comahue''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sinus Albi]]''': [[Dioecesis Rivadaviae]], [[Dioecesis Rivi Nigri Vallensis Superioris]], [[Dioecesis Rivogallaecensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Rosae in Argentina]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Caroli Vurilocensis]], [[Dioecesis Viedmensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Esquelensis]]
''Etiam''
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Argentinae]]

=== [[Bolivia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Diocesisbolivia.svg|thumb|100px|Bolivia.]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cochabambensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Orurensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Aiquilensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Pacensis in Bolivia]]''': [[Dioecesis Altana]], [[Dioecesis Coroicensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Corocorensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sanctae Crucis de Sierra]]''': [[Dioecesis Sancti Ignatii Velascani]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sucrensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Potosiensis in Bolivia]], [[Dioecesis Tariiensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Benensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Cuevensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Niuflensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Pandoënsis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Reyesensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Boliviae]]

=== [[Brasilia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Províncias eclesiásticas do Brasil.svg|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Brasiliae]]
''Regio Septentrionalis 1''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Manaënsis]]''' ([[Amazonensis (civitas Brasiliensis)|AM]]): [[Dioecesis Cachoëirensis]], [[Dioecesis Coaritana]], [[Dioecesis Parintinensis]], [[Dioecesis Roraimensis]], [[Dioecesis Solimões Superioris]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Borbensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Itacoatiarensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Tefensis]]
''Regio Septentrionalis 2''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Belemensis de Pará]]''' ([[Paraensis|PA]]): [[Dioecesis Abaëtetubensis]], [[Dioecesis Brigantiensis de Para]], [[Dioecesis Cametanensis]], [[Dioecesis Castagnalensis de Pará]], [[Dioecesis Macapensis]], [[Dioecesis Marabensis]], [[Dioecesis Obidensis]], [[Dioecesis Petrosi Culminis]], [[Dioecesis Santaremensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctissimae Conceptionis de Araguaya]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Itaitubaënsis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Maraiensis]], [[Territorialis Praelatura Xinguensis|Praelatura Territorialis Xinguensis]]
''Regio Septentrio-Orientalis 1''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Fortalexiensis]]''' ([[Siarensis|CE]]): [[Dioecesis Crateopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Cratensis]], [[Dioecesis Iguatuvina]], [[Dioecesis Itapipocana]], [[Dioecesis Limoëirensis]], [[Dioecesis Quixadensis]], [[Dioecesis Sobralensis]], [[Dioecesis Tianguensis]]
''Regio Septentrio-Orientalis 2''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Maceiensis]]''' ([[Alagoasensis|AL]]): [[Dioecesis Palmiriensis Indorum]], [[Dioecesis Penedensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Natalensis]]''' ([[Rivus Magnus Septentrionalis|RN]]): [[Dioecesis Caicoënsis]], [[Dioecesis Mossorensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Olindensis et Recifensis]]''' ([[Pernambucus|PE]]): [[Dioecesis Afogadensis de Ingazeira]], [[Dioecesis Caruaruensis]], [[Dioecesis Florestensis]], [[Dioecesis Garanhunensis]], [[Dioecesis Nazarensis in Brasilia]], [[Dioecesis Palmopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Pesqueirensis]], [[Dioecesis Petrolinensis]], [[Dioecesis Salicensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Parahybensis]]''' ([[Parahyba|PB]]): [[Dioecesis Caiazeirasensis]], [[Dioecesis Campinae Grandis]], [[Dioecesis Guarabirensis]], [[Dioecesis Patosensis]]
''Regio Septentrio-Orientalis 3''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Aracaiuensis]]''' ([[Sergipensis|SE]]): [[Dioecesis Propriensis]], [[Dioecesis Stantiana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Fori S. Annae|Archidioecesis Fori Sanctae Annae]]''' ([[Bahiensis|BA]]): [[Dioecesis Barrensis]], [[Dioecesis Barreriensis]], [[Dioecesis Bonfimensis]], [[Dioecesis Irecensis]], [[Dioecesis Iuazeiriensis]], [[Dioecesis Paulalfonsanensis]], [[Dioecesis Ruibarbosensis]], [[Dioecesis Serrignensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Salvatoris in Brasilia]]''' ([[Bahiensis|BA]]): [[Dioecesis Alacunensis]], [[Dioecesis Amargosensis]], [[Dioecesis Camassariensis]], [[Dioecesis Crucis Animarum]], [[Dioecesis Eunapolitana]], [[Dioecesis Ilheosensis]], [[Dioecesis Itabunensis]], [[Dioecesis Taxensis-Carabellensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Victoriensis de Conquista]]''' ([[Bahiensis|BA]]): [[Dioecesis Caëtitensis]], [[Dioecesis Iequieana]], [[Dioecesis Liberationis Marianae]], [[Dioecesis Spelaeopolitana a Bono Iesu]]
''Regio Septentrio-Orientalis 4''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Teresiana]]''' ([[Piauiensis|PI]]): [[Dioecesis Boni Iesu a Gurgueia]], [[Dioecesis Campi Maioris]], [[Dioecesis Florianensis]], [[Dioecesis Oeirensis]], [[Dioecesis Parnaibensis]], [[Dioecesis Picuensis]], [[Dioecesis Raymundiana]]
''Regio Septentrio-Orientalis 5''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Ludovici in Maragnano]]''' ([[Maragnanensis|MA]]): [[Dioecesis Bacabalensis]], [[Dioecesis Balsensis]], [[Dioecesis Breiensis]], [[Dioecesis Carolinensis in Brasilia]], [[Dioecesis Caxiensis in Maragnano]], [[Dioecesis Coroatensis]], [[Dioecesis Graiahuensis]], [[Dioecesis Imperatricis]], [[Dioecesis Pinerensis]], [[Dioecesis Vianensis]], [[Dioecesis Zedocana]]
''Regio Orientalis 1''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Nictheroyensis]]''' ([[Civitas Fluminensis|RJ]]): [[Dioecesis Camposina]], [[Dioecesis Neo-Friburgensis]], [[Dioecesis Petropolitana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Sebastiani Fluminis Ianuarii]]''' ([[Civitas Fluminensis|RJ]]): [[Dioecesis Barrensis de Pirai-Voltaredondensis]], [[Dioecesis Caxiensis]], [[Dioecesis Itaguaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Neo-Iguassuensis]], [[Dioecesis Valentina in Brasilia]]
''Regio Orientalis 2''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Adamantina]]''' ([[Civitas Minarum Generalium|MG]]): [[Dioecesis Almenarensis]], [[Dioecesis Arassuahyensis]], [[Dioecesis Guanhanensis]], [[Dioecesis Otonipolitana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bellohorizontina]]''' ([[Civitas Minarum Generalium|MG]]): [[Dioecesis Divinopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Luceatina]], [[Dioecesis Oliveirensis]], [[Dioecesis Septemlacunensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Iudiciforensis]]''' ([[Civitas Minarum Generalium|MG]]): [[Dioecesis Leopoldinensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis a Rege]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Marianensis]]''' ([[Civitas Minarum Generalium|MG]]): [[Dioecesis Caratingensis]], [[Dioecesis Itabirensis-Fabriciannensis]], [[Dioecesis Valadarensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Montisclarensis]]''' ([[Civitas Minarum Generalium|MG]]): [[Dioecesis Ianaubena]], [[Dioecesis Ianuariensis]], [[Dioecesis Paracatuensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Pouso Alegre]]''' ([[Civitas Minarum Generalium|MG]]): [[Dioecesis Campaniensis in Brasilia]], [[Dioecesis Guaxupensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Uberabensis]]''' ([[Civitas Minarum Generalium|MG]]): [[Dioecesis Fertiliensis]], [[Dioecesis Ituiutabensis]], [[Dioecesis Patensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Victoriensis Spiritus Sancti]]''' ([[Civitas Spiritus Sancti|ES]]): [[Dioecesis Cachoëirensis de Itapemirim]], [[Dioecesis Colatinensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Matthaei]]
''Regio Australis 1''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Apparitiopolitana]]''' ([[Paulopolitana|SP]]): [[Dioecesis Caraguatatubensis]], [[Dioecesis Lorenensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iosephi in Brasilia]], [[Dioecesis Taubatensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Botucatuensis]]''' ([[Paulopolitana|SP]]): [[Dioecesis Arassatubensis]], [[Dioecesis Assisensis]], [[Dioecesis Bauruensis]], [[Dioecesis Linensis]], [[Dioecesis Mariliensis]], [[Dioecesis Parvauratana]], [[Dioecesis Prudentipolitana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Campinensis]]''' ([[Paulopolitana|SP]]): [[Dioecesis Amparensis]], [[Dioecesis Brigantiensis in Brasilia]], [[Dioecesis Limeirensis]], [[Dioecesis Piracicabensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Caroli in Brasilia]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Rivi Nigri]]''' ([[Paulopolitana|SP]]): [[Dioecesis Barretensis]], [[Dioecesis Catanduvensis]], [[Dioecesis Francopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Iaboticaballensis]], [[Dioecesis Ialespolitana]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis in Brasilia]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Josephi Riopretensis]], [[Dioecesis Votuporangensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Pauli in Brasilia]]''' ([[Paulopolitana|SP]]): [[Dioecesis Campi Limpidi]], [[Dioecesis Crucismogiensis]], [[Dioecesis Guaruliensis]], [[Dioecesis Osascanensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Andreae in Brasilia]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Mauri]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Michaëlis Paulinensis]], [[Dioecesis Santosensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sorocabana]]''' ([[Paulopolitana|SP]]): [[Dioecesis Itapetiningensis]], [[Dioecesis Itapevensis]], [[Dioecesis Iundiaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Registrensis]]
''Regio Australis 2''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cascavellensis]]''' ([[Paranensis|PR]]): [[Dioecesis Iguassuensis]], [[Dioecesis Palmensis-Beltranensis]], [[Dioecesis Toletana in Brasilia]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Curitibensis]]''' ([[Paranensis|PR]]): [[Dioecesis Guarapuavensis]], [[Dioecesis Paranaguensis]], [[Dioecesis Ponta Grossa]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioseph Pinealensis]], [[Dioecesis Unionensis a Victoria]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Londrinensis]]''' ([[Paranensis|PR]]): [[Dioecesis Apucaranensis]], [[Dioecesis Iacarezinhoënsis]], [[Dioecesis Procopiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Maringaënsis]]''' ([[Paranensis|PR]]): [[Dioecesis Campi Moranensis]], [[Dioecesis Paranavaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Umuaramensis]]
''Regio Australis 3''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Passofundensis]]''' ([[Rivus Magnus Australis|RS]]): [[Dioecesis Ereximensis]], [[Dioecesis Vaccariensis]], [[Dioecesis Vestphaleniana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Pelotensis]]''' ([[Rivus Magnus Australis|RS]]): [[Dioecesis Bagensis]], [[Dioecesis Rivograndensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Portalegrensis in Brasilia]]''' ([[Rivus Magnus Australis|RS]]): [[Dioecesis Caxiensis Australis]], [[Dioecesis Nigromontana]], [[Dioecesis Novohamburgensis]], [[Dioecesis Osoriena]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sanctae Mariae]]''' ([[Rivus Magnus Australis|RS]]): [[Dioecesis Angelopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Cachoëirensis Australis]], [[Dioecesis Crucis Altae]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Crucis in Brasilia]], [[Dioecesis Uruguaianensis]]
''Regio Australis 4''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Florianopolitana]]''' ([[Cathariniana|SC]]): [[Dioecesis Captatoropolitana]], [[Dioecesis Criciumensis]], [[Dioecesis Florumpratensis]], [[Dioecesis Ioassabensis]], [[Dioecesis Ioinvillensis]], [[Dioecesis Lagensis]], [[Dioecesis Rivi Australis]], [[Dioecesis Tubaraoënsis]], [[Dioecesis Xapecoënsis]]
''Regio Centro-Occidentalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Brasiliapolitana]]''' ([[Districtus Foederalis (Brasilia)|DF]]): [[Dioecesis Formosensis]], [[Dioecesis Lucianiensis]], [[Dioecesis Uruassuensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Goianiensis]]''' ([[Goiasensis|GO]]): [[Dioecesis Anapolitana]], [[Dioecesis Goiasensis]], [[Dioecesis Iataiensis]], [[Dioecesis Ipameriensis]], [[Dioecesis Itumbiarensis]], [[Dioecesis Rubiatabensis-Mozarlandensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Aloisii de Montes Belos]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Palmensis in Brasilia]]''' ([[Tocantinensis|TO]]): [[Territorialis Praelatura Cristalandiensis|Dioecesis Cristalandiensis]], [[Dioecesis Miracemana Tocantinensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Nationalis]], [[Dioecesis Tocantinopolitana]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Brasiliae]]
''Regio Occidentalis 1''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Campi Grandis]]''' ([[Matogrossensis Australis|MS]]): [[Dioecesis Auratopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Corumbensis]], [[Dioecesis Coxinensis]], [[Dioecesis Naviraiensis]], [[Dioecesis Trilacunensis]], [[Dioecesis Viridariensis]]
''Regio Occidentalis 2''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cuiabensis]]''' ([[Matogrossensis|MT]]): [[Dioecesis Adamanteae]], [[Dioecesis Barragartiensis]], [[Dioecesis Iuinensis]], [[Dioecesis Paranatinguensis]], [[Dioecesis Rondonopolitana-Guiratingensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Aloisii de Caceres]], [[Dioecesis Sinopensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Sancti Felicis]]
''Regio Septentrio-Occidentalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Portus Veteris]]''' ([[Rondoniensis|RO]]): [[Dioecesis Crucis Australis]], [[Dioecesis Fluminis Albi Superioris]], [[Dioecesis Giparanensis]], [[Dioecesis Guaiaramirensis]], [[Dioecesis Humaitanensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Labreana]]
''Etiam''
* [[Administratio Apostolica Sancti Ioannis Mariae Vianney]] ([[Civitas Fluminensis|RJ]])

=== [[Canada]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Canada Roman Catholic dioceses map.png|thumb|200px|Dioeceses et provinciae Canadae.]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Occidentalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Edmontonensis]]''' ([[Alberta|AB]]): [[Dioecesis Calgariensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Pauli in Alberta]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Gruardensis-McLennanpolitana]]''' ([[Alberta|AB]]): [[Dioecesis Equialbensis]] ([[Yukon|YT]]), [[Dioecesis Mackenziensis-Arcis Smith]] ([[Territoria septentrio-occidentalia (Canada)|NT]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kivotina-Passitana]]''' ([[Manitoba|MB]]): [[Dioecesis Churchill-politana-Sinus de Hudson]] (cum [[Nunavut|NU]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Reginatensis]]''' ([[Saskatchewan|SK]]): [[Dioecesis Principis Albertensis]], [[Dioecesis Saskatoonensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Bonifacii]]''' ([[Manitoba|MB]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vancuveriensis]]''' ([[Columbia Britannica|BC]]): [[Dioecesis Kamloopsensis]], [[Dioecesis Nelsonensis]], [[Dioecesis Principis Georgensis]], [[Dioecesis Victoriensis in Insula Vancuverio]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vinnipegensis]]''' ([[Manitoba|MB]])
''Regio ecclesiastica Quebecensis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Gatinensis]]''' ([[Quebecum|QC]]): [[Dioecesis Amosensis]], [[Dioecesis Montis Laurei]], [[Dioecesis Ruynensis-Norandensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Marianopolitana]]''' ([[Quebecum|QC]]): [[Dioecesis Campivallensis]], [[Dioecesis Ioliettensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Hieronymi Terraebonae]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis-Longoliensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Quebecensis]]''' ([[Quebecum|QC]]): [[Dioecesis Chicoutimiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Annae Pocatierensis]], [[Dioecesis Trifluvianensis in Canada]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Germani]]''' ([[Quebecum|QC]]): [[Dioecesis Gaspesiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sinus Comoënsis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sherbrookensis]]''' ([[Quebecum|QC]]): [[Dioecesis Nicoletana]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Hyacinthi]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Ontariensis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ottaviensis]]''' ([[Ontario|ON]]): [[Dioecesis Hearstensis et Musonitana]], [[Dioecesis Pembrokensis]], [[Dioecesis Timminsensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Regiopolitana]]''' ([[Ontario|ON]]): [[Dioecesis Alexandrina-Cornubiensis]], [[Dioecesis Peterboroughensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Mariae Ormensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Torontina]]''' ([[Ontario|ON]]): [[Dioecesis Hamiltonensis]], [[Dioecesis Londonensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Catharinae in Ontario]], [[Dioecesis Sinus Tonitralis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Atlantica''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Halifaxiensis-Yarmuthensis]]''' ([[Nova Scotia|NS]]): [[Dioecesis Antigonicensis]], [[Dioecesis Carolinapolitana]] ([[Insula principis Eduardi|PE]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Monctonensis]]''' ([[Novum Brunsvicum|NB]]): [[Dioecesis Bathurstensis in Canada]], [[Dioecesis Edmundstonensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis Canadensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Ioannis Terrae Novae]]''' ([[Terra Nova et Terra Laboratoria|NL]]): [[Dioecesis Grandicataractensis]], [[Dioecesis Rivuli Angularis et Terrae Laboratoriae]]
''Etiam''
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Canadensis]]

=== [[Chilia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Diócesis Católicas de Chile.png|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Chiliae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Antofagastensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Aricensis]], [[Dioecesis Iquiquensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis Baptistae de Calama]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Portus Montt]]''': [[Dioecesis Osornensis]], [[Dioecesis Punta Arenas]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Caroli Anduciae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Iacobi in Chile]]''': [[Dioecesis Linarensis]], [[Dioecesis Melipillensis]], [[Dioecesis Rancaguensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Bernardi]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Philippi]], [[Dioecesis Talcensis]], [[Dioecesis Vallis Paradisi]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sanctissimae Conceptionis]]''': [[Dioecesis Sanctae Mariae Angelorum]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Bartholomaei de Chillán]], [[Dioecesis Temucensis]], [[Dioecesis Valdiviensis]], [[Dioecesis Villaricensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Serenensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Copiapoënsis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Ilapensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Aysenensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Chiliae]]

=== [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ===
[[Fasciculus:US Roman Catholic dioceses map.png|thumb|200px|Dioeceses et provinciae C. F. A.]]
''Regio I''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bostoniensis]]''' ([[Massachusetta|MA]]): [[Dioecesis Burlingtonensis]], [[Dioecesis Campifontis]], [[Dioecesis Manchesteriensis]], [[Dioecesis Portlandensis]], [[Dioecesis Riverormensis]], [[Dioecesis Wigorniensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hartfortiensis]]''' ([[Connecticuta|CT]]): [[Dioecesis Bridgeportensis]], [[Dioecesis Norvicensis]], [[Dioecesis Providentiensis]]
''Regio II''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Neo-Eboracensis]]''' ([[Novum Eboracum|NY]]): [[Dioecesis Albanensis]], [[Dioecesis Bruklyniensis]], [[Dioecesis Buffalensis]], [[Dioecesis Ogdensburgensis]], [[Dioecesis Petropolitana in Insula Longa]], [[Dioecesis Roffensis]], [[Dioecesis Syracusensis]]
''Regio III''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Novarcensis]]''' ([[Nova Caesarea|NJ]]): [[Dioecesis Camdensis]], [[Dioecesis Metuchensis]], [[Dioecesis Patersonensis]], [[Dioecesis Trentonensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Philadelphiensis]]''' Latinorum ([[Pennsilvania|PA]]): [[Dioecesis Alanpolitana]], [[Dioecesis Altunensis-Johnstoniensis]], [[Dioecesis Eriensis]], [[Dioecesis Greensburgensis]], [[Dioecesis Harrisburgensis]], [[Dioecesis Pittsburgensis]], [[Dioecesis Scrantonensis]]
''Regio IV''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Baltimorensis]]''' ([[Terra Mariae|MD]]): [[Dioecesis Arlingtonensis]], [[Dioecesis Richmondiensis]], [[Dioecesis Vhelingensis–Carolopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Wilmingtoniensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vashingtonensis]]''' ([[Vasingtonia (D.C.)|DC]]): [[Dioecesis Sancti Thomae in Insulis Virgineis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Civitatum Foederatarum Americae Septentrionalis]]
''Regio V''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ludovicopolitana]]''' ([[Kentukia|KY]]): [[Dioecesis Covingtonensis]], [[Dioecesis Knoxvillensis]], [[Dioecesis Lexingtonensis]], [[Dioecesis Memphitana in Tennesia]], [[Dioecesis Nashvillensis]], [[Dioecesis Owensburgensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mobiliensis]]''' ([[Alabama|AL]]): [[Dioecesis Biloxiiensis]], [[Dioecesis Birminghamiensis]] in Alabama, [[Dioecesis Iacsoniensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Novae Aureliae]]''' ([[Ludoviciana|LA]]): [[Dioecesis Alexandrina]], [[Dioecesis Humensis-Thibodensis]], [[Dioecesis Lacus Carolini]], [[Dioecesis Lafayettensis]], [[Dioecesis Rubribaculensis]], [[Dioecesis Sreveportuensis in Ludoviciana]]
''Regio VI''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cincinnatensis]]''' ([[Ohium|OH]]): [[Dioecesis Clevelandensis]], [[Dioecesis Columbensis]], [[Dioecesis Steubenvicensis]], [[Dioecesis Toletana in America]], [[Dioecesis Youngstoniensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Detroitensis]]''' ([[Michigania|MI]]): [[Dioecesis Gaylordensis]], [[Dioecesis Grandormensis]], [[Dioecesis Kalamazuensis]], [[Dioecesis Lansingensis]], [[Dioecesis Marquettensis]], [[Dioecesis Saginavensis]]
''Regio VII''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Chicagiensis]]''' ([[Illinoesia|IL]]): [[Dioecesis Bellevillensis]], [[Dioecesis Joliettensis in Illinoesia]], [[Dioecesis Peoriensis]], [[Dioecesis Rockfordiensis]], [[Dioecesis Campifontis in Illinoesia]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Indianapolitana]]''' ([[Indiana|IN]]): [[Dioecesis Evansvicensis]], [[Dioecesis Gariensis]], [[Dioecesis Lafayettensis in Indiana]], [[Dioecesis Wayne Castrensis-South Bendensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Milvauchiensis]]''' ([[Visconsinia|WI]]): [[Dioecesis Crossensis]], [[Dioecesis Madisonensis]], [[Dioecesis Sinus Viridis]], [[Dioecesis Superiorensis]]
''Regio VIII''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Paulopolitana et Minneapolitana]]''' ([[Minnesota|MN]]): [[Dioecesis Bismarckiensis]], [[Dioecesis Crookstoniensis]], [[Dioecesis Duluthensis]], [[Dioecesis Fargensis]], [[Dioecesis Novae Ulmae]], [[Dioecesis Rapidopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Clodoaldi]], [[Dioecesis Siouxormensis]], [[Dioecesis Winonensis]]
''Regio IX''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Dubuquensis]]''' ([[Iova|IA]]): [[Dioecesis Davenportensis]], [[Dioecesis Desmoinensis]], [[Dioecesis Siopolitana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kansanopolitana in Kansas]]''' ([[Kansia|KS]]): [[Dioecesis Dodgepolitana]], [[Dioecesis Salinensis]], [[Dioecesis Wichitensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Omahensis]]''' ([[Nebrasca|NE]]): [[Dioecesis Insulae Grandis]], [[Dioecesis Lincolnensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Ludovici]]''' ([[Missuria|MO]]): [[Dioecesis Civitatis Jeffersoniensis]], [[Dioecesis Kansanopolitana-Sancti Josephi]], [[Dioecesis Campifontis-Capitis Girardeauensis]]
''Regio X''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Galvestoniensis Houstoniensis]]''' ([[Texia|TX]]): [[Dioecesis Austiniensis]], [[Dioecesis Bellomontensis]], [[Dioecesis Brownsvillensis]], [[Dioecesis Corporis Christi]], [[Dioecesis Tylerensis]], [[Dioecesis Victoriensis in Texia]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Oklahomapolitana]]''' ([[Oclahoma|OK]]): [[Dioecesis Petriculana]], [[Dioecesis Tulsensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Antonii]]''' ([[Texia|TX]]): [[Dioecesis Amarillensis]], [[Dioecesis Angeliana]], [[Dioecesis Arcis-Vorthensis]], [[Dioecesis Dallasensis]], [[Dioecesis Elpasensis]], [[Dioecesis Laredana]], [[Dioecesis Lubbokensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Personalis Cathedrae Sancti Petri]]
''Regio XI''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Angelorum in California]]''' ([[California|CA]]): [[Dioecesis Arausicanae in California]], [[Dioecesis Bernardinopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Fresnensis]], [[Dioecesis Montereyensis in California]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Didaci]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Francisci]]''' ([[California|CA]]): [[Dioecesis Campensis]], [[Dioecesis Honoluluensis]], [[Dioecesis Quercopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Renensis]], [[Dioecesis Sacramentensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Josephi in California]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Rosae in California]], [[Dioecesis Stocktoniensis]]
''Regio XII''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ancoragiensis–Junellensis]]''' ([[Alasca|AK]]): [[Dioecesis de Fairbanks]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Portlandensis in Oregon]]''' ([[Oregonia|OR]]): [[Dioecesis Bakeriensis]], [[Dioecesis Helenensis]], [[Dioecesis Magnocataractensis-Billingensis]], [[Dioecesis Xylopolitana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Seattlensis]]''' ([[Vasintonia (civitas)|WA]]): [[Dioecesis Spokanensis]], [[Dioecesis Yakimensis]]
''Regio XIII''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Denveriensis]]''' ([[Coloratum|CO]]): [[Dioecesis Cheyennensis]], [[Dioecesis Coloratensium Fontium]], [[Dioecesis Pueblensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sanctae Fidei in America Septentrionali]]''' ([[Novum Mexicum|NM]]): [[Dioecesis Cruciensis]], [[Dioecesis Gallupiensis]], [[Dioecesis Phoenicensis]], [[Dioecesis Tucsonensis]]
* ad Archid. Sancti Francisci: [[Dioecesis Civitatis Lacus Salsi]]
''Regio XIV''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Atlantensis]]''' ([[Georgia (Civitates Foederatae)|GA]]): [[Dioecesis Carolinana]], [[Dioecesis Carolopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Raleighiensis]], [[Dioecesis Savannensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Miamiensis]]''' ([[Florida|FL]]): [[Dioecesis Litoris Palmensis]], [[Dioecesis Orlandensis]], [[Dioecesis Pensacolensis-Talloseiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Augustini]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Petri in Florida]], [[Dioecesis Venetiarum in Florida]]

=== [[Columbia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Mapa Diocesis de Colombia.svg|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Columbiae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Barranquillensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bancoënsis]], [[Dioecesis Riviascianensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Marthae]], [[Dioecesis Valleduparensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bogotensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Engativensis]], [[Dioecesis Facatativensis]], [[Dioecesis Fontibonensis]], [[Dioecesis Girardotensis]], [[Dioecesis Soachaensis]], [[Dioecesis Zipaquirensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bucaramanguensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Barrancabermeiensis]], [[Dioecesis Malagensis-Soatensis]], [[Dioecesis Succursensis et Sancti Aegidii]], [[Dioecesis Velezana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Caliensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bonaventurensis]], [[Dioecesis Buguensis]], [[Dioecesis Carthadensis in Columbia]], [[Dioecesis Palmirana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Carthaginensis in Columbia]]''': [[Dioecesis Maganguensis]], [[Dioecesis Monslibanensis]], [[Dioecesis Monteriensis]], [[Dioecesis Sinceleiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ibaguensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Espinalensis]], [[Dioecesis Florentiae]], [[Dioecesis Garzonensis]], [[Dioecesis Libana-Hondana]], [[Dioecesis Neivensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Manizalensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Armeniensis]], [[Dioecesis Aureatensis-Guaduensis]], [[Dioecesis Pereirana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Medellensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Caldensis]], [[Dioecesis Girardotanensis]], [[Dioecesis Iericoënsis]], [[Dioecesis Sonsonensis-Rivi Nigri]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Neo-Pampilonensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Araucensis]], [[Dioecesis Cucutensis]], [[Dioecesis Ocaniensis]], [[Dioecesis Tibuensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Popayanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ipialensis]], [[Dioecesis Mocoënsis-Sibundoyensis]], [[Dioecesis Pastopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Tumacoënsis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sanctae Fidei de Antioquia]]''': [[Dioecesis Apartadoënsis]], [[Dioecesis Istminana-Taduana]], [[Dioecesis Quibduana]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Rosae de Osos]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tunquensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Chiquinquirensis]], [[Dioecesis Duitamensis-Sogamosensis]], [[Dioecesis Garagoënsis]], [[Dioecesis Yopalensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Villavicentiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Granadiensis in Columbia]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iosephi a Guaviare]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Guapiensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Iniridanus]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Laetitiae]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Mituensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Portus Carreniensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Portus Gaitanus]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Portus Leguizamensis-Solanensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Sancti Andreae et Providentiae]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Tierradentroënsis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Trinitensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Columbiae]]

[[Fasciculus:Costa Rica - Arcidiocesi di San José.jpg|thumb|100px|Costarica]]
=== [[Costarica]] ===
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Sancti Iosephi in Costarica]]''': [[Dioecesis Alaiuelensis]], [[Dioecesis Carthaginensis in Costarica]], [[Dioecesis Civitatis Quesadensis]], [[Dioecesis Limonensis]], [[Dioecesis Puntarenensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Isidori]], [[Dioecesis Tilaranensis-Liberiana]]

=== [[Cuba]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Map of the Cuban Roman Catholic dioceses.jpg|thumb|100px|Cuba]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Avanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Matansansis]], [[Dioecesis Pinetensis ad Flumen]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Camagueyensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Caeci Abulensis]], [[Dioecesis Centumfocencis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Clarae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Iacobi in Cuba]]''': [[Dioecesis Guantanamensis-Baracoensis]], [[Dioecesis Holguinensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctissimi Salvatoris Bayamensis-Manzanillensis]]

=== [[Res publica Dominicana]] ===
[[Fasciculus:División territorial de las diócesis en República Dominicana.png|thumb|100px|Res publica Dominicana]]
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Sancti Dominici]]''': [[Dioecesis Baniensis]], [[Dioecesis Barahonensis]], [[Dioecesis a Domina Nostra vulgo de la Altagracia in Higüey]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis Maguanensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Petri de Macoris]]
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Sancti Iacobi Equitum]]''': [[Dioecesis Maoënsis-Montis Christi]], [[Dioecesis Portus Argentarii]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Francisci de Macoris]], [[Dioecesis Vegensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Rei publicae Dominicanae]]

=== [[Guatimala]] ===
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Altensis, Quetzltenanguensis-Totonicapensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Gerontopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Quicensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Marci in Guatimala]], [[Dioecesis Sololensis-Chimaltenangensis]], [[Dioecesis Suchitepequensis-Retalhulensis]]
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Sancti Iacobi in Guatimala]]''': [[Dioecesis Escuintlensis]], [[Dioecesis Ialapensis in Guatimala]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Rosae de Lima]], [[Dioecesis Santi Francisci Assisiensis de Iutiapa]], [[Dioecesis Verae Pacis]], [[Dioecesis Zacapensis y de Esquipulas]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus de El Petén]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Izabalensis]]

=== [[Haitia]] ===
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Capitis Haitiani]]''': [[Dioecesis Castelli Libertatis]], [[Dioecesis Gonayvesensis]], [[Dioecesis Hinchensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Pacis]]
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Portus Principis]]''': [[Dioecesis Caiesensis]], [[Dioecesis Iacmeliensis]], [[Dioecesis Ieremiopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Sinuvitullenssis-Miragoanensis]]

=== [[Honduria]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Honduras - Arcidiocesi di Tegucigalpa.png|thumb|100px|Honduria]]
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Tegucigalpensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ceibensis]], [[Dioecesis Cholutecensis]], [[Dioecesis Comayaguensis]], [[Dioecesis Danliensis]], [[Dioecesis Iuticalpensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Rosae de Copán]], [[Dioecesis de Sancto Petro Sula]], [[Dioecesis Truxillensis in Honduria]], [[Dioecesis Yorensis]]

=== [[Mexicum]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Eclesiastical provinces in Mexico.jpg|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Mexici]]
''Regio Septentrio-Occidentalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hermosillensis]]''' ([[Sonora|SON]]): [[Dioecesis Civitatis Obregonensis]], [[Dioecesis Culiacanensis]], [[Dioecesis Nucensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tigiuanaënsis]]''' ([[California Inferior|BCN]]): [[Dioecesis Paciensis in California Inferiore Meridionali]], [[Dioecesis Mexicalensis]], [[Dioecesis Sinuensis]]
''Regio Septentrionalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Chihuahuensis]]''' ([[Chihuahua|CHH]]): [[Dioecesis Civitatis Iuarezensis]], [[Dioecesis Cuauhtemocensis-Materiensis]], [[Dioecesis Neograndicasensis]], [[Dioecesis Parralensis]], [[Dioecesis Tarahumarensis]]
''Regio Septentrio-Orientalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Monterreyensis]]''' ([[Nova Legio|NLE]]): [[Dioecesis Civitatis Victoriensis]], [[Dioecesis Linarina]], [[Dioecesis Matamorensis]], [[Dioecesis Novolaredensis]], [[Dioecesis Saltillensis]], [[Dioecesis Saxanigrensis]], [[Dioecesis Tampicensis]]
''Regio Biscaiensis-Pacifica''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Durangensis]]''' ([[Durangum (civitas)|DUR]]): [[Dioecesis Gomez Palaciensis]], [[Dioecesis Mazatlanensis]], [[Dioecesis Torreonensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Saltensis in Mexico]]
''Regio Occidentalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Guadalaiarensis]]''' ([[Xalisca|JAL]]): [[Dioecesis de Aguas Calientes]], [[Dioecesis Colimensis]], [[Dioecesis Guzmanopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Rivoriensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis a Lacubus]], [[Dioecesis Tepicensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Nayariana de Iesu et Maria]]
''Regio Domini Bosci''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Moreliensis]]''' ([[Mechoacana|MIC]]): [[Dioecesis Apatzinganiensis]], [[Dioecesis Civitatis Lazari Cardenas]], [[Dioecesis Tacambarensis]], [[Dioecesis Zamorensis in Mexico]]
''Regio Bassa''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Leonensis]]''' ([[Guanaxuatum|GUA]]): [[Dioecesis Celayensis]], [[Dioecesis Irapuatensis]], [[Dioecesis Queretarensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Ludovici Potosiensis]]''' ([[Civitas Sancti Ludovici Potosiensis|SLP]]): [[Dioecesis Matehualensis]], [[Dioecesis Vallipolitana]], [[Dioecesis Zacatecensis]]
''Regio Metropolitana''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mexicana]]''' ([[Mexicopolis|CMX]])
''Regio Metro-Circumdans''
* ad Archid. Mexicana: [[Dioecesis Atlacomulcana]], [[Dioecesis Cuernavacensis]], [[Dioecesis Tenancingana]], [[Dioecesis Tolucensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tlalnepantlana]]''' ([[Civitas Mexici|MEX]]): [[Dioecesis Cuautitlanensis]], [[Dioecesis Ecatepecensis]], [[Dioecesis Izcalliensis]], [[Dioecesis Netzahualcoytlensis]], [[Dioecesis Teotihuacana]], [[Dioecesis Texcocensis]], [[Dioecesis Vallis Chalcensis]]
''Regio Centralis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tulancingensis]]''' ([[Hidalgum|HID]]): [[Dioecesis Hueiutlensis]], [[Dioecesis Tullanensis]]
''Regio Orientalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Angelorum]]''' ([[Civitas Angelorum|PUE]]): [[Dioecesis Huaiuapanensis]], [[Dioecesis Tehuacaniensis]], [[Dioecesis Tlaxcalensis]]
''Regio Sinus''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ialapensis]]''' ([[Vera Crux (civitas)|VER]]): [[Dioecesis Coatzacoalsensis]], [[Dioecesis Cordubensis in Mexico]], [[Dioecesis Orizabensis]], [[Dioecesis Papantlensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Andreae de Tuxtla]], [[Dioecesis Tuxpaniensis]], [[Dioecesis Verae Crucis]]
''Regio Australis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Acapulcana]]''' ([[Guerrero|GRO]]): [[Dioecesis Civitatis Altamirensis]], [[Dioecesis Chilpancingensis-Chilapensis]], [[Dioecesis Tlapensis]]
''Regio Australo-Orientalis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Yucatanensis]]''' ([[Yucatania|YUC]]): [[Dioecesis Campecorensis]], [[Dioecesis Tabasquensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Cancunensis-Chetumaliensis]]
''Regio Pacifico-Australis''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Antequerensis]]''' ([[Guaxaca (civitas)|OAX]]): [[Dioecesis Portus Abditi]], [[Dioecesis Tehuantepecensis]], [[Dioecesis Tuxtepecensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Huautlensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Mixepolitana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tuxtlensis]]''' ([[Chiapa|CHP]]): [[Dioecesis Sancti Christophori de las Casas]], [[Dioecesis Tapacolensis]]

[[Fasciculus:Nicaragua - Arcidiocesi di Managua.png|thumb|100px|Nicaragua]]
=== [[Nicaragua]] ===
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Managuensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bluefieldensis]], [[Dioecesis Esteliensis]], [[Dioecesis Granadensis]], [[Dioecesis Iuigalpensis]], [[Dioecesis Leonensis in Nicaragua]], [[Dioecesis Matagalpensis]], [[Dioecesis Siunaënsis]], [[Dioecesis Xinotegana]]

=== [[Panama]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Panama - Arcidiocesi di Panama.png|thumb|100px|Panama]]
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Panamensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Citrensis]], [[Dioecesis Columbensis-Kunayalensis]], [[Dioecesis Davidensis]], [[Dioecesis Poenonomensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iacobi Veraguensis, Praelatura Territorialis Buccae Taurinae]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Darienensis]]

=== [[Paraguaia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Diócesis de Asunción Paraguay.svg|thumb|100px|Paraguaia]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sanctissimae Assumptionis]]''': [[Dioecesis Beniaminacevalensis]], [[Dioecesis Caacupensis]], [[Dioecesis Carapeguana]], [[Dioecesis Oviedopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Ioannis Baptistae a Missionibus]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Laurentii]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Petri Apostoli]], [[Dioecesis Sanctissimae Concepionis in Paraguaia]], [[Dioecesis Sanctissimae Incarnationis]], [[Dioecesis Urbis Orientalis]], [[Dioecesis Villaricensis Spiritus Sancti]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Ciachensis in Paraguaia]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Pilcomayoënsis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Paraguaiae]]

=== [[Peruvia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Jurisdicciones Eclesiasticas del Perú.png|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Peruviae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Arequipensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Puniensis]], [[Dioecesis Tacnensis et Moqueguensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Ayaviriensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Chuquibambensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Iuliensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Sancti Iacobi Apostoli Huancanensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ayacuquensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Huancavelicensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Caraveliensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cuschensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Abancaiensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Chuquibambillensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Sicuanensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Huancayensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Huanucensis]], [[Dioecesis Tarmensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Limana]]''': [[Dioecesis Callaënsis]], [[Dioecesis Carabaillensis]], [[Dioecesis Chosicana]], [[Dioecesis Huachensis]], [[Dioecesis Icensis]], [[Dioecesis Lurinensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Yauyosensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Piurensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Chachapoyasensis]], [[Dioecesis Chiclayensis]], [[Dioecesis Chulucanensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Chotensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Truxillensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Caiamarcensis]], [[Dioecesis Cimbotiensis]], [[Dioecesis Huarazensis]], [[Dioecesis Huariensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Huamaciucana]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Moyobambensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Iquitosensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Giennensis in Peruvia]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Pucallpaënsis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Portus Maldonadi]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Requenaënsis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Sancti Iosephi de Amazones]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Sancti Raymundi]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Yurimaguaënsis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Peruviae]]

[[Fasciculus:Ecclesiastical Province of San Juan map.png|thumb|100px|Portus Dives]]
=== [[Portus Dives]] ===
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Sancti Joannis in Portu Divite]]''': [[Dioecesis Arecibensis]], [[Dioecesis Caguana]], [[Dioecesis Faiardensis-Humacaensis]], [[Dioecesis Maiaguezensis]], [[Dioecesis Poncensis]]

=== [[Salvatoria]] ===
[[Fasciculus:El Salvador - Arcidiocesi di San Salvador.jpg|thumb|100px|Salvatoria]]
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Sancti Salvatoris in America]]''': [[Dioecesis Chalatenangensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctae Annae]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iacobi de Maria]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Michaelis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Vincentii]], [[Dioecesis Sonsonatensis]], [[Dioecesis Zacatecolucana]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Salvatoriae]]

=== [[Uraquaria]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Uruguay - Arcidiocesi di Montevideo.png|thumb|100px|Uraquaria]]
* ''' [[Archidioecesis Montisvidei]]''': [[Dioecesis Canalopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Floridensis]], [[Dioecesis Fodinensis]], [[Dioecesis Maldonadensis-Orientalis Orae]], [[Dioecesis Melensis]], [[Dioecesis Mercedaniana]], [[Dioecesis Saltensis in Uraquaria]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iosephi in Uraquaria]], [[Dioecesis Tacuarembiana]]

=== [[Venetiola]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Diocesisvenezuela.svg|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Venetiolae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Barquisimetensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Acariguaruensis]], [[Dioecesis Carorensis]], [[Dioecesis Guanarensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Philippi in Venetiola]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Calabocensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Sancti Ferdinandi Apurensis]], [[Dioecesis Vallispaschalensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Caracensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Guairiensis]], [[Dioecesis Guarenensis]], [[Dioecesis Tequinensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Civitatis Bolivarensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Civitatis Guayanensis]], [[Dioecesis Maturinensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Corensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Punctifixensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cumanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Barcinonensis in Venetiola]], [[Dioecesis Carupaensis]], [[Dioecesis Tigrensis]], [[Dioecesis Margaritensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Maracaibensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Cabimensis]], [[Dioecesis Machiquesensis]], [[Dioecesis Vigilantis-Sancti Caroli Zuliensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Emeritensis in Venetiola]]''': [[Dioecesis Barinensis]], [[Dioecesis Guasdualitensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Christophori in Venetiola]], [[Dioecesis Truxillensis in Venetiola]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Valentina in Venetiola]]''': [[Dioecesis Maracayensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Cabellensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Caroli in Venetiola]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Caronensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Portus Ayacuquensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Tucupitensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Venetiolae]]

== [[Asia]] ==

=== [[Afghanistania]] ===
* [[Missio sui iuris Afghanistaniensis]]

=== [[Arabes|Nationes Arabicae]] ===
* '''[[Patriarchatus Hierosolymitanus Latinorum]]''' ([[Israël|IL]], [[Palaestina|PS]], [[Iordania|JO]], [[Cyprus|CY]])
** [[Sedes Titularis Bethleem]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bagdathensis Latinorum]]''' ([[Iraca|IQ]])
* [[Dioecesis Gibutensis]] ([[Gibutum|DJ]])
* [[Dioecesis Mogadiscensis]] ([[Somalia|SO]])
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Aleppensis]] ([[Syria|SY]])
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Alexandrinus Aegypti]] ([[Aegyptus|EG]])
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Arabiae Meridionalis]] ([[Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti|AE]], [[Iemenia|YE]], [[Omania|OM]])
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Arabiae Septentrionalis]] ([[Baharina|BH]], [[Cuvaitum|KW]], [[Quataria|QA]], [[Arabia Saudita|SA]])
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Berytensis]] ([[Libanus|LB]])

=== [[Azerbaigiania]] ===
* [[Praefectura Apostolica Azerbaigianiensis]]

=== [[Bangladesa]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Chittagongensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Barisalensis]], [[Dioecesis Khulnensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Dhakensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Dinaipurensis]], [[Dioecesis Mymensinghensis]], [[Dioecesis Raishahiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sylhetensis]]

=== [[Caucasus]] ===
* [[Administratio Apostolica Caucasi Latinorum]]

[[Fasciculus:Dioceses of Korea-en.svg|thumb|100px|Corea]]
=== [[Corea]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kvangiuensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Cheiuensis]], [[Dioecesis Ieoniuensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Seulensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Chuncheonensis]], [[Dioecesis Hameungensis]] ([[Res publica popularis democratica Coreana|KP]]), [[Dioecesis Inchonensis]], [[Dioecesis Pyeongyangensis]] ([[Res publica popularis democratica Coreana|KP]]), [[Dioecesis Suvonensis]], [[Dioecesis Taeieonensis]], [[Dioecesis Uijeongbuensis]],  [[Dioecesis Voniuensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Taeguensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Andongensis]], [[Dioecesis Busanensis]], [[Dioecesis Cheongiuensis]], [[Dioecesis Masanensis]]
* [[Abbatia Territorialis Tokvonensis]] ([[Res publica popularis democratica Coreana|KP]])
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Rei publicae Coreanae]]

=== [[Iaponia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Maps of Catholic dioceses of Japan.svg|thumb|100px|Iaponia]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Nagasakiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Fukuokaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kagoshimaensis]], [[Dioecesis Nahana]], [[Dioecesis Oitaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Osakensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Hiroshimaensis]], [[Dioecesis Kyotensis]], [[Dioecesis Nagoyaensis]], [[Dioecesis Takamatsuensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tokiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Niigataensis]], [[Dioecesis Saitamaensis]], [[Dioecesis Sapporensis]], [[Dioecesis Sendaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Yokohamaensis]]

=== [[India]] – [[Butania]] ===
[[Fasciculus:India Catholic Dioceses.svg|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Indiae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Agraënsis]]''' ([[Uttara Pradeśa|UP]]): [[Dioecesis Aimerensis]], [[Dioecesis Allahabadensis]], [[Dioecesis Bareillensis]], [[Dioecesis Iaipurensis]], [[Dioecesis Ihansiensis]], [[Dioecesis Lucknovensis]], [[Dioecesis Meerutensis]], [[Dioecesis Udaipurensis]], [[Dioecesis Varanasiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bangalorensis]]''' ([[Carnatica|KA]]): [[Dioecesis Belgaumensis]], [[Dioecesis Bellaryensis]], [[Dioecesis Chikmagalurensis]], [[Dioecesis Gulbargiensis]], [[Dioecesis Karvarensis]], [[Dioecesis Mangalorensis]], [[Dioecesis Mysuriensis]], [[Dioecesis Shimogaensis]], [[Dioecesis Udupiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bhopalensis]]''' ([[Madhya Pradesa|MP]]): [[Dioecesis Gwaliorensis]], [[Dioecesis Iabalpurensis]], [[Dioecesis Indorensis]], [[Dioecesis Jhabuensis]], [[Dioecesis Khandvaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bombayensis]]''' ([[Maharastra|MH]]): [[Dioecesis Nashikensis]], [[Dioecesis Poonensis]], [[Dioecesis Vasaiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Calcuttensis]]''' ([[Bengala Occidentalis|WB]]): [[Dioecesis Asansolensis]], [[Dioecesis Bagdograna]], [[Dioecesis Baruipurensis]], [[Dioecesis Darieelingensis]] (cum [[Butania|BT]]), [[Dioecesis Ialpaiguriensis]], [[Dioecesis Krishnagarensis]], [[Dioecesis Raigangensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cuttackensis-Bhubanesvarensis]]''' ([[Odisa|OR]]): [[Dioecesis Balasorensis]], [[Dioecesis Berhampurensis]], [[Dioecesis Rayagadensis]], [[Dioecesis Rurkelaensis]], [[Dioecesis Sambalpurensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Delhiensis]]''' ([[Dellium|DL]]): [[Dioecesis Iammuensis-Srinagarensis]], [[Dioecesis Iullundurensis]], [[Dioecesis Simlensis et Chandigarhensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Gandhinagarensis]]''' ([[Guzarata|GJ]]): [[Dioecesis Ahmedabadensis]], [[Dioecesis Barodensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Goana et Damanensis]]''' ([[Goa|GA]]): [[Dioecesis Sindhudurgiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Guvahatina]]''' ([[Asama|AS]]): [[Dioecesis Bongaigaonensis]], [[Dioecesis Dibrugarhensis]], [[Dioecesis Diphuensis]], [[Dioecesis Itanagarensis]], [[Dioecesis Miaoensis]], [[Dioecesis Tezpurensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hyderabadensis]]''' ([[Āndhra Pradeśa|AP]]): [[Dioecesis Cuddapahensis]], [[Dioecesis Khammamensis]], [[Dioecesis Kurnoolensis]], [[Dioecesis Nalgondaensis]], [[Dioecesis Varangalensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Imphalensis]]''' ([[Manipura|MN]]): [[Dioecesis Kohimaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Madraspolitana et Meliaporensis]]''' ([[Coromandela|TN]]): [[Dioecesis Chingleputensis]], [[Dioecesis Coimbaturensis]], [[Dioecesis Ootacamundensis]], [[Dioecesis Vellorensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Madhuraiensis]]''' ([[Coromandela|TN]]): [[Dioecesis Dindigulensis]], [[Dioecesis Kottarensis]], [[Dioecesis Kuzhithuraiensis]], [[Dioecesis Palayamkottaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sivagangaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Tiruchirapolitana]], [[Dioecesis Tuticorensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Nagpurensis]]''' ([[Maharastra|MH]]): [[Dioecesis Amravatensis]], [[Dioecesis Aurangabadensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Patnensis]]''' ([[Bihāra|BR]]): [[Dioecesis Bettiahensis]], [[Dioecesis Bhagalpurensis]], [[Dioecesis Buxarensis]], [[Dioecesis Muzaffarpurensis]], [[Dioecesis Purneaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Pondicheriensis et Cuddalorensis]]''' ([[Pondicherium (Unionis territorium)|PY]]): [[Dioecesis Dharmapuriensis]], [[Dioecesis Kumbakonamensis]], [[Dioecesis Salemensis]], [[Dioecesis Taniorensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Raipurensis]]''' ([[Chattisagarha|CT]]): [[Dioecesis Ambikapurensis]], [[Dioecesis Jashpurensis]], [[Dioecesis Raigarhensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ranchiensis]]''' ([[Jharakhanda|JH]]): [[Dioecesis Daltonganiensis]], [[Dioecesis Dumkaensis]], [[Dioecesis Gumlaensis]], [[Dioecesis Gumlaensis]], [[Dioecesis Iamshedpurensis]], [[Dioecesis Khuntiensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Blairensis]], [[Dioecesis Simdegaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Shillongensis]]''' ([[Meghalaya|ML]]): [[Dioecesis Agartalana]], [[Dioecesis Aizavlensis]], [[Dioecesis Iovaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Nongstoinensis]], [[Dioecesis Turana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Trivandrensis Latinorum]]''' ([[Malabaria|KL]]): [[Dioecesis Alleppeyensis]], [[Dioecesis Neyyattinkaraensis]], [[Dioecesis Punalurensis]], [[Dioecesis Quilonensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Verapolitana]]''' ([[Malabaria|KL]]): [[Dioecesis Calicutensis]], [[Dioecesis Coccinensis]], [[Dioecesis Kannurensis]], [[Dioecesis Kottapuramensis]], [[Dioecesis Sultanpetensis]], [[Dioecesis Viiayapuramensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Visakhapatnamensis]]''' ([[Āndhra Pradeśa|AP]]): [[Dioecesis Eluruensis]], [[Dioecesis Gunturensis]], [[Dioecesis Nellorensis]], [[Dioecesis Srikakulamensis]], [[Dioecesis Viiayavadana]]

=== [[Indonesia]] ===
''Regio ecclesiastica Sumatrae''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Medanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Padangensis]], [[Dioecesis Sibolgaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Palembangensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Pangkalpinangensis]], [[Dioecesis Tangiungkarangana]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Iavae''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Giakartana]]''': [[Dioecesis Bandungensis]], [[Dioecesis Bogorensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Semarangensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Malangensis]], [[Dioecesis Purvokertensis]], [[Dioecesis Surabayana]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Bornei''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Pontianakensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ketapangensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanggauensis]], [[Dioecesis Sintangensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Samarindaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bangiarmasina]], [[Dioecesis Palangkaraiensis]], [[Dioecesis Taniungselorensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Celebis-Amboinae''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Makassarensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Amboinaënsis]], [[Dioecesis Manadoensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Insulae Sundanae minores''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Endehena]]''': [[Dioecesis Denpasarensis]], [[Dioecesis Larantukana]], [[Dioecesis Maumerensis]], [[Dioecesis Rutengensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kupangensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Atambuensis]], [[Dioecesis Veetebulaensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica Papuae''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Meraukensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Agatsensis]], [[Dioecesis Iayapuraensis]], [[Dioecesis Manokvariensis-Sorongensis]], [[Dioecesis Timikaënsis]]
''Etiam''
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Indonesiae]]

=== [[Irania]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hispahanensis Latinorum]]'''

=== [[Kazachstania]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sanctae Mariae in Astanansis]]''': [[Dioecesis Karagandansis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctissimae Trinitatis in Almata]], [[Administratio Apostolica Atirauensis]]

=== [[Kyrgyzstania]] ===
* [[Administratio Apostolica Kyrgyzstaniana]]

=== [[Laosium]] – [[Cambosia]] ===
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Luangensis Prabangensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Paksensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Savannakhetensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Vientianensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus de Phnom-Penh]], [[Praefectura Apostolica Battambangensis]], [[Praefectura Apostolica Kompongchamensis]]

=== [[Malaesia]] – [[Singapura]] – [[Bruneium]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kotakinabaluensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Keningauensis]], [[Dioecesis Sandakanana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kuala Lumpurensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Melakana-Giohorana]], [[Dioecesis Pinangensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kuchingensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Miriensis]], [[Dioecesis Sibuensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Singaporensis]]'''
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Bruneiensis]]

=== [[Mongolia]] ===
* [[Praefectura Apostolica Ulaanbaatarensis]]

=== [[Myanmar]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mandalayensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Banmavensis]], [[Dioecesis Hakhanensis]], [[Dioecesis Kalayensis]], [[Dioecesis Lashioensis]], [[Dioecesis Myitkyinaensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Taunggyiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kengtunghensis]], [[Dioecesis Loikavensis]], [[Dioecesis Pekhonensis]], [[Dioecesis Tunguensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Yangonensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Hpaanensis]], [[Dioecesis Maulamyinensis]], [[Dioecesis Patheinensis]], [[Dioecesis Pyayensis]]

=== [[Nepalia]] ===
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Nepalianus]]

=== [[Pakistania]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Karachiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Hyderabadensis in Pakistania]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lahorensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Faisalabadensis]], [[Dioecesis Islamabadensis-Ravalpindensis]], [[Dioecesis Multanensis]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Quettensis]]

=== [[Philippinae]] ===
[[Fasciculus:PH_Dioceses.png|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Insularum Philippinarum]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cacerensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Daetiensis]], [[Dioecesis Legazpiensis]], [[Dioecesis Libmanana]], [[Dioecesis Masbatensis]], [[Dioecesis Sorsogonensis]], [[Dioecesis Viracensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cagayana]]''': [[Dioecesis Butuanensis]], [[Dioecesis Malaibalaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Surigensis]], [[Dioecesis Tandagensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Capicensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kalibensis]], [[Dioecesis Rombloniensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cotabatensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kidapavanensis]], [[Dioecesis Marbeliana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Davaensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Digosensis]], [[Dioecesis Matiensis]], [[Dioecesis Tagamna]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Iarensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bacolodensis]], [[Dioecesis Cabancalensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Caroli Borromeo]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iosephi de Antiquonia]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lingayensis-Dagupanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Alaminensis]], [[Dioecesis Cabanatuanensis]], [[Dioecesis Ferdinandopolitana ab Unione]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Iosephi in Insulis Philippinis]], [[Dioecesis Urdanetensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lipensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Boacensis]], [[Dioecesis Gumacana]], [[Dioecesis Lucenensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Infantensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Manilensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Antipolensis]], [[Dioecesis Cubaoensis]], [[Dioecesis Imusensis]], [[Dioecesis Kalookana]], [[Dioecesis Malolosina]], [[Dioecesis Novalichesinsis]], [[Dioecesis Paranaquensis]], [[Dioecesis Pasigina]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Pauli in Insulis Philippinis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Nominis Iesu]]''': [[Dioecesis Dumaguete]], [[Dioecesis Maasinensis]], [[Dioecesis Tagbilarana]], [[Dioecesis Talibonensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Novae Segobiae]]''': [[Dioecesis Baghiopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Banguedensis]], [[Dioecesis Laoagensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Batanensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ozamisana]]''': [[Dioecesis Dipologana]], [[Dioecesis Iliganensis]], [[Dioecesis Pagadianensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Maraviensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Palensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Boronganensis]], [[Dioecesis Calbayogana]], [[Dioecesis Catarmaniensis]], [[Dioecesis Navaliensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Ferdinandi]]''': [[Dioecesis Balangensis]], [[Dioecesis Ibana]], [[Dioecesis Tarlacensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tuguegaraoana]]''': [[Dioecesis Bayombongensis]], [[Dioecesis Ilaganensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Zamboangensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ipilensis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Isabellapolitana]]
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Bontocensis-Lagavensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Calapanensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Ioloensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Portus Principis in Insulis Philippinis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Sancti Iosephi in Mindoro]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Tabukensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Taytayensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Philippinarum]]

=== [[Res publica popularis Sinarum]] ===
* [[Dioecesis Macaonensis]]
* [[Administratio Apostolica Harbina]]

=== [[Sri Lanca]] – [[Insulae Maldivae]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Columbensis in Taprobane]]''': [[Dioecesis Anuradhapurensis]], [[Dioecesis Badullana]], [[Dioecesis Batticaloaensis]], [[Dioecesis Chilavensis]], [[Dioecesis Gallensis]], [[Dioecesis Iaffnensis]], [[Dioecesis Kandiensis]], [[Dioecesis Kurunegalaensis]], [[Dioecesis Mannarensis]], [[Dioecesis Ratnapurensis]], [[Dioecesis Trincomaliensis]]

=== [[Tadzikistania]] ===
* [[Missio sui iuris Tadzikistaniana]]

=== [[Taivania]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Taipehensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Hsinchuensis]], [[Dioecesis Hvalienensis]], [[Dioecesis Kaohsiungensis]], [[Dioecesis Kiayiensis]], [[Dioecesis Taichungensis]], [[Dioecesis Tainanensis]]

=== [[Thailandia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bangkokensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Chanthaburiensis]], [[Dioecesis Chiangmaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Chiangraiensis]], [[Dioecesis Nakhonsauanensis]], [[Dioecesis Ratchaburensis]], [[Dioecesis Suratthanensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tharensis et Nonsengensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Nakhonratchasimaensis]], [[Dioecesis Ubonratchathaniensis]], [[Dioecesis Udonthaniensis]]

=== [[Timoria Orientalis]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Diliensis]]''': * [[Dioecesis Baucana]], [[Dioecesis Malianensis]]

=== [[Turcia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Smyrnensis]]'''
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Anatoliensis]], [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Istanbulensis]]

=== [[Turcmenistania]] ===
* [[Missio sui iuris Turcmenistaniana]]

=== [[Usbekistania]] ===
* [[Administratio Apostolica Usbekistaniana]]

=== [[Vietnamia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hanoiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bacninhensis]], [[Dioecesis Buichuensis]], [[Dioecesis Haiphongensis]], [[Dioecesis Hatinhensis]], [[Dioecesis Hung Hoaensis]], [[Dioecesis Langsonensis et Caobangensis]], [[Dioecesis de Phat Diem]], [[Dioecesis de Thai Binh]], [[Dioecesis de Thanh Hoa]], [[Dioecesis Vinhensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hueensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Banmethuotensis]], [[Dioecesis Danangensis]], [[Dioecesis Kontumensis]], [[Dioecesis Nhatrangensis]], [[Dioecesis Quinhonensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hochiminhopolitana]]''': [[Dioecesis Barianensis]], [[Dioecesis Canthoensis]], [[Dioecesis Dalatensis]], [[Dioecesis Longxuyensis]], [[Dioecesis Mythoensis]], [[Dioecesis Phanthietensis]], [[Dioecesis Phucuongensis]], [[Dioecesis Vinhlongensis]], [[Dioecesis Xuanlocensis]]

== [[Europa]] ==

=== [[Albania]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Scodrensis-Pulatensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Alexiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sappensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tiranensis-Dyrracena]]''': [[Dioecesis Rrësheniensis]]

=== [[Austria]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Oesterreich kirchenprovinzen.png|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Austriae]]
In Austria hae sunt provinciae:
* '''[[Archidioecesis Salisburgensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Campitemplensis]], [[Dioecesis Graecensis-Seccoviensis]], [[Dioecesis Gurcensis]], [[Dioecesis Oenipontana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Viennensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Linciensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Hippolyti]], [[Dioecesis Sideropolitana]]
Praeterea sunt territoria exempta et alii ordinarii: 
* [[Abbatia Territorialis Maris Stellae]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Austriae]]

=== [[Belgium]] ===
[[Fasciculus:BelgischeBisdommen.png|thumb|150px|Dioeceses Belgicae]]
In Belgica est provincia:
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mechliniensis-Bruxellensis]]''' (cum [[Vicariatus Bruxellensis|Vicariato Bruxellensi]], [[Vicariatus Flandro-Brabantinus Mechliniensisque|Vicariato Flandro-Brabantino Mechliniensique]] et [[Vicariatus Vallo-Brabantinus|Vicariato Vallo-Brabantino]]): [[Dioecesis Antverpiensis]], [[Dioecesis Brugensis]], [[Dioecesis Gandavensis]], [[Dioecesis Hasseletensis]], [[Dioecesis Leodiensis]], [[Dioecesis Namurcensis]], [[Dioecesis Tornacensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Belgii]]

=== [[Bielorussia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Minscensis-Mohiloviensis Latinorum]]''': [[Dioecesis Grodnensis]], [[Dioecesis Pinskensis Latinorum]], [[Dioecesis Vitebscensis]]

=== [[Bosnia et Herzegovina]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Map of the Roman Catholic Dioceses in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Croatian 2024.svg|thumb|100px|BIH]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vrhbosnensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bania Lucensis]], [[Dioecesis Mandetriensis-Dumnensis]] (-Tribuniensis et Marcanensis)
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Bosniae et Herzegovinae]]

=== [[Bulgaria]] ===
* [[Dioecesis Nicopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Sophiae et Philippopolis]]

=== [[Cechia|Res publica Cecha]] ===
[[Fasciculus:CoA CZ Dieceze.png|thumb|150px|Dioeceses et provinciae Cechiae]]
In Re publica Bohemica hae sunt provinciae:
* '''Bohemia''': '''[[Archidioecesis Pragensis]]''', [[Dioecesis Litomericensis]], [[Dioecesis Reginae Gradecensis]], [[Dioecesis Budvicensis]], [[Dioecesis Pilsnensis]]
* '''Moravia''': '''[[Archidioecesis Olomucensis]]''', [[Dioecesis Brunensis]], [[Dioecesis Ostraviensis-Opaviensis]]

=== [[Croatia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Map of Roman Catholic Dioceses in Croatia.svg|thumb|150px|Dioeceses et provinciae Croatiae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Zagrebiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bellovariensis-Crisiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sisciensis]], [[Dioecesis Varasdinensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Diacovensis-Osijekensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Posegana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Fluminensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Gospiciensis-Seniensis]], [[Dioecesis Veglensis]], [[Dioecesis Parentina et Polensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Spalatensis-Macarscensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Pharensis]], [[Dioecesis Ragusina]], [[Dioecesis Sebenicensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Iadrensis]]'''
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Croatiae]]

=== [[Cyprus]] ===
Vide [[#Nationes Arabicae|Nationes Arabicae]].

=== [[Estonia]] ===
* [[Administratio Apostolica Estoniensis]]

=== [[Francia|Gallia (Francia)]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Provinces ecclésiastiques (France).svg|thumb|Provinciae ecclesiasticae Franciae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bisuntina]]''': [[Dioecesis Belfortiensis-Montis Beligardi]], [[Dioecesis Nanceiensis-Tullensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Claudii]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Deodati]], [[Dioecesis Virodunensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Burdigalensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Agennensis]], [[Dioecesis Aturensis et Aquae Augustae]], [[Dioecesis Baionensis]], [[Dioecesis Petrocoricensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Claromontana]]''': [[Dioecesis Aniciensis]], [[Dioecesis Molinensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Flori]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Divionensis]]''': [[Archidioecesis Senonensis]], [[Dioecesis Augustodunensis]], [[Dioecesis Nivernensis, Praelatura Territorialis Missionis Galliae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Insulensis]]''': [[Archidioecesis Cameracensis]], [[Dioecesis Atrebatensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lugdunensis]]''': [[Archidioecesis Camberiensis, Maurianensis et Tarantasiensis|Archidioecesis Camberiensis]], [[Dioecesis Anneciensis]], [[Dioecesis Bellicensis-Arsensis]], [[Dioecesis Gratianopolitana-Viennensis Allobrogum]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Stephani]], [[Dioecesis Valentinensis]], [[Dioecesis Vivariensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Massiliensis]]''': [[Archidioecesis Aquensis in Gallia]], [[Archidioecesis Avenionensis]], [[Dioecesis Adiacensis]], [[Dioecesis Diniensis]], [[Dioecesis Foroiuliensis-Tolonensis]], [[Dioecesis Nicensis]], [[Dioecesis Vapincensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Montis Pessulani]]''': [[Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis]], [[Dioecesis Elnensis]], [[Dioecesis Mimatensis]], [[Dioecesis Nemausensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Parisiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Christoliensis]], [[Dioecesis Evriensis-Corbiliensis-Exonensis]], [[Dioecesis Meldensis]], [[Dioecesis Nemptodurensis]], [[Dioecesis Pontisarensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Dionysii in Francia]], [[Dioecesis Versaliensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Pictaviensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Engolismensis]], [[Dioecesis Lemovicensis]], [[Dioecesis Rupellensis]], [[Dioecesis Tutelensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Remensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ambianensis]], [[Dioecesis Bellovacensis]], [[Dioecesis Catalaunensis]], [[Dioecesis Lingonensis]], [[Dioecesis Suessionensis]], [[Dioecesis Trecensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Andegavensis]], [[Dioecesis Briocensis]], [[Dioecesis Cenomanensis]], [[Dioecesis Corisopitensis]], [[Dioecesis Lucionensis]], [[Dioecesis Nannetensis]], [[Dioecesis Valleguidonensis]], [[Dioecesis Venetensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Rothomagensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Baiocensis-Lexoviensis]], [[Dioecesis Constantiensis-Abrincensis]], [[Dioecesis Ebroicensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Gratiae]], [[Dioecesis Sagiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tolosana]]''': [[Archidioecesis Albiensis]], [[Archidioecesis Auxitana]], [[Dioecesis Apamiensis]], [[Dioecesis Cadurcensis]], [[Dioecesis Montis Albani]], [[Dioecesis Ruthenensis]], [[Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Turonensis]]''': [[Archidioecesis Bituricensis]], [[Dioecesis Aurelianensis]], [[Dioecesis Blesensis]], [[Dioecesis Carnutensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Argentoratensis]]'''
* [[Dioecesis Metensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Galliae]]

=== [[Germania]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Deutschland Kirchenprovinzen kath.png|thumb|150px|Dioeceses et provinciae Germaniae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bambergensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Eystettensis]], [[Dioecesis Herbipolensis]], [[Dioecesis Spirensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Berolinensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Dresdensis-Misnensis]], [[Dioecesis Gorlicensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Friburgensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Moguntina]], [[Dioecesis Rottenburgensis-Stutgardiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hamburgensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Hildesiensis]], [[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Coloniensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Aquisgranensis]], [[Dioecesis Essendiensis]], [[Dioecesis Limburgensis]], [[Dioecesis Monasteriensis]], [[Dioecesis Trevirensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Monacensis et Frisingensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Augustana Vindelicorum]], [[Dioecesis Passaviensis]], [[Dioecesis Ratisbonensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Paderbornensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Erfordiensis]], [[Dioecesis Fuldensis]], [[Dioecesis Magdeburgensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Germaniae]]

=== [[Graecia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Atheniensis (Catholica)|Archidioecesis Atheniensis]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Corcyrensis, Zacynthiensis et Cephaloniensis]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Naxiensis, Andrensis, Tinensis, et Myconensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Candiensis]], [[Dioecesis Chiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sanctoriensis]], [[Dioecesis Syrensis et Milensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Rhodiensis]]'''
* [[Vicariatus Apostolicus Thessalonicensis]]

=== [[Helvetia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Bistuemer CH 2006.png|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae in Helvetia]]
In Helvetia sunt sex dioeceses atque duae [[abbatia territorialis|abbatiae territoriales]] , qui subiactae imperio [[archidioecesis]] non sunt, sed [[Sancta Sedes|sanctae sedis]] ipse. Ergo helveticae dioceses non formant [[provincia ecclesiastica|provinciam ecclesiasticam]]. Hae sunt dioeceses ac [[abbatia]]e:
* [[Dioecesis Basileensis]]
* [[Dioecesis Curiensis]]
* [[Dioecesis Lausannensis, Genevensis, et Friburgensis]]
* [[Dioecesis Luganensis]]
* [[Dioecesis Sancti Galli]]
* [[Dioecesis Sedunensis]]
* [[Abbatia Territorialis Einsiedlensis]]
* [[Abbatia Territorialis Sancti Mauritii Agaunensis]]

[[Fasciculus:Diocese of Ireland2.png|thumb|150px|Dioeceses et provinciae Hiberniae]]
=== [[Hibernia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Armachana]]''': [[Dioecesis Ardachadensis et Cluanensis]], [[Dioecesis Clogheriensis]], [[Dioecesis Derriena]], [[Dioecesis Dunensis et Connorensis]], [[Dioecesis Dromorensis]], [[Dioecesis Kilmorensis]], [[Dioecesis Midensis]], [[Dioecesis Rapotensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cassiliensis et Emeliensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Cloynensis]], [[Dioecesis Corcagiensis et Rossensis]], [[Dioecesis Kerriensis]], [[Dioecesis Laoniensis]], [[Dioecesis Limericiensis]], [[Dioecesis Vaterfordiensis et Lismoriensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Dublinensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Fernensis]], [[Dioecesis Kildarensis et Leighliensis]], [[Dioecesis Ossoriensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tuamensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Achadensis]], [[Dioecesis Alladensis]], [[Dioecesis Clonfertensis]], [[Dioecesis Elphinensis]], [[Dioecesis Galviensis et Duacensis]]

=== [[Hispania]] – [[Andorra]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Mapa de las Diócesis de España.svg|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Hispaniae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Barcinonensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Sancti Felicis de Llobregar]], [[Dioecesis Terrassensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Burgensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Flaviobrigensis]], [[Dioecesis Oxomensis-Soriana]], [[Dioecesis Palentina]], [[Dioecesis Victoriensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Caesaraugustana]]''': [[Dioecesis Barbastrensis-Montisonensis]], [[Dioecesis Oscensis]], [[Dioecesis Terulensis et Albarracinensis]], [[Dioecesis Turiasonensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Compostellana]]''': [[Dioecesis Auriensis]], [[Dioecesis Lucensis in Hispania]], [[Dioecesis Mindoniensis-Ferrolensis]], [[Dioecesis Tudensis-Vicensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Emeritensis Augustana-Pacensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Cauriensis-Castrorum Caeciliorum]], [[Dioecesis Placentina in Hispania]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Granatensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Almeriensis]], [[Dioecesis Carthaginensis in Hispania]], [[Dioecesis Giennensis]], [[Dioecesis Guadicensis]], [[Dioecesis Malacitana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hispalensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Assidonensis-Ierezensis]], [[Dioecesis Canariensis]], [[Dioecesis Cordubensis]], [[Dioecesis Gadicensis et Septensis]], [[Dioecesis Onubensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Christophori de Laguna]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Matritensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Complutensis]], [[Dioecesis Xetafensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ovetensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Asturicensis]], [[Dioecesis Legionensis]], [[Dioecesis Santanderiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Pampilonensis et Tudelensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Calaguritana et Calceatensis-Lucroniensis]], [[Dioecesis Iacensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Sebastiani]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tarraconensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Celsonensis]], [[Dioecesis Dertosensis]], [[Dioecesis Gerundensis]], [[Dioecesis Ilerdensis]], [[Dioecesis Urgellensis]] (cum [[Andorra|AD]]), [[Dioecesis Vicensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Toletana]]''': [[Dioecesis Albasitensis]], [[Dioecesis Civitatis Regalensis]], [[Dioecesis Conchensis]], [[Dioecesis Seguntina-Guadalaiarensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Valentina]]''': [[Dioecesis Ebusitana]], [[Dioecesis Maioricensis]], [[Dioecesis Minoricensis]], [[Dioecesis Oriolensis-Lucentina]], [[Dioecesis Segobricensis-Castellionensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vallisoletana]]''': [[Dioecesis Abulensis]], [[Dioecesis Civitatensis in Hispania]], [[Dioecesis Salmantina]], [[Dioecesis Segobiensis]], [[Dioecesis Zamorensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Hispaniae]]

=== [[Hungaria]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Map of Hungarian Catholic Dioceses.PNG|thumb|150px|Dioeceses Hungariae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Agriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Debrecenensis-Nyiregyhazana]], [[Dioecesis Vaciensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Colocensis-Kecskemetensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Quinque Ecclesiensis]], [[Dioecesis Szegediensis-Csanadiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Strigoniensis-Budapestinensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Albae Regalensis]], [[Dioecesis Iaurinensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Veszprimiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kaposvarensis]], [[Dioecesis Sabariensis]]
* [[Abbatia Territorialis Sancti Martini in Monte Pannoniae]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Hungariae]]

=== [[Italia]], [[Civitas Vaticana]], [[Res publica Sancti Marini]] ===
:Vide etiam ''[[Dioeceses Italicae Ecclesiae Catholicae|Dioeceses Italianas Ecclesiae Catholicae]]''.
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Latii|Latii]]''
* '''''[[Dioecesis Romana]]''''' (cum [[Civitas Vaticana|VA]]): Sedes Suburbicaria [[Sedes Suburbicaria Albanensis|Albanensis]], [[Sedes Suburbicaria Ostiensis|Ostiensis]], [[Sedes Suburbicaria Portuensis-Sanctae Rufinae|Portuensis-Sanctae Rufinae]], [[Sedes Suburbicaria Praenestina|Praenestina]], [[Sedes Suburbicaria Sabinensis-Mandelensis|Sabinensis-Mandelensis]], [[Sedes Suburbicaria Tusculana|Tusculana]], [[Sedes Suburbicaria Veliterna-Signina|Veliterna-Signina]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Caietana|Caietana]]'''
* Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Anagnina-Alatrina|Anagnina-Alatrina]], [[Dioecesis Civitatis Castellanae|Castellanae]], [[Dioecesis Centumcellarum-Tarquiniensis|Centumcellarum-Tarquiniensis]], [[Dioecesis Frusinatensis-Verulana-Ferentina|Frusinatensis-Verulana-Ferentina]], [[Dioecesis Latinensis-Terracinensis-Setina-Privernensis|Latinensis-Terracinensis-Setina-Privernensis]], [[Dioecesis Reatina|Reatina]], [[Dioecesis Sorana-Cassinensis-Aquinatensis-Pontiscurvi|Sorana-Cassinensis-Aquinatensis-Pontiscurvi]], [[Dioecesis Tiburtina|Tiburtina]], [[Dioecesis Viterbiensis|Viterbiensis]]
* Abbatia Territorialis [[Abbatia Territorialis Montis Cassini|Montis Cassini]], [[Abbatia Territorialis Sublacensis|Sublacensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Trium Venetiarum|Trium Venetiarum]]''
* '''[[Patriarchatus Venetiarum]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Adriensis-Rhodigiensis|Adriensis-Rhodigiensis]], [[Dioecesis Bellunensis-Feltrensis|Bellunensis-Feltrensis]], [[Dioecesis Clodiensis|Clodiensis]], [[Dioecesis Concordiensis-Portus Naonis|Concordiensis-Portus Naonis]], [[Dioecesis Patavina|Patavina]], [[Dioecesis Tarvisina|Tarvisina]], [[Dioecesis Veronensis|Veronensis]], [[Dioecesis Vicentina|Vicentina]], [[Dioecesis Victoriensis Venetorum|Victoriensis Venetorum]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Goritiensis|Goritiensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Tergestina|Tergestina]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Tridentina|Tridentina]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Bauzanensis-Brixinensis|Bauzanensis-Brixinensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Utinensis|Utinensis]]'''
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Langobardiae|Langobardiae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Mediolanensis|Mediolanensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Bergomensis|Bergomensis]], [[Dioecesis Brixiensis|Brixiensis]], [[Dioecesis Comensis|Comensis]], [[Dioecesis Cremensis|Cremensis]], [[Dioecesis Cremonensis|Cremonensis]], [[Dioecesis Laudensis|Laudensis]], [[Dioecesis Mantuana|Mantuana]], [[Dioecesis Papiensis|Papiensis]], [[Dioecesis Viglevanensis|Viglevanensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Pedemontii|Pedemontii]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Taurinensis|Taurinensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Aquensis|Aquensis]], [[Dioecesis Albae Pompeiensis|Albae Pompeiensis]], [[Dioecesis Astensis|Astensis]], [[Dioecesis Augustana|Augustana]], [[Dioecesis Cuneensis|Cuneensis]], [[Dioecesis Fossanensis|Fossanensis]], [[Dioecesis Eporediensis|Eporediensis]], [[Dioecesis Montis Regalis in Pedemonte|Montis Regalis in Pedemonte]], [[Dioecesis Pineroliensis|Pineroliensis]], [[Dioecesis Salutiarum|Salutiarum]], [[Dioecesis Segusiensis|Segusiensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Vercellensis|Vercellensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Alexandrina Statiellorum|Alexandrina Statiellorum]], [[Dioecesis Bugellensis|Bugellensis]], [[Dioecesis Casalensis|Casalensis]], [[Dioecesis Novariensis|Novariensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Liguriae|Liguriae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Ianuensis|Ianuensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Albingaunensis-Imperiae|Albingaunensis-Imperiae]], [[Dioecesis Clavarensis|Clavarensis]], [[Dioecesis Derthonensis|Derthonensis]], [[Dioecesis Savonensis-Naulensis|Savonensis-Naulensis]], [[Dioecesis Spediensis-Sarzanensis-Brugnatensis|Spediensis-Sarzanensis-Brugnatensis]], [[Dioecesis Ventimiliensis-Sancti Romuli|Ventimiliensis-Sancti Romuli]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Aemiliae-Romaniae|Aemiliae-Flaminiae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Bononiensis|Bononiensis]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Ferrariensis-Comaclensis|Ferrariensis-Comaclensis]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Faventina-Mutilensis|Faventina-Mutilensis]], [[Dioecesis Imolensis|Imolensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Mutinensis-Nonantulana|Mutinensis-Nonantulana]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Carpensis|Carpensis]], [[Dioecesis Fidentina|Fidentina]], [[Dioecesis Parmensis|Parmensis]], [[Dioecesis Placentina-Bobiensis|Placentina-Bobiensis]], [[Dioecesis Regiensis in Aemilia-Guastallensis|Regiensis in Aemilia-Guastallensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Ravennatensis-Cerviensis|Ravennatensis-Cerviensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Ariminensis|Ariminensis]], [[Dioecesis Caesenatensis-Sarsinatensis|Caesenatensis-Sarsinatensis]], [[Dioecesis Foroliviensis-Brittinoriensis|Foroliviensis-Brittinoriensis]], [[Dioecesis Sammarinensis-Feretrana|Sammarinensis-Feretrana]] (cum [[Res publica Sancti Marini|SM]])
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Tusciae|Etruriae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Florentina|Florentina]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Arretina-Cortonensis-Biturgensis|Arretina-Cortonensis-Biturgensis]], [[Dioecesis Fesulana|Fesulana]], [[Dioecesis Pistoriensis|Pistoriensis]], [[Dioecesis Pratensis|Pratensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Miniati|Sancti Miniati]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Pisana|Pisana]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Liburnensis|Liburnensis]], [[Dioecesis Massensis-Apuana|Massensis-Apuana]], [[Dioecesis Pisciensis|Pisciensis]], [[Dioecesis Volaterrana|Volaterrana]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Senensis-Collensis-Ilcinensis|Senensis-Collensis-Ilcinensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Grossetana|Grossetana]], [[Dioecesis Massana-Plumbinensis|Massana-Plumbinensis]], [[Dioecesis Montis Politiani-Clusina-Pientina|Montis Politiani-Clusina-Pientina]], [[Dioecesis Pitilianensis-Soanensis-Urbetelliensis|Pitilianensis-Soanensis-Urbetelliensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Lucensis|Lucensis]]'''
* Abbatia Territorialis [[Abbatia Territorialis Sanctae Mariae Montis Oliveti Maioris|Sanctae Mariae Montis Oliveti Maioris]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Umbriae|Umbriae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Perusina-Civitatis Plebis|Perusina-Civitatis Plebis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Assisiensis-Nucerina-Tadinensis|Assisiensis-Nucerina-Tadinensis]], [[Dioecesis Civitatis Castelli|Civitatis Castelli]], [[Dioecesis Fulginatensis|Fulginatensis]], [[Dioecesis Eugubina|Eugubina]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Spoletana-Nursina|Spoletana-Nursina]]'''
* Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Interamnensis-Narniensis-Amerina|Interamnensis-Narniensis-Amerina]], [[Dioecesis Urbevetana-Tudertina|Urbevetana-Tudertina]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Marchiae Anconitanae|Picena]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Anconitana-Auximana|Anconitana-Auximana]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Fabrianensis-Mathelicensis|Fabrianensis-Mathelicensis]], [[Dioecesis Aesina|Aesina]], [[Dioecesis Senogalliensis|Senogalliensis]], Praelatura Territorialis [[Praelatura Territorialis ab Alma Domo Lauretana|ab Alma Domo Lauretana]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Firmana|Firmana]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Camerinensis-Sancti Severini in Piceno|Camerinensis-Sancti Severini in Piceno]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Asculana in Piceno|Asculana in Piceno]], [[Dioecesis Maceratensis-Tolentina-Recinetensis-Cingulana-Treiensis|Maceratensis-Tolentina-Recinetensis-Cingulana-Treiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Benedicti ad Truentum-Ripana-Montis Alti|Sancti Benedicti ad Truentum-Ripana-Montis Alti]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Pisaurensis|Pisaurensis]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Urbinatensis-Urbaniensis-Sancti Angeli in Vado|Urbinatensis-Urbaniensis-Sancti Angeli in Vado]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Fanensis-Forosemproniensis-Calliensis-Pergulana|Fanensis-Forosemproniensis-Calliensis-Pergulana]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Aprutii-Molisii|Aprutii-Molisii]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Aquilana|Aquilana]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Marsorum|Marsorum]], [[Dioecesis Sulmonensis-Valvensis|Sulmonensis-Valvensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Campobassensis-Boianensis|Campobassensis-Boianensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Aeserniensis-Venafrensis|Aeserniensis-Venafrensis]], [[Dioecesis Thermularum-Larinensis|Thermularum-Larinensis]], [[Dioecesis Triventina|Triventina]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Piscariensis-Pinnensis|Piscariensis-Pinnensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Aprutina|Aprutina]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Theatina-Vastensis|Theatina-Vastensis]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Lancianensis-Ortonensis|Lancianensis-Ortonensis]]'''
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Apuliae|Apuliae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Barensis-Bituntina|Barensis-Bituntina]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Tranensis-Barolensis-Vigiliensis|Tranensis-Barolensis-Vigiliensis]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Altamurensis-Gravinensis-Aquavievensis|Altamurensis-Gravinensis-Aquavievensis]], [[Dioecesis Andriensis|Andriensis]], [[Dioecesis Conversanensis-Monopolitana|Conversanensis-Monopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Melphictensis-Rubensis-Iuvenacensis-Terlitiensis|Melphictensis-Rubensis-Iuvenacensis-Terlitiensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Fodiana-Bovinensis|Fodiana-Bovinensis]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Sipontina-Vestana-Sancti Ioannis Rotundi|Sipontina-Vestana-Sancti Ioannis Rotundi]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Ceriniolensis-Asculana Apuliae|Ceriniolensis-Asculana Apuliae]], [[Dioecesis Lucerina-Troiana|Lucerina-Troiana]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Severi|Sancti Severi]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Lyciensis|Lyciensis]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Brundusina-Ostunensis|Brundusina-Ostunensis]]''', '''[[Archidioecesis Hydruntina|Hydruntina]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Neritonensis-Gallipolitana|Neritonensis-Gallipolitana]], [[Dioecesis Uxentina-Sanctae Mariae Leucadensis|Uxentina-Sanctae Mariae Leucadensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Tarentina|Tarentina]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Castellanetensis|Castellanetensis]], [[Dioecesis Uritana|Uritana]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Campaniae|Campaniae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Beneventana|Beneventana]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Angeli de Lombardis-Compsana-Nuscana-Bisaciensis|Sancti Angeli de Lombardis-Compsana-Nuscana-Bisaciensis]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Abellinensis|Abellinensis]], [[Dioecesis Arianensis Hirpina-Laquedoniensis|Arianensis Hirpina-Laquedoniensis]], [[Dioecesis Cerretana-Thelesina-Sanctae Agathae Gothorum|Cerretana-Thelesina-Sanctae Agathae Gothorum]], Abbatia Territorialis [[Abbatia Territorialis Montisvirginis|Montisvirginis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Neapolitana|Neapolitana]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Capuana|Capuana]]''', '''[[Archidioecesis Surrentina-Castri Maris|Surrentina-Castri Maris]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Acerrarum|Acerrarum]], [[Dioecesis Aliphana-Caiacensis|Aliphana-Caiacensis]], [[Dioecesis Aversana|Aversana]], [[Dioecesis Casertana|Casertana]], [[Dioecesis Isclana|Isclana]], [[Dioecesis Nolana|Nolana]], [[Dioecesis Puteolana|Puteolana]], [[Dioecesis Suessana|Suessana]], [[Dioecesis Theanensis-Calvensis|Theanensis-Calvensis]], Praelatura Territorialis [[Praelatura Territorialis Pompeiana|Pompeiana]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Salernitana-Campaniensis-Acernensis|Salernitana-Campaniensis-Acernensis]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Amalphitana-Cavensis|Amalphitana-Cavensis]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Dianensis-Policastrensis|Dianensis-Policastrensis]], [[Dioecesis Nucerina Paganorum-Sarnensis|Nucerina Paganorum-Sarnensis]], [[Dioecesis Vallensis in Lucania|Vallensis in Lucania]], Abbatia Territorialis [[Abbatia Territorialis Sanctissimae Trinitatis Cavensis|Sanctissimae Trinitatis Cavensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Basilicatae|Lucaniae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Potentina-Murana-Marsicensis|Potentina-Murana-Marsicensis]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Acheruntina|Acheruntina]]''', '''[[Archidioecesis Materanensis-Montis Pelusii|Materanensis-Montis Pelusii]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Melphiensis-Rapollensis-Venusina|Melphiensis-Rapollensis-Venusina]], [[Dioecesis Tricaricensis|Tricaricensis]], [[Dioecesis Tursiensis-Lacunerulonensis|Tursiensis-Lacunerulonensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Bruttii|Calabriae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Catacensis-Squillacensis|Catacensis-Squillacensis]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Crotonensis-Sanctae Severinae|Crotonensis-Sanctae Severinae]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Neocastrensis|Neocastrensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Cosentina-Bisinianensis|Cosentina-Bisinianensis]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Rossanensis-Cariatensis|Rossanensis-Cariatensis]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Cassanensis|Cassanensis]], [[Dioecesis Sancti Marci Argentanensis-Scaleensis|Sancti Marci Argentanensis-Scaleensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Rheginensis-Bovensis|Rheginensis-Bovensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Locrensis-Hieracensis|Locrensis-Hieracensis]], [[Dioecesis Miletensis-Nicotriensis-Tropiensis|Miletensis-Nicotriensis-Tropiensis]], [[Dioecesis Oppidensis-Palmarum|Oppidensis-Palmarum]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Siciliae|Siciliae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Agrigentina|Agrigentina]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Calatanisiadensis|Calatanisiadensis]], [[Dioecesis Platiensis|Platiensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Catanensis|Catanensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Iaciensis|Iaciensis]], [[Dioecesis Calatayeronensis|Calatayeronensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Messanensis-Liparensis-Sanctae Luciae|Messanensis-Liparensis-Sanctae Luciae]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Nicosiensis|Nicosiensis]], [[Dioecesis Pactensis|Pactensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Panormitana|Panormitana]]''': Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Montis Regalis|Montis Regalis]]''', Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Cephaludensis|Cephaludensis]], [[Dioecesis Drepanensis|Drepanensis]], [[Dioecesis Mazariensis|Mazariensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Syracusana|Syracusana]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Netensis|Netensis]], [[Dioecesis Ragusiensis|Ragusiensis]]
''Regio ecclesiastica [[Regio ecclesiastica Sardiniae|Sardiniae]]''
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Arborensis|Arborensis]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Uxellensis-Terralbensis|Uxellensis-Terralbensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Calaritana|Calaritana]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Ecclesiensis|Ecclesiensis]], [[Dioecesis Oleastrensis|Oleastrensis]], [[Dioecesis Nuorensis|Nuorensis]]
* Archidioecesis '''[[Archidioecesis Turritana|Turritana]]''': Dioecesis [[Dioecesis Algarensis-Bosanensis|Algarensis-Bosanensis]], [[Dioecesis Octeriensis|Octeriensis]], [[Dioecesis Templensis-Ampuriensis|Templensis-Ampuriensis]]
''Etiam''
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Italiae]]

=== [[Lettonia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Rigensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ielgavensis]], [[Dioecesis Liepaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Rezeknensis-Aglonensis]]

=== [[Lichtenstenum]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vadutiensis]]''' ([[Exemptio#Exemptio tempore recentiore|immediata]])

=== [[Lituania]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kaunensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Siauliensis]], [[Dioecesis Telsensis]], [[Dioecesis Vilkaviskensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vilnensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kaisiadorensis]], [[Dioecesis Panevezensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Lituaniae]]

=== [[Portugallia|Lusitania]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Diocesisdeportugal.svg|thumb|150px|Dioeceses et provinciae Lusitaniae]]
* '''[[Patriarchatus Lisbonensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Aegitaniensis]], [[Dioecesis Angrensis]], [[Dioecesis Funchalensis]], [[Dioecesis Leiriensis-Fatimensis]], [[Dioecesis Portalegrensis-Castri Albi]], [[Dioecesis Santaremensis in Lusitania]], [[Dioecesis Setubalensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bracarensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Aveirensis]], [[Dioecesis Brigantiensis-Mirandensis]], [[Dioecesis Conimbricensis]], [[Dioecesis Lamacensis]], [[Dioecesis Portugallensis]], [[Dioecesis Vianensis Castelli]], [[Dioecesis Villaregalensis]], [[Dioecesis Visensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Eborensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Beiensis]], [[Dioecesis Pharaonensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Lusitaniae]]

=== [[Luxemburgum]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Luxemburgensis]]''' ([[Exemptio#Exemptio tempore recentiore|immediata]])

=== [[Magna Britannia]] ([[Anglia]] et [[Cambria]], [[Scotia]]) ===
[[Fasciculus:Scottish Catholic Dioceses.png|thumb|120px|[[Scotia]]]]
In Britannia hae sunt provinciae:
* '''[[Archidioecesis Glasguensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Matrisfontis]], [[Dioecesis Pasletana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sancti Andreae et Edimburgensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Aberdonensis]], [[Dioecesis Ergadiensis et Insularum]], [[Dioecesis Dunkeldensis]], [[Dioecesis Candidae Casae]]
[[Fasciculus:English and Welsh Catholic Dioceses Map.png|thumb|120px|[[Anglia]] et [[Cambria]]]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Birminghamiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Cliftoniensis]], [[Dioecesis Salopiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cardiffensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Menevensis]], [[Dioecesis Gurecsamiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Liverpolitana]]''': [[Dioecesis Hallamensis]], [[Dioecesis Hagulstadensis et Novocastrensis]], [[Dioecesis Lancastrensis]], [[Dioecesis Loidensis]], [[Dioecesis Medioburgensis]], [[Dioecesis Salfordensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Southvarcensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Arundeliensis-Brich-telmestunensis]], [[Dioecesis Plymuthensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Magni]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vestmonasteriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Angliae Orientalis]], [[Dioecesis Brentvoodensis]], [[Dioecesis Northantoniensis]], [[Dioecesis Nottinghamensis]]
* [[Dioecesis Gibraltariensis]]
* [[Praefectura Apostolica de Insulis Falkland]]
* [[Ordinariatus Personalis Dominae Nostrae Valsinghamensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Magnae Britanniae]]

=== [[Melita]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Melitensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Gaudisiensis]]

=== [[Moldavia]] ===
* [[Dioecesis Chisinauensis]]

=== [[Monoecus]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Monoecensis]]''' ([[Exemptio#Exemptio tempore recentiore|immediata]])

=== [[Nederlandia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Bisdomkaart 2.png|thumb|100px|Dioeceses Nederlandiae]]
In Nederlandia est provincia:
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ultraiectensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bredana]], [[Dioecesis Buscoducensis]], [[Dioecesis Groningensis]], [[Dioecesis Harlemensis]], [[Dioecesis Ruremundensis]], [[Dioecesis Roterodamensis]]
** quondam et [[Sedes Titularis Mosae Traiectensis|Dioecesis Mosae Traiectensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Nederlandiae]]

=== [[Polonia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Poloniae]]
In Polonia sunt provinciae haec:
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis]], [[Dioecesis Lomzensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]], [[Dioecesis Kielcensis]], [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Radomensis]], [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis]], [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis]], [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Glivicensis]], [[Dioecesis Opoliensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Lovicensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis]], [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Calissiensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum]]''': [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis]], [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana]], [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Elbingensis]], [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Plocensis]], [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Legnicensis]], [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]

=== [[Romania]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Romanian Roman-Catholic Church map.svg|thumb|100px|Romania]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bucarestiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Iasensis]], [[Dioecesis Magnovaradinensis Latinorum]], [[Dioecesis Satmariensis]], [[Dioecesis Timisoarensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Albae Iuliensis]]'''

=== [[Foederatio Russica]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Moscoviensis Matris Dei]]''': [[Dioecesis Ircutscana sancti Iosephi]], [[Dioecesis Neosibiriana Transfigurationis]], [[Dioecesis Saratoviensis sancti Clementis]]
* [[Praefectura Apostolica Sachaliniana Meridionalis]]

=== [[Scandia]] ===
Dioeceses Europae Septentrionalis [[Exemptio#Exemptio tempore recentiore|immediatae]] sunt, sed pars unae solae [[Episcoporum conferentia|Episcoporum conferentiae]], nominis ''[[Conferentia Episcopalis Scandiae]]''.
* in [[Dania]] (cum [[Groenlandia]] et [[Faeroae|Insulis Faerois]]): [[Dioecesis Hafniae]]
* in [[Finnia]]: [[Dioecesis Helsinkiensis]]
* in [[Norvegia]]: [[Dioecesis Osloënsis]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Tromsoeana]], [[Praelatura Territorialis Trudensis]]
* in [[Islandia]]: [[Dioecesis Reykiavikensis]]
* in [[Suecia]]: [[Dioecesis Holmiensis]]

=== [[Serbia]] – [[Mons Niger]] – [[Macedonia Septentrionalis]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Catholic Church Serbia.PNG|thumb|100px|Serbia]]
([[Conferentia episcoporum internationalis Ss. Cyrilli et Methodii]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Belogradensis-Semendriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Suboticana]], [[Dioecesis Zrenianensis]] ([[Serbia|RS]])
* [[Dioecesis Prisrianensis]] ([[Serbia|RS]]/[[Kosovia|XK]])
* ad Archid. Diacoven.-Osijeken.: [[Dioecesis Sirmiensis]] ([[Serbia|RS]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Antibarensis]]''' ([[Mons Niger|ME]])
* ad [[Archidioecesis Spalatensis-Macarscensis|Archid. Spalaten.-Macarscen.]]: [[Dioecesis Catharensis]] ([[Mons Niger|ME]])
* ad Archid. Vrhbosnen.: [[Dioecesis Scopiensis]] ([[Macedonia Septentrionalis|MK]])

=== [[Slovachia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:CoA SK Dieceze.jpg|thumb|100px|Slovachia]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bratislaviensis]]''': '''[[Archidioecesis Tyrnaviensis]]''', [[Dioecesis Neosoliensis]], [[Dioecesis Nitriensis]], [[Dioecesis Zilinensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cassoviensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Rosnaviensis]], [[Dioecesis Scepusiensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Slovachiae]]

=== [[Slovenia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Labacensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Iustinopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Novae Urbis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Mariborensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Celeiensis]], [[Dioecesis Sombotensis]]

=== [[Ucraina]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Map of Ukraine Catholic-RUNames.PNG|thumb|100px|Ucraina]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Leopolitana Latinorum]]''': [[Dioecesis Camenecensis Latinorum]], [[Dioecesis Kharkiviensis-Zaporizhiensis]], [[Dioecesis Kioviensis-Zytomeriensis]], [[Dioecesis Luceoriensis]], [[Dioecesis Munkacsiensis Latinorum]], [[Dioecesis Odesensis-Sympheropolitana]]

== [[Oceania]] ==

=== [[Australia]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Diocese of Port Pirie Map.jpg|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Australiae]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Adelaidensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Darvinensis]], [[Dioecesis Portus Piriensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Brisbanensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Cairnensis]], [[Dioecesis Rockhamptoniensis]], [[Dioecesis Tovnsvillensis]], [[Dioecesis Tuumbana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Camberrensis-Gulburnensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hobartensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Melburnensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Ballaratensis]], [[Dioecesis Saliensis]], [[Dioecesis Sandhurstensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Perthensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Broomensis]], [[Dioecesis Bumburiensis]], [[Dioecesis Geraldtonensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Sydneyensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Armidalensis]], [[Dioecesis Bathurstensis]], [[Dioecesis Corvopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Lismorensis]], [[Dioecesis Maitlandensis-Novocastrensis]], [[Dioecesis Parramattensis]], [[Dioecesis Sinus Tortuosi]], [[Dioecesis Vilcanniensis-Forbesina]], [[Dioecesis Vollongongensis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Australiae]]
* [[Ordinariatus Personalis Dominae Nostrae Meridianae Crucis]]

=== [[Nova Zelandia]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Vellingtonensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Aucopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Christopolitana]], [[Dioecesis Dunedinensis]], [[Dioecesis Hamiltonensis in Nova Zelandia]], [[Dioecesis Palmerstonaquiloniana]]
* [[Ordinariatus Militaris Novae Zelandiae]]

=== [[Pacificus]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Karte Kirchenprovinzen und Diözesen in Ozeanien - es.png|thumb|Dioeceses et provinciae Pacifici]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Aganiensis]]''' ([[Guama|GU]]): [[Dioecesis Carolinensium]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Micronesiae|FM]]), [[Dioecesis Vialembensis]] ([[Insulae Mariannae Septentrionales|MP]]), [[Praefectura Apostolica Insularum Marshallensium]] ([[Insulae Marsalienses|MH]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Numeana]]''' ([[Nova Caledonia|NC]]): [[Dioecesis Portus Vilensis]] ([[Vanuatu|VU]]), [[Dioecesis Uveana et Futunensis]] ([[Uvea et Futuna|WF]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Papeetensis]]''' ([[Polynesia Gallica|PF]]): [[Dioecesis Taiohaëna]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Samoa-Apiana]]''' ([[Samoa|WS]]): [[Dioecesis Samoa-Pagopagensis]] ([[Samoa Americana|AS]]), [[Missio sui iuris Tokelauna]] ([[Tokelau|TK]])
* '''[[Archidioecesis Suvana]]''' ([[Viti|FJ]]): [[Dioecesis Rarotongana]] ([[Insulae de Cook|CK]]), [[Dioecesis Taravana et Nauruna]] ([[Kiribati|KI]], [[Nauru|NR]]), [[Missio sui iuris Funafutina]] ([[Tuvalu|TV]])
* [[Dioecesis Tongana]] ([[Tonga|TO]])

=== [[Papua Nova Guinea]] – [[Insulae Salomoniae]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Madangana]]''': [[Dioecesis Aitapensis]], [[Dioecesis Laënsis]], [[Dioecesis Uanimitana]], [[Dioecesis Ueuakensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Montis Hagensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Gorokana]], [[Dioecesis Kundiavana]], [[Dioecesis Mendiensis]], [[Dioecesis Uabagana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Portus Moresbiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Alotauna-Sideiana]], [[Dioecesis Bereinitana]], [[Dioecesis Daruensis-Kiungana]], [[Dioecesis Keremana]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Rabaulensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Buganvillensis]], [[Dioecesis Kaviengensis]], [[Dioecesis Kimbensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Honiarana]]''': [[Dioecesis Aukina]], [[Dioecesis Ghizotana]]

= [[Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales]] =
[[Fasciculus:Rito bizantino.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Ritus Byzantinus]]

== [[Ritus Byzantinus]] ==

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Melkitarum]] ===
* '''''[[Patriarchatus Antiochenus Melkitarum]]'''''; '''[[Archidioecesis Damascena Graecorum Melkitarum]]''': [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Iraquianus]], [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Constantinopolitanus]], [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Cuvaitensis]], [[Territorium Patriarchalis Aegyptium-Sudanensis]], [[Territorium Patriarchalis Hierosolymitanum Graecorum Melkitarum]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Aleppensis Graecorum Melkitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Bostrena et Auranensis]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hemesena Graecorum Melkitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Laodicena Graecorum Melkitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Berytensis et Gibailensis Graecorum Melkitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Heliopolitana Graecorum Melkitarum]]'''
* ad Archiep. Damascen. Maronit.: '''[[Archieparchia Mariamnensis Graecorum Melkitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Tyrensis Graecorum Melkitarum]]''': '''[[Archieparchia Caesariensis]]''', '''[[Archieparchia Sidoniensis Graecorum Melkitarum]]''', '''[[Archieparchia Tripolitana Graecorum Melkitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Ptolemaidensis Graecorum Melkitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Petrensis et Philadelphiensis]]'''
* [[Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Paradisi in Civitate Mexicana Graecorum Melkitarum]] ([[Mexicum]])
* ad Archid. Sancti Pauli in Brasilia: [[Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Paradisis Sancti Pauli Graecorum Melkitarum]] ([[Brasilia]])
* [[Eparchia Neotoniensis Graecorum Melkitarum]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Michaëlis Sydneyensis Graecorum Melkitarum]] ([[Australia]])
* [[Eparchia Sanctissimi Salvatoris Marianopolitansis Graecorum Melkitarum Catholicorum]] ([[Canada]])
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Argentinae]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Caracensis Graecorum Melkitarum]] ([[Venetiola]])

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Ucrainae]] ===
* '''[[Archieparchia Kioviensis-Haliciensis]]''': [[Exarchatus Archiepiscopalis Charcoviensis]], [[Exarchatus Archiepiscopalis Crimaeanus]], [[Exarchatus Archiepiscopalis Donetskensis]], [[Exarchatus Archiepiscopalis Luceorianus]], [[Exarchatus Archiepiscopalis Odessanus]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Kioviensis]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Leopolitana Ucrainorum]]''': [[Eparchia Samboriensis-Drohobychiensis]], [[Eparchia Socaliensis-Zhovkviesis]], [[Eparchia Striensis]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Stanislaopolitana]]''': [[Eparchia Chernivcensis]], [[Eparchia Kolomyiensis]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Ternopoliensis-Zborovensis]]''': [[Eparchia Bucacensis]], [[Eparchia Camenecensis Ucrainorum]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis-Varsaviensis ritus byzantini ucraini]]''': [[Dioecesis Vratislaviensis-Gedanensis ritus bysantini ucraini]] ([[Polonia]])
* '''[[Archieparchia Philadelphiensis Ucrainorum]]''': [[Eparchia Sancti Iosaphat Parmensis]], [[Eparchia Sancti Nicolai Chicagiensis Ucrainorum]], [[Eparchia Stanfordensis Ucrainorum]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])
* '''[[Archieparchia Sancti Ioannis Baptistae Curitibensis Ucrainorum]]''': [[Eparchia Immaculatae Conceptionis Prudentopolitana Ucrainorum]] ([[Brasilia]])
* '''[[Archieparchia Vinnipegensis Ucrainorum]]''': [[Eparchia Edmontonensis Ucrainorum]], [[Eparchia Neo-Vestmonasteriensis Ucrainorum]], [[Eparchia Saskatoonensis Ucrainorum]], [[Eparchia Torontina Ucrainorum]] ([[Canada]])
* [[Eparchia Sanctae Familiae Londiniensis]] ([[Britanniarum regnum]])
* ad Archid. Bonaëren.: [[Eparchia Sanctae Mariae a Patrocinio Bonaërensis Ucrainorum]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Vladimiri Magni in urbe Parisiensi pro Ucrainis ritus Byzantini]] ([[Francia]])
* ad Archid. Melburnen.: [[Eparchia Sanctorum Petri et Pauli Melburnensis Ucrainorum]] ([[Australia]])
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Germaniae et Scandiae]]
* [[Administratio Apostolica Kazachstaniana]]

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Romaniae]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Fagarasiensis et Albae Iuliensis Romenorum]]''': [[Dioecesis Claudiopolitana-Armenopolitana/Szamo-Uiavariensis Romenorum]], [[Dioecesis Lugosiensis]], [[Dioecesis Magnovaradinensis Romenorum]], [[Dioecesis Maramuresensis]], [[Eparchia Sanctus Basilius Magnus Bucarestiensis Romenorum]]
* [[Eparchia Sancti Georgii Martyris Romenorum]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Ruthenica]] ===
* '''[[Archieparchia Pittsburgensis ritus byzantini]]''': [[Eparchia Parmensis Ruthenorum]], [[Eparchia Passaicensis Ruthenorum]], [[Eparchia Sanctae Mariae a Patrocinio in urbe Phoenicensi]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])
* [[Eparchia Munkacsiensis]]
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Reipublicae Cechae]]

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Hungariae]] ===
''seu'' Ecclesia Metropolitana sui iuris Hungariae pro Christifidelibus Byzantini ritus, {{AAS|2015|505}}
* '''[[Archidioecesis Haidudoroghensis]]''': [[Eparchia Miskolcensis]], [[Eparchia Nyiregyhazana]]

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Slovaciae]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Presoviensis]]''': [[Eparchia Bratislaviensis ritus byzantini]], [[Eparchia Kosicensis]]
* [[Eparchia Sanctorum Cyrilli et Methodii Torontini Slovachorum ritus Byzantini]] ([[Canada]])

=== [[Ecclesia Catholica Italo-Albanica]] ===
''seu'' Ecclesia Byzantina in Italia
* [[Eparchia Lungrensis]]
* [[Eparchia Planensis Albanensium]]
* [[Abbatia Territorialis B. Mariae Cryptaeferratae]]

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Croatiae et Serbiae]] ===
* ad Archid. Zagrebien.: [[Dioecesis Crisiensis]]
* [[Eparchia Serbiae]]

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Macedoniae]] ===
* [[Eparchia Beatae Mariae Virginis in Caelum Assumptae Strumnitzensis-Scopiensis]]

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Bulgariae]] ===
* [[Eparchia Sancti Ioannis XXIII Sophiae]]

=== [[Ecclesia Catholica Graeciae]] ===
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Graeciae]]
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Constantinopolitanus]]

=== [[Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Russiae]] ===
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Russiae]]
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Harbinensis]]

=== Aliae ===
* [[Administratio Apostolica Bielorussiae]], {{AAS|2023|407}}
* [[Administratio Apostolica Cazastaniae et Asiae Centralis]], {{AAS|2019|835}}
* [[Administratio Apostolica Albaniae Meridionalis]], {{AAS|1940|139}}
[[Fasciculus:Iglesia Católica Armenia.png|thumb|Ritus Armenus]]

== [[Ritus Armenus]] ==

=== [[Ecclesia Catholica Armena]] ===
* '''''[[Patriarchatus Ciliciae Armenorum]]'''''; '''[[Archidioecesis Berytensis Armenorum]]''': [[Eparchia Alexandrina Armenorum]], [[Eparchia Hispahanensis Armenorum]], [[Eparchia Kamechliensis Armenorum]], [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Damascenus]], [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Hierosolymitanus Armenorum]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Aleppensis Armenorum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Babylonensis Armenorum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Constantinopolitana Armenorum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Leopolitana Armenorum]]''' ([[Ucraina]])
* [[Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Naregensis]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]], [[Canada]])
* [[Eparchia Sanctae Crucis Lutetiae Parisiorum]] ([[Francia]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Gregorii Narekiani Bonaërensis Armenorum]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Americae Latinae una cum Mexico]] ([[Brasilia]], [[Mexicum]], [[Uraquaria]])
* [[Ordinariatus Europae Orientalis]] ([[Armenia]], [[Georgia]], [[Russia]])
* [[Ordinariatus Graeciae]] ([[Graecia]])
* [[Ordinariatus Romaniae]] ([[Romania]])

[[Fasciculus:Tradición litúrgica antioquena.png|thumb|Ritus Antiochenus]]
== [[Ritus Antiochenus]] (Syro-Occidentalis) ==

=== [[Ecclesia Maronitarum]] ===
[[Fasciculus:Eparchiae Maronitarum in Libano.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Eparchiae Maronitarum in Libano.]]
* '''''[[Patriarchatus Antiochenus Maronitarum]]'''''; [[Eparchia Ioubbensis, Sarbensis et Iuniensis Maronitarum]]: [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Hierosolymitanus Maronitarum]], [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Iordaniensis]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Anteliensis Maronitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Berytensis Maronitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Tripolitana Maronitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Tyrensis Maronitarum]]'''
* [[Eparchia Botryensis Maronitarum]]
* [[Eparchia Bybliensis Maronitarum]]
* [[Eparchia Heliopolitana-Rubrimonasteriensis Maronitarum]]
* [[Eparchia Mariamnensis Maronitarum]]
* [[Eparchia Sidoniensis Maronitarum]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Aleppensis Maronitarum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Damascena Maronitarum]]'''
* [[Eparchia Laodicena Maronitarum]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Ptolemaidensis Maronitarum in Terra Sancta]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cyprensis Maronitarum]]'''
* [[Eparchia Cahirensis Maronitarum]]
* [[Eparchia Annuntiationis Maronitarum]] ([[Nigeria]])
* [[Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Libanensis in civitate Angelorum in California Maronitarum]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])
* [[Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Libanensis Parisiensis Maronitarum]] ([[Francia]])
* ad Archid. Sancti Pauli in Brasilia: [[Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Libanensis Sancti Pauli Maronitarum]] ([[Brasilia]])
* [[Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Martyrum Libanensium in Civitate Mexicana Maronitarum]] ([[Mexicum]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Maronis Bruklyniensis Maronitarum]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Maronis Marianopolitana Maronitarum]] ([[Canada]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Maronis Sydneyensis Maronitarum]] ([[Australia]])
* ad Archid. Bonaëren.: [[Eparchia Sancti Sarbelii Bonaërensis Maronitarum]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Columbiae]] ([[Columbia]])

=== [[Ecclesia Syro-Catholica]] ===
* '''''[[Patriarchatus Antiochenus Syrorum]]'''''; [[Eparchia Berytensis Syrorum]]: [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Basranus]], [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Hierosolymitanus Syrorum]], [[Exarchatus Patriarchalis Turcicus]], [[Territorium Patriarchalis Sudanensis]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Aleppensis Syrorum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Babylonensis Syrorum]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Damascena Syrorum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Hassakensis et Nisibena Syrorum]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Hemesena Syrorum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Mausiliensis Syrorum]]'''
* [[Eparchia Cahirensis Syrorum]]
* [[Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Liberationis Novarcensis Syrorum]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Canadae]] ([[Canada]])
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Dominae Nostrae Assumptionis Maracayensis Syrorum]] ([[Venetiola]])

=== [[Ecclesia Syro-Malankara Catholica]] ===
* '''[[Archieparchia Trivandrensis Syrorum Malankarensium]]''': [[Eparchia Marthandomensis]], [[Eparchia Mavelikarensis]], [[Eparchia Pathanamthittensis]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Tiruvallensis]]''': [[Eparchia Batteriensis]], [[Eparchia Muvattupuzhensis]], [[Eparchia Puthurensis]]
* [[Eparchia Parassalana]]
* [[Eparchia Sancti Ioannis Chrysostomi Gurgaonensis]]
* [[Exarchatus Apostolicus Sancti Ephraimi Khadkiensis]]
* [[Eparchia Sanctae Mariae Reginae Pacis Syro-Malankarensium]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])


== [[Ritus Chaldaicus]] (Syro-Orientalis) ==
[[Fasciculus:Tradición litúrgica caldea.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Ritus Chaldaicus.]]
=== [[Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica]] ===
* '''''[[Patriarchatus Babylonensis Chaldaeorum]]'''''; '''[[Archidioecesis Babylonensis Chaldaeorum]]''': '''[[Archieparchia Ahvasiensis Chaldaeorum]]''', [[Dioecesis Akrensis]], [[Eparchia Aleppensis Chaldaeorum]], [[Dioecesis Alquoshensis Chaldaeorum]], [[Dioecesis Amadiensis et Zachuensis]], [[Territorium Patriarchalis Hierosolymitanum Chaldaeorum]] (Vicariatus Patriarchalis), [[Territorium Patriarchalis Iordaniensis]] (Vicariatus Patriarchalis)
* '''[[Archieparchia Amidensis Chaldaeorum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Arbilensis Chaldaeorum]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Basrensis Chaldaeorum]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Cherchensis]]'''
* '''[[Archieparchia Mausiliensis Chaldaeorum]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Teheranensis Chaldaeorum]]'''
* '''[[Archidioecesis Urmiensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Salmasiensis]]
* [[Eparchia Berytensis Chaldaeorum]]
* [[Eparchia Cahirensis Chaldaeorum]]
* [[Eparchia Sancti Adda in urbe Torontina]] ([[Canada]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Petri Apostoli urbis Sancti Didaci Chaldaeorum]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Thomas Apostoli Detroitensis Chaldaeorum]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Thomas Apostoli Sydneyensis Chaldaeorum]] ([[Australia]])

=== [[Ecclesia Syrorum Malabarensium]] ===
* '''[[Archidioecesis Ernakulamensis-Angamaliensis]]''': [[Eparchia Idukkensis]], [[Dioecesis Kothamangalamensis]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Changanacherrensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Kanirapallensis]], [[Dioecesis Palaiensis]], [[Dioecesis Thuckalayensis]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Tellicherriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Belthangadiensis]], [[Eparchia Bhadravathensis]], [[Eparchia Manantoddiensis]], [[Eparchia Mandiensis]], [[Dioecesis Thamarasserrensis]]
* '''[[Archidioecesis Trichuriensis]]''': [[Dioecesis Irinialakudensis]], [[Dioecesis Palghatensis]], [[Eparchia Ramanathapuramensis]]
* '''[[Archieparchia Kottayamensis]]'''
* [[Eparchia Faridabadensis]]
* [[Eparchia Hosurensis]]
* [[Eparchia Shamshabadensis]]
* ad Archid. Agraën.: [[Dioecesis Biinorensis]], [[Dioecesis Gorakhpurensis]]
* ad Archid. Bhopalen.: [[Dioecesis Sagarensis]], [[Dioecesis Satnensis]], [[Dioecesis Uiiainensis]]
* ad Archid. Bombayen.: [[Dioecesis Callianensis]]
* ad Archid. Gandhinagaren.: [[Dioecesis Raikotensis]]
* ad Archid. Hyderabaden.: [[Dioecesis Adilabadensis]]
* ad Archid. Nagpuren.: [[Eparchia Chandaensis]]
* ad Archid. Raipuren.: [[Dioecesis Iagdalpurensis]]
* [[Eparchia Magnae Britanniae Syro-Malabarensium]] ([[Britanniarum regnum]])
* [[Eparchia Mississauguensis]] ([[Canada]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Thomae Apostoli Chicagiensis Syrorum-Malabarensium]] ([[Civitates Foederatae Americae|C.F.A.]])
* [[Eparchia Sancti Thomas Apostoli Melburnensis]] ([[Australia]])


== [[Ritus Alexandrinus]] ==
[[Fasciculus:Tradición litúrgica alejandrina.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Ritus Alexandrinus.]]
=== [[Ecclesia Catholica Coptorum]] ===
* '''''[[Patriarchatus Alexandrinus Coptorum]]'''''; [[Eparchia Alexandrina Coptorum]]: [[Eparchia Gizensis]], [[Eparchia Hermopolitana]], [[Eparchia Ismailiensis]], [[Eparchia Lycopolitana]], [[Eparchia Thebana]], [[Eparchia Sohagensis]]

=== [[Ecclesia Catholica Aethiopica]] ===
* '''[[Archieparchia Neanthopolitana]]''': [[Eparchia Adigratensis]], [[Eparchia Bahirdardessiensis]], [[Eparchia Emdeberensis]]

=== [[Ecclesia Catholica Erythraea]] ===
* '''[[Archieparchia Asmarensis]]''': [[Eparchia Barentuana]], [[Eparchia Kerensis]], [[Eparchia Segheneitensis]]

== Ritus orientales varii ==
* [[Ordinariatus Argentinae pro fidelibus ritus orientalis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Austriae pro fidelibus ritus orientalis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Brasiliae pro fidelibus ritus orientalis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Galliae pro fidelibus ritus orientalis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Hispaniae pro fidelibus ritus orientalis]]
* [[Ordinariatus Poloniae pro fidelibus ritus orientalis]]

= Bibliographia =
* Conradus Eubel et al., ''Hierarchia Catholica medii [et recentioris] aevi'' (1913-1958) [https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft vol. 1, 1198-1431] [https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol02eubeuoft vol. 2, 1431-1503] [https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol03eube vol. 3, 1503-1600] [https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft vol. 4, 1592-1667] [https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft vol. 5, 1667-1730] [https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft vol. 6, 1730-1799]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Dioecesis]] (pagina discretiva)
* [[Episcopatus]]
* [[Episcopus]]
* [[Patriarchatus]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/ Catholic-Hierarchy.org] a Davide M. Cheney editum.
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/types.htm GCatholic.org] a Gabriele Chow editum.
* Tabulae geographicae:
**[http://atlasofchurch.altervista.org/chiesacattolica/chiesacattolicaromana/atlantechiesacattolica.htm Ecclesia Latina.]
**[http://atlasofchurch.altervista.org/chiesacattolica/chiesecattolicheorientali/atlantebizantini.htm Ecclesiae Orientales.]

[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae|!]]
[[Categoria:Indices regionum et provinciarum]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>13 Octobris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
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      <comment>Solitas emendatiiones feci.</comment>
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      <text bytes="6098" sha1="noonl0ko8jy4n4dv1yamm1tf6jgx89u" xml:space="preserve">'''13 Octobris''' [[dies]] 286ª anni est (287ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 79 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem tertium Idus Octobres''', quod ''a.d. III Id. Octobres'' [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

{{Calendarium-Octobris}}

[[Fasciculus:Gold Aureus of Nero.png|thumb|left|upright=0.49|Nero imperator]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 1 ===
* [[54]] - [[Nero]] imperator [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] fit.

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1534]] - [[Paulus III]] [[papa]] eligitur.
=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1825]] - [[ Ludovicus I (rex Bavariae)|Ludovicus I]] [[Maximilianus I Iosephus (rex Bavariae)|patre]] mortuo rex [[Bavaria]]e fit.
* [[1837]] - [[Constantina]] urbs [[Algerium|Algerii]] a copiis [[Francia|Francicis]] expugnatur.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1943]] - [[Regnum Italiae (1861-1946)|Italia]] [[Germania]]e bellum indicit.
* [[1956]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 118 de [[Canalis Suesiensis|canale Suesensi]] decernit.
* [[1960]] - [[Nicetas Chruščëv]], dux [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticus]], inter [[Communis Conventus Consociationis Nationum|Conventum Communem]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] [[Novum Eburacum|Novi Eburaci]] calceo suo a pede detracto tabulam pulsat, ut contra legatum intercederet, qui dixerat Unionem Sovieticam colonias novas deduxisse, cum civitates Europae orientalis occupavisset.
* [[1990]] - [[Bellum civile]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] factum finitur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2008]] - [[Academia catholica Franciae]] [[Lutetia]]e constituitur.
* [[2017]] - [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] et [[Israël]] statum apud [[Unesco]] deponunt.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1499]] - [[Claudia (regina Franciae)|Claudia]], regina Franciae (mortua anno [[1524]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1819]] - [[Aurelius Saffi]], politicorum peritus et [[rerum novarum cupidi|rerum novarum cupidus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus anno [[1890]])
* [[1821]] - [[Rudolphus Virchow]], medicus et vir publicus Germanicus (mortuus anno [[1902]])
* [[1829]] - [[Gulielmus Thomas Pritchard]], legatus et [[explorator]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]] (mortuus anno [[1907]])
* [[1872]] - [[Blasius Diagne]], politicorum peritus [[Senegalia]]e (mortuus [[1934]])
* [[1877]] - [[Theodorus Gilmore Bilbo]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus atque [[Mississippia]]e gubernator (mortuus anno [[1947]])
* [[1895]]
** [[Robertus Wagner]], vir publicus Germanicus et sodalis [[NSDAP]] (supplicio affectus anno [[1946]])
** [[Curtius Schumacher]] vir politicus Germanicus et sodalis facionis [[SPD]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1952]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1909]] - [[Arthurus Tatum]], clavicen Americanus (mortuus anno [[1956]])
* [[1921]] - [[Ivo Montand]], cantor et histrio Italo-Francicus (mortuus anno [[1991]])
* [[1925]] - [[Margarita Thatcher]], prima ministra Britanniarum Regni (mortua anno [[2013]])
* [[1928]] - [[Fridericus Orlando]], diurnarius et politicus Italicus (mortuus anno [[2014]])
* [[1931]] - [[Raimundus Kopa]], pedilusor Francicus (mortuus anno 2017)
* [[1934]] - [[Ioanna Muschure]], cantrix [[Graecia|Graeca]]
* [[1945]] - [[Desideratus Bouterse]], praeses [[Surinamia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[2024]])
* 1952 - [[Mordechai Vanunu]], ingeniarius et pacifista Israeliticus
* [[1957]] - [[Christianus Carter]], moderator cinematographicus Americanus 
* 1960 - [[Ericus Joyce]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]]
* [[1964]]
** [[Christophorus Judge]], actor Americanus  
** [[Marcus Travaglio]], diurnarius Italicus 
* [[1978]] - [[Marcus Heikkinen]], pedilusor [[Finnia|Finnicus]]
* [[1980]] - [[Scott Parker]], pedilusor [[Anglia|Anglicus]]
* [[1989]] - [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], rerum politicarum perita Americana

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 1 ===
* [[54]] - [[Claudius (imperator)|Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus]] breviter Claudius, imperator [[Roma antiqua|Romanus]] (natus anno [[10 a.C.n.]])

=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1118]] - [[Gualdinus Pais]], [[Templarii|Templariorum]] magister (natus est anno [[1118]])
* [[1119]] - [[Alanus IV (dux Britanniae)|Alanus IV]] dux Britanniae (natus circa annum [[1060]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1815]] - [[Ioachim Murat]], marescalcus Franciae et [[Regnum Neapolitanum|rex Neapolis]] supplicio affit (natus est anno [[1767]])
* [[1822]] - [[Antonius Canova]], sculptor Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1757]])
* [[1825]] - Maximilianus I Iosephus, rex Bavariae (natus anno [[1756]])
* [[1828]] - [[Vincentius Monti]], [[scriptor]] praecipue fabularum scaenicarum et [[poeta]] Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1752]])
* [[1886]] - [[Iohannes Prichard]], architectus [[Cambria|Cambrensis]] (natus anno [[1817]])
* [[1899]] - [[Aristides Cavaillé-Coll]], [[Organum tubulatum|organorum tubulatorum]] creator Francicus (natus anno [[1811]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1913]] - [[Leonidas Sobolev]], miles et vir publicus [[Imperium Russicum|Russo]]-[[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1844]])
* [[1928]] - [[Gulielmus Fließ]], [[biologus]] et othorinuslaringoiatra Germanicus (natus anno [[1858]])
* [[1956]] - [[Robertus Lehr]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[CDU]] (natus anno [[1883]])
* [[1969]] - [[Helena Wessel]], rerum politicarum perita Germanica factionis [[Centrum (factio)|Centri]] et deinde [[SPD]] (nata anno [[1898]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2012]]
** [[Stuart Bell]], vir publicus Britannicus (natus anno [[1938]])
** [[Antonius P. Browne]], dissignator partium interiorum Americanus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1941]])
* 2016
** [[Darius Fo]], scriptor scaenicus, histrio et director theatralis Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1926]])
** [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]], rex [[Thailandia|Siamensis]] (natus anno [[1927]])
* [[2023]] - [[Ludovica Glück]], poetria Americana (nata anno [[1943]])

== Festa et Feriae ==
* Romae: [[Fontinalia]] in honorem dei aquarum Fontis habita
* Dies internationalis [[calamitas|calamitates]] praeveniendi (Nationes Unitae)
* [[Edwardus Confessor|Sanctus Eduardus Confessor]], rex Angliae (ecclesia Anglicana et calendarium ecclesiae catholicae antiquum)

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Atacama</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>/* Notae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1224" sha1="n7ecx1s9lene0px62yze98smfkifl6b" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}{{videdis|Atacama (discretiva)}}
'''Regio Atacamensis seu Atacamae''' ( [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]] ''Atacama'') tertia [[Chilia]]e est , cuius caput est [[Copaiapo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|copi|Dioecesis Copiapoënsis}}&lt;/ref&gt; (''Copiapó''; in lingua Aymara “Copa” sonat &quot;Viridem&quot; et “Yapu” “Cultum Agrem”). Ibi propter caelum clarum et [[Telescopium Cosmologicum Atacamense]] situm est.

[[Fasciculus:Mondaufgang im Valle de la Luna.jpg|thumb|300px|Vallis Lunae, Atacamae, et [[luna]] quae oritur]]
== Provinciae ==
* '''Arboretum Tzaynarum''' (''Chañaral''). Caput: Arboretum Tzaynarum (“Chaynar” seu “Chañar”, nomen unius arboris leguminosi [[Gourlies Chilensis]] in lingua « Kunza » Atacamensium est)
* '''Copaiapo''' (''Copiapó''). Caput [[Copaiapo]].
* '''Vasca''' (''Huasco''; “Wasca” sonat  Chorda, natrix). Caput: Ballenaris (''Vallenar'', condita anno [[1788]] ab Ambrosio O’Higgins, Gubernatore Chiliae nato Ballenari seu Ballenary, in urbe Hiberniae)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==

* [[Ojos del Salado]]

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}
{{Regiones administrativae Chiliae}}

[[Categoria:Regiones Chiliae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aurora polaris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|subst:cref]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="1791" sha1="1lr8uy8ne8mum2bvua87wah26xebbh2" xml:space="preserve">{{videdis|Aurora (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Aurora borealis over Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska.jpg|thumb|Aurora borealis in [[Alasca]] visa.]]

{{res|Aurora polaris}}&lt;ref&gt;''[[Latinitas (periodicum)|Latinitas]]'', [https://books.google.ru/books?id=5XVfAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=aurora+polaris+sunt&amp;dq=aurora+polaris+sunt&amp;hl=ru&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwju9cqm5J2XAxXlOBAIHcgsI8I4ChDoAXoECAkQAg vol. 32-33, 1984, p. 248].&lt;/ref&gt; est [[lux]] in [[caelum|caelo]] [[natura]]liter splendens, quoddam modo [[aurora]]e similis, qui circum undique in [[regio]]nibus [[polus geographicus|polaribus]], etsi interdum apud [[latitudo|latitudines]] humiles, saepius videri potest. {{res|Aurora borealis}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=E.g., {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cornelius a Lapide|Cornelii a Lapide|d|qid=Q1134021}} [https://books.google.ru/books?id=07qxKfCdLlkC&amp;q=aurora+borealis#v=snippet&amp;q=aurora%20borealis&amp;f=false ''Commentaria in Scripturam Sacram'', tomus XI, in Isaiam, Parisiis, 1877, p. 290.].|2=Q1134021}} saepe nominatur, sed si in [[Antarctica]] videtur, {{res|aurora australis}} est. Causa est concursus [[energia|energeticorum]] [[particulum|particulorum]] oneratorum in fluxu [[ventus solaris|venti solaris]] adlatorum cum [[atomus|atomis]] in [[atmosphaera]] [[altitudo|altitudinum]] altiorum circa [[campus magneticus|campum magneticum]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Campus magneticus]]
* [[Chorda aurorae borealis]]
* [[Fenestra plasmatis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fulgor solaris||en|qid=Q119830}}
* [[Scutum energeticum]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{Communia|Aurora|auroras boreales et australes}}

{{physica-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Meteorologia]]
[[Categoria:Physica]]
{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pange lingua</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2429" sha1="bgwxa6e2xnmdwq2d8w9wqxy3a1rd0uz" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
[[Imago:Levoca Last Supper.jpg|thumb|400 px|Ultima coena (Levoca)]]

{{lores|Pange Lingua}} est initium [[hymnus|hymni]] et [[oratio|orationis]] a [[Venantius Fortunatus|Venantio Fortunato]] scriptae. [[Medium Aevum|Aevo Medio]], multi hymni a his verbis creati sunt, praeclarus inter eos ''Pange Lingua'' [[Thomas Aquinas|Thomae Aquinatis]], cuius ultimae duae [[stropha|strophae]] saepe ut hymnus separatus, nomine'' [[Tantum ergo]],'' canuntur.

Hic hymnus [[Eucharistia]]m laudat, et inter festa [[Dies Cenae Domini|Diei Cenae Domini]] et
[[Corpus Domini|Corporis Domini]] et inter [[adoratio Eucharistica|adorationem eucharisticam]] canitur.

Etiam compositores [[protestantes]] (e.g., [[Theodoricus Buxtehude]]) hoc poema in musica ornaverunt.

Textus hymni ''Pange Lingua'' (versionis [[Thomas Aquinas|Thomae Aquinatis]]):

{{Versus numerati|

Pange, lingua, gloriosi
Corporis mysterium'',
Sanguinisque pretiosi,
quem in mundi pretium
fructus ventris generosi
Rex effudit Gentium.''		 

Nobis datus, nobis natus
ex intacta Virgine,
et in mundo conversatus,
sparso verbi semine,
sui moras incolatus
miro clausit ordine.

In supremae nocte coenae
recumbens cum fratribus
observata lege plene
cibis in legalibus,
cibum turbae duodenae
se dat suis manibus.

Verbum caro, panem verum
verbo carnem efficit
fitque sanguis Christi merum,
et si sensus deficit,
ad firmandum cor sincerum
sola fides sufficit.

Tantum ergo Sacramentum
veneremur cernui
et antiquum documentum
novo cedat ritui
praestet fides supplementum
sensuum defectui.

Genitori, Genitoque
laus et jubilatio,
salus, honor, virtus quoque
sit et benedictio
procedenti ab utroque
compar sit laudatio.
}}

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201125075811/https://gregorien.info/chant/id/6083/13/fr Pange lingua] in ''gregorien.info''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070619020021/http://www.erzbistum-muenchen.de/EMF110/EMF010964.asp Descriptio hymni Germanice (archidioecesis Monaci)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928145317/http://kompositionen.dominikus-boehm.de/Leitseite.php?Inhalt=Vorwort.swf&amp;Titel=Pange%20Lingua%202&amp;Lied=Pange%20Lingua%202&amp;Platte=03 Pange Lingua in musica ornatus a [[Dominicus Böhm|Dominico Böhm]]]

{{Hymni et preces Christiani}}

[[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]]
[[Categoria:Italiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 13]]
[[Categoria:Thomas Aquinas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ave Regina caelorum</title>
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      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Ave Regina Coelorum]] ad [[Ave Regina coelorum]]: Nomenclatura uniformis</comment>
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      <text bytes="975" sha1="lha5jljfbuv03aqrzpgwo8ukq87g4bf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carlo Crivelli 074.jpg|350px|thumb|Maria Sanctissima coronata Regina. Opus [[Carolus Crivelli|Caroli Crivelli]] anno [[1493]] in [[Pinacotheca Brera]], [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]].]]

'''''Ave Regina Coelorum''''' vel '''''Ave Regina Caelorum''''' est [[hymnus]] [[Virgo Maria|Virgini Mariae]] dicatus. Haec prex in [[liturgia horarum]] [[ecclesia]]e catholicae saepe post completorium inter [[Quadragesima]]m recitatur.

== Textus ==

Verba huius [[prex|precis]] sunt:

:Ave Regina [[caelum|caelorum]],
:Ave Domina [[Angelus|Angelorum]],
:Salve radix, salve porta,
:Ex qua mundo [[lux]] est orta.
:Gaude Virgo gloriosa,
:Super omnes speciosa:
:Vale, o valde decora,
:Et pro nobis [[Iesus Christus|Christum]] exora. 

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/AveRegina.html De hymno] in pagina &quot;Precum Latinarum&quot;
* {{CathEnc|02149b|De hymno}}

{{Hymni et preces Christiani}}
{{vicifons|Ave Regina caelorum}}

[[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3994162</id>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Ave Regina coelorum]] ad [[Ave Regina caelorum]]: Nomenclatura uniformis</comment>
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      <text bytes="975" sha1="lha5jljfbuv03aqrzpgwo8ukq87g4bf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carlo Crivelli 074.jpg|350px|thumb|Maria Sanctissima coronata Regina. Opus [[Carolus Crivelli|Caroli Crivelli]] anno [[1493]] in [[Pinacotheca Brera]], [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]].]]

'''''Ave Regina Coelorum''''' vel '''''Ave Regina Caelorum''''' est [[hymnus]] [[Virgo Maria|Virgini Mariae]] dicatus. Haec prex in [[liturgia horarum]] [[ecclesia]]e catholicae saepe post completorium inter [[Quadragesima]]m recitatur.

== Textus ==

Verba huius [[prex|precis]] sunt:

:Ave Regina [[caelum|caelorum]],
:Ave Domina [[Angelus|Angelorum]],
:Salve radix, salve porta,
:Ex qua mundo [[lux]] est orta.
:Gaude Virgo gloriosa,
:Super omnes speciosa:
:Vale, o valde decora,
:Et pro nobis [[Iesus Christus|Christum]] exora. 

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/AveRegina.html De hymno] in pagina &quot;Precum Latinarum&quot;
* {{CathEnc|02149b|De hymno}}

{{Hymni et preces Christiani}}
{{vicifons|Ave Regina caelorum}}

[[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>+{{Titulus ad litteram}}, etc.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1007" sha1="9oj780pv4ahwh0d9arwzxm1r42x66ep" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
[[Fasciculus:Carlo Crivelli 074.jpg|350px|thumb|Maria Sanctissima coronata Regina. Opus [[Carolus Crivelli|Caroli Crivelli]] anno [[1493]] in [[Pinacotheca Brera]], [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]].]]

{{lores|Ave Regina coelorum}} vel {{lores|Ave Regina caelorum}} [[incipit]] [[hymnus]] [[Virgo Maria|Virgini Mariae]] dicatus. Haec prex in [[liturgia horarum]] [[ecclesia]]e catholicae saepe post completorium inter [[Quadragesima]]m recitatur.

== Textus ==

Verba huius [[prex|precis]] sunt:

:Ave Regina [[caelum|caelorum]],
:Ave Domina [[Angelus|Angelorum]],
:Salve radix, salve porta,
:Ex qua mundo [[lux]] est orta.
:Gaude Virgo gloriosa,
:Super omnes speciosa:
:Vale, o valde decora,
:Et pro nobis [[Iesus Christus|Christum]] exora. 

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/AveRegina.html De hymno] in pagina &quot;Precum Latinarum&quot;
* {{CathEnc|02149b|De hymno}}

{{Hymni et preces Christiani}}
{{vicifons|Ave Regina caelorum}}

[[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1020" sha1="f4ldtg2bhuoyynk557zj1nro7bg8wvm" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
[[Fasciculus:Carlo Crivelli 074.jpg|350px|thumb|Maria Sanctissima coronata Regina. Opus [[Carolus Crivelli|Caroli Crivelli]] anno [[1493]] in [[Pinacotheca Brera]], [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]].]]

{{lores|Ave Regina coelorum}} vel {{lores|Ave Regina caelorum}} [[incipit]] [[hymnus]] [[Virgo Maria|Virgini Mariae]] dicatus. Haec prex in [[liturgia horarum]] [[ecclesia]]e catholicae saepe post completorium inter [[Quadragesima]]m recitatur.

== Textus ==

Verba huius [[prex|precis]] sunt:

{{Versus numerati|
Ave Regina [[caelum|caelorum]],
Ave Domina [[Angelus|Angelorum]],
Salve radix, salve porta,
Ex qua mundo [[lux]] est orta.
Gaude Virgo gloriosa,
Super omnes speciosa:
Vale, o valde decora,
Et pro nobis [[Iesus Christus|Christum]] exora.
}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/AveRegina.html De hymno] in pagina &quot;Precum Latinarum&quot;
* {{CathEnc|02149b|De hymno}}

{{Hymni et preces Christiani}}
{{vicifons|Ave Regina caelorum}}

[[Categoria:Hymni Christiani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stephanus Sculudes</title>
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      <text bytes="1254" sha1="a9u22l8d9k9j5vfcjoqvkppjeanv4vq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Stefanos Skouloudis.JPG|thumb|Stephanus Sculudes anno 1890 pictus]]
'''Stephanus Sculudes''' ([[Graece]] Στέφανος Σκουλούδης; natus [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopole]] [[23 Novembris]] [[1838]]; mortuus [[19 Augusti]] [[1928]]) fuit negotiator, legatus, minister rerum externarum; fuit et [[Primi ministri Graeciae|primus minister]] [[Graecia]]e a die [[7 Novembris]] [[1915]] usque ad diem [[22 Iunii]] [[1916]].

Anno [[1852]] [[Athenae|Athenis]] ad gymnasium venit; postea usque ad annum [[1859]] medicinae studuit apud [[Universitas Athenarum|Universitatem Athenarum]].

== Tabula magistratuum ==
* [[Ministri rerum externarum Graeciae|Minister rerum externarum Graeciae]] [[1897]]
* [[Primi ministri Graeciae|Primus minister]] et minister rerum externarum Graeciae [[7 Novembris]] [[1915]] - [[22 Iunii]] [[1916]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/archives/Gennadius/Skouloudis/ Sculudes apud Bibliothecam Gennadianam] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Primi ministri Graeciae}}

{{Lifetime|1838|1928|Sculudes, Stephanus}}
[[Categoria:Primi ministri Graeciae]]
[[Categoria:Ministri rerum externarum Graeciae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Athenarum]]</text>
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    <title>Stephanus Dragumes</title>
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      <text bytes="1306" sha1="35y6247fdwm9zooweighjxizbk5i1vq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Stephanos Dragoumis.jpg|thumb|Stephanus Dragumes]]

'''Stephanus Dragumes''' ([[Graece]] Στέφανος Δραγούμης; natus [[Athenae|Athenis]] anno [[1842]]; mortuus [[1923]]) fuit primus minister [[Graecia]]e. Fuit pater legati et scriptoris [[Ion Dragumes|Ionis Dragumis]] necnon ministri rerum externarum [[Philippus Dragumes|Philippi Dragumis]].

== Tabula magistratuum ==
*[[Ministri rerum externarum Graeciae|Minister rerum externarum Graeciae]] 1886 - 1890
*Minister rerum externarum Graeciae 1892 - 1893
*[[Ministri rerum internarum Graeciae|Minister rerum internarum Graeciae]] 1893 - 1894
*[[Primi ministri Graeciae|Primus minister Graeciae]] [[31 Ianuarii]] [[1910]] - [[18 Octobris]] [[1910]]
*Minister rerum oeconomicarum Graeciae [[25 Octobris]] [[1915]] - [[27 Martii]] [[1916]]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070925124756/http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/archives/Gennadius/Catalog1.htm#Dragoumis%20Family Archivum familiae Dragumes apud Bibliothecam Gennadianam]

== Opera ==
*''Αγόρευσεις'' (&quot;Orationes&quot;). Athenis 1905.
*''Ένωσις'' (de unione Graeciae et Cretae). Athenis 1909.

{{Primi ministri Graeciae}}

{{Lifetime|1842|1923|Dragumes, Stephanus}}
[[Categoria:Primi ministri Graeciae]]
[[Categoria:Ministri rerum externarum Graeciae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Res publica Vimariana</title>
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      <text bytes="14148" sha1="5l9yljwlpr9tsv78vg2fv203g3ze5ti" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Imperium Germanicum (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Karte des Deutschen Reiches, Weimarer Republik-Drittes Reich 1919–1937.svg|thumb|Germania ab anno [[1919]] usque ad annum [[1937]].]]

{{res|Res publica Vimariana}},&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241130193937/http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/leonina/leo_XXXI.pdf ''Epistula Leonina XXXI,''] p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt; sive {{res|Res Publica Vimariensis}}{{FD ref}} ([[Theodisce]] ''Weimarer Republik''), fuit prima [[res publica]] [[Germania|Germanica]], quae ex [[9 Novembris]] [[1918]] post cladem [[Imperium Germanicum|Imperii Germanici]] in [[primum bellum mundanum|primo bello mundano]] et [[abdicatio]]nem [[imperator]]is [[Gulielmus II (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmi II]] condita est. Sic appellabatur quia primum Conventus Nationalis die [[11 Februarii]] [[1919]]&lt;ref&gt;Geo-Epoche, ''Die Weimarer Republik'', Nr. 27, pag. 21.&lt;/ref&gt; propter tumultus non [[Berolinum|Berolini]] sed [[Wimarium|Vimariae]] se congregavit. In litteris publicis protinus nomen [[Imperium Germanicum (1871-1918)|Imperium Germanicum]] in usu manebat.&lt;ref&gt;Vide constitutionem diei 11 Augusti 1919: Primum caput inscriptum est: ''Aufbau und Aufgaben des Reichs'' (&quot;structura et munera imperii&quot;). In articulo 1 legitur: ''Das Deutsche Reich ist eine Republik'' (&quot;Imperium Germanicum est res publica&quot;) etc.&lt;/ref&gt;

Res Publica Vimariana anno [[1933]] obiit, [[tyrannis|tyrannide]] [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolphi Hitler]] coepta. Anno autem [[2019]], Vimariae [[Museum de Re publica Vimariana]] inauguratum est ubi historias politicam socialemque doceris.

== Geographiae (terrae Rei Publicae anno [[1925]]) ==
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! [[Terra Foederalis Germaniae|Terra (''Land'')]] || Area&lt;br /&gt;(km²) || Incolae&lt;ref&gt;Anno  [[1925]]&lt;/ref&gt; || Spissitudo&lt;br /&gt;( inc. ab./km²) || Caput
|-----
| [[Anhaltinum]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2313.58
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 351&amp;thinsp;045 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 143 || [[Dessavia]]
|-----
| [[Badenia]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 15&amp;thinsp;069.87
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;312&amp;thinsp;500
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 153 || [[Carolsruha]]
|-----
| [[Bavaria]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 75.996,47
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.379.600
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 97 || [[Monacum]]
|-----
| [[Res Publica Brunsvicum]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3672,05 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 501.875
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 137 || [[Brunsvicum]]
|-----
| [[Urbs Hanseatica Brema]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 257,32
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 338.846 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.322 || [[Brema]]
|-----
|  [[Hamburgum]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 415,26
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.132.523
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.775 || [[Hamburgum]]
|-----
| [[Hassia]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.691,93
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.347.279
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 167 || [[Darmstadium]]
|-----
| [[Principatus Lippiae|Lippia]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.215,16
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 163.648 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 135 || [[Detmolda]]
|-----
| [[Lubeca]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 297,71
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 127.971 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 430 || [[Lubeca]]
|-----
| [[Megalopolis-Suerinum]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 13.126,92
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 674.045
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 51 || [[Suerinum]]
|-----
| [[Megalopolis-Strelicia]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2929,50
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 110.269
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 38 || [[Nova Strelicia]]
|-----
| [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Oldenburgum]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6423.98 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 545.172
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 85 || [[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgum]]
|-----
| [[Borussia]]&lt;ref&gt;cum terra [[Waldeck]]&lt;/ref&gt; || align=&quot;right&quot; | 292.695,36
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 38.175.986
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 130 || [[Berolinum]]
|-----
| [[Saxonia]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 14.986,31
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.992.320
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 333 || [[Dresda]]
|-----
| [[Schaumburgum-Lippia]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 340,30
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 48.046
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 141 || [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-----
| [[Thuringia]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 11.176,78
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.607.329
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 137 || [[Vimarium]]
|-----
| [[Regnum Virtembergiae|Virtembergia]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 19&amp;thinsp;507.63
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2&amp;thinsp;580&amp;thinsp;235
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 132 || [[Stuttgartum]]
|-----
| '''[[Germania]]''' || align=&quot;right&quot; | '''468&amp;thinsp;116.13'''
| align=&quot;right&quot; | '''62&amp;thinsp;410&amp;thinsp;619'''
| align=&quot;right&quot; | '''134''' || '''[[Berolinum]]'''
|-----
|-----
| ''[[Saravia]]''&lt;ref&gt; Saravia (Germanice ''das Saargebiet'') Germaniae post plebiscitum solum anno  [[1935]] restituta est.&lt;/ref&gt; || align=&quot;right&quot; | ''1.910,49''
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''768.000''
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''402'' || ''[[Saravipons]]''
|}

== Praesides Rei Publicae Vimarianae ==

Duo fuerunt praesides Rei Publicae:

* [[1919]]–[[1925]] [[Fridericus Ebert]]
* [[1925]]–[[1934]] [[Paulus de Hindenburg]]

Post mortem Friderici Ebert primum cancellarius [[Ioannes Luther]] et deinde [[Gualterus Simons]] (praeses summi iudicii) praesides pro tempore erant.

Post res novas Novembris anni 1918, [[Concilium legatorum populi]] potestatem ducis civitatis accepit; co-praesides erant Fridericus Ebert et [[Hugo Haase]], primus usque ad Februarium [[1919]], secundus solum usque ad [[29 Decembris]] [[1918]].

== [[Cancellarius|Cancellarii]] Rei Publicae Vimarii ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em&quot;| 
! rowspan=2| Cancellarius (''Kanzler'')&lt;ref&gt;A mense Novembri [[1918]] usque ad mensem Februarium 1919 Ebert, Haase und Scheidemann praesides [[Consilium Legatorum Populi|Consilii Legatorum Populi]] ([[Germanice]] Rat ''der Volksbeauftragten'') erant, postea ,usque ad mensem Augustum [[1919]], dux administrationis Praeses Ministrorum (Germanice ''Ministerpräsident'') et non cancellarius dicitur.
&lt;/ref&gt;!! colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;Mandatum&lt;/small&gt; !! rowspan=2| Factio cancellarii
|-
! &lt;small&gt;a die&lt;/small&gt; !! &lt;small&gt;usque ad diem&lt;/small&gt; 
|-
| ''' [[Fridericus Ebert]] '''  || [[9 Novembris]] [[1918]] || [[11 Februarii]] [[1919]]|| [[SPD]]
|-
| ''' [[Philippus Scheidemann]]'''&lt;br&gt;(''Reichsministerpräsident''&lt;br&gt;- ''praeses ministrorum'')  || [[13 Februarii]] [[1919]] || [[20 Iunii]] [[1919]]|| [[SPD]]
|-
| ''' [[Gustavus Bauer]]'''  || [[21 Iunii]] [[1919]] || [[26 Martii]] [[1920]]||  [[SPD]]
|-
| ''' [[Hermannus Müller]]'''  ||  [[26 Martii]] [[1920]] || [[8 Iunii]] [[1920]]||[[SPD]]
|-
| ''' [[Constantinus Fehrenbach]]'''  || [[25 Iunii]] [[1920]] || [[4 Maii]] [[1921]]||[[Centrum]]
|-
| ''' [[Josephus Wirth]]'''  || [[10 Maii]] [[1921]] || [[14 Novembris]] [[1922]]||[[Centrum]]
|-
| ''' [[Gulielmus Cuno]]'''  || [[22 Novembris]] [[1922]] || [[12 Augusti]] [[1923]]||
|-
| ''' [[Gustavus Stresemann]]'''  || [[13 Augusti]] [[1923]] || [[30 Novembris]] [[1923]]||[[DVP]]
|-
| ''' [[Gulielmus Marx]]'''  || [[30 Novembris]] [[1923]] ||[[15 Ianuarii]] [[1925]]||[[Centrum]]
|-
| ''' [[Ioannes Luther]]'''  || [[15 Ianuarii]] [[1925]] ||[[12 Maii]] [[1926]] ||[[DVP]]
|-
| ''' [[Gulielmus Marx]]'''  || [[17 Maii]] [[1926]] ||[[12 Iunii]] [[1928]]||[[Centrum]]
|-
| ''' [[Hermannus Müller]]'''  || [[28 Iunii]] [[1928]] ||[[27 Martii]] [[1930]]||[[SPD]]
|-
| ''' [[Henricus Brüning]]'''  || [[30 Martii]] [[1930]] ||[[30 Maii]] [[1932]]||[[Centrum]]
|-
| ''' [[Franciscus de Papen]]'''  || [[1 Iunii]] [[1932]] ||[[17 Novembris]] [[1932]]||[[Centrum]]
|-
| ''' [[Curtius de Schleicher]]'''  || [[2 Decembris]] [[1932]] ||[[28 Ianuarii]] [[1933]]||
|}

== Alii praeclari homines inter Rem Publicam Vimarii ==
* [[Curtius Eisner]]
* [[Matthias Erzberger]]
* [[Carolus Liebknecht]]
* [[Rosa Luxemburg]]
* [[Gustavus Noske]]
* [[Ludovicus Quidde]]
* [[Walther Rathenau]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Allen, William Sheridan. [[1984]]. ''The Nazi seizure of Power: the experience of a single German town, 1922–1945.'' Novi Eboraci et Toronti: F. Watts. ISBN 0531099350.
* {{cite book|first=V. R.|last=Berghahn|title=Modern Germany|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-521-34748-3}}
* Bingham, john. ''Weimar Cities: The Challenge of Urban Modernity in Germany, 1919-1933'' (2014)
* {{cite book|last=Bookbinder|first=Paul|title=Weimar Germany: the Republic of the Reasonable|url=https://archive.org/details/weimargermanyrep0000book| location=Manchester, UK |publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-7190-4286-0}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Martinus Broszat|last=Broszat|first=Martin|title=Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlercollapseof0000bros|location=Leamington Spa, New York|publisher=Berg|year=1987|isbn=0-85496-509-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Childers|first=Thomas|title=The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919–1933|url=https://archive.org/details/nazivotersocialf0000chil|location=Chapel Hill|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1983|isbn =0-8078-1570-5}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Gordon A. Craig|last=Craig|first=Gordon A.|title=Germany 1866–1945 (Oxford History of Modern Europe)|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1980|isbn= 0-19-502724-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Dorpalen|first=Andreas|title=Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/hindenburgweimar0000dorp|location= Princeton, N.J.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1964}}
* Eschenburg, Theodor (1972) &quot;The Role of the Personality in the Crisis of the Weimar Republic: Hindenburg, Brüning, Groener, Schleicher&quot; pages 3–50 from ''Republic to Reich The Making Of The Nazi Revolution'' edited by [[Hajo Holborn]], New York: Pantheon Books.
* {{cite book|last=Feuchtwanger|first=Edgar|title=From Weimar to Hitler: Germany, 1918–1933 |url=https://archive.org/details/fromweimartohitl0000feuc_g1n9| location=London|publisher=Macmillan |year=1993|isbn=0-333-27466-0}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Petrus Gay|last=Gay|first=Peter|title=Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider|location=New York|publisher=Harper &amp; Row|year=1968}}
* {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Mel|title=Volutpuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin|url=https://archive.org/details/voluptuouspanice0000gord| location=New York |publisher=Feral House|year=2000}}
* {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard F.|title=Who Voted for Hitler?|url=https://archive.org/details/whovotedforhitle0000hami|location=Princeton, N.J.| publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-691-09395-4}}
*[[Christophorus Harman|Harman, Chris]]. {{cite book | title=The Lost Revolution: Germany 1918–1923 | url=https://archive.org/details/lostrevolutionge0000harm | publisher=Bookmarks | year=1982 | ISBN=090622408X}}
* {{cite book|last=James|first=Harold|title=The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1924–1936|url=https://archive.org/details/germanslumppolit0000jame_i7k7| location=Oxford, Oxfordshire|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1986|isbn=0-19-821972-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Kaes|first=Anton|coauthors=Jay, Martin; Dimendberg, Edward (eds.)|title=The Weimar Republic Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/weimarrepublicso0000unse_j6u2|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1994| isbn=0-520-06774-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|isbn=0-312-04470-4|author-link=Ian Kershaw|title=Weimar. Why did German Democracy Fail?|url=https://archive.org/details/weimarwhydidgerm0000unse|location=London|publisher=Weidenfield &amp; Nicholson|year=1990}}
* {{cite book|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|isbn=0-393-04671-0|author-link=Ian Kershaw|title=Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerhubris00kers|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|year=1998}}
* {{cite book|last=Kolb|first=Eberhard|title=The Weimar Republic|others=P.S. Falla (translator)| location=London|publisher=Unwin Hyman|year=1988|url=https://www.questia.com/read/108856731/the-weimar-republic}}
* Lee, Stephen J. ''The Weimar Republic'' (Routledge, 1998) 144pp [https://web.archive.org/web/20150705223713/https://www.questia.com/library/108273357/the-weimar-republic online]
* McElligott, Anthony ed. ''Weimar Germany'' (Oxford University Press, 2009)  
* {{cite book|authorlink=Ioannes Mommsen|last=Mommsen|first=Hans|title=From Weimar to Auschwitz| others=Philip O'Connor (translator)|location=Princeton, N.J.|publisher=Princeton University Press| year=[[1991]]|isbn=0-691-03198-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Nicholls|first=Anthony James|title=Weimar And The Rise Of Hitler|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=St. Martin's Press,|year=[[2000]]|isbn=0312233507}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Detlev Peukert|last=Peukert|first=Detlev|title=The Weimar Republic: the Crisis of Classical Modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/weimarrepublic00detl|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Hill and Wang|year=[[1992]]|isbn= 0-8090-9674-9}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Henricus Ashby Turner|last=Turner|first=Henry Ashby|title=Hitler's Thirty Days To Power: January 1933|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersthirtyday00turn|location=Reading Massachusettae.|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=[[1996]]|isbn= 0201407140}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Henricus Ashby Turner|last=Turner|first=Henry Ashby|title=German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler|url=https://archive.org/details/germanbigbusines00turn|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=[[1985]]|isbn= 0195034929}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=|last=Weitz|first=Eric D.|title=Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/weimargermanypro00weit_0|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=[[2007]]|isbn=9780691016955}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=Ioannes Wheeler-Bennett|last=Wheeler-Bennett|first=John|title=The Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics, 1918–1945|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Publishing Company|year=[[2005]]|isbn=1-4039-1812-0}}
* {{cite book|authorlink=|last=Widdig|first=Bernd|title=Culture and Inflation in Weimar Germany|url=https://archive.org/details/cultureinflation0000widd|location=Berkeliae|publisher=University of California Press|year=[[2001]]|isbn= 978-0-520-22290-8}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Weimar Republic|Rem Publicam Vimarianam}}

[[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1918]]
[[Categoria:Magna Depressio Oeconomica]]
[[Categoria:Res Publica Vimariana|!]]
{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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    <title>Reformatio</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Reformation.gif|thumb|Reformatio et Contrareformatio in Europa. Terrae Protestanticae caeruleae (maiores aut minores, ut creverant aut minutae sunt Contrareformationis causa), Catholicae virides.]]
'''Reformatio''' {{victio|reformatio|onis|fem}} (scilicet ecclesiae ad veterem [[veritas|veritatem]] [[evangelium|evangelii]]) sensu strictiore varia conata [[saeculum 16|saeculi decimi sexti]] ad [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiam Romanam]] emendandam significat, ex quibus [[schisma]] [[Protestantes|Protestanticum]] profectum est. Reformatio anno [[1517]] initium cepit, cum [[Martinus Lutherus]], monachus [[Germania|Germanus]], 95 theses ([[Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum|Disputationem pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum]]) publicavit. Labores Lutheri et aliorum (sicut [[Helvetia|Helvetici]] [[Huldericus Zvinglius|Hulderici Zvinglii]] et [[Francia|Francogalli]] [[Ioannes Calvinus|Ioannis Calvini]]), qui se &quot;reformatores ecclesiae&quot; putaverunt et contra quasdam doctrinas, ritus, structuras ecclesiasticas restiterunt (&quot;protestati sunt&quot;) ad novas ecclesias gentilicias creandas pertinuerunt, quae &quot;[[Protestantes]]&quot; vocari solent et sententia [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] in numero [[Haeresis|haeresium]] habentur. 
[[Fasciculus:95Thesen.jpg|thumb|left|Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum: nonaginta quinque theses Martini Lutheri]]

Reformationi per [[Europa]]m varia praecesserunt, quae fidem populi in Ecclesiam Catholicam et [[papa|papa]]tum debilitaverant aut necessitatem, ut ecclesia emendaretur, monstraverant (inter alia [[pestis]] et [[Magnum schisma occidentale]]); etiam [[Humanismus]] sive [[Renascentia litterarum]], novae artes inventae (sicut [[impressio]]) et casus [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]] ad [[Protestantismus|Protestantismi]] ortum contribuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;Euan Cameron, ''The European Reformation'' (1991)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecclesia Catholica Romana [[Contrareformatio]]ne a [[Concilium Tridentinum|Concilio Tridentino]] inchoata respondit, quam imprimis [[Societas Iesu]] ante agebat. Tamen Europa septentrionalis, sola [[Hibernia]] et parvis plagis [[Britannia Maior|Britanniae Maioris]] [[Nederlandia]]eque exceptis, Protestantica facta est. Europa meridiana Catholica permansit, cum pugnae atroces Europam mediam per multos annos devastarent.

Maximae novarum ecclesiarum fuerunt [[Lutheranismus|Lutherana]] (maxima ex parte in [[Germania]], [[Regio Baltica|regione Baltica]] et [[Scandinavia]]) et [[Ecclesiae Reformatae]] (maxima ex parte in Germania, [[Helvetia]], [[Nederlandia]] et [[Scotia]]). Praeterea fuerunt multae communitates minores. Ad tempus reformationis plerumque anni inter [[1517]] (Lutheri 95 theses) et [[1648]] ([[Pax Westphalica]]) numerantur.

== Praecursoria et res reformationem alentes ==
Quod reformatio in [[Germania]] orta est, celeriter processit, denique ex Germania in alias terras diffusa est, variis ex causis explanari potest:

=== Humanismus et impressio librorum ===
[[Fasciculus:Desidrius Erasmus by Hans Holbein.jpg|thumb|[[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Erasmus Roterodamus]] ab [[Ioannes Holpenius|Ioanne Holpenio]] pictus]]
[[Humanismus]], qui [[saeculum 14|saeculo decimo quarto]] in [[Italia]] natus paulatim in omnem Europam profectus erat, [[Renascentia litterarum|Renascentiam litterarum]] antiquarum appetebat. Humanistae, dum ibant [[ad fontes]], novas quaestiones posuerunt, veritates quassaverunt, mentem criticam aluerunt. Humanismus imprimis in [[universitas|universitatibus]] vigebat, ubi multos reformatores futuros afficiebat. Humanistarum lectioni assiduae diligentique [[Biblia|Bibliorum]] ac [[Patres Ecclesiae|Patrum Ecclesiae]] in ecclesiis reformationis principatus scripturae (&quot;[[sola scriptura]]&quot;) respondit. Praeterea [[saeculum 15|saeculo decimo quinto]] medio [[impressio]] librorum cum typis mobilibus inventa est, qua reformatores potenti ad opiniones divulgandas instrumento usi sunt.

=== Causae sociales oeconomicaeque ===
Saeculo decimo sexto res sociales maxime mutatae sunt. Inter alia gravitas urbium magis magisque crevit, in quibus mercatura ordo civium ortus est, qui maximis fortunis gavasus est (ut puta familia [[Fugger]] [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]]). [[Patricii (ordo)|Patricii]] oppidani saepe [[nobilitas|nobilitatem]] ruri viventem vi oeconomica superavit, quippe qui in sola agricultura operam navarent. Agricolae, qui maximam incolarum partem efficiebant, vectigalibus servitiisque pressi vix vitam trahere potuerunt. Praeterea [[metalla nobilia|metallis nobilibus]] ex [[America]] continuo affluentibus valor pecuniae et potestas acquirendi ([[inflatio]]) maxime minuta sunt. Ad hoc numerus incolarum ab anno [[1470]] celeriter crevit, quare et cibis caritas illata est et pro labore minore pretio solverunt. Penuria a [[saeculum 15|saeculo decimo quinto]] exeunte crebro tumultus exorti sunt, quorum maximus fuit [[Bellum rusticum Germanicum]] anno [[1525]].

=== Constitutio Sacri imperii Romani ===
[[Fasciculus:Karl V.-Carlos I. 1548 (Tiziano Vecellio?) 066.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Carolus V (imperator)]] a [[Titianus Vecellii|Titiano]] pictus]]
[[Sacrum Romanum Imperium]] multis ex [[territorium (pars administrativa)|territoriis]] constabat neque - aliter ac [[Anglia]] aut [[Francia]] - ab una sede regebatur. [[Imperator Romanus Sacer|Imperator]], qui summo imperii officio functus est, [[Princeps Elector Imperii|principibus electoribus]] ante electionem sic dictis ''pactis conventis'' se eorum iura territorialia respecturum concedere debuit. Summum concilium legibus dandis fuerunt [[Dieta Imperii Germanici|Dietae]], quae ab imperatore, plerumque cum pecunia egeret, convocatae sunt. Imperator leges dare non nisi consensu dietae potuit, in qua [[Status Imperii|Statibus Imperii]] (principibus electoribus, nobilitati altae et liberis imperii urbibus) suffragii latio fuit. 

Haec constitutio, quae etiam &quot;dualismus&quot; inter imperatorem et Status imperii vocatur, reformationi spargendae maxime profuit: Quod imperatori vera potestas in imperio deerat, de fortuna reformationis variis in territoriis varie decretum est. Saepe principibus usui fuit reformationem introducere, qua ab imperatore et [[papa]] liberiores fierent. In rebus religionis imperium in plurimas partes fractum est, id quod imperator, etsi prohibere voluit, tamen potentia carente non potuit. Praeterea [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolus V]] imperator bellis in [[Francia]]m et [[Imperium Ottomanicum]] occupatus annis, postquam [[Martinus Lutherus]] theses publicaverat, vix in imperio versatus est.

=== Simultas domus Habsburgensis ac Franciae necnon periculum Turcarum ===
[[Europa]]e belli pacisque consilia imprimis a simultate [[domus Habsburgensis]] ac [[Francia]]e effecta sunt. [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolus V]] imperator et [[Franciscus I (rex Franciae)|Franciscus I]] rex Franciae inter annos [[1521]]–[[1544]] per breves dilatationes tria bella de [[Italia septentrionalis|Italia septentrionali]] et de [[Ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundia]] gesserunt, quas uterque sibi vindicavit. Imperium Habsburgense ab [[Europa Media]] ad [[Hispania]]m (cum [[Italia meridiana]], [[Sicilia]] et [[Colonia|coloniis]] Hispanicis in [[Mundus Novus|mundo novo]]. Francia a duobus territoriis Habsburgensibus circumsaepta erat. Cum Carolus V Francia meridiana occupata imperium cum Hispania coniungere vellet, Franciscus I omnibus viribus contra egit. Etiam [[papa]] nimiarum opum potentiam Habsburgensem timens ad tempus cum rege Francico foedus fecit.

Ad hoc semper [[Turcae]] Europam a regionibus austro-orientalibus imminebant. Anno [[1526]] [[Ottomanidae]]  [[pugna Mohacsensis|pugna Mohacsensi]] [[Regnum Hungariae|Hungaros]] vicerunt, anno [[1529]] [[Vindobona]]m oppugnaverunt. Imperatori, ut malo occurreret, pecunia copiaeque conquirendae erant. Quod ei ad es comparandas assensione Statuum imperii opus erat, auctoritas eius amplius deminuta est.

Multis negotiis occupatus Carolus V annis [[1521]]–[[1530]] et [[1532]]–[[1541]] extra imperium versatus est, quo tempore reformatio expers maioris impedimenti se diffundere potuit.

=== Mystica et Devotio moderna ===
[[Fasciculus:Johannes Tauler, Predigten.jpg|thumb|Index primae sermonum [[Ioannes Taulerus|Ioannis Tauleri]] editionis (1498).]]
Aliter ac  philosophi [[Scholastica (philosophia)|scholastici]], qui mundum via rationali intellegere interpretarique volunt, [[mystica|mystici]] mundo relinquendo peritiam Dei petunt. Ut [[Spiritus Sanctus]] hominem complere possit, necessarium esse vacuum fieri ac cupidines mittere. Non speculatio [[Theologia|theologica]], sed experientia practica finis. Ad Martinum Lutherum imprimis sermones [[Ioannes Taulerus|Ioannis Tauleri]] et liber ''Theologia deutsch'' (id est Theologia theodisca) intitulatus eidem falso ascriptus maximam vim habuerunt.  

[[Devotio moderna]], quae a [[Gerardus Magnus|Gerardo Magno]] ([[1340]]–[[1384]]) e [[Daventria]] repetit, imprimis in [[Nederlandia]] et in [[Germania]] boreo-occidentali diffusa erat. Eodem tempore quo [[Humanismus]] orta Devotio moderna, quae traditiones mysticas cum pietate practica coniunxit, Christianis suadebat, ut religioni non propter res externas, sed sapienter et ex animi iudicio adhaererent. Exemplar [[Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini Fratrum a Vita Communi|Fratrum a Vita Communi]], qui sine [[Professio religiosa|votis religiosis]] communiter vivebant, erat [[prima communitas Hierosolymitana]].  [[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus]] humanista hac mente eruditus est. Opus maximi momenti Devotionis modernae est &quot;De Imitatione Christi&quot;, quam Thomas a Kempis scripsisse putatur. Doctrina aditum ipsorum fidelium ad Deum patere postea a reformatoribus maxime praedicata est.

===Necessitas ecclesiae reformandae ac odium clericorum===
[[Fasciculus:Das Jüngste Gericht (Memling).jpg|thumb|left|[[Postremum iudicium]], a [[Ioannes Memling|Ioanne Memling]] circa annum [[1470]] pictum.]]
Metus mortis ac [[iudicium particulare|iudicii particularis]] - etiam terrore [[pestis]], quae [[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] exeunte multis in regionibus maximam incolarum partem vita eripuit auctus - hominibus semper praesens erat. Quare homines instrumenta quaerebant, quibus sibi salutem aeternam praestarent, inter alia fundationes pias, [[requiem|missas pro defunctis]], [[peregrinatio (religio)|peregrinationes]], [[processio]]nes et [[litterae indulgentiales|litteras indulgentiales]] (quibus tempus in [[purgatorium|purgatorio]] brevius redderetur). Omnia haec instrumenta salutis ab [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|ecclesia]] pecunia emi potuerunt. Ita desiderium salutis ad lucrum perverse collatum, [[pietas]] [[supernaturalis|magia]] permixta est.

Per [[magnum schisma occidentale]] (1378-1417), quo plures [[papa]]e se legitimos successores [[Petrus|Petri]] esse affirmaverunt et se invicem [[excommunicatio|excommunicaverunt]], auctoritas papatus deminuta est. Ad vitam more principum actam exsolvendam pecunia opus erat, quam papae [[decima|decimis]] et supradictis muneribus a [[presbyter|sacerdotibus]] exigi iusserunt. Iidem sacerdotes plerumque male docti et pauperes, quamvis vectigalibus liberati, sicut [[laicus|laici]] vivebant, saepe una cum feminis liberisque. [[Clerus]] altus autem ex filiis nobilitatis suppletus est, qui officia ecclesiastica imprimis ob [[praebenda]] cum iis coniuncta appetebant. Officiis non ipsi fungi solebant, sed curam animarum aliis detulerunt, ut vitam dulcem - saepe cum [[concubina]] - agere potuerunt.  [[Simonia]] et [[nepotismus]] vigebant, etsi decretis ecclesiasticis saepe damnata. Haec discrepantia inter praecepta [[evangelium|evangelii]] et vitam clericorum odium populi incitavit.

=== Petrus Valdes, Ioannes Wycliffe et Ioannes Hus ===
[[Fasciculus:Spiezer Chronik Jan Hus 1485.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ioannes Hus]] supplicio affectus est. Chronica Spiez anno [[1485]].]]
[[Fasciculus:John Wycliffe 01.jpg|thumb|[[Ioannes Wycliffe]].]]
Iam ante reformationem Protestanticam plurimi ecclesiae reformationem appetebant, qui partim intra ecclesiam Catholicam permanebant (ut puta varii [[ordo religiosus|ordines]] et [[Devotio moderna]]), partim ut [[haeresis|haeretici]] ecclesia expulsi vexatique sunt, sicut [[Petrus Valdes]], [[Ioannes Wycliffe]] et [[Ioannes Hus]], qui ultimi [[Protestantes|Protestantismi]] praecursores haberi solent.
Petrus Valdes (mortuus ante annum [[1218]]) fuit mercator [[Lugdunum|Lugdunensis]], qui communitatem Christianam piorum [[laicus|laicorum]] condidit, quae postea ab eo nomen &quot;[[Valdenses|Valdensium]]&quot; traxit. Per saecula ut haeretici crudeliter vexati tamen ad hunc diem permanent. Hodie sunt ecclesia protestans in [[Italia]] et [[America Australis|America Australi]] diffusa.
[[Fasciculus:WaldoAtLutherDenkmal.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Valdes in [[monumentum|monumento]] [[Lutherus|Luthero]] dedicato (1868) [[Wormatia]]e.]]

[[Paroecia|Parochus]] Ioannes Wycliffe [[saeculum 14|saeculo decimo quarto]] in [[Anglia]] laboravit. Primo magister [[Oxonia]]e anno [[1374]] [[paroecia]]m [[Lutterworth]] suscepit. Tum ob vectigalia a [[Sancta Sedes|Sancta Sede]] introducta in Anglia ira paparum ardere coeperat. Wycliffe in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] nixus reformationem ecclesiae postulans, vitia [[clerus|clericorum]] aperte vituperavit. [[Veneratio]]nem [[Imagines piae|imaginum piarum]], [[Sanctus|sanctorum]] et [[Reliquiae|reliquiarum]], necnon [[caelibatus|caelibatum]] et doctrinam [[transsubstantiatio]]nis reiecit. Postquam a papa in eum actio constituta est, a [[rex|rege]], qui maiorem ecclesiae in Anglia libertatem speraverat, destitutus est, doctrinae eius ab universitate et synodis damnatae sunt. Ipse Wycliffe autem, quod tumultus populi timebatur, accusatus non est. [[Concilium Constantiense]] demum eum anno [[1415]] haereticum damnavit, ossa eius post mortem cremata sunt. Opiniones eius a [[Lollardi]]s prolatae sunt.
 
Ioannes Hus plane exemplum Ioannis Wycliffe appellavit, cuius opiniones a studentibus [[Bohemi|Bohemis]] Oxonia [[Praga]]m delatae sunt. Hus studiis [[theologia]]e peractis professor in universitate factus est. Aperte avaritiam luxuriamque clericorum vituperavit et fundamentalem ecclesiae reformationem, quae Bibliis freta esset, poposcit. Praeterea papam summam in rebus fidei auctoritatem non agnovit. Hussii opiniones populo valde placebant. Cum anno [[1408]] munere missus et anno [[1411]] excommunicatus est, Pragae tumultus facti sunt. Hus patriam peragrans opiniones suas amplius pervulgavit doctrinamque explicavit ecclesiam communitatem sine [[hierarchia]] a solo Christo directam esse debere. Anno [[1414]] Hus ante Concilium Constantiense vocatus est, ut ibi sententias suas revocaret. Etsi ei fides a rege [[Sigismundus Luxemburgicus|Sigismundo Luxemburgico]] promissa erat, tamen anno [[1415]] haereticus flammis crematus est. Retinuerunt Ioannis sic dicti [[Hussitae]] doctrinam, qui annis [[1419]]-[[1436]] in [[Bohemia]] contra regem multis proeliis conflixerunt.

Reformatores multa ab Ioanne Wycliffe et Ioanne Hussio dicta acceperunt et ad effectum adduxerunt.

{{vide-etiam|Reformatio Bohemica}}

== Lutheranismus in Germania ==
=== Lutheri &quot;iustitia passiva&quot; et de indulgentia disputatio (1517–1519) ===
[[Fasciculus:Lucas Cranach (I) workshop - Martin Luther (Uffizi).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Martinus Lutherus]].]]
[[Martinus Lutherus]] anno [[1505]] [[monachus]] in [[Ordo Sancti Augustini|Ordinem Eremitarum Sancti Augustini]] ingressus est. Ab anno [[1512]] munere professoris [[Universitas Leucorea|Universitatis Leucoreae]] [[Wittenberga]]e functus scholas habuit de libris [[Biblia|biblicis]]. Interpretatio [[Epistula ad Romanos|Epistulae ad Romanos]] et studium [[theologia]]e Sancti [[Paulus|Pauli]] animum eius maxime commoverunt. Lutherus, qui antehac &quot;iustitiam Dei&quot; ut &quot;distributivam&quot; (&quot;[[suum cuique]]&quot;)  timens scientia [[peccatum|peccati]] metuque iudicii imminentis passus erat, apud Paulum ''iustitiam passivam'' invenit: ''Iustitia enim Dei in eo revelatur ex fide in fidem, sicut scriptum est: Iustus autem ex fide vivet'' (Ro 1,17). Iustitia Dei peccatorem fide iustificat, operibus pari non potest! Haec &quot;inventio reformatoria&quot; momento temporis, dum Lutherus in turri meditatur, accidisse traditur (&quot;Turmerlebnis&quot;, eventus in turri passus); num magis longiore tempore (1514–1518) gradatimque ad hanc opinionem pervenerit disputatur.  

[[Fasciculus:CranachAlbrechtBrandenburg.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Albertus Brandenburgensis]]
Occasionem ipsam reformationis dedit [[Albertus Brandenburgensis]] episcopus [[Dioecesis Magdeburgensis|Magdeburgensis]], qui etiam sedem [[Dioecesis Moguntina|Moguntinam]] appetivit, ut [[Princeps Elector Imperii]] fieret. Cum [[indulgentia]]m praedicari iussit, qua pecunia ad [[dispensatio (ius)|dispensationem]] a papa emendam pareretur, Lutherus [[Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis|disputationem pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum]] (suas 95 theses notissimas) publicavit. Traditio vult Lutherum theses die [[31 Octobris]], qui ex tunc in Germania quotannis &quot;dies reformationis&quot; celebratur,  anno [[1517]] in porta ecclesiae palatii Wittenbergensis affixisse. Lutherus indulgentiam reiecit, quod falsam salutis securitatem pareret. [[Paenitentia]] sufficere, ut peccator a peccatis solveretur, nullo [[sacramentum|sacramento]] intercedente. Theses celeriter diffusae sunt, quas Lutherus inter alia in sic dicta [[Disputatio Heidelbergensis|Disputatione Heidelbergensi]] mense Aprili anno [[1518]] habita explicavit. Multi reformatores futuri (sicut [[Philippus Melanchthon]] et [[Martinus Bucerus]]) adfuerunt, qui opiniones Lutheri libentissime receperunt.

Albertus Brandenburgensis actionem ecclesiasticam instituit, sententiam de [[Universitas Moguntina|universitate Moguntina]] rogavit et antequam arbitrium datum est res ad [[Sancta Sedes|Sanctam Sedem]] detulit. Mense Octobri anno [[1518]] Lutherus in [[Dieta Imperii (Sacrum Romanum Imperium)|dieta]] [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustana Vindelicorum]] a [[Thomas Caietanus|Thoma Caietano]] cardinale interrogatus est, sed theses non revocavit. Mense Iunio anno [[1519]] [[Lipsia]]e disputatum est. Cum [[Ioannes Eckius]], qui partem ecclesiae Romanae egit, eo rem perduxit, ut Lutherus [[infallibilitas pontificalis|infallibilitatem pontificalem]] [[Oecumenicum concilium|conciliorumque]] negaret diceretque ''aliquos Hussiticos articulos in Constanciensi concilio damnatos esse christianissimos et euangelicos''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140220002524/http://ivv7srv15.uni-muenster.de/mnkg/pfnuer/Eckbriefe/N100.html Eckius ad Gervasium Vaim Memingensem (1519)]. Ibi plura de disputatione ex Eckii sententia.&lt;/ref&gt;, se Lutherum &quot;novum Hussium&quot; detexisse iactavit.

=== Doctrina reformatoria explicatur (1520) ===
==== Principalia scripta reformatoria ====
[[Fasciculus:Christlicher-Adel-de.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|''An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation'' (Ad Christianam nationis Germanae nobilitatem).]]
Anno [[1520]] Lutherus tribus libris, qui ex tunc principalia scripta reformatoria habentur, doctrinam theologicam explicavit, quae fundamentum posterioris [[Lutheranismus|Lutheranismi]] futurum erat. In primo scripto ''An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation von des christlichen Standes Besserung'' (Ad Christianam nationis Germanae nobilitatem de ordine Christiano emendando) magistratus civiles invitavit, ut ecclesiam emendarent, quae ad se ipsam emendandam inutilis esset. Formam futurae civitatis proposuit, qua [[schola]]e sive tota disciplina et [[cura pauperum]] rei publicae attribueretur, [[caelibatus]] et [[Dicio Pontificia]] aboleretur. Praeterea [[Commune omnium fidelium sacerdotium]] ita interpretatus est, ut [[hierarchia]] ecclesiastica cum [[clerus|clericis]] a [[laicus|laicis]] vere distinctis supervacanea fieret. Interpretatio [[Biblis|Bibliorum]] non solum [[papa]]e, sed unicuique Christiano competere. Etiam onera fiscalia ab ecclesia imposita reiecit, quod nobilitati inferiori ac [[Eques (medium aevum)|equitibus]] [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|imperialibus]] valde placuit. Scriptum celeriter late pervulgatum est.

[[Fasciculus:Luther1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|''De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae.'']]
In libro secundo ''De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae'', quem quod doctis destinatus erat Latine scripsit, Lutherus doctrinae Catholicae de [[Sacramentum|sacramentis]] censuram agit. Bibliis fultus numerum sacramentorum  a septem ad tria minuit ([[baptismus]], [[eucharistia]], [[paenitentia]]), calicem pro laicis (id est sacram Communionem sub utraque specie) poposcit, conversionem panis et vini in corpus et sanguinem Christi [[transsubstantiatio]]nem [[missa]]mque esse sacrificium negat.

Tertio in libro ''Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen'' (De libertate Christiana) intitulato de libertate [[evangelium|evangelica]] explicat. Christfidelis simul &quot;coram Deo&quot; et &quot;coram mundo&quot; positus est. Coram Deo, qui peccatorem [[sola gratia]] [[iustificatio|iustificat]], homo operibus liber est. Coram mundo fides bonis operibus manifestanda est. Christfidelis simul est &quot;iustus (sc. coram Deo) et peccator (sc. coram mundo)&quot;. Omnis Christianus in duobus regiminibus vivit, alio saeculari, quod &quot;iure gladii&quot; regitur, alio spiritali, ubi verbum divinum valet. Hac interpretatione magistratuum vis pacem ordinemque conservandi, etsi in evangelio [[hominum caritas]] postulata est, legitima declaratur.

===== Fundamenta theologiae reformatoriae sive protestanticae =====
Doctrinae reformationis maximi momenti, quae et hodie ab omnibus ecclesiis ex reformatione ortis profitentur, saepe cum quattuor &quot;solis&quot; describuntur:
*&quot;[[sola gratia]]&quot; homo salutem adipiscitur, non viribus suis.
*&quot;[[sola fide]]&quot;  homo iustificatur, non bonis operibus.
*&quot;[[sola scriptura]]&quot; est fundamentum fidei Christianae, non traditio ecclesiastica. 
*&quot;solus Christus&quot; atque vita doctrinaque eius fundamenta fidei et salutis hominum esse possunt.

=== Excommunicatio et Dieta Wormatiensis (1521) ===
[[Fasciculus:Luther-in-Worms-auf-Rt.jpg|thumb|Lutherus in [[Dieta Wormatiensis|Dieta Wormatiensi]] [[1521]].]]
[[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo V]] novo imperatore electo actio in Lutherum continuata est. Die [[15 Iunii]] anno [[1520]] [[Leo X]] papa [[Bulla apostolica]] ''[[Exsurge Domine]]'' Luthero [[Anathema]] minatus est. Intra 60 dies Lutherus sententias ab ecclesia [[haeresis|haereticas]] censas revocaret. Die, quo temporis spatium praeteriit, Lutherus bullam una cum [[ius canonicum|Decretalibus]] [[Wittenberga]]e in publico cremavit. Papa, quem Lutherus posthac contumeliose ''[[Antichristus|Antichristum]]'' nominabat, eum die [[3 Ianuarii]] anno [[1521]] bulla ''[[Decet Romanum Pontificem]]'' [[excommunicatio|excommunicavit]]. Secundum ius imperii excommunicatione edicta [[proscriptio]] constituta est. Obstinato animo tractando [[Fridericus III (dux Saxoniae)|Fridericus Sapiens]], dux Saxoniae et Lutheri princeps,  impetravit, ut hic adversus excommunicationem in dieta [[Wormatia|Wormatiensi]] anno [[1521]] ab imperatore interrogaretur. Papa invito Carolus V Lutherum die [[17 Aprilis]] anno 1521 Wormatiae accepit. Lutherus interrogatus, num sententias suas agnosceret et revocare vellet, die ad deliberandum intermisso sententias agnovit, se autem rectractare non posse nisi ex sacra scriptura redargutus respondit. Contra auctoritatem papae et conciliorum Lutherus [[sola scriptura|solam scripturam]] appellavit. Notissimum est illud ei - falso tamen - ascriptum: ''Hier stehe ich. Gott helfe mir. Ich kann nicht anders'' (Hic sto. Deus me adiuvet. Aliter non possum), ex quo auctor [[Liberum de rebus divinis iudicium|liberi de rebus divinis iudicii]] habebatur. Recessu (id est decreto) diei [[30 Aprilis]] anno 1521 Lutherus proscriptus est. Quod imperator fidem dederat, eum impune abiturum, spatium 21 dierum statutum est, quo in tutum se reciperet. In [[Saxonia]]m reversus in saltibus [[Thuringia]]e insidiis fictis a militibus Saxonicis comprehensus in arcem nomine [[Wartburg]] delatus est.

=== Progressus reformationis in Germania ===
[[Fasciculus:Wartburg2004.JPG|thumb|[[Wartburg]] prope [[Eisenach]].]]
A mense Maio anni [[1521]] usque ad mensem Martium [[1522]] Lutherus nomine &quot;Junker Jörg&quot; (nobilis Georgius) tectus in ''Wartburg'' versatus est. Strenue laborans fundamenta ecclesiae Protestanticae posuit: [[Magnificat]] carmen interpretatus reformatam de Sanctae [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Maria]]e veneratione opinionem demonstravit; sermonibus in omnes partes dimittendis novam praedicandi culturam condidit; litteris &quot;De votis monasticis&quot; [[Professio religiosa|professionem religiosam]] Sacrae Scripturae contra dicere affirmavit, quod &quot;iustitia ex operibus&quot; anniteretur, praeterea recessum ex mundo vocationi, ut Christianus in mundo vivens munus a Deo assignatum impleret et familiam conderet, repugnare. His litteris publicatis multi, etsi initio iudicio petiti, [[monasterium|monasteria]] reliquerunt.

[[Fasciculus:Lutherbibel.jpg|thumb|left|[[Biblia]] a Luthero versa anni [[1534]].]]
Lutheri opus maximi momenti erat [[Novum Testamentum]] e [[lingua Graeca]] versum. Editione Graeca paulo ante ab [[Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus|Erasmo Roterodamo]] facta usus est, cum anteriores versiones verniculares in [[Vulgata]] [[lingua Latina|Latina]] annisae sint. In vertendo Lutherus sermonem cotidianum facilemque ad intellegendum appetivit, qui per saecula exemplum vertendi factus est et insuper maximam ad progressum [[Lingua Theodisca alta|linguae Theodiscae altae]] vim habuit. Numerosa verba Theodisca a Luthero ficta usque ad hunc diem in usu sunt. Prima editio Novi Testamenti mense Septembri anno [[1522]] foras data est. [[Vetus Testamentum]] Lutherus ob difficultates linguisticas multasque de verborum significatione disputationibus gradatim usque ad annum [[1534]] perfecit.

Cum [[Wittenberga]]e [[Andreas Carlostadius|Andrea Carlostadio]] duce [[missa]] maxime mutata vel quasi aboleta (1521) et [[iconoclastia]] facta est (1522) Lutherus a consilio urbis revocatus Wittenbergam revertit, habitu monastio praedicavit, missae restitutionem &quot;ad infirmis parcendum&quot; poposcit, tumultum a Deo vetitum esse dixit. Cum Carlostadius libellos aliquot edidit contra realem Christi in Eucharistia praesentiam Lutherus egit, ut Carlostadius urbe pelleretur.
[[Fasciculus:Gedaechtniskirche_Speyer_Sued.jpg|thumb|Ecclesia quae [[Spira]]e in memoriam &quot;protestationis&quot; in [[dieta Spirensis|dieta Spirensi]] [[aedificium| aedificata est]].]]

Tamen et Lutherus traditiones ecclesiasticas examinavit. Res Scripturae contrarias abolendas, traditiones non biblicas, dum utiles habitae sint, conservandas censuit. Causis didacticis contra imaginum vetitum et pro tralaticia liturgiae forma disputavit. [[Papa]]tum et [[Sacri Ordines|Sacros Ordines]], quippe qui non biblici essent, reiecit; ministros Protestantes non [[presbyter|sacerdotes]] ordinatos, sed [[laicus|laicos]] esse, qui ob meliorem institutionem et studium evangelicum officia pro fidelibus exercerent. Novi liturgiae ordines linguae Theodiscae a variis reformatoribus prolati (Carlostadius, [[Huldericus Zvinglius|Zvinglius]], postea etiam Lutherus) mox missam Latinam demoverunt, liturgia verbi (lectio Bibliorum et sermo) ex tunc principalis habebatur.

In [[Dieta Imperii (Sacrum Romanum Imperium)|dieta]] anno [[1526]] [[Spira (urbs)|Spirae]] habita recessus dietae [[Wormatia|Wormatiensis]] ita mutatus est, ut [[Status Imperii]] libere de eius exsecutione sive de rebus religionibus decernerent. Quamquam [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolus V]] imperator se opposuit in dieta Spirensi diei [[19 Aprilis]] [[1529]] sex principes et quattuordecim [[Urbes imperiales|urbes imperiales]] contra Lutheri librorumque eius proscriptionem intercessionem fecerunt et liberam Evangelicae fidei propagationem poposcerunt. Haec &quot;protestatio&quot; principum nativitas Protestantismi habetur.

A dieta [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]] anno [[1530]], cum imperatori [[Confessio Augustana]] tradita est, duae reformationes factiones (Lutherani et pars Helvetica) ecclesias sui iuris constituere coeperunt: Liturgiae reformatae, confessiones conscriptae, regulae ecclesiarum statutae sunt. In loco [[Codex Iuris Canonici|iuris canonici]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|ecclesiae Romanae]] regimen cuiusque principis vel territorii constitit.

Ecclesiis regionalibus crescendis potentia principum aucta, stipendia antea Romam missa minuta vel ex toto omissa sunt. Bellis inter Catholicos et Protestantes [[saeculum 16|saeculo decimo sexto]] medio in Germania Helvetiaque commissis liberum moderantium in rebus religionibus arbitrium confirmatum est, qui status postea verbis &quot;[[cuius regio, eius religio]]&quot; conceptus est.

== Reformatio radicalis ==
[[Fasciculus:Thomas Muentzer.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Thomas Müntzer]].]]
Factiones reformatoriae, quae ecclesiae modum formamque a Luthero aut Zvinglio constitutam abnuerunt, a saeculo vicesimo nomine collectivo [[Reformatio radicalis|Reformationis radicalis]]&lt;ref&gt;Williams, George H. (1962).  The radical reformation. Philadelphia : Westminster Press. ISBN 0940474158.&lt;/ref&gt; vel etiam &quot;Sinistrum reformationis cornu&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Fast, Heinold (1962). Der linke Flügel der Reformation. Glaubenszeugnisse der Täufer, Spiritualisten, Schwärmer und Antitrinitarier (Klassiker des Protestantismus, vol. 4), Bremae.&lt;/ref&gt; comprehenduntur. Notione imprimis reformatores sicut [[Thomas Müntzer]], [[Andreas Carlostadius]] et [[Caspar Schwenckfeldius]] necnon [[Anabaptistae]] designantur.

Pars, inter quos notissimus Thomas Müntzer, reformationem ecclesiae a radicibus et eversionem rerum publicarum appetiverunt. Ex quo etiam [[Bellum rusticum Germanicum]] ([[1524]]–[[1526]]) ortum est.

Anabaptistae, qui impulsu reformationis Helveticae paulo post bellum rusticum exstiterunt, communitatem Christianam [[Novum Testamentum|Novi Testamenti]] restituere cupiverunt. Non [[baptismus infantium|infantes]], sed soli homines [[baptismus adultorum|fide commoti]] [[baptismus|baptizati sunt]] (quod adversarii &quot;rebaptisma&quot; vocaverunt). Ecclesiam communitatem fidelium esse crediderunt, quibus omnibus [[sacerdotium universale|sacerdotii universalis]] participibus [[presbyter|presbyteros]] ac [[diaconus|diaconos]] suos eligere liceret. Severam [[Separatio ecclesiae a civitate|inter ecclesiam et civitatem separationem]] et [[libertas religionis|libertatem religionis]] poposcerunt, multi eorum [[iusiurandum]] abnuerunt. Hoc imprimis magistratibus suspecti facti varie vexationes passi sunt. Ad Anabaptistas inter alios [[Hutteri]] et [[Mennonitae]] pertinent.

Longe aliter Anabaptistae [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]] in [[Westfalia]] spe imminentis [[Parusia]]e ac vexationibus acceptis furentes vi „[[regnum Monasterii]]“ erexerunt, quo [[prima communitas Hierosolymitana]] redintegraretur. Duces se instrumenta ac propugnatores [[regnum Dei|regni Dei]] imminentis esse arbitrati sunt.

Quarta pars erant ii, quos animadversarii [[spiritualismus (theologia)|spiritualistas]] vocaverunt. Res externas despicientes non ecclesiam visibilem vel legibus constitutam constituere voluerunt, sed se quandam [[unio mystica|unionem mysticam]] viderunt. Ad eos [[Sebastianus Franck]] et [[Caspar Schwenckfeldius]] pertinuerunt.

Et magistratus Catholici et Lutherani supradictos severitate persecuti sunt – nulla finium doctrinarumque ratione habita. Multae Anabaptistae patria expulsi, fortunis privati, in carcerem missi vel etiam capitis damnati sunt.

== Propagatio reformationis aliis in terris ==
[[Fasciculus:Jean_Calvin.png|thumb|[[Ioannes Calvinus]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Ulrich-Zwingli-1.jpg|thumb|[[Huldericus Zvinglius]] (fere [[1531]]).]]
[[Fasciculus:Bullinger.JPG|thumb|[[Henricus Bullingerus]].]]
Saeculo decimo sexto medio [[Ioannes Calvinus]] [[Genava]]e reformator prodiit, [[Turicum (urbs)|Turici]] in urbe autem [[Henricus Bullingerus]], qui [[Huldericus Zvinglius|Hulderico Zvinglio]] in ecclesia moderanda successit. Uterque scriptis reformationem consolidavit, Calvinus [[Institutio Christianae Religionis|Institutione Christianae Religionis]], Bullingerus [[Confessio Helvetica|Confessione Basileensi posteriore]], quae utraeque maximi ponderis ad Protestantismum toto orbe terrarum habuerunt. Ex doctrinis eorum [[Ecclesiae Reformatae]] progressae sunt.

[[Gulielmus Tyndale|Gulielmo Tyndale]] suffocato, Calvini auctoritas apud Protestantes [[Anglia|Anglicos]] magis magisque accrevit. Idem cum [[Eduardus IV (rex Angliae)|Eduardo VI]] rege Angliae et cum theologis per litteras collocutus est. [[Colonia|Coloniis]] Anglicis ab anno [[1609]] in [[America Septentrionalis|America septentrionali]] conditis ibi ecclesiae Reformatae primas partes egerunt, imprimis [[Ecclesiae Congregationales]], [[Baptistae]], [[Ecclesiae Presbyterianae|Presbyteriani]], [[Communio Anglicana|Anglicani]], [[Religiosa Amicorum Sodalitas|Quackeri]] et [[Methodistae]]. [[Lutheranismus|Lutherani]] et [[Mennonita]]e minores congregationes formaverunt.

=== Helvetia ===
Reformatio in [[Helvetia]] aliter ac in Germania processit. Initium cepit ab anno [[1519]], cum [[Huldericus Zvinglius]] in ecclesia [[Großmünster (Turicum)|Großmünster]] [[Turicum (urbs)|Turici]] praedicare coepit, finem, cum [[bellum Toggenburgense|bello Toggenburgensi]] ([[1712]]) nova ecclesiarum divisio in Helvetia confirmata est. Quod Helvetia antiqua ex multis civitatibus foederatis constabat, reformatio a pluribus locis sparsa est. Ecclesiae ex reformatione Helvetica natae usque ad hunc diem doctrina moribusque a [[Lutheranismus|Lutheranismo]] abhorrent. Reformatores maximi momenti erant [[Ioannes Calvinus]], conditor [[Calvinismus|Calvinismi]], qui ab anno [[1536]] [[Genava]]m in &quot;Romam Protestanticam&quot; mutavit, Huldericus Zvinglius, qui Turicum ad Protestantismum duxit, et [[Henricus Bullingerus]], qui anno [[1549]] [[Consensus Tigurinus|Consensu Tigurino]] cum Calvino [[Quaestio de cena Domini|quaestionem de cena Domini]] solvit, ut ex Zvinglianis et Calvinistis Helvelticis una [[Ecclesiae Reformatae|ecclesia Reformata]] fieri posset. Cum Lutheranismus imprimis in Germania et in Europa septentrionali dispersus sit, reformatio Helvetica per [[Nederlandia]]m et [[Britanniarum Regnum]] usque ad [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas Americas]] se diffudit.

Zvinglius et Calvinus traditiones, quae in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] non inveniuntur, stricte renuntiaverunt. Quare aedes ecclesiarum Reformatarum ornatu carent, sententiis biblicis exceptis; structura ecclesiastica est [[synodus|synodalis]], [[Ecclesiae Presbyterianae|presbyteriana]] aut [[Ecclesiae Congregationales|congregationalis]], id est sine [[episcopatus|episcopatu]]; Zvinglius certo tempore etiam musicam instrumentorum in ecclesia abnuit. Cum [[Missa|Cena Domini]] et a Zvinglio et a Calvino memoria haberetur, non autem [[transubstantiatio]] (ut in [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesia Catholica]]), ex toto novae [[liturgia]]e institutae sunt.

Etiam [[Anabaptistae]] ex reformatione Helvetica prodierunt. Quamquam multis locis usque ad [[saeculum 17|saeculum decimum septimum]] crudeliter vexati, tamen se extra Helvetiam diffuderunt. Ex quibus etiam [[Mennonitae]] progessi sunt.

=== Francia ===
Etiam in [[Francia]], ubi [[hierarchia]] ecclesiastica magna ex parte usui rei publicae subiecta erat, postquam regi ex [[Concordatum Bononiense|Concordato Bononiensi]] anno [[1515]] pacto nominatio [[episcopatus|episcopatuum]] et [[abbatia]]rum competivit, novae reformationis cogitationes libenter exceptae sunt. Imprimis [[Lutetia|Parisiis]] [[humanista]]e sicut [[Erasmus Roterodamus]] aut [[Iacobus Faber Stapulensis]] primatum Sacrae Scripturae disputaverunt et segregationem ecclesiae a re publica poposcerunt. Etiam [[Margarita Navarrensis]] regis soror, et [[Ioannes Bellaius]] episcopus [[Dioecesis Baionensis|Baionensis]] huic circulo interfuerunt. Ipse rex [[Franciscus I (rex Franciae)|Franciscus I]] novis cogitationibus favebat, quare initio longe lateque spargere potuerunt.

Postquam autem Lutherus anno [[1521]] a papa excommunicatus et deinde doctrinae eius ab [[Universitas Parisiensis|Universitate Parisiensi]] damnati sunt, Franciscus I variis causis rationes mutavit: Primo non solum de opiniobus theologicis sed etiam de structura ecclesiae agi intellexit, in quam potestatem suam partim innixus est; deinde papatum minime sibi hostilem habere voluit, cum ab [[Domus Habsburgensis|Habsburgis]] sive [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo V]] imperatore tribus partibus (Germania, Nederlandia, Hispania) coartatus et in Italia bello irretitus esset. Inde Protestantes mox vexati sunt; die [[8 Augusti]] [[1523]] monachus [[Ordo Sancti Augustini|ordinis Sancti Augustini]] nomine [[Ioannes Vallière]] primus Protestantium, quod quidem sciatur, Parisiis ad palum alligatus concrematus est. Quamquam asseclae reformationis mox in clandestinitatem aut, ut puta Ioannes Calvinus, in terras externas acti sunt, tamen numerus fidelium celeriter crevit. Anno [[1523]] prima in Francia [[Meldis|Meldensis]] communitas Protestantica condita est, qua in urbe anno [[1546]] inter alios [[Petrus Clericus]] flammis crematus [[martyr]] Protestanticus factus est. Anno [[1559]] Parisiis prima Franciae [[synodus]] Protestantica peracta et ordo ecclesiasticus [[Confessio Gallica]] appellata constituta est. Circa annum [[1560]] iam fere vicies centena milium hominum sive decem ex centum Protestantismo adhaerebant, quorum maxima pars autem non iam doctrinis Lutheri, sed magis Calvini, qui [[Genava]]m reformaverat, sequebantur. Post annum [[1560]] nomen [[Hugenoti|Hugenotorum]]&lt;ref&gt;Etymologia verbi incerta est. Hodie multi &quot;Hugenoti&quot; ex verbo [[Dialecti Alemannicae|Alemannico]] &quot;Aignots&quot; / &quot;Eugenots&quot; sive &quot;Eidgenossen&quot;, id est homines iureiurando coniuncti, deducunt. [[Genava]]e &quot;Eidgenossen&quot; armati [[pagus|pagorum]] [[Helvetia]]e contra [[Ducatus Sabaudiae|Ducatum Sabaudiae]] appellati sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; in Francia paulatim illud Lutheranorum submovit.

[[Fasciculus:Francois_Dubois_001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Franciscus Dubois]]: Le massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy.]]
[[Henricus II (rex Franciae)|Henricus II]]  pluribus decretis Protestantismum exstirpare studuit; ab anno [[1559]] [[haeresis|haeresim]] necessario capitis damnatio sequenda erat. [[Franciscus II (rex Franciae)|Francisco II]] Henrici filio regnante persecutio continuata est. Maxime notoria facta est illa atrox [[caedes Parisiis per noctem Sancti Bartholomaei commissa]] (die 23./24. Augusti [[1572]]), qua cum multa milia hominum tum primores Protestantismi Francogallici trucidati sunt. [[Edictum Namnetense]] ([[1598]]) res ad tempus pacavit, post [[Rupella]]m occupatam ([[1628]]) autem persecutio renovata est. Vexationibus a [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovico XIV]] institutis, quibus reliqui Protestantes ad Ecclesiam Catholicam reducerentur, multi ut emigrarent adducti sunt, quam ob rem anno [[1669]] emigratio prohibita est. Tamen circiter 200000 Protestestantium intra 50 annos patriam reliquerunt. In terris, ubi recepti sunt (ut puta [[Borussia]], [[Helvetia]], [[Anglia]]) multum ad progressum [[oeconomia|oeconomicum]] culturalemque contribuerunt.

Persecutio acerrime arsit, cum ab anno [[1681]] [[vigil]]es equo utentes (&quot;Dragons&quot; dicti) Protestantes in Francia meridiana inquisiverunt et impugnaverunt. Cum inter [[Bellum de successione Hispanica]] in [[Cévennes]] montibus [[bellum civile]] ortum est, Hugenoti ibi [[Camisardes]] dicti ab [[Angli]]s adiuti sunt, sed frustra. Inter annum [[1703]] usque ad [[1706]] a copiis regiis plus quam 400 vici funditus eversi sunt. Tamen Protestantismus non ex toto oppressus est, victimae ut martyres in memoria permanserunt.

=== Anglia et Scotia ===
[[Fasciculus:JohnKnox.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Ioannes Knox]].]]
Ecclesia [[Anglia|Anglica]] praecipue politicis causis ab [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] separata est. [[Theologia|Theologi]] quidem scripta [[Martinus Lutherus|Martini Lutheri]] et aliorum reformatorum proprio instinctu legerunt et quasdam consuetudines ecclesiasticas mutare cupiverunt. Iam antea [[Ioannes Wycliffe]] Anglicam versionem [[Biblia|Bibliorum]] collegerat et propagare studuerat. Tamen [[Gulielmus Tyndale]], qui idem conatus est, [[Henricus VIII (rex Angliae)|Henrico VIII]] regnante anno [[1536]] capitis damnatus est. Tum demum, cum [[Eduardus VI (rex Angliae)|Eduardus VI]] rex factus est, propria et vera reformatio coepit; inter alia primus [[Liber Precum Publicarum]] introductus est. Eduardo mortuo Anglia a [[Maria I (regina Angliae)|Maria Tudor]], &quot;Maria sanguinea&quot; dicta, vi ad doctrinam Catholicam reducta est, cum ei autem [[Elizabetha I (regina Angliae)|Elizabetha I]] successit, [[Ecclesia Anglica]] restituta est. [[Carolus I (rex Angliae)|Carolus I]], [[Carolus II (rex Angliae)|Carolus II]] et [[Iacobus II (rex Angliae)|Iacobus II]] quidem Ecclesiam Catholicam Romanam rursus ecclesiam publicam facere petebant, [[Revolutio gloriosa|Revolutione gloriosa]] ([[1688]]) autem reformatio in Anglica Scotiaque praevaluit.

In [[Scotia]], [[Ioannes Knox|Ioanne Knox]] [[Ioannes Calvinus|Calvini]] discipulo auctore [[Ecclesiae Presbyterianae|Ecclesia Scotiae]] (Presbyteriani) imprimis creata est. In Anglia, variae communitates ab Ecclesia Anglica secesserunt: [[Puritanus|Puritani]] quidem in Ecclesia Anglica permanserunt, quam autem ab omnibus elementis &quot;catholicis&quot; purgare voluerunt. Alii congregationes ab Ecclesia Anglica seiunctas constituerunt ([[Ecclesiae Congregationales|Congregationalistae]]). Utraque factio a [[theologia]] Calvini formata [[episcopatus|episcopatum]] stricte renuntiavit.

=== Aliae terrae ===
In [[Scandinavia]], ecclesiae publicae institutae sunt, quae usque ad hunc diem Lutheranismum sequuntur. In [[Nederlandia]], theologia Calvinistica praevaluit, ecclesia publica reformata autem orta non est. In terris [[Europa Media|Europae mediae]], [[Europa Orientalis|orientalis]], et [[Europa Meridiana|meridianae]], ecclesiae Lutheranae et reformatae constitutae sunt magnitudine inter se valde diversae, quae, [[Transsilvania]] excepta, [[Contrareformatio]]ne aut auctoritate repulsae aut (in [[Hispania]] et [[Portugallia]]) ex toto oppressae sunt. In quibusdam vallibus [[Alpes|Alpinis]] [[Italia]]e parvae [[Valdenses|Valdensium]] communitates stabiles permanserunt, quae se reformationi Helveticae coniunxerunt.

==Reactio ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae==
Reformatio [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] minime opinanti accidit. Novae doctrinae se celerrime diffuderunt, homines humiles, nobiles, etiam principes ad reformationem transierunt. [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolus V]] imperator Catholicus permansit, sed bellis [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Turcarum]] et [[Francia]]e occupatus reformationem exstinguere non potuit.

[[Concilium Tridentinum]] denique ([[1546]]–[[1563]]) correctiones ac emendationes ecclesiae (praecipue [[clerus|cleri]] et [[curia Romana|curiae Romanae]]) exsecutum est. Quamvis doctrina mutata non sit, tamen  ecclesia post concilium multis modis ab illa differebat, quam Lutherus cognoverat: Structura magis uniformi, [[liturgia]] normata ac paene unica [[Ritus Romanus|Romana]], novis [[ordo religiosus|ordinibus religiosis]] fulta, inter quos imprimis [[Societas Iesu|Iesuitae]] ab [[Ignatius de Loyola|Ignatio de Loyola]] conditi [[Contrareformatio]]nem ante agebant.
{{vide-etiam|Contrareformatio}}

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
=== Biographica ===
* Aland, Kurt (1980). ''Die Reformatoren. Luther – Melanchthon – Zwingli – Calvin, mit einem Nachwort zur Reformationsgeschichte''; Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus. ISBN 3-579-03964-4
* Stupperich, Robert (1984). ''Reformatorenlexikon''; Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus. ISBN 3-579-00123-X
* Ullmann, Carl (1842). ''Die Reformatoren vor der Reformation'', 2 vol.; Hamburgi 1842 / Gothae 1866
* [[Melchior Adamus]], ''Vitae Germanorum theologorum''. Haidelbergae, 1620 [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/adam/adam4/adamvitae4.html Recensio interretialis]

=== Litterae Anglicae ===
''Ordine chronologico:''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110906045111/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=62407231 ''The Cambridge Modern History''. Vol. 2: The Reformation (1903)].
* {{CathEnc|12700b|The Reformation}}
* Smith, Preserved. [[1920]]. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00403814&amp;id=0WoUJEOzHXAC&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=%22 ''The Age of Reformation''].
* {{cite book |authorlink=Hilaire Belloc |last=Belloc |first=Hilaire |year=[[1928]], [[2009]] |title=How the Reformation Happened |publisher=Tan Books &amp; Publishing |isbn=0-89555-465-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Bainton |first=Roland |authorlink=Roland Bainton |title=The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/reformationofsix0000bain_n9a6 |year=[[1952]] |publisher=The Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=0-8070-1301-3}}
* Williams, George H. (1962). The radical reformation. Philadelphia : Westminster Press. ISBN 0940474158
* Lindberg, Carter [[1996]]. ''The European Reformations.'' ISBN 1-55786-575-2 
* {{cite book |last=Pelikan |first=Jaroslav |authorlink=Jaroslav Pelikan |title=Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300–1700)|year=[[1984]]|publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-65377-3 }}
* Gonzales, Justo. [[1985]]. ''The Story of Christianity, Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day''. Franciscopole: Harper. ISBN 0-06-063316-6.
* Estep, William R. [[1986]]. ''Renaissance &amp; Reformation''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0050-5.
* Spitz, Lewis W. [[1987]]. ''The Renaissance and Reformation Movements.'' Vol. 1, ''The Renaissance''. Ed. retractata. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. ISBN 0-570-03818-9. Vol. 2, ''The Reformation.'' Ed. 2a. Concordia Publishing House. ISBN 0-570-03819-7.
* Cameron, Euan. [[1991]]. ''The European Reformation.'' Oxford University Press.
* [[Carolus Braaten|Braaten, Carl E.]], et Robert W. Jenson. [[1996]]. ''The Catholicity of the Reformation''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-4220-8.
* Hillerbrand, Hans J., et al. eds. [[1996]]. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation.'' 4 voll. ISBN 0-19-506493-3.
* [[Diarmaid MacCulloch|MacCulloch, Diarmaid]]. [[2003]]. ''The Reformation: A History.'' Novi Eboraci: Penguin.
* Hendrix, Scott H. [[2004]]. ''Recultivating the Vineyard: The Reformation Agendas of Christianization.'' Louisville &amp; London: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22713-9.
* Bagchi, David, et David C. Steinmetz, eds. [[2004]]. ''The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology.''
* Collinson, Patrick. [[2006]]. ''The Reformation: A History.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0812972953 Partes.]
* {{cite book |last=Naphy |first=William G. |title=The Protestant Revolution: From Martin Luther to Martin Luther King Jr |url=https://archive.org/details/protestantrevolu0000naph |year=[[2007]] |publisher=BBC Books |isbn=978-0-563-53920-9}}
* Hillerbrand, Hans J. [[2009]]. ''The Protestant Reformation.'' Ed. 2a. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0061148474 Partes.]
* Marshall, Peter. [[2009]]. ''The Reformation: A Very Short Introduction.'' [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0199231311 Partes.]
* Payton, James R., Jr. [[2010]]. ''Getting the Reformation Wrong: Correcting Some Misunderstandings.'' IVP Academic. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0830838805 Partes.]

=== Litterae Theodiscae ===
''Ordine alphabetico:''
* Fast, Heinold (1962). Der linke Flügel der Reformation. Glaubenszeugnisse der Täufer, Spiritualisten, Schwärmer und Antitrinitarier (Klassiker des Protestantismus, vol. 4), Bremae.
* Heininen, Simo &amp; Czaika, Otfried [[2010]]. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060637 ''Wittenberger Einflüsse auf die Reformation in Skandinavien''], in: [[Europäische Geschichte Online]], ed. ab [[Institut für Europäische Geschichte (Mainz)]].
* Kamber, Peter [[2009]]. ''Reformation als bäuerliche Revolution. Bildersturm, Klosterbesetzungen und Kampf gegen die Leibeigenschaft in Zürich zur Zeit der Reformation (1522–1525)''. Turici: Chronos. ISBN 978-3-0340-0808-2
* Kaufmann, Thomas [[2009]]: ''Geschichte der Reformation.'' Francoforti ad Moenum: Suhrkamp. ISBN 978-3-458-71024-0
* Koch, Ernst [[200]]. ''Das konfessionelle Zeitalter – Katholizismus, Luthertum, Calvinismus (1563–1675)''. Lipsiae. ISBN 3-374-01719-3 (Kirchengeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, II/8)
* Küng, Hans [[1994]]. ''Das Christentum''. ISBN 3-492-03747-X (Caput IV: Das protestantisch-evangelische Paradigma, neuartige Sicht auf die Kirchengeschichte)
* MacCulloch, Diarmaid [[2008]]. ''Die Reformation 1490–1700''. Monaci. ISBN 978-3-421-05950-5
* Moeller, Bernd [[1999]]. ''Deutschland im Zeitalter der Reformation'' (Deutsche Geschichte 4). Ed. 4a. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-33462-1
* Nieden, Marcel [[2012]]. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012042305 ''Die Wittenberger Reformation als Medienereignis''], in: [[Europäische Geschichte Online]], ed. ab [[Institut für Europäische Geschichte (Mainz)]].
* Roll, Christine (ed.) [[1996]]. ''Recht und Reich im Zeitalter der Reformation. Festschrift für Horst Rabe''. Francoforti ad Moenum et al.: Lang. ISBN 3-631-47923-9
* Schnabel-Schüle, Helga [[2006]]. ''Die Reformation 1495–1555''. Stuttgart: Reclam. ISBN 3-15-017048-6
* Sierszyn, Armin [[2000]]. ''2000 Jahre Kirchengeschichte, Reformation und Gegenreformation'' (Vol. 3). Holzgerlingen: Hännsler. ISBN 3-7751-3247-3. 
* Völker-Rasor, Anette (ed.) [[2000]]. ''Oldenbourg Geschichte Lehrbuch. Frühe Neuzeit''. Monaci: Oldenbourg. ISBN 3-486-56426-9

{{NexInt}}
* [[Reformatio Anglica]]
* [[:Categoria:Praeclari homines Ecclesiae emendationis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Reformation|Reformationem}}

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[[Categoria:Communitates Protestantes]]
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      <text bytes="1300" sha1="pmssw1cwcj3ccl4dtbiicsr70ii5szm" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Pyrénées-Atlantiques-Position.png|Pyrenaeus Atlanticus in Francia|thumb]]
[[Fasciculus:Pays basque nord-Béarn.png|Pagus Vasconicus in departamento|thumb]]
[[Fasciculus:Mapa de Vasconia svg.png|left|Pagus Vasconicus et Vasconia Hispanica|thumb]]

{{res|Vasconia Gallica}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hadrianus Valesius|Hadriani Valesii|fr|qid=Q2825298}} historiographi regii ''Notitia Galliarum ordine litterarum digesta'' (Parisiis: 1675), [https://books.google.com/books?id=u6WG2KsX5V8C&amp;pg=PA262 p. 262].|2=Q2825298}} ([[Francogallice]] ''Pays Basque''; [[Vasconice]] ''Iparralde'' seu ''Ipar [[Vasconia (territorium)|Euskal Herria]]'' - quod est ''regione septentrionale'') est pagus [[Vascones|Vasconum]] in Francia Meridionali, in [[Praefectura|praefectura]] [[Pyrenaeus Atlanticus|Pyrenaeo Atlantico]] et regione [[Benearnia]]. Fuit olim pars [[Novempopulania]]e. Nunc dicitur pagus [[Vasconia (territorium)|territorii Vasconiae]] esse.

Adsunt in pago regiones tres: [[Lapurdia|Lapurdum]], [[Sula|Subola]] et [[Navarra Inferior]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Lorda]]
* [[Bidasso]]
* [[Baiona]]

{{vasconia}}

[[Categoria:Vasconia]]
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    <title>Hugenoti</title>
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      <text bytes="11167" sha1="67z9h5zbyxtdgrybvpg39d8ij9vnvim" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Croix_huguenote.png|thumb|100px|Crux Hugenotorum.]]
[[File:Horribles cruautés Des Huguenots en France, Cléry et Pat.png|thumb|De hugenotarum criminibus crudelibus, ut dicunt]]
[[File:20150822 Hugenottenturm (Bad Karlshafen) by sebaso.jpg|thumb|Turris hugenotarum Bad Karlshafen in [[Hassia]], quod oppidum profugi Francogalli protestantes fundaverant]]
[[File:Hugenottenmuseum Karlshafen.jpg|thumb|Inscriptio gratorum hugenotarum in exilio Germanico salvorum, Bad Karlshafen]]

{{res|Hugenoti}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071208091749/http://archiv.jura.uni-saarland.de/projekte/Bibliothek/text.php?id=18 Joannes Paulus Bauer RELIGIO PACIS - PAX RELIGIONIS (2) DE EDICTO NAMNETENSI].&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|Hugenotae}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.de/books?id=zQU_AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA1007&amp;lpg=PA1007&amp;dq=crucis+hugenotae&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=aP4Bg8WhaO&amp;sig=EHO_7UL-6yIALYX31R0dH-DCVYI&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=5iRXTIreCcyHOPzF5Z4O&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Introductio In Memorabilia Ecclesiastica Historiae Sacrae Novi, Band 2 Von Christian Eberhard Weismann].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/cera/styrzel1/Styrzel_epistolae.html ''CAMENA Early Modern Latin Texts'' apud www.uni-mannheim.de] [[CAMENA]] &quot;hugenotae, quos vocant.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; fuerunt socii {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ecclesia Reformata Franciae|Ecclesiae Reformatae Francicae|fr|qid=Q1780186}} (vel [[Calvinismus|Calvinistae]]), ecclesiae [[Reformatio|Protestantium]] in [[Francia]] a [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexto decimo]] ad  [[saeculum 18|saeculum duodevicensimum]]. [[Crux Hugenotorum]], signum eorum proprium, nunc est publicum Ecclesiae Reformatae Francicae signum. 
Quod ad nomen spectatur agitur de cognomine ludibrio dato propter [[Hugo Capetius|Hugonem Capetium]], qui eisdem locis ac Hugenoti clam versatus esse fertur. Multi hugenoti saeculo XVII aliis in terris fugiebant, e.g. in [[Germania]]m. De hugenotis [[melodrama]] dulcisonum composuit [[Iacobus Meyerbeer]].
==Historia==
Protestantismus e Germania Helvetiaque mox in Franciam venit quamquam [[Franciscus I (rex Franciae)]] et [[Henricus II (rex Franciae)]] in principio solummodo protestantibus in [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacro Romano Imperio]] auxilabantur. Protestantes in Francia autem persecutionem ferre debebant, ut monstratur in [[Valdenses|Valdensibus]] anno 1545 sive in Edicto [[Castrum Brientii|Castri Brientii]] anni 1551.

Non tantopere pietas quantopere contramonarchismus et rei publicae favor in [[Calvinismus|calvinistis]] divisionem Franciae secundum confessiones effecerunt. Rege [[Franciscus II (rex Franciae)|Francisco II]] seditio magna Hugenotarum una cum membris [[Gens Burbonia|Gentis Burboniae]] [[Ambacia]]e fiebat. Cum anno 1560 rex de istis insidiis certior factus esset, plus quam mille hominum morte affecti sunt. Sed [[Catharina Medicaea]] dynastiae Guises ultionem interrupit: Antonius Burboniensis, dux [[vindocinum|Vindocini]], administrator princeps institutus est et solummodo parlamentum impedivit, quominus Hugenotis libertas religiosa plena concederetur. Colloquia religiosa [[Pinciacum|Pinciaci]] habita non multum provehebant, ut isto tempore solitum erat, quo maioris momenti autem erat potestas Ludovici I (Bourbon-Condé). Iste nobilis caput hugenotarum creatus est, ut statim vicarius generalis in favorem catholicorum bellum hugenotis longissimum inferret. [[Anglia]] et Germania protestantica auxilio venerunt, cum Hispania catholica eo modo quaestiones internas solvere voluit. Providentia divina quasi Francia neque dividebatur neque terris peregrinis subhaeri coepit.  

====Bella hugenotarum octo====
Mense Aprili anni 1562 indictum est bellum et die 19 Martii 1563, duce catholico necato, [[Ambacia]]e pax in favorem hugenotarum facta est. Sed neutra factio sincera fuit itaque anno 1566 Secundum hugenotarum bellum commissum est. Tunc in partibus meridianis et orientalibus multa territoria vastata sunt usque ad infirmationem generalem. Denique anno 1568 Pax [[Longjumeau]] facta consensum primum reconfirmavit et amnestiam generalem promisit. Sed iam autumno proximo denuo conflictum est: Hugenotae sunt victi apud [[Iarnacum]] et [[Monscontorius|Montemcontorium]], sed ipsi vixerunt apud [[Luciona]]m: Pax [[Sanctus Germanus in Laya|Sancti Germani in Laya]] protestantibus munera mitissima imposuit tributorum modestorum clericis dandorum et horarum divinarum pro forma celebrandarum.

Nox Sancti Bartholomaei, quae dicitur, responsum sanguineum propter perfidias et paces violatas, initio fuit Quarti hugenotarum belli anno 1572. Arx [[Rupella]]e audacter a protestantibus defensa est et Edicto [[Gesoriacum|Gesoriacensi]] anni 1573 status eorum in finibus Franciae cum exercitu et territoriis propriis sancitus est. 

Bellum hugenotarum quintum ex anno 1574 unificavit hugenotas cum catholicis Catharinae Medicaeae hostilibus, quae unio mense Februario 1575 [[Nemausus|Nemausi]] conclusa erat. In Pace [[Beaulieu-lès-Loches]] anno 1576 facta [[Henricus III]] protestantibus omnes liberates et aequitatem civilem Lutetia salva concessit atque areas securas undecim cum curiis octo. Catholici Guises fundaverunt Sanctam unionem et [[Blesae|Blesis]] omnia privilegia abolita sunt: itaque sexta vice bellum indictum est anno 1577 ineunte quod duravit usque ad Pacem [[Brageriacum|Brageriacensem]] mense Septembri 1577. Contractum subsignatum est anno 1579 [[neracum|Neraci]], quod [[Henricus IV (rex Franciae)]] violavit. Ecce Septimum hugenotarum bellum, ubi vix bellatum est a latere hugenotarum; eae dimicationes autem Pace [[Flaiacus|Flaiacensi]] finitae sunt. Dux dynastiae Guises novam alliancam condidit die 31 Decembris 1584 et Octavum hugenotarum bellum incohatum est [[papa]] Hispanisque annuentibus. 

Cum [[Nemosum|Nemosi]] mense Iulio 1585 hugenotarum extinctio pacisceretur, Henricus argute id vitavit regulis sapientibus adhibitis atque victoria apud [[certeratae|Certeratas]] anno 1587 parta. Anno 1589 ipse proclamatus est throni successor et inimicos contrucidavit. Henrico III necato rex creatus est et bella finire potuit: quoniam ipse reconversionem ad catholicam fidem anno 1589 indicavit. Denique Lutetienses eum regem agnoverunt et die 13 Aprilis 1589 [[Edictum Namnetense]] proclamari potuit.

====Edicti Namnutensis effectus====
Multi hugenotae edicto isto minime contenti fuere somniantes de re publica Francica et de protestantismo officialiter magis respiciendo. Unde fiebat, ut nonnulli anno 1615 seditiones varias fecerunt Anglis instigantibus. Autumno 1628 [[Armandus Ioannes Plessaeus Richelaeus|Richelaeus]] Rupellam iterum expugnavit et protestantes ex omnibus insidiis excitavit. Eo momento, potestate omni fracta, hugenotae secta christiana paene periculosa facta est. [[Ludovicus XIV]] anno 1658 Edictum Namnetense abolivit postquam et [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]] in Francia Gallicanismo, qui dicitur, aptata est. Tumultus novi sequebantur. 

Annis 1724 et 1745 leges contra hugenotas latae sunt; sed vigor tolerantiae temporibus istis modernioribus praevaluit. [[Ludovicus XVI]] edicto anni 1787 tolerantiam erga hugenotas proclamavit; duos annos post parlamentum generatim omnibus religionis libertatem annuntiavit; [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo Bonaparte]] hugenotis et [[Iudaei|Iudaeis]] eadem iura ac catholicis dedit. Tolerantia restabat, quamquam interdum homines privilegia varia variis gregibus concessa indignabantur.

==Fons== 
''Herders Conversations-Lexikon''. Friburgi Brisgoviae 1855, vol 3, p. 361-363 ([http://www.zeno.org/nid/2000337690 hic in interreti]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})
==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Bibliographia==
* Baird, Charles W. 1885. ''History of the Huguenot Emigration to America.'' Genealogical Publishing Company. Reimpressus 1998. ISBN 978-0-8063-0554-7.
* Andreas Jakob: ''Hugenotten in Franken. Mehr als eine Initialzündung?'' in: Andrea M. Kluxen/Julia Krieger/Andrea May (ed.): ''Fremde in Franken. Migration und Kulturtransfer'' (Geschichte und Kultur in Mittelfranken, Bd. 4), Herbipoli 2016, p. 157–212.  
* Manuela Böhm (ed.): ''Hugenotten zwischen Migration und Integration. Neue Forschungen zum Refuge in Berlin und Brandenburg.'' Metropol, Berolini 2005, ISBN 3-936411-73-5 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20191002164547/https://prae.perspectivia.net/publikationen/francia/francia-recensio/2011-4/FN/boehm_pille Recensio]).
* Guido Braun, Susanne Lachenicht (ed.): ''Hugenotten und die deutschen Territorialstaaten. Immigrationspolitik und Integrationsprozesse.'' Oldenbourg, Monaci 2007 (Pariser Historische Studien, 82), ISBN 978-3-486-58181-2 [http://www.perspectivia.net/content/publikationen/phs/braun-lachenicht_hugenotten Online perspectivia.net].
* Jochen Desel: ''Hugenotten. Französische Glaubensflüchtlinge in aller Welt.'' Editio altera, Dt. Hugenotten-Gesellschaft, Bad Karlshafen 2005, ISBN 3-930481-18-9.
* Gerhard Fischer: ''Die Hugenotten in Berlin'', Hentrich &amp; Hentrich Verlag, Berolini 2010, ISBN 978-3-941450-11-0.
* Barbara Dölemeyer: ''Die Hugenotten'' (Urban-Taschenbücher; 615). Kohlhammer, Stuttgardiae 2006, ISBN 3-17-018841-0.
* Ingrid und Klaus Brandenburg: ''Hugenotten: Geschichte eines Martyriums.'' Panorama, Wiesbaden 1998, ISBN 3-926642-17-3.
* Eberhard Gresch: ''Die Hugenotten. Geschichte, Glaube und Wirkung.'' 4., überarbeitete Auflage. Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Lipsiae 2009, ISBN 978-3-374-02260-1 ([http://www.sehepunkte.de/2006/07/pdf/10366.pdf Rezension] (PDF) ). 
* Willi Stubenvoll: Die deutschen Hugenottenstädte, Francofurti ad Moensum 1990. 
* Philippe Joutard: ''Les Camisards''. Gallimard, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-07-029411-0.
* Philippe Joutard: ''La légende des Camisards Une sensibilité au passé''. Gallimard, Lutetiae 1985, ISBN 2-07-029638-5.
* Henry Mouysset: ''Les premiers Camisards. Juilliet 1702''. Presses du Languedoc, Montpellier 1985, ISBN 2-85998-259-0.
* Pierre Rolland: ''Dictionnaire des Camisards''. Presses du Languedoc, Montpellier 1995, ISBN 2-85998-147-0.
==Nexus externi==
{{communiaCat|Huguenots|Hugenotos}}
* ''[http://www.huguenotstreet.org/ Historic Huguenot Street,]''
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101209150441/http://www.hrvh.org/collections/inst-intro.htm?inst=3 Historic Huguenot Street Digital Collections]''
* ''[http://www.huguenotsocietyofamerica.org/ The Huguenot Society of America,]''
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180401170009/http://members.optushome.com.au/ozhug/ The Huguenot Society of Australia,]''
* ''[http://www.huguenotfellowship.org/ Huguenot Fellowship]''
* Armand Laferrere, &quot;[http://www.azure.org.il/magazine/magazine.asp?id=334 The Huguenots, the Jews, and Me]&quot; in ''Azure''
* &quot;[http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/Onlineresources/RWWC/themes/1295/1284 Reassessing what we collect website – Huguenot London]&quot; (historia Hugenotorum Londinii habitantium)
* ''[http://www.huguenotsociety.org.uk/ Huguenot Society of Great Britain &amp; Ireland]'' 
[[Categoria:Exsules]]
[[Categoria:Historia Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Hugenoti|!]]
[[Categoria:Divisiones Christianorum]]

{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fontes Coloratenses</title>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Downtown Colorado Springs by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|right|Fons Coloratensis]]

{{res|Fontes Coloratenses}}&lt;ref&gt;''Annuario pontificio'' (1984), [http://books.google.com/books?id=2JwlAQAAIAAJ &quot;Fontium Coloratensium&quot;]. Cf. {{CathHierDiocese|colo|Dioecesis Coloratensium Fontium}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] ''Colorado Springs'') sunt [[devolutio|municipalitas se regnans]]&lt;!--home rule m.--&gt; quae per [[area (geometria)|aream]] est maxima [[urbs]] in [[Coloratum|Colorato]] et [[sedes comitatus|sedes]] municipalitasque frequentissima [[comitatus El Paso]]. Quae urbium cuius civitatis per numerum incolarum est secunda post [[Denverium]], scilicet 609&amp;nbsp;096 anno 2007. Urbs prope [[Pikes Peak]], culmen notissimum, ad radicem [[Montes Saxosi|Montium Saxosorum]] australium iacet.

Hic [[Universitas Coloratensis apud Fontes Coloratenses]] condita, duo quoque castra [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|exercitus nationalis]] sita sunt.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Colorado Springs General William Palmer by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|Gulielmus Palmer, dux exercituum.]]
Fontes Coloratenses anno [[1871]] a [[Gulielmus Palmer|Gulielmo Palmer]], qui hic ad devorticulum quondam bonum condendum venerat, conditi sunt. Haec urbs mox Parvum [[Londinium]] ob multitudinem peregrinatorum [[Anglia|Anglicorum]] hic venientes appellatum est. Pikes Peak paradisumque &quot;{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Hortus deorum (Coloratum)|Hortum deorum|en|qid=Q937606}}&quot; nuncupatum peregrinatoribus maxime placebant.

Deversorium nomine ''Antlers'' anno [[1873]] conditum est, quo loco multi peragrinatores atque quidam homines ad salutem meliorem facendam spectantes, ob hanc tempestatem bonam aridamque, migraverunt. Postea, [[ferrivia]] condita, Fontium Coloratensium fama valde crevit.

== Incolae notabiles ==
* [[Ioannes Dingell]], qui congressariorum omnium diutissime meruit, hic anno 1926 natus

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes geographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031002012442/http://www.springsgov.com/ Fontium Coloratensium nexus officialis]
* [http://www.dot.state.co.us/App_DTD_DataAccess/Downloads/CityMaps/Colorado%20Springs.pdf Tabula geographica Fontium Coloratensium]

{{Urbes maximae Civitatum Foederatarum}}

[[Categoria:Fontes Coloratenses|!]]
[[Categoria:Loci otiosi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Floruit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Augenda|augenda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Pagina neglecta|pagina neglecta]]}}: pagina est vetus; minora</comment>
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      <text bytes="525" sha1="oxfekqalbokoxx3m43hfumiaaghi0nf" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina neglecta}}

{{lres|Floruit}}, breviter {{lres|fl.}} (a ''[[flos|florendo]]''), est [[verbum]], quod annos [[vita]]e hominis indicat, cum anni [[natalis]] et [[mors|mortis]] incogniti sint. Exempli gratia, scimus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eardwulfum||en|qid=Q879957}} [[Northumbria|Northumbrorum]] regem anno [[790]] floruisse, quamquam nescimus, quando natus vel mortuus sit.

{{stipula}}

{{Abbreviationes Latinae}}

[[Categoria:Chronologia]]
[[Categoria:Verba Latina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Exosceletus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1924" sha1="l8aupaouxa3dsqeh2xrc1xk5dtfvslp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Birgus latro (Bora-Bora).jpg|thumb|[[Birgus latro|''Birgus latro'']] est [[animal]] (arthropodum) exosceletum habens.]]

{{res|Exosceletum}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://latinsky-slovnik.latinsky.cz/cesko-latinsky/exosceletum.html ''Dictionnarium interretiale Latino-Bohemicum.'']&lt;/ref&gt; vel {{res|exosceletus}}{{Convertimus}} est [[animal]]ium nonnullorum [[corpus|corporis]] tegumen externum rigidum durumque. Animalium exempla exosceletum habentium sunt:

* [[Arthropoda]] (id est [[Insecta]], [[Myriapoda]], [[Arachnida]], [[Crustacea]], [[Trilobita]] et alia), quorum exosceletum e [[chitinum|chitino]] est;
* [[Mollusca]] et [[Brachiopoda]], quorum exosceletum ([[concha]]) e [[calcii carbonas|calcii carbonate]] est. 

Exosceleta initio [[aera (geologia)|aerae]] [[Palaeozoicum|Palaeozoicae]] (seu [[periodus (geologia)|periodi]] [[Cambrium|Cambriae]]) primo apparuerunt. Cum animalia sine [[sceletus|sceletis]] rarissime tantum tamquam fossilia conservantur, a hoc momento (quod apud [[palaeontologia|palaeontologos]] explosio Cambrica nuncupatur) [[fossilia]] frequentiora facta sunt, propter quod tempus post apparitionem sceletorum [[aeon (geologia)|aeon]] [[Phanerozoicum]] ([[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graece]] φανερά ζωή, vita manifesta) appellatum est.&lt;ref&gt;D. H. Erwin et J. W. Valentine, ''The Cambrian Explosion: The Construction of Animal Biodiversity.'' (Greenwood Village Colorati: Roberts &amp; Co., 2013), ISBN 978-1-936221-03-5.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Testudines|Testudinum]] [[carapax]] quoque exosceletus vocari potest, etsi Testudines etiam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|endosceletus|endosceletum|en|qid=Q1148064}} habent, quia [[Vertebrata]] sunt.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* [https://www.britannica.com/science/exoskeleton-anatomy Pagina de exosceleto in ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.'']

{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Anatomia]]
[[Categoria:Animalia]]
[[Categoria:Cutis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nicolaus Dobronravov</title>
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Nicolaus Nicolai filius Dobronravov}} ([[Russice]] Николай Николаевич Добронравов, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Nikolaj Nikolaevič Dobronravov''; natus [[Leninopolis|Leninopoli]] [[22 Novembris]] [[1928]]; mortuus [[Moscua]]e [[16 Septembris]] [[2023]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eg.ru/showbusiness/3597082-skonchalsya-nikolay-dobronravov/ Скончался муж Александры Пахмутовой, поэт Николай Добронравов].&lt;/ref&gt;) fuit [[poeta]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|scriptor verborum carminum||en|qid=Q822146}} [[URSS|Sovieticus]] et [[Russia|Russicus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Екатерина Чеснокова |url=https://ria.ru/20131122/978421952.html |title=Биография Николая Добронравова |lang=ru |website=ria.ru |publisher=РИА Новости |date=2020-03-01 |access-date=2021-11-06 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106000457/https://ria.ru/20131122/978421952.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Notus est ut auctor textuum multarum cantionum Sovieticarum popularium. [[Compositrix]] [[musica]]e notissimarum cantionum ab eo scriptarum—intra quas ''Avis felicitatis'' («Птица счастья»), ''Caterva iuventatis nostrae'' («[[:ru:Команда молодости нашей|Команда молодости нашей]]»), ''Geologi'' («Геологи»), ''Ruthenia Alba'' («Белоруссия»), ''Teneritas'' («[[:ru:Нежность (песня)|Нежность]]»), ''Quiam iuvenes eramus'' («[[:ru:Как молоды мы были|Как молоды мы были]]»), ''Silva intacta Bialoviesensis'' («[[:ru:Беловежская пуща (песня)|Беловежская пуща]]»)—fuit [[Alexandra Pachmutova]] [[uxor]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Nikolai Dobronravov|Nicolaum Dobronravov}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
*[https://ria.ru/spravka/20131122/978421952.html Biographia Nicolai Dobronravov] {{ling|Russice}}

{{Anni vitae|1928|2023|Dobronravov, Nicolaus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Russici]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Moscuae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Petropolis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Unionis Sovieticae]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Russiae]]</text>
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    <title>Rapolanum</title>
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      <text bytes="3324" sha1="kgcaydd1xa29rzt2ofiuky1qeruno8g" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Rapolano Terme Armaiolo1.jpg|thumb|Rapolani prospectus]]
'''Rapolanum'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.it/books?id=4gdXAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PT501&amp;dq=%22Rapolanum%22&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=9_WNVKKdN8rgywOi24L4DQ&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Rapolanum%22&amp;f=false Rerum italicarum Scriptores, Volume 18 (Google eBook) - Lodovico Antonio Muratori, 1731]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.it/books?id=6gJdAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA530&amp;dq=%22Rapolanum%22&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=9_WNVKKdN8rgywOi24L4DQ&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Rapolanum%22&amp;f=false De Etruria regali libri VII (Google eBook) - Thomas Dempster, Thomas Coke Earl of Leicester, Filippo Buonarroti apud J.C. Tartinium, 1724]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Rapolanum|i|m}} (etiam ''Rapolanus''&lt;ref&gt;{{Repetti}}&lt;/ref&gt;; alia nomina: ''Rapulanum''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.it/books?id=q01q0tzU-iYC&amp;pg=PA1640&amp;lpg=PA1640&amp;dq=%22Rapulanum%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=6L9cORQnN-&amp;sig=6F9Q6kk9nMuUMADvdwuY7ZxLEoQ&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=YPWNVPOmLqfMygPg3ICQDw&amp;ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Rapulanum%22&amp;f=false Sanctae Ecclesiae Florentinae monumenta ab Ioanne Lamio composita et digesta quibus notitiae innumerae ad omnigenam Etruriae aliarumque regionum historiam spectantes continetur. Tomus 1. [-4.]: 3 (Google eBook) - 1758 - 300 pagine]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt;) ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Rapolano Terme|Rapolano Terme]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 5 310 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Tuscia]] ac in [[Provincia Senensis|Provincia Senensi]] situm. Incolae ''Rapolanenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Oeconomia ==
=== Thermae ===
Rapolani celeberrimae [[thermae]] et balnea sunt quarum [[aquae calidae]] ex terra fluunt.

== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Arretina-Cortonensis-Biturgensis]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
* [[Armariolum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.it/books?id=4gdXAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PT501&amp;dq=%22Rapolanum%22&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=9_WNVKKdN8rgywOi24L4DQ&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Rapolanum%22&amp;f=false Rerum italicarum Scriptores, Volume 18 (Google eBook) - Lodovico Antonio Muratori, 1731]&lt;/ref&gt; ''Armaiolo'',
* [[Castrum Serrarum]] ''Serre di Rapolano''.
* ''Modanella'',
* ''Poggio Santa Cecilia'',
* ''San Gimignanello'',

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Ascianum]],
* [[Asinalonga]],
* [[Bucinum]] ([[Provincia Arretina|AR]]),
* [[Castrum Novum Berardinga]] vel [[Castrum Novum Berardenga]],
* [[Lucinianum]] ([[Provincia Arretina|AR]]),
* [[Mons Sancti Savini]] ([[Provincia Arretina|AR]]),
* [[Trequanda]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Tuscia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Senensis]],
* [[Sena Iulia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141228222721/http://www.comunerapolanoterme.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}}
{{CommuniaCat|Rapolano Terme|Rapolanum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Map of comune of Rapolano Terme (province of Siena, region Tuscany, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Senensi.
Imago:Teatro del Popolo 03.JPG|Theatrum Populi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Senae Iuliae]]
[[Categoria:Thermae Italiae]]</text>
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    <title>Robertus Aumann</title>
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'''Israel Robertus Ioannes Aumann''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] ישראל אומן ; natus [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]] die [[8 Iunii]] [[1930]]) est illustris [[mathematicus]] [[Israel]]o-[[CFA|Americanus]].
[[Fasciculus:Aumann-1080.jpg|thumb|left|Robertus Aumann anno [[2006]]]]

Anno [[2005]] Robertus Aumann [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum|Praemium Nobelianum Oeconomiae]] una cum [[Thomas Schelling|Thoma Schelling]] accepit, ratione studii conflicti et concordiae a [[theoria ludorum]].

== Nexus externi ==

* [http://www.ma.huji.ac.il/~raumann/cv.htm Curriculum vitae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051013055108/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/aumann.htm Biographia Roberti J. Aumann]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2005/ De Roberto Aumann] in pagina Nobeliano Oeconomiae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1930||Aumann, Robertus}}
[[Categoria:Mathematici Israelis]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomi Israelis]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemia Nobeliana]]</text>
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    <title>Thomas Schelling</title>
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'''Thomas Crombie Schelling''' (natus [[Quercupolis (California)|Quercupoli]], in urbe [[California]]e, die [[14 Aprilis]] [[1921]]; mortuus die [[13 Decembris]] [[2016]]) fuit illustris [[oeconomia]]e peritus [[CFA|Americanus]].

Anno [[2005]] Thomas Schelling Robertus Aumann [[Praemium Nobelianum Oeconomiae]] una cum [[Robertus Aumann|Roberto Aumann]] accepit, ratione studii conflicti et concordiae a [[theoria ludorum]]. Peritus fuit theoriae ludi [[microoeconomia]]e, Etiam studium de [[mechanismus|mechanismo]] [[diplomatia]]e, [[civilitas|civilitatis]] et [[calefactio globalis|calefactionnis globalis]] fecit.

== Bibliographia ==
* [[Ingo Pies|Pies, Ingo]], et Martin Leschke, eds. [[2006]]. ''Thomas Schellings strategische Ökonomik.'' Tubingae: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck). ISBN 978-3-16-149431-4.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060215191342/http://www.puaf.umd.edu/facstaff/faculty/Schelling.html Pagina officialis] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2005/ De Thoma Schelling] in pagina Nobeliano Oeconomiae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schelling, Thomas}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1921]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 2016]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Californiae]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
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    <title>Polytheismus</title>
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      <text bytes="31331" sha1="ro4g105twldom7axnpbsbm8y7ij37q1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sarcophagus Prometheus Louvre Ma339.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Pompa]] deorum. [[Sarcophagus]] [[Prometheus|Promethei]], circa annum [[240]]. [[Museum Lupariense]].]]

{{res|Polytheismus}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Axters1937&quot;&gt;Axters, S. (1937). ''Scholastiek lexicon Latijn-Nederlandsch.'' Antwerpen: Geloofsverdediging.&lt;/ref&gt; est veneratio et [[fides]] multorum [[divinitas|numinum]], quae [[deus|dei]] [[dea]]eque appellari solent. Hae notiones in [[pantheon (dei)|pantheon]] saepissime conliguntur, una cum suis [[mythologia|mythologiis]] et [[ritus|ritibus]]. Multae [[religio]]nes, praeteritae et praesentes, in [[Asia]] et [[Europa]], exempli gratia [[Hinduismus|Hinduismum]], [[Buddhismus Mahayanus|Buddhismum Mahayanam]], [[Buddhismus Thibetanus|Buddhismum Thibetanum]], [[Sintoismus|Sintoismum]], [[polytheismus Graecus Antiquus|polytheismum Graecum Antiquum]], [[polytheismus Romanus Antiquus|polytheismum Romanum Antiquum]], [[polytheismus Germanicus|polytheismum Germanicum]], [[polytheismus Slavicus|polytheismum Slavicum]], [[popularis Sinarum religio|popularem Sinarum religionem]], et [[neopaganismus|fides neopaganisticas]] continentes, fidem polytheisticam sustinent.

Complures polytheistae omnes [[deitas|deitates]] non pariter verentur, sed [[monolatrismus|monolatristae]] esse possunt, qui unam propriam deitatem inter multos colunt; alii polytheistae sunt [[kathenotheismus|kathenotheistae]], qui varias deitates variis [[tempus anni|anni temporibus]] colunt.

Polytheismus est [[theismus|theismi]] genus, persuasio exstare unum vel plures deos; sed discrepat cum [[monotheismus|monotheismo]], persuasione exstare singulum deum, hodie praecipua [[mundus|orbis terrarum]] fide. In variis religionibus (exempli gratia, [[Wicca]]), creditur iuxta [[pantheismus|pantheismum]] vel [[panentheismus]], in quibus variae deitates videntur emanationes maioris [[numen|numinis]].

{{De Religione Graeca}}

==Etymologia==
[[Vocabulum]] ''polytheismus''&lt;ref&gt;Quod videtur [[nomen substantivum|nomen]] [[Latinitas recentior|Latinitatis recentioris]] esse.&lt;/ref&gt; ab [[adiectivum|adiectivo]] [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeco]] {{Polytonic|πολύθεος}} 'ad multos deos pertinens'&lt;ref&gt;[[Aeschylus]], ''Supplices '' 424.&lt;/ref&gt; sive 'in multos deos credens'&lt;ref&gt;[[Procopius]], ''[[Historia Arcana]]'' 13.&lt;/ref&gt; deductum est. Ipsum adiectivum compositum {{Polytonic|πολύθεος}} ex adiectivo {{Polytonic|πολύς}} 'multus' et nomine substantivo {{Polytonic|θεός}} 'deus' constat. Apud Graecos antiquos, polytheismus {{Polytonic|πολυθεία}} appellabatur.

==Dei et divinitas==
:''Vide'' [[Dea]], [[Divinitas]], [[Deus]].
[[Fasciculus:Statues of Mazu in Lugang Mazu Temple 2004-08.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Vestitae [[statua]]e [[Matsu (dea)|Matsus]], Sinensis deae marinae.]]
[[Numen|Numina]] religionum polytheisticarum sunt ut fieri solet personae [[mythologia|mythologicae]], quae statu maiores aut minores depinguntur, proprias sollertias, [[necessitsa|necessitates]], [[appetitus]], [[historia]]sque habentes. Hae divinitates saepe in propria persona videntur hominum similes ([[anthropomorphismus]]), sed cum additis [[vis|viribus]], facultatibus, [[sapientia]], [[sensus|sensibus]].

Polytheismus a persuasionibus [[animismus|animisticis]], quae in plurimis [[religio ethnica|religionibus ethnicis]] obtinent, distincte secerni non potest. Multa numina polytheistica sunt in summo ordine entitatum divinarum vel [[anima]]rum continua, quae [[maiores]], [[daemon]]es, [[lemures]], [[manes]], et alios comprehendunt. Complures ex his spiritibus in classes [[caelestis|caelestes]] aut [[chthonicus|chthonicas]] possunt digeri, et persuasio omnes harum entitatum exsistere non in se habet omnes coli.

===Genera divinitatum===
Genera divinitatum saepe in polytheismo inventa sunt:
* [[Deus amoris]] 
* [[Deus caeli]] (deus caelestis)
* [[Deus creator]]
* [[Deus fraudator]]
* [[Deus mater]]
* [[Deus mortis]] (deus chthonicus)
* [[Deus vitae, mortis, iterum vitae]]
* [[Heros culturae]]

===Variationes theologicae===
:''Vide'' [[Apotheosis]], [[Euhemerismus]], [[Heros]], [[Interpretatio Graeca]], [[Pantheon (dei)|Pantheon]], [[Theologia]].
Secundum nonnullos eruditos, &quot;[[polytheismus durus|polytheistae duri]]&quot; credunt deos esse distinctos disiunctosque entitates, quae partes separatas agunt, et negant omnes deos esse unum et deos esse indicia universi momenti vitalis. Eorum iudicium potest comparari cum iudicio &quot;[[polytheistae molles|polytheistarum mollium]],&quot; qui arbitrantur deos esse partem principii coniungentis sicut [[Unum]] [[Platonismus|Platonismi]], [[Neoplatonismus|Neoplatonismi]], atque [[Panentheismus|Panentheismi]].

In polytheismo duro (e.g., in [[mythologia]]), deitates sunt actores liberi, qui inter se certare possunt, et saepe certant, semper in dicionem [[fatum|fati]]. Molles autem polytheistae arbitrantur deos in dicione esse primordii divini, quod significat singulam [[entitas|entitatem]] divinam, cui est persona (sed non pro monotheistica [[religiones Abrahamicae|religionum Abrahamicarum]] deitate valens) et arbitratur deos partes omnium, sed non vanos aspectus vel personae [[Absolutum (philosophia)|Absoluti]]. Aperte accipit et defendit Neoplatonismus principium pluralitatis deorum distinctorum sicut &quot;explanatio in lucem' unitatis divinae quam Absolutum exprimit.&lt;!--Ubi est Latinus loci adlati fons?
&lt;blockquote&gt;Let us as it were celebrate the first God, not as establishing the earth and the heavens, nor as giving subsistence to souls, and the generation of all animals; for he produced these indeed, but among the last of things; but prior to these, let us celebrate Him as unfolding into light the whole intelligible and intellectual genus of gods, together with all the supermundane and mundane divinities—as the God of all gods, the unity of all unities, and beyond the first adyta,—as more ineffable than all silence, and more unknown than all essence,—as holy among the holies, and concealed in the intelligible gods.—Proclus, ''De Timaeo Platonis.''&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt; Est aliud quoque [[polytheismus mollis|polytheismi mollis]] genus, cuius cultores credunt deos deasque esse indicia vel &quot;aspectus&quot; dei unius (vel dei et deae), non omnino entitatum distinctarum.
 
Polytheismus mollis varietates [[monolatria]]e, [[henotheismus|henotheismi]], vel mythologiarum polytheistarum potest comprehendere, una cum generibus [[Pantheismus|pantheismi]] vel [[Panentheismus|panentheismi]]. Polytheistae molles arbitrantur suorum deos esse indicia entitatis communis et non personalis, vel diversos singuli [[deus personalis|dei personalis]] aspectus. Nihilominus, &quot;monotheistae comprehendentes&quot; dicunt omnia alia dei genera inferiores esse effigies suorum dei personalis, et ergo homines qui alios deos colunt suorum deum personalem oblique colere.

Opinio falsa vel etiam mendacium inventa in [[interrete]] est &quot;polytheistas molles&quot; habere deos omnium [[cultura]]rum entitates distinctos—positio theologica accuratius appellata [[polytheismus integrationalis]]; sicut homines antiqui bene sapiverunt, unus deus potest cognosci a nonnullis culturis, aperte nomine vario (vide [[Interpretatio]]).

Obtinet polytheismus mollis in [[Aetas Nova|Aetate Nova]] et [[syncretismus|syncreticis]] Neopaganismi ramis, potissimum cum [[psychologia|psychologi]] coniectiones deitatum sicut [[archetypus|archetypi]] animi humani faciant. [[Dion Fortune]], [[scriptrix]] et [[occultista]] [[Populi Anglici|Anglica]], fuit potens polytheismi mollis fautor, quae in ''[[The Sea Priestess]]'' [[mythistoria]] scripsit: &quot;Omnes dei sunt unus deus, et omnes deae sunt una dea, et est unus initiator.&quot; Nonnulli Neopagani, insigniter [[Wicca]]ni, magni faciunt hanc sententiam, saepe falso consideratur nova [[fabula]]; Fortune enimvero ex fonte antiquo, ''[[Metamorphoses (Apuleius)|Metamorphoses]],'' [[Apuleius|Apulei]] mythistoria, attulit. Ea monotheismum polytheismumque in coniunctionem [[pantheismum]] aliquando appellatum componit; nihilominus, pantheismus diutius attigit circumplectentem divinitatem inhaerentem.
[[Fasciculus:WahineTane.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Papa (mythologia)|Papa]], [[mater]] prima (ad laevam), et [[Rangi]], [[pater]] primus, [[Maori]]ani [[deus creator|dei creatores]], arto in amplexu se amplectuntur.]]

===In religione comparativa===
[[Monotheismus]], dissimilis polytheismi, solum unum deum exsistere adfirmat. Polytheismus et monotheismus, ambo genera theismi, fortasse non possunt comparari cum meris &quot;ismis,&quot; quae principia coniunctionem cum deis non semper monstrantes comprehendunt. Exempli gratia, ''[[monismus]]'' est terminus pro quovis systemate quod solum unam primordii unitatem, ex qua omnes aliae entitates deducuntur, habet.

==Mythologia et religio==
Aetate [[Imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]], [[Sallustius (philosophus)|Sallustius]] [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]] [[mythologia]]m in genera quinque dividit.
:'''1. Genus theologicum.''' [[Fabula]]e theologicae, secundum Sallustium, sunt quae nulla conformatione corporea utuntur, sed ipsam deorum essentiam contemplantur. Exempli gratia, [[Chronus]], qui suos filios devoravit: cum divinitas sit res intelligentiae et omnis intelligentia ad se rediat, haec fabula essentiam divinitatis in [[allegoria]] exprimit.
:'''2. Genus physicum.''' Fabulae sunt physica cum eae deorum facta in mundo exprimunt. Homines [[Chronus|Chronum]] usque ad praesentem consideraverunt tempus, et dicere temporis partes eius filios etiam est dicere filios a patre devoratos esse.
:'''3. Genus psychologicum.''' Modus psychologicus fabulas considerat [[allegoria]]s animi ipsius vel animi facta cogitata.
:'''4. Genus corporeum.''' Modus corporeus res materiae considerat deos ipsos. Exempli gratia, appellare [[terra (regio)|terram]] &quot;[[Gaia]]m,&quot; [[oceanus|oceanum]] &quot;[[Oceanus (deus)|Oceanum]],&quot; vel [[calor]]em &quot;[[Typhon (deus)|Typhon]].&quot; 
:'''5. Genus mixtum.''' Videtur fabula mixta in multis speciminibus. Traditur, verbi causa, in deorum epulis, [[Eris (mythologia)|Eris]] dea [[malum aureum]] deiecit; deabus pro eo pugnantibus, [[Zeus]] eas ad [[Paris (mythologia)|Paridem]] ut iudicarentur misit. (Vide etiam [[Iudicium Paridis]].) Paris arbitrans [[Aphrodite]]n esse pulcherrimam ei malum addixit. Hic epulae hypercosmicas deorum potestates significat; inde sunt omnes ad unum. Malum aureum est mundum, quod, ex contrariis conformatum, naturaliter dicitur &quot;deiectum ab Eridis&quot; ([[Graece]]: ''Dissentione''). Varii dei dona varia societati humani largiuntur; ergo ipsi habentur &quot;pugnare pro malo.&quot; Praeterea animus, quae secundum sensum vivit—nam Paris est sensus—non alias mundi potestates, sed solum pulchritudinem, malum ad Aphroditen pertinere declarat.

==Polytheismus historicus==
[[Fasciculus:Quetzalcoatl telleriano.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Quetzalcoatl]], deus [[Azteci|Aztecus]] hic forma anguis, hominem devorat; ex [[Codex Telleriano-Remensis|Codice Telleriano-Remensi]].]]
Nonnulla celebria [[pantheon]]ta&lt;!--?--&gt; polytheistica sunt [[Mythologia Mesopotamiana]] (vel Sumeriana) et [[Mythologia Agypta|deos Aegyptos]], et attestatum antiquitus pantheon, quod religiones [[Religio Graeca antiqua|Graecam antiquam]] [[Religio Romana|Romanamque]] comprehendit. Religiones polytheisticae post antiquitum comprehendunt [[Mythologia Scdandinavica|Scandinavicos]] [[Æsir]] [[Vanir]]que, [[Mythologia Yorubana|nationis Yorubanae]] [[orixa]]s, [[Mythologia Azteca|Aztecorum]] deos, multosque alios.
 
Hodie, plerumque notae religiones polytheisticae detrectantur ut [[mythologia]], quamquam [[fabula]]e quae [[cultura]]e dicus de eorum deis distinguenda sunt de eorum cultu vel moribus religioso. &lt;!--
For instance deities portrayed in conflict in mythology would still be worshipped sometimes in the same temple side by side, illustrating the distinction in the devotees mind between the myth and the reality. It is speculated that there was once a [[Proto-Indo-European religion]], from which the religions of the various [[Indo-European people]]s derive, and that this religion was an essentially naturalist numenistic religion.--&gt; Exemplum notionis religiosae praeteriti temporis est notio ''[[Dyeus|*dyeus]],'' in compluribus distinctis [[systema]]tibus religiosis attestata.
 
Pantheonta multarum culturarum ut per saecula augant tetenderunt. Deitates quae patroni urbium locorumve primum cultae erant mox, dum regna ampliores trans terras ceperunt, congessae sunt. Victoriae pantheon maioris ad minoris [[cultura]]e subiecerunt, sicut in [[Titanomachia]] Graeca, et fortasse [[Æsir]] et [[Vanir]] in [[Mythologia Norvegica|fabulis Norvegicis]]. Permutatione culturale quoque, &quot;una&quot; deitas bonam famam habuit variis nominibus in variis locis, sicut in culturis Graeca, [[Etrusci|Etrusca]], Romanaque, et elementa religionis alienae in cultum loci introducta sunt, exempli gratia [[Osiris]], deus [[Aegyptus]], cuius cultus ad [[Graecia antiqua|Graeciam antiquam]] adlatus est.
 
Plurima opinionis systemata censuerunt deos [[vita]]s humanas movere; [[Epicurus]], autem, [[philosophus]] Graecus, sensit deos entitates viventes, incorruptas, felices esse, qui negotia mortalium non curaverunt, sed ab [[animus|animo]], praecipue per [[somnus|somnum]], percipi potuerunt. Ipse etiam docuit hos deos [[corpus|corporeos]] esse, hominum similes, qui inania inter mundos habitabant.
 
[[Religio Hellenistica]] habetur polytheistica, elementa monistica tenens, et postremum monotheismus ex Hellenisticis [[Antiquitus Recentior|antiquitus recentioris]] moribus in [[Neoplatonismus|Neoplatonismo]] et [[theologia Christiana]] emersit. Vide etiam has res:
{{div col|2}}
;[[Aetas Aënea]] ad [[Antiquitas classica|Antiquitatem Classicam]] 
* [[Polytheismus Celticus]]
* [[Religiones Asiae Minoris Antiquae]]
** [[Religio Agypta antiqua]]
** [[Religio Semitica antiqua]]
* [[Religio Graeca antiqua]]
* [[Religio Romana antiqua]] 
* [[Religio Vedica antiqua]]

;[[Antiquitus Recentior]] ad [[Alta Aetas Media|Altam Aetatem Mediam]]
*[[Paganismus Germanicus]]
*[[Paganismus Slavicus]]
*[[Paganismus Balticus]]
*[[Paganismus Fennicus]]
{{div col end}}

==Polytheismus in religionibus mundi==
[[Fasciculus:La_Tombe_de_Horemheb_cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Osiris]], [[Anubis]], [[Horus]]que, dei [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]], ex pictura sepulcrali.]]
===Religiones polytheisticae===
====Religiones populares====
:''Vide:'' [[Angelus]], &lt;!--[[Catholicismus Popularis]],--&gt; [[Sanctus]].&lt;!--, [[Mores alpini ante Christum]].--&gt;
Variae populares, [[religio ethnica|ethnicae]], et vernaculae mundi religiones sunt fere omnes polytheisticae. Apertus polytheismus in hodierna religione populare in [[religio Africana translaticia]], [[religiones diasporae Africanae|religionibus diasporae Africanae]], et rusticis [[America Centralis|Mediae Americae]] et [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] invenitur. In [[Eurasia]], [[Kalash]] est unus ex paucissimorum polytheismi superstitis exemplorum. Etiam permultae [[mores]] populares polytheisticique in [[Hinduismus|Hinduismo]] hodierno accipiuntur, quamquam doctrina Hinduismi a [[theologia]] monistica vel monotheistica, sicut [[Advaita]] et [[Bhakti]], regnatur. Ritualismus [[Veda|Vedicus]] polytheisticus, dictus [[Shrauta]], minutum filum in Hinduismo exstat.

====Antiquus polytheismus Graecus (polytheismus Hellenicus)====
:''Vide'' [[Religio in Graeca antiqua]]
[[Graeci antiqui]] [[Duodecim Olympici|Duodecim Olympicos]] (duodecim canonici [[ars|artis]] [[poesia]]eqie dei deaeque)&lt;ref&gt;''Encyclopedia Americana'' (1993), vol. 13, p. 431.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dodekatheon,&quot; ''Papyrus Larousse Britannica'' (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; cognoscebant: [[Zeus|Zeum]], [[Hera]]m, [[Poseidon]], [[Athena]]m, [[Ares|Arem]], [[Demeter|Demetrum]], [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Artemis|Artemidem]], [[Hephaestus|Hephaestum]], [[Aphrodite]]n, [[Hermes]], et [[Dionysus|Dionysum]]; [[Hestia]] se abdicavit cum Dionysus sedem in [[Olympus|Olympum montem]], et [[Pluto (deus)|inferis]] accepit.&lt;ref&gt;George Edward Rines, ed., [http://books.google.com/books?id=PWYMAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA408 ''Encyclopedia Americana,''] vol. 13 (Americana Corp., 1919), 408–11.&lt;/ref&gt; saepe exclusus est quia sub terra [[habitatio|habitaret]]. Graeci multos deos minores quoque colebant. Omnis [[urbs]] suos deos proprios colebat, aliquando cum [[epitheton]]ibus quae suorum locum denotabant. [[Numerus]] et [[nomen proprium|nomina]] deorum maxime variabat.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The limitation [numeri Olympicorum] to twelve seems to have been a comparatively modern idea&quot; (Heinrich Wilhelm Stoll, ''Handbook of the religion and mythology of the Greeks,'' conv. R. B. Paul, Francis Rivington, et John Rivington, 1852), 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Polytheismus Hellenicus]] longe lateque praeter terram continentem attigit, ad [[insula]]s et [[litus|litora]] [[Ionia]]e in [[Asia Minor]]e, ad [[Magna Graecia|Magnam Graeciam]] ([[Sicilia]]m et [[Italia]]m meridionalem), et ad dispersas [[colonia]]s Graecas in [[Mare Internum|Mari Interno]] occidentali, sicut [[Massalia]]m. Religio Graeca [[mythologia Etrusca|Etruscam mythologiam]] fidemque ut multum [[religio Romana|religionis Romanae]] nascatur temperavit.

==== Religiones Indae ====
===== Hinduismus =====
[[Hinduismus]] est polytheisticus, monotheisticus, pantheisticusve. Quamquam sint in Hinduismo permultae deitates (exempli gratia, [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Ganesha]], [[Hanuman]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Kali]]), diverse spectantur. Hinduistae antiqui crediderunt omnes deitates fuisse elementa separata, sed pauci Hinduistae hodierni sic opinantur.
[[Fasciculus:Ganesha_Kangra_miniature_18th_century_Dubost_p51.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shiva]] (ad dextram) et [[Parvati|Pārvatī]] infantem [[Ganesha]]m lavant. Miniatura Kangra [[saeculum 18|saeculi duodevicensimi]]. Museum Allahbad [[Dellium|Delhia]]e.]]

[[Advaita]], [[philosophia]] ab [[Adi Shankara]] [[Smartha]]e sectae exposita, sinit venerationem plurimarum deitatum, sed omnes esse declarationes unius potestatis divinae et non personalis, [[Brahman]]is, confirmat. [[Vaishnavismus]], [[Sivaismus]], [[Saktismus]]que, cum secta [[Smartha]] comparati, notionem statutum singuli [[deus personalis|dei personalis]] monotheismum, panentheisticam, monisticamque sequuntur, sed in eorum notionibus dei supremi inter se differunt. Cultor Vaishnavitus arbitratur [[Vishnu]] [[Krishna]]mve solum deum qui cultum meret, et cultum aliarum deitatum inferiorem, vel suadet ut homines alias dei formas colat sicut aspectus vel amplificationes Supremi. Multi homines Vaishnaviti Shivam credunt summum Vishnus cultorem, sed hic Shiva non est [[Sadashiv]], amplificatio [[Vishnu]]s putata. Shivaitorum opiniones fere sunt opinionum Vaishnavitorum similes; ei autem [[Shiva]]m solum sicut Supremum colunt.

Hinduismus religiosus inclinationes monotheisticas polytheisticasque circumplectitur, etiam variationes vel mixturas harum structurarum. Ergo veneratio usitate est polytheistica, quamquam [[philosophus|philosophi]] et [[theologus|theologi]] proponunt esse metaphysicam structuram transcendentem cum singula natura diva, quas ei usitate appellant [[Brahman]] vel [[Atman]]. Cognitio huius naturae absolutae definit multos cultus Hindiuisticos, sicut [[Vedanta]]. Multi Hindu credunt varias deitates ex Brahman emanare, et maior pars, secundum eorum studia propria vel moress, in veneratione deitatem ut imaginem huius numinis supremi persistit.
[[Fasciculus:Wassertropfen.jpg|300px|thumb|upright=0.8|Effectus stillae aquae in [[superficies|superficiem]] [[aqua]]e—communis Brahman et [[Atman]] imago.]]

Secundum aliquas Hinduismi scholas, scripturae [[Veda|Vedicae]] docent summum numen esse [[Vedanta]], summam veritatem absolutam, Bhagavan divum, multis nominibus agnotum: Hari, Vishnu, Narayana, Krishna, Govinda, Rama—verba quae ad supremam personam absolutam attinent, heroem ([[Anglice]]: ''demigod'') non similem. Permulti credunt legatos Bhagavan, magistros corporis expertes, esse magistros quinque ''vaisnava sampradayas'': Caitanya, Lakshmi, Quattuor Kumarae, Brahma, Shiva. 

In denominatione [[Smartha]], [[philosophia]] [[Advaita]]e, ut docuit [[Shankara]], gratiosissimus gravissimusque Hinduismi mos [[theologia|theologicus]], venerationem multarum deitatum sinit, sed constant inter omnes tales deitates esse imagines unius potestatis divae, nomine Brahman. Ergo, secundum scholas Vedantae, Shankara non exceptis, sunt permultae deitates, praecipue Vishnu, Shiva, Ganesha, Hanuman, Lakshmi, Kali, sed omnes sunt reapse effigies unius numinis. Multi philosophi Vedantici etiam docent hos omnes coniunctos esse ab unius potestate divae, nomine Atman.

Contra has opiniones, tres denominationes—[[Vaishnavismus]], [[Sivaismus]], [[Saktismus]]—docent esse unum deum in una persona. Ergo Smartha videtur species [[monotheismus|monotheismi]], monistici et [[panentheismus|panentheistici]], sed eius cultores inter se differunt quod attinet ad veram dei supremi qualitatem. Ei putant Vishnu vel Krishnam esse solum deum venerationis dignum, et venerationem aliarum deitatum esse inferiorem, vel suadent hominibus ut ei alias dei [[imago|imagines]] venerentur sicut aspectus vel amplificationes numinis supremi; multi quidem habent [[Shiva]]m esse altissimum Vishnus cultorem.

===== Sikhismus =====
[[Sikhismus]] est religio [[monotheismus|monotheistica]], cuius socii credunt solum in unum deum, [[Waheguru]], polytheismum ergo reicientes. Sikhismus autem poenam pro polytheismo non sancit. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] (Punjabi ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ, [[1666]]–[[1708]]), decimum [[guru]] [[Sikhismi]], scripsit: &quot;Dissentio ponderi [[Ganesha]]e. Nec [[Krishna]]m nec [[Vishnu]] commentor. Eos non audio; eos non cognosco. Meus [[amor]] est cum dei pedibus loti. Ipse est meus defensor, supremus dominus. Pulvis sum eius pedum loti.&quot;

==== Religiones Asianae Orientales ====
===== Buddhismus et Sintoismus =====
[[Fasciculus:Buddha statues in a temple on Jejudo.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Templum]] Buddhisticum in [[Corea]].]]
Sunt in [[Buddhismus|Buddhismo]] superioria numina late designataa dei ([[deva (Buddhismus)|devae]]); nihilominus, Buddhismus penitus notionem precationis vel venerationis devarum non docet. Devae generaliter sunt entitates quae in suis [[Reincarnatio|vitis prioribus]] &quot;positiviorem [[karma]]m&quot; habuerunt quam homines nunc viventes. Earum vitas postremum finient. Vitibus finitis, eae renascentur devae vel aliae entitates. Cum eae &quot;negativam karmam&quot; accumulent, renascentur homines vel entitates inferiores. Homines et alia numina possunt renasci devae in proximo [[renatio (Buddhismus)|renatione]] si multas karmas positivas accumulant.
 
Buddhismus floruit in variis civitates, quorum nonnullae religiones polytheisticas [[religio popularis|populares]] nunc habent. Buddhismus facile &quot;[[syncretismus|syncretizat]]&quot; cum aliis religionibus quoniam rigida de theismo doctrina caret. Cum religionibus popularibus commiscens, Buddhismus in varietatibus et polytheisticis et non theisticis sic auctus est. Exempli gratia, in [[Iaponia]], Buddhismus, cum [[Sintoismus|Sintoismo]] commixtus, qui ''[[kami]]'' (plurales entitates) colit, morem creavit qui ad ''kami'' precatur. Ergo nonnullae formae Buddhismi recentioris elementa venerationis deorum sustineant.

==== Religiones neopaganae ====
[[Neopaganismus]] polytheismum cum pantheismo vel panentheismo saepe commiscet. [[Neopaganismus Germanicus]] est fides polytheistica in qua homines divinitates paganismi Germanici antiqui colunt. [[Wicca]] est fides pantheistica, sed etiam [[bitheismus|bitheistica]] vel polytheistica. Arbitratur universum consistere in divinitate appellata [[Dryghten]], divisa in res oppositas: [[Deus|Deum]] et [[Dea]]m. Uterque potest dividi in multas deitates varias, quae sunt aspectus Dei et Deae. Wicca vehementius dicit aequalitatem deitatum marum et feminearum, quoniam aliae fides polytheisticae saepe deitates mares in summa ordine posuerunt.

=== Religiones Abrahamicae: religiones per speciem non polytheisticae ===
==== Iudaismus ====
[[Iudaismus]] est religio monotheistica, cuius socii solum in [[Iehovah]] credunt, et ergo multorum deorum cultum reicit et polytheismum ([[lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: ''avodah zarah'') diserte interdicit. Eruditi concertant num ''shittuf,'' coniunctio potestatis inferioris et deitatis Yahweh inferioris, [[gentiles|gentilibus]] licet, sed [[Iudaeus|Iudaeis]] non licet. Poena polytheismi in [[Vetus Testamentum|Testamento Vetere]] fuit poena mortis. [[Leges Noae|Legibus Noae]] septem,&lt;!--Anglice: Noahide--&gt; etiam fuit opinabilis poena capitis pro cultu polytheistico.

==== Christianitas ====
[[Fasciculus:Bernt Notke 001.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Haec [[Medium Aevum|Medii Aevi]] [[pictura]] notionem [[Trinitas|trinitatis]] [[Christianitas|Christianitatis]] describit: [[deus]] pater, qui omnes creat; [[Iesu Christus|deus filius, qui se immolat]]; deus [[sanctus spiritus]], [[columba (avis)|columbae]] figura pictus. [[Monotheismus|Monotheistae]] non Christiani hanc fidem appellant formam polytheismi; quod autem Christiani negant.]]
 
[[Christianitas]] est religio monotheistica, cuius fideles credunt solum in unum deum, et heredes sunt [[Iudaismus|Iudaismi]] persuasionis alios deos non exsistere vel esse [[idolum|idola]] falsa. Scriptor Actuum dixit ad viros Athenienses: &quot;Quidam vero visit adhaerentes ei, crediderunt; in quibus et Dionysius Areopagita, et [[mulier]] nomine Damaris, et alii cum eis&quot; (Actus 17:16–34) ut is eos ad suam sententiam traducat. [[Sanctus Paulus]], efficacissimus Christianitatis [[evangelismus|evangelista]], scripsit [[idololatria]]m esse vitandam, et deos paganos esse [[daemon]]es (prima Epistola ad Corinthos, 10:19–20). Paene omnes Christiani credunt in [[Trinitas|Trinitatem]], unum deum in personis tribus. Haec notio a Christianis non habetur forma polytheismi quia evangelia iterum atque iterum adfirmant Iesum gessisse res—venerationem acceptam, peccata condonata, miracula suapse vi facta—quae soli deo plerumque reservantur, et se patremque appellavisse unum, et se dixisse quod sit, hoc est &quot;[[Sum quod sum]],&quot; vel [[Yahweh]].

Implicatae in Christianitate sunt partes [[angelus|angelorum]] et [[sanctus|sanctorum]], praecipue in ecclesiis [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholica]] et [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Orthodoxa]]. Angeli accipiuntur entitates divinae, sed solum ut deo serviant exsistunt, omnesque praeter tres ([[Michael (archangelus)|Michael]], [[Gabriel (archangelus)|Gabriel]], [[Raphael (archangelus)|Raphael]]) nomine carent. Hic numerus in [[Protestantismus|Protestantismo]] reducitur ad duo, libro [[Tobit]] [[Libri deuterocanonicales|deuterocanonicali]] excluso.
 
[[Veneratio]] [[Sanctus|sanctorum]] in [[Christianitas popularis|Christianitate populare]] ([[Anglice]]: ''folk Christianity''), notionibus et usibus praeter approbationem vel auctoritatem ecclesiarum [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicae Romanae]], [[Ecclesiae Protestantes|Protestantium]], et aliorum institutorum religiosorum, praesertim notio [[sanctus patronus|sanctorum patronorum]] pro certis vitae societatisve aspectibus, discerni vix potest a polytheismo, atque adeo mores ante Christum saepe producit.&lt;ref&gt;Michael C. Rea, &quot;Polytheism and Christian Belief,&quot; ''The Journal of Theological Studies'' (2006) 57 (1): 133–48.&lt;/ref&gt; Tales autem mores ferme extra doctrinas comprobatas crescunt; [[pietas popularis]] sinatur vel toleretur, sed motus [[syncreticismus|syncretici]] plerumque condemnantur. Sanctum caelestem precatur Christianus, eum cum se precari putans: nam sancto non est propria potestas, sed is tantum supplicat ut deus precibus obsequitur, quia soli deo est potestas vera.

====Religio Islamica====
[[Religio Islamica]] est religio monotheistica, cuius socii solum in [[Allah]] credunt. Secundum [[Qur'an]], [[liber sacer|sanctum librum]] Islamicum, polytheismus ([[lingua Arabica|Arabice]] ''[[shirk]]'') est summum peccatum. Musulmani Christianitatem esse religionem polytheisticam putant quod plurimi Christiani in [[Trinitas|Trinitatem]] credunt.

====Rastafarianismus====
[[Rastafarianismus]] est religio monotheistica, cuius fideles credunt solum in [[Jah]], deum qui homo in [[terra (planeta)|terra]] bis incarnatus est, primum [[Iesu Christus]], tum [[Haile Selassie]], et ambos hodie coluntur. Rastafideles negant hic usus polytheismum componit.

{{NexInt}}
; Genera theismi
{{div col|3}}
* [[Agnosticismus]]
* [[Atheismus]]
* [[Cathenoteismus]]
* [[Deismus]]
* [[Dualismus]] (bitheismus)
* [[Henotheismus]]
* [[Monotheismus]]
* [[Pantheismus]]&lt;!--
* [[Polytheismus integrationalis]]--&gt;
; Aliae res
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Aetiologia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q156318}}
* [[Apotheosis]]
* [[Cultus herois]]
* [[Deorum fictorum cultus]]
* [[Doctrina popularis]]
* [[Fabula et ritus]]
* [[Heros]]
* [[Heros culturae]]
* [[Carolus Jung]]
* [[Legendum]]
* [[Neopaganismus]]
* [[Paganismus]]
* [[Reconstructionismus polytheisticus]]
* [[Religio popularis]]
* [[Rex sacer]]
* [[Tangaloa]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
 
==Bibliographia==
*Assmann, Jan. [[2004]]. &quot;Monotheism and Polytheism.&quot; In ''Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide,'' ed. Sarah Iles Johnston, 17–31. [[Cantabrigia (Massachusetta)|Cantabrigiae]] Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674015177.
*Bellinger, Gerhard J. ''Lexikon der Mythologie.'' Knaur Verlag. ISBN 9783899962703.
*Blain, Jenny. [[2004]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704075640/http://www.manygods.org.uk/articles/traditions/polytheism.html An Understanding of Polytheism]''.
*Burkert, Walter. [[1985]]. ''Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical.'' Blackwell. ISBN 0631156240.
*Cotterell, Arthur. ''Die Enzyklopädie der Mythologie: Klassisch, keltisch, nordisch.'' Editio 30. ISBN 9783897363007.
*Fink, Gerhard. ''Who's who in der antiken Mythologie.'' Dtv Verlag. ISBN 9783423325349.
*Greer, John Michael. [[2005]]. ''A World Full of Gods: An Inquiry Into Polytheism.'' ADF Publishing. ISBN 0976568101.
*Gunturu, Vanamali. ''Hinduismus—Die grosse Religion Indiens.'' Diederichs. ISBN N 3720531559.
*Iles Johnston, Sarah. [[2007]]. ''Ancient Religions.'' [[Cantabrigia (Massachusetta)|Cantabrigiae]] Massachusettae: Belknap Press. ISBN 0674025482.
*Marbaniang, Domenic. [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=fL-dAqxShiwC&amp;pg=PP1&amp;dq=Epistemics+of+Divine+Reality ''Epistemics of Divine Reality'' apud Google Books.] (Pro philosophica polytheismi explicatione, vide capitulum 3, &quot;Empirical Epistemics of Divine Reality.&quot;)
*Paper, Jordan. [[2005]]. ''The Deities are Many: A Polytheistic Theology.'' State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791463871.
*Penchansky, David. [[2005]]. ''Twilight of the Gods: Polytheism in the Hebrew Bible.'' ISBN 0664228852.
*Schumann, Hans Wolfgang. ''Die grossen Götter Indiens: Grundzüge von Hinduismus und Buddhismus.'' Ariston Verlag. ISBN 9783720528542.

==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150909120109/http://www.manygods.org.uk/ &quot;The Association of Polytheist Traditions&quot;], Britannica polytheistarum communitas
* [http://www.monochrom.at/polytheism Internationalis Polytheismi Annus] &lt;!--Philosophical project promoting polytheism by group [[monochrom]]--&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080908020512/http://polytheism.org.uk/wordpress Polytheismus Integrationalis]

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[[Categoria:Polytheismus|!]]</text>
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    <title>Systema sensorium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fasciculus:Olhos de um gato-2.jpg|thumb|[[Oculus|Oculi]], [[nasus]], [[auris|aures]], [[vibrissae]] sunt organa sensuum [[feles|felis]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Eye iris.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oculus]] [[homo sapiens|humanus]] est [[receptores sensuum|receptor visus]], primum systematis sensorii elementum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Earcov.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Auris]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Tongue.agr.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lingua]]]]
'''Systema sensorium''' est [[systema nervosum|systematis nervosi]] pars, quae [[data]] per [[sensus (biologia)|sensus]] tam apprehendit, transmittit, et elaborat, ut [[conscientia]] [[realitas|realitatem]] in [[circumiecta|mundo circumiecto]] recipere et apprehendere possit. Hoc systema constat ex [[receptores sensuum|receptoribus sensuum]], [[semita nervorum|semitis nervorum]], et eis partibus [[cerebrum|cerebri]], quae data sensoria recipiunt, elaborant, et interpretantur. Inter systemata latissime agnota sunt [[facultas|facultates]], quae ad [[visus|visum]], [[auditus|auditum]], [[tactus|tactum]] (vel [[sensus somaticus|sensum somaticum]] sicut [[dolor]] et [[temperatura thermodynamica|temperatura]]), [[gustatus|gustatum]], [[odor|odoratum]] spectant. Sensus sunt [[traductor]]es&lt;!--transducers--&gt; ex mundo [[physica|physico]] ad regnum [[mens|mentis]], ubi [[animalia]] data interpretantur, [[perceptio]]nem mundi circumiecti creantia.&lt;ref&gt;John Krantz, ''Experiencing Sensation and Perception,'' praecipue capitulum 1, [https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002814/http://www.saylor.org/content/krantz_sensation/Experiencing_Sensation_and_Perception.pdf &quot;What is Sensation and Perception?&quot;] (pp. 1.6).&lt;/ref&gt;

Receptoria sensoria humana sunt:
*[[Chemosensorium]]
*[[Mechanoreceptorium]]
*[[Nociceptorium]]
*[[Photoreceptorium]]
*[[Thermoreceptorium]]

==Morbi==
*[[Ageusia]]
*[[Amblyopia]]
*[[Anosmia]]
*[[Astigmatismus]]
*[[Caecitas]]
*[[Caecitas colorum]]
*[[Cataracta]]
*[[Hyperopia]]
*[[Myopia]]
*[[Surditas]]

{{NexInt}}
*[[Ioannes Petrus Müller]]
*[[Neuroscientia sensoria|Neuroscientiam sensoriam]]
*[[Sensillum]]
*[[Sensor]]em
*[[Sensorama]]
*[[Systema nervosum]]&lt;!--
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sensory_Systems Wikibook &quot;Sensory Systems&quot;]--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{med-stipula}}
{{biologia-stipula}}
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[[Categoria:Biologia]]
[[Categoria:Medicina]]&lt;!--recte: + Sensory system--&gt;
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''' Dileita Machometus Dileita''' (natus [[Tadjoura]]e die [[12 Martii]] [[1958]]) est a die [[4 Martii]] [[2001]] [[Dzibutum|Dzibuti]] primus minister. 

== Nexus externus ==

{{CommuniaCat|Dileita Mohamed Dileita|Dileitam Machometum Dileita}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dileita, Dileita Mohamed}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Gibuti]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1958]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="1223" sha1="adzrh6xayfj4ohmqdcishz4m6l9iyc0" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Dome of the Rock1.jpg|thumb|[[Tholus]] Saxi apud [[Mons Templi|Montem Templi]] stat.]]

{{res|Cupola}} seu {{res|Tholus Saxi}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cupola Saxi&quot;: Robert North, ''Stratigraphia Geobiblica'' (Romae, 1970) [http://books.google.fr/books?id=dz_3uwlky_4C&amp;pg=PA82&amp;lpg=PA82&amp;dq=%22cupola+saxi%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=JnwRSlzWmK&amp;sig=-fJctM8dByEG-XE2H-Z6Ghw1px8&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=HsAjUP6HD8Oq0QW11YGYCA&amp;ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22cupola%20saxi%22&amp;f=false p. 82]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Fontes desiderati}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Arabice]] ‏ مسجد قبة الصخرة''masǧid qubbat al-ṣaḫra'') est sacellum cum forma [[tholus|tholi]] [[religio Islamica|Islamicum]] quod {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Lapidem Fundamenti||he|qid=Q1027494}} includit, et monumentum insigne in [[Mons Templi|Monte Templi]] Urbis [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymorum]] situm. Aedificatum est anno [[691]], unde veterrimum habetur aedificiorum Islamicorum in mundo.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{Aedi-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Aedificia religiosa]]
[[Categoria:Architectura Arabica]]
[[Categoria:Architectura Islamica]]
[[Categoria:Confecta 691]]
[[Categoria:Hierosolyma]]
[[Categoria:Religio Islamica]]
[[Categoria:Tholi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Morinda</title>
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      <text bytes="2584" sha1="idpcrzvyr3x7gjzt6xabe1d5svdh7r8" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{taxobox
|name = ''Morinda''
|image = P Morc D5915.JPG
|image_caption = ''[[Morinda citrifolia]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]]
|ordo = [[Gentianales]]
|familia = [[Rubiaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Rubioideae]]
|tribus = [[Morindeae]]
|genus = '''''Morinda'''''
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = Vide commentarium.
|}}

'''''Morinda''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[Angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] in [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[Rubiaceae|Rubiacearum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/43521 |title = Genus '''Morinda''' |work=Taxonomy |publisher=UniProt.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Descriptio ==
Generi sunt fere octoginta [[species (taxinomia)|species]], in omnibus regionibus [[Zona tropica|tropicis]] distributae. Hae species sint [[arbor]]es, [[frutex|frutices]], vel [[liana]]e. Aliquae, sicut ''[[Morinda citrifolia]]'', sunt arbores quae lianarum similes sunt. Omnes [[syncarpa]]s ([[fructus adgregatus|fructus adgregatos]]) ferunt, qui sint carnosi (sicut ''Morinda citrifolia'') vel sicci. Plurimae sunt in regionibus [[Borneum|Borneo]], [[Nova Guinea]], [[Australia]] septentrionali, et [[Nova Caledonia]] natae.

== Species ==
* ''[[Morinda angustifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Morinda asteroscepa]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Malavium]], [[Tanzania]])
* ''[[Morinda citrifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Carl Linnaeus|L]]&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Morinda fasciculata]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[George Bentham|Benth.]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Aequatoria]])
* ''[[Morinda jasminoides]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|A.Cunn.]]&lt;/small&gt; (Australia orientalis)
* ''[[Morinda longiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Morinda lucida]]'' &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Morinda nana]]'' &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Morinda officinalis]]'' &lt;small&gt;F.C.How, 1958&lt;/small&gt; ([[Sina]])
* ''[[Morinda parvifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Morinda pubescens]]'' &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Morinda tinctoria]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Morinda trimera]]'' &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt; ([[Havaii]])
* ''[[Morinda umbellata]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]]&lt;/small&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externus ==
* [http://www.ppp-index.de/L1BQUF9TSE9XUEFHRT9QQUdFPTMmTUlEPTI3NTY.html?UID=07A8EAA7A2C63911158AF2AF2FED408C6E65ED40A2BE Plenus specierum index.] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Categoria:Morinda| ]]
[[Categoria:Genera plantarum]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ientaculum</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="16264" sha1="9z63sb9u6nibn40eemr84edu2a193b7" xml:space="preserve">{{Videhom|Ientaculum (Velázquez)}}
[[Fasciculus:Chinese rice congee.jpg|thumb|Usitatum Sinarum meridianarum ientaculum [[Kōbe]] in urbe [[Iaponia]]e illatum: [[ptisanarium]] (''bai zhou'') cum rasuris [[porcina|porcinis]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tsatsai||en|qid=Q1515130}}, [[coriandrum sativum|coriandro]] [[viridis|viridi]] apposito ientaculum [[Sinae (gens)|Sinarum]] meridianarum]]

{{res|Ientaculum}} est primum [[epulum]] cottidianum, [[mane|ante meridiem]] sumptum, plerumque [[prandium|prandio]] et [[cena|cena principali]] levius.

== Nomina ==
[[Fasciculus:Petit dejeuner Bordeaux.jpg|thumb|Ientaculum [[Francia|Francicum]] hodiernum [[Burdigala]]e in urbe duobus hospitibus illatum: [[sucus malorum Sinensium]], [[semilixula]]e, [[coffeum]]]]
[[Nomen substantivum]] Latinum &quot;ientaculum&quot; e verbo &quot;ientare&quot; (i.e. &quot;ieiunium abrogare&quot;) derivatur, quod [[vocabulum]] ex [[nomen adiectivum|nomine adiectivo]] &quot;ieiunus&quot; (&quot;qui cibum non sumpsit&quot;) conficitur.
[[Fasciculus:Full English breakfast with bubble and squeak, sausage, bacon, grilled tomatoes, and eggs.jpg|thumb|[[Ientaculum plenum Anglicum|Ientaculi pleni Anglici]] (sic appellati) ferculum principale: ''[[bubble and squeak]]'', [[botulus]], frusta [[baconis]] [[lycopersicum|lycopersici]]que fricta, ova fricta]]

Similiter significant nomina in aliis linguis nonnullis. In [[lingua Francogallica]] nomen omnium epulorum cotidianorum e verbo [[lingua Protoromanica|Protoromanico]] *''disieiunare'' conficitur, synonymo verbi classici &quot;ientare&quot;; unde enim ''dîner'' (&quot;cenare&quot; et &quot;cena&quot; apud Francos, &quot;prandere&quot; et &quot;prandium&quot; apud Quebecanos), ''déjeuner'' (&quot;ientare, prandere, prandium&quot; apud Francos, &quot;ientare, ientaculum&quot; apud Quebecanos), ''petit déjeuner'' (&quot;ientaculum&quot; apud Francos),&lt;ref&gt;{{Meyer-Lubke}} s.v. &quot;disjejunare&quot;; {{Rey}} s.v. &quot;déjeuner&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; cf. ''à jeun'' &quot;ieiunus, qui ientaculum nullum sumpsit&quot;. Nomen ''petit déjeuner'' in [[lingua Dacoromanica|linguam Dacoromanicam]] imitatur (''mic dejun'' &quot;ientaculum&quot;) et [[lingua Lusitana|Lusitana]] (''pequeno almoço'' &quot;ientaculum&quot;, ut qui diceret &quot;parvum prandium&quot;). ''Déjeuner'' in aliis linguis imitatur, [[Lusitane]] olim ''desjejuar'' &quot;ientare&quot; et ''desjejum'' &quot;ientaculum&quot;, [[Hispanice]] ''desayunarse'' &quot;ientare&quot; et ''desayuno'' &quot;ientaculum&quot;, in [[dialectus Valentiana|dialecto Valentiana]] ''desdejunar-se'' &quot;ientare&quot; et ''desdejuni'' &quot;ientaculum&quot;; [[Anglice]] ''breakfast'' (&quot;ientare, ientaculum&quot;, ut qui diceret &quot;ieiunium frangere&quot;), e quo mutuata sunt nomina [[Cambrice]] ''brecwast'', [[Gadelice]] ''bracaist'', [[Hibernice]] ''bricfeast''.
[[Fasciculus:Idly sambar vada.JPG|thumb|Ientaculum [[India]]e meridionalis typicum, ex [[idli]] (pemmata candida), [[sambar]] ([[pulmentum]] ex holeribus) et [[vada]] ([[globulus]]), in folio [[pala]]e arboris illatum]]

In nonnullis linguis nomen ientaculi significat &quot;epulum matutinum&quot;. Ita [[Danice]] ''morgenmad'', [[Islandice]] ''morgunmatur'', [[Anglosaxonice]] ''morȝenmete'', [[Gadelice]] ''biadh-maidne'', [[Hibernice]] ''béile na maidne''; seu &quot;epulum primum&quot;, e.g. [[Italiane]] olim ''prima colazione'' (vel breviter ''colazione'').

Apud multos nomen ientaculi sonat &quot;cibus praecox&quot;, e.g. [[Norvegice]] ''Frokost'', [[Suecice]] ''Frukost''; seu &quot;morsus praecox&quot;, [[Theodisce]] ''Frühstück''; sive &quot;morsus&quot;, [[Gallaice]] ''almozo'' (e Protoromanico *''admordium'' verbi classici &quot;mordere&quot; composito), [[Catalane]] ''esmorzar''.

Interdum nomen vel cibo vel potioni alludit. Ita [[Vallonice]] ''café-didjuner'' &quot;prandium e coffeo&quot;; [[Lusitane]] communiter ''café da manhã'' &quot;coffeum matutinum&quot; et in [[lingua creolis Promontorii Viridis|lingua creoli Promontorii Viridis]] simplicius ''café'', sc. &quot;coffeum&quot;.

== Consuetudines ==
Qui de [[regimen|regimine]] in [[India]] antiqua scripserunt hominibus oportere bis cotidie epulare praeceperunt.&lt;ref&gt;K. T. Achaya, ''Indian Food: a historical companion'' (1994) p. 79, qui citat [[Iulius Jolly|J. Jolly]], &quot;On the Medical Authorities&quot; in D. P. Chattopadhyaya, ed., ''Studies in the History of Science in India'' (1982) vol. 1 p. 73&lt;/ref&gt; Indi hodierni ad ientaculum panes aut pulmenta et fercula [[caril]] ex holeribus accipiunt iuxta [[achar]]; coffeum aut [[thea]]m aut [[lac]] sorbent.

[[Sinae (gens)|Sinae]] saepe [[ptisanarium]] sumunt aut pulmentum e [[caseus soiae|caseo soiae]], additis interdum rasuris [[porcina|porcinis]] seu [[copadium|copadiis]]; theam sorbent. 

Auctor libri ''[[Regimen acutorum (Hippocrates)|Regiminis acutorum]]'' [[Corpus Hippocraticum|Hippocratici]] alios homines semel epulare adseverat (i.e. cenam tantum sumere), alios bis (i.e. ἄριστον &quot;prandium&quot;, circa meridiem sumptum, et δεῖπνον &quot;cena&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;''Regimen morborum acutorum'' 28-33&lt;/ref&gt; E quo intellegimus aut neminem Graecorum classicorum ientaculum sumpsisse, aut melius, hoc auctore, &quot;ientare&quot; (i.e. ἀκρατίσμα sumere) non est &quot;epulare&quot;; acratisma enim e pane et vino aquoso constetit. Hodie [[Graecia|Graeci]] permulti ientaculum minimum sumunt, e.g. [[tyropecta]]m seu [[spanacopecta]]m cum poculo [[coffeum|coffei]] [[Coffeum Turcicum|modo Turcograecico]] confecti.

[[Fasciculus:Gabriel Metsu - Portrait de l'artiste avec son épouse.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Pictor cum uxore ientaculum sumit (Metsu)|Pictor cum uxore ientaculum sumit]]: res a [[Gabriel Metsu|Gabriele Metsu]] anno 1661 picta ([[Pinacotheca Veterum Magistrorum (Dresda)|Pinacotheca Veterum Magistrorum]] [[Dresda|Dresdensis]])]]
[[Roma antiqua|Romani antiqui]], sicut Graeci, ientaculum e [[panis|pane]] tantum, seu pane cum [[caseus|caseo]], et [[vinum|vini]] aquosi poculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{DalbyAZ}} pp. 211-212.&lt;/ref&gt; Operarii servi urbani apud pistores mane emebant, si recte [[Martialis]] monet: &quot;Surgite: iam vendit pueris ientacula pistor, Cristataeque sonant undique lucis aves.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Martialis, ''[[Apophoreta (Martialis)|Epigrammata]]'' 14.223&lt;/ref&gt; [[Italia|Itali]] hodierni complures poculum coffei e lacte confecti iuxta panem seu [[panis biscoctus|biscoctum]]; alii [[Europa]]e meridionalis incolae leniter ientant, fere omnes coffeum sorbentes; [[Lusitani]] enim ientaculum interdum ''café da manhã'' nuncupant. Apud [[gastronomia Hispanica#Mores edendi|Hispanos]] mos est aut [[socolata]] aut coffeum in ientaculo bibere, saepissime cum biscoctis, panibus aut [[socolata cum encytis|encytis]].

[[Francia|Francis]] panis aut [[semilixula]] infertur cum [[butyrum|butyro]] et [[confectura]]; potio coffei, theae (sine lacte) seu [[socolata]]e (e lacte) additur. Haec si in aliis civitatibus offeruntur &quot;[[ientaculum continentale]]&quot; nuncupantur.

[[Fasciculus:Gustav Wentzel Frokost 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Ientaculum II (Wentzel)|Temperamenta matutina]] a [[Gustavus Wentzel|Gustavo Wentzel]] anno 1885 picta ([[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Norvegia)|Pinacotheca Nationalis]] [[Asloa]]e)]]
[[Britannia|Britanni]] saepius aut [[cereale coctum|cerealia cocta]] e lacte accipiunt, aut granea ex [[avena]], aut [[ovum|ova]] et [[lardum|larda]] et alia nonnulla cum [[panis coctus|pane cocto]], aut panem cum [[butyrum|butyro]] et [[confectura]] vel [[melimelata]]. Haec si omnia eisdem epulis servantur (quod rarius accidit) &quot;[[ientaculum Anglicum]] plenum&quot; (''full English breakfast'') nuncupantur. Coffeum seu theam, ambo e lacte, sorbent.

== Tria ientacula litteraria ==
Ientacula nonnumquam in litteris narratur, quorum omnium antiquissimum (saeculo fere VII a.C.n. e traditione populari compositum) est ἄριστον illum, ab [[Eumaeus|Eumaeo]] [[Ulixes|Ulixe]]que paratum, cui [[Telemachus|Telemachum]] subito advenam participavisse ait poëta:
:&quot;Ulixes et nobilis subulcus parabant ientaculum simul cum aurora, accenso igne ... dilectus filius stetit in vestibulis: perculsus autem prosiliit subulcus, atque ex eius manibus ceciderunt vasa, quibus utebatur, miscens generosum vinum ... huic autem subulcus substravit viridia virgulta et pellem insuper, ubi sedebat deinde Ulixis dilectus filius. Illis autem carnium lances apposuit subulcus assarum, quas scilicet priori die reliquerant comedentes; panem autem festinanter accumulabat in canistris; deindeque in poculo miscebat dulce vinum. Ipse vero contra Ulixem divinum sedit&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Τὼ δ' αὖτ' ἐν κλισίῃ Ὀδυσεὺς καὶ δῖος ὑφορβὸς / ἐντύνοντ' ἄριστον ἅμ' ἠόϊ, κηαμένω πῦρ ... οἱ φίλος υἱὸς / ἔστη ἐνὶ προθύροισι. ταφὼν δ' ἀνόρουσε συβώτης, / ἐκ δ' ἄρα οἱ χειρῶν πέσον ἄγγεα, τοῖσ' ἐπονεῖτο / κιρνὰς αἴθοπα οἶνον ... τῷ δὲ συβώτης / χεῦεν ὕπο χλωρὰς ῥῶπας καὶ κῶας ὕπερθεν· / ἔνθα καθέζετ' ἔπειτα Ὀδυσσῆος φίλος υἱός. / τοῖσιν δὲ κρειῶν πίνακας παρέθηκε συβώτης / ὀπταλέων, ἅ ῥα τῇ προτέρῃ ὑπέλειπον ἔδοντες, / σῖτον δ' ἐσσυμένως παρενήεεν ἐν κανέοισιν, / ἐν δ' ἄρα κισσυβίῳ κίρνη μελιηδέα οἶνον· / αὐτὸς δ' ἀντίον ἷζεν Ὀδυσσῆος θείοιο· ''[[Odyssea]]'' 16.1-54 ([https://archive.org/details/odysseagraeceetl02home/page/73/mode/1up fons versionis Latinae])&lt;/ref&gt;
Hac igitur traditione ientaculum e reliquiis cenae hesternae, loco [[pulmentarium|pulmentarii]] pani vinoque aqua mixto additis, constetisse posse discimus. Alii autem aliter: [[discipulus|discipuli]] [[Iesus|Iesu]] pulmentarium ab ipsis laboribus nocturnis nactum pani, quem dominus resurrectus contribuebat, addidisse relati sunt, narratione saeculo I p.C.n. scripta:
:Mane autem iam facto, stetit Iesus in litore; non tamen sciebant discipuli quia Iesus est. Dicit ergo eis Iesus: &quot;Pueri, numquid pulmentarium habetis?&quot; Responderunt ei: &quot;Non&quot;. Ille autem dixit eis: &quot;Mittite in dexteram navigii rete et invenietis&quot;. Miserunt ergo et iam non valebant illud trahere a multitudine piscium. Dicit ergo discipulus ille, quem diligebat Iesus, Petro: &quot;Dominus est!&quot; ... Ut ergo descenderunt in terram, vident prunas positas et piscem superpositum et panem. Dicit eis Iesus: &quot;Afferte de piscibus, quos prendidistis nunc ... Venite, prandete&quot;. Nemo autem audebat discipulorum interrogare eum: &quot;Tu quis es?&quot; scientes quia dominus est. Venit Iesus et accipit panem et dat eis et piscem similiter&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Πρωΐας δὲ ἤδη γενομένης ἔστη ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν· οὐ μέντοι ᾔδεισαν οἱ μαθηταὶ ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστι. λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Παιδία, μή τι προσφάγιον ἔχετε; ἀπεκρίθησαν αὐτῷ· Οὔ. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Βάλετε εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ μέρη τοῦ πλοίου τὸ δίκτυον, καὶ εὑρήσετε. ἔβαλον οὖν, καὶ οὐκέτι αὐτὸ ἑλκύσαι ἴσχυσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν ἰχθύων. λέγει οὖν ὁ μαθητὴς ἐκεῖνος, ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, τῷ Πέτρῳ· Ὁ Κύριός ἐστι ... ὡς οὖν ἀπέβησαν εἰς τὴν γῆν, βλέπουσιν ἀνθρακιὰν κειμένην καὶ ὀψάριον ἐπικείμενον καὶ ἄρτον. λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Ἐνέγκατε ἀπὸ τῶν ὀψαρίων ὧν ἐπιάσατε νῦν ... Δεῦτε ἀριστήσατε. οὐδεὶς δὲ ἐτόλμα τῶν μαθητῶν ἐξετάσαι αὐτόν σὺ τίς εἶ, εἰδότες ὅτι ὁ Κύριός ἐστιν. 13 ἔρχεται οὖν ὁ Ἰησοῦς καὶ λαμβάνει τὸν ἄρτον καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτοῖς καὶ τὸ ὀψάριον ὁμοίως. [[Evangelium secundum Ioannem]] 21.3-13 ([http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-ioannem_lt.html#21 Nova Vulgata])&lt;/ref&gt;
Versione Vulgata &quot;[[Prandium|prandete]]&quot; legimus, sed Graece ἀριστήσατε scilicet &quot;ientaculum sumite&quot;. Ientaculis, quae memorabilia erint, hospites inexspectati adsunt: haec e citationibus praecedentibus, tamen ex insequenti videmus, quae a capitulo primo mythistoriae [[Ioannes Steinbeck|Ioannis Steinbeck]] ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' ([[1939]]) excerpitur: Thomam iuvenem e carcere liberatum mane cum contubernione domum redire: matrem, [[perna]]m panemque ad ientaculum parantem, &quot;Veniant,&quot; dixisse, &quot;sat habemus: praecipe ut manus lavent: panis iam coctu'st: [[baco]]nem ab igne nunc sublevo ... Venite! Feliciter panem adfatim coxi&quot;: quo dicto farinam in patinam manu alba in adipem bullantem immixisse ad [[iusculum]] spissandum: &quot;Omnes adsedere non possumus,&quot; dixisse.&lt;ref&gt;''&quot;Let ’em come ... We got a’plenty. Tell ’em they got to wash their han’s. The bread is done. I’m jus’ takin’ up the side-meat now ... Come in,&quot; she said. &quot;Jus’ lucky I made plenty bread this morning&quot; ... She shook flour into the deep grease to make gravy, and her hand was white with flour ... &quot;We ain’t got room to set down,&quot; she said'': [[Ioannes Steinbeck]], ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' cap. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Hae tria episodia, e vita pauperum descripta, ientacula simplicia, temporaria, impraevisibilia esse monstrant. Ad cenam convocatur; ad ientaculum advenitur. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;Le petit-déjeuner : un repas moderne&quot; in ''Les Cahiers de la gastronomie'' n° 10 (2012?)
* Ken Albala, &quot;[https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&amp;context=cop-facbooks Hunting for breakfast in medieval and early modern Europe]&quot; in ''The Meal: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2001'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2002) pp. 20–30 {{Google Books|GsNyprRS7EIC}}
* [[Andreas Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], ''The Breakfast Book''. Londinii: Reaktion Books, 2013
* Ivan Day, &quot;The Great British Breakfast&quot; in Ivan Day, ed., ''Eat, Drink and Be Merry: the British at Table, 1600–2000'' (Londinii, 2000) pp. 92-96
* Louis E. Grivetti, &quot;America at Breakfast&quot; in ''Nutrition Today'' vol. 30 no. 3 (May 1995) pp. 128–134
* Gully Lehmann, &quot;Meals and Mealtimes, 1600–1800&quot; in ''The Meal: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2001'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2002) pp. 139–154 {{Google Books|GsNyprRS7EIC}}
* John Mullan, &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/apr/17/ten-best-breakfasts-john-mullan Ten of the best breakfasts in literature]&quot; in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (17 Aprilis 2010)
* Kaori O'Connor, ed., ''The English Breakfast: the biography of a national meal with recipes''. Londinii, 2006
* Arnold Palmer, ''Movable Feasts''. Londinii, 1952
* Mark A. Pereira et al., &quot;Effect of Breakfast Frequency and Quality on Glycemia and Appetite in Adults and Children&quot; in ''Journal of Nutrition'' (2010)
* G. C. Rampersaud, M. A. Pereira, B. L. Girard, J. Adams, J. D. Metzl, &quot;Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents&quot; in ''Journal of the American Dietetic Association'' vol. 105 (2005) pp. 743–760 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15883552&amp;query_hl=6&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum Epitome]
* Eileen White, &quot;First Things First: the great British breakfast&quot; in C. Anne Wilson, ed., ''Luncheon, Nuncheon and Other Meals'' (Stroud, 1994) pp. 1–32
* Eileen White, &quot;The Ideal and the Real: breakfast at the dawn of the twentieth century&quot; in Ivan Day, ed., ''Eat, Drink and Be Merry: the British at Table, 1600-2000'' (Londinii, 2000) pp. 97–103

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Breakfast|Ientaculum}}
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Breakfast Recepta ad ientaculum conficiendum apud Vicilibros Anglicos]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091009153303/http://breakfast.cereal.com/ Index ciborum ad ientaculum conficiendum venundatorum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100112040344/http://www.austinbushphotography.com/2008/12/breakfast-in-mae-sot.html Ientaculum Birmanicum]
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}

[[Categoria:Ientaculum|!]]</text>
      <sha1>9z63sb9u6nibn40eemr84edu2a193b7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>83418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994133</id>
      <parentid>3919606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T13:35:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de laureatoribus anno 2026</comment>
      <origin>3994133</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3925" sha1="2dtmayyj2720uagvymqr4irv8nvktr0" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Nobel2008Economics news conference1.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Nobelista anni [[2008]] ([[Paulus Krugman]]) in diurnariorum conventu promulgatus.]]

'''Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum''' est [[praemium]] quod ab anno [[1969]] hominibus doctis bene meritis de [[oeconomica|oeconomica scientia]] tribuitur. Re vera de praemio ab [[argentaria publica Sueciae]] in memoriam [[Alfredus Nobel|Alfredi Nobel]] tributo agitur. 

== Homines praemio oeconomica ornati ==
=== Anni 1960 ===
* [[1969]] - [[Ragnarus Frisch|Ragnarus A. K. Frisch]] et [[Ioannes Tinbergen]]
=== Anni 1970 ===
* [[1970]] - [[Paulus Samuelson|Paulus Antonius Samuelson]]
* [[1971]] - [[Simon Smith Kuznets]]
* [[1972]] - [[Ioannes Ricardus Hicks]] et [[Kennethus Arrow]]
* [[1973]] - [[Basilius Leontief]]
* [[1974]] - [[Gunnar Myrdal]] et [[Fridericus Hayek]]
* [[1975]] - [[Leonidas Kantorovič]] et [[Tjalling Koopmans]]
* [[1976]] - [[Milton Friedman]]
* [[1977]] - [[Bertil Ohlin]] et [[Iacobus Meade]]
* [[1978]] - [[Herbertus Simon]]
* [[1979]] - [[Theodorus Gulielmus Schultz]] et [[Gulielmus Arthurus Lewis]]

=== Anni 1980 ===
* [[1980]] - [[Laurentius Klein]]
* [[1981]] - [[Iacobus Tobin]]
* [[1982]] - [[Georgius J. Stigler]]
* [[1983]] - [[Gerardus Debreu]]
* [[1984]] - [[Ricardus Stone]]
* [[1985]] - [[Francus Modigliani]]
* [[1986]] - [[Iacobus M. Buchanan]]
* [[1987]] - [[Robertus Merton Solow]]
* [[1988]] - [[Mauritius Allais]]
* [[1989]] - [[Trygve Magnus Haavelmo]]

=== Anni 1990 ===
* [[1990]] - [[Gulielmus Sharpe]], [[Merton Howard Miller]], et [[Henricus Maximus Markowitz]]
* [[1991]] - [[Ronaldus Coase]]
* [[1992]] - [[Gary Becker]]
* [[1993]] - [[Robertus Fogel]] et [[Douglass North]]
* [[1994]] - [[Ioannes C. Harsanyi]], [[Ioannes Forbes Nash]], et [[Reinhardus Selten]]
* [[1995]] - [[Robertus Emerson Lucas]]
* [[1996]] - [[Iacobus Alexander Mirrlees]] et [[Gulielmus Vickrey]]
* [[1997]] - [[Robertus C. Merton]] et [[Myron S. Scholes]]
* [[1998]] - [[Amartya Sen]]
* [[1999]] - [[Robertus Mundell]]

=== Anni 2000 ===
* [[2000]] - [[Iacobus Heckman]] et [[Daniel McFadden]]
* [[2001]] - [[Iosephus Stiglitz]], [[Georgius Arthurus Akerlof]] et [[Michael Spence]]
* [[2002]] - [[Daniel Kahneman]] et [[Vernon Lomax Smith]]
* [[2003]] - [[Robertus F. Engle]] et [[Clive Gulielmus Ioannes Granger]]
* [[2004]] - [[Finn E. Kydland]] et [[Eduardus C. Prescott]]
* [[2005]] - [[Robertus Aumann]] et [[Thomas Schelling]]
* [[2006]] - [[Edmundus S. Phelps]]
* [[2007]] - [[Leonidas Hurwicz]], [[Ericus Stark Maskin|Ericus S. Maskin]], et [[Rogerius Bruce Myerson|Rogerius B. Myerson]]
* [[2008]] - [[Paulus Krugman]]
* [[2009]] - [[Elinor Ostrom]] et [[Oliverius E. Williamson]]

=== Anni 2010 ===
* [[2010]] - [[Dale Mortensen]], [[Petrus Diamond]], et [[Christophorus Pissarides]]
* [[2011]] - [[Thomas J. Sargent]]  et [[Christophorus A. Sims]]
* [[2012]] - [[Alvin Roth]] et [[Lloyd Shapley]]
* [[2013]] - [[Eugenius Fama|Eugenius F. Fama]], [[Laurentius Petrus Hansen]], et [[Robertus Iacobus Shiller]]
* [[2014]] - [[Ioannes Tirole]]
* [[2015]] - [[Angus Deaton]]
* [[2016]] - [[Oliverius Hart]] et [[Bengt Holmström]]
* [[2017]] - [[Richardus Thaler]]
* [[2018]] - [[Gulielmus Nordhaus]] et [[Paulus Romer]]
* [[2019]] - [[Abhijit Banerjee]], [[Esther Duflo]], et [[Michael Kremer]]

=== Anni 2020 ===
* [[2020]] - [[Paulus Milgrom]] et [[Robertus B. Wilson]]
* [[2021]] - [[David Card]], [[Joshua Angrist]] et [[Guido Imbens]]
* [[2022]] - [[Beniaminus Bernanke]], [[Douglas W. Diamond]], et [[Philippus H. Dybvig]]
* [[2023]] - [[Claudia Goldin]]
* [[2024]] - [[Daron Acemoğlu]], [[Simon Johnson]], et [[Iacobus A. Robinson]]
* [[2025]] - [[Ioel Mokyr]], [[Philippus Aghion]], et [[Petrus Howitt]]
* [[2026]] - [[Robertus Hall]] et [[Michael Woodford]]

== Nexus externus ==
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/ Situs interretialis praemii proprius.]

[[Categoria:Praemia Nobeliana|!]]</text>
      <sha1>2dtmayyj2720uagvymqr4irv8nvktr0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>235 Carolina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>85507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994201</id>
      <parentid>3313478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T07:52:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3994201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3950" sha1="eo86195694mueeabhlhoosp5dnp2nnw" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
&lt;!-- The astronomical data on this page are transcluded from {{fn|Data Asteroidum 0000}}. Please don't try to edit them directly. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 235
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum =
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 17
|Rotatio m = 33.599968
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|albedo}}
|Repertor = Iohannes Palisa
|Repertorbrevis = I. Palisa
|Repertor2 = 
|Repertorbrevis2 = 
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 1934 GY, 1939 GN, 1956 VK, A909 GJ
}}

{{res|235 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|nomen}}}},&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designationibus {{res|1934 GY}}, {{res|1939 GN}}, {{res|1956 VK}}, et {{res|A909 GJ}} agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|repertum}} }}]] ab [[Iohannes Palisa|Iohanne Palisa]] in [[Observatorium Vindobonae|Observatorio Vindobonae]] versato repertus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ex {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|insula Carolina||en|qid=Q822151}} nominatus est medio [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] sita, ubi Palisa [[eclipsis solaris|eclipsim solarem]] diei [[6 Maii]] [[1883]] observaverat, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vulcanoides|planetam intra-Mercurianum|en|qid=Q830162}} frustra quaerens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Schmadel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epochae]] {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 235 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, a sole igitur [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|aphelion}} round 2}} distans. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|°]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|anomalia media}} round 2}}°.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1883-Nov-28 by Palisa, J. at Vienna
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; DISCOVERY.DB
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2003-08-29
--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=235]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|235|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides nominibus geographicis appellati]]</text>
      <sha1>eo86195694mueeabhlhoosp5dnp2nnw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>236 Honoria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>85508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994202</id>
      <parentid>3313479</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T07:53:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3994202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4032" sha1="70miaux3auy7cn0hstn0fwg25f3k9rh" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
&lt;!-- The astronomical data on this page are transcluded from {{fn|Data Asteroidum 0000}}. Please don't try to edit them directly. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 236
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum =
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 12
|Rotatio m = 19.980011
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|albedo}}
|Repertor = Iohannes Palisa
|Repertorbrevis = I. Palisa
|Repertor2 = 
|Repertorbrevis2 = 
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 1930 KK, 1953 GJ1, A904 PA
}}

{{res|236 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|nomen}}}},&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designationibus {{res|1930 KK}}, {{res|1953 GJ1}}, et {{res|A904 PA}} agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|repertum}} }}]] ab [[Iohannes Palisa|Iohanne Palisa]] in [[Observatorium Vindobonae|Observatorio Vindobonae]] versato repertus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nomen ab {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Singleton Holden|Eduardo Singleton Holden|en|qid=Q710776}} datum est (sed ratio nominis nescitur) qui cum Iohanne Palisa in  {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|insula Carolina||en|qid=Q822151}}, medio [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] sita, [[eclipsis solaris|eclipsim solarem]] diei [[6 Maii]] [[1883]] observaverat, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vulcanoides|planetam intra-Mercurianum|en|qid=Q830162}} frustra quaerens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Schmadel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epochae]] {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 236 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, a sole igitur [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|aphelion}} round 2}} distans. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|°]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|anomalia media}} round 2}}°.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1884-Apr-26 by Palisa, J. at Vienna
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; DISCOVERY.DB
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2003-08-29
--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=236]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|236|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]]</text>
      <sha1>70miaux3auy7cn0hstn0fwg25f3k9rh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>239 Adrastea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>85512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994203</id>
      <parentid>3313482</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T07:54:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Creanda|creanda]]}} → {{[[Formula:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|subst:pcc]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3994203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3738" sha1="mhawxc4yj1aqht6ttg69nki3crsj0rb" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
&lt;!-- The astronomical data on this page are transcluded from {{fn|Data Asteroidum 0000}}. Please don't try to edit them directly. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 239
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum =
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 18
|Rotatio m = 20.820007
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|albedo}}
|Repertor = Iohannes Palisa
|Repertorbrevis = I. Palisa
|Repertor2 = 
|Repertorbrevis2 = 
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 1955 MK1, 1956 UJ, A915 TD
}}

{{res|239 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|nomen}}}},&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designationibus {{res|1955 MK1}}, {{res|1956 UJ}}, et {{res|A915 TD}} agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|repertum}} }}]] ab [[Iohannes Palisa|Iohanne Palisa]] in [[Observatorium Vindobonae|Observatorio Vindobonae]] versato repertus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nomen habet nymphae {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adrastea||en|qid=Q16737262}}e in [[mythologia Graeca]] quae inter nutrices [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] enumeratur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Schmadel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epochae]] {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 239 {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, a sole igitur [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|aphelion}} round 2}} distans. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|°]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|anomalia media}} round 2}}°.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1884-Aug-18 by Palisa, J. at Vienna
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; DISCOVERY.DB
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2003-08-29
--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=239]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 0000|239|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides e mythologia Graeca appellati]]</text>
      <sha1>mhawxc4yj1aqht6ttg69nki3crsj0rb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingua Cassubica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1730" sha1="ko2zikkul7x6gf80xzh2gof6rpndkcg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Slawische sprachen.png|thumb|]]
[[Fasciculus:Jerozolëma, kòscel Pater noster, &quot;Òjcze nasz&quot; pò kaszëbskù.JPG|thumb|Lingua Cassubica - Pater noster (''Òjcze nasz'')]]

{{res|Lingua Cassubica}}{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Carolus Conradus Oelrichs|Ioannis Oelrichs|de|qid=Q1692795}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zt5eAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=cassubicae#v=snippet&amp;q=cassubicae&amp;f=false ''Germaniae litteratae opuscula...'', vol. II, Bremae 1774, p. 360]; cf. ''Sorabo-cassubicae'', binomina ''Ranunculus cassubicus'' etc.|2=Q1692795}} (ipsa lingua ''kaszëbsczi jãzëk'') est lingua ex [[linguae Indoeuropaeae|linguis Indoeuropeis]] et sub [[familia linguarum|familia]] Slavica subsummata. Cum [[lingua Polonica]], [[lingua Sorabica]], [[lingua Polabica]], [[lingua Bohemica]], et [[lingua Slovaca]] [[Slavicum occidentale]] format. Creditum est linguam Cassubicam exortam esse e [[sermo]]ne quo quidam tribus Pomeranici utebantur.

Linguae Cassubicae in [[Cassubia]] et [[Canada]] audiuntur.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Gustavsson, S. ''Polish, Kashubian and Sorbian'' [http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:606396/FULLTEXT02]
* Stone, G. (1972). &quot;The Language of Cassubian Literature and the Question of a Literary Standard.&quot; ''Slavonic and East European Review'', 50 (121), 521–529 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4206617 JSTOR]
* Topolinska, Z. (1974). ''A Historical Phonology of the Kashubian Dialects of Polish''. Hagae Comitum: Mouton {{Google Books|iZggAAAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}

{{ling-stipula}}
{{InterWiki|code=csb}}
{{Linguae Slavicae}}

[[Categoria:Lingua Cassubica|!]]
[[Categoria:Linguae Slavicae|Cassubica]]</text>
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    <title>Matti ja Teppo</title>
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      <text bytes="3854" sha1="ohesf3g2yl47ybsiqhnyloiy9eml2ca" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina neglecta}}
{{vicificanda}}
[[Fasciculus:Matti ja Teppo Vihreät Niityt iskelmätapahtumassa 2004.jpg|thumb|Cantores Aboenses anno 2004]]

{{res|Matti ja Teppo}} ([[Latine]] fere: Matthias et Stephanus) vocatur [[grex musicus]] popularis duoviralis [[Finnia|Finnicus]], qui a duobus fratribus [[Aboa|Aboensibus]], Matti (natus anno [[1949]]) et Teppo Ruohonen (natus anno [[1948]]), anno [[1969]] Aboae conditus est. A prima iam iuventute una cum fratre maiore Seppo, qui postea et ipse [[cantor]] notabilis factus est, domi forisque maritimis vestimentis induti concinere solebant. Postquam fundamenta conservatorio Aboensi iacta sunt, in numero primorum studentium ambo se illic arti musicae dederunt. In principio fratres et [[violina]] et [[clavile]] usi inter se ludebant, sed maturioribus annis vox [[cithara]]que magis Matthiae placebant, verba lyrica componenda Stephano. Anno demum [[1966]] competitionem musicam, qua nova ingenia popularia querebatur, vicerunt, sed non prius quam anno [[1969]], cum concertus publicos Aboitibus dare coepissent, re vera communem admirationem secuti sunt. Eodem quoque anno primum phonodiscum, cui nomen ''Si felix es'' inditum est, palam dederunt, annoque insequenti cantico ''Biotita'' summum favoris gradum attigerunt. Carmina selecta ''Matti ja Teppo'' intitulata anno [[1972]] edita sunt, proprio negotio discophonico nuperrime instituto. In carminibus posterioribus notanda sunt praeter alia ''Kaiken takana on nainen'' (Latine fere: &quot;Dux femina facti&quot;) et ''Mä joka päivä töitä teen'' (Latine fere: &quot;Cotidie mihi laborandumst&quot;). Dicitur Teppo iuvenis se etiam studio Latinitatis paululum dedisse. 

== Discographia ==
* ''Matti ja Teppo'' (1972, Latine: &quot;Matthias et Stephanus&quot;)
* ''Ota kiinni'' (1975, Latine: &quot;Cape&quot;)
* ''Cara mia'' (1976, Latine: &quot;Cara mea&quot;)
* ''Sait mitä hait'' (1977, Latine: &quot;Quod querebas, tibi est&quot;)
* ''Et voi tulla rajan taa'' (1981, Latine: &quot;Finis non tibi superandast&quot;)
* ''Pidä itsestäsi huolta'' (1982, Latine: &quot;Sis tibi curae&quot;)
* ''Minuun voit luottaa'' (1983, Latine: &quot;Mihi credere potes&quot;)
* ''Kuulut aikaan parhaimpaan'' (1984, Latine: &quot;Pertinuisti ad optima tempora&quot;)
* ''Lauluja sinulle'' (1984, Latine: &quot;Carmina tibi conscripta&quot;)
* ''Matti &amp; Teppo'' (1986, Latine: &quot;Matthias Stephanusque&quot;)
* ''Matti ja Teppo '87'' (1987, Latine: &quot;Matthias et Stephanus LXXXVII&quot;)
* ''Aito tunne'' (1989, Latine: &quot;Verus sensus&quot;)
* ''Joulu on rakkautta'' (1989, Latine: &quot;Natalis est amor&quot;)
* ''Suuret valssisuosikit'' (1990, Latine: &quot;Saltationes praeferitae&quot;)
* ''Taivaan merkit'' (1991, Latine: &quot;Signa coeli&quot;)
* ''Jää mun luo'' (1992, Latine: &quot;Mecum maneas&quot;)
* ''Kaikki peliin'' (1994, Latine: &quot;Alea iacta est&quot;)
* ''Suuret valssisuosikit 2'' (1995, Latine: &quot;Saltationes praeferitae II&quot;)
* ''Toivon ja hiljaisuuden lauluja'' (1995, Latine: &quot;Carmina spei et tacitudinis&quot;)
* ''Luotuja kulkemaan'' (1997, Latine: &quot;Creati ut ambularent&quot;)
* ''Suuret valssisuosikit 3'' (1998, Latine: &quot;Saltationes praeferitae III)
* ''Toivon ja hiljaisuuden lauluja 2'' (1999, Latine: &quot;Carmina spei et tacitudinis II&quot;)
* ''Ensimmäinen'' (2001, Latine: &quot;Prima&quot;)
* ''Hänelle'' (2003, Latine: &quot;Illi&quot;)
* ''Joulun aika'' (2004, Latine: &quot;Tempus natale&quot;)
* ''Pöytä täyteen'' (2006, Latine: &quot;Plena mensa&quot;)
* ''Toivon ja hiljaisuuden lauluja 3'' (2006, Latine: &quot;Carmina spei et tacitudinis III&quot;)
* ''Satoi tai paistoi'' (2008, Latine: &quot;Sub pluviis fulgentique Jove&quot;)
* ''Peruskallio'' (2010, Latine: &quot;Petra&quot;)
* ''Meidän paikka'' (2012, Latine: &quot;Locus noster&quot;)
* ''Yksinoikeudella'' (2014, Latine: &quot;Cum iure exclusivo&quot;)
* ''Nostalgiaa'' (2017, Latine: &quot;Desiderium praeteriti temporis&quot;)
* ''Enemmän'' (2019, Latine: &quot;Plus&quot;)
* ''Ollaan kuin ennen'' (2022, Latine: &quot;Ut olim simus&quot;)

[[Categoria:Greges musici Finniae]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1969]]
[[Categoria:Musici et greges Finnice cantantes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Consonans</title>
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      <text bytes="7303" sha1="9ofkf93mzscty7mub3t2gl0sajrat0f" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|&quot;Littera est pars minima vocis articulatae&quot; (Diomedes).]]

{{res|Consonans}} ({{pns|antis|f|consonans}}&lt;ref&gt;''Consonans'' generis feminini est, quod primo ''litterae'' adiecta usu recepta est.&lt;/ref&gt;) est [[phonum]] sive articulatae [[Vox|vocis]] pars, cuius in pronuntiatione [[meatus vocis]] [[Labrum (anatomia)|labris]], [[Dens|dentibus]], [[lingua (anatomia)|lingua]] aut [[Plica vocalis|plicis vocalibus]] ad brevissimum obstruitur partim aut plene. Consonantes in [[Resonans (consonans)|resonantes]] et [[Constrictiva (consonans)|constrictivas]] dividi solent. 

== Apud antiquos ==
Grammatici Graeci et Latini, quid inter ''[[littera]]s'' sive notas vocis articulatae&lt;ref&gt;[[Marius Victorinus|Mar.Vict.]] ''ars'' 67 Mariotti.&lt;/ref&gt; et ''litterarum sonos''&lt;ref&gt;[[Marcus Fabius Quintilianus|Quint.]] 1.4.7.&lt;/ref&gt; sive phona intersit, iuste quidem distinxerunt, sed saepe abusive litteras pro litterarum sonis et litterarum sonos pro litteris vocabant.&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Priscianus Caesariensis|Prisc.]]: &quot;Abusive tamen et elementa pro literis et literae pro elementis vocantur&quot; (''GL'' II 6 Keil).&lt;/ref&gt; Principium fuit ''littera'', articulatae vocis nota, quae a primo ipsius vocis qualitate definita est. Quod quidem est ut debet, nam constat litterarum sonos semper describendos esse systemate quodam symbolico, sicut litteris [[Abecedarium Phoneticum Internationale|Abecedarii Phonetici Internationalis]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Quintus Terentius Scaurus|Scaurus]] [apud [[Diomedes (grammaticus)|Diomedem]]]: &quot;Littera est vocis eius quae scribi potest forma.&quot; Cf. Prisc.: &quot;Litera est vox, quae scribi potest individua. [- - -] Litera igitur est nota elementi et velut imago quaedam vocis literatae, quae cognoscitur ex qualitate et quantitate figurae linearum. [- - -] Elementa proprie dicuntur ipsae pronuntiationes, notae autem earum literae&quot; (''GL'' II 6-7 Keil).&lt;/ref&gt;

Grammatici antiqui litteras in ''consonantes'' et ''vocales'', porro consonantes in ''mutas'' (b c d g h k p q t) et ''semivocales''&lt;ref&gt;Marius Victorinus: &quot;Semivocales sunt quae per se quidem proferuntur, sed per se syllabam facere non possunt&quot; (''ars'' 67 Mariotti).&lt;/ref&gt; (f l m n r s)&lt;ref&gt;Aliqui ipsam x litteram semivocalibus adnumerbant.&lt;/ref&gt; diviserunt. Constat hanc divisionem e pronuntiatione natam esse, nam &quot;mutae dictae, quod per se sine adminiculo vocalium non possunt enuntiari.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Diomedes, ''GL'' I 423,24 Keil.&lt;/ref&gt; Semivocales autem pluribus consonantibus constabant, namque hodie semivocales sunt [j], [w], [ɥ], cum apud grammaticos antiquos [w] et [j] vocalibus adnumerarentur, dicebant enim [i] et [u] in consonantium potestatem transire posse. 

== Divisio consonantium ==
In [[phonetica articulatoria]] consonantes tribus modis definiri solent. Primus est [[locus articulationis]], secundus [[modus articulandi]]. 

=== Loci articulationis ===
[[Fasciculus:Places of articulation.png|thumb|Consonantes ex locis articulationis vocatae. &lt;br /&gt;
A: larynx → laryngales &lt;br /&gt;
B: pharynx → pharyngales &lt;br /&gt;
C: uvula → uvulares &lt;br /&gt;
D: velum → velares&lt;br /&gt;
E: palatum → palatales&lt;br /&gt;
F: alveoli → alveolares&lt;br /&gt;
G: dens → dentales&lt;br /&gt;
H: labium → labiales]]
Cum loquimur, aërem ex pulmonibus emissum in meatu vocali ita modulamur et articulamus, ut flumen aëris, cum ex ore (aut ex naribus) exit, talia habeat indicia acustica, quibus usus auditor dictum intellegere possit. Loci articulationis in meatu vocali sunt, qui a plica vocali in larynge sita per fauces et cavum oris ad labia extenditur. Etiam [[Nasus|nares]] locum articulationis efficiunt. 

In phonetica articulatoria loci immobiles discerni solent ab articulatris&lt;ref&gt;''Articulatrum'' termino Anglico ''articulator'' respondet.&lt;/ref&gt; mobilibus, quae praesertim in linguae partibus (sicut apice, dorso, latere) consistunt. Hi sunt loci immobiles ad pronuntiandas consonantes necessarii, in quibus flumen aëris per contractiones obstructionesve modificatur articulatris.
* [[Labrum (anatomia)|labia]], ex quibus [[consonans labialis]] dicta
* [[Dens|dentes]], ex quibus [[consonans dentalis]] dicta
* [[Alveoli (anatomia)|alveoli]], ex quibus [[consonans alveolaris]] dicta
* [[palatum]], ex quo [[consonans palatalis]] dicta
* [[Velum (anatomia)|velum]], ex quo [[consonans velaris]] dicta
* [[Uvula (anatomia)|uvula]], ex qua [[consonans uvularis]] dicta
* [[pharynx]], ex quo [[consonans pharyngalis]] dicta
* [[larynx]], ex quo [[consonans laryngalis]] dicta.

=== Modi articulandi ===
Consonantes in partes duas dividi solent, quae sunt [[Constrictiva (consonans)|constrictivae]] et [[resonans (consonans)|resonantes]]. Haec divisio duobus articulandi modis definitur. 

Constrictivae enim sunt consonantes, quarum in articulatione aëris corpus in quoque loco aut plene aut partim constringitur articulatro, sicut fit, cum in [[Muta alveolaris insona|muta alveolari surda]] sive [t] articulanda aëris corpus in alveolis plene constringitur apice linguae; aut cum, in [[Fricativa labiodentalis surda|fricativa labiodentali surda]] sive [f] articulanda, labro inferiore dentibus superioribus admoto aëris corpus partim constringitur in meatu vocali. 

Resonantes autem [[phonatio]]ne nascuntur, id est: resonantes sunt consonantes natura sonorae, quae plicis vocalibus activis efficiuntur. Consonantibus natura sonoris par surdum deest: id est, cum [[muta bilabialis sonora]] [b] par habeat surdum [p], [[nasalis bilabialis|nasali bilabiali]] [m] par surdum plerumque deesse videtur.

=== Consonantes non pulmonales ===

Consonantes supra descriptae sunt consonantes pulmonales quae sunt plurimae inter consonantes. Etiam exstant nonnullae consonantes non pulmonales inter quas {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Consonans lingualis ingressiva|consonantes linguales ingressivae|en|qid=Q427013}} sive consonantes &quot;clic&quot;, imprimis in [[linguae Khoisanae|linguis Khoisanis]] (ǀ, ǁ, ǃ et ǂ scriptae) et nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|linguae Bantuenses|linguis Bantuensibus|en|qid=Q33146}} [[Africa Australis|Africae Australis]] sicut linguis [[lingua Xosana|Xosana]] et [[Lingua Zuluana|Zuluana]] (c, q et x scriptae). Consonantes linguales ingressivae formantur aëre ingredienti (et non egredienti) post brevem obstructionem lingua.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Clark, John &amp; Yallop, Colin (1995). ''An introduction to phonetics and phonology.'' 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
* Engstrand, Olle (2007). ''Fonetik light. Kortfattad ljudlära för språkstudier och uttalsundervisning.'' 1. upplaga. Lund: Studentlitteratur.  
* Hardcastle, William J. &amp; Laver, John (eds. 1997) ''The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences''. Oxford: Blackwell.
* Hayes, Bruce &amp; Kirchner, Robert Martin &amp; Steriade, Donca (eds. 2004). ''Phonetically based phonology.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Ladefoged, Peter &amp; Maddieson, Ian (1996). ''The Sounds of the World's Languages''. Oxford: Blackwell. 
* Maddieson, Ian (1984). ''Patterns of sounds.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Bernd Pompino-Marschall: Einführung in die Phonetik. 2. Aufl. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2003. 

{{NexInt}}
* [[Modus articulandi]]
* [[Resonans (consonans)]]
* [[Vocalis]]

[[Categoria:Consonantes|!]]
[[Categoria:Phonetica]]

{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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    <title>2233 Kuznetsov</title>
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&lt;!-- Cave ne astronomicas huius textus mensuras emendes; e formula {{fn|Data Asteroidum 2000}} automatice inseruntur. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 2233
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum =
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 
|Rotatio m = 
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|albedo}}
|Repertor = Ludmila Žuravlëva
|Repertorbrevis = L. Žuravlëva
|Repertor2 = 
|Repertorbrevis2 = 
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 1972 XE1, 1957 LL, 1958 XA, 1965 YC, 1968 QF1, 1973 AO3, 1977 FS2, 1979 XD
}}

{{res|2233 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|nomen}}}},&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designationibus {{res|1972 XE1}}, {{res|1957 LL}}, {{res|1958 XA}}, {{res|1965 YC}}, {{res|1968 QF1}}, {{res|1973 AO3}}, {{res|1977 FS2}}, et {{res|1979 XD}} agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|repertum}} }}]] a [[Ludmila Žuravlëva]], astronomo apud [[Observatorium Astrophysicum Crimaeae]] versato, repertus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt; A {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Nicolaus Ioannis filius Kuznecov|Nicolao Ioannis filio Kuznecov|ru|qid=Q467446}} nomen cepit.

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epochae]] {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 2233 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, a sole igitur [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|aphelion}} round 2}} distans. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|°]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|anomalia media}} round 2}}°.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1972 Dec. 3 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.
Named in memory of Nikolaj Ivanovich Kuznetsov (1911-1944), hero of the Soviet Union, renowned participant in the partisan movement during the Second World War.
NOTE: some special characters may not display properly (any characters within {} are an attempt to place the proper accent above a character)
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; MPC 5850
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2006-03-21
--&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2233]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2233|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]]</text>
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{{videdis|Martynov}}
&lt;!-- Cave ne astronomicas huius textus mensuras emendes; e formula {{fn|Data Asteroidum 2000}} automatice inseruntur. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 2376
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis Exterioris
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum =
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 
|Rotatio m = 
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|albedo}}
|Repertor = Nicolaus Stepanovich Chernykh
|Repertorbrevis = N. S. Chernykh
|Repertor2 = 
|Repertorbrevis2 = 
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 1977 QG3, 1937 TK, 1942 PC, 1948 QF, 1954 SC1, 1959 NC, 1969 ED2, 1970 LM, 1971 QK, 1974 CA1, 1975 FF, 1981 GK
}}

{{res|2376 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|nomen}}}},&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designationibus {{res|1977 QG3}}, {{res|1937 TK}}, {{res|1942 PC}}, {{res|1948 QF}}, {{res|1954 SC1}}, {{res|1959 NC}}, {{res|1969 ED2}}, {{res|1970 LM}}, {{res|1971 QK}}, {{res|1974 CA1}}, {{res|1975 FF}}, et {{res|1981 GK}} agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis Exterioris|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis Exterioris]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }}]] a [[Nicolaus Stepanovich Chernykh|Nicolao Stepanovich Chernykh]], astronomo apud [[Observatorium Astrophysicum Crimaeae]] versato, repertus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Demetrius Martynov|Demetrio Martynov|ru|qid=Q4282770}} astrophysico nomen cepit.

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epochae]] {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 2376 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, a sole igitur [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|perihelion}} round 2}} distans, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|aphelion}} round 2}}. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|°]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|anomalia media}} round 2}}°.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1977-Aug-22 by Chernykh, N. at Nauchnyj
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; DISCOVERY.DB
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2003-08-29
--&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2376]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis Exterioris]]</text>
      <sha1>pr71gdp6ssbfunc0clr0afr4hxs73ri</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3994198</id>
      <parentid>3994197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T07:48:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3994198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3985" sha1="dyinxth8a1x7eqhgb62vrwljcr4zsx7" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
{{videdis|Martynov}}
&lt;!-- Cave ne astronomicas huius textus mensuras emendes; e formula {{fn|Data Asteroidum 2000}} automatice inseruntur. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 2376
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis Exterioris
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum =
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 
|Rotatio m = 
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|albedo}}
|Repertor = Nicolaus Stepanovich Chernykh
|Repertorbrevis = N. S. Chernykh
|Repertor2 = 
|Repertorbrevis2 = 
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 1977 QG3, 1937 TK, 1942 PC, 1948 QF, 1954 SC1, 1959 NC, 1969 ED2, 1970 LM, 1971 QK, 1974 CA1, 1975 FF, 1981 GK
}}

{{res|2376 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|nomen}}}},&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designationibus {{res|1977 QG3}}, {{res|1937 TK}}, {{res|1942 PC}}, {{res|1948 QF}}, {{res|1954 SC1}}, {{res|1959 NC}}, {{res|1969 ED2}}, {{res|1970 LM}}, {{res|1971 QK}}, {{res|1974 CA1}}, {{res|1975 FF}}, et {{res|1981 GK}} agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis Exterioris|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis Exterioris]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }}]] a [[Nicolaus Stepanovich Chernykh|Nicolao Stepanovich Chernykh]], astronomo apud [[Observatorium Astrophysicum Crimaeae]] versato, repertus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Demetrius Martynov|Demetrio Martynov|ru|qid=Q4282770}} astrophysico nomen cepit.

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epochae]] {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 2376 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, a sole igitur [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|aphelion}} round 2}} distans. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|°]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|anomalia media}} round 2}}°.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1977-Aug-22 by Chernykh, N. at Nauchnyj
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; DISCOVERY.DB
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2003-08-29
--&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2376]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2376|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis Exterioris]]</text>
      <sha1>dyinxth8a1x7eqhgb62vrwljcr4zsx7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2974 Holden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994196</id>
      <parentid>3316243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T07:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3994196</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3843" sha1="17ni9jej130zdlapveyxmesrq8j62i6" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
&lt;!-- Cave ne astronomicas huius textus mensuras emendes; e formula {{fn|Data Asteroidum 2000}} automatice inseruntur. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 2974
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum =
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 
|Rotatio m = 
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|albedo}}
|Repertor = Programma Asteroidis Indianae
|Repertorbrevis = Programma Asteroidis Indianae
|Repertor2 = 
|Repertorbrevis2 = 
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 1955 QK, 1980 TJ13
}}

{{res|2974 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|nomen}}}},&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designationibus {{res|1955 QK}} et {{res|1980 TJ13}} agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }}]] auspiciis programmatis exploratorii [[Observatorium Goethii Link|Observatorii Goethii Link]] repertus est quod {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Programma Asteroidum Indianae||en|qid=Q1661301}} appellatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nomen habet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Singleton Holden|Eduardi Singleton Holden|en|qid=Q710776}} astronomi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Schmadel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epochae]] {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 2974 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, a sole igitur [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|perihelion}} round 2}} distans, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitatibus {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|aphelion}} round 2}}. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|°]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|anomalia media}} round 2}}°.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1955-Aug-23 by Goethe Link Observatory at Brooklyn
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; DISCOVERY.DB
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2003-08-29
--&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2974]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides ab hominibus appellati|Holden]]</text>
      <sha1>17ni9jej130zdlapveyxmesrq8j62i6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3994199</id>
      <parentid>3994196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T07:49:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <text bytes="3841" sha1="l625phx1zpprjw6158ifok6sygl16vh" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
&lt;!-- Cave ne astronomicas huius textus mensuras emendes; e formula {{fn|Data Asteroidum 2000}} automatice inseruntur. --&gt;
{{Capsa asteroidis
|Numerus = 2974
|Genus = Asteroides Cinguli Principalis
|Epocha = {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|epocha}} }}
|Axis  = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|axis semimaior}}
|Perihelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|perihelion}}
|Aphelion = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|aphelion}}
|Periodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|periodus}}
|Anomalia = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|anomalia media}}
|Inclinatio = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|inclinatio}}
|Nodus = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|omega}}
|Argumentum = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|argumentum}}
|Eccentricitas = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|eccentricitas}}
|Diametrum =
|Massa = 
|Densitas = 
|Rotatio h = 
|Rotatio m = 
|Tholen = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|spectrum tholen}}
|SMASS = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|spectrum smass}}
|Magnitudo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|magnitudo}}
|Albedo = {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|albedo}}
|Repertor = Programma Asteroidis Indianae
|Repertorbrevis = Programma Asteroidis Indianae
|Repertor2 = 
|Repertorbrevis2 = 
|Repertor3 = 
|Repertorbrevis3 = 
|Repertor4 = 
|Repertorbrevis4 = ;
|Dies = {{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }}
|Annus = {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }}
|Designationes = 1955 QK, 1980 TJ13
}}

{{res|2974 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|nomen}}}},&lt;ref&gt;[[Nomina asteroidum]] iussu [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unionis Astronomicae Internationalis]] imposita sunt.&lt;/ref&gt; olim designationibus {{res|1955 QK}} et {{res|1980 TJ13}} agnitus, est [[asteroides]] [[Systema Solare|systematis solaris]] nostri, [[Asteroides Cinguli Principalis|asteroidibus Cinguli Principalis]] attributus. [[Astronomia|Astronomis]] terrestribus [[magnitudo absoluta|magnitudinem absolutam]] {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|magnitudo}} monstrat. Die [[{{#time:j xg| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }}]] [[{{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }}]] auspiciis programmatis exploratorii [[Observatorium Goethii Link|Observatorii Goethii Link]] repertus est quod {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Programma Asteroidum Indianae||en|qid=Q1661301}} appellatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard MPC Discovery Circumstances}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nomen habet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Eduardus Singleton Holden|Eduardi Singleton Holden|en|qid=Q710776}} astronomi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Schmadel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rerum orbitalium ratio [[epocha (astronomia)|epochae]] {{#time:j xg Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|epocha}} }} constitit. Qua epocha 2974 {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|nomen}} per dies {{#expr: (365.25 * {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|periodus}}) round 0}} circa solem movebatur. Axem orbitalem habebat [[Unitas astronomica|unitatum astronomicarum]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|axis semimaior}} round 2}} et eccentricitatem {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|eccentricitas}} round 2}}, a sole igitur [[perihelion|quam minime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|perihelion}} round 2}}, [[aphelion|quam maxime]] unitates {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|aphelion}} round 2}} distans. [[Inclinatio orbitalis]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|inclinatio}} round 2}}[[gradus (mensura)|°]] reperiebatur, [[anomalia media]] {{#expr: {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|anomalia media}} round 2}}°.

&lt;!--
Discovered 1955-Aug-23 by Goethe Link Observatory at Brooklyn
&lt;b&gt;Reference:&lt;/b&gt; DISCOVERY.DB
&lt;b&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/b&gt; 2003-08-29
--&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{NASA JPL|Data=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2974]}}

{{systema solare nostrum}}

[[Categoria:Asteroides anno {{#time:Y| {{Data Asteroidum 2000|2974|repertum}} }} reperti]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides Cinguli Principalis]]
[[Categoria:Asteroides ab hominibus appellati|Holden]]</text>
      <sha1>l625phx1zpprjw6158ifok6sygl16vh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Matthiola incana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>120660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994134</id>
      <parentid>3254150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T13:44:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="1592" sha1="s0jsxbpm8hbcq7g0z5xgx2b90jvjk6t" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|image = Matthiola incana1.jpg
| image_caption = ''Matthiola incana''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]]
|ordo = [[Brassicales]]
|familia = [[Brassicaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Matthiola]]''
|species = ''M. incana''
|binomial = ''Matthiola incana''
|binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Gulielmus Townsend Aiton|W.T.Aiton]]
|}}

'''''Matthiola incana''''' ([[binomen]] a [[Gulielmus Townsend Aiton|Gulielmo Townsend Aiton]] anno [[1812]] statutum, [[basionymum|basionymo]] &quot;'''''Cheiranthus incanus'''''&quot; a [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeo]] anno [[1753]] attributo) est species generis ''[[Matthiola]]e'' in hortis saepissime ob flores culta. Hanc speciem antiquis nomine [[Graece|Graeco]] [[Leucoïum|{{Polytonic|λευκόϊον}}]] cognitam eruditi quidam asseverant; identificatio incerta manet, aliis speciebus ab aliis philologis eodem nomine Graeco adsignatis.

== Nexus externi ==
{{communiaCat|Matthiola incana|Matthiolam incanam}}
{{Vicispecies|Matthiola incana}}
{{Fontes de plantis}}
* ''[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2240,2565,2566 Jepson Manual] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&amp;where-taxon=Matthiola+incana Imagines]

[[Categoria:Species plantarum]]{{Titulus italicus}} 
[[Categoria:Brassicaceae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa W. T. Aiton]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1812]]
[[Categoria:Flores]]
[[Categoria:Plantae ornamentales]]

[[ja:ストック]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Catamarca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>127180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994225</id>
      <parentid>3921107</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T09:08:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removed redirect to [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]]</comment>
      <origin>3994225</origin>
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      <text bytes="558" sha1="q4z4uwsyfxy2jkg16ag13qwnp55tpx1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
{{res|Catamarca}}&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|dcata|Dioecesis Catamarcensis}} Cf. [[binomen]] ''Anthus correndera catamarcae'',&lt;/ref&gt; est [[Argentina]]e provincia {{num|429562}} incolarum (anno [[2020]]). In parte boreorientali Argentinae in decliviis [[Andes|Andium]] sita est. Caput Catamarcae est [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca|urbs Sancti Ferdinandi Vallis Catamarcae]]''.

==Nexus interni==

*[[Ojos del Salado]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Provinciae Argentinae]]</text>
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{{res|Catamarca}}&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierDiocese|cata|Dioecesis Catamarcensis}} Cf. [[binomen]] ''Anthus correndera catamarcae'',&lt;/ref&gt; est [[Argentina]]e provincia {{num|429562}} incolarum (anno [[2020]]). In parte boreorientali Argentinae in decliviis [[Andes|Andium]] sita est. Caput Catamarcae est [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca|urbs Sancti Ferdinandi Vallis Catamarcae]]''.

==Nexus interni==

*[[Ojos del Salado]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Provinciae Argentinae]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Mairie d'Orchies et l'église.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Curia municipalis]].]]
{{res|Orchiacum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Fredericus Comes de Bylandt |titulus= Commentatio ad quaestionem historico-litterariam |locus= Lovanii |annus= 1826|url= {{Google Books|1g7J5i-xHbMC|p. 205}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Orchies'') est [[commune]] 8396 [[incola]]rum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Septentrio (praefectura Franciae)|Septentrionis]] in [[Francia]]e borealis regione [[Alta Franciae|Altis Franciae]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Septentrionis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Orchies|Orchiacum}}
{{INSEE commune|59449|de=Orchiaco}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Septentrionis]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Septentrionis]]</text>
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'''Evaristus Galois''' (natus [[25 Octobris]] [[1811]], [[Bourg-la-Reine]];  mortuus [[31 Maii]] [[1832]], [[Lutetia]]e) fuit [[mathematicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Dum vixit, quinque articulos et unam [[epistula]]m politicam edidit, sed opus clarissimum modo post mortem apparuit.&lt;ref&gt;Omnia opera, [[Lingua Francogallica|francogallice]] cum versionibus [[Lingua Anglica|anglicis]], iam edita sunt in libro Petri Neumann.&lt;/ref&gt; Primus erat qui [[caterva (mathematica)|catervas]] definit ([[Francogallice]] &quot;groupe&quot;); [[corpus (mathematica)|corporibus]] finitis quoque usus est, etiamsi nomina harum structurarum non habuit.&lt;ref&gt;Nomen ''corpus'' [[Ricardus Dedekind]] definit;  mathematici corpora finita corpora Galois nominant.&lt;/ref&gt;


== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Tombe galois.JPG|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]] illius Galois, [[Bourg-la-Reine]] in [[Francia]].]]
Galois natus est die [[25 Octobris]] [[1811]]. Nicolas-Gabriel Galois ([[1775]]-[[1829]]) pater erat ludimagister, tunc [[demarchus]] oppidi Bourg-la-Reine;  mater Adelaida Maria Demante ([[1778-1872]]) docta femina erat. Tres liberos habuerunt: maximam natu Nataliam, natam anno [[1808]]; Evaristum ipsum, natum 1811; minimum natu Alfredum, natum 1814.&lt;ref&gt;Stemma familiae, Livio, p. 288-90.&lt;/ref&gt;

Evaristus erat discipulus [[Collegium Ludovici Magni|Collegii Ludovici Magni]] inter annos [[1823]] et [[1829]]. Librum a [[Hadrianus Maria Legendre|Legendre]] de [[geometria]] scriptum legens, mathematicus ardentissimus factus est.&lt;ref&gt;Liber est &quot;Éléments de géométrie,&quot; anno [[1794]] primo editus;  v. Livio, p. 116.&lt;/ref&gt;  Primum articulum mathematicum (de [[fractio (mathematica)|fractionibus]] continuatis) anno [[1829]] edidit. Eodem anno duos articulos qui de rebus algebraicis tractant ad [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiam Scientiarum]] misit, sed, ut videtur, eos mense Ianuario [[1830]] revocavit.&lt;ref&gt;Ut dicit Neumann, p. 2, secundum Renatum Taton.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quod in [[Schola Polytechnica Francica|Schola Polytechnica]] receptus non est, in [[Schola Normalis Superior (Lutetia)|Scholam Normalem Superiorem]] anno [[1829]] intravit. Articulos [[algebra]]icos denuo ad Academiam misit, in novo certamine magno mathematico &quot;Grand Prix de Mathématiques&quot; nominato; ministri autem Academiae chirographa amiserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 2;  Livio, p. 120.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1830]] quattuor articulos edidit, quorum tituli sunt &quot;Analyse d'un Mémoire sur la résolution algébrique des équations&quot; (sc. &quot;Analysis commentarii de [[aequatio|aequationum ]] [[algebra|algebraica]] solutione&quot;), &quot;Note sur la résolution des équations numériques&quot; (sc. &quot;De aequationum numericarum resolutione adnotatio&quot;), &quot;Sur la théorie des nombres&quot; (sc. &quot;De [[theoria numerorum]]&quot;), &quot;Note sur quelques points d'analyse&quot; (sc. &quot;De aliquibus [[analysis]] rebus&quot;).  Ut videtur, iam de algebra et de aequationibus tractabat.&lt;ref&gt;Neuman, p. 33, hos articulos describit.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eodem tempore, Galois se ad res politicas admiscuit; cum pluribus amicis, res novas studuit. Expulsus est e Schola Normali Superiore anno [[1830]] exeunte;  mense Maio [[1831]] deprehensus est, iterum mense Iulio et mense Octobri, et in [[carcer]]em coniectus, ubi usque ad mensem Martium [[1832]] mansit.&lt;ref&gt;Neuman, p. 2-3;  Livio, p. 129, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mortuus est in [[certamen singulare|monomachia]] die [[30 Maii]] [[1832]]. Quocum et quare pugnaverit, non certe scimus. Ante monomachiam autem epistolam quasi testamentum scripsit (&quot;Lettre testamentaire&quot; nunc dicitur) ad amicum [[Augustus Chevalier|Augustum Chevalier]], cui [[manuscriptum|manuscripta]] mathematica commisit, quibus [[theoria catervarum|theoriam catervarum]] explicat.

== Opera mathematica ==
[[Fasciculus:E. Galois Letter.jpg|thumb|Ultima pagina epistulae a Galois scriptae, in qua [[theorema]]ta de radicibus [[aequatio]]num demonstravit.]]
Sex commentarios (quorum unus de rebus mathematicis non tractat) edidit Galois vivus, inter annos [[1829]] et [[1831]]. Antequam moritur, epistulam amico Augusto Chevalier scribit, theoremata continentem de solutionibus aequationum [[polynomium|polynomialium]]; [[demonstratio mathematica|demonstratio]] in ''Commentario de aequationibus et quare et quomodo per radices solvantur'' invenitur.  Hic commentarius est opus maximi momenti, quia [[theoria catervarum]] et [[theoria copiarum]] ibi primam creationem habent.

Omnis aequatio polynomialis tantas solutiones habet, quantus gradus est polynomii, sed si coefficientes [[numerus rationalis|numeri rationales]] sunt, solutiones saepius non rationales sunt. Hoc est, non necesse est solutiones vel radices aequationis elementa esse eiusdem corporis quam coefficientes. Exempli gratia, [[aequatio]] &lt;math&gt;x^2 - 2 = 0&lt;/math&gt; habet [[radix (mathematica)|radices]] &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}, -\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;, qui non sunt numeri rationales. Haec aequatio ergo factores non habet in corpore rationale. Sed potest adiungere unam vel plures radices ad corpus;  novo in corpore aequatio factores habet. Symbola hodierna (quae Galois nescit) sunt &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{2}]&lt;/math&gt; — hoc est, corpus cuius elementa sunt omnes numeri rationales, et &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;.  (Omnia elementa huius corporis sunt &lt;math&gt;a + b\sqrt{2},&lt;/math&gt; ubi ''a'' et ''b'' sunt rationales.)

Sed, si solutionem aequationis nescis, quomodo radices ad corpus adiungis?  Sit ''a, b, c, ...'' solutiones ignotae (tantae, quantus est gradus polynomii).  Galois dicit semper esse functionem &lt;math&gt;V(x_1, x_2, ...)&lt;/math&gt;, cum tantis quantitatibus variabilibus quantae sunt radices aequationis, ut, si solutiones ''a, b, c, ...'' pro variabilibus ''x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'' mittantur variis ordinibus, nulli valores aequales sint. Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;V(a, b, c...) \neq V(b, c, a...) \neq V(c, a, b...) \neq V(a, c, b,...)&lt;/math&gt;. Praeterea, possumus explicare radices aequationes per functionem rationalem huius functionis V. Hae sunt primum et secundum lemmata commentarii.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 110.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc est, Galois adiungit solutiones ''a, b, c,...'' ad corpus numerorum rationalium, novum corpus &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Q}[a, b, c...]&lt;/math&gt; faciens. 

Theorema maius hoc est: si aequatio datur, cuius radices sunt ''a, b, c...,'' est semper [[caterva (mathematica)|caterva]] permutationum litterarum ''(a, b, c,...)'' ut omnis functio harum radicarum quam permutationes catervae non mutat (functio invarians secundum has permutationes) sit &quot;rationaliter cognita,&quot; et omnis functio radicarum rationaliter cognita est invarians secundum permutationes.  Verba &quot;rationaliter cognita&quot; significant:  valor functionis rationaliter cognitae scribitur per functionem rationalem coefficientium functionis ipsius.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 113;  &quot;rationaliter cognita&quot; est terminus novus Galois, francogallice &quot;rationnellement connue.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc est, permutationes litterarum sunt [[homomorphismus|homoeomorphismi]] inter corpora &lt;math&gt;F[a, b, c, ...]&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;F[a', b', c'...].&lt;/math&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Alexander, Amir R. [[2010]]. ''Duel at Dawn: Heroes, Martyrs, and the Rise of Modern Mathematics.'' Cantabrigiae: Harvard. ISBN 9780674046610.
* Artin, Emil. [[1944]]. ''Galois Theory,'' editio altera. South Bend:  University of Notre Dame Press.
* Bell, E. T. [[1937]]. ''Men of Mathematics,'' re-editio [[1965]], Novi Eboraci:  Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-671-62818-6.
* Infeld, Leopold. [[1948]]. ''Whom the Gods Love: The Story of Evariste Galois.'' Novi Eboraci et Londini:  Wittlesey House. (Mythistoria ficta de vita Galois.)
* Livio, Mario. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Novi Eboraci:  Simon &amp; Schuster.  ISBN 978-0-7432-5820-3.
* Neumann, Peter M. [[2011]]. ''The Mathematical Writings of Évariste Galois.'' Zurich: European Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-3-03719-104-0.
* Taton, René. [[1971]]. &quot;Sur les relations scientifiques d'Augustin Cauche et d'Évariste Galois,&quot; ''Revue d'histoire des sciences'' 24, 123-48.

{{NexInt}}
*[[9130 Galois]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.galois-group.net/ Galois Archive], de vita et operis (pluribus linguis)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120109225841/http://images.math.cnrs.fr/Il-y-a-cent-quarante-ans-la-mort.html Abhinc 140 annos], de morte Galois (francogallice)
* [http://www.universcience.fr/fr/bibliotheque-bsi/contenu/c/1248125682236/evariste-galois-mathematicien-romantique/ Evaristus Galois,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} mathematicus romanticus (francogallice)
* [http://www.bibnum.education.fr/mathematiques/algebre/memoire-sur-les-conditions-de-resolubilite-des-equations-par-radicaux Analysis] tractatus de solutionibus aequationum (francogallice)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120703235319/http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd97/Biografias/05-2-b-galois.html Vita] Galois (hispanice)

{{Lifetime|1811|1832|Galois, Evaristus}}
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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'''Evaristus Galois''' (natus [[25 Octobris]] [[1811]], [[Bourg-la-Reine]];  mortuus [[31 Maii]] [[1832]], [[Lutetia]]e) fuit [[mathematicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Dum vixit, quinque articulos et unam [[epistula]]m politicam edidit, sed opus clarissimum modo post mortem apparuit.&lt;ref&gt;Omnia opera, [[Lingua Francogallica|francogallice]] cum versionibus [[Lingua Anglica|anglicis]], iam edita sunt in libro Petri Neumann.&lt;/ref&gt; Primus erat qui [[caterva (mathematica)|catervas]] definit ([[Francogallice]] &quot;groupe&quot;); [[corpus (mathematica)|corporibus]] finitis quoque usus est, etiamsi nomina harum structurarum non habuit.&lt;ref&gt;Nomen ''corpus'' [[Ricardus Dedekind]] definit;  mathematici corpora finita corpora Galois nominant.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Tombe galois.JPG|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]] illius Galois, [[Bourg-la-Reine]] in [[Francia]].]]
Galois natus est die [[25 Octobris]] [[1811]]. Nicolas-Gabriel Galois ([[1775]]-[[1829]]) pater erat ludimagister, tunc [[demarchus]] oppidi Bourg-la-Reine;  mater Adelaida Maria Demante ([[1778-1872]]) docta femina erat. Tres liberos habuerunt: maximam natu Nataliam, natam anno [[1808]]; Evaristum ipsum, natum 1811; minimum natu Alfredum, natum 1814.&lt;ref&gt;Stemma familiae, Livio, p. 288-90.&lt;/ref&gt;

Evaristus erat discipulus [[Collegium Ludovici Magni|Collegii Ludovici Magni]] inter annos [[1823]] et [[1829]]. Librum a [[Hadrianus Maria Legendre|Legendre]] de [[geometria]] scriptum legens, mathematicus ardentissimus factus est.&lt;ref&gt;Liber est &quot;Éléments de géométrie,&quot; anno [[1794]] primo editus;  v. Livio, p. 116.&lt;/ref&gt;  Primum articulum mathematicum (de [[fractio (mathematica)|fractionibus]] continuatis) anno [[1829]] edidit. Eodem anno duos articulos qui de rebus algebraicis tractant ad [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiam Scientiarum]] misit, sed, ut videtur, eos mense Ianuario [[1830]] revocavit.&lt;ref&gt;Ut dicit Neumann, p. 2, secundum Renatum Taton.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quod in [[Schola Polytechnica Francica|Schola Polytechnica]] receptus non est, in [[Schola Normalis Superior (Lutetia)|Scholam Normalem Superiorem]] anno [[1829]] intravit. Articulos [[algebra]]icos denuo ad Academiam misit, in novo certamine magno mathematico &quot;Grand Prix de Mathématiques&quot; nominato; ministri autem Academiae chirographa amiserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 2;  Livio, p. 120.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1830]] quattuor articulos edidit, quorum tituli sunt &quot;Analyse d'un Mémoire sur la résolution algébrique des équations&quot; (sc. &quot;Analysis commentarii de [[aequatio|aequationum ]] [[algebra|algebraica]] solutione&quot;), &quot;Note sur la résolution des équations numériques&quot; (sc. &quot;De aequationum numericarum resolutione adnotatio&quot;), &quot;Sur la théorie des nombres&quot; (sc. &quot;De [[theoria numerorum]]&quot;), &quot;Note sur quelques points d'analyse&quot; (sc. &quot;De aliquibus [[analysis]] rebus&quot;).  Ut videtur, iam de algebra et de aequationibus tractabat.&lt;ref&gt;Neuman, p. 33, hos articulos describit.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eodem tempore, Galois se ad res politicas admiscuit; cum pluribus amicis, res novas studuit. Expulsus est e Schola Normali Superiore anno [[1830]] exeunte;  mense Maio [[1831]] deprehensus est, iterum mense Iulio et mense Octobri, et in [[carcer]]em coniectus, ubi usque ad mensem Martium [[1832]] mansit.&lt;ref&gt;Neuman, p. 2-3;  Livio, p. 129, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mortuus est in [[certamen singulare|monomachia]] die [[30 Maii]] [[1832]]. Quocum et quare pugnaverit, non certe scimus. Ante monomachiam autem epistolam quasi testamentum scripsit (&quot;Lettre testamentaire&quot; nunc dicitur) ad amicum [[Augustus Chevalier|Augustum Chevalier]], cui [[manuscriptum|manuscripta]] mathematica commisit, quibus [[theoria catervarum|theoriam catervarum]] explicat.

== Opera mathematica ==
[[Fasciculus:E. Galois Letter.jpg|thumb|Ultima pagina epistulae a Galois scriptae, in qua [[theorema]]ta de radicibus [[aequatio]]num demonstravit.]]
Sex commentarios (quorum unus de rebus mathematicis non tractat) edidit Galois vivus, inter annos [[1829]] et [[1831]]. Antequam moritur, epistulam amico Augusto Chevalier scribit, theoremata continentem de solutionibus aequationum [[polynomium|polynomialium]]; [[demonstratio mathematica|demonstratio]] in ''Commentario de aequationibus et quare et quomodo per radices solvantur'' invenitur.  Hic commentarius est opus maximi momenti, quia [[theoria catervarum]] et [[theoria copiarum]] ibi primam creationem habent.

Omnis aequatio polynomialis tantas solutiones habet, quantus gradus est polynomii, sed si coefficientes [[numerus rationalis|numeri rationales]] sunt, solutiones saepius non rationales sunt. Hoc est, non necesse est solutiones vel radices aequationis elementa esse eiusdem corporis quam coefficientes. Exempli gratia, [[aequatio]] &lt;math&gt;x^2 - 2 = 0&lt;/math&gt; habet [[radix (mathematica)|radices]] &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}, -\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;, qui non sunt numeri rationales. Haec aequatio ergo factores non habet in corpore rationale. Sed potest adiungere unam vel plures radices ad corpus;  novo in corpore aequatio factores habet. Symbola hodierna (quae Galois nescit) sunt &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{2}]&lt;/math&gt; — hoc est, corpus cuius elementa sunt omnes numeri rationales, et &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;.  (Omnia elementa huius corporis sunt &lt;math&gt;a + b\sqrt{2},&lt;/math&gt; ubi ''a'' et ''b'' sunt rationales.)

Sed, si solutionem aequationis nescis, quomodo radices ad corpus adiungis?  Sit ''a, b, c, ...'' solutiones ignotae (tantae, quantus est gradus polynomii).  Galois dicit semper esse functionem &lt;math&gt;V(x_1, x_2, ...)&lt;/math&gt;, cum tantis quantitatibus variabilibus quantae sunt radices aequationis, ut, si solutiones ''a, b, c, ...'' pro variabilibus ''x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'' mittantur variis ordinibus, nulli valores aequales sint. Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;V(a, b, c...) \neq V(b, c, a...) \neq V(c, a, b...) \neq V(a, c, b,...)&lt;/math&gt;. Praeterea, possumus explicare radices aequationes per functionem rationalem huius functionis V. Hae sunt primum et secundum lemmata commentarii.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 110.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc est, Galois adiungit solutiones ''a, b, c,...'' ad corpus numerorum rationalium, novum corpus &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Q}[a, b, c...]&lt;/math&gt; faciens. 

Theorema maius hoc est: si aequatio datur, cuius radices sunt ''a, b, c...,'' est semper [[caterva (mathematica)|caterva]] permutationum litterarum ''(a, b, c,...)'' ut omnis functio harum radicarum quam permutationes catervae non mutat (functio invarians secundum has permutationes) sit &quot;rationaliter cognita,&quot; et omnis functio radicarum rationaliter cognita est invarians secundum permutationes.  Verba &quot;rationaliter cognita&quot; significant:  valor functionis rationaliter cognitae scribitur per functionem rationalem coefficientium functionis ipsius.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 113;  &quot;rationaliter cognita&quot; est terminus novus Galois, francogallice &quot;rationnellement connue.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc est, permutationes litterarum sunt [[homomorphismus|homoeomorphismi]] inter corpora &lt;math&gt;F[a, b, c, ...]&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;F[a', b', c'...].&lt;/math&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Alexander, Amir R. [[2010]]. ''Duel at Dawn: Heroes, Martyrs, and the Rise of Modern Mathematics.'' Cantabrigiae: Harvard. ISBN 9780674046610.
* Artin, Emil. [[1944]]. ''Galois Theory,'' editio altera. South Bend:  University of Notre Dame Press.
* Bell, E. T. [[1937]]. ''Men of Mathematics,'' re-editio [[1965]], Novi Eboraci:  Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-671-62818-6.
* Infeld, Leopold. [[1948]]. ''Whom the Gods Love: The Story of Evariste Galois.'' Novi Eboraci et Londini:  Wittlesey House. (Mythistoria ficta de vita Galois.)
* Livio, Mario. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Novi Eboraci:  Simon &amp; Schuster.  ISBN 978-0-7432-5820-3.
* Neumann, Peter M. [[2011]]. ''The Mathematical Writings of Évariste Galois.'' Zurich: European Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-3-03719-104-0.
* Taton, René. [[1971]]. &quot;Sur les relations scientifiques d'Augustin Cauche et d'Évariste Galois,&quot; ''Revue d'histoire des sciences'' 24, 123-48.

{{NexInt}}
*[[9130 Galois]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.galois-group.net/ Galois Archive], de vita et operis (pluribus linguis)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120109225841/http://images.math.cnrs.fr/Il-y-a-cent-quarante-ans-la-mort.html Abhinc 140 annos], de morte Galois (francogallice)
* [http://www.universcience.fr/fr/bibliotheque-bsi/contenu/c/1248125682236/evariste-galois-mathematicien-romantique/ Evaristus Galois,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} mathematicus romanticus (francogallice)
* [http://www.bibnum.education.fr/mathematiques/algebre/memoire-sur-les-conditions-de-resolubilite-des-equations-par-radicaux Analysis] tractatus de solutionibus aequationum (francogallice)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120703235319/http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd97/Biografias/05-2-b-galois.html Vita] Galois (hispanice)

{{Lifetime|1811|1832|Galois, Evaristus}}
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
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[[Fasciculus:E. Galois Portrait No.2.jpg|thumb|Galois, a fratre suo minore natu Alberto pictus.]]

{{res|Evaristus Galois}} (natus [[25 Octobris]] [[1811]], [[Bourg-la-Reine]];  mortuus [[31 Maii]] [[1832]], [[Lutetia]]e) fuit [[mathematicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Dum vixit, quinque articulos et unam [[epistula]]m politicam edidit, sed opus clarissimum modo post mortem apparuit.&lt;ref&gt;Omnia opera, [[Lingua Francogallica|francogallice]] cum versionibus [[Lingua Anglica|anglicis]], iam edita sunt in libro Petri Neumann.&lt;/ref&gt; Primus erat qui [[caterva (mathematica)|catervas]] definit ([[Francogallice]] &quot;groupe&quot;); [[corpus (mathematica)|corporibus]] finitis quoque usus est, etiamsi nomina harum structurarum non habuit.&lt;ref&gt;Nomen ''corpus'' [[Ricardus Dedekind]] definit;  mathematici corpora finita corpora Galois nominant.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Tombe galois.JPG|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]] illius Galois, [[Bourg-la-Reine]] in [[Francia]].]]
Galois natus est die [[25 Octobris]] [[1811]]. Nicolas-Gabriel Galois ([[1775]]-[[1829]]) pater erat ludimagister, tunc [[demarchus]] oppidi Bourg-la-Reine;  mater Adelaida Maria Demante ([[1778-1872]]) docta femina erat. Tres liberos habuerunt: maximam natu Nataliam, natam anno [[1808]]; Evaristum ipsum, natum 1811; minimum natu Alfredum, natum 1814.&lt;ref&gt;Stemma familiae, Livio, p. 288-90.&lt;/ref&gt;

Evaristus erat discipulus [[Collegium Ludovici Magni|Collegii Ludovici Magni]] inter annos [[1823]] et [[1829]]. Librum a [[Hadrianus Maria Legendre|Legendre]] de [[geometria]] scriptum legens, mathematicus ardentissimus factus est.&lt;ref&gt;Liber est &quot;Éléments de géométrie,&quot; anno [[1794]] primo editus;  v. Livio, p. 116.&lt;/ref&gt;  Primum articulum mathematicum (de [[fractio (mathematica)|fractionibus]] continuatis) anno [[1829]] edidit. Eodem anno duos articulos qui de rebus algebraicis tractant ad [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiam Scientiarum]] misit, sed, ut videtur, eos mense Ianuario [[1830]] revocavit.&lt;ref&gt;Ut dicit Neumann, p. 2, secundum Renatum Taton.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quod in [[Schola Polytechnica Francica|Schola Polytechnica]] receptus non est, in [[Schola Normalis Superior (Lutetia)|Scholam Normalem Superiorem]] anno [[1829]] intravit. Articulos [[algebra]]icos denuo ad Academiam misit, in novo certamine magno mathematico &quot;Grand Prix de Mathématiques&quot; nominato; ministri autem Academiae chirographa amiserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 2;  Livio, p. 120.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1830]] quattuor articulos edidit, quorum tituli sunt &quot;Analyse d'un Mémoire sur la résolution algébrique des équations&quot; (sc. &quot;Analysis commentarii de [[aequatio|aequationum ]] [[algebra|algebraica]] solutione&quot;), &quot;Note sur la résolution des équations numériques&quot; (sc. &quot;De aequationum numericarum resolutione adnotatio&quot;), &quot;Sur la théorie des nombres&quot; (sc. &quot;De [[theoria numerorum]]&quot;), &quot;Note sur quelques points d'analyse&quot; (sc. &quot;De aliquibus [[analysis]] rebus&quot;).  Ut videtur, iam de algebra et de aequationibus tractabat.&lt;ref&gt;Neuman, p. 33, hos articulos describit.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eodem tempore, Galois se ad res politicas admiscuit; cum pluribus amicis, res novas studuit. Expulsus est e Schola Normali Superiore anno [[1830]] exeunte;  mense Maio [[1831]] deprehensus est, iterum mense Iulio et mense Octobri, et in [[carcer]]em coniectus, ubi usque ad mensem Martium [[1832]] mansit.&lt;ref&gt;Neuman, p. 2-3;  Livio, p. 129, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mortuus est in [[certamen singulare|monomachia]] die [[30 Maii]] [[1832]]. Quocum et quare pugnaverit, non certe scimus. Ante monomachiam autem epistolam quasi testamentum scripsit (&quot;Lettre testamentaire&quot; nunc dicitur) ad amicum [[Augustus Chevalier|Augustum Chevalier]], cui [[manuscriptum|manuscripta]] mathematica commisit, quibus [[theoria catervarum|theoriam catervarum]] explicat.

== Opera mathematica ==
[[Fasciculus:E. Galois Letter.jpg|thumb|Ultima pagina epistulae a Galois scriptae, in qua [[theorema]]ta de radicibus [[aequatio]]num demonstravit.]]
Sex commentarios (quorum unus de rebus mathematicis non tractat) edidit Galois vivus, inter annos [[1829]] et [[1831]]. Antequam moritur, epistulam amico Augusto Chevalier scribit, theoremata continentem de solutionibus aequationum [[polynomium|polynomialium]]; [[demonstratio mathematica|demonstratio]] in ''Commentario de aequationibus et quare et quomodo per radices solvantur'' invenitur.  Hic commentarius est opus maximi momenti, quia [[theoria catervarum]] et [[theoria copiarum]] ibi primam creationem habent.

Omnis aequatio polynomialis tantas solutiones habet, quantus gradus est polynomii, sed si coefficientes [[numerus rationalis|numeri rationales]] sunt, solutiones saepius non rationales sunt. Hoc est, non necesse est solutiones vel radices aequationis elementa esse eiusdem corporis quam coefficientes. Exempli gratia, [[aequatio]] &lt;math&gt;x^2 - 2 = 0&lt;/math&gt; habet [[radix (mathematica)|radices]] &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}, -\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;, qui non sunt numeri rationales. Haec aequatio ergo factores non habet in corpore rationale. Sed potest adiungere unam vel plures radices ad corpus;  novo in corpore aequatio factores habet. Symbola hodierna (quae Galois nescit) sunt &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{2}]&lt;/math&gt; — hoc est, corpus cuius elementa sunt omnes numeri rationales, et &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;.  (Omnia elementa huius corporis sunt &lt;math&gt;a + b\sqrt{2},&lt;/math&gt; ubi ''a'' et ''b'' sunt rationales.)

Sed, si solutionem aequationis nescis, quomodo radices ad corpus adiungis?  Sit ''a, b, c, ...'' solutiones ignotae (tantae, quantus est gradus polynomii).  Galois dicit semper esse functionem &lt;math&gt;V(x_1, x_2, ...)&lt;/math&gt;, cum tantis quantitatibus variabilibus quantae sunt radices aequationis, ut, si solutiones ''a, b, c, ...'' pro variabilibus ''x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'' mittantur variis ordinibus, nulli valores aequales sint. Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;V(a, b, c...) \neq V(b, c, a...) \neq V(c, a, b...) \neq V(a, c, b,...)&lt;/math&gt;. Praeterea, possumus explicare radices aequationes per functionem rationalem huius functionis V. Hae sunt primum et secundum lemmata commentarii.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 110.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc est, Galois adiungit solutiones ''a, b, c,...'' ad corpus numerorum rationalium, novum corpus &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Q}[a, b, c...]&lt;/math&gt; faciens. 

Theorema maius hoc est: si aequatio datur, cuius radices sunt ''a, b, c...,'' est semper [[caterva (mathematica)|caterva]] permutationum litterarum ''(a, b, c,...)'' ut omnis functio harum radicarum quam permutationes catervae non mutat (functio invarians secundum has permutationes) sit &quot;rationaliter cognita,&quot; et omnis functio radicarum rationaliter cognita est invarians secundum permutationes.  Verba &quot;rationaliter cognita&quot; significant:  valor functionis rationaliter cognitae scribitur per functionem rationalem coefficientium functionis ipsius.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 113;  &quot;rationaliter cognita&quot; est terminus novus Galois, francogallice &quot;rationnellement connue.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc est, permutationes litterarum sunt [[homomorphismus|homoeomorphismi]] inter corpora &lt;math&gt;F[a, b, c, ...]&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;F[a', b', c'...].&lt;/math&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Alexander, Amir R. [[2010]]. ''Duel at Dawn: Heroes, Martyrs, and the Rise of Modern Mathematics.'' Cantabrigiae: Harvard. ISBN 9780674046610.
* Artin, Emil. [[1944]]. ''Galois Theory,'' editio altera. South Bend:  University of Notre Dame Press.
* Bell, E. T. [[1937]]. ''Men of Mathematics,'' re-editio [[1965]], Novi Eboraci:  Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-671-62818-6.
* Infeld, Leopold. [[1948]]. ''Whom the Gods Love: The Story of Evariste Galois.'' Novi Eboraci et Londini:  Wittlesey House. (Mythistoria ficta de vita Galois.)
* Livio, Mario. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Novi Eboraci:  Simon &amp; Schuster.  ISBN 978-0-7432-5820-3.
* Neumann, Peter M. [[2011]]. ''The Mathematical Writings of Évariste Galois.'' Zurich: European Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-3-03719-104-0.
* Taton, René. [[1971]]. &quot;Sur les relations scientifiques d'Augustin Cauche et d'Évariste Galois,&quot; ''Revue d'histoire des sciences'' 24, 123-48.

{{NexInt}}
*[[9130 Galois]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.galois-group.net/ Galois Archive], de vita et operis (pluribus linguis)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120109225841/http://images.math.cnrs.fr/Il-y-a-cent-quarante-ans-la-mort.html Abhinc 140 annos], de morte Galois (francogallice)
* [http://www.universcience.fr/fr/bibliotheque-bsi/contenu/c/1248125682236/evariste-galois-mathematicien-romantique/ Evaristus Galois,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} mathematicus romanticus (francogallice)
* [http://www.bibnum.education.fr/mathematiques/algebre/memoire-sur-les-conditions-de-resolubilite-des-equations-par-radicaux Analysis] tractatus de solutionibus aequationum (francogallice)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120703235319/http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd97/Biografias/05-2-b-galois.html Vita] Galois (hispanice)

{{Lifetime|1811|1832|Galois, Evaristus}}
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Franciae]]
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{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:E. Galois Portrait No.2.jpg|thumb|Galois, a fratre suo minore natu Alberto pictus.]]

{{res|Evaristus Galois}} (natus [[25 Octobris]] [[1811]], [[Bourg-la-Reine]];  mortuus [[31 Maii]] [[1832]], [[Lutetia]]e) fuit [[mathematicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]]. Dum vixit, quinque articulos et unam [[epistula]]m politicam edidit, sed opus clarissimum modo post mortem apparuit.&lt;ref&gt;Omnia opera, [[Lingua Francogallica|francogallice]] cum versionibus [[Lingua Anglica|anglicis]], iam edita sunt in libro Petri Neumann.&lt;/ref&gt; Primus erat qui [[caterva (mathematica)|catervas]] definit ([[Francogallice]] &quot;groupe&quot;); [[corpus (mathematica)|corporibus]] finitis quoque usus est, etiamsi nomina harum structurarum non habuit.&lt;ref&gt;Nomen ''corpus'' [[Ricardus Dedekind]] definit;  mathematici corpora finita corpora Galois nominant.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Tombe galois.JPG|thumb|[[Sepulcrum]] illius Galois, [[Bourg-la-Reine]] in [[Francia]].]]
Galois natus est die [[25 Octobris]] [[1811]]. Nicolas-Gabriel Galois ([[1775]]-[[1829]]) pater erat ludimagister, tunc [[demarchus]] oppidi Bourg-la-Reine;  mater Adelaida Maria Demante ([[1778-1872]]) docta femina erat. Tres liberos habuerunt: maximam natu Nataliam, natam anno [[1808]]; Evaristum ipsum, natum 1811; minimum natu Alfredum, natum 1814.&lt;ref&gt;Stemma familiae, Livio, p. 288-90.&lt;/ref&gt;

Evaristus erat discipulus [[Collegium Ludovici Magni|Collegii Ludovici Magni]] inter annos [[1823]] et [[1829]]. Librum a [[Hadrianus Maria Legendre|Legendre]] de [[geometria]] scriptum legens, mathematicus ardentissimus factus est.&lt;ref&gt;Liber est &quot;Éléments de géométrie,&quot; anno [[1794]] primo editus;  v. Livio, p. 116.&lt;/ref&gt;  Primum articulum mathematicum (de [[fractio (mathematica)|fractionibus]] continuatis) anno [[1829]] edidit. Eodem anno duos articulos qui de rebus algebraicis tractant ad [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiam Scientiarum]] misit, sed, ut videtur, eos mense Ianuario [[1830]] revocavit.&lt;ref&gt;Ut dicit Neumann, p. 2, secundum Renatum Taton.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quod in [[Schola Polytechnica Francica|Schola Polytechnica]] receptus non est, in [[Schola Normalis Superior (Lutetia)|Scholam Normalem Superiorem]] anno [[1829]] intravit. Articulos [[algebra]]icos denuo ad Academiam misit, in novo certamine magno mathematico &quot;Grand Prix de Mathématiques&quot; nominato; ministri autem Academiae chirographa amiserunt.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 2;  Livio, p. 120.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[1830]] quattuor articulos edidit, quorum tituli sunt &quot;Analyse d'un Mémoire sur la résolution algébrique des équations&quot; (sc. &quot;Analysis commentarii de [[aequatio|aequationum ]] [[algebra|algebraica]] solutione&quot;), &quot;Note sur la résolution des équations numériques&quot; (sc. &quot;De aequationum numericarum resolutione adnotatio&quot;), &quot;Sur la théorie des nombres&quot; (sc. &quot;De [[theoria numerorum]]&quot;), &quot;Note sur quelques points d'analyse&quot; (sc. &quot;De aliquibus [[analysis]] rebus&quot;).  Ut videtur, iam de algebra et de aequationibus tractabat.&lt;ref&gt;Neuman, p. 33, hos articulos describit.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eodem tempore, Galois se ad res politicas admiscuit; cum pluribus amicis, res novas studuit. Expulsus est e Schola Normali Superiore anno [[1830]] exeunte;  mense Maio [[1831]] deprehensus est, iterum mense Iulio et mense Octobri, et in [[carcer]]em coniectus, ubi usque ad mensem Martium [[1832]] mansit.&lt;ref&gt;Neuman, p. 2-3;  Livio, p. 129, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mortuus est in [[certamen singulare|monomachia]] die [[30 Maii]] [[1832]]. Quocum et quare pugnaverit, non certe scimus. Ante monomachiam autem epistolam quasi testamentum scripsit (&quot;Lettre testamentaire&quot; nunc dicitur) ad amicum [[Augustus Chevalier|Augustum Chevalier]], cui [[manuscriptum|manuscripta]] mathematica commisit, quibus [[theoria catervarum|theoriam catervarum]] explicat.

== Opera mathematica ==
[[Fasciculus:E. Galois Letter.jpg|thumb|Ultima pagina epistulae a Galois scriptae, in qua [[theorema]]ta de radicibus [[aequatio]]num demonstravit.]]
Sex commentarios (quorum unus de rebus mathematicis non tractat) edidit Galois vivus, inter annos [[1829]] et [[1831]]. Antequam moritur, epistulam amico Augusto Chevalier scribit, theoremata continentem de solutionibus aequationum [[polynomium|polynomialium]]; [[demonstratio mathematica|demonstratio]] in ''Commentario de aequationibus et quare et quomodo per radices solvantur'' invenitur.  Hic commentarius est opus maximi momenti, quia [[theoria catervarum]] et [[theoria copiarum]] ibi primam creationem habent.

Omnis aequatio polynomialis tantas solutiones habet, quantus gradus est polynomii, sed si coefficientes [[numerus rationalis|numeri rationales]] sunt, solutiones saepius non rationales sunt. Hoc est, non necesse est solutiones vel radices aequationis elementa esse eiusdem corporis quam coefficientes. Exempli gratia, [[aequatio]] &lt;math&gt;x^2 - 2 = 0&lt;/math&gt; habet [[radix (mathematica)|radices]] &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}, -\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;, qui non sunt numeri rationales. Haec aequatio ergo factores non habet in corpore rationale. Sed potest adiungere unam vel plures radices ad corpus;  novo in corpore aequatio factores habet. Symbola hodierna (quae Galois nescit) sunt &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{2}]&lt;/math&gt; — hoc est, corpus cuius elementa sunt omnes numeri rationales, et &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;.  (Omnia elementa huius corporis sunt &lt;math&gt;a + b\sqrt{2},&lt;/math&gt; ubi ''a'' et ''b'' sunt rationales.)

Sed, si solutionem aequationis nescis, quomodo radices ad corpus adiungis?  Sit ''a, b, c, ...'' solutiones ignotae (tantae, quantus est gradus polynomii).  Galois dicit semper esse functionem &lt;math&gt;V(x_1, x_2, ...)&lt;/math&gt;, cum tantis quantitatibus variabilibus quantae sunt radices aequationis, ut, si solutiones ''a, b, c, ...'' pro variabilibus ''x&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;'' mittantur variis ordinibus, nulli valores aequales sint. Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;V(a, b, c...) \neq V(b, c, a...) \neq V(c, a, b...) \neq V(a, c, b,...)&lt;/math&gt;. Praeterea, possumus explicare radices aequationes per functionem rationalem huius functionis V. Hae sunt primum et secundum lemmata commentarii.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 110.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc est, Galois adiungit solutiones ''a, b, c,...'' ad corpus numerorum rationalium, novum corpus &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Q}[a, b, c...]&lt;/math&gt; faciens. 

Theorema maius hoc est: si aequatio datur, cuius radices sunt ''a, b, c...,'' est semper [[caterva (mathematica)|caterva]] permutationum litterarum ''(a, b, c,...)'' ut omnis functio harum radicarum quam permutationes catervae non mutat (functio invarians secundum has permutationes) sit &quot;rationaliter cognita,&quot; et omnis functio radicarum rationaliter cognita est invarians secundum permutationes.  Verba &quot;rationaliter cognita&quot; significant:  valor functionis rationaliter cognitae scribitur per functionem rationalem coefficientium functionis ipsius.&lt;ref&gt;Neumann, p. 113;  &quot;rationaliter cognita&quot; est terminus novus Galois, francogallice &quot;rationnellement connue.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc est, permutationes litterarum sunt [[homomorphismus|homoeomorphismi]] inter corpora &lt;math&gt;F[a, b, c, ...]&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;F[a', b', c'...].&lt;/math&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Alexander, Amir R. [[2010]]. ''Duel at Dawn: Heroes, Martyrs, and the Rise of Modern Mathematics.'' Cantabrigiae: Harvard. ISBN 9780674046610.
* Artin, Emil. [[1944]]. ''Galois Theory,'' editio altera. South Bend:  University of Notre Dame Press.
* Bell, E. T. [[1937]]. ''Men of Mathematics,'' re-editio [[1965]], Novi Eboraci:  Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-671-62818-6.
* Infeld, Leopold. [[1948]]. ''Whom the Gods Love: The Story of Evariste Galois.'' Novi Eboraci et Londini:  Wittlesey House. (Mythistoria ficta de vita Galois.)
* Livio, Mario. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Novi Eboraci:  Simon &amp; Schuster.  ISBN 978-0-7432-5820-3.
* Neumann, Peter M. [[2011]]. ''The Mathematical Writings of Évariste Galois.'' Zurich: European Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-3-03719-104-0.
* Taton, René. [[1971]]. &quot;Sur les relations scientifiques d'Augustin Cauche et d'Évariste Galois,&quot; ''Revue d'histoire des sciences'' 24, 123-48.

{{NexInt}}
*[[9130 Galois]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.galois-group.net/ Galois Archive], de vita et operis (pluribus linguis)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120109225841/http://images.math.cnrs.fr/Il-y-a-cent-quarante-ans-la-mort.html Abhinc 140 annos], de morte Galois (francogallice)
* [http://www.universcience.fr/fr/bibliotheque-bsi/contenu/c/1248125682236/evariste-galois-mathematicien-romantique/ Evaristus Galois,]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} mathematicus romanticus (francogallice)
* [http://www.bibnum.education.fr/mathematiques/algebre/memoire-sur-les-conditions-de-resolubilite-des-equations-par-radicaux Analysis] tractatus de solutionibus aequationum (francogallice)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120703235319/http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd97/Biografias/05-2-b-galois.html Vita] Galois (hispanice)

{{Lifetime|1811|1832|Galois, Evaristus}}
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Normalis Superioris (Lutetia)]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Necati]]
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T01:21:12Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Enzian44</username>
        <id>2313</id>
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      <comment>accusativus est error</comment>
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      <text bytes="1670" sha1="gkmk7l6cegiya30vyerhfsdcb5145r2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Via centro storico cisternino.jpg|thumb|Cisterninum]]
'''Cisterninum'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Cisterninum|i|n}} (alia nomina: ''Cisturninum'', ''Cisturnium'' vel ''Sturninum'', ''Sturnium'', ''Sturni'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Cisternino|Cisternino]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 11&amp;thinsp;700 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Apulia]] et in [[Provincia Brundisina]] situm. Incolae ''Cisterninenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Murgesii montes]]

== Clari cives ==
== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Conversanensis-Monopolitana]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Caranna, Casalini, Marinelli, Sisto''.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Fasanum]],
* [[Locus Rotundus]] ([[Urbs metropolitana Barensis|BA]]),
* [[Martina Franca]] ([[Provincia Tarentina|TA]]),
* [[Ostunium]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Apulia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Brundisina|Provincia Brundisina]],
* [[Brundisium]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]],

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Cisternino|Cisterninum}}
* [http://www.comune.cisternino.br.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italica{{!}}Italice}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Cisternino (province of Brindisi, region Apulia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Brundisina.
Fasciculus:Cisternino.jpg|Despectus in oppidum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Brundisii]]</text>
      <sha1>gkmk7l6cegiya30vyerhfsdcb5145r2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3994192</id>
      <parentid>3994181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T03:38:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Minora</comment>
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      <text bytes="1642" sha1="adr3saykn5rv3orw53c7jj3ftsvtmvz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Via centro storico cisternino.jpg|thumb|Cisterninum]]

{{res|Cisterninum}}{{Nomi d'Italia ref}} ({{pns|i|n|Cisterninum}}; alia nomina: ''Cisturninum'', ''Cisturnium'' vel ''Sturninum'', ''Sturnium'', ''Sturni''; [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Cisternino|Cisternino]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 11&amp;thinsp;700 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Apulia]] et in [[Provincia Brundisina]] situm. Incolae ''Cisterninenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Murgesii montes]]

== Clari cives ==
== Ecclesia Catholica Romana ==
* [[Dioecesis Conversanensis-Monopolitana]]

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
=== Fractiones ===
''Caranna, Casalini, Marinelli, Sisto''.

== Municipia finitima ==
* [[Fasanum]]
* [[Locus Rotundus]] ([[Urbs metropolitana Barensis|BA]])
* [[Martina Franca]] ([[Provincia Tarentina|TA]])
* [[Ostunium]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Apulia]] (''regio'')
* [[Provincia Brundisina|Provincia Brundisina]]
* [[Brundisium]] (''urbs'')
* [[Municipium Italiae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Cisternino|Cisterninum}}
* [http://www.comune.cisternino.br.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italica{{!}}Italice}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Cisternino (province of Brindisi, region Apulia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Brundisina.
Fasciculus:Cisternino.jpg|Despectus in oppidum.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Brundisii]]</text>
      <sha1>adr3saykn5rv3orw53c7jj3ftsvtmvz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Murat (Mons Celtorum)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994132</id>
      <parentid>3994123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T12:59:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
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      <text bytes="798" sha1="5e8qvhuemn0saswfcvr50uxk7qap830" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Eglise de Murat.JPG|thumb|upright=.8|left|Communis [[templum]] Catholicum.]]
'''Murat''' fuit [[commune]] [[Francia]]e usque ad annum 2017 (1880 incolarum anno [[2014]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mons Celtorum (praefectura Franciae)|Montis Celtorum]] in regione [[Arvernia]].

== Geographia ==
Fluvius [[Alanio]] ''Murat'' agrum labitur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum|Indicem communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Murat (Cantal)|Murat}}
* [http://www.murat.fr/ Situs interretialis communis proprius.]
* {{INSEE commune|15138|de=Murat}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pax Traiecti ad Rhenum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>182396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994171</id>
      <parentid>3788662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T22:39:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="5060" sha1="0n9duhy01cejfquswwzlxo5xmf1ghhv" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:The Treaty of Utrecht.jpg|thumb|Textus foederis typis impressus.]]
[[Fasciculus:Europe c. 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Europa Occidentalis]] initio belli successionis Hispanicae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Europe 1714.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Europa Occidentalis]] anno [[1714]], post foedera Traiecti ad Rhenum et [[Foedus Rastattense|Rastattense]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Allegory on the Peace of Utrecht.jpg|thumb|''Allegoria Pacis Rheno-Traiectinae.'' [[Pictura]] [[Antonius Rivalz|Antonii Rivalz]].]]
'''Pax Traiecti ad Rhenum,''' vel '''Pax Rheno-Traiectina,'''&lt;ref&gt;Klinkhamer 1829.&lt;/ref&gt; est series [[foedus pacis|foederum pacis]] quae a belligerentibus in [[bellum de successione Hispanica|bello de successione Hispanica]]—a [[regnum|regnis]] [[Hispania]]e et [[Francia]]e ex una parte et [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britanniae]] ex altera—[[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Traiecti ad Rhenum]] in urbe [[Nederlandia|Nederlandica]] inter die [[11 Aprilis|11]] menses [[Aprilis|Aprilem]] [[1713]] et [[13 Iulii|13 Iulium]] [[1715]] signata sunt. Quibus [[foedus|foederibus]] [[bellum]] compositum est.

== Constituta foederis Pacis ==
* [[Philippus V (rex Hispaniae)|Philippus V]] rex Hispaniae acceptus est.
* Philippus V successionem regis Franciae recusavit, principes Franciae successionem regis Hispaniae. Ita constitutum est, ne umquam Francia et Hispania uno rege coniunctae essent.
* Hispania [[Imperium Hispanicum|Imperium]] suum cepit, sed Nederlandiam Hispanicam, [[Regnum Sardiniae]], [[Ducatus Mediolanensis|Ducatum Mediolanensem]] atque [[Regnum Neapolitanum]] [[Imperium Romanum Sacrum|Imperio Romano Sacro]] cessit. [[Sicilia]] insula ad [[Ducatus Sabaudiae|Ducatum Sabaudiae]] pervenit.
* Britanniarum Regnum [[Gibraltar]] et [[Minorica]]m insulam accepit.
* Francia colonias in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] (quae erant [[Terra Nova]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Novum Brunsvicum]]) Britanniarum Regno tradidit.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*[[Winston Churchill|Churchill, Winston]]. [[2002]]. ''Marlborough: His Life and Times.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10635-7. [https://archive.org/details/marlboroughhisli00chur Editio imminuta interretialis.]
*Dadson, Trevor J., et J. H. Elliott, eds. [[2014]]. ''Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713-2013.'' Londinii: Legenda, Modern Humanities Research Association and Maney Publishing. ISBN 9781909662223, ISBN 1909662224.
*de Bruin, Renger E., Cornelis van der Haven, Lotte Jensen, et David Onnekink, eds. [[2015]]. ''Performances of peace: Utrecht 1713.'' Lugduni et Bostoniae: Brill. ISBN 9789004304772.
*Falkner, James. [[2015]]. ''The War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714.'' Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. ISBN 1781590311, ISBN 9781781590317.
*Frey, Linda, et Marsha Frey, eds. [[1995]]. ''The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary.'' Westport Connecticutae: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-27884-9. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001201/https://www.questia.com/library/2041555/the-treaties-of-the-war-of-the-spanish-succession Summarium interretiale.]
*Gregory, Desmond. [[1990]]. ''Minorca, the Illusory Prize: A History of the British Occupations of Minorca Between 1708 and 1802.'' Associated University Press.
*Ieva, Frédéric, ed. [[2016]]. ''I trattati di Utrecht: una pace di dimensione europea.'' Romae: Viella. ISBN 9788867284313.
*Klinkhamer, Sibout Cornelis. [[1829]]. ''De bello propter successionem regni hispanici gesto, pace rheno-traiectina composito.'' Amstelodami: typis C. A. Spin.
*Lesaffer, Randall. [[1914]]. [https://blog.oup.com/2014/11/utrecht-peace-treaty-balance-power-europe/ The peace of Utrecht and the balance of power.] ''Oxford Historical Treaties,'' 10 Novembris.
*Lynn, John A. [[1999]]. ''The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714.'' Longman. ISBN 0-582-05629-2.
*Mowat, Robert Balmain. [[1928]]. ''History of European diplomacy, 1451–1789.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20201220134229/https://www.questia.com/library/23721/a-history-of-european-diplomacy-1451-1789 Textus interretialis.]
*Sichel, Walter. [[1901]]–[[1902]]. ''Bolingbroke And His Times.'' 2 vol. [https://archive.org/details/bolingbrokeandh00sichgoog ''Vol. 1 The Reign of Queen Anne.'']
*[[Philippus Stanhope, quintus comes Stanhope|Stanhope, Philip]]. [[1870]]. ''History of England, Comprising the Reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht.'' Londinii.
*[[Georgius M. Trevelyan|Trevelyan, George M]]. [[1930]]–[[1934]]. ''England Under Queen Anne.'' 3 vol. Londinii: Longmans, Green and Co.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Wikisource|Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between France and Great Britain|Textus foederis|lang=en}}
* [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/utrecht1a.pdf Textus Anglicus Foederis] (Fasciculus PDF; 1,68&amp;nbsp;MB)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Traiecti ad Rhenum pax}}
[[Categoria:Paces]]
[[Categoria:Foedera]]
[[Categoria:1713|Pax Traiecti ad Rhenum]]
[[Categoria:Traiectum ad Rhenum|Pax Traiecti ad Rhenum]]
[[Categoria:Historia Europae|Pax Traiecti ad Rhenum]]</text>
      <sha1>0n9duhy01cejfquswwzlxo5xmf1ghhv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Provincia Cordubensis (Argentina)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187036</id>
    <redirect title="Corduba (provincia Argentinae)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3994232</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T10:17:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed redirect target from [[Argentina]] to [[Corduba (provincia Argentinae)]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Corduba (provincia Argentinae)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>187061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994231</id>
      <parentid>3843853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T10:15:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removed redirect to [[Argentina#Divisio administrativa]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="425" sha1="95vdvk302abio09wh92ivfucat28kf9" xml:space="preserve">{{in usu}}{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Corduba}} est [[Argentina]]e [[provincia]] {{num|3308876}} incolarum cuius caput [[urbs]] [[Corduba (Argentina)|eiusdem nominis]] est. In parte media Argentinae sita est.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Córdoba Province, Argentina|Provinciam Cordubensems}}
* [http://www.cba.gov.ar/ Provinciae administrationis pagina interretialis]


[[Categoria:Provinciae Argentinae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="431" sha1="p9tykwh5e4rmuxlrgj7nya40mzco3d9" xml:space="preserve">{{in usu}}{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Corduba}} est [[Argentina]]e [[provincia]] {{num|3308876}} incolarum cuius caput [[urbs]] [[Corduba (Argentina)|eiusdem nominis]] est. In [[pampa]] Argentinae  mediae sita est.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Córdoba Province, Argentina|Provinciam Cordubensems}}
* [http://www.cba.gov.ar/ Provinciae administrationis pagina interretialis]


[[Categoria:Provinciae Argentinae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sinuhe egyptiläinen</title>
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      <text bytes="11114" sha1="g6kr02uyw2443eb7kb63fm21hbfhf57" xml:space="preserve">{{titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Mika Waltari 1939.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Waltari|Mika Waltari]], scriptor libri ''Sinuhe Egyptiläinen.'']]

{{ires|Sinuhe egyptiläinen}} ('Sinuhe Aegyptius') est [[mythistoria|liber mythistoricus]] a [[Michael Waltari|Mika Waltari]] [[Finnice]] anno [[1945]] scriptus, qui [[fabula]]m de [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]] aetatis [[pharao]]nis [[Akhenaten|Ekhnaton]] narrat. Quod opus primum est de multis libris eius [[historia|res historicas]] tractantibus. Opus inter gentes innotuit, et [[interpretatio|conversiones]] adhuc quadraginta sunt confectae.&lt;ref&gt;Vaarala 2024: 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Persona princeps est Sinuhe, qui infans a matre sua ignota in scaphio iuncino in [[Nilus|Nili]] flumen dimissus esse fertur. Quidam Senmut, [[Thebae|Thebanus]] pauperum [[medicus]], et Kipa eius [[uxor]], [[expositio infantis|miserum puerulum]] ex undis servaverunt et, cum orbi liberis essent, eum tamquam suum filium [[educatio|educaverunt]]. Kipa eum Sinuhe nominavit ex fabella,&lt;ref&gt;Waltari hic ad fabellam quam notissimam significat, ex initio [[regnum medium Aegypti|medii regni Aegypti]] oriundam, quae res miras et [[periculum|pericula]] [[narratio de Sinuhe|narrat]], quibus vir nomine Sinuhe obicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; quae ei placebat.

== Thebis ==
Cum septem annos natus esset Sinuhe, Senmut pater eum adlocutus, quo munere fungi vellet, sciscitatus est. Cum miles fieri vellet, pater eum ad Inteb militem amicum duxit, qui diris horrendisque exemplis eum a militaribus phantasiis dehortaretur. Itaque patris voluntatem secutus Sinuhe ad scholam ire et legere discere constituit. In schola, amicitiam iunxit cum Thotmes, puero qui iam tum bonam in pingendo et fingendo indolem ostendebat. Per patrem in familiaritatem venit Ptahoris, regii [[trepanatio|trepanatoris]], quocum postea laboravit.

Die consecrationis in feminam incidit venustissimam, cui nomen erat Nefernefernefer. Iuvenis indoctus feminarum statim amore huius feminae adfabilis captus est. Sed vita et disciplina domus vitae prohibuerunt, quominus vitam Thebanam gustaret. Praeterea his temporibus pharao [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenhotep III]] morbo exitiali laborabat, et iam erat tempus trepanandi, qua ultima sanandi ratione pharaonem recreatum iri sperabant. Ptahor trepanator rem suam recte gessit, sed haud inopinate aeger vitam amisit. 

Sinuhe etiam familiaritatem iunxit cum Ekhnaton, defuncti pharaonis filio, qui ipse [[epilepsia|morbo sacro]] laborabat et ceteroqui vir mirus erat, qui novum deum [[Aton]] introducere vellet. Amicitia iunctus erat etiam cum viro bellicoso Horemheb, praefecto militum, qui, ut ipse dicebat, &quot;cum stercore in digitis natus&quot; erat. Quae cum ita sint, Sinuhe, cum audissset Horenheb de amore Baketamonis, Ekhnatonis sororis, somniare, perturbatus erat temeritate huiusmodi vanae meditationis. Sinuhe medicus privatus pharaonis factus est.

Quibus interpositis temporibus, Sinuhe in Nefernefernefer iterum incidit, et quidem in eius domo, ubi populus turbulentus epulandi causa coactus erat. Usque adhuc hac [[femina convictualis|femina convictuali]] ardebat, quae tamen primum suam agnitionem celavit. In hac renovata conventione, Sinuhe amorosus tantum impetum ostendit, ut crederes eum putare, amorem vere inter femora inveniri. Ideo Nefernefernefer nimium ardorem amaturientis frenare conata didascalicam narrat de Setne [[Chamois]] et Tabubue sacerdote fabulam.&lt;ref&gt;Reich 1924.&lt;/ref&gt; Dicit enim Tabubue ea tantum condicione se cum Setne amoribus frui velle, ut hic omnibus bonis et quidem uxore sua liberisque desistat. Setne ardore suo hoc propositum accepit. Nefernefernefer, ne de fraude amoris accusetur, se cum Tabubue confert monitionis causa. Sinuhe autem hoc documentum respuit. At Nefernefernefer mulier nobilis, aetate qua opinio muliebris quaeri non solebat, quomodo se ab ardore amatorio advenae repentini defendat?

[[Fasciculus:Middle East Levant.jpg|thumb|Regiones ubi Sinuhe versatus est.]]
Haec condicio rerum potissimum ex ratione virili intellegi videtur. Verbum amoris sensu romantico non memoratur, saltem non cum de relatione cum Nefernefernefer agitur. Sinuhe, cum edere et bibere et gaudere cum ea vehementer cupiat, reapse [[coitus|coitum]] petit. In Aegypto antiqua, [[transactio]]nes inter homines factae in dandis accipiendisque [[donum|donis]] positae erant. In ratione Tabubuensi a Nefernefernefer in rem suam conversa, oeconomia donatoria in conspectum venit.

Sinuhe quater apud Nefernefernefer ad &quot;mercatum&quot; iit. Primo tempore Sinuhe specimen gratuitum &quot;eius rei, cuius causa venerat&quot;, accipit, sine dono vicissim dato. Secundo tempore, Sinuhe domum suam cum rebus domesticis donat, fidem habens promisso a Nefernefernefer facto, sed infectis rebus exit. Tertio tempore, Sinuhe bona parentum suorum dono dat, et vicissim inanem coitum sine ardore remuneratus est. Quarto tempore, Sinuhe sepulchrum parentum dono dat, sed pro remuneratione nihil nisi natationem in piscina accipit. Tum demum intellegit fabellam de Tabubue veram esse, et paene ab ancillis vapulatur.

Sinuhe, ut parentes rite in [[Valles Regum|Vallibus Regum]] sepelire possit, dies noctesque triginta in domo mortuorum cadaverum lavator servire debet. In statum servituti similem delapsus nomen suum putat Thebis in summam infamiam cecidisse. Quae cum ita sint, consilium capit reliquum vitae tempus peregrinando consumere. Ad [[Levans|Levantem]] profecturus cum Kaptah navem conscendit. 

== Peregre ==
Sinuhe, [[Tell Kazel|Simyrae]] in oppido [[Syria]]e consessus, peritia medica famam et divitias sibi conciliat. In bello contra Chabiros gerendo rursus in Horemheb, ducem belli, incidit, qui ei mandat, ut per orbem terrarum vectus opes militares civitatum notarum exploret.

Primum invitus cum Kaptah proficiscitur [[Babylon]]em, ubi non solum de vi militari sciscitatur sed etiam artes exercet consuetudineque virorum doctorum utitur. Quodam die a [[Burna Buriash|Burraburia]] rege, qui aegrotabat, arcessitur, et eum sanat. Die tradito falsi regis – quo deprensibilis quisque per unum diem rex creatus erit deindeque occisus – Kaptah timore quassus sub lecto latens eligitur. Postquam a re inopinata convaluit, novo munere suo uti incipit. Intrat enim [[harem|gynaeceum]] regis, electurus mulierem, cum qua &quot;gaudere&quot; possit. Nimirum, pulcherrimam optat virginem, quae quidem ira incensa ictu pugni unicum ei oculum nigrat soleaque nasum percutit.

Quae Furia, virgo [[Creta|Cressa]], Minea nomine, nuper contra voluntatem suam in gynaeceum regis adquisita erat. Ab [[eunuchus|eunuchis]] gynaecei se defensura cultellum in manu habebat. Sinuhe ad eam placandam vocatus consilium capit, quo ex Babylone effugere possint. Persuadet enim [[eunuchus|spadonibus]] perturbatis gynaecei, Mineam mortem sibi conscivisse. Kaptah autem, teste medico decrepito pharaonis, veneno absumptum obisse (quaquam reapse vino ebriatus dormiebat). Amborum corpora in navem conductam portanda curat. 

[[Fasciculus:Stiersprung 01.gif|thumb|Saltus tauri (ταυροκαθάψια) coniectura repertus.]]

Ad [[Mitanni]] regnum vicinum, unde ad imperium [[Hetthaei|Hetthaeorum]] pergant, fugere constituunt. Deinde relicta Anatolia ad Cretam, Mineae patriam, navigare cogitant. In navi, Sinuhe et Minea se invicem mitigant. Sinuhe enim Mineae de tot tantisque molestiis querelas ingratas esse sentit, offensoque animo ad proram navis secedit. Mox tamen lites suas componunt, et inter se magni aestimare incipiunt. Minea est sacerdos religionis Creticae, taurocathapta sive saltatrix tauri,&lt;ref&gt;Koutantou 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; virgo sorte electa quae luna plena in domo tenebrarum deo maris [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptuno]] saltet. Praeterea Mineam observatio castitatis obligat, quapropter iterum amor mancus et devius Sinuhe obtingit. Nam Minea: &quot;Quam ob rem doleo, quod id quod vis tibi dare nequeo — nec solum propter te doleo, sed propter me ipsam.&quot; (7.1)  

Sinuhe, postquam cum Minea et Kaptah in Cretam pervenit, insulam eiusque vitam subtiliter describit, atque ambitum Mineae cognoscit. Cum alios homines tum Minotaurum convenit, summum sacerdotem dei Cretensis. Postquam magistratum illum caput tauri gerentem salutaverant, ille caput tauri detrahit dicitque Cretes vivo servire deo, contra multas alias gentes, quae inanimis deis serviunt. Demirante Sinuhe, cur nemo eorum, qui in obscuram Neptuni domum ierant, redierit, etiam si licitum esset, Minotaurus neminem ex magnis dei aulis redire velle respondet. Sed Sinuhe ad cadavera in litoribus Simyrae fluctuantia referens hoc dicit non idem de gloriosis dei marini aulis probare. Sermo subito finitur, et Minea iam paene animum amittit.

Ultima nocte ante impletionem promissi deo facti, Minea commoventem pugnam internam experitur. Amantes diu sermocinantur mutuum fatentes amorem, promittitque Minea se, postquam revenisset, Sinuhem nupturam esse. Itaque ollam frangunt signum dedicationis suae matrimonialis. 

Postero die Minea cum Minotauro sollemniter in tenebras [[labyrinthus|labyrinthi]] dei deducitur. Dum haec geruntur, Sinuhe miserabilis certus est se numquam iterum Mineam suam visurum esse. Mox autem Kaptah Minotaurum videt e labyrintho redisse, usum portula iuxta magnam portam aeneam sita. Sine mora, Sinuhe cum Kaptah statuit clam in speluncam introire, ut Mineam reduceret. Vestigia Mineae et Minotauri secutus quo longius progreditur, eo taetriorem capit foetorem putredinis. Tandem cadaver ingentis cernet beluae mortuae in aquis iactari. Et corpus Mineae a Minotauro occisum in aquis submersum a [[crustacea|crustaceis]] voratum. O quanta iactura! 

Kaptah tandem eum placat et ei persuadet optimum esse in Syriam redire. Sed Minea amissa Sinuhen diu perturbat. In Syria, Sinuhe non iam iuvenis opera medica continuat et pristinum statum recuperat. Animadvertit tamen imperium Aegyptium regionis in dubium vocari minarique coepisse. Huius spiritus rebellis auctor esse videtur [[Aziru]] princeps Syrius, fautor Hethaeorum, cum quo Sinuhe nihilo minus, cum dentes illi inauravisset, amicitiam inierat. Sinuhe in Aegyptum redire constituit. Thebas navigat et officinam aperit in eadem regione ubi ipse crevit. Ex hoc dives non fit, sed sua proposita sequitur. Kaptah, nunc libertus, negotiator fit et tabernam nomine Cauda Crocodili emit. Quodam die Aziru eum sollicitus arcessit, ut suum filiolum aegrum sanaret. Puerulo dentes erumpere animadvertit, sed simul occasonem nanciscitur de Syriorum adversus Aegyptios ira cum Aziru conloquenndi.

Pharao [[Amenhotep IV|Ekhnaton]] cum familia sua discum solarem [[Aton]] adorat et novam religionem creare vult. 


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt; 

== Bibliographia ==
* Koutantou, Zoi (2021) Ταυροκαθάψια. ''YouTube'' 27 Novembris. 
* Rajala, Panu (2008) ''Unio mystica: Mika Waltarin elämä ja teokset'' (Finnice). WSOY.
* Reich, Nathaniel (1924) Marriage and Divorce in Ancient Egypt. ''Museum Journal'' XV:1.
* Silver, Minna (2024) ''Sinuhe egyptiläisen maailma arkeologin silmin'' (Finnice). SKS Kirjat. 
* Vaarala, Noora (2024) Sontakärsä japaniksi ('Sontakärsä' [''merdinasus''] Iaponice'). ''HS Teema'' 6. 

[[Categoria:Finniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae]]</text>
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    <title>Novum Belgium</title>
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[[Fasciculus:New Netherlands Seal Vector.svg|thumb|Signum Novi Belgii]]
[[Fasciculus:Nieuw Nederland and Nya Sverige.svg|thumb|200px|Tabula hodierna [[magnitudo|magnitudinem]] et locum [[regio]]num habitantium Novae Nederlandiae et [[Nova Suecia|Novae Sueciae]] ostendit.&lt;!-- which was never officially recognized by the [[Dutch Republic--&gt;]] &lt;!--
[[Fasciculus:Wpdms aq block 1614.jpg|thumb|Map based on [[Adriaen Block]]'s 1614 expedition to New Netherland, featuring the first use of the name]]
[[Fasciculus:Henry Hudson Map 26.png|thumb|Map of [[Henry Hudson]]'s voyages to [[North America]]]]--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:West-Indisch Huis.jpg|thumb|[[West-Indisch Huis (Amsterdam)|Domus Indorum Occidentalium]] [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]], praetorium [[Nederlandica Indiae Occidentalis Societas|Nederlandicae Indiae Occidentalis Societatis]] ab anno [[1623]] ad [[1647]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Blaeu - Nova Belgica et Anglia Nova.png|thumb|Nova Belgica et [[Nova Anglia]], 1635. Septentriones a dextram parte.]]
[[Fasciculus:St Mark's Church - New York City.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|[[Templum Sancti Marci in Bowery]], situs sepulcri [[Petrus Stuyvesant|Petri Stuyvesant]].]] 

'''Novum Belgium'''&lt;ref&gt;Nomen in insignis attestatum&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Nederlandice]] ''Nieuw-Nederlandt''), vel '''Nova Belgica''' fuit [[colonia|provincia colonica]] [[Nederlandia|Reipublicae Nederlandensis]] quae in [[Ora Orientalis Civitatum Foederatarum|Ora Orientali]] [[America Septentrionalis|Americae Septentrionalis]] [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]] sita est. Territoria postulata a [[Paeninsula Delmarva]] ad [[Cape Cod]] meridioccidentalissimum patuit, dum minores [[regio]]nes habitatae nunc sunt pars [[civitates Atlanticae Mediae|civitatum Atlanticae Mediae]] [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Nova Caesarea|Novae Caesareae]], [[Delavaria]]e, et [[Connecticuta]]e, quibus fuerunt parvae stationes in [[Pennsylvania]] et [[Rhodensis Insula|Rhodensi Insula]] constitutae. [[Novum Amstelodamum]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] provinciae, in apice [[meridies|meridiano]] [[Manhata]]e apud [[Portus Novi Eboraci|Portum Novi Eboraci]] situm est.

Colonia pro [[negotium|negotio]] privato fuit, ad lucrifaciendum [[pecunia]]m ex [[commercium pellis|commercio pellis]] in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]]. Novum Belgium per prima [[decennium|decennia]] sensim occupabatur, partim propter pravam rerum administrationem a [[Nederlandica Indiae Occidentalis Societas|Nederlandica Indiae Occidentalis Societate]] effectam, partim propter certamina cum [[Indi Americani|indigenis]]. Deductio [[Nova Suecia|Novae Sueciae]] suos fines [[meridies|meridianos]] violabat, finesque [[septentrio]]nales ad accommodandam [[Confoederatio Nova Anglia|Confoederationem Novam Angliam]] crescentem aptabantur. Novum Belgium inter annos [[1651]] et [[1660]] rapidissime crevit, et maior [[portus]] [[commercium|commercii]] in [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico Septentrionali]] facta est. Deditio [[Arx Amstelodamum|Arcis Amstelodami]] [[Anglia|Regno Anglico]] anno [[1664]] effecta est, [[Anglo-Nederlandicum Bellum Alterum]] anno [[1667]] excitans. Nederlandi anno [[1673]] [[regio]]nem iterum ceperunt, sed eam secundum [[Pactio Vestmonasterii (1674)|Alteram Vestmonasterii Pactionem]] reliquerunt, quod [[Anglo-Nederlandicum Bellum Tertium]] proximo anno composuit.
 
[[Habitatio|Habitantes]] coloniae fuerunt [[Indi Americani|indigenae]], [[Europa]]ei, et [[Africa]]ni, quorum illi praecipue importabantur ut laborarent [[servus|servi]]. Progenies primorum colonorum partes magni momenti in [[Colonica Civitatum Foederatarum historia|America colonica]] egerunt. [[Cultura]] Novi Belgii regionem [[duo|bina]] [[saeculum|saecula]] penitus informavit, plerumque hodiernum [[districtus capitalis|districtum capitalem]] circa [[Albania (Novum Eboracum)|Albaniam]], et in [[Valles Hudsoniana|Valle Hudsoniana]], [[Nassovia Comitatus (Novi Eboraci)|Insula Longa occidentali]], [[Nova Caesarea Septentrionalis|Nova Caesarea boreorientali]], et [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Urbe Novo Eboraco]]. Notiones [[libertates civiles|libertatum civilium]] et [[pluralismus (theoria politica)|pluralismi]] in provinciam introductae ad ultimum Americanae [[mos|morum]], [[civilitas|civilitatis]], [[societas humana|societatisque]] proprietates factae sunt. &lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Nova Hollandia (Acadia)]]
* [[Propositum Novae Nederlandiae]] ad convertenda et proferrenda Nederlandica saeculi septimi decimi documenta de colonia scripta
* [[Societas Hollandica Novi Eboraci]] 

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Archdeacon, Thomas J. [[1976]]. ''New York City 1664–1710: Conquest and Change.''
* Bachman, V. C. [[1969]]. ''Peltries or Plantations: The Economic Policies of the Dutch West India Company in New Netherland 1633–1639.''
* Balmer, Randall H. [[1984]]. The Social Roots of Dutch Pietism in the Middle Colonies. ''Church History'' 53(2):187ff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151454/http://www.questia.com/read/95146886?title=The%20Social%20Roots%20of%20Dutch%20Pietism%20in%20the%20Middle%20Colonies online edition]
* Barnouw, A. J. [[1933]]. The Settlement of New Netherland. In ''History of the State of New York,'' ed. A. C. Flick, 1:215–258. 10 voll. Novi Eboraci.
* Burrows, Edward G., et Michael Wallace. [[1999]]. ''Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898.''
* Condon, Thomas J. [[1968]]. ''New York Beginnings: The Commercial Origins of New Netherland.'' Novi Eboraci: New York University Press.
* Fabend, Firth Haring. [[2012]]. ''New Netherland in a Nutshell: A Concise History of the Dutch Colony in North America.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: New Netherland Institute. ISBN 978-0-9881711-0-7.
* Jacobs, Jaap. [[2009]]. ''The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America.'' Ed. 2a. Cornell University Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103000348/http://www.questia.com/read/109275503/new-netherland-a-dutch-colony-in-seventeenth-century Editio prima.]
* McKinley, Albert E. [[1900]]. The English and Dutch Towns of New Netherland. ''American Historical Review'' 6(1):1-18. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1834686 JSTOR.]
* McKinley, Albert E. [[1901]]. The Transition from Dutch to English Rule in New York: A Study in Political Imitation. ''American Historical Review'' 6(4):693-724. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1834176 JSTOR.]
* Merwick, Donna. [[2006]]. ''The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch-Amerindian Encounters in New Netherland.''
* Rink, Oliver A. [[1986]]. ''Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York.'' Cornell University Press.
* Scheltema, Gajus, et Heleen Westerhuijs, eds. [[2011]]. ''Exploring Historic Dutch New York.'' Novi Eboraci: Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6.
* Schmidt, Benjamin. [[2001]]. ''Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570-1670.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80408-0.
* Shorto, Russell. [[2004]]. ''The island at the center of the world: the epic story of Dutch Manhattan and the forgotten colony that shaped America.'' Novi Eboraci: Doubleday.
* Venema, Janny. [[2003]]. ''Beverwijck: a Dutch village on the American frontier, 1652-1664.'' Albaniae: State University of New York Press.
* Venema, Janny. [[2010]]. ''Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1586-1643): Designing a New World.'' Albaniae: State University of New York Press.

=== Fontes primarii ===
* Jameson, J. F., ed. [[1909]]. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3161 ''Narratives of New Netherland, 1609–1664.''] Propositum Gutenberg.
* Jameson, J. F., ed. [[1909]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=VAYTAAAAYAAJ ''Narratives of New Netherland, 1609–1664.''] Google Books.
* Still. Bayrd, ed. [[1956]]. ''Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present.''
* Van Der Donck, Adriaen. ''A Description of New Netherland'' (1655; new ed. 2008) 208 pp.&amp;nbsp;ISBN 978-0-8032-1088-2.
** [http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=adv&amp;contributors=BayrdStill&amp;dcontributors=Bayrd%20Still online edition of ''A Description of New Netherland'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;!--
* Several primary sources (both translated and in the original Dutch) can be found in [http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/research/online-publications/ Online Publications] at the website of the New Netherland Institute. Also included on the NNI site is a [http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/research/new-netherland-bibliography/ comprehensive list of scholarly, nonfiction publications] broadly related to the seventeenth-century Dutch colony and its legacy in America.--&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|New Netherland|Novam Nederlandiam}}
* [http://www.nnp.org/ Institutum Novae Nederlandiae,] www.nnp.org
* [http://themannahattaproject.org/ Propositum Mannahatta,] themannahattaproject.org
* [http://www.slavenorth.com/newyork.htm Servitus in Novo Eboraco,] www.slavenorth.com

[[Categoria:Colonizatio Americae]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1614]]
[[Categoria:Historia Coloniarum Tredecim]]
[[Categoria:Historia Nederlandiae]]
[[Categoria:Valles Hudsoniana]]</text>
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    <title>Provincia Sinus Massachusettensium</title>
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      <text bytes="5757" sha1="r5bdp9td6chasj28mn9kyp9o05rlks9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name = Province of Massachusetts Bay
|common_name       = Massachusetts
|status_text       = Colony of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
|continent         = North America
|status            = Colony
|life_span         = 1692–{{circa|1776}}
|event_pre         = Charter issued
|date_pre          = 1691
|event_start       = Arrival of Governor Sir [[William Phips]]
|year_start        = 1692
|event2            = [[Massachusetts Provincial Congress|Provincial Congress]] established
|date_event2       = October 1774
|event3            = Massachusetts Declaration of Independence
|date_event3       = May 1, 1776
|event4            = Adoption of the [[Massachusetts Constitution]]
|date_event4       = October 1779
|event_end         = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]]
|year_end          = 1783
|p1                = Plymouth Colony
|flag_p1           = Plymouth Colony seal.png
|p2                = Massachusetts Bay Colony
|flag_p2           = New England blank flag.svg
|p3                = Province of Maine
|flag_p3           = Flag of England.svg
|s1                = Massachusetts
|flag_s1           = Grand Union Flag.svg
|s2                = Nova Scotia
|flag_s2           = Flag of Nova Scotia.svg
|image_flag        = 
|image_coat        = 
|image_map         = Masscolony.png
|image_map_caption = A map depicting the colonial claims related to the province
|capital           = [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|common_languages  = English
|currency          = [[Pound sterling]], [[Spanish dollar]]
|leader1           = [[William and Mary]]
|year_leader1      = 1691–1694
|leader2           = [[George III of Great Britain|George III]]
|year_leader2      = 1769–1776
|title_leader      = Monarch
|deputy1           = Sir [[William Phips]]
|year_deputy1      = 1692–1694
|deputy2           = [[List of colonial governors of Massachusetts|''full list'']]
|year_deputy2      = 1694–1774
|deputy3           = Thomas Gage
|year_deputy3      = 1774–1775
|title_deputy      = Royal Governor
|legislature       = [[Massachusetts General Court|General Court]]
}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Masscolony.png|thumb|350px|Tabula postulationum colonicarum ad provinciam pertinentium ([[Anglice]] signata).]]

'''Provincia Sinus Massachusettensium'''&lt;ref&gt;Hodiernum [[civitas|civitatis]] [[nomen proprium|nomen]] rite [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatis Harvardianae]] usu est ''Respublica Massachusettensium.''&lt;/ref&gt; fuit [[colonia coronae]]&lt;!--crown colony--&gt; in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] sita, una ex [[tredecim]] primis [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitatibus]]. Diploma, die [[7 Octobris]] [[1691]] a [[Gulielmus et Maria|Gulielmo et Maria]],  coniunctis [[regnum|regnorum]] [[Regnum Angliae|Angliae]], [[Regnum Scotiae|Scotiae]], [[Regnum Hiberniae|Hiberniaeque]] [[monarcha|monarchis]] concessum, primum die [[14 Maii]] [[1692]] effectum habuit, [[Colonia Sinus Massachusettensium|Coloniam Sinus Massachusettensium]], [[Colonia Plimmuta|Coloniam Plimmutam]], [[Provincia Cenomannica|Coloniam Cenomannicam]], [[Vinetum Martae]], [[Nantucket (Massachusetta)|Nantucket]], [[Nova Scotia|Novam Scotiam]], et [[Novum Brunsvicum]] comprehendens. Hodierna [[Massachusetta|Respublica Massachusettensis]] est rectus successor, [[Cenomannica]] est separata [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas]], ac Nova Scotia et Novum Brunsvicum sunt [[provinciae territoriaque Canadae|provinciae]] [[Canada|Canadenses]]. &lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Historia Massachusettae]]
*[[Res Novae Americanae]]&lt;!--
*[[Historical outline of Massachusetts]]
*[[List of colonial governors of Massachusetts]]--&gt;
 
==Adnotationes==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
 
==Bibliographia==
* Adams, James Truslow. [[1923]]. ''Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011165618/http://www.questia.com/read/61938787/revolutionary-new-england-1691-1776 Interrete.]
*Egnal, Marc. [[1988]]. ''A Mighty Empire: the Origins of the American Revolution.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press.
*Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. [[1927]]. ''Commonwealth History of Massachusetts.'' Novi Eboraci: The States History Company. OCLC 1543273.
*Labaree, Benjamin. [[1979]]. ''Colonial Massachusetts: A History.'' Millwood Novi Eboraci: KTO Press. ISBN 978-0-527-18714-9. OCLC 248194957.
*Lovejoy, David. [[1987]]. ''The Glorious Revolution in America.'' Middletown Connecticutae: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6177-0. OCLC 14212813.
*Palfrey, John. [[1864]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=A70rAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;cad=0 ''History of New England: History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty.']' Bostoniae: Little, Brown. OCLC 1658888
*Webb, Stephen Saunders. [[1998]]. ''Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered.'' Syracusae Novi Eboraci: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0558-4. OCLC 39756272.
*Wood, Gordon S. [[2002]]. ''The American Revolution: A History.'' Novi Eboraci: Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-7041-1

{{geo-stipula}}
{{hist-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Britannica Americarum colonizatio]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1691]]
[[Categoria:Historia Coloniarum Tredecim]]
[[Categoria:Historia Massachusettae]]
&lt;!--
[[Category:1776 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Colonial United States (British)]]
[[Category:Former British colonies]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts|Province of Massachusetts Bay]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Maine]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of New Hampshire]]
[[Category:Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Pre-Confederation New Brunswick]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="4054" sha1="6hosdxtdsus31nnyiqbqbwdlcb25em9" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
[[Fasciculus:Der-Heiligen-Leben-Winterteil-Freising-1475 Handschrift-aus-dem-Benediktinerstift-Weihenstephan BSB-Signatur-Cgm-504.jpg|thumb|Liber [[manuscriptum|manu scriptus]] ex monasterio [[Weihenstephan]], circa annum [[1475]], supra (in rubro) &quot;Incipit&quot; [[lingua Theodisca]] „Hie hebt sich an der heyligen leben in dem wintertayl“]]

Terminus technicus {{lres|incipit}} (“incipere”, tertia persona indicativi praesentis) prima verba textus [[litteratura|litterarii]] vel [[scientia|scientifici]] significat, interdum etiam initium [[musica|operis musici]] sicut ''[[Requiem]]'', ''[[Kyrie]]'' et ''[[Dies irae]]''. &quot;Incipit&quot; loco tituli ad textus [[antiquitas|antiquos]] aut [[Medium aevum|mediaevales]] indicandos ex usu est, qui sine nomine aut variis, saepe falsis nominibus traditi sunt. 

Cum in regionibus [[lingua Anglica|linguae Anglicae]] tantum notio ''Incipit'' in usu sit, in litteratura scientifica [[lingua Theodisca|Theodisca]] saepe ''Initium''' invenitur. Index, in quo initia modo alphabetico afferuntur, Incipitarium vocatur.   

== Origo notionis ==
Textus mediaevales et [[Novum aevum|Novi aevi]] ineuntis saepe verbo ''Incipit'' ordiuntur (exempli gratia: ''Incipit liber scintillarum, id est diversarum sententiarum, distinctus per LXXXI capitula''). Sequitur index argumentorum plus minusve prolixus titulo exacto carente. Saepe nomen auctoris, interdum quaedam de opere ponuntur. Littera initalis „I“ verbi „Incipit“ interdum lautissime ornata est. 

Saepe autem sententia, quae verbo ''Incipit'' orditur, non ab ipso auctore operis, sed a possessore manuscripti vel bibliothecario scripta est. Tum ''Incipit'' non pars textus est, sed titulus non authenticus habetur. 

[[Fasciculus:Geoffrey Chaucer, Tale of Melibee, Ellesmere Chaucer, mssEL 26 C 9, folio 153v.jpg|thumb|[[Galfridus Chaucer]] peregrinus in ''Ellesmere Manuscript'' ''[[The Tales of Canterbury|Fabularum Cantuariensium]]''. Supra Incipit Anglicum „Heere bigynneth Chaucers tale of Melibeus“]]

In fine textus verbum ''[[Explicit]]'' in usu est. Medio aevo saepe in fine librorum argumenta aut nomen [[auctor]]is edita sunt, sicut alibi in initio; tum quasi idem ac [[Colophon (litterae)|Colophon]] est.  

Usus litteras primis verbis citandi ab antiquitate in usu erat. [[Ovidius]] poeta operis [[Lucretius|Lucretii]] mentionem facit non titulo ''[[De rerum natura]]'' scribendo, sed Incipit ''Aeneadum genetrix''.&lt;ref&gt;Ovidius, ''Tristia'' 2, 261.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Porphyrius]] opera [[Plotinus|Plotini]] magistri sui nominibus tum usitatis profert verba incipientia adiciens, ut scripta ex verbis initialibus clare dignoscenda sint&lt;ref&gt;Porphyrius, ''Vita Plotini'' 4.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Augustinus]], [[Doctor Ecclesiae|doctor ecclesiae]], in ''Retractationibus'' incipientia operum suorum ponit, ut facilius distinguantur.      

Libri [[Thanach]] saepe verbis initalibus citantur, ut puta ''Bereschit'' (in initio) pro [[Liber Genesis|Libro Genesis]]. 

Capitula [[Pentateuchus|Pentateuchi]], quae in [[Sabbatum|sabbato]] recitantur, cuncta a primis verbis ducunt nomina (''Bereschit, Noach, Lech Lecha'' et alia). Simili modo [[annus liturgicus]] Christianus multis [[Dies Domini|diebus dominicis]] nomina dat, quae prima [[liturgia]]e eiusdem diei verba repetunt (ut puta ''[[Laetare]], [[Quasimodogeniti]], [[Misericordias Domini]]'').

Documenta [[concilium|conciliorum]] et [[Epistula Encyclica|Encyclicae papales]] usque ad hos dies verbis initialibus citantur, sicut [[Gaudium et Spes]] aut [[Lumen Gentium]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Colophon (litterae)|Colophon]]
* [[Explicit]]

== Bibliographia ==
*Wolfgang Milde: ''Incipit'' und ''Initia''. In: ''Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens''. 2. editio, Hiersemann, Stuttgardiae 1991, ISBN 3-7772-8527-7, p. 576 et 610s.
* Richard Sharpe: ''Titulus. Identifying Medieval Latin Texts. An Evidence-Based Approach''. Brepols, Turnhout 2003, ISBN 2-503-51258-5, p. 45–59

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

[[Categoria:Codices]]
[[Categoria:Descriptio librorum]]</text>
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    <title>Ioannes Tirole</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de theoria ludorum</comment>
      <origin>3994177</origin>
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      <text bytes="1098" sha1="6v3kcqvkp9zq1io4wrvxip11kiisd56" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jean Tirole 2019.jpg|thumb|210px|right|Ioannes Tirole (2019)]]
'''Ioannes Tirole''' (natus die [[9 Augusti]] [[1953]]) est [[oeconomicus]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

Almae matres sunt [[Schola Polytechnica Francica]], [[Schola Pontium Viarumque]] et [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae|Institutum Technium Massachusettense]]. Studia [[macrooeconomia]]e, [[theoria ludorum|theoriae ludorum]], [[organizatio]]nis [[industria]]e, et coniunctionis [[oeconomia]]e et [[psychologia]]e fecit.

Anno [[2014]], [[Praemium Nobelianum Oeconomiae]] ei concessum est propter eius theorias potentiae [[mercatus (oeconomia)|mercatus]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2014/tirole-facts.html De praemio] nobelprize.org&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1953||Tirole, Ioannes}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Polytechnicae Parisiensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Pontium Viarumque]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomia]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomi Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Praemia Nobeliana]]</text>
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    <title>Behaviorismus</title>
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      <comment>de scientia cognitionis</comment>
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      <text bytes="5047" sha1="kzcmfhw3is2a5n130344hvvgxkgc653" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:John Broadus Watson.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Ioannes B. Watson]].]]
[[Fasciculus:B.F. Skinner at Harvard circa 1950.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Burrhus Fridericus Skinner]] in facultate psychologiae apud [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitatem Harvardianam]] circa annum [[1950]].]]
'''Behaviorismus''' (ita [[Theodisce]], ex Anglico ''behavior'', quod idem valet atque [[habitus vitae|habitus]] et [[actio]]) sive '''moratismus'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150511101143/http://wredmond.home.texas.net/blittera.html Glossarium ANGLICO-LATINUM interretiale, Gualterio Redmond auctore.]&lt;/ref&gt; est [[doctrina]] secundum quam [[psychologia|psychologia]], neglectis internis [[animus|animi]] statibus, se totam incumberet in habitus, id est, in [[stimulus (physiologia)|stimulos]] et stimulorum responsa, quae [[observatio|observari]] possint. Hac de re plurimum profecerunt [[Ioannes B. Watson]] et [[Ioannes Pavlov]].

== Behaviorismi argumenta ==
* Affirmationes, qualescumque dicuntur de interno animi statu, proficiscuntur ex actionum observatione.
* Actiones exercitatione discuntur. Non sunt [[mores]] innati.
* Interni [[motus animi|animi status]] sunt quoque actiones, id est, responsa alicui stimulo.

== Behaviorismi censurae ==
# Commutatio rerum maiorem non habet efficacitatem quam mutatio [[systema nervorum|systematis nervorum]] hominis.
*# Actio ex condicionibus pendet, sub quas vivit homo. Qualia sunt mores, tempora, loca. [[Puer]], exempli gratia, licet admodum incitetur, ut prodat quis vitrum fregerit, potest reticere, quoniam non vult prodere auctorem. Similiter stimuli, quibus uteris, ut quis edat cibum quendam adventicium, parvi valebunt, si ipse homo cibum adventicium pro stimulo non habuerit.
# Quaedam actiones non indigent stimulo. Homo potest sic se gerere quasi titillationem, dolorem aliamque rem sentiat, quin vere sentiat. 
# [[communicatio (informatica)|Communicandi]] facultas, quam habet homo, ait [[Noam Chomsky]], Behaviorismi censor, est effectus non stimulorum, sed innatarum grammaticarum rationum.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Animi motus]]
* [[Autismus]]
* [[Circumiecta]]
* [[Cognitio]]
* [[Ethologia]]
* [[Incitamentum]]
* [[Mens]]
* [[Mores]]
* [[Phobia]]
* [[Philosophia mentis]]
* [[Psychologia humanistica]]
* [[Reflexus]]
* [[Scientia cognitionis]]
* [[Voluntas]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Baum, W. M. [[1994]]. ''Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution.'' Blackwell.
* Cao, Longbing. [[2013]]. ''Behavior Infomatics: Modeling, Analysis and Mining of Complex Behaviors.'' Sydneii Australiae. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705130700/http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~lbcao/publication/behavior-informatics-tutorial-slidesx.pdf Verba interretialia (PDF).]
* Cao, Longbing. [[2014]]. &quot;Non-IIDness Learning in Behavioral and Social Data.&quot; ''The Computer Journal'' 57 (9): 1358–70. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161220110547/http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~lbcao/publication/compj13.pdf Verba interretialia (PDF).]
* Ferster, C. B., et B. F. Skinner. [[1957]]. ''Schedules of reinforcement.'' Novi Eboraci: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
* Klein, P. [[2013]]. &quot;Explanation of Behavioural Psychotherapy Styles.&quot;
* Lattal, K. A., et P. N. Chase. [[2003]]. &quot;Behavior Theory and Philosophy.&quot; Plenum.
* LeClaire, J., et J. P. Rushin. [[2010]]. ''Behavioral Analytics for Dummies.'' Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-58727-0.
* Malott, Richard W. [[2008]]. ''Principles of Behavior.'' Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson Prentice Hall.
* Mills, John A. [[2000]]. ''Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology.'' Novi Eboraci: New York University Press.
* Plotnik, Rod. [[2005]]. ''Introduction to psychology.'' Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-534-63407-9. OCLC 56200267.
* Rachlin, H. [[1991]]. ''Introduction to modern behaviorism.'' Ed. tertia. Novi Eboraci: Freeman.
* Skinner, B. F. [[1945]]. &quot;The operational analysis of psychological terms.&quot; ''Psychological Review'' 52 (270–7): 290–4. {{doi|10.1037/h0062535}}. S2CID 109928219.
* Skinner, B. F. [[1953]]]. ''Science and human behavior.'' Novi Eboraci: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-929040-6. OCLC 191686. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120106012457/http://www.bfskinner.org/BFSkinner/PDFBooksSHB_files/Science_and_Human_Behavior_2.pdf Verba interretialia (PDF).]
* Skinner, B. F. [[2002]]. ''Beyond Freedom &amp; Dignity.'' Hackett Publishing.
* Watson, John B. [[1913]]. &quot;Psychology as the behaviorist views it.&quot; ''Psychological Review'' 20: 158–77. [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/views.htm Verba interretialia.]
* Watson, John B. [[1919]]. ''Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist.''
* Watson, John B. [[1925]]. ''Behaviorism.'' Novi Eboraci: The People's Institute Publishing Co.
* Zuriff, G. E. [[1985]]. ''Behaviorism: A Conceptual Reconstruction.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.

[[Categoria:Behaviorismus| ]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia psychologiae]]
[[Categoria:Psychologia]]
[[Categoria:Verba Theodisca]]
{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1048" sha1="nt3ky049m0k0njl8u0ckd24uua5q1bd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 90081.png|thumb|250 px|Réchésy: communis tabula]]
[[Fasciculus: Rechesy-90.JPG|thumb|250 px|left|Réchésy: despectus in vicum]]
'''Réchésy''' ([[Germanice]] ''Röschlach'' aut ''Röschli'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 813 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Ager Belfortii|Agri Belfortii]] in regione [[Liber Comitatus|Libero Comitatu]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus|Burgundia et Libero Comitatu]])

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Agri Belfortii|Indicem communium praefecturae Agri Belfortii]]

== Nexus externi ==

{{CommuniaCat|Réchésy|Réchésy}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210417032538/https://rechesy.com/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
* {{INSEE commune|90081|de=Réchésy}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=28745 De hoc commune apud Cassini]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia territorii Belfortii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati territorii Belfortii]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 69296.png|thumb|left|250px|Solaize: communis tabula]]

'''Solaize''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 2'931 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Rhodanus (praefectura Franciae)|Rhodani]] et [[Lugdunum|metropolis Lugdunensis]] in regione orientali [[Rhodanus et Alpes|Rhodano et Alpibus]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Arvernia Rhodanus et Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano et Alpibus]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium metropolis Lugdunensis|Indicem communium metropolis Lugdunensis]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Solaize|Solaize}}

* {{INSEE commune|69296|de=Solaize}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=36456 De hoc commune apud Cassini]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150909210641/http://www.mairie-solaize.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Rhodani]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Rhodani]]</text>
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    <title>Spirituale</title>
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      <text bytes="7644" sha1="kysy1zjrt7uyijkmr4q6bmnzhav87f6" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Marian Anderson - DOI 1943.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Mariana Anderson]] spirituale [[nigricolor]]um canit.]]
'''Spirituale''' vel '''spirituale nigricolorum'''&lt;ref name=singers&gt;{{cite web|title=Negro Spiritual Singers|url=http://newdeal.feri.org/library/ae36.htm|publisher=New Deal Network}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=heritage&gt;{{cite web|title=5th Annual Negro Spirituals Heritage Day|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=19476|publisher=All About Jazz|date=16 Iunii 2008}}.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[carmen]] [[religio]]sum, plerumque [[Christianitas|Christianum]], ab [[Afroamericani|Africanis]] in [[servitus|servitutem]] redactis in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] [[compositio|compositum]]. Spiritualia primum erant [[traditio|traditio oralis]] quae [[fides|fidem]] Christianam impertiebant cum [[labor]]es servitutis describerent. Spiritualia, quamquam primum carmina [[monophonia|monophonica]] sine [[adiunctio (musica)|adiunctione]] [[sonus|sonica]], hodie per [[ordinatio]]nes&lt;!--arrangements--&gt; [[chorus|chorales]] [[harmonia|harmoniis]] traditas&lt;!--harmonized--&gt; optime nota sunt. Hoc [[genus (ars)|genus]] carminum, unice in Civitatibus Foederatis genitum, distinctum [[musica]]e genus nunc agnoscitur.&lt;ref name=scholarship&gt;{{cite web|title=Why &quot;Negro Spiritual&quot; . . . A Note About Negro Spirituals|url=http://www.negrospiritual.org/why-negro-spiritual|publisher=The &quot;Negro Spiritual&quot; Scholarship Foundation|quote=In the United States we cannot seem to get enough of Negro spirituals; contemporary composers, arrangers and vocalists continue to explore and enliven this unique genre.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Terminologia et origo ==
[[Vocabulum|Vox]] ''spirituale,'' a ''cantico spirituali''&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: ''spiritual songs.''&lt;/ref&gt; deducta, a [[versus|versu]] [[Epistula ad Ephesios|Epistulae ad Ephesios]] 5:19 in [[Bibliorum versio regis Iacobi|Bibliorum versione regis Iacobi]] derivatur, qui monet: &quot;implemini [[Spiritus Sanctus|Spiritu Sancto]], [[lingua|loquentes]] vobismetipsis in [[Liber Psalmorum|psalmis]], et [[hymnus|hymnis]], et [[canticum|canticis]] spiritualibus, cantantes et psallentes in [[cor]]dibus vestris [[Deus|Domino]].&quot; ''Slave Songs of the United States,'' primum spiritualium nigricolorum corpus, anno [[1867]] editum est.&lt;ref name=faigin&gt;Tom Faigin, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141011072810/http://www.jsfmusic.com/Uncle_Tom/Tom_Article3.html &quot;Negro Spirituals: Songs of Survival,&quot;] www.jsfmusic.com.&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Georgius Pullen Jackson]] [[musicologus]] ''spiritual,'' [[vocabulum]] [[Anglice|Anglicum]], ad latius [[hymnus|hymnorum]] vulgarium spatium extendit, ut in [[liber|libro]] ''White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands'' (1938) legitur. Vocabulum autem saepe ad ordinationes sequentes in normalioribus [[genus (musica)|stylis]] hymnodicis Europaeoamericanis adhibitum est, et [[carmen|carmina]] temporum post [[manumissio]]nem nunc comprehendit.

Multa [[rhythmus|rhythmica]] et [[sonus|sonica]] spiritualium nigricolorum elementa a fontibus Africanis derivari possunt, sed spiritualia nigricolorum sunt [[forma musica]] quae vernacularis est, proprietas [[experientia]]e [[religio]]sae in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] Africanorum et eorum posterorum. Ea sunt exitus interactionis musicae et religionis [[Africa]]e cum musica et religione originis [[Europa]]eae. Praeterea, haec interactio solum in Civitatibus Foederatis facta est. Africani qui se ad Christianitatem in aliis mundi [[regio]]nibus traduxerunt, etiam adeo in [[Mare Caribicum|Mari Caribico]] et [[America Latina]], hoc genus non evolverunt.&lt;ref&gt;Murray 1976:64–65.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Jubilee Singers]]
* [[Musica Afroamericana]]
* [[Musica religiosa]]
* [[Servitus in Civitatibus Foederatis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Ball, Edward. [[1998]]. ''Slaves in The Family.'' Novi Eboraci: Ballantine Books. (Capitulum 17 Societatem Praeservationis Spiritualium attingit.)
* Baraka, Amiri. [[1999]]. ''Blues People: Negro Music in White America.'' Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-688-18474-2.
* Barker, Thomas. [[2015]].[https://www.academia.edu/12335806/Spatial_Dialectics_Intimations_of_Freedom_in_Antebellum_Slave_Song Spatial Dialectics: Intimations of Freedom in Antebellum Slave Song.] ''Journal of Black Studies'' 46(4).
* Barton, William Eleazar. (1899), [[1972]]. ''Old Plantation Hymns: A Collection of Hitherto Unpublished Melodies of the Slave and the Freeman, with Historical and Descriptive Notes.'' Liber reimpressus. Novi Eboraci: AMS Press. 
* Bauch, Marc A. [[2013]]. ''Extending the Canon: Thomas Wentworth Higginson and African-American Spirituals.'' Monaci.
* Berendt, Joachim-Ernst. [[1955]]. ''Spirituals: Geistliche Negerlieder.'' Monaci: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung.
* Deutsch, Wilhelm Otto. [[2007]]. Spirituals und Gospels sind nicht dasselbe. ''Thema: Gottesdienst'' 27:45-51. Ev. Kirche im Rheinland.
* Dixon, Christa. [[1967]]. ''Wesen und Wandel geistlicher Volkslieder: Negro Spirituals.'' Wupperthal: Jugenddienst-Verlag.
* Dood, C. H. [[1938]]. ''History and the Gospel.'' Oxoniae: Hooder and Stoughton.
* Hefele, Bernhard. [[1981]]. ''Jazz-Bibliographie: Verzeichnis des internationalen Schrifttums über Jazz, Blues, Spirituals, Gospel und Ragtime.'' Monaci: Saur. ISBN 3-598-10205-4.
* Keding, Micha. ''Geschichte und Entwicklung der Gospelmusik.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20151127114810/http://www.michakeding.de/content/material/artikel-gospelgeschichte.htm Textus.]
* Lehmann, Theo. (1963) [[1991]]. ''Nobody Knows . . . , Negro Spirituals.'' Ed. 2a. Lipsiae: Koehler &amp; Amelang.
* Levine, Lawrence W. [[1997]]. ''Slave Songs and Slave Consciousness: An Exploration in Neglected Sources. In ''African American Religion: Interpretive Essays in History and Culture,'' ed. Timothy E. Fulop et Albert J. Raboteau, 58-87. Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Routledge.
* Murray, Albert. [[1976]]. ''Stomping the Blues.'' Novi Eboraci: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80362-3. 
* Nash, Elizabeth. [[2007]]. ''Autobiographical Reminiscences of African-American Classical Singers, 1853-Present.'' Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-5250-8.
* Thomas, Velma Maia. [[2001]]. ''No Man Can Hinder Me.'' Novi Eboraci: Becker &amp; Mayer Books. ISBN 0-609-60719-7.
* Work, John W., compilator. [[1940]]. ''American Negro Songs and Spirituals: a Comprehensive Collection of 230 Folk Songs, Religious and Secular, with a Foreword.'' Novi Eboraci: Bonanza Books.
* Zenetti, Lothar. [[1963]]. ''Peitsche und Psalm, Negrospirituals + Gospelsongs.'' Monaci: Verlag J. Pfeiffer.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.spiritualsproject.org Propositum Spiritualium,] www.spiritualsproject.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150714160231/http://www.spiritualsproject.org/sweetchariot/ &quot;Sweet Chariot: the story of the spirituals,&quot;] www.spiritualsproject.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160204005555/http://www.tnstate.edu/library/digital/FISK.HTM Fisk Jubilee Singers,] www.tnstate.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021220024019/http://www.library.upenn.edu/special/gallery/anderson/av/index.html ''Marian Anderson: A Life in Song,''] www.library.upenn.edu
* [http://imslp.org/wiki/User:Clark_Kimberling/Historical_Notes_1 &quot;Historical Notes on African American melodies,] imslp.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614232541/http://www.gospelscore.com/ Partiturae evengelii liberae,] www.gospelscore.com
* [http://www.spirituals-database.com ''The Spirituals Database,''] www.spirituals-database.com

[[Categoria:Genera musica]]
[[Categoria:Musica religiosa]]
[[Categoria:Musica popularis]]
[[Categoria:Religio Christiana]]
[[Categoria:Servitus in Civitatibus Foederatis]]</text>
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    <title>Osseti</title>
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[[File:Ossetian tribes.png|thumb|right|250px]]
'''Osseti'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Osseti&quot;: [https://books.google.ru/books?id=X19EAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA14&amp;dq=Osseti+gens&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwib_f-4osDKAhVF3iwKHSsbAEcQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Osseti&amp;f=false]; &quot;Ossetorum&quot;: [https://books.google.ru/books?id=bT7RAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Ossetorum&amp;dq=Ossetorum&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjizNiUosDKAhWBBywKHQXzACoQ6AEIIjAB], [https://books.google.ru/books?id=ADMTAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=Ossetorum&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjizNiUosDKAhWBBywKHQXzACoQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Ossetorum&amp;f=false]; &quot;Ossetos&quot;: [https://books.google.ru/books?id=_ypXAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA7&amp;dq=ossetos&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjt0bDepMDKAhUEFSwKHbKeAlc4ChDoAQghMAE#v=onepage&amp;q=ossetos&amp;f=false], [https://books.google.ru/books?id=t-gIAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA172&amp;dq=ossetos&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjt0bDepMDKAhUEFSwKHbKeAlc4ChDoAQguMAM#v=onepage&amp;q=ossetos&amp;f=false]&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Ossetes'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ossetes&quot;: [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&amp;id=ivlfAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Ossetes+gens&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=Ossetes]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Ossetice]] ир, ирæттæ, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''ir, irættæ''; vel дигорæ, дигорæнттæ, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''digoræ, digorænttæ'') sunt gens, in [[Caucasus|Caucaso]] habitans, partem maiorem populationis [[Ossetia Septentrionalis|Ossetiae Septentrionalis]] (rei publicae [[Foederatio Russica|Foederationis Russicae]]) et [[Ossetia Meridionalis|Ossetiae Meridionalis]] (de facto rei publicae sui iuris, quam [[Georgia]] a plurimis civitatibus mundi sustineta adhoc partem suam esse censet) formans. Nunc in mundo sunt circa 650 milia Ossetorum, quorum 528,5 milia in [[Russia]] habitant (secundum censum anni [[2010]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211209035558/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html Data census populationis Russiae anni 2010 de gentibus]&lt;/ref&gt;).

Gens Ossetorum origine sua connecta est cum populatione indigena antiqua Caucasi Septentrionalis atque cum gentibus adventiciis [[Scythae|Scytharum]], [[Sarmatae|Sarmatarum]] et praesertim [[Alani|Alanorum]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article085291.html Pagina de Ossetis ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lingua Ossetica]] est una [[linguae Iranicae|linguarum Iranicarum]]. Osseti religiosi ut plurimum [[religio Christiana|Christiani]] [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Orthodoxi]] sunt, quum [[Religio Islamica|Musulmani]] [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunniti]] inter eos etiam sunt numerosi, nonnulli autem ad sectatores religionis traditionalis [[polytheismus|polytheisticae]] pertinent. 

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ossetia]]

==Nexus externus==
{{communiaCat|Ossetians|Ossetos}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160120105918/http://www.ossetians.com/ Situs interretialis de Ossetis]

[[Categoria:Gentes Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Gentes Europae]]
[[Categoria:Gentes Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Ossetia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Opera publica</title>
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      <text bytes="4457" sha1="htlyz8ddka0yw7vygvhvmugfsgvczqw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Wpa-done.JPG|thumb|Folium murale [[rectio|reipublicae]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] anni [[1940]] res gesta [[Procuratio Progressus Operum|Procurationis Progressus Operum]] laudibus effert.]]

'''Opera publica,'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: ''public works.''&lt;/ref&gt; vel in [[historia Civitatum Foederatarum]] '''profectus interni,'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: ''internal improvements.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Good-Gov&quot;&gt;Carter Goodrich, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224210853/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=100695027 Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800–1890]'' (Greenwood Press, 1960).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mini-IntImp&quot;&gt;Stephen Minicucci, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=6&amp;fid=275166&amp;jid=SAP&amp;volumeId=18&amp;issueId=02&amp;aid=275165&amp;bodyId=&amp;membershipNumber=&amp;societyETOCSession=&amp;fulltextType=RA&amp;fileId=S0898588X04000094#fn20 Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860], ''Studies in American Political Development'' (2004), 18:2:160-185 (Cambridge University Press), doi:10.1017/S0898588X04000094.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John Lauritz Larson, ''Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2001, ISBN 9780807849118).&lt;/ref&gt; sunt latus genus propositorum [[infrastructura]]e, a [[rectio]]ne [[res publica|res publicae]] ad usus [[oblectatio]]nis, [[conductio]]nis, [[salus|valetudinis]], et [[salus]] in maiore [[commune|communitate]] faeneratorum et [[aedificium|constructorum]]. Inter quos [[aedificium|aedificia]] publica ([[aedificia municipalia]], [[schola]]e, [[valetudinarium|valetudinaria]]), [[infrastructura transportationis]] ([[via]]e, [[ferrivia]]e, [[pons|pontes]], [[transportatio per tubos|tubos]]&lt;!--pipelines (Traupman: canales; but see next--&gt;, [[canalis|canales]], [[porta]]e, [[aeroportus]]), [[spatia publica]] ([[quadratum publicum|quadrata publica]], [[hortus|horti]]&lt;!--parks--&gt;, [[litus|litora]]), officia publica ([[rete aquae praebitae|aqua praebita]], [[cloaca]]e&lt;!--melius Anglice sewage--&gt;, [[rete electricum]], [[moles (agger)|moles]]), et alia [[mercimonium|bona]] corporea et [[aedificium|commoda]], plerumque diutine. Opera publica, quamquam saepe eadem ac [[infrastructura publica]] et [[capitale publicum]] habita, elementum [[oeconomia|oeconomicum]] non semper significantia, notio latior sunt.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Infrastructura]]
*[[Bonum publicum]]
*[[Fossa Madaketiana]]&lt;!--Madaket Ditch--&gt;, unum ex primis operibus publicis in America
*[[Negotium Novum]]
*[[Procuratio Operum Publicorum]]
*[[Urbs]]&lt;!--
*[[Contingencies fund]]
*[[Egyptian Public Works]]
*[[New Deal]], USA, 1930s
*[[Opera Publica]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Middlebrook, Peter. [[2009]]. ''When the Public Works: Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia.'' Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 9783838306728. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/3838306724 Amazon.com.]

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160603072206/http://www.planete-tp.com/en/ All about Public Works,] www.planete-tp.com (Planète TP, Association pour la Connaissance des Travaux Publics)
*[http://www.apwa.net American Public Works Association,] www.apwa.net
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190958/http://www.jetpress.org/volume4/space.htm &quot;Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects&quot;,] ''Journal of Evolution and Technology'' 4, &lt;!--Nov.--&gt;1999
*[http://www.pwmag.com/ ''Public Works,''] www.pwmag.com (periodicum)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091024060528/http://publicadmin.norwich.edu/curriculum_overview.php#o2 Public Works Administration,] publicadmin.norwich.edu (Norwich University)
*[http://www.publicworksgroup.com Public Works Group,] www.publicworksgroup.com&lt;!--
*[http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2571&amp;title=digging-holes-filling-them-again-far-public-works-enhance-livelihoods Digging holes and filling them in again? How far do public works enhance livelihoods?] (Natural Resource Perspectives Paper)
*[http://www.infrainput.org InfraInput.org]
*[http://www.publicworksagency.com Public Works Agency,] www.publicworksagency.com (SolutionResponse LLC)
*[http://www.citizenrequest.com Citizen Request]--&gt;

[[Categoria:Infrastructura| ]]
[[Categoria:Ingeniaria civilis]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomia]]&lt;!--en:O. publica--&gt;&lt;!--
[[Category:Fiscal policy]]
[[Category:Public works ministries]]
[[Category:Domestic policy]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>Disputatio:Chaco (provincia)</title>
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== Disputatio paginae deletae &quot;Tzacum (discretiva)&quot; ==
The name of the Apostolic Vicariate of Chaco Paraguayo is ''Apostolicus Vicariatus '''Ciachensis''' in Paraquaria Natione''. Just to take into account. --[[Usor:Guillermo2149|Gulielmus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Guillermo2149|disputatio]]) 01:20, 28 Aprilis 2016 (UTC)
:Thanks. I think this discretiva should be deleted, because none of the names in it are sourced and none of the pages exist except [[Chaco (provincia)]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:43, 28 Aprilis 2016 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Pratariae Canadienses</title>
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      <text bytes="7334" sha1="kuoyjl46z4jm70i7nu32wkuwv5qp7c7" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sifton (Manitoba).jpg|thumb|Fundus in [[planities|planitiebus]] prope [[Hartney (Manitoba)|Hartney]] in [[Manitoba]] situs.]]
[[Fasciculus:Prairie Provinces Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Classificatio climatis Köppeniana|Genera climatis Köppeniana]] provinciarum planitierum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Missouri Coteau (656541298).jpg|thumb|Terrae [[gramen|gramineae]] in [[Saskatchewan]] [[meridies|meridiano]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Palliser's Triangle map.png|thumb|[[Triangulum Palliseranum]] genera [[solum|soli]] in [[provinciae et territoria Canadae|provinciis]] planitierum depingit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Prairies map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Locus [[communitas|communitatum]] in [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], et [[Manitoba]], Canadiensibus planitierum provinciis.]]
[[Fasciculus:Theawesomequappellevalleykjfmartin.jpg|thumb|Ager [[canola]]e in Valle Qu'Appelle in Saskatchewan meridiano.]]
[[Fasciculus:Badlands Alberta.JPG|thumb|Terrae malae Albertenses.]]
'''Pratariae Canadienses'''&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Prataria]].&lt;/ref&gt;, vel '''campi Canadienses''', sunt [[regio]] in [[Canada occidentalis|Canada occidentali]] sita, quae cum nonnullis definitionibus variis congruere potest, et [[natura]]libus et [[civilitas|politicis]]. [[Magnae Planities|Magnarum Planitierum]] est pars borealis. Hae '''provinciae pratariarum,''' vel simpliciter '''pratariae,''' [[provinciae et territoria Canadae|provincias]] [[Alberta]]m, [[Saskatchewan]]em, et [[Manitoba]]m insigniter comprehendunt, quae a [[gramen|gramineis]] [[terra campestris|terris campestribus]] partim teguntur. Sensu strictiore, [[vocabulum]] solum regiones illarum provinciarum a talibus pratariis tectas attingere potest, quarum partes regiones physiographicas '''Planities Interiores''' appellantur. Terrae gramineae etiam partes [[Columbia Britannica|Columbiae Britannicae]] septentriorientalis tegunt, quamquam illa provincia plerumque a regione excluditur, sensu politico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Prairies Ecozone|url=http://www.ecozones.ca/english/zone/Prairies/index.html|website=Ecological Framework of Canada|publisher=Government of Canada.}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Wide open spaces, but for how long?|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/wildlife-nature/?path=english/ecozones/prairie|website=The Royal Canadian Geographical Society|publisher=The Royal Canadian Geographical Society.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{nexInt}}
* [[Magnae Planities]]
* [[Oecozona terrestris]]&lt;!--
*[[Dominion Land Survey]]
*[[Natural Resources Acts]]
*[[High Plains (United States)]]
*[[Llano Estacado]]
*[[Shortgrass prairie]]
*''[[Corner Gas]]''--&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* [http://www.albertasource.ca/aoe/ui/index.aspx ''Alberta Encyclopedia'' Online (2005)]
* Archer, John H. [[1980]]. ''Saskatchewan: A History.''
* Barnhart, Gordon L., ed. [[2004]]. ''Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century.''
* Bennett, John W., et Seena B. Kohl. [[1995]]. ''Settling the Canadian-American West, 1890–1915: Pioneer Adaptation and Community Building. An Anthropological History.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110618062329/http://www.questia.com/library/book/settling-the-canadian-american-west-1890-1915-pioneer-adaptation-and-community-building-an-anthropological-history-by-john-w-bennett-seena-b-kohl.jsp Editio interretialis.]
* Danysk, Cecilia. [[1995]]. ''Hired Hands: Labour and the Development of Prairie Agriculture, 1880–1930.''
* Emery, George. [[2001]]. ''The Methodist Church on the Prairies, 1896–1914.'' McGill-Queen's University Press.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170131200848/http://esask.uregina.ca/about_encyclopedia.html ''The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan: A Living Legacy.'' University of Regina Canadian Plains Research Center.]
* Fairbanks, C., et S. B. Sundberg. [[1983]]. ''Farm Women on the Prairie Frontier.''
* Friesen, Gerald. [[1987]]. ''The Canadian prairies: a history.'' University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6648-8. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=SIMHAcD8LNkC Google Books.] 
* Hodgson, Heather, ed. [[2004]]. ''Saskatchewan Writers: Lives Past and Present.'' Reginae: Canadian Plains Research Center.
* Jones, David C. [[1987]]. ''Empire of Dust: Settling and Abandoning the Prairie Dry Belt.''
* Keahey, Deborah. [[1998]]. ''Making It Home: Place in Canadian Prairie Literature.''
* Langford, Nanci Louise. [[1994]]. First Generation and Lasting Impressions: The Gendered Identities of Prairie Homestead Women. PhD dissertation, University of Alberta 1994. DAI 1995 56(4): 1544-A. DANN95214&lt;!--Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses.--&gt;
* Langford, N. [[1995]]. Childbirth on the Canadian Prairies 1880-1930. ''Journal of Historical Sociology'' 8(3):278–302.
* Laycock, David. [[1990]]. ''Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies, 1910 to 1945.''
* Melnyk, George. [[1998]]. ''The Literary History of Alberta, Vol. 1: From Writing-on-Stone to World War Two.'' University of Alberta Press.
* Morton, Arthur S., et Chester Martin. [[1938]]. ''History of prairie settlement.''
* Morton, W. L. [[1957]]. ''Manitoba, a History.'' University of Toronto Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090907141130/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=72555100 Editio interretialis.]
* Norrie, K. H. [[1975]]. The Rate of Settlement of the Canadian Prairies, 1870–1911. ''Journal of Economic History'' 35(2):410–427. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2119414 JSTOR.]
* Palmer, Howard. [[1977]]. ''The Settlement of the West.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110818064030/http://www.questia.com/read/105450556?title=The%20Settlement%20of%20the%20West Editio interretialis.]
* Pitsula, James M. [[2005]]. Disparate Duo. ''Beaver'' 85(4):14–24.
* Rollings-Magnusson, Sandra. [[2000]]. Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies. ''Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology'' 37(2):223–238. ISSN 0008-4948.
* Swyripa, Frances. [[2010]]. ''Storied Landscapes: Ethno-Religious Identity and the Canadian Prairies.'' University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-720-0.
* Thompson, John Herd. [[1998]]. ''Forging the Prairie West.''
* Waiser, Bill, et John Perret. [[2005]]. ''Saskatchewan: A New History.''
* Wardhaugh, Robert A. [[2000]]. ''Mackenzie King and the Prairie West.''

=== Historiographia ===
* Ingles, Ernie B. [[2009]]. ''Peel's Bibliography of the Canadian Prairies to 1953.'' University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4825-0. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=XIqasapzMP8C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Canadian%20Prairies&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true Google Books.] 
* Wardhaugh, Robert A., ed. [[2001]]. ''Toward Defining the Prairies: Region, Culture, and History.''
* Wardhaugh, Robert, et Alison Calder. [[2005]]. ''History, literature, and the writing of the Canadian Prairies.'' University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 0-88755-682-5. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=CANH1WxF-dYC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Canadian%20Prairies&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true Google Books.]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Canadian Prairies|pratarias Canadienses}}
{{fontes geographici}}
&lt;!--
[[Category:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]
[[Category:Grasslands of Canada]]
[[Category:Regions of Canada]]
[[Category:Prairies]]
[[Category:Geography of Alberta]]
[[Category:Geography of Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Geography of Manitoba]]--&gt;

[[Categoria:Pratariae Canadienses| ]]
[[Categoria:Magnae Planities]]
[[Categoria:Oecoregiones]]
[[Categoria:Steppa]]</text>
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    <title>Raimundus Cattell</title>
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      <text bytes="13056" sha1="a6fhmac28c16gb8bszjbxe1iyxzzty3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Raymond Cattell.jpg|thumb|Raimundus Bernardus Cattell.]]
'''Raimundus Bernardus''' ([[Anglice]] ''Raymond Bernard'') '''Cattell''' (natus [[Hill Top]] Bromvici in vico prope [[Birminghamia]]m die [[20 Martii]] [[1905]]; mortuus [[Honolulu]] [[Havaii|Havaiorum]] die [[2 Februarii]] [[1998]]) fuit [[psychologus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] et [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], qui investigatione psychometrica de structura psychologica inter [[personalitas|personalitates]] innotuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gillis, J.&quot;&gt;Gillis 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Festschrift]] pro Raymond B. Cattell (1988), ''The Analysis of Personality in Research and Assessment: In Tribute to Raymond B. Cattell,'' 2 Aprilis et 17 Iunii 1986 (University College London: Independent Assessment and Research Centre), praefatio K. M. Miller. ISBN 0-9504493-1-8.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eius opera etiam fundamenta [[personalitas|personalitatis]] et [[temperamentum|temperamenti]] exploravit, ne deferantur iactus habilitatum cognitivarum, dynamicae [[motivatio]]nis [[animi motus|animique motus]] mensurae, clinicae personalitatis abnormalis mensurae, exemplaria [[syntalitas|syntalitatis]]&lt;!--sic!--&gt; gregum [[societas humana|socialiumque]] [[mores|morum]],&lt;ref&gt;Cattell 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; adhibitiones investigationis personalitatum ad [[psychotherapia]]m et [[theoria educationis|theoriam educationis]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Cattell, R. B. (1987). ''Psychotherapy&quot;&gt;Cattell 1987.&lt;/ref&gt; praedictores&lt;!--?--&gt; [[creativitas|creativitatis]] rerumque gestarum,&lt;ref&gt;Cattell et Butcher 1968.&lt;/ref&gt; ac permultae investigationis multivariatae rationes,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cattell, R. B. (1966).&quot;&gt;Cattell 1966.&lt;/ref&gt; inter quas profectus rationum explicationis factorum&lt;!--factor analytic methods--&gt; ad haec dominia exploranda et metienda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cattell, R. B. (1972).&quot;&gt;Cattell 1972.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cattell, R. B. (1978).&quot;&gt;Cattell 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Cattell [[auctor]], co-auctor, vel [[editor]] [[liber|librorum]] [[academia|academicorum]] paene sexaginta, plus quam 500 commentariorum investigatoriorum, et plus quam triginta normativarum probationum, quaestionnariorum, aestimationisque graduum psychometricorum.&lt;ref&gt;Books and Mongraphs of Raymond B. Cattell. ''Multivariate Behavioral Research,'' 1984, 19:344-69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cattell, R. B. (1983).&quot;&gt;Cattell 1983:419-57.&lt;/ref&gt; Secundum aestimationem late citatam, Cattell fuit sextus decimus ab ornatissimo,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx Eminent Psychologists of the Twentieth Century] [Accessum 22 Octobris 2015].&lt;/ref&gt; septimus a maximo in [[periodicum|periodicis]] [[scientia (ratio)|scientificis]] citato,&lt;ref&gt;Haggbloom et al. 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; et inter fecundissimos quamquam controversissimos [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] psychologos.&lt;ref&gt;Boyle et al. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Anno [[1937]], Cattell ab [[Anglia]] discessit ut in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] immigraret, cum in [[Universitas Columbiae|Universitatem Columbiae]] consedit, [[Eduardus Thorndike|Eduardo Thorndike]] suadente. Anno autem [[1938]], cum professoratus in psychologia e G. Stanley Hall appellatus in [[Universitas Clarkiana|Universitate Clarkiana]] praesto fieret, Cattell, a Thorndike commendatus, hanc dignitatem accepit, sed paucas investigationes ibi fecit, et &quot;continenter abiecto animo erat&lt;!--was depressed--&gt;.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tucker 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gordon Allport]] anno [[1941]] Cattell in ordinem professorum in [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]] intulit. Demum [[professor]] in [[Universitas Illinoesiana apud Urbana-Champaign|Universitate Illinoesiana apud Urbana-Champaign]] fuit.

Anno [[1977]], Cattell se ad [[Havaii|Havaios]] contulit ibique permansit, [[amor]]e [[oceanus|oceani]] [[navigatio]]nisque motus. [[Academia|Academicum]] autem cursum continuavit [[professor]] ad tempus et fautor in [[Universitas Havaiorum|Universitate Havaiorum]]. [[Agnosticismus|Agnosticus]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gillis, J.&quot;&gt;Gillis 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Opera selecta==
Inter eius publicationes saepissime citatae sunt:&lt;ref&gt;Google Scholar.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Cattell, R. B. [[1943]]. The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. ''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'' 38:476–506.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1943]]. The measurement of adult intelligence. ''Psychological Bulletin, 40'', 153–93.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1946]]. ''Description and Measurement of Personality''. New York: World Book.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1947]]. Confirmation and clarification of primary personality factors. ''Psychometrika'' 12: 197–220.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1948]]. Concepts and methods in the measurement of group syntality. ''Psychological Review'' 55(1): 48–63. doi:10.1037/h0055921.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1949]]. ''An Introduction to Personality Study.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1950]]. ''Personality: A Systematic Theoretical and Factual Study''. Novi Eboraci: McGraw Hill.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1952]]. ''Factor Analysis: An Introduction and Manual for the Psychologist and Social Scientist''. Oxoniae: Harper.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1957]]. ''Personality and Motivation Structure and Measurement''. Novi Eboraci: World Book.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1963]]. Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. ''Journal of Educational Psychology'' 54: 1–22.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1961]]. ''The Meaning and Measurement of Neuroticism and Anxiety.''
*Cattell, R. B. (1965). Factor analysis: An introduction to essentials I: The purpose and underlying models. ''Biometrics'' 21: 190–215.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1965]]. ''Personality Factors in Objective Test Devices.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1965]]. ''The Scientific Analysis of Personality.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1966]]. The ''Scree Test'' for the number of factors. ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'' 1(2):245–76.
*Cattell, R. B., ed. [[1966]]. ''Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology.'' Sicagi: Rand McNally.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1967]]. ''Objective Personality and Motivation Tests.''
*Cattell, R. B., et H. J. Butcher. [[1968]]. ''The Prediction of Achievement and Creativity.'' Indianapoli: Bobbs-Merrill.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1970]]. ''Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Questionnaire.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1971]]. ''Abilities: Their Structure, Growth, and Action.'' Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1972]]. Real base, true zero factor analysis. ''Multivariate Behavioral Research Monographs'' 72(1): 1–162. Arx Worthensis Texiae: Texas Christian University Press.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1973]]. ''Personality and Mood by Questionnaire.'' Franciscopoli: Jossey-Bass.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1975]]. ''Motivation and Dynamic Structure.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1977]]. ''Handbook of Modern Personality Theory.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1977]]. ''The Scientific Analysis of Personality and Motivation.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1978]]. ''Personality Theory in Action: Handbook for the O-A Test Kit.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1978]]. ''The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences''. Novi Eboraci: Plenum.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1979]]. ''Personality and Learning Theory: Vols. 1 &amp; 2.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1983]]. ''Structured Personality-Learning Theory: A Wholistic Multivariate Research Approach.'' Novi Eboraci: Praeger.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1985]]. ''Human Motivation and the Dynamic Calculus.''
*Cattell, R. B. [[1987]]. ''Intelligence: Its Structure, Growth, and Action''. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1987]]. ''Psychotherapy by Structured Learning Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer.
*Cattell, R. B. [[1988]]. ''Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology.''
*Cattell, R. B. (1988). The meaning and strategic use of factor analysis. In ''Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology''. Novi Eboraci: Plenum.
*Cattell, R. B.,  et H. J. Butcher. [[1968]]. ''The Prediction of Achievement and Creativity''. Oxoniae: Bobbs-Merrill.
*Cattell, R. B., et al. [[1970]]. ''Handbook for the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) in Clinical Educational Industrial and Research Psychology''. Champaign Illinoesiae: IPAT.
*Cattell, R. B., H. W. Eber, et M. M. Tatsuoka. [[1970]]. ''Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire'' (16 PF). Champaign Illinoesiae: IPAT.
*Cattell, R. B., et P. Kline. [[1977]]. ''The Scientific Analysis of Personality and Motivation''. Novi Eboraci: Academic Press.
*Cattell, R. B., et I. H. Scheier. [[1961]]. ''The Meaning and Measurement of Neuroticism and Anxiety''. Novi Eboraci: Ronald Press.
*Cattell, R. B., et I. H. Scheier. [[1967]]. ''Handbook for the IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire''. Champaign Illinoesiae: IPAT.
*Cattell, R. B., et S. Vogelmann. [[1977]]. A comprehensive trial of the scree and KG criteria for determining the number of factors. ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'' 12: 289-335.
*Horn, J. L., et R. B. Cattell. [[1966]]. Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. ''Journal of Educational Psychology'' 57: 253–70.
*Horn, J. L., et R. B. &amp; Cattell, R. B. [[1967]]. Age difference in fluid and crystallized intelligence. ''Acta Psychologica'' 26: 107–29.
*Nesselroade, J. R., et R. B. Cattell. [[1988]]. ''Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology.'' Ed. 2a, retractata. Novi Eboraci: Plenum.&lt;!--

{{NexInt}}
*[[Factor Analysis]]
*[[Trait Theory]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Boyle, Gregory J., Lazar Stankov, Nicholas G. Martin, K. V. Petrides, Michael W. Eysenck, et Generos Ortet. [[2016]]. [https://zenodo.org/record/938110 Hans J. Eysenck and Raymond B. Cattell on intelligence and personality.] ''Personality and Individual Differences'' 103:40–47. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.029.

*Cattell, R. B. [[1973]]. Autobiography. In ''A History of Psychology in Autobiography,'' ed. G. Lindsey. Vol. 6. Novi Eboraci: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
*Gillis, J. [[2014]]. ''Psychology's Secret Genius: The Lives and Works of Raymond B. Cattell.'' Amazon Kindle Edition.
*Haggbloom, S. J., et al. [[2002]]. The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. ''Review of General Psychology'' 6:(2):139–52. doi: 10.1037//1089-2680.6.2.139.
*Tucker, W. H. [[2009]]. ''The Cattell Controversy: Race, Science, and Ideology.'' Urbanae Illinoesiae: University of Illinois Press.

==Nexus externi==
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190328054141/http://www.eugenics.net/papers/eb7.html Colloquium interrogativum.] ''The Eugenics Bulletin,'' spring-summer 1984.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050328192418/http://www.stu.ca/~jgillis/cattell.html Situs professoris Ioannis Gillis de Raimundo B. Cattell]
*[http://www.cattell.net/devon/rbcmain.htm &quot;A Memorial to Raymond Bernard Cattell.&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190421012205/http://www.intelltheory.com/rcattell.shtml &quot;Human Intelligence: Raymond B. Cattell.&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151012042532/http://ipat.com/about-us/history/ &quot;Cattell Legacy at IPAT.&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170215111908/http://www.kelleykline.com/ppp/raymondcattell.ppt Biographia.]
*[http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch11/bio11c.mhtml Biographia.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071220064109/http://library.thinkquest.org/C004361/biocattell.html Biographia.]
*[http://www.d.umn.edu/~meberhar/ref/psy/psychologists/cattell.htm Biographia.]
*[http://www.le.ac.uk/education/resources/SocSci/cattell.html &quot;Personality Trait Theory.&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071219035524/http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/cattell.html &quot;Personality Factors.&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190412182240/https://smep.org/awards/cattell Praemium Cattellianum.] 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130420222329/http://members.efn.org/~callen/anmfshtml/section3.8.htm &quot;A Concise Beyondist Catechism.&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190324190507/http://www.eugenics.net/papers/Inq4.html Raymond B. Cattell et Inquisitio Quarta.]
*[http://www.ferris.edu/isar/bios/Cattell/genetica.htmBeyondism: Raymond B. Cattell et Eugenica Nova.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Lifetime|1905|1998|Cattell, Raimundus Bernardus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Collegii Regii Londiniensis]]
[[Categoria:Atheistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]
&lt;!--Factor analysis--&gt;
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Illinoesiae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Havaiorum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Massachusettae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Nautae]]
[[Categoria:Personalitas]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Clarkianae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Columbiae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Harvardianae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Havaiorum]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Illinoesiae]]
[[Categoria:Psychologi]]
[[Categoria:Psychologi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
&lt;!--S. multivariate--&gt;&lt;!--
[[Category:People educated at Torquay Boys' Grammar School]]
[[Category:Psychological testing]]
[[Category:Latent variable models]]
[[Categoria:Investigatores intellegentiae]]
[[Categoria:Theoristae proprietatum personalitatis]]
[[Categoria:Psychologi animi motuum]]--&gt;


{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Retina (anatomia)</title>
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      <comment>/* Anatomia microscopica */</comment>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet. A [[rete|reti]] retina dicta est.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], neura transversa aut horizontalia, [[neura bipolaria]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Neuron bacilliferum|bacilla]] et [[Neuron coniferum|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae opticae|Stratum  epithelii pigmentosi]] quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e [[choroidea|choroïdea]] haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet. Etiam moleculas [[Retinal|retinalis]] ad pigmenta photophora renovat: cum [[neura sensoria retinalia]] a strato pigmentoso casu solvuntur cito pereunt (de quo vide [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]).

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.
=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
* John E. Dowling, ''The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain'', Harvard University Press, 1987 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DDNnUZYOi0QC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www2.neuroscience.umn.edu/eanwebsite/PDF%20EAN%20pubs/Q%20Rev%20Biol%2087%20391%202012.pdf Recensio critica]
*Thomas Euler, Silke Haverkamp, Timm Schubert &amp; Tom Baden . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3783 Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2014: 507–519 
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volume 217: ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/handbook/handbook-of-clinical-neurology/vol/217/suppl/C Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics]'', Elsevier, 2026
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
*R. W. Rodieck, ''The Vertebrate Retina. Principles of Structure and Function'', W.H. Freeman, 1973 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/631781 Recensio critica]
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
*Julie L. Schnapf et Denis A. Baylor, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24979361 How Photoreceptor Cells Respond to Light]&quot;, ''Scientific American'', 1987: 40-47 
*Heinz Wässle, &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1497 Parallel processing in the mammalian retina]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience''; 2004: 747–757 
{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet. A [[rete|reti]] retina dicta est.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], neura transversa aut horizontalia, [[neura bipolaria]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Neuron bacilliferum|bacilla]] et [[Neuron coniferum|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae opticae|Stratum  epithelii pigmentosi]] quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e [[choroidea|choroïdea]] haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet. Etiam moleculas [[Retinal|retinalis]] ad pigmenta photophora renovat: cum [[neura sensoria retinalia]] a strato pigmentoso casu solvuntur cito pereunt.

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.
=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
* John E. Dowling, ''The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain'', Harvard University Press, 1987 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DDNnUZYOi0QC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www2.neuroscience.umn.edu/eanwebsite/PDF%20EAN%20pubs/Q%20Rev%20Biol%2087%20391%202012.pdf Recensio critica]
*Thomas Euler, Silke Haverkamp, Timm Schubert &amp; Tom Baden . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3783 Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2014: 507–519 
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volume 217: ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/handbook/handbook-of-clinical-neurology/vol/217/suppl/C Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics]'', Elsevier, 2026
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
*R. W. Rodieck, ''The Vertebrate Retina. Principles of Structure and Function'', W.H. Freeman, 1973 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/631781 Recensio critica]
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
*Julie L. Schnapf et Denis A. Baylor, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24979361 How Photoreceptor Cells Respond to Light]&quot;, ''Scientific American'', 1987: 40-47 
*Heinz Wässle, &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1497 Parallel processing in the mammalian retina]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience''; 2004: 747–757 
{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
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{{Capsa tabellaria|titulus=Retina
	| ; Anatomia macroscopica
	| : [[Fasciculus:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|275px|Oculus humanus]]&lt;br /&gt;Sectio oculi humani. [[Macula lutea]] pars '''retinae''' est, ex qua axis [[visus|visualis]] procedit.
	| ; Cognitores
	| [[Terminologia Anatomica|TA]]: [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm A15.2.04.002]
}}

{{res|Retina}} ({{NexTAnat}} [https://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.04.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm 15.2.04.002]) est interna [[oculus|oculi]] tunica ''multorum stratorum'', quae [[lux|lucem]] recipit, in signa electrica transformat, in [[nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] transmittit. Ad [[systema nervosum centrale]] pertinet. A [[rete|reti]] retina dicta est.

== Anatomia macroscopica ==
Retina prorsus usque ad corpus ciliarium extenditur et eorum iunctura ''[[ora serrata]]'' appellatur. 

Peritis oculis quoque structura retinae macroscopica directe  sine instrumentis visibilis non est. Solum [[ophthalmoscopia]]e ope, trans [[pupilla]]m, lucis ope,  partes  tandem [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']] conspiciendae sunt. Alia itinera ad retinam conspiciendam tantummodo [[iconismus medicus|iconismo medico]] vel, post mortem, per sectionem anatomicam offeruntur.
[[Fasciculus:Fundus photograph-normal retina EDA06.JPG|thumb|[[Fundus oculi]]. In medio, obscurius, [[macula lutea]], sinistra ''discus nervi optici'', ex quo vasa sanguinea retinae emergunt. Circum maculam luteam fere nulla vasa sunt.]]
=== Fundus oculi ===
Retina est pars [[fundus oculi|''fundi oculi'']]. Fundus ipse continet retinam, [[Discus nervi optici|discum nervi optici]], arteriam et venam centralem retinae, oram serratam. Investigatur fundus per ''[[ophthalmoscopia]]m'' (vel ''fundoscopiam''), cuius instrumentum est [[ophthalmoscopium]].

*Discus nervi optici alias ''macula caeca'' appellata nec [[sclera]] tegitur nec photoreceptoria habet quia transitum nervo optico praebet necnon arteriae et venae oculum rigantibus. Ibi lux non percipitur (&quot;macula caeca&quot;) sed cerebrum sponte imaginem complet. Ideo lacunam ne suspicamur quidem.
* In polo posteriore oculi area ovalis animadvertitur [[macula lutea]] dicta in qua potestas rerum discernendarum maxima est (ibi enim sunt coni qui colores discernunt), imprimis in parte media maculae (1,2 [[Millimetrum|mm]]) ''fovea centrali'' dicta, quia photoreceptoria ibi creberrima sunt, vascula rursus sanguinea absunt atque etiam cetera neura paululum ad latera amota sunt ne quodvis impedimentum luci obstet. In peripheria sunt bacilla et visio minus clara.
* Vasa sanguinea ophthalmoscopio in peripheria visibilia sunt.

=== Providentia vascularis ===
Providentia sanguine arteriali per [[arteria centralis retinae|arteriam centralem retinae]] fit, ramulum [[arteria ophthalmica|arteriae opthalmicae]].

== Anatomia microscopica ==
[[Fasciculus:Retina layers.svg|thumb|400px|Retinae strata [[mammalia|mammalium]]. Mementote lucem ab inferiore ''trans strata omnia'' usque ad stratum pigmentosum transire debere. Vasa sanguinea hic non indicantur.]]
Retina quinque neuronum generibus utitur: [[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]], neura transversa aut horizontalia, [[neura bipolaria]], cellulae ganglionales, cellulae amacrinae. Ipsa photoreceptoria inter [[Neuron bacilliferum|bacilla]] et [[Neuron coniferum|conos]] qui colores percipiunt dividuntur. Bacilla in peripheria retinae cumulantur ubi lucem debilem percipiunt (uno [[photon|photone]] enim stimulantur). Econtra coni media retina stipantur in fovea atque etiam magis in foveola (pars media foveae 0,4mm) ubi eorum [[diameter]] minuitur ut plures in eodem loco fiant. In hanc partem lux dirigitur quia optimum visum praebet si lux multa est. Plura strata distinguit spectator ex [[Corpus vitreum|corpore vitreo]] ad epithelium pigmentosum progrediens&lt;ref&gt;Secundum Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick. ''Neurosciences'', sexta editio, deboeck, 2019 pp.238-9.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* Stratum neurofibrarum quo continentur fibrae opticae ad [[Nervus opticus|nervum opticum]] tendentes 
* Stratum ganglionare quo continentur cellulae ganglionares
* Stratum plexiforme internum quo continentur  [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter cellulas bipolares,  ganglionares, amacrinas
* Stratum granorum internorum quo continentur nuclei et corpora cellularum bipolarium, amacrinarum, transversarum
* Stratum plexiforme externum quod [[Synapsis chemica|synapses]] inter photoreceptoria et cellulas bipolares continet necnon cellulas transversas
* Stratum granorum externorum quod nucleos et excursus synapticos  cellularum photoreceptoriarum continet
* Membrana limitans externa
* Stratum segmentorum externorum quod partem pigmentatam et photones absorbentem photoreceptoriorum comprehendit. 
* [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae opticae|Stratum  epithelii pigmentosi]] quod discos pigmenti degeneratos [[phagocytosis|phagocytat]] et nutrimenta e [[choroidea|choroïdea]] haurit. Praeterea lucem absorbet ne intra oculum reverberetur. Usque ad corpus ciliarium et posteriorem [[Iris (anatomia)|iridis]] partem extenditur. Partem non nervosam retinae eam esse dicere licet. Etiam moleculas [[Retinal|retinalis]] ad pigmenta photophora renovat: cum [[neura sensoria retinalia]] a strato pigmentoso casu solvuntur cito pereunt.

Per omnia illa strata (praeter epithelium) transmeare debet lux antequam pigmenta photoreceptoria adeat, quod certe parum opportunum videri potest sed neura retinae nutrimenta per epithelium pigmentosum hauriunt et hoc idem epithelium pigmenta redintegrata retinae subinde cyclice suppeditat. Ita fortasse aliter fieri non potuit.

Unicuique cono respondet una cellula bipolaris et una cellula ganglionaris. Econtra usque ad triginta bacilla cum una cellula bipolari synapsim faciunt. E quo fit ut potestas discriminadi in conis multo maior sit quam in bacillis.
 
[[Cellula glialis|Cellularum glialium]] tria genera quoque in retina inveniuntur: [[Astrocytus|astrocyti]], [[Cellula microglialis|microglia]] et cellulae gliales Mullerianae dictae&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1601322/anatomie-de-la-retine EM consulte]. F. Behar-Cohen (2020).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Morbi retinae ==
=== Ablatio (amotio) retinae ===
{{Latinitas dolet|Si retina ab parte ''nutritiva'' epithialialia abiungatur, nominatur status hoc ''ablatio'' vel ''amotio''. Symptomata sunt repentina sensationes visuales imprimis fulgurales vel maculas obscuras sentiendi. Si cognoscitur, sit [[necessitas medica]], tractatio immediate pernecesse sit.}}

=== Oedema maculae ===
Accumulatio liquoris extracellularis circum maculam luteam vocatur [[oedema maculae]]. Distinguuntur gradus quattuor: focalis, significans, diffusa, et ischaemica. Praeterea observatur [[syndroma Irvinii et Gasseri]] ''oedema maculae cystica'' post [[cataracta (medicina)|cataractae]] operationem [[chirurgia oculorum|chirurgiae oculorum]]. Symptoma est oculorum acies diminuta.

== Retina et morbi aliorum corporis systematum ==
Nonumquam [[morbus|morbi]] extra [[systema visuale]] etiam cum signis retinalibus cognoscuntur. Frequenter, sane, apparatus speciales in talibus mutationibus dignoscendis pernecesse sunt. 
=== Morbi neurologici ===
Quidam morborum neurologicorum mutationes retinae ostendunt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |authors=Yap T. E., Balendra S. I., Almonte M. T., Cordeiro M. F. |title=Retinal correlates of neurological disorders |journal=Therapeutic advances in chronic diseases |year=2019 |month=Dec |pages=10:2040622319882205 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832125}}&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[Morbus Alzheimerianus]]
* [[Morbus Parkinson]]
* [[Encephalomyelitis disseminata]]
* [[Sclerosis lateralis amyotrophica]]
* Retinopathia diabetica
* Retinopathia hypertensiva

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francine Behar-Cohen, Emmanuelle Gelizé et alii, &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/pdf/2020/06/msc200130.pdf Anatomie de la rétine]&quot;, ''m/s Médecine Science'', 2020: 594-9
*C. Bellmann, J. Conrath, A. Gaudric et alii. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551207896823 Nouvelles techniques d’imagerie de la rétine]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2007 (Supplementum) 1: 55sqq.
*Marie E Burns, Denis Baylor. &quot;[https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.779 Activation, Deactivation, and Adaptation in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells]&quot;, ''Annual Review of Neuroscience'', 2001 :779-805
*Salomon Yves Cohen, Alain Gaudric et Prithvi Ramtohul. ''Rétine : atlas des maladies du fond d'oeil'', Elsevier, 2025 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/monograph/9782294785665/retine-atlas-des-maladies-du-fond-doeil#book-description]
* John E. Dowling, ''The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain'', Harvard University Press, 1987 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=DDNnUZYOi0QC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum] [https://www2.neuroscience.umn.edu/eanwebsite/PDF%20EAN%20pubs/Q%20Rev%20Biol%2087%20391%202012.pdf Recensio critica]
*Thomas Euler, Silke Haverkamp, Timm Schubert &amp; Tom Baden . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3783 Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'', 2014: 507–519 
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volume 217: ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/handbook/handbook-of-clinical-neurology/vol/217/suppl/C Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics]'', Elsevier, 2026
*Richard H. Masland, &quot;[https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(12)00883-5?switch=standard The Neuronal Organization of the Retina]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2012: 266-280
*R. W. Rodieck, ''The Vertebrate Retina. Principles of Structure and Function'', W.H. Freeman, 1973 [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/631781 Recensio critica]
* Stephen J. Ryan, ''Retina'', Saunders, 2013 (quinta editio) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/edited-volume/9781455707379/retina]
*Julie L. Schnapf et Denis A. Baylor, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24979361 How Photoreceptor Cells Respond to Light]&quot;, ''Scientific American'', 1987: 40-47 
*Heinz Wässle, &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1497 Parallel processing in the mammalian retina]&quot;, ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience''; 2004: 747–757 
{{NexInt}}
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Degeneratio macularis|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q27429789}}
* [[Discus opticus]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fovea (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q865103}}&lt;!--
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Macula (oculus)|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q747023}}--&gt;
* [[Opthalmologia]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ophthalmoscopia|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q837188}}
* [[Photon]]
* [[Retinoblastoma]]
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tapetum lucidum|&lt;&gt;|en|qid=Q1045562}}

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Retinas retinam] spectant
* Kolb H. [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/simple-anatomy-of-the-retina/ De structura retinae]. {{Ling|Anglice}}
* Langenbeck B. C. R. [[1835]]. [https://books.google.de/books?id=x6tEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PR1&amp;dq=consensu+et+auctoritate+retinae+structura+penitiori&amp;hl=de&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6o6e75-jeAhXMMewKHYLaBDIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=consensu%20et%20auctoritate%20retinae%20structura%20penitiori&amp;f=false De retinae structura penitiori]. Dissertatio inauguralis. {{Ling|Latine}}

[[Categoria:Oculus]]
[[Categoria:Systema visuale]]</text>
      <sha1>qh9vybp62531n879119o9rlwxsw0qnz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>307182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994240</id>
      <parentid>3966754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T11:33:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3994240</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1544" sha1="2qr5ud9pp8zwexp2h51bepc1z2oyh8n" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}

Adde hanc metaformulam '''documentationi''' cuiusvis formulae subformulaeve ad usores monendos ut ea [[Vicipaedia:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] utatur.

== De usu ==

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur
	| Formula:Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur/styles.css
	| Formula:Exemplum/styles.css
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus (parte dextera paginae):'''

{|
|-
| {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur
	| Formula:Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur/styles.css
	| Formula:Exemplum/styles.css|propositum=exhibitio
}}
|}

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus (parte dextera paginae):'''

{|
|-
| {{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|propositum=exhibitio}}
|}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Formulae TemplateStyles adhibentes}}
* [[Vicipaedia:TemplateStyles]]
* {{Fn|Nexus celati}}
* {{Fn|Lua}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae monituum nuntiorumque|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae cunctas paginas afficiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae nexuales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae documentationis|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2qr5ud9pp8zwexp2h51bepc1z2oyh8n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>307183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994239</id>
      <parentid>3851370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T11:32:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formulam feci simpliciorem</comment>
      <origin>3994239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="473" sha1="4gwubmiq4ny9fk1k6a2uiblr6vojbz1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Capsa lateralis
	| imago = Farm-Fresh css add.svg
	| 1 = Haec formula [[Vicipaedia:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] utitu{{#invoke:params|
		excluding_non-numeric_names|
		trimming_values|
		mapping_by_calling|Nexus Vicipaedianus relativus|
		setting|h/i/n|r:
* |
* |r.|
		list_values
	}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{{propositum|}}}|exhibitio||{{in harenario aut alibi||[[Categoria:Formulae TemplateStyles adhibentes]]}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4gwubmiq4ny9fk1k6a2uiblr6vojbz1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pamphilus de amore</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>309897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994175</id>
      <parentid>3840691</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T23:51:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3994175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1904" sha1="0yjd3hupkicqx8ei85dfbnxd3jicow5" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Videdis|Pamphilus}}

{{ores|Pamphilus de amore}} est [[comoedia]] Latina ab incerto auctore [[Francogallia|Francogallico]] aut [[Hispania|Hispanico]] distichis [[elegia]]cis [[saeculum 12|saeculo XII]] composita (item ut et [[Vitalis Blesensis]] et [[Guilelmus Blesensis|Guilelmi Blesensis]] comoediae; 780 versus habet). [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidii]] genus dicendi et materiam imitatur (praecipue {{Op|[[Amores (Ovidius)|Amores]]}} I, 8). 

Saepe a discipulis Latinis legebatur, et [[Eberhardus Alemannus]] in ''Laborinto'' dicit:
:''Vulnus amoris habet in pectore Pamphilus illud
::''Pandit in antidotum subvenientis anus''.

Versio [[Lingua Nordica antiqua|Nordica antiqua]] ({{barbarice|Pamphilus ok Galathea}}) [[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]] facta est et Francogallica ({{barbarice|lingua=fr|Pamphile et Galatée}}) ab Ioanne Brasdefer (circa annos [[1300]]/[[1315]]). ''Pamphlet'' vocabulum linguarum vulgarium a ''Pamphilo'' originem ducit, nam saepe libelli parvi cum comoedia illa inveniebantur.

== Fabula ==
Pamphilus iuvenis Galateam virginem amat et non ei taedio est, sed anum lenam conducit, ut Galateam insidiis caperet, et indefensam violat.

== Editiones ==
* [https://archive.org/details/pamphilusoulart00baudgoog/page/n146/mode/1up Alphonse Baudouin, ed., Pamphile, ou l'Art d'étre aimé, comédie latine du Xe siècle] (Paris, 1874)
* Jacobus Ulrich, ed., Pamphilus, Codici Turicensi (Zurich, 1983)
* Gustave Cohen, La &quot;Comédie&quot; latine en France au 12e siècle, 2 vols (Paris, 1931)
* Adolfo Bonilla and San Martín, Una comedia latina del siglo XII: (el &quot;Liber Panphili&quot;) / Boletín de la Real Academia de la * * Historia, 70: Cuaderno, V (Matriti: Imp. de Fortanet, 1917)

[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Franciae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Hispaniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Comoediae]]
[[Categoria:Elegia]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 12]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>322505</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>3993623</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T07:38:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>62628</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-42 */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3994195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="247761" sha1="dogtwo5gq5lgs8c0nelkzu7vi2ln5w3" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;nowiki /&gt;[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]][[Categoria:Fora Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{Capsa paginae|1=
Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet.

Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]].
}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-03&lt;/span&gt; ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29907192 --&gt;

== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.

'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;
;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:
* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:
# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-05&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-06&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-08&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-10&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-11&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-12&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-16&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:18, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-17&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:59, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 00:58, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-18&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:42, 4 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 11 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:21, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-22&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:51, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now in the 2026 U4C election&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month.
* The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed &quot;Community&quot; tab and a personalized &quot;For You&quot; tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/&quot;Which came first?&quot; Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's &quot;On This Day&quot; content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-cite&amp;language=en&amp;action_source=search&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__HIDDENCAT__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The function signature for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945]
* '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product &amp; Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:29, 8 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30650573 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use &lt;code&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from thumbnail previews, or &lt;code&gt;class=noviewer&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. 
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class=&quot;wikitable&quot;|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-sort-order=&quot;desc&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page.
* Wikis that wish to replace the &quot;indefinitely&quot; button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change.
* The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited.
* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4).
* Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:48, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902]
* Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to &quot;require CAPTCHA verification&quot; will begin to also affect users with the &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595]
* Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox].
* The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:04, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|disputatio]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Legal &amp; Safety Contacts'''

Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to &quot;Create account&quot; and &quot;Log in&quot; actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220]
* After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292]
* An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:47, 29 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;src&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute and SVG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;srcset&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute.
* The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:56, 6 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis.
* The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778]
* To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:10, 13 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, &quot;media-limit-reached&quot;, will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:45, 21 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:24, 24 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-31&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:48, 27 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-32&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:45, 3 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 10 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:02, 17 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:52, 31 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:43, 7 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-38&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:30, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

* You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}.
* If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

* Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:16, 22 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-39&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:55, 27 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-40&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013]
* Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769]
* An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058]

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]].
* Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Draft:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section.
* New magic words &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].  For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual.
* On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:48, 28 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-41&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:51, 5 Octobris 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist ==
''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)''

Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary.

The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the  Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].&lt;br/&gt;
Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes.

Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]])  sent via [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 09:28, 9 Octobris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-42&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Starting October 13, wikis can change the default pattern for [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]] (currently &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). They will be able to use human-readable, content-based reference names that are more helpful to contributors using the source editor (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller2026-1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). VisualEditor reference name patterns can be defined using MediaWiki system messages, JSON, templates and modules ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|more information]]). Admins can enable these changes via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|community configuration]]. This is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to English Wikipedia on October 14 and to remaining Wikimedia Foundation wikis by end of October (likely October 21). The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. This is a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-standing community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304]

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] will be removing the list view of the Watchlist and defaulting everyone to the changelog view. Previously, there were two versions of how the Watchlist is shown to mobile web users: the list view, where editors could see watched articles in a list format, and the changelog view, where editors could see changes to watched articles in a log format, controlled by a user's Advanced Mobile Control settings. This has created issues for code-base maintenance: two different displays means two sets of code to manage. By defaulting to the changelog view, we are simplifying the codebase and avoiding the likelihood of missing bugs.
* The Wikipedia Android app is testing a way to listen to article introductions in the “For you” feed. A text-to-speech model reads the existing article text aloud without rewriting it or adding any content. The 30-day experiment will begin in the Wikipedia Beta app during the third week of September, then move to the regular Wikipedia Android app in October for a limited group of eligible users. A small portion of app users (those with English feeds and at least one topic interest) will have access to the feature. This experiment is part of broader efforts to give app readers options in how they consume content in order to deepen engagement and user retention. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Learn more]] and [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|share feedback]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighting]] was [[phab:T288161|enabled]] by default for all logged out and newly registered users on the English Wikipedia on September 14. With no signs of adverse effects, the same change is being proposed to be made globally across all wikis in a few weeks. If you have concerns or feedback, or if your wiki would like to opt out, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|please see the help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077]
* [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Wikidata mobile statement editing]] of all datatypes will be officially launched on October 13, when it will be removed from Wikidata [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] and become available to all editors. Users can [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|report bugs and share feedback]].
* Last week, language link changes were removed from [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] feeds on Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote and Wiktionary. As no adverse effects have been observed, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] plans to roll out this change globally to all Wikipedias. This is scheduled for October 13 at 07:00 UTC, after which editors will no longer see when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or ask to opt out their wiki on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where accidentally touching the graph while scrolling on the Pageviews tool on mobile could unintentionally zoom in has now been fixed. Click-and-drag zoom is now disabled on touch devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075]

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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 07:38, 13 Octobris 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31142468 --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Annotatio cum paginis creandis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>324067</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994221</id>
      <parentid>3954775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T08:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Ulteriora si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3994221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4235" sha1="lsp1bynbjpcpv3ca8x1fz6teu5l4vt4" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Substitutio quae suam transclusionem protrahit
	| ...
	| formula = cref
	| seu 1 = cref
}}
{{Formula transitoria}}
{{Compendia substitutionis|cref}}
{{Lua|Modulus:Params|Modulus:Vicidata}}

Quum non liceat [[Vicipaedia:Substitutio|substitutionem]] {{fsn|pcc}} in notas &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; inserere, hic remedium praebetur. Haec substitutio est iussui mediaviciali &lt;code&gt;{{nim|#tag|ref}}&lt;/code&gt; similis, sed sinit infinitatem entitatum [[Vicidata|Vicidatorum]] addere. Conferantur:

# &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{#tag:ref|Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres|name=gallia}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
# &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{subst:cref|Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres|Q427370|Q746253|Q15149343|Q332486|Q560619|name=gallia}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Quum tandem omnes hae entitates in Vicipaedia Latina creatae erunt, transclusio evanescet et hic in sui locum substituetur vicitextus:

: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gallia&quot;&gt;Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== De usu ==
Si paginae nondum exstant:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Lorem ipsum{{subst:cref|1=Dolor sit amet {{subst:pcc|LARES|en=LARES (satellite)}}, consectetur adipiscing elit.|2=Q427370}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ Lorem ipsum{{Annotatio cum paginis creandis|propositum=exhibitio|1=Dolor sit amet {{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|LARES|en=LARES (satellite)|propositum=exhibitio}}, consectetur adipiscing elit.|2=Q427370}}
*:: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=Dolor sit amet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|LARES||en|qid=Q427370}}, consectetur adipiscing elit.|2=Q427370}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Ast}}

Si paginae iam exstant:

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Lorem ipsum{{subst:cref|1=Dolor sit amet {{subst:pcc|Spatii temporisque tractio|en=Frame-dragging}}, consectetur adipiscing elit.|2=Q15149343}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ Lorem ipsum{{Annotatio cum paginis creandis|propositum=exhibitio|1=Dolor sit amet {{Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatii temporisque tractio|en=Frame-dragging|propositum=exhibitio}}, consectetur adipiscing elit.|2=Q15149343}}
*:: ↳ (Vicitextus divulgatus:) &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Lorem ipsum&lt;ref&gt;Dolor sit amet [[Spatii temporisque tractio]], consectetur adipiscing elit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Annotationes ===
&lt;references /&gt;

== Quomodo tesseram invenio? ==
Si entitatis tesseram ignoras, sequere hos passūs:

# Primitus scribe formulam sine tessera:
#: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Lorem ipsum{{subst:cref|1=Dolor sit amet {{subst:pcc|Spatii temporisque tractio|en=Frame-dragging}}, consectetur adipiscing elit.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
# Deinde preme “Mutationes ostendere” et inspice tesseram in vicitextum insertam
# Demum insere eandem tesseram in substitutionem {{fsn|cref}}:
#: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;Lorem ipsum{{subst:cref|1=Dolor sit amet {{subst:pcc|Spatii temporisque tractio|en=Frame-dragging}}, consectetur adipiscing elit.|2=Q15149343}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fsn|cref}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
{{Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae|Paginae quae recensionem vacuam exspectant}}
* {{Fn|Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve}}
* {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\&lt;ref[^&gt;\/]*\&gt;[^&lt;]*\{\{safesubst:/i|Annotationes cui est &lt;code&gt;safesubst:&lt;/code&gt;|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}}
* {{Nexus ad quaerendum|insource:/\&lt;ref[^&gt;\/]*\&gt;[^&lt;]*\{\{subst:/i|Annotationes cui est &lt;code&gt;subst:&lt;/code&gt;|intra=0,1,10,100,101,11,118,119,12,13,14,15,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,828,829,9|dumtaxat=500|ordo=secundum recensionem}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae variadicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae interviciales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Si linguis angelicis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994169</id>
      <parentid>3957527</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T22:07:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3994169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12043" sha1="68bxnkbjo10juxmsc8zosimkgrsmbyj" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lores|Si linguis angelicis}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXVII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Si linguis angelicis loquar et humanis,
non valeret exprimi palma, nec in annis,
per quam recte preferor cunctis Christianis,
tamen invidentibus emulis profanis.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Pange, lingua, igitur causas et causatum!
nomen tamen domine serva palliatum,
ut non sit in populo illud divulgatum,
quod secretum gentibus extat et celatum.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}In virgulto florido stabam et ameno,
vertens hec in pectore: «quid facturus ero?
dubito, quod semina in harena sero;
mundi florem diligens ecce iam despero.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4.}}Si despero, merito nullus admiretur;
nam per quandam vetulam rosa prohibetur,
ut non amet aliquem atque non ametur.
quam Pluto subripere, flagito, dignetur!»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|5.}}Cumque meo animo verterem predicta,
optans, anum raperet fulminis sagitta,
ecce, retrospiciens sata post relicta,
audias, quid viderim, dum morarer ita:

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|6.}}Vidi florem floridum, vidi florum florem,
vidi rosam Madii cunctis pulchriorem,
vidi stellam splendidam, cunctis clariorem,
per quam ego degeram lapsus in amorem.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|7.}}Cum vidissem itaque, quod semper optavi,
tunc ineffabiliter mecum exultavi,
surgensque velociter ad hanc properavi,
hisque retro poplite flexo salutavi:

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|8.}}«Ave, formosissima, gemma pretiosa,
ave, decus virginum, virgo gloriosa,
ave, lumen luminum, ave, mundi rosa,
Blanziflour et Helena, Venus generosa!»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|9.}}Tunc respondit inquiens stella matutina:
«ille, qui terrestria regit et divina,
dans in herba violas et rosas in spina,
tibi salus, gloria sit et medicina!»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|10.}}Cui dixi: «dulcissima! cor michi fatetur,
quod meus fert animus, ut per te salvetur.
nam a quodam didici, sicut perhibetur,
quod ille, qui percutit, melius medetur.»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|11.}}«Mea sic ledentia iam fuisse tela
dicis? nego; sed tamen posita querela
vulnus atque vulneris causas nunc revela,
ut te sanem postmodum gracili medela!»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|12.}}«Vulnera cur detegam, que sunt manifesta?
estas quinta periit, properat en sexta,
quod te in tripudio quadam die festa
vidi; cunctis speculum eras et fenestra.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|13.}}Cum vidissem itaque, cepi tunc mirari,
dicens: «ecce mulier digna venerari!
hec excedit virgines cunctas absque pari,
hec est clara facie, hec est vultus clari!»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|14.}}Visus tuus splendidus erat et amenus,
tamquam aer lucidus nitens et serenus;
unde dixi sepius: «Deus, Deus meus!
estne illa Helena vel est dea Venus?»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|15.}}Aurea mirifice coma dependebat,
tamquam massa nivea gula candescebat,
pectus erat gracile; cunctis innuebat,
quod super aromata cuncta redolebat.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|16.}}In iocunda facie stelle radiabant,
eboris materiam dentes vendicabant,
plus, quam dicam, speciem membra geminabant:
quidni, si hec omnium mentem alligabant?

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|17.}}Forma tua fulgida tunc me catenavit,
michi mentem, animum et cor immutavit.
tibi loqui spiritus ilico speravit;
posse spem veruntamen numquam roboravit.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|18.}}Ergo meus animus recte vulneratur.
ecce, vita graviter michi novercatur.
quis umquam, quis aliquo tantum molestatur,
quam qui sperat aliquid et spe defraudatur?

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|19.}}Telum semper pectore clausum portitavi,
milies et milies inde suspiravi,
dicens: «rerum conditor, quid in te peccavi?
omnium amantium pondera portavi.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|20.}}Fugit a me bibere, cibus et dormire,
medicinam nequeo malis invenire.
Christe, non me desinas taliter perire,
sed dignare misero digne subvenire!»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|21.}}Has et plures numero pertuli iacturas,
nec ullum solacium munit meas curas,
ni quod sepe sepius per noctes obscuras
per imaginarias tecum sum figuras.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|22.}}Rosa, videns igitur, quam sim vulneratus,
quot et quantos tulerim per te cruciatus,
dicens «placet!» itaque fac, ut sim sanatus,
per te sim incolumis et vivificatus!

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|23.}}Quod quidem si feceris, in te gloriabor,
tamquam cedrus Libani florens exaltabor.
sed si, quod non vereor, in te defraudabor,
patiar naufragium vet periclitabor.»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|24.}}Inquit rosa fulgida: «multa subportasti,
nec ignota penitus michi revelasti.
sed que pro te tulerim, numquam somniasti;
plura sunt, que sustuli, quam que recitasti.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|25.}}Sed omitto penitus recitationem,
volens talem sumere satisfactionem,
que prestabit gaudium et sanationem
et medelam conferet melle dulciorem.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|26.}}Dicas ergo, iuvenis, quod in mente geris!
an argentum postulas, per quod tu diteris,
pretioso lapide an quod tu orneris?
nam si esse poterit, dabo, quicquid queris.»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|27.}}«Non est id, quod postulo, lapis nec argentum,
immo prebens omnibus maius nutrimentum,
dans impossibilibus facilem eventum
et quod mestis gaudium donat luculentum.»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|28.}}«Quicquid velis, talia nequeo prescire;
tuis tamen precibus opto consentire.
ergo, quicquid habeo, sedulus inquire,
sumens, si, quod appetis, potes invenire!»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|29.}}Quid plus? collo virginis brachia iactavi,
mille dedi basia, mille reportavi,
atque sepe sepius dicens affirmavi:
«certe, certe istud est id, quod anhelavi!»

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|30.}}Quis ignorat, amodo cuncta que secuntur?
dolor et suspiria procul repelluntur,
paradisi gaudia nobis inducuntur,
cuncteque delicie simul apponuntur.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|31.}}Hic amplexus gaudium est centuplicatum,
hic mecum et domine pullulat optatum,
hic amantum bravium est a me portatum,
hic est meum igitur nomen exaltatum.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|32.}}Quisquis amat, itaque mei recordetur
nec diffidat illico, licet amaretur!
illi nempe aliqua dies ostendetur,
qua penarum gloriam post adipiscetur.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|33.}}Ex amaris equidem grata generantur,
non sine laboribus maxima parantur,
dulce mel qui appetunt, sepe stimulantur;
sperent ergo melius, qui plus amarantur!»&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, inter clarissima carmina amatoria numeratum, est prolixa narratio ubi poëta, stilo hymnorum ecclesiasticorum ad amorem profanum converso, de palma amoris sui gloriatur. Auctor, a verbis [[Paulus Tarsensis|Apostoli]] initium sumens, amatam suam quasi visionem divinam describit, cum [[Helena]] et [[Venus (dea)|Venere]] eam comparans, et auxilium contra vetulam custodem implorat.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum carminis dialogum inter amatorem et “rosam” (puellam) exhibet, ubi post longas querelas de vulneribus amoris et patientia praeterita, amantes denique in amplexu iucundo iunguntur. Poëta exhortatione ad omnes amantes concludit ut in laboribus perseverent, quia post amara tandem gaudia centuplicata et quasi paradisiaca inveniuntur, more goliardico carnis delicias celebrante.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen inter subtilissima specimina poësis aulicae numeratur, in quo sensus interior per elocutionem perpolitam exprimitur, quae traditionem classicam ac christianam cum usibus coaevis coniungit. Narratio speciem visionis praebet in [[locus amoenus|loco amoeno]] evolutae, ubi auctor pulchritudine mulieris percutitur. Laudatio puellae praecipue in symbolismo lucis vertitur, quae in doctrina christiana allegoria [[Virgo Maria|Beatae Virginis]] habetur; hinc poëta epitheta mariana saepe ad amicam transfert, sicut “exi, verique claris” vel “lucido ogni luce”, quae hymnum {{Op|[[Ave Regina caelorum]]}} resonant. Etiam appellatio “Venus generosa” ad expressionem mysticam ''Virginis generosae'' referre videtur, sicut “stella matutina” cultum marialem redolet. Haec dependentia poësis latinae medii aevi a formis religiosis laicizatis indolem clerico-vagantem auctorum plane demonstrat.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-272-273&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt;

In exordio carminis auctor verba [[Paulus Tarsensis|Apostoli Pauli]] ex {{Op|[[Epistula I ad Corinthios|Epistula prima ad Corinthios]]}} (XIII, 1) ita depromit ut caritatem divinam in amorem humanum convertat. Elocutio “experere sermo lingua” initia hymnorum sacrorum sequitur, inter quos celeberrimus est {{Op|[[Pange lingua]]}} [[Venantius Fortunatus|Venantii Fortunati]]. Secundum praecepta curialia et traditionem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|trobador|trobadorum|en|qid=Q186370}}, nomen amatae siletur, nam amor tantum secreto servato vigere potest. Metaphorae autem quibus poëta utitur ex auctoribus antiquis sumuntur: imago seminum in harenis iactorum ad [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidium]] ({{Op|[[Heroides]]}}, V, 115) remittit, dum rosa, allegoria mulieris usitatissima, in litteris medii aevi late diffusa est. Nomen “Blanziflor” (Biancofiore) ad fabulas de {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Floire et Blancheflor||en|qid=Q2270201}}}} pertinet, quae postea videri possunt in operibus [[Iohannes Boccacius|Iohannis Boccacii]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-272-273&quot; /&gt;

Symptomatologia amoris in carmine per notiones medicas et biblicas describitur. Conceptio amoris ut aegritudinis, quae “dulci medicina” eget, ex antiquitate repetitur et per opera [[Avicenna]]e in medium aevum transfunditur. Descriptio physica mulieris, quae ut “speculum” et “fenestra” definitur, ex terminologia mystica procedit, ubi speculum est imago lucis divinae relucentis. Poëta insuper textum {{Op|[[Canticum Canticorum|Canticorum Canticorum]]}} (IV, 9) imitatur cum de corde vulnerato loquitur, necnon comoediam [[saeculum 12|saeculi XII]] titulo {{Op|[[Pamphilus de amore|Pamphilus]]}}, ubi telum sub pectore infixum fertur. Denique elevatio spiritualis amantis, qui amore vires recipit, cum firmitate cedri Libani comparatur, quod est schema biblicum ex {{Op|[[Liber Sirach|Ecclesiastico]]}} (XXIV, 17) excerptum.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-272-273&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>68bxnkbjo10juxmsc8zosimkgrsmbyj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Non-violence (sculptura)</title>
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      <text bytes="5801" sha1="qbqovw4z6eg6zz5xglrbxc7b19itksv" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus|lingua=en}}
[[Fasciculus:Non violence sculpture by carl fredrik reutersward malmo sweden.jpg|thumb|''Non-violence'' sculptura]]

{{ores|Non-violence|lingua=en}}&lt;ref&gt;Expressio [[inviolentia]]m signat.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Suecice]] ''Den knutna revolvern''; [[Anglice]] ''The Knotted Gun''; [[Latine]] ‘[[pistola]] nodata’) est [[sculptura]] [[aes (mixtura)|aenea]] et deinde series similium sculpturarum formā [[arma ignifera|armae igniferae]] nodatae a [[Carolus Fridericus Reuterswärd|Carolo Friderico Reuterswärd]] anno [[1985]] confecta. Origo creationis fuit [[mors]] [[Ioannes Lennon|Ioannis Lennon]] anno [[1980]], qui amicus erat sculptoris.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nonviolence.com/about/ Imagine a non-violent world]&lt;/ref&gt; Postea [[Yoko Ono]] constructionem aliarum sculpturarum similium fovit. Opus primum originale in [[Malmogia]] [[Suecia]]e stat. Aliud opus apud sedem [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] dedicatum est,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.assistedthinking.worldpress.com/2008/02/25/non-violence-and-the-knotted-gun-worldwide/ Non violence and the knotted gun worldwide] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; necnon ulterius apud sedem [[Commissio Europaea|Commissionis Europaeae]]. Multa alia similia opera apud varias sedes institutionum inter gentes erecta sunt.

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Non violence sculpture by carl fredrik reutersward malmo sweden.jpg|[[Malmogia]]e, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Bagers plats||sv|qid=Q10424668}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[1992]])
Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd Non-Violence Sergelgatan 03.JPG|[[Holmia]]e, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sergelgatan||sv|qid=Q10666209}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[1995]])
Non violence - Gbg - C F Reutersward.jpg|[[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Kungsportsavenyen||en|qid=Q2905032}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[1997]])
Non-Violence (sculpture), Musée olympique, Lausanne.jpg|[[Lausanna]]e, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Museum Olympicum Lausannae|Museo Olympico|en|qid=Q598646}}, in [[Helvetia]] ([[1997]])
Non Violence 1998. Täby. Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd.JPG|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Täby||en|qid=Q54337}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Statio Täbensis princeps|statione principi|en|qid=Q54313}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[1998]])
Den knutna revolvern - Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd, Fittja T-bana.jpg|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Fittja|Fittjae|en|qid=Q5455513}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Statio subterranea Fittjensis|statione subterranea|en|qid=Q1251859}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[1998]])
Non-violence_sculpture_Stockholm_School_of_Economics.jpg|[[Holmia]]e, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Schola oeconomica Holmiensis|Schola oeconomica|en|qid=Q1061504}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[1998]])
Non-violence_sculpture_Sven-Harry%27s_Art_Museum.jpg|[[Holmia]]e, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Museum artis Sven-Harry|Museo artis|en|qid=Q10684670}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[1998]])
Åkeshovs tunnelbanestation, 2021e.jpg|[[Holmia]]e, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|statio subterranea Åkeshov|statione subterranea Åkeshov|en|qid=Q270954}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[1998]])
Grimmepreis 2014 045.jpg|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Marl||en|qid=Q184053}}, Creiler Platz, in [[Germania]] ([[1999]])
Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd Non violence Lund.JPG|[[Lunda]]e, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Museum adumbrationum pro arte publica|Museo adumbrationum pro arte publica|en|qid=Q683097}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[2005]])
Non-Violence - Halmstad.jpg|[[Halmostadium|Halmostadii]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Brogatan||d|qid=Q34741629}}, in [[Suecia]] ([[2014]])
Non-violence-Samskolan-erik-ekholm.jpg|[[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Göteborgs Högre Samskola|Högre Samskola|en|qid=Q5626728}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Stampgatan||sv|qid=Q10677507}}, in [[Suecia]]
Non-Violence Stora Samskolan.jpg|[[Gothoburgum|Gothoburgi]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Göteborgs Högre Samskola|Högre Samskola|en|qid=Q5626728}}, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Föreningsgatan||sv|qid=Q10501281}}, in [[Suecia]]
Non-violence.JPG|[[Boerosia]]e, saepto “[[Anna Lindh]]”, in [[Suecia]]
Non-violence halmstad aj-produkter.jpg|[[Halmostadium|Halmostadii]], Sede {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|AJ Produkter||sv|qid=Q10397666}}, Transportvägen, in [[Suecia]]
Non-violence sculpture Tällberg Sweden.jpg|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tällberg||en|qid=Q2763404}}, Green Hotel, in [[Suecia]]
NonViolence Landskrona.jpg|[[Landskrona]]e, Kasernplan, in [[Suecia]]
Nonviolencebeijing.jpg|[[Pechinum|Pechini]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Chaoyang Park||en|qid=Q1062603}}, in [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinis]]
Non-Violence (Cuatro Caminos).jpg|[[Naucalpan de Juárez|Naucalpan de Juárez]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Emporium Mexipuerto|Emporio Mexipuerto|en|qid=Q113468471}}, in [[Mexicum|Mexico]]
Non-violence sculpture Calle Ferrocarril Mexico City.jpg|[[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]], “683 Calle Ferrocarril de Cuernavaca”, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Polanco||en|qid=Q785318}}, in [[Mexicum|Mexico]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Dies internationalis inviolentiae]]
*[[Symboli pacis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Non-Violence (sculpture)|''Non-violence''}}

[[Categoria:Confecta 1985]]
[[Categoria:Nationes Unitae]]
[[Categoria:Pacifismus]]
[[Categoria:Sculptura]]
[[Categoria:Verba Anglica]]</text>
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    <title>Anna Carson</title>
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      <comment>Sermo; minora</comment>
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      <text bytes="1831" sha1="ieolvay0utrsgygn4py4xnlgtkoskne" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Anna Carson}} (nata die [[21 Iunii]] [[1950]]) est [[poeta|poetria]], [[scriptrix]], [[res classicae|rerum classicarum]] perita, et [[interpretatio|interpres]] [[Canada|Canadiensis]], quae [[Praemium principum Asturiarum]] de litteris anno [[2020]], [[Praemium Librorum Nationale]] anno [[2024]],&lt;ref&gt;De opere eius {{Op|Wtrong Norma}} anno [[2024]].&lt;/ref&gt; et, &quot;ob opus audax et ingeniosum, quod, iucundo cum [[traditio]]ne classica [[dialogus|dialogo]], novas formas [[litterae|litteris]] nostrae aetatis aperuit“,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2026/carson/facts/ De Anna Carson] apud nobelprize.org. [[Anglice]]: {{barbarice|lingua=en|“for her bold and inventive oeuvre that, in playful dialogue with the classical tradition, has created new forms for contemporary literature”}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Praemium Nobelianum litterarum]] anno [[2026]] accepit.

Alumna [[Universitas Torontonensis|Universitatis Trontenensis]], ubi [[gradus academicus|gradus academicos]] acquisit, facta est [[profestrix]] rerum classicarum et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|litterae comparatae|litterarum comparatarum|en|qid=Q834903}}.

== Opera ==
* {{Op|Glass, Irony and God}} anno [[1995]]
* {{Op|Autobiography of Red}} anno [[1998]]
* {{Op|Economy of the Unlost}} anno [[1999]]
* {{Op|Men in Off Hours}} anno [[2000]]
* {{Op|Nox}} anno [[2010]]
* {{Op|Norma Jeane Baker of Troy}} anno [[2019]]
* {{Op|Wrong Norma}} anno [[2024]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Anne Carson|Annam Carson}}

{{Anni vitae|1950||Anna Carson}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Torontonensis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Principum Asturiarum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Canadae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1863" sha1="m2cwsbk0ureofq4h3a92u6c85993ykv" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Anna Patricia Carson}} (nata die [[21 Iunii]] [[1950]]) est [[poeta|poetria]], [[scriptrix]], [[res classicae|rerum classicarum]] perita, et [[interpretatio|interpres]] [[Canada|Canadiensis]], quae [[Praemium principum Asturiarum]] de litteris anno [[2020]], [[Praemium Librorum Nationale]] anno [[2024]],&lt;ref&gt;De opere eius {{Op|Wtrong Norma}} anno [[2024]].&lt;/ref&gt; et, &quot;ob opus audax et ingeniosum, quod, iucundo cum [[traditio]]ne classica [[dialogus|dialogo]], novas formas [[litterae|litteris]] nostrae aetatis aperuit“,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2026/carson/facts/ De Anna Carson] apud nobelprize.org. [[Anglice]]: {{barbarice|lingua=en|“for her bold and inventive oeuvre that, in playful dialogue with the classical tradition, has created new forms for contemporary literature”}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Praemium Nobelianum litterarum]] anno [[2026]] accepit.

Alumna [[Universitas Torontonensis|Universitatis Trontenensis]], ubi [[gradus academicus|gradus academicos]] acquisit, facta est [[profestrix]] rerum classicarum et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|litterae comparatae|litterarum comparatarum|en|qid=Q834903}}.

== Opera ==
* {{Op|Glass, Irony and God}} anno [[1995]]
* {{Op|Autobiography of Red}} anno [[1998]]
* {{Op|Economy of the Unlost}} anno [[1999]]
* {{Op|Men in Off Hours}} anno [[2000]]
* {{Op|Nox}} anno [[2010]]
* {{Op|Norma Jeane Baker of Troy}} anno [[2019]]
* {{Op|Wrong Norma}} anno [[2024]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Anne Carson|Annam Carson}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1950||Anna Carson}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Torontonensis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Principum Asturiarum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Canadae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1865" sha1="d34qhn76b68iurmj69i3yxz52ka85t2" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}

{{res|Anna Patricia Carson}} (nata die [[21 Iunii]] [[1950]]) est [[poeta|poetria]], [[scriptrix]], [[res classicae|rerum classicarum]] perita, et [[interpretatio|interpres]] [[Canada|Canadiensis]], quae [[Praemium principum Asturiarum]] de litteris anno [[2020]], [[Praemium Librorum Nationale]] anno [[2024]],&lt;ref&gt;De opere eius {{Op|Wtrong Norma}} anno [[2024]].&lt;/ref&gt; et, “ob opus audax et ingeniosum, quod, iucundo cum [[traditio]]ne classica [[dialogus|dialogo]], novas formas [[litterae|litteris]] nostrae aetatis aperuit”,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2026/carson/facts/ De Anna Carson] apud nobelprize.org. [[Anglice]]: {{barbarice|lingua=en|“for her bold and inventive oeuvre that, in playful dialogue with the classical tradition, has created new forms for contemporary literature”}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Praemium Nobelianum litterarum]] anno [[2026]] accepit.

Alumna [[Universitas Torontonensis|Universitatis Trontenensis]], ubi [[gradus academicus|gradus academicos]] acquisit, facta est [[profestrix]] rerum classicarum et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|litterae comparatae|litterarum comparatarum|en|qid=Q834903}}.

== Opera ==
* {{Op|Glass, Irony and God}} anno [[1995]]
* {{Op|Autobiography of Red}} anno [[1998]]
* {{Op|Economy of the Unlost}} anno [[1999]]
* {{Op|Men in Off Hours}} anno [[2000]]
* {{Op|Nox}} anno [[2010]]
* {{Op|Norma Jeane Baker of Troy}} anno [[2019]]
* {{Op|Wrong Norma}} anno [[2024]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Anne Carson|Annam Carson}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1950||Anna Carson}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Torontonensis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Principum Asturiarum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Canadae]]</text>
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{{res|Anna Patricia Carson}} (nata die [[21 Iunii]] [[1950]]) est [[poeta|poetria]], [[scriptrix]], [[res classicae|rerum classicarum]] perita, et [[interpretatio|interpres]] [[Canada|Canadiensis]], quae [[Praemium principum Asturiarum]] de litteris anno [[2020]], [[Praemium Librorum Nationale]] anno [[2024]],&lt;ref&gt;De opere eius {{Op|Wtrong Norma}} anno [[2024]].&lt;/ref&gt; et, “ob opus audax et ingeniosum, quod, iucundo cum [[traditio]]ne classica [[dialogus|dialogo]], novas formas [[litterae|litteris]] nostrae aetatis aperuit”,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2026/carson/facts/ De Anna Carson] apud nobelprize.org. [[Anglice]]: {{barbarice|lingua=en|“for her bold and inventive oeuvre that, in playful dialogue with the classical tradition, has created new forms for contemporary literature”}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Praemium Nobelianum litterarum]] anno [[2026]] accepit.

Alumna [[Universitas Torontonensis|Universitatis Trontenensis]], ubi [[gradus academicus|gradus academicos]] acquisit, facta est [[profestrix]] rerum classicarum et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|litterae comparatae|litterarum comparatarum|en|qid=Q834903}}.

== Opera ==
* {{Op|Glass, Irony and God}}, anno [[1995]]
* {{Op|Autobiography of Red}}, anno [[1998]]
* {{Op|Economy of the Unlost}}, anno [[1999]]
* {{Op|Men in Off Hours}}, anno [[2000]]
* {{Op|Nox}}, anno [[2010]]
* {{Op|Norma Jeane Baker of Troy}}, anno [[2019]]
* {{Op|Wrong Norma}}, anno [[2024]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Anne Carson|Annam Carson}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Anni vitae|1950||Anna Carson}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Torontonensis]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Canadae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Principum Asturiarum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Canadae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dounoux</title>
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      <text bytes="697" sha1="7l750i731byg4i6vjwkkw61hc0716lz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Dounoux, Église Saint-Médard 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Ccclesia (aedificium)|Ccclesia]] [[Sanctus|Sanctis]] [[Iacobus Minor (apostolus)|Iacobo]] [[Sanctus Philippus|Philippoque]] dicata.]]
{{res|Dounoux}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 880 [[incola]]rum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Dounoux|Dounoux}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]]</text>
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    <title>Neura sensoria retinalia</title>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Neura sensoria retinalia'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/cellules-photoreceptrices-11124235072#from=5 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''photoreceptoria''' sunt neura transformata in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] quae lucis energiam in signa chemica et electrica transmutant. Nam [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmenta]] transmembranea in discorum membrana praebent quae postquam [[photon|photonibus]] icta sunt Neurotrans...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2075" sha1="qguxynoatl61b7e8uig1z7we89h825j" xml:space="preserve">'''Neura sensoria retinalia'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/cellules-photoreceptrices-11124235072#from=5 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''photoreceptoria''' sunt neura transformata in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] quae lucis energiam in signa chemica et electrica transmutant. Nam [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmenta]] transmembranea in discorum membrana praebent quae postquam [[photon|photonibus]] icta sunt [[Neurotransmissor|neurotrasmissoris]] [[Acidum glutamicum|glutamati]] emissionem cohibent atque ita nuntia neuris posterioribus in visionis systemate mittunt. Duo genera neurorum sensoriorum  distinguntur: [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et [[Neuron coniferum|neura conifera]].

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]&quot; et caput 14: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]&quot;.
*Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302
*Edward N Pugh, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376
*C. Salesse, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250
* Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2443" sha1="qkfxrkudldo7gdur6tmqrfgdux2hqcq" xml:space="preserve">'''Neura sensoria retinalia'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/cellules-photoreceptrices-11124235072#from=5 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''photoreceptoria''' sunt neura transformata in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] quae lucis energiam in signa chemica et electrica transmutant. Nam [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmenta]] transmembranea in discorum membrana praebent quae postquam [[photon|photonibus]] icta sunt [[Neurotransmissor|neurotrasmissoris]] [[Acidum glutamicum|glutamati]] emissionem cohibent atque ita nuntia neuris posterioribus in visionis systemate mittunt. Duo genera neurorum sensoriorum  distinguntur: [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et [[Neuron coniferum|neura conifera]].

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Federica Genovese, Johannes Reisert, Johannes Reisert, Vladimir J. Kefalov . &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.761416/full Sensory Transduction in Photoreceptors and Olfactory Sensory Neurons: Common Features and Distinct Characteristics]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. Cellular Neurophysiology'', 2021
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]&quot; et caput 14: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]&quot;.
*Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302
*Edward N Pugh, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376
*C. Salesse, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250
* Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2665" sha1="f12l1rjtukgt3puyo13z815pgo3zz04" xml:space="preserve">'''Neura sensoria retinalia'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/cellules-photoreceptrices-11124235072#from=5 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''photoreceptoria''' sunt neura transformata in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] quae lucis energiam in signa chemica et electrica transmutant. Nam [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmenta]] transmembranea in discorum membrana praebent quae postquam [[photon|photonibus]] icta sunt [[Neurotransmissor|neurotrasmissoris]] [[Acidum glutamicum|glutamati]] emissionem cohibent atque ita nuntia neuris posterioribus in visionis systemate mittunt. Duo genera neurorum sensoriorum  distinguntur: [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et [[Neuron coniferum|neura conifera]].

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Federica Genovese, Johannes Reisert, Johannes Reisert, Vladimir J. Kefalov . &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.761416/full Sensory Transduction in Photoreceptors and Olfactory Sensory Neurons: Common Features and Distinct Characteristics]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. Cellular Neurophysiology'', 2021
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]&quot; et caput 14: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]&quot;.
*Trevor D. Lamb, &quot;[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/JP282058 Photoreceptor physiology and evolution: cellular and molecular basis of rod and cone phototransduction]&quot;, The Journal of Physiology, 2022
*Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302
*Edward N Pugh, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376
*C. Salesse, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250
* Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2753" sha1="0e93l1oe9nshg2exqfgwytjdnz0ayo4" xml:space="preserve">'''Neura sensoria retinalia'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/cellules-photoreceptrices-11124235072#from=5 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''photoreceptoria''' sunt neura transformata in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] quae lucis energiam in signa chemica et electrica transmutant. Nam [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmenta]] transmembranea in discorum membrana praebent quae postquam [[photon|photonibus]] icta sunt [[Neurotransmissor|neurotrasmissoris]] [[Acidum glutamicum|glutamati]] emissionem cohibent atque ita nuntia neuris posterioribus in visionis systemate mittunt. Duo genera neurorum sensoriorum  distinguntur: [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] ad visionem nocturnam sine coloribus accomodata et [[Neuron coniferum|neura conifera]] visionem acutam et coloratam praebentia.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Federica Genovese, Johannes Reisert, Johannes Reisert, Vladimir J. Kefalov . &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.761416/full Sensory Transduction in Photoreceptors and Olfactory Sensory Neurons: Common Features and Distinct Characteristics]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. Cellular Neurophysiology'', 2021
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]&quot; et caput 14: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]&quot;.
*Trevor D. Lamb, &quot;[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/JP282058 Photoreceptor physiology and evolution: cellular and molecular basis of rod and cone phototransduction]&quot;, The Journal of Physiology, 2022
*Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302
*Edward N Pugh, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376
*C. Salesse, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250
* Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T14:05:51Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="2838" sha1="2hbdpfurlji647kmcjxihs4tow7shue" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Cone rode.svg|thumb|Bacilla et coni sunt duo photoreceptoria retinae.]]
'''Neura sensoria retinalia'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/cellules-photoreceptrices-11124235072#from=5 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''photoreceptoria''' sunt neura transformata in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] quae lucis energiam in signa chemica et electrica transmutant. Nam [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmenta]] transmembranea in discorum membrana praebent quae postquam [[photon|photonibus]] icta sunt [[Neurotransmissor|neurotrasmissoris]] [[Acidum glutamicum|glutamati]] emissionem cohibent atque ita nuntia neuris posterioribus in visionis systemate mittunt. Duo genera neurorum sensoriorum  distinguntur: [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] ad visionem nocturnam sine coloribus accomodata et [[Neuron coniferum|neura conifera]] visionem acutam et coloratam praebentia.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Federica Genovese, Johannes Reisert, Johannes Reisert, Vladimir J. Kefalov . &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.761416/full Sensory Transduction in Photoreceptors and Olfactory Sensory Neurons: Common Features and Distinct Characteristics]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. Cellular Neurophysiology'', 2021
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]&quot; et caput 14: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]&quot;.
*Trevor D. Lamb, &quot;[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/JP282058 Photoreceptor physiology and evolution: cellular and molecular basis of rod and cone phototransduction]&quot;, The Journal of Physiology, 2022
*Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302
*Edward N Pugh, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376
*C. Salesse, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250
* Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]</text>
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'''Neura sensoria retinalia'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/cellules-photoreceptrices-11124235072#from=5 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''[[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]]''' sunt neura transformata in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] quae lucis energiam in signa chemica et electrica transmutant. Nam [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmenta]] transmembranea in discorum membrana praebent quae postquam [[photon|photonibus]] icta sunt [[Neurotransmissor|neurotrasmissoris]] [[Acidum glutamicum|glutamati]] emissionem cohibent atque ita nuntia neuris posterioribus in visionis systemate mittunt. Duo genera neurorum sensoriorum  distinguntur: [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] ad visionem nocturnam sine coloribus accomodata et [[Neuron coniferum|neura conifera]] visionem acutam et coloratam praebentia.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Federica Genovese, Johannes Reisert, Johannes Reisert, Vladimir J. Kefalov . &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.761416/full Sensory Transduction in Photoreceptors and Olfactory Sensory Neurons: Common Features and Distinct Characteristics]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. Cellular Neurophysiology'', 2021
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]&quot; et caput 14: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]&quot;.
*Trevor D. Lamb, &quot;[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/JP282058 Photoreceptor physiology and evolution: cellular and molecular basis of rod and cone phototransduction]&quot;, The Journal of Physiology, 2022
*Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302
*Edward N Pugh, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376
*C. Salesse, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250
* Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]</text>
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'''Neura sensoria retinalia'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominis Latini apud [https://www.imaios.com/fr/e-anatomy/structures-anatomiques/cellules-photoreceptrices-11124235072#from=5 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''[[Photoreceptorium|photoreceptoria]]''' sunt neura transformata in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] quae lucis energiam in signa chemica et electrica transmutant. Nam [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmenta]] transmembranea in discorum membrana praebent quae postquam [[photon|photonibus]] icta sunt [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissoris]] [[Acidum glutamicum|glutamati]] emissionem cohibent atque ita nuntia neuris posterioribus in visionis systemate mittunt. Duo genera neurorum sensoriorum  distinguntur: [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] ad visionem nocturnam sine coloribus accomodata et [[Neuron coniferum|neura conifera]] visionem acutam et coloratam praebentia.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Federica Genovese, Johannes Reisert, Johannes Reisert, Vladimir J. Kefalov . &quot;[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.761416/full Sensory Transduction in Photoreceptors and Olfactory Sensory Neurons: Common Features and Distinct Characteristics]&quot;, ''Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. Cellular Neurophysiology'', 2021
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]&quot; et caput 14: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]&quot;.
*Trevor D. Lamb, &quot;[https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/JP282058 Photoreceptor physiology and evolution: cellular and molecular basis of rod and cone phototransduction]&quot;, The Journal of Physiology, 2022
*Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302
*Edward N Pugh, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376
*C. Salesse, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250
* Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Categoria:Oculus]]</text>
      <sha1>juc6ysytdtqav5aqdcm8l53qb99ktyi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Photoreceptorium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329338</id>
    <redirect title="Neura sensoria retinalia" />
    <revision>
      <id>3994141</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T14:10:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Neura sensoria retinalia]]</comment>
      <origin>3994141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="m521d78602ozpg3ilg8fjtvqvtb894x" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Neura sensoria retinalia]]</text>
      <sha1>m521d78602ozpg3ilg8fjtvqvtb894x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Robertus Hall</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994144</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T14:13:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Hall-Robert Headshot.png|thumb|Robertus Hall]] '''Robertus Ernestus Hall''' (natus die [[13 Augusti]] [[1943]]) est [[oeconomica]]e peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] qui anno [[2026]], [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum]] cum [[Michael Woodford]] accepit, ratione studii fondationis [[microoeconomia]]e et stabilisationis [[macrooeconomia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2026/hall/facts/ De Roberto E. Hall]&lt;/ref&gt;  Al...'</comment>
      <origin>3994144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1143" sha1="jorz93hxfzvvj60u7rvrv0zyouprvlf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hall-Robert Headshot.png|thumb|Robertus Hall]]
'''Robertus Ernestus Hall''' (natus die [[13 Augusti]] [[1943]]) est [[oeconomica]]e peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] qui anno [[2026]], [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum]] cum [[Michael Woodford]] accepit, ratione studii fondationis [[microoeconomia]]e et stabilisationis [[macrooeconomia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2026/hall/facts/ De Roberto E. Hall]&lt;/ref&gt;

Alumnus [[Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis|Universitatis Californiensis Berkeleiensis]] et [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae|Massachusettensis Instituti Technologiae]] deinde professor [[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] factus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://ideas.repec.org/e/pha128.html De Roberto Hall]
{{CommuniaCat|Robert Hal (economist)|Robertus Hall}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemia Nobeliana]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Californiensis Berkeleiensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Stanfordiensis]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>jorz93hxfzvvj60u7rvrv0zyouprvlf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3994148</id>
      <parentid>3994144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T15:52:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Anni vitae &amp;c &amp;c &amp;c.</comment>
      <origin>3994148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1206" sha1="epfd9lvq2uiaz27uz02j6956mx64gtn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hall-Robert Headshot.png|thumb|Robertus Hall.]]
'''Robertus Ernestus Hall''' (natus die [[13 Augusti]] [[1943]]) est [[oeconomica]]e peritus [[CFA|Americanus]], qui [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum]] cum [[Michael Woodford|Michaele Woodford]] anno [[2026]] accepit, ratione studii [[microoeconomia]]e et stabilizationis [[macrooeconomia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2026/hall/facts/ De Roberto E. Hall].&lt;/ref&gt;

Alumnus [[Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis|Universitatis Californiensis Berkeleiensis]] et [[Massachusettense Institutum Technologiae|Massachusettensis Instituti Technologiae]], [[professor]] [[Universitas Stanfordiensis|Universitatis Stanfordiensis]] factus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Robert Hal (economist)|Robertus Hall}}
*[https://ideas.repec.org/e/pha128.html De Roberto Hal.l]

{{Anni vitae|1943||Hall, Robertus Ernestus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Massachusettensis Instituti Technologiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Californiensis Berkeleiensis]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemia Nobeliana]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Stanfordiensis]]</text>
      <sha1>epfd9lvq2uiaz27uz02j6956mx64gtn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Woodford</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994152</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T17:44:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Michael Dean Woodford''' (natus anno [[1955]]) est [[oeconomia]]e peritus [[CFA|Civitarum Foederatarum]] qui anno [[2026]], [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum]] cum [[Robertus Hall|Roberto Hall]] accepit, ratione studii fondationis [[microoeconomia]]e et stabiisationis [[macrooeconomia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-seciences/2026/woodford/facts/ De Michael Woodford]&lt;/ref&gt; Et politica monetarialem et [[tributum|fiscarum]] st...'</comment>
      <origin>3994152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1151" sha1="mwdyf00cp76gkyxrfki1h1slvizs02o" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Dean Woodford''' (natus anno [[1955]]) est [[oeconomia]]e peritus [[CFA|Civitarum Foederatarum]] qui anno [[2026]], [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum]] cum [[Robertus Hall|Roberto Hall]] accepit, ratione studii fondationis [[microoeconomia]]e et stabiisationis [[macrooeconomia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-seciences/2026/woodford/facts/ De Michael Woodford]&lt;/ref&gt; Et politica monetarialem et [[tributum|fiscarum]] studuit.

Alumnus [[Universitas Chicaginiensis|Universitatis Chicagensis]] et [[Universitas Yalensis|Universitatis Yalensis]] deinde professor [[Universitas Columbiae|Universitatis Columbiae]] factus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://blogs.cuit/cobumbia.edu/mw2230/ Situs publisis] ([[Universitas Columbiae|Universitatis Columbiae]])
{{CommuniaCat|MichaelDean Woodfood|Michael Woodford}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemia Nobeliana]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chicagoensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Yalensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Columbiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1955]]</text>
      <sha1>mwdyf00cp76gkyxrfki1h1slvizs02o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3994153</id>
      <parentid>3994152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T17:47:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>corrigendum</comment>
      <origin>3994153</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1150" sha1="j4i28iew23aqaq7h7llz8osl030wdnn" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Dean Woodford''' (natus anno [[1955]]) est [[oeconomia]]e peritus [[CFA|Civitarum Foederatarum]] qui anno [[2026]], [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum]] cum [[Robertus Hall|Roberto Hall]] accepit, ratione studii fondationis [[microoeconomia]]e et stabiisationis [[macrooeconomia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2026/woodford/facts/ De Michael Woodford]&lt;/ref&gt; Et politica monetarialem et [[tributum|fiscarum]] studuit.

Alumnus [[Universitas Chicaginiensis|Universitatis Chicagensis]] et [[Universitas Yalensis|Universitatis Yalensis]] deinde professor [[Universitas Columbiae|Universitatis Columbiae]] factus est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/mw2230/ Situs publisis] ([[Universitas Columbiae|Universitatis Columbiae]])
{{CommuniaCat|MichaelDean Woodfood|Michael Woodford}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Oeconomi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemia Nobeliana]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Chicagoensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Yalensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Columbiae]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1955]]</text>
      <sha1>j4i28iew23aqaq7h7llz8osl030wdnn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Insula Magna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329341</id>
    <redirect title="Terra Ignium (insula)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3994157</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T20:26:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3994157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="4rd5k6p86hta9vnga1c2qw89fj42wdv" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Terra Ignium (insula)]]</text>
      <sha1>4rd5k6p86hta9vnga1c2qw89fj42wdv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ave Regina Coelorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329342</id>
    <redirect title="Ave Regina caelorum" />
    <revision>
      <id>3994161</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T21:47:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Ave Regina Coelorum]] ad [[Ave Regina coelorum]]: Nomenclatura uniformis</comment>
      <origin>3994161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="gi4qso3c3vo1ls9eed4jpwl30obynn8" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ave Regina coelorum]]</text>
      <sha1>gi4qso3c3vo1ls9eed4jpwl30obynn8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3994164</id>
      <parentid>3994161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T21:48:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Duplam redirectionem correxi</comment>
      <origin>3994164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="kz3hykmeg34tmgepdnaqi0qh0f1svck" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ave Regina caelorum]]</text>
      <sha1>kz3hykmeg34tmgepdnaqi0qh0f1svck</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ave Regina coelorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329343</id>
    <redirect title="Ave Regina caelorum" />
    <revision>
      <id>3994163</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T21:48:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Ave Regina coelorum]] ad [[Ave Regina caelorum]]: Nomenclatura uniformis</comment>
      <origin>3994163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="kz3hykmeg34tmgepdnaqi0qh0f1svck" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ave Regina caelorum]]</text>
      <sha1>kz3hykmeg34tmgepdnaqi0qh0f1svck</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ave regina caelorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329344</id>
    <redirect title="Ave Regina caelorum" />
    <revision>
      <id>3994166</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T21:50:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem creavi</comment>
      <origin>3994166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="kz3hykmeg34tmgepdnaqi0qh0f1svck" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ave Regina caelorum]]</text>
      <sha1>kz3hykmeg34tmgepdnaqi0qh0f1svck</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ave regina coelorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329345</id>
    <redirect title="Ave Regina caelorum" />
    <revision>
      <id>3994167</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T21:51:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem creavi</comment>
      <origin>3994167</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="kz3hykmeg34tmgepdnaqi0qh0f1svck" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ave Regina caelorum]]</text>
      <sha1>kz3hykmeg34tmgepdnaqi0qh0f1svck</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Ditka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994183</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T01:50:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3994183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1293" sha1="5g7t6oi3shp8yo33z6zfgn7y1frxez6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Ditka1960Crop Owl61pg183.jpg|thumb|Michael Ditka anno [[1960]].]]

{{res|Michael Keller Ditka}} (vulgo ''Mike''; natus ''Michael Keller Dyczko minor'' Carnegiae in [[Pennsilvania]] die [[18 Octobris]] [[1939]]; mortuus [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] die [[9 Octobris]] [[2026]]), {{res|Michael Ferreus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Iron Mike'') tantum se appellans, fuit [[harpastum Americanum|pedilusor Americanus]] et pediludii [[exercitator]]. Alumnus et athletus [[Universitas Pittsburgensis|Universitatis Pittsburgensis]] fuit. Lusit exercuitque in [[Foedus Pediludii Nationale|Foedo Pediludii Nationale]] ab anno [[1961]] ad annum [[1999]]. Tria certamina [[Super Bowl]] vicit.

== Turmae ==
=== Lusor ===
* Pitt (1958–1960)
* Chicago Bears (1961–1966)
* Philadelphia Eagles (1967–1968)
* Dallas Cowboys (1969–1972)

=== Exercitator ===
* Dallas Cowboys (1973–1981)
* Chicago Bears (1982–1992)
* New Orleans Saints (1997–1999)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mike Ditka|Michaelem Ditka}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{IMDb|0228491|Michaele Ditka}}

{{Anni vitae|1939|2026|Ditka, Michael}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pittsburgensis]]
[[Categoria:Athletae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Harpastum Americanum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Pennsilvaniae]]</text>
      <sha1>5g7t6oi3shp8yo33z6zfgn7y1frxez6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3994184</id>
      <parentid>3994183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T01:51:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3994184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1270" sha1="t3na6o8jvb96gwns8zqtv7kt1247jdc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Ditka1960Crop Owl61pg183.jpg|thumb|Michael Ditka anno [[1960]].]]

{{res|Michael Keller Ditka}} (vulgo ''Mike''; natus ''Michael Keller Dyczko minor'' Carnegiae in [[Pennsilvania]] die [[18 Octobris]] [[1939]]; mortuus [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] die [[9 Octobris]] [[2026]]), {{res|Michael Ferreus}} ([[Anglice]] ''Iron Mike'') tantum se appellans, fuit [[harpastum Americanum|pedilusor Americanus]] et pediludii [[exercitator]]. Alumnus et athletus [[Universitas Pittsburgensis|Universitatis Pittsburgensis]] fuit. Lusit exercuitque in [[Foedus Pediludii Nationale|Foedo Pediludii Nationale]] ab anno [[1961]] ad annum [[1999]]. Tria certamina [[Super Bowl]] vicit.

== Turmae ==
=== Lusor ===
* Pitt (1958–1960)
* Chicago Bears (1961–1966)
* Philadelphia Eagles (1967–1968)
* Dallas Cowboys (1969–1972)

=== Exercitator ===
* Dallas Cowboys (1973–1981)
* Chicago Bears (1982–1992)
* New Orleans Saints (1997–1999)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mike Ditka|Michaelem Ditka}}
* {{IMDb|0228491|Michaele Ditka}}

{{Anni vitae|1939|2026|Ditka, Michael}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Pittsburgensis]]
[[Categoria:Athletae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Harpastum Americanum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Pennsilvaniae]]</text>
      <sha1>t3na6o8jvb96gwns8zqtv7kt1247jdc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>