Marcus Tullius Cicero

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{{Videdis|Cicero (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

{{res|Marcus Tullius Cicero}} (natus [[3 Ianuarii]] [[106 a.C.n.]]; mortuus [[7 Decembris]] [[43 a.C.n.|43]]) fuit [[orator]], [[philosophus]], [[poeta]], [[ars rhetorica|rhetor]], [[civilitas|vir rei publicae]] peritissimus, qui idem excellentissimus [[scriptor]], peritus illius clari [[lingua Latina|sermonis]], aestimari solet.

Ipse fuit primus in [[gens Tullia|gente Tullia]] qui Cicero appellatus est, et cognomen traxisse dicitur a [[cicer]]ibus, quod eius [[legumen|leguminis]] ferendi rationem optime calleret. Alii ab habitu [[facies|faciei]] eum ita cognominatum putant, vel quod maculis ciceri similibus aspersus esset, vel quod in extrema nasi parte [[Tuber (fungus)|tuber]]culum figura ciceris habuerit.

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Marci Tullii Ciceronis Opera Omnia.tif|thumb|''Opera omnia'', 1566]]
Cicero [[Arpinum|Arpini]] in [[municipium|municipio]] [[Latium|Latio]] natus est anno [[106 a.C.n.|centesimo sexto ante Christum natum]]. [[Formiae]] autem necatus scelere iussu [[Marcus Antonius|M. Antoni]] patrato est anno [[43 a.C.n.|quadragesimo tertio ante Christum natum]]. Cicero [[puer]] [[Roma]]e informatus ad omne disciplinae genus est, una cum fratre suo. [[Gens Tullia]] antiqua nobilitate equestri nota possidebat haud parvam rem familiarem fortunasque satis amplas, ut quae ingeniosissimo puero liberalem institutionem suppeditare possent. Cicero, qui [[nihil]] in re publica immutari volebat, aegre quidem ferebat se cum [[Gaius Marius|Mario]], qui tunc celebrior esset longeque paratior ad res novandas, comparari.

=== De iuventute ===
Cicero Romae educatus, ubi (sint modo vera quae apud [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]], modo respuendus, modo locuples auctor, legimus) egregio ingenio praeditus, ceteris condiscipulis suis praestabat,&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, Cicero 2.2.&lt;/ref&gt; et liberalibus studiis imbutus magistros, sicut [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex|Mucium Scaevolam]], habuit partim ibidem, partim doctissimos in [[Graecia]] viros.

Satis constat Ciceroni, id quod ille saepius commemoravit, ab initio eam philosophorum sectam placuisse, cuius praecepta cum ad ingenium tum ad negotia oratoris optime referri posse viderentur. [[Academia|Academicos]] enim recentiores, qui nihil pro certo haberent, recusavit tamquam disiunctos a vita vera usuque rerum, quem [[philosophia]]e ille tam prope vinciendum aestimavit ut mores cuique et sententias, ac praesertim acta moderatio philosophiae regeret. Philosophiam enim Cicero in primis usui destinari censuit, utpote quae mentem animumque erudiat, cogitantem hominem ad mortem beatam praeparet metuque levaret: philosophia, velum detrahens vitae terrestribus rebus artissime constrictae, dolorem vitae imminuens, pura aeternaque adpetens, docere secundum Ciceronem debuit morti obviam ire quasi e corporis vinculis tandem liberaremur, qua laxatione solum referret quo propius iustitiam moderationemque a nobis agnitas vixissemus, quamque constanter vitae tulissemus dolores.
  
Cicero quidem [[Philo]]nem secutus est, qui non solum [[ars rhetorica|artem oratoriam]] simul atque philosophiam doceret, verum hanc etiam ab illa secerni posse negaret. A [[Sophistae|sophistis]] enim profectus, si sapientia cum eloquentia coniungeretur, eam demum [[humanitas|humanitatem]] esse dixit. Neque etiam fieri potuit, quin Cicero ad doctrinam Philonis ipsam libenter traheretur. Qui affirmavit semper in utramque partem esse disputandum nec, quid verum esset, quaerendum, sed, quod cuique veri simile esse videretur, id esse tenendum. Nec mirum; nam Ciceronis ipsius omnis ars in eo nitebatur, quod audientibus persuaderi posset.

Cicero etiam conatus est versificare, in quibus numerantur conversiones [[Homerus|Homeri]] et ''[[Phaenomena (Aratus)|Phaenomenorum]]'' [[Aratus Solensis|Arati]], ad quas [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilius]] postea in ''[[Georgica|Georgicon]]'' libris praecepta quaedam rettulit colonorum.

Singulari fuit atque eximia eloquentiae facultate, cuius ope imprimis actionibus [[Gaius Verres|Verrinis]], quamquam homo novus erat, per omnes honorum gradus suo anno ad consulatum adscendit.

Antea intrans cursum honorum, Cicero erat miles cum Pompeiano Strabone in Bello Sociali, tum in [[cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] adulescens intrat:  fuit [[quaestor]] anno 76 a.C.n., dein proquaestor provinciae [[Sicilia]]e; [[aedilis]] anno 69;  [[praetor]] anno 66.  Omnes magistratus in suo anno egit.

=== De consulatu ===
[[Fasciculus:Cilicia (Imperium Romanum).png|thumb|Provinciae Romanae:  [[Cilicia]] [[flavus|flavo]] colore est, cuius provinciae annis a [[51 a.C.n.|51]] ad [[50 a.C.n.]] fuit Cicero [[proconsul]].]]
In consulatu ([[63 a.C.n.]]), [[Catilina]]e [[Catilinae coniuratio|coniurationem]] detexit, et rem publicam ab exitio servavit, quam ob rem est a populo conclamatus [[Pater Patriae]], sed cum quosdam patricios Catilinae socios, indicta causa, ex senatus consultu in [[carcer]]e necandos curavisset, [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publio Clodio]] legem ferente in exsilium pulsus est. Decimo sexto autem mense decreto senatus revocatus est. post Cicero erat consul, Cicero factus est proconsul Ciliciae anno [[51 a.C.n.]]

Cicero, qui mirum in modum sui laudandi cupidus erat, primum consul [[epistula]]m de rebus a se gestis magnam ad [[Pompeii|Pompeium]] misit, quae periit non secus atque cetera eius opera de ea re confecta. Tum spes in [[Archias|Archia]] poeta Graeco posuit, qui morem ab [[Ennius|Ennio]] institutum secutus eoque tempore multa admiratione affectus in viris illustribus populi Romani celebrandis desudabat. Ab eo, qui [[carmen heroicum]] unum ad [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulum]] de bello cum [[Cimbri]]s gesto, alterum de victoria a [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullo]] de [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridate]] reportata scripserat, Cicero impetrare voluit, ut consulatus etiam sui laudes caneret. Ideo pro Archia accusato, quod fraude civitatem sibi Romanam comparavisset, anno [[62 a.C.n.|62]], causam dixit oratione, quae exstat. Anno vero proximo mense Maio, ad [[Titus Pomponius Atticus|Atticum]] amicum scripsit Archiam a [[Lucullus|Lucullo]] ad [[Metelli|Metellos]] studium videri contulisse suum (Att. 1.16.14 sq.), quam ob rem ipse denique laudes suas inchoavit.

=== De senectute et morte ===
Cicero, [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] in [[Gallia]] bellum gerente, multas orationes civiles Romae habuit; multas litteras conscripsit. Nihil paene de sexto decennio novimus, nisi ille orationibus tempora descripsisset. Multos defendit accusavitque, ideoque permulta nomina nobis tradita sunt, quorum semina non habemus. 

Cicero in [[bellum civile|bello civili]] [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeium]] Caesari reconciliare temptavit, quia Gaium Iulium Caesarem [[pontifex maximus|pontificem maximum]] cognovit; Pompeium autem consularem appellavit. Cum religionem Caesaris auctoritatemque Pompei imperatoris fundamenta rei publicae habenda esse postularet, pluris tamen iuris auctoritatem quam religionis aestimavit.

Bello civili stetit a partibus Pompeii; nihilominus, a Caesare victore veniam impetravit. Quo interfecto, [[Triumviratus|triumviris]] Romae velut regnantibus, [[Marcus Antonius|Antonii]] et [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Octavii]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Lepidi]] Cicero [[Proscriptiones (43 a.C.n.)|proscriptus]] ab Herennio [[Centurio|centurione]] et Popillio [[Tribunus militum|tribuno militum]] occisus est, quem parricidii reum olim defenderat. Annos natus 64, cum a villa sua prope [[Capua]]m ad mare fugiens lectica deferretur, Cicero trucidatus est iussu Antonii, quem orationibus &quot;[[Philippicae (Cicero)|Philippicis]]&quot; suis ille summopere irritaverat. Ad Antonium caput Ciceronis et manus praecisae delatae sunt et in [[rostrum|rostris]] deinde expositae.&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''Cicero'' 48–49. [[Annaeus Seneca maior|Seneca Maior]], ''Suasoriae'' 6.17; 6.22 (= Livius: [[Ab urbe condita]], fragmenta 59 et 60). [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bell. civ.'' IV,73-82.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fulvia (uxor Antonii)|Fulvia]] vero Antonii uxor linguam crinali acu repetitis ictibus, multisque exsecrationibus, feminea vindicatione transfixit. Qui circumstabant horruisse dicuntur gaudium quo Fulvia mariti honorem, Cicerone oratore tam diu ludibrio publico praebitum, ulta est cum Ciceronis linguam acu transfigeret manusque insultaret quas ille candidas mollesque agitavisset odium in Antonium senatui pleno etiam atque etiam verbis commovens atrocibus.&lt;ref&gt;[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/47*.html#8.4].&lt;/ref&gt; Res tamen facta, quamvis petulanter, finis auctoritatem Romae habuit, cum terminum tam publicum tam publico bello imposuit quod Cicero cum Antonio ferociter gesserat, Flavia Antonium maritum victorem clamante, victumque Ciceronem usque in ipsius ore inimicum punitum.

=== De familia ===
Cicero uxorem duxit [[Terentia (uxor Ciceronis)|Terentiam]] et ex ea genuit [[Marcus Tullius Cicero (Iunior)|Marcum]] filium atque [[Tullia (filia Ciceronis)|Tulliam]] filiam (de cuius morte vehementer doluit). Frater ei fuit tribus annis minor [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Quintus]]  qui sororem eius optimi amici Pomponii Attici uxorem duxerat: matrimonium non concors non erat et orator Arpinas saepe Atticum et fratrem Quintum ad reconciliationem hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.17.1-4 et I.20.11.&lt;/ref&gt;.  Cognatus quoque erat cum [[Gaius Marius|Mario]] per aviam Gratidiam.

=== De villis et domo urbana ===
Plures villas habuit Cicero: praeter [[Arpinum|Arpinatem]] paternam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Ad Atticum]]'' I.16.18&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tusculum|Tusculanam]] maxime amabat  et ab amico Attico petebat ut e Graecia ornamenta varia sibi mitteret ad eam ornandam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' libro primo.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quae villa illustris facta est quia ibi Cicero studebat, legebat, scribebat, philosophabatur (unde ''[[Tusculanae disputationes]]'' dictae). [[Formiae|Formianam]] villam quoque possidebat et [[Pompeii (urbs antiqua)|Pompeianam]] in [[Campania (Italia)|Campania]]. Anno 62 post consulatum domum [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marci Crassi]] in [[Mons Palatinus|Palatino monte]] magno pretio&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad familiares|Ad Familiares]]'' V.6.2: 3 500 000 HS.&lt;/ref&gt; emit quod rumores malignos suscitavit&lt;ref&gt;[[Aulus Gellius]] XII.12. ''[[Invectiva in Ciceronem]]'' 3. Cf  ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.12.1 (pecuniam mutuandam quaerit).&lt;/ref&gt;. Magnam summam enim tum a [[Publius Cornelius Sulla|P. Sylla]] mutuatus est, quem apud iudices [[Pro Sulla|defendit]] et adfirmavit non esse e Catilinae coniuratis.

== Opera ==
Plurima composuit, quorum maior pars exstat: multos [[liber|libros]] de eloquentia [[philosophia]]que, elegantissimas [[epistula]]s, multas et peritissimas [[oratio]]nes, necnon fragmenta [[carmen|carminum]]. Opera Ciceronis documenta uberrima illius temporis habenda sunt quo respublica est in imperium conversa, quo motu cursus gentium Italiae Europaeque vehementer inflexus in perpetuum est, atque post [[Europa]]m, vita orbis reliqui totius terrarum. Cicero inter patres [[lingua Latina|linguae Latinae]] vocari potest, ac nisi ille facultates verba [[philosophia Graeca|philosophiae Graecae]] in linguam Latinam [[interpres|vertendi]] adhibuisset, multa verba huius disciplinae ignota vel obscura essent. 

{{Cicero tituli}}

== Fortuna ==
[[Fasciculus:William Blake - Marcus Tullius Cicero - Manchester City Gallery - Tempera on canvas c 1800.jpg|thumb|Cicero famam perennem habet:  hic, anno [[1800]], est pictus a [[Gulielmus Blake|Gulielmo Blake]].]]
Erant quoque qui Ciceronem suo tempore reprehenderent propter illam verborum copiam, id est supervacuorum verborum flumen, qui ab Seneca quasi deficentia quaedam significationis et studii videbatur. In his recognosces et [[Attica|Atticistarum]] contentionem in Ciceronem, et [[Asia]]norum studium in Ciceronianam concinnitatem, sobriam verborum coniunctorum dispositionem. Ad hoc eius detrectatores maligne ad memoriam revocant versus principem in ''De Consulatu Suo,'' illum infelicem &quot;O fortunatam natam me consule Romam,&quot; qui argumentum Ciceronis superbiae ac vaniloquentiae semper ostendebatur. Ciceronem illis famosis verbis se ipsum alterum [[Romulus|Romulum]] esse affirmantem auctor [[invectiva]]e cuiusdam illudit appellans eum &quot;Romule Arpinas&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Sallustius|(Pseudo-)Sallustius]], ''In M. Tullium Ciceronem invectiva'' 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Sed his duobus milibus annorum qui nos ab illo discernunt, nulla acta est aetas quin Ciceronis facundia culmen linguae Latinae haberetur, quin verbis compositionique et eloquentiae eius maximo ardore studeretur, quin qui Latinas litteras discebant iis magistri proponerent Ciceronis orationes ante alias omnes subito imitandas.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Cistophor of Marcus Tullius Cicero.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Cistophorus]] [[Apamea (Phrygia)|Apameae]] cusus cum nomine Marci Tulli Ciceronis qui proconsul [[Cilicia|Ciliciae]] anno 51/[[50 a.C.n.]] fuit.]]
* {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 88-149
* Eleanor Winsor Leach, &quot;Gendering Clodius&quot; in ''Classical World'' vol. 94 (2001) pp. 335-359.
* von Albrecht, Michael.  ''Cicero's Style:  A Synopsis.'' Lugduni Batavorum et Bostoniae: Brill, 2003. ISBN 9004129618.
* [[Ernestus Badian|Badian, E]]: &quot;Cicero and the Commission of 146 B.C.&quot;, ''Collection Latomus'' 101 (1969), 54-65.
* {{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Taylor |title=A Pillar of Iron |url=https://archive.org/details/pillarofiron0000cald_l2s6 |publisher=Doubleday &amp; Company |location=New York |year=1965 |isbn=0385053037}}.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero’s letters to Atticus, Vol, I, II, IV, VI, [[Cambridge University Press]], Great Britain, 1965.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Latin extracts of Cicero on Himself, translated by Charles Gordon Cooper, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1963.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Political Speeches, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1969.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De Officiis (On Duties), conv. [[Walter Miller (philologist)|Walter Miller]]. Harvard University Press, 1913, ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3, ISBN 0-674-99033-1.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Works, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1971.
* Cowell, F R: ''Cicero and the Roman Republic'' (Penguin Books, 1948; liber saepissime impressus)
* {{Cite book |last=Everitt |first=Anthony |title=Cicero: the life and times of Rome's greatest politician |url=https://archive.org/details/cicerolifetimeso0000ever |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=0375507469}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Last Generation of the Roman Republic |last=Gruen |first=Erich S. |year=1974 |publisher=University of California Press |location= |isbn= }}
* {{Cite book |title=This was Cicero |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_O4-BPQ-161 |last=Haskell |first=H. J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1942 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf}}
* Haury, Auguste.  ''L'Ironie et l'humeur chez Cicéron.'' Lugduni Batavorum:  Brill, 1955.  OCLC 381672.
* Hutchinson, G. O. ''Cicero's Correspondence:  A Literary Study.'' Oxonii:  Oxford University Press, 1998.  ISBN 0-19-815066-0.
* {{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/4350381 |last=March |first=Duane A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1989 |month= |title=Cicero and the 'Gang of Five' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-world_march-april-1989_82_4/page/225 |journal=Classical World |volume=82 |issue= 4|pages=225–234}}.
* May, James M., ed. ''Brill's Companion to Cicero:  Oratory and Rhetoric.''  Lugduni Batavorum et Bostoniae:  Brill, 2002.  ISBN 9004121471.
* {{Cite book |title=Cicerone. La parola e la politica |last=Narducci |first=Emanuele |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2009 |publisher=Laterza |location= |isbn=8842076058 }}.
* [[Plutarch]] Penguins Classics English translation by Rex Warner, ''Fall of the Roman Republic, Six Lives by Plutarch: Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar, Cicero'' (Penguin Books, 1958; with Introduction and notes by Robin Seager, 1972).
* Rawson, Beryl: ''The Politics of Friendship: Pompey and Cicero'' (Sydney University Press, 1978).
* [[Elizabeth Rawson|Rawson, Elizabeth]]:
** &quot;Cicero the Historian and Cicero the Antiquarian&quot;, ''JRS'' 62 (1972), 33-45.
** ''Cicero: A Portrait'' (Allen Lane, Penguin Books Ltd., 1975) ISBN 0-7139-0864-5. Revised edition: Bristol Classical Press, 1983. ISBN 0-86292-051-5. American edition of revised edition: Cornell University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8014-1628-0 (hardcover); ISBN 0-8014-9256-4 (paperback).
* [[H.H. Scullard|Scullard, H. H.]] From the Gracchi to Nero, University Paperbacks, Great Britain, 1968.
* Smith, R. E. ''Cicero the Statesman.'' Cambridge University Press, 1966.
* Steel, Catherine, ed.  ''Cambridge Companion to Cicero.'' Cantabridgiae:  Cambridge University Press, 2013.  ISBN 978-0521729802.
* Stockton, David: ''Cicero: A Political Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 1971).
* {{Cite document |last=Strachan-Davidson |first=James Leigh |title=Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1936}}.
* Stroup, Sarah Culpepper.  ''Catullus, Cicero, and a society of patrons: the Generation of the Text.'' Cantabridgiae:  Cambridge University Press, 2010.  ISBN 9780521513906.
* {{Cite document |last=Taylor |first=H. |title=Cicero: A sketch of his life and works |url=https://archive.org/details/cicerosketchofhi00taylrich |location=Chicago |publisher=A. C. McClurg &amp; Co. |year=1918}}.
* Tatum, W. J. [[1990]]. &quot;Cicero and the Bona Dea Scandal.&quot; ''Classical Philology'' 85: 202-208.
* Thorbecke, J. R. [[1818]].l ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810102554/http://home.kpn.nl/~dmjanssen1960/cicero_philo_l.html De Principio Philosophiae et Officiorum in Ciceronis Operibus Philosophicis.]''
* Thorbecke, J. R. [[1819]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810112832/http://home.kpn.nl/~dmjanssen1960/cicero_rhetor_l.html Ex iis quae in libris Ciceronis de Oratore a Crasso, Antonio, Caesare, aliis, de Eloquentia disputantur, ipsius efficiatur Ciceronis de perfecto oratore sententia.]''.
* Vasaly, Ann. ''Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. ISBN 0520077555.
* {{Cite book |title=Cicero Imperator: Studies in Cicero's Correspondence 51-47 B.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/ciceroimperators0000wist |last=Wistrand |first=M. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1979 |publisher= |location=Göteborg}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Yates |first=Frances A. |title=The Art of Memory |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1974 |isbn=0226950018}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Asconius]]
* [[Caerellia]]
* [[Fibrenus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicicitatio|Marcus Tullius Cicero|Ciceronem}}
{{vicifons|Marcus Tullius Cicero}}
{{CommuniaCat|Cicero|Ciceronem}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308010602/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cic.html Opera] apud [[The Latin Library]]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125123207/http://www.utexas.edu/depts/classics/documents/Cic.html Situs Ciceronis domesticus]&quot;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071029141407/http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/pedagogy/latinitas/plut/cic/cicvit1.html Plutarchi ''Vita Ciceronis'' interprete Theodoro Doehner]
* Cicero in Catilinam in YouTube: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vggmssbaGKc]

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|43 a.C.n.|Cicero, Marcus Tullius}}
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[[Categoria:Oratores]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi Italiae Romanae]]
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[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Marcus Tullius Cicero|!]]
[[Categoria:Catilinae coniuratio]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (44-30 a.C.n.)]]
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{{Videdis|Cicero (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

{{res|Marcus Tullius Cicero}} (natus [[3 Ianuarii]] [[106 a.C.n.]]; mortuus [[7 Decembris]] [[43 a.C.n.|43]]) fuit [[orator]], [[philosophus]], [[poeta]], [[ars rhetorica|rhetor]], [[civilitas|vir rei publicae]] peritissimus, qui idem excellentissimus [[scriptor]], peritus illius clari [[lingua Latina|sermonis]], aestimari solet.

Ipse fuit primus in [[gens Tullia|gente Tullia]] qui Cicero appellatus est, et cognomen traxisse dicitur a [[cicer]]ibus, quod eius [[legumen|leguminis]] ferendi rationem optime calleret. Alii ab habitu [[facies|faciei]] eum ita cognominatum putant, vel quod maculis ciceri similibus aspersus esset, vel quod in extrema nasi parte [[Tuber (fungus)|tuber]]culum figura ciceris habuerit.

== Vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Marci Tullii Ciceronis Opera Omnia.tif|thumb|''Opera omnia'', 1566]]
Cicero [[Arpinum|Arpini]] in [[municipium|municipio]] [[Latium|Latio]] natus est anno [[106 a.C.n.|centesimo sexto ante Christum natum]]. [[Formiae]] autem necatus scelere iussu [[Marcus Antonius|M. Antoni]] patrato est anno [[43 a.C.n.|quadragesimo tertio ante Christum natum]]. Cicero [[puer]] [[Roma]]e informatus ad omne disciplinae genus est, una cum fratre suo. [[Gens Tullia]] antiqua nobilitate equestri nota possidebat haud parvam rem familiarem fortunasque satis amplas, ut quae ingeniosissimo puero liberalem institutionem suppeditare possent. Cicero, qui [[nihil]] in re publica immutari volebat, aegre quidem ferebat se cum [[Gaius Marius|Mario]], qui tunc celebrior esset longeque paratior ad res novandas, comparari.

=== De iuventute ===
Cicero Romae educatus, ubi (sint modo vera quae apud [[Plutarchus|Plutarchum]], modo respuendus, modo locuples auctor, legimus) egregio ingenio praeditus, ceteris condiscipulis suis praestabat,&lt;ref&gt;Plutarchus, Cicero 2.2.&lt;/ref&gt; et liberalibus studiis imbutus magistros, sicut [[Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex|Mucium Scaevolam]], habuit partim ibidem, partim doctissimos in [[Graecia]] viros.

Satis constat Ciceroni, id quod ille saepius commemoravit, ab initio eam philosophorum sectam placuisse, cuius praecepta cum ad ingenium tum ad negotia oratoris optime referri posse viderentur. [[Academia|Academicos]] enim recentiores, qui nihil pro certo haberent, recusavit tamquam disiunctos a vita vera usuque rerum, quem [[philosophia]]e ille tam prope vinciendum aestimavit ut mores cuique et sententias, ac praesertim acta moderatio philosophiae regeret. Philosophiam enim Cicero in primis usui destinari censuit, utpote quae mentem animumque erudiat, cogitantem hominem ad mortem beatam praeparet metuque levaret: philosophia, velum detrahens vitae terrestribus rebus artissime constrictae, dolorem vitae imminuens, pura aeternaque adpetens, docere secundum Ciceronem debuit morti obviam ire quasi e corporis vinculis tandem liberaremur, qua laxatione solum referret quo propius iustitiam moderationemque a nobis agnitas vixissemus, quamque constanter vitae tulissemus dolores.
  
Cicero quidem [[Philo]]nem secutus est, qui non solum [[ars rhetorica|artem oratoriam]] simul atque philosophiam doceret, verum hanc etiam ab illa secerni posse negaret. A [[Sophistae|sophistis]] enim profectus, si sapientia cum eloquentia coniungeretur, eam demum [[humanitas|humanitatem]] esse dixit. Neque etiam fieri potuit, quin Cicero ad doctrinam Philonis ipsam libenter traheretur. Qui affirmavit semper in utramque partem esse disputandum nec, quid verum esset, quaerendum, sed, quod cuique veri simile esse videretur, id esse tenendum. Nec mirum; nam Ciceronis ipsius omnis ars in eo nitebatur, quod audientibus persuaderi posset.

Cicero etiam conatus est versificare, in quibus numerantur conversiones [[Homerus|Homeri]] et ''[[Phaenomena (Aratus)|Phaenomenorum]]'' [[Aratus Solensis|Arati]], ad quas [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilius]] postea in ''[[Georgica|Georgicon]]'' libris praecepta quaedam rettulit colonorum.

Singulari fuit atque eximia eloquentiae facultate, cuius ope imprimis actionibus [[Gaius Verres|Verrinis]], quamquam homo novus erat, per omnes honorum gradus suo anno ad consulatum adscendit.

Antea intrans cursum honorum, Cicero erat miles cum Pompeiano Strabone in Bello Sociali, tum in [[cursus honorum|cursum honorum]] adulescens intrat:  fuit [[quaestor]] anno 76 a.C.n., dein proquaestor provinciae [[Sicilia]]e; [[aedilis]] anno 69;  [[praetor]] anno 66.  Omnes magistratus in suo anno egit.

=== De consulatu ===
[[Fasciculus:Cilicia (Imperium Romanum).png|thumb|Provinciae Romanae:  [[Cilicia]] [[flavus|flavo]] colore est, cuius provinciae annis a [[51 a.C.n.|51]] ad [[50 a.C.n.]] fuit Cicero [[proconsul]].]]
In consulatu ([[63 a.C.n.]]), [[Catilina]]e [[Catilinae coniuratio|coniurationem]] detexit, et rem publicam ab exitio servavit, quam ob rem est a populo conclamatus [[Pater Patriae]], sed cum quosdam patricios Catilinae socios, indicta causa, ex senatus consultu in [[carcer]]e necandos curavisset, [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publio Clodio]] legem ferente in exsilium pulsus est. Decimo sexto autem mense decreto senatus revocatus est. post Cicero erat consul, Cicero factus est proconsul Ciliciae anno [[51 a.C.n.]]

Cicero, qui mirum in modum sui laudandi cupidus erat, primum consul [[epistula]]m de rebus a se gestis magnam ad [[Pompeii|Pompeium]] misit, quae periit non secus atque cetera eius opera de ea re confecta. Tum spes in [[Archias|Archia]] poeta Graeco posuit, qui morem ab [[Ennius|Ennio]] institutum secutus eoque tempore multa admiratione affectus in viris illustribus populi Romani celebrandis desudabat. Ab eo, qui [[carmen heroicum]] unum ad [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus|Catulum]] de bello cum [[Cimbri]]s gesto, alterum de victoria a [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullo]] de [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridate]] reportata scripserat, Cicero impetrare voluit, ut consulatus etiam sui laudes caneret. Ideo pro Archia accusato, quod fraude civitatem sibi Romanam comparavisset, anno [[62 a.C.n.|62]], causam dixit oratione, quae exstat. Anno vero proximo mense Maio, ad [[Titus Pomponius Atticus|Atticum]] amicum scripsit Archiam a [[Lucullus|Lucullo]] ad [[Metelli|Metellos]] studium videri contulisse suum (Att. 1.16.14 sq.), quam ob rem ipse denique laudes suas inchoavit.

=== De senectute et morte ===
Cicero, [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesare]] in [[Gallia]] bellum gerente, multas orationes civiles Romae habuit; multas litteras conscripsit. Nihil paene de sexto decennio novimus, nisi ille orationibus tempora descripsisset. Multos defendit accusavitque, ideoque permulta nomina nobis tradita sunt, quorum semina non habemus. 

Cicero in [[bellum civile|bello civili]] [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompeium]] Caesari reconciliare temptavit, quia Gaium Iulium Caesarem [[pontifex maximus|pontificem maximum]] cognovit; Pompeium autem consularem appellavit. Cum religionem Caesaris auctoritatemque Pompei imperatoris fundamenta rei publicae habenda esse postularet, pluris tamen iuris auctoritatem quam religionis aestimavit.

Bello civili stetit a partibus Pompeii; nihilominus, a Caesare victore veniam impetravit. Quo interfecto, [[Triumviratus|triumviris]] Romae velut regnantibus, [[Marcus Antonius|Antonii]] et [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Octavii]] et [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus|Lepidi]] Cicero [[Proscriptiones (43 a.C.n.)|proscriptus]] ab Herennio [[Centurio|centurione]] et Popillio [[Tribunus militum|tribuno militum]] occisus est, quem parricidii reum olim defenderat. Annos natus 64, cum a villa sua prope [[Capua]]m ad mare fugiens lectica deferretur, Cicero trucidatus est iussu Antonii, quem orationibus &quot;[[Philippicae (Cicero)|Philippicis]]&quot; suis ille summopere irritaverat. Ad Antonium caput Ciceronis et manus praecisae delatae sunt et in [[rostrum|rostris]] deinde expositae.&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''Cicero'' 48–49. [[Annaeus Seneca maior|Seneca Maior]], ''Suasoriae'' 6.17; 6.22 (= Livius: [[Ab urbe condita]], fragmenta 59 et 60). [[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Bell. civ.'' IV,73-82.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fulvia (uxor Antonii)|Fulvia]] vero Antonii uxor linguam crinali acu repetitis ictibus, multisque exsecrationibus, feminea vindicatione transfixit. Qui circumstabant horruisse dicuntur gaudium quo Fulvia mariti honorem, Cicerone oratore tam diu ludibrio publico praebitum, ulta est cum Ciceronis linguam acu transfigeret manusque insultaret quas ille candidas mollesque agitavisset odium in Antonium senatui pleno etiam atque etiam verbis commovens atrocibus.&lt;ref&gt;[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/47*.html#8.4].&lt;/ref&gt; Res tamen facta, quamvis petulanter, finis auctoritatem Romae habuit, cum terminum tam publicum tam publico bello imposuit quod Cicero cum Antonio ferociter gesserat, Flavia Antonium maritum victorem clamante, victumque Ciceronem usque in ipsius ore inimicum punitum.

=== De familia ===
Cicero uxorem duxit [[Terentia (uxor Ciceronis)|Terentiam]] et ex ea genuit [[Marcus Tullius Cicero (Iunior)|Marcum]] filium atque [[Tullia (filia Ciceronis)|Tulliam]] filiam (de cuius morte vehementer doluit). Frater ei fuit tribus annis minor [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Quintus]]  qui sororem eius optimi amici Pomponii Attici uxorem duxerat: matrimonium non concors non erat et orator Arpinas saepe Atticum et fratrem Quintum ad reconciliationem hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.17.1-4 et I.20.11.&lt;/ref&gt;.  Cognatus quoque erat cum [[Gaius Marius|Mario]] per aviam Gratidiam.

=== De villis et domo urbana ===
Plures villas habuit Cicero: praeter [[Arpinum|Arpinatem]] paternam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Ad Atticum]]'' I.16.18&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tusculum|Tusculanam]] maxime amabat  et ab amico Attico petebat ut e Graecia ornamenta varia sibi mitteret ad eam ornandam&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' libro primo.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quae villa illustris facta est quia ibi Cicero studebat, legebat, scribebat, philosophabatur (unde ''[[Tusculanae disputationes]]'' dictae). [[Formiae|Formianam]] villam quoque possidebat et [[Pompeii (urbs antiqua)|Pompeianam]] in [[Campania (Italia)|Campania]]ref&gt;''[[Ad Atticum]]'' I.20.1&lt;/ref&gt; . Anno 62 post consulatum domum [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marci Crassi]] in [[Mons Palatinus|Palatino monte]] magno pretio&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad familiares|Ad Familiares]]'' V.6.2: 3 500 000 HS.&lt;/ref&gt; emit quod rumores malignos suscitavit&lt;ref&gt;[[Aulus Gellius]] XII.12. ''[[Invectiva in Ciceronem]]'' 3. Cf  ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.12.1 (pecuniam mutuandam quaerit).&lt;/ref&gt;. Magnam summam enim tum a [[Publius Cornelius Sulla|P. Sylla]] mutuatus est, quem apud iudices [[Pro Sulla|defendit]] et adfirmavit non esse e Catilinae coniuratis.

== Opera ==
Plurima composuit, quorum maior pars exstat: multos [[liber|libros]] de eloquentia [[philosophia]]que, elegantissimas [[epistula]]s, multas et peritissimas [[oratio]]nes, necnon fragmenta [[carmen|carminum]]. Opera Ciceronis documenta uberrima illius temporis habenda sunt quo respublica est in imperium conversa, quo motu cursus gentium Italiae Europaeque vehementer inflexus in perpetuum est, atque post [[Europa]]m, vita orbis reliqui totius terrarum. Cicero inter patres [[lingua Latina|linguae Latinae]] vocari potest, ac nisi ille facultates verba [[philosophia Graeca|philosophiae Graecae]] in linguam Latinam [[interpres|vertendi]] adhibuisset, multa verba huius disciplinae ignota vel obscura essent. 

{{Cicero tituli}}

== Fortuna ==
[[Fasciculus:William Blake - Marcus Tullius Cicero - Manchester City Gallery - Tempera on canvas c 1800.jpg|thumb|Cicero famam perennem habet:  hic, anno [[1800]], est pictus a [[Gulielmus Blake|Gulielmo Blake]].]]
Erant quoque qui Ciceronem suo tempore reprehenderent propter illam verborum copiam, id est supervacuorum verborum flumen, qui ab Seneca quasi deficentia quaedam significationis et studii videbatur. In his recognosces et [[Attica|Atticistarum]] contentionem in Ciceronem, et [[Asia]]norum studium in Ciceronianam concinnitatem, sobriam verborum coniunctorum dispositionem. Ad hoc eius detrectatores maligne ad memoriam revocant versus principem in ''De Consulatu Suo,'' illum infelicem &quot;O fortunatam natam me consule Romam,&quot; qui argumentum Ciceronis superbiae ac vaniloquentiae semper ostendebatur. Ciceronem illis famosis verbis se ipsum alterum [[Romulus|Romulum]] esse affirmantem auctor [[invectiva]]e cuiusdam illudit appellans eum &quot;Romule Arpinas&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Sallustius|(Pseudo-)Sallustius]], ''In M. Tullium Ciceronem invectiva'' 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Sed his duobus milibus annorum qui nos ab illo discernunt, nulla acta est aetas quin Ciceronis facundia culmen linguae Latinae haberetur, quin verbis compositionique et eloquentiae eius maximo ardore studeretur, quin qui Latinas litteras discebant iis magistri proponerent Ciceronis orationes ante alias omnes subito imitandas.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Cistophor of Marcus Tullius Cicero.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Cistophorus]] [[Apamea (Phrygia)|Apameae]] cusus cum nomine Marci Tulli Ciceronis qui proconsul [[Cilicia|Ciliciae]] anno 51/[[50 a.C.n.]] fuit.]]
* {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 88-149
* Eleanor Winsor Leach, &quot;Gendering Clodius&quot; in ''Classical World'' vol. 94 (2001) pp. 335-359.
* von Albrecht, Michael.  ''Cicero's Style:  A Synopsis.'' Lugduni Batavorum et Bostoniae: Brill, 2003. ISBN 9004129618.
* [[Ernestus Badian|Badian, E]]: &quot;Cicero and the Commission of 146 B.C.&quot;, ''Collection Latomus'' 101 (1969), 54-65.
* {{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Taylor |title=A Pillar of Iron |url=https://archive.org/details/pillarofiron0000cald_l2s6 |publisher=Doubleday &amp; Company |location=New York |year=1965 |isbn=0385053037}}.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero’s letters to Atticus, Vol, I, II, IV, VI, [[Cambridge University Press]], Great Britain, 1965.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Latin extracts of Cicero on Himself, translated by Charles Gordon Cooper, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1963.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Political Speeches, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1969.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De Officiis (On Duties), conv. [[Walter Miller (philologist)|Walter Miller]]. Harvard University Press, 1913, ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3, ISBN 0-674-99033-1.
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Works, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1971.
* Cowell, F R: ''Cicero and the Roman Republic'' (Penguin Books, 1948; liber saepissime impressus)
* {{Cite book |last=Everitt |first=Anthony |title=Cicero: the life and times of Rome's greatest politician |url=https://archive.org/details/cicerolifetimeso0000ever |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=0375507469}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Last Generation of the Roman Republic |last=Gruen |first=Erich S. |year=1974 |publisher=University of California Press |location= |isbn= }}
* {{Cite book |title=This was Cicero |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_O4-BPQ-161 |last=Haskell |first=H. J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1942 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf}}
* Haury, Auguste.  ''L'Ironie et l'humeur chez Cicéron.'' Lugduni Batavorum:  Brill, 1955.  OCLC 381672.
* Hutchinson, G. O. ''Cicero's Correspondence:  A Literary Study.'' Oxonii:  Oxford University Press, 1998.  ISBN 0-19-815066-0.
* {{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/4350381 |last=March |first=Duane A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1989 |month= |title=Cicero and the 'Gang of Five' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-world_march-april-1989_82_4/page/225 |journal=Classical World |volume=82 |issue= 4|pages=225–234}}.
* May, James M., ed. ''Brill's Companion to Cicero:  Oratory and Rhetoric.''  Lugduni Batavorum et Bostoniae:  Brill, 2002.  ISBN 9004121471.
* {{Cite book |title=Cicerone. La parola e la politica |last=Narducci |first=Emanuele |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2009 |publisher=Laterza |location= |isbn=8842076058 }}.
* [[Plutarch]] Penguins Classics English translation by Rex Warner, ''Fall of the Roman Republic, Six Lives by Plutarch: Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar, Cicero'' (Penguin Books, 1958; with Introduction and notes by Robin Seager, 1972).
* Rawson, Beryl: ''The Politics of Friendship: Pompey and Cicero'' (Sydney University Press, 1978).
* [[Elizabeth Rawson|Rawson, Elizabeth]]:
** &quot;Cicero the Historian and Cicero the Antiquarian&quot;, ''JRS'' 62 (1972), 33-45.
** ''Cicero: A Portrait'' (Allen Lane, Penguin Books Ltd., 1975) ISBN 0-7139-0864-5. Revised edition: Bristol Classical Press, 1983. ISBN 0-86292-051-5. American edition of revised edition: Cornell University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8014-1628-0 (hardcover); ISBN 0-8014-9256-4 (paperback).
* [[H.H. Scullard|Scullard, H. H.]] From the Gracchi to Nero, University Paperbacks, Great Britain, 1968.
* Smith, R. E. ''Cicero the Statesman.'' Cambridge University Press, 1966.
* Steel, Catherine, ed.  ''Cambridge Companion to Cicero.'' Cantabridgiae:  Cambridge University Press, 2013.  ISBN 978-0521729802.
* Stockton, David: ''Cicero: A Political Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 1971).
* {{Cite document |last=Strachan-Davidson |first=James Leigh |title=Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1936}}.
* Stroup, Sarah Culpepper.  ''Catullus, Cicero, and a society of patrons: the Generation of the Text.'' Cantabridgiae:  Cambridge University Press, 2010.  ISBN 9780521513906.
* {{Cite document |last=Taylor |first=H. |title=Cicero: A sketch of his life and works |url=https://archive.org/details/cicerosketchofhi00taylrich |location=Chicago |publisher=A. C. McClurg &amp; Co. |year=1918}}.
* Tatum, W. J. [[1990]]. &quot;Cicero and the Bona Dea Scandal.&quot; ''Classical Philology'' 85: 202-208.
* Thorbecke, J. R. [[1818]].l ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810102554/http://home.kpn.nl/~dmjanssen1960/cicero_philo_l.html De Principio Philosophiae et Officiorum in Ciceronis Operibus Philosophicis.]''
* Thorbecke, J. R. [[1819]]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810112832/http://home.kpn.nl/~dmjanssen1960/cicero_rhetor_l.html Ex iis quae in libris Ciceronis de Oratore a Crasso, Antonio, Caesare, aliis, de Eloquentia disputantur, ipsius efficiatur Ciceronis de perfecto oratore sententia.]''.
* Vasaly, Ann. ''Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. ISBN 0520077555.
* {{Cite book |title=Cicero Imperator: Studies in Cicero's Correspondence 51-47 B.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/ciceroimperators0000wist |last=Wistrand |first=M. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1979 |publisher= |location=Göteborg}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Yates |first=Frances A. |title=The Art of Memory |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1974 |isbn=0226950018}}.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Asconius]]
* [[Caerellia]]
* [[Fibrenus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{vicicitatio|Marcus Tullius Cicero|Ciceronem}}
{{vicifons|Marcus Tullius Cicero}}
{{CommuniaCat|Cicero|Ciceronem}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210308010602/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cic.html Opera] apud [[The Latin Library]]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125123207/http://www.utexas.edu/depts/classics/documents/Cic.html Situs Ciceronis domesticus]&quot;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071029141407/http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/pedagogy/latinitas/plut/cic/cicvit1.html Plutarchi ''Vita Ciceronis'' interprete Theodoro Doehner]
* Cicero in Catilinam in YouTube: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vggmssbaGKc]

{{Lifetime|106 a.C.n.|43 a.C.n.|Cicero, Marcus Tullius}}
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[[Categoria:Marcus Tullius Cicero|!]]
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{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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== Eventa ==
=== Mense Martio ===
* [[9 Martii]] - [[Fridericus III (Imperator Germaniae)|Fridericus III]] [[imperator Germaniae]] fit.

=== Mense Aprili ===
* [[13 Aprilis]] - [[Theodorus Rosetti]] novus [[primus minister]] [[Romania]]e nominatur. Successor est [[Ioannes Constantinus Brătianu|Ioannis Constantini Brătianu]].

=== Mense Maio ===
* [[15 Maii]] - Isabella heres imperii [[Brasilia]]e [[Lex Aurea|Legem Auream]] proclamatur, qua omnes servi in eo imperio sine retributione liberandi sint.

=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[15 Iunii]] - [[Gulielmus II (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmus II]] post mortem patris (vide infra) imperator Germaniae fit.

=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[18 Augusti]] - [[Statio principalis Francofurtensis]] [[ferrovia]]e inauguratur.

=== Mense Septembri ===
*[[28 Septembris]] - In [[Brasilia]] [[Lex Aurea]] promulgatur, qua omnes servi liberantur.

=== Die ignoto ===
* Diarium Suecicum [[Skånska Dagbladet]] a Rudolpho Asp et Leonardo Ljunglund conditum est.
* [[Monacum|Monaci]] diarium [[Socialis Democratica Factio Germaniae|Sociali Democratica Factione Germaniae]] [[Münchener Post]] primo editum est.

== Nati ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[8 Ianuarii|8]] - [[Ricardus Courant]], [[mathematicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1972]].
* [[11 Ianuarii|11]] - [[Henricus de Michael]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]]; mortuus est anno [[1942]].
* [[28 Ianuarii|28]] - [[Ludovicus Mordell]], [[mathematicus]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1972]].
* [[29 Ianuarii|29]] - [[Men Rauch]], machinator, rerum politicarum peritus et [[poeta]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] [[lingua Rhaetica (Romanica)|Linguae Rhaeticae]]; mortuus est anno [[1958]].
* [[29 Ianuarii|29]] - [[Eduardus Lear]], poeta et pictor [[Anglia|Anglicus]], ad [[Villa Matuciana|Villam Matutiam]] mortuus est

=== Mense Februario ===
* [[18 Februarii]] - [[Iacobus Kaiser]], [[vir publicus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis primo [[Centrum|Centri]], deinde [[CDU]]; mortuus est anno [[1961]].
* [[27 Februarii]] - [[Carola Lehmann]], [[supranus]] [[opera]]tica [[Germania|Germanica]]; mortua est anno [[1976]].

=== Mense Martio ===
* [[22 Martii]] - [[Emmanuel List]], theatri lyrici [[bassus]] [[Austria|cus]]-[[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno [[1967]].

=== Mense Aprili ===
* [[18 Aprilis]] - [[Frida Leider]], theatri lyrici [[supranus]] [[Germania|Germanica]]; mortua est anno [[1975]].
* [[30 Aprilis]] - [[Antonius Sanctoelias]], architectus [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1916]].

=== Mense Maio ===
* [[12 Maii]]
**[[Egmont Colerus]], scriptor [[Austria]]cus; mortuus est anno [[1939]].
**[[Fridericus Schäffer]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bavaria|Bavaricus]] factionis [[CSU]]; mortuus est anno [[1967]].
* [[25 Maii]] - [[Maximilianus Becker]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] primo [[DVP]], deinde [[FDP]]; mortuus est anno [[1960]].

=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[17 Iunii]] - [[Henricus Guliemus Guderian]], dux militum [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1954]].
* [[30 Iunii]] - [[Rudolphus Amelunxen]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis factionis [[Centrum|Centri]]; mortuus est anno [[1969]].

=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[17 Iulii]]
**[[Paulus Petrus Gojdič]], Epuriei [[archiepiscopus]] (Archidioecesis Presoviensis) [[Slovacia|Slovacus]]; mortuus est anno [[1960]].
**[[Ioannes Brockmann]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[Centrum|Centri]]; mortuus est anno [[1975]].

=== Mense Augusto ===
* [[3 Augusti]] - [[Augustus Kubizek]], amicus iuvenis [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolphi Hitler]], qzui multa - sed dubia - de amico tradidit; mortuus est anno [[1956]].

=== Mense Septembri ===
* [[2 Septembris]]
**[[Leo Wohleb]], vir publicus [[Badenia]]e et sodalis primo Factionis Christianae Socialis Popularis Badeniae (BCSV) , deinde [[CDU]]; mortuus est anno [[1955]].
**[[Fridericus Schorr]], [[Theatrum lyricum|theatri lyrici]] cantor accurate [[bassus]] [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]]; mortuus est anno [[1953]].
* [[15 Septembris]] - [[Fridericus Löwenthal]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionum [[SPD]], [[KPD]] ac [[SED]]; mortuus est anno [[1956]].

=== Mense Octobri ===
* [[25 Octobris]] - [[Theodorus Herrle]], philologus classicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]]; mortuus est anno [[1975]].
* [[28 Octobris]] - [[Remigius Dumoncel]], iurisprudens et vir publicus [[Francia|Francicus]], qui inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] occupatores [[Germania|Theodiscis]] resistebat; necatus est [[15 Martii]] [[1945]].
* [[29 Octobris]] - [[Haroldus Darke]], [[compositor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] et organista; mortuus anno [[1976]].

=== Mense Novembri ===
* [[11 Novembris]] - [[Abul Kalam Azad]], vir publicus [[India]]e, mortuus est anno [[1958]].
* [[19 Novembris]] - [[Iosephus Radulphus Capablanca]], legatus [[Cuba]]e et illustris [[scacci|scaccorum]] lusor; mortuus est anno [[1942]].

=== Mense Decembri ===
* [[18 Decembris]] - [[Gladys Cooper]], actrix [[Renum Unitum|Britannica]]; mortua est anno [[1971]].

== Mortui ==
=== Mense Ianuario ===
* [[31 Ianuarii]] - [[Iohannes Bosco]], sanctus.

=== Mense Martio ===
* [[9 Martii]] - [[Gulielmus I (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmus I]], [[Imperium Germanicum|Germaniae imperator]] (natus [[1797]]).

=== Mense Iunio ===
* [[15 Iunii]] - [[Fridericus III (Imperator Germaniae)|Fridericus III]], [[Imperium Germanicum|Germaniae imperator]] (natus [[1831]])

=== Mense Iulio ===
* [[4 Iulii]] - [[Theodorus Storm]], poeta Theodiscus (natus [[1817]]).

=== Mense Novembri ===
* [[10 Novembris]] - [[Georgius Bingham]], dux militum [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]];natus est anno [[1800]].

=== Mense Decembri ===
* [[3 Decembris]] - [[Carolus Zeiss]], negotiator et inventor Theodiscus (natus [[1816]])

== Cultura ==
=== Picturae ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Van Gogh - The Night Café (1888).jpg | [[Cafeum nocturnum (van Gogh)|Cafeum nocturnum]] &lt;br&gt;([[Vincentius van Gogh]])
Image:Paul Gauguin 072.jpg | [[Cafeum nocturnum Arelatense (Gauguin)|Cafeum nocturnum Arelatense]]  &lt;br&gt;([[Paulus Gauguin]])
Image:Cleopatra - John William Waterhouse.jpg |[[Cleopatra (Waterhouse)|Cleopatra]]  &lt;br&gt;([[Iohannes Gulielmus Waterhouse]])
Image:The Roses of Heliogabalus.jpg | [[Heliogabali Rosae]] &lt;br&gt;([[Laurentius Alma-Tadema]])
Image:Pastime in Ancient Egypt Alma-Tadema 1864.jpg | [[Oblectamentum Aegypti antiquae]] &lt;br&gt;([[Laurentius Alma-Tadema]])
Image:Edmund Blair Leighton - Olivia.jpg | [[Olivia (Leighton)|Olivia]] &lt;br&gt;([[Edmundus Blair Leighton]])
&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t44n06k340aoad2nen9wimyrgcky9xj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Moguntiacum</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Mainz altstadt.jpg|thumb|Oppidum vetus]]
'''Moguntiacum''' aut Mogontiacum ([[Germanice]]: ''Mainz'' , [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]]: ''Maguncia'' , [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Magonza'' , [[Francogallice]]: ''Mayence''), oppidi nomen a nomine Celtico ''Mogon'' nomine oriri putatur.
[[Fasciculus:Moguntia-altesLogo.jpg|thumb|left|Inscriptio veteris tituli: farcimina bona—merces odorum]]
Moguntiacum ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] fluvium est [[urbs]] [[Respublica Foederalis Germanica|Germanica]] et caput [[Dioecesis Moguntina]]e. Oppidum est maximum atque princeps terrae Rhenaniae-Palatinati.

[[Via]]e recta Rheni regione ductae [[ruber|rubros]], sine transversa regione currunt [[Caeruleus|caeruleos]] titulos habent. 

Anno [[38 a.C.n.]] urbs fundata est [[castra]] [[Drusus|Drusi]]. Ab anno [[98]] vel [[99]], urbs erat princeps provinciae Germaniae superioris. 
[[Fasciculus:MainzStrSchilder.jpg|thumb|left|Viarum tituli rubri et caerulei]]

== Moguntiaci antiqui Chronologia ==
'''Moguntiacum''' Romanum per 500 annos fuit pars [[Imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]]. Sunt multae magni momenti res Moguntiaco gestae, quod permagna legionum castra fuerunt in hac provincia Germania superiore et postremo urbs Germanis barbaris appropinquantibus custos finium imperii fiebat. 

Omnia quae hodie scimus in hac chronologia insequenti invenire potes: 

=== Primum saeculum ante Christum natum ===
[[Fasciculus:Jupitersaeule.jpg|thumb|left|Columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovis]]]]
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]–[[12 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus|Nero Claudius Drusus]] in montem castra collocavit.
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Legio XIV Gemina]] et [[Legio XVI Gallica]] in castris conlacatae sunt et decadis sequenetibus aliae copiae [[auxilia]]rum. Usque ad annum [[90]] duae legiones normaliter ibi conlocatae erant.
* '''[[9 a.C.n.]]''' – Mors [[Drusus|Neronis Claudii Drusi]] in expeditione in [[Magna Germania|Magnam Germaniam]]. Initium decursionis solemnis Mogontiaci erat.

=== Primum saeculum ===
* '''[[3]]''' – Ad Rheni fluvii ripam aedificatio portus initium cepit. Nostra aetate ibi [[navis|naves]] Romanae invenibantur. 
* '''[[4]]–[[9]]''' – Altera ripa Romani [[castellum]] [[Mattiaci|Mattiacorum]] construxerunt. Paulo post alia (secunda) castra aedificata sunt, quae verisimiliter fine secundi saeculi relinquebantur, quod Romani numerum legionum diminuebant. 
* '''[[15]]''' - [[Germanicus]] expeditiones praeparat in liberam Germaniam.
* '''[[17]]''' – Divisio fit exercitus Romani in partem Germaniae superioris et partem Germaniae inferioris. Moguntiacum sedes fit legati exercitus Germaniae superioris. 
* '''[[19]]''' - [[Senatus]] Romanus mentionem facit Drusum ad Rhenum honoratum esse. (Sic legere possumus in [[Tabula Siarensis|Tabula Siarensi]].)
* '''[[27]]''' – Aedificationis pontis sublici inter civitatem et castellum transriparium. Castellum nunc ad caput pontis positum est. 
* '''[[33]]''' - [[Thermae]] publicae aedificabantur in media civitate.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Caligula]] vel [[Germanicus|Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]] Moguntiaco est ut expiditionem in Germaniam praeparet. Insidias evadere potest. Etiam legatus Moguntiacus [[Cornelius Lentulus Gaeticulus]] in insidiis implicatus erat.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Suetonius]] mentionem facit [[theatrum|theatri]] Mogontiaci. Sed theatrum magnum, quod plus decies milia hominum capere poterat, versimiliter non prius quam secundo saeculo aedificatum est. 
* '''circiter [[50]]''' – Nauta Celticus Blussus Moguntiaci moritur.
* '''[[59]]–[[66]]''' – Magna columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovi]] data est.
* '''[[69]]''' - [[Insurrectio Batavorum]]. Suburbia deleta sunt. Publius [[Cornelius Tacitus]] narravit quod hostes castra legionum capere non potuissent. 
* '''ca. [[69]]–[[79]]''' - Cultus [[Cybele|Matris Magnae]] et [[Isis]] initium capit auctoribus verisimiliter [[Domus Flavia|Flaviis]]. [[Vespasianus]] castra et pontem sublicium lapidibus firmavit. 
[[Fasciculus:Roemersteine.jpg|thumb|left|Parietinae aquae ductus]]
* '''[[81]]–[[96]]''' – Tempore Augusti [[Domitianus|Domitiani]] [[aquae ductus]] ad castra deducebatur.
* '''[[83]]''' - Domitianus V legiones et auxilia conlocavit ad expeditionem in [[Chatti|Chattos]] praeparandam.
* '''[[88]]/[[89]]''' - Legatus [[Lucius Antonius Saturninus]] insurrectionem facit. Lucio devincto regio militaris postremo provincia Romana fit [[Germania Superior]] Moguntiaco capite provinciae.
* '''[[90]]''' – Legio una in castris relinquebatur.
* '''[[92]]''' - [[Legio XXII Primigenia Pia Fidelis]] in castris collocabatur usque ad medium saeculum quartum. 
* '''[[96]]–[[98]]''' - [[Traianus]] vel Marcus Ulpius Traianus legatus provinciae Germaniae Superioris in Moguntiaco fit.
* '''ad finem primi saeculi''' Aedificatio [[Limes|limitis Romani]] initium cepit. In Moguntiaco civitate aedificatum est templum [[Mithras|Mithrae]] dedicatum.

==== Imagines ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Stadttor2.jpg|Parietinae Castrorum
Image:Stadttor1.jpg|Parietinae portae castrorum
Image:Dativius Victor Bogen.jpg|Arcus Dativii Victoris
Image:Zitadelle Mainz Drususstein.jpg|cenotaphum ut fama fert Drusi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Saeculum II ===
* '''1/2 saeculo''' – [[Classis Romana]] in Moguntiaco collocabatur.
* '''[[122]]''' - [[Hadrianus]] vel Publius Aelius Hadrianus est in provincia Germania Superiore et Moguntiaco.
* '''[[162]]/[[169]]''' – [[Chatti]] invaserunt et verisimiliter Rhenum transgressi sunt.

=== Saeculum III ===
* '''[[235]] (Martis mense)''' - Imperator [[Severus Alexander]] et eius mater [[Julia Mamaea]] Moguntiaco iugulati sunt. [[Maximinus Thrax]] novus imperator proclamatus est.
* '''circa [[250]]''' – Vallum aedificatum est, quod omnem civitatem et theatrum et castra complexum est.
* '''[[258]]''' – Germani limitem Romanum transgressi sunt. 
* '''[[259]]–[[260]]''' – Germani ad Rhenum progressi sunt. Moguntiacum nunc urbs limitanea est.
* '''[[268]]''' - Moguntiacus Legatus Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus in Marcum Cassianium Latinium [[Postumus|Postumum]] imperatorem [[Imperium Galliarum|Imperii Galliarum]] insurrexit et Moguntiaco imperator proclamatus est. Postumus Moguntiacum devinxit sed mense Maio vel Iunii a legionariis suis iugulatus est, cum civitatem populari vetit. 
* '''[[285]]''' - Imperator [[Diocletianus]] imperium novavit. Ex provincia Germania Superiore minor provincia [[Germania I]] fit. Nunc in Moguntiaco [[dux]] Moguntiacensis est, qui exercitui Germanico praeest.
* '''[[292]]''' - [[Constantius I Chlorus|Constantius I]] &quot;[[Chlorus]]&quot;, pater [[Constantinus I|Constantini I]] &quot;Magni&quot;, a Moguntiaco castra motus est in [[Alamanni|Alamannos]] et eos usque ad [[Danubius|Danubium]] flumen paccavit.
* '''[[297]]''' – Tum primum nomen &quot;[[Civitas|Civitatis]] Mogontiacensium&quot; apparuit.

=== Saeculum IV ===
* '''ca. [[300]]''' – Hoc in anno [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] clipeum factum est aspectum urbis praebentem. Hoc est hodie primum urbis aspectum quem novimus. 
* '''[[343]]''' – Tum primum mentio facta est communitatis Christiani, [[episcopus|episcopo]] [[Marius (episcopus Moguntiaci)|Mario]] vel Martino nuncupato.
* '''post annum [[350]]''' – Novum vallum aedificatum est. Hoc non plus quam tertiam partem pristinae civitatis regionis complexum est.
* '''[[352]]–[[355]]''' – Iterum iterumque Germani invadunt. Germani oppidum non occupaverunt sed in regionibus suburbiis castra collocaverant. 
* '''[[357]]''' - [[Julianus Apostata]] vel Iulianus II Alamannis [[Argentoratum]] devinctis etiam Germanos ab Rheni regionibus expulserat. Sed legio XXII, quae Moguntiaco collocata erat, verisimiliter in [[Mursa]] in [[Dalmatia]] provincia bello civile deleta est. Moguntiaco solummodo Romani &quot;milites Armigeri&quot; collocati sunt.
* '''[[368]]''' – Dux alamannus Rando [[pascha|paschis]] aut pentecoste civitatem Moguntiacensem inopinantem aggressus, civitas populata est et incolae abducebantur.

=== Saeculum V ===
* '''[[406]]–[[407]]''' - [[Vandali]], [[Suebi]] et [[Alani]] Rhenum apud Moguntiacum prima ineuntis anni nocte transgressi oppidum populati sunt.
* '''[[411]]''' - Moguntiacum ad regnum [[Burgundi|Burgundorum]] pertinet, qui foederati Romanorum sunt.
* '''[[451]]''' - [[Hunni]] Moguntiacum invadebant.
* '''post annum [[450]]''' – Finis Moguntiaci Romani.

== Historiae Mediaeviae Chronicon ==

Ab anno [[975]] usque ad [[1109]] [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Moguntiaca]] aedificata est. 
Die [[1 Octobris]] [[1477]] [[Universitas Moguntiaca]] condita est.

== Historia recentior ==
Die [[23 Decembris]] [[1631]] [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]] rex [[Suecia]]e Moguntiacum urbem antea obsessam occupavit. Ad usque annum [[1936]] Sueci urbem tenuerunt.

== Filii civitatis ==
* [[Iohannes Gutenberg]] (1390 - 1468)
* [[Augustus Fredericus Kellner]] (1885 - 1970)
* [[Ioannes Wilhelmi]] (1899 - 1970), vir publicus et sodalis factionis [[CDU]]

== Regiones urbanae ==

Moguntiacum in quindecim [[circulus (iurisdictio)|circulos]] divisa est, quorum unus est [[Mainz-Drais]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Rhenania-Palatinatus]] (''regio''),
* [[Circulus Moguntinus-Bingiensis]] (''Circulus''),
* [[Bingium]],
* [[Rhenus]].


== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mainz}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Urbes quae sunt capita terrarum foederalium Germanicarum}}
{{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}}
{{Urbes Romanae Germaniae}}

[[Categoria:Moguntiacum| ]]
[[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Germaniae]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Primum saeculum */ confusio; iam mortuus est anno 19 !</comment>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Mainz altstadt.jpg|thumb|Oppidum vetus]]
'''Moguntiacum''' aut Mogontiacum ([[Germanice]]: ''Mainz'' , [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]]: ''Maguncia'' , [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Magonza'' , [[Francogallice]]: ''Mayence''), oppidi nomen a nomine Celtico ''Mogon'' nomine oriri putatur.
[[Fasciculus:Moguntia-altesLogo.jpg|thumb|left|Inscriptio veteris tituli: farcimina bona—merces odorum]]
Moguntiacum ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] fluvium est [[urbs]] [[Respublica Foederalis Germanica|Germanica]] et caput [[Dioecesis Moguntina]]e. Oppidum est maximum atque princeps terrae Rhenaniae-Palatinati.

[[Via]]e recta Rheni regione ductae [[ruber|rubros]], sine transversa regione currunt [[Caeruleus|caeruleos]] titulos habent. 

Anno [[38 a.C.n.]] urbs fundata est [[castra]] [[Drusus|Drusi]]. Ab anno [[98]] vel [[99]], urbs erat princeps provinciae Germaniae superioris. 
[[Fasciculus:MainzStrSchilder.jpg|thumb|left|Viarum tituli rubri et caerulei]]

== Moguntiaci antiqui Chronologia ==
'''Moguntiacum''' Romanum per 500 annos fuit pars [[Imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]]. Sunt multae magni momenti res Moguntiaco gestae, quod permagna legionum castra fuerunt in hac provincia Germania superiore et postremo urbs Germanis barbaris appropinquantibus custos finium imperii fiebat. 

Omnia quae hodie scimus in hac chronologia insequenti invenire potes: 

=== Primum saeculum ante Christum natum ===
[[Fasciculus:Jupitersaeule.jpg|thumb|left|Columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovis]]]]
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]–[[12 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus|Nero Claudius Drusus]] in montem castra collocavit.
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Legio XIV Gemina]] et [[Legio XVI Gallica]] in castris conlacatae sunt et decadis sequenetibus aliae copiae [[auxilia]]rum. Usque ad annum [[90]] duae legiones normaliter ibi conlocatae erant.
* '''[[9 a.C.n.]]''' – Mors [[Drusus|Neronis Claudii Drusi]] in expeditione in [[Magna Germania|Magnam Germaniam]]. Initium decursionis solemnis Mogontiaci erat.

=== Primum saeculum ===
* '''[[3]]''' – Ad Rheni fluvii ripam aedificatio portus initium cepit. Nostra aetate ibi [[navis|naves]] Romanae invenibantur. 
* '''[[4]]–[[9]]''' – Altera ripa Romani [[castellum]] [[Mattiaci|Mattiacorum]] construxerunt. Paulo post alia (secunda) castra aedificata sunt, quae verisimiliter fine secundi saeculi relinquebantur, quod Romani numerum legionum diminuebant. 
* '''[[15]]''' - [[Germanicus]] expeditiones praeparat in liberam Germaniam.
* '''[[17]]''' – Divisio fit exercitus Romani in partem Germaniae superioris et partem Germaniae inferioris. Moguntiacum sedes fit legati exercitus Germaniae superioris. 
* '''[[19]]''' - [[Senatus]] Romanus mentionem facit Drusum ad Rhenum honoratum esse. (Sic legere possumus in [[Tabula Siarensis|Tabula Siarensi]].)
* '''[[27]]''' – Aedificationis pontis sublici inter civitatem et castellum transriparium. Castellum nunc ad caput pontis positum est. 
* '''[[33]]''' - [[Thermae]] publicae aedificabantur in media civitate.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Caligula]] Moguntiaco est ut expiditionem in Germaniam praeparet. Insidias evadere potest. Etiam legatus Moguntiacus [[Cornelius Lentulus Gaeticulus]] in insidiis implicatus erat.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Suetonius]] mentionem facit [[theatrum|theatri]] Mogontiaci. Sed theatrum magnum, quod plus decies milia hominum capere poterat, versimiliter non prius quam secundo saeculo aedificatum est. 
* '''circiter [[50]]''' – Nauta Celticus Blussus Moguntiaci moritur.
* '''[[59]]–[[66]]''' – Magna columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovi]] data est.
* '''[[69]]''' - [[Insurrectio Batavorum]]. Suburbia deleta sunt. Publius [[Cornelius Tacitus]] narravit quod hostes castra legionum capere non potuissent. 
* '''ca. [[69]]–[[79]]''' - Cultus [[Cybele|Matris Magnae]] et [[Isis]] initium capit auctoribus verisimiliter [[Domus Flavia|Flaviis]]. [[Vespasianus]] castra et pontem sublicium lapidibus firmavit. 
[[Fasciculus:Roemersteine.jpg|thumb|left|Parietinae aquae ductus]]
* '''[[81]]–[[96]]''' – Tempore Augusti [[Domitianus|Domitiani]] [[aquae ductus]] ad castra deducebatur.
* '''[[83]]''' - Domitianus V legiones et auxilia conlocavit ad expeditionem in [[Chatti|Chattos]] praeparandam.
* '''[[88]]/[[89]]''' - Legatus [[Lucius Antonius Saturninus]] insurrectionem facit. Lucio devincto regio militaris postremo provincia Romana fit [[Germania Superior]] Moguntiaco capite provinciae.
* '''[[90]]''' – Legio una in castris relinquebatur.
* '''[[92]]''' - [[Legio XXII Primigenia Pia Fidelis]] in castris collocabatur usque ad medium saeculum quartum. 
* '''[[96]]–[[98]]''' - [[Traianus]] vel Marcus Ulpius Traianus legatus provinciae Germaniae Superioris in Moguntiaco fit.
* '''ad finem primi saeculi''' Aedificatio [[Limes|limitis Romani]] initium cepit. In Moguntiaco civitate aedificatum est templum [[Mithras|Mithrae]] dedicatum.

==== Imagines ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Stadttor2.jpg|Parietinae Castrorum
Image:Stadttor1.jpg|Parietinae portae castrorum
Image:Dativius Victor Bogen.jpg|Arcus Dativii Victoris
Image:Zitadelle Mainz Drususstein.jpg|cenotaphum ut fama fert Drusi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Saeculum II ===
* '''1/2 saeculo''' – [[Classis Romana]] in Moguntiaco collocabatur.
* '''[[122]]''' - [[Hadrianus]] vel Publius Aelius Hadrianus est in provincia Germania Superiore et Moguntiaco.
* '''[[162]]/[[169]]''' – [[Chatti]] invaserunt et verisimiliter Rhenum transgressi sunt.

=== Saeculum III ===
* '''[[235]] (Martis mense)''' - Imperator [[Severus Alexander]] et eius mater [[Julia Mamaea]] Moguntiaco iugulati sunt. [[Maximinus Thrax]] novus imperator proclamatus est.
* '''circa [[250]]''' – Vallum aedificatum est, quod omnem civitatem et theatrum et castra complexum est.
* '''[[258]]''' – Germani limitem Romanum transgressi sunt. 
* '''[[259]]–[[260]]''' – Germani ad Rhenum progressi sunt. Moguntiacum nunc urbs limitanea est.
* '''[[268]]''' - Moguntiacus Legatus Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus in Marcum Cassianium Latinium [[Postumus|Postumum]] imperatorem [[Imperium Galliarum|Imperii Galliarum]] insurrexit et Moguntiaco imperator proclamatus est. Postumus Moguntiacum devinxit sed mense Maio vel Iunii a legionariis suis iugulatus est, cum civitatem populari vetit. 
* '''[[285]]''' - Imperator [[Diocletianus]] imperium novavit. Ex provincia Germania Superiore minor provincia [[Germania I]] fit. Nunc in Moguntiaco [[dux]] Moguntiacensis est, qui exercitui Germanico praeest.
* '''[[292]]''' - [[Constantius I Chlorus|Constantius I]] &quot;[[Chlorus]]&quot;, pater [[Constantinus I|Constantini I]] &quot;Magni&quot;, a Moguntiaco castra motus est in [[Alamanni|Alamannos]] et eos usque ad [[Danubius|Danubium]] flumen paccavit.
* '''[[297]]''' – Tum primum nomen &quot;[[Civitas|Civitatis]] Mogontiacensium&quot; apparuit.

=== Saeculum IV ===
* '''ca. [[300]]''' – Hoc in anno [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] clipeum factum est aspectum urbis praebentem. Hoc est hodie primum urbis aspectum quem novimus. 
* '''[[343]]''' – Tum primum mentio facta est communitatis Christiani, [[episcopus|episcopo]] [[Marius (episcopus Moguntiaci)|Mario]] vel Martino nuncupato.
* '''post annum [[350]]''' – Novum vallum aedificatum est. Hoc non plus quam tertiam partem pristinae civitatis regionis complexum est.
* '''[[352]]–[[355]]''' – Iterum iterumque Germani invadunt. Germani oppidum non occupaverunt sed in regionibus suburbiis castra collocaverant. 
* '''[[357]]''' - [[Julianus Apostata]] vel Iulianus II Alamannis [[Argentoratum]] devinctis etiam Germanos ab Rheni regionibus expulserat. Sed legio XXII, quae Moguntiaco collocata erat, verisimiliter in [[Mursa]] in [[Dalmatia]] provincia bello civile deleta est. Moguntiaco solummodo Romani &quot;milites Armigeri&quot; collocati sunt.
* '''[[368]]''' – Dux alamannus Rando [[pascha|paschis]] aut pentecoste civitatem Moguntiacensem inopinantem aggressus, civitas populata est et incolae abducebantur.

=== Saeculum V ===
* '''[[406]]–[[407]]''' - [[Vandali]], [[Suebi]] et [[Alani]] Rhenum apud Moguntiacum prima ineuntis anni nocte transgressi oppidum populati sunt.
* '''[[411]]''' - Moguntiacum ad regnum [[Burgundi|Burgundorum]] pertinet, qui foederati Romanorum sunt.
* '''[[451]]''' - [[Hunni]] Moguntiacum invadebant.
* '''post annum [[450]]''' – Finis Moguntiaci Romani.

== Historiae Mediaeviae Chronicon ==

Ab anno [[975]] usque ad [[1109]] [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Moguntiaca]] aedificata est. 
Die [[1 Octobris]] [[1477]] [[Universitas Moguntiaca]] condita est.

== Historia recentior ==
Die [[23 Decembris]] [[1631]] [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]] rex [[Suecia]]e Moguntiacum urbem antea obsessam occupavit. Ad usque annum [[1936]] Sueci urbem tenuerunt.

== Filii civitatis ==
* [[Iohannes Gutenberg]] (1390 - 1468)
* [[Augustus Fredericus Kellner]] (1885 - 1970)
* [[Ioannes Wilhelmi]] (1899 - 1970), vir publicus et sodalis factionis [[CDU]]

== Regiones urbanae ==

Moguntiacum in quindecim [[circulus (iurisdictio)|circulos]] divisa est, quorum unus est [[Mainz-Drais]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Rhenania-Palatinatus]] (''regio''),
* [[Circulus Moguntinus-Bingiensis]] (''Circulus''),
* [[Bingium]],
* [[Rhenus]].


== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mainz}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Urbes quae sunt capita terrarum foederalium Germanicarum}}
{{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}}
{{Urbes Romanae Germaniae}}

[[Categoria:Moguntiacum| ]]
[[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Germaniae]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995586</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-19T13:41:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Primum saeculum */ nexus</comment>
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      <text bytes="9452" sha1="f4ks4n5d6znd5kpkf2qsacygt76mwky" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Incipit data !--&gt;
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Mainz altstadt.jpg|thumb|Oppidum vetus]]
'''Moguntiacum''' aut Mogontiacum ([[Germanice]]: ''Mainz'' , [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]]: ''Maguncia'' , [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Magonza'' , [[Francogallice]]: ''Mayence''), oppidi nomen a nomine Celtico ''Mogon'' nomine oriri putatur.
[[Fasciculus:Moguntia-altesLogo.jpg|thumb|left|Inscriptio veteris tituli: farcimina bona—merces odorum]]
Moguntiacum ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] fluvium est [[urbs]] [[Respublica Foederalis Germanica|Germanica]] et caput [[Dioecesis Moguntina]]e. Oppidum est maximum atque princeps terrae Rhenaniae-Palatinati.

[[Via]]e recta Rheni regione ductae [[ruber|rubros]], sine transversa regione currunt [[Caeruleus|caeruleos]] titulos habent. 

Anno [[38 a.C.n.]] urbs fundata est [[castra]] [[Drusus|Drusi]]. Ab anno [[98]] vel [[99]], urbs erat princeps provinciae Germaniae superioris. 
[[Fasciculus:MainzStrSchilder.jpg|thumb|left|Viarum tituli rubri et caerulei]]

== Moguntiaci antiqui Chronologia ==
'''Moguntiacum''' Romanum per 500 annos fuit pars [[Imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]]. Sunt multae magni momenti res Moguntiaco gestae, quod permagna legionum castra fuerunt in hac provincia Germania superiore et postremo urbs Germanis barbaris appropinquantibus custos finium imperii fiebat. 

Omnia quae hodie scimus in hac chronologia insequenti invenire potes: 

=== Primum saeculum ante Christum natum ===
[[Fasciculus:Jupitersaeule.jpg|thumb|left|Columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovis]]]]
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]–[[12 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus|Nero Claudius Drusus]] in montem castra collocavit.
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Legio XIV Gemina]] et [[Legio XVI Gallica]] in castris conlacatae sunt et decadis sequenetibus aliae copiae [[auxilia]]rum. Usque ad annum [[90]] duae legiones normaliter ibi conlocatae erant.
* '''[[9 a.C.n.]]''' – Mors [[Drusus|Neronis Claudii Drusi]] in expeditione in [[Magna Germania|Magnam Germaniam]]. Initium decursionis solemnis Mogontiaci erat.

=== Primum saeculum ===
* '''[[3]]''' – Ad Rheni fluvii ripam aedificatio portus initium cepit. Nostra aetate ibi [[navis|naves]] Romanae invenibantur. 
* '''[[4]]–[[9]]''' – Altera ripa Romani [[castellum]] [[Mattiaci|Mattiacorum]] construxerunt. Paulo post alia (secunda) castra aedificata sunt, quae verisimiliter fine secundi saeculi relinquebantur, quod Romani numerum legionum diminuebant. 
* '''[[15]]''' - [[Germanicus]] expeditiones praeparat in liberam Germaniam.
* '''[[17]]''' – Divisio fit exercitus Romani in partem Germaniae superioris et partem Germaniae inferioris. Moguntiacum sedes fit legati exercitus Germaniae superioris. 
* '''[[19]]''' - [[Senatus]] Romanus mentionem facit Drusum ad Rhenum honoratum esse. (Sic legere possumus in [[Tabula Siarensis|Tabula Siarensi]].)
* '''[[27]]''' – Aedificationis pontis sublici inter civitatem et castellum transriparium. Castellum nunc ad caput pontis positum est. 
* '''[[33]]''' - [[Thermae]] publicae aedificabantur in media civitate.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Caligula]] Moguntiaco est ut expiditionem in Germaniam praeparet. Insidias evadere potest. Etiam legatus Moguntiacus [[Cornelius Lentulus Gaeticulus]] in insidiis implicatus erat.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Suetonius]] mentionem facit [[theatrum|theatri]] Mogontiaci. Sed theatrum magnum, quod plus decies milia hominum capere poterat, versimiliter non prius quam secundo saeculo aedificatum est. 
* '''circiter [[50]]''' – Nauta Celticus Blussus Moguntiaci moritur.
* '''[[59]]–[[66]]''' – Magna columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovi]] data est.
* '''[[69]]''' - [[Insurrectio Batavorum]]. Suburbia deleta sunt. Publius [[Cornelius Tacitus]] narravit quod hostes castra legionum capere non potuissent. 
* '''ca. [[69]]–[[79]]''' - Cultus [[Cybele|Matris Magnae]] et [[Isis]] initium capit auctoribus verisimiliter [[Gens Flavia|Flaviis]]. [[Vespasianus]] castra et pontem sublicium lapidibus firmavit. 
[[Fasciculus:Roemersteine.jpg|thumb|left|Parietinae aquae ductus]]
* '''[[81]]–[[96]]''' – Tempore Augusti [[Domitianus|Domitiani]] [[aquae ductus]] ad castra deducebatur.
* '''[[83]]''' - Domitianus V legiones et auxilia conlocavit ad expeditionem in [[Chatti|Chattos]] praeparandam.
* '''[[88]]/[[89]]''' - Legatus [[Lucius Antonius Saturninus]] insurrectionem facit. Lucio devincto regio militaris postremo provincia Romana fit [[Germania Superior]] Moguntiaco capite provinciae.
* '''[[90]]''' – Legio una in castris relinquebatur.
* '''[[92]]''' - [[Legio XXII Primigenia Pia Fidelis]] in castris collocabatur usque ad medium saeculum quartum. 
* '''[[96]]–[[98]]''' - [[Traianus]] vel Marcus Ulpius Traianus legatus provinciae Germaniae Superioris in Moguntiaco fit.
* '''ad finem primi saeculi''' Aedificatio [[Limes|limitis Romani]] initium cepit. In Moguntiaco civitate aedificatum est templum [[Mithras|Mithrae]] dedicatum.

==== Imagines ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Stadttor2.jpg|Parietinae Castrorum
Image:Stadttor1.jpg|Parietinae portae castrorum
Image:Dativius Victor Bogen.jpg|Arcus Dativii Victoris
Image:Zitadelle Mainz Drususstein.jpg|cenotaphum ut fama fert Drusi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Saeculum II ===
* '''1/2 saeculo''' – [[Classis Romana]] in Moguntiaco collocabatur.
* '''[[122]]''' - [[Hadrianus]] vel Publius Aelius Hadrianus est in provincia Germania Superiore et Moguntiaco.
* '''[[162]]/[[169]]''' – [[Chatti]] invaserunt et verisimiliter Rhenum transgressi sunt.

=== Saeculum III ===
* '''[[235]] (Martis mense)''' - Imperator [[Severus Alexander]] et eius mater [[Julia Mamaea]] Moguntiaco iugulati sunt. [[Maximinus Thrax]] novus imperator proclamatus est.
* '''circa [[250]]''' – Vallum aedificatum est, quod omnem civitatem et theatrum et castra complexum est.
* '''[[258]]''' – Germani limitem Romanum transgressi sunt. 
* '''[[259]]–[[260]]''' – Germani ad Rhenum progressi sunt. Moguntiacum nunc urbs limitanea est.
* '''[[268]]''' - Moguntiacus Legatus Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus in Marcum Cassianium Latinium [[Postumus|Postumum]] imperatorem [[Imperium Galliarum|Imperii Galliarum]] insurrexit et Moguntiaco imperator proclamatus est. Postumus Moguntiacum devinxit sed mense Maio vel Iunii a legionariis suis iugulatus est, cum civitatem populari vetit. 
* '''[[285]]''' - Imperator [[Diocletianus]] imperium novavit. Ex provincia Germania Superiore minor provincia [[Germania I]] fit. Nunc in Moguntiaco [[dux]] Moguntiacensis est, qui exercitui Germanico praeest.
* '''[[292]]''' - [[Constantius I Chlorus|Constantius I]] &quot;[[Chlorus]]&quot;, pater [[Constantinus I|Constantini I]] &quot;Magni&quot;, a Moguntiaco castra motus est in [[Alamanni|Alamannos]] et eos usque ad [[Danubius|Danubium]] flumen paccavit.
* '''[[297]]''' – Tum primum nomen &quot;[[Civitas|Civitatis]] Mogontiacensium&quot; apparuit.

=== Saeculum IV ===
* '''ca. [[300]]''' – Hoc in anno [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] clipeum factum est aspectum urbis praebentem. Hoc est hodie primum urbis aspectum quem novimus. 
* '''[[343]]''' – Tum primum mentio facta est communitatis Christiani, [[episcopus|episcopo]] [[Marius (episcopus Moguntiaci)|Mario]] vel Martino nuncupato.
* '''post annum [[350]]''' – Novum vallum aedificatum est. Hoc non plus quam tertiam partem pristinae civitatis regionis complexum est.
* '''[[352]]–[[355]]''' – Iterum iterumque Germani invadunt. Germani oppidum non occupaverunt sed in regionibus suburbiis castra collocaverant. 
* '''[[357]]''' - [[Julianus Apostata]] vel Iulianus II Alamannis [[Argentoratum]] devinctis etiam Germanos ab Rheni regionibus expulserat. Sed legio XXII, quae Moguntiaco collocata erat, verisimiliter in [[Mursa]] in [[Dalmatia]] provincia bello civile deleta est. Moguntiaco solummodo Romani &quot;milites Armigeri&quot; collocati sunt.
* '''[[368]]''' – Dux alamannus Rando [[pascha|paschis]] aut pentecoste civitatem Moguntiacensem inopinantem aggressus, civitas populata est et incolae abducebantur.

=== Saeculum V ===
* '''[[406]]–[[407]]''' - [[Vandali]], [[Suebi]] et [[Alani]] Rhenum apud Moguntiacum prima ineuntis anni nocte transgressi oppidum populati sunt.
* '''[[411]]''' - Moguntiacum ad regnum [[Burgundi|Burgundorum]] pertinet, qui foederati Romanorum sunt.
* '''[[451]]''' - [[Hunni]] Moguntiacum invadebant.
* '''post annum [[450]]''' – Finis Moguntiaci Romani.

== Historiae Mediaeviae Chronicon ==

Ab anno [[975]] usque ad [[1109]] [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Moguntiaca]] aedificata est. 
Die [[1 Octobris]] [[1477]] [[Universitas Moguntiaca]] condita est.

== Historia recentior ==
Die [[23 Decembris]] [[1631]] [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]] rex [[Suecia]]e Moguntiacum urbem antea obsessam occupavit. Ad usque annum [[1936]] Sueci urbem tenuerunt.

== Filii civitatis ==
* [[Iohannes Gutenberg]] (1390 - 1468)
* [[Augustus Fredericus Kellner]] (1885 - 1970)
* [[Ioannes Wilhelmi]] (1899 - 1970), vir publicus et sodalis factionis [[CDU]]

== Regiones urbanae ==

Moguntiacum in quindecim [[circulus (iurisdictio)|circulos]] divisa est, quorum unus est [[Mainz-Drais]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Rhenania-Palatinatus]] (''regio''),
* [[Circulus Moguntinus-Bingiensis]] (''Circulus''),
* [[Bingium]],
* [[Rhenus]].


== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mainz}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Urbes quae sunt capita terrarum foederalium Germanicarum}}
{{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}}
{{Urbes Romanae Germaniae}}

[[Categoria:Moguntiacum| ]]
[[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Germaniae]]</text>
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        <username>Bavarese</username>
        <id>43163</id>
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      <comment>palatinatus, us.</comment>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Mainz altstadt.jpg|thumb|Oppidum vetus]]
'''Moguntiacum''' aut Mogontiacum ([[Germanice]]: ''Mainz'' , [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]]: ''Maguncia'' , [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Magonza'' , [[Francogallice]]: ''Mayence''), oppidi nomen a nomine Celtico ''Mogon'' nomine oriri putatur.
[[Fasciculus:Moguntia-altesLogo.jpg|thumb|left|Inscriptio veteris tituli: farcimina bona—merces odorum]]
Moguntiacum ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] fluvium est [[urbs]] [[Respublica Foederalis Germanica|Germanica]] et caput [[Dioecesis Moguntina]]e. Oppidum est maximum atque princeps terrae Rhenaniae-Palatinatus.

[[Via]]e recta Rheni regione ductae [[ruber|rubros]], sine transversa regione currunt [[Caeruleus|caeruleos]] titulos habent. 

Anno [[38 a.C.n.]] urbs fundata est [[castra]] [[Drusus|Drusi]]. Ab anno [[98]] vel [[99]], urbs erat princeps provinciae Germaniae superioris. 
[[Fasciculus:MainzStrSchilder.jpg|thumb|left|Viarum tituli rubri et caerulei]]

== Moguntiaci antiqui Chronologia ==
'''Moguntiacum''' Romanum per 500 annos fuit pars [[Imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]]. Sunt multae magni momenti res Moguntiaco gestae, quod permagna legionum castra fuerunt in hac provincia Germania superiore et postremo urbs Germanis barbaris appropinquantibus custos finium imperii fiebat. 

Omnia quae hodie scimus in hac chronologia insequenti invenire potes: 

=== Primum saeculum ante Christum natum ===
[[Fasciculus:Jupitersaeule.jpg|thumb|left|Columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovis]]]]
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]–[[12 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus|Nero Claudius Drusus]] in montem castra collocavit.
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Legio XIV Gemina]] et [[Legio XVI Gallica]] in castris conlacatae sunt et decadis sequenetibus aliae copiae [[auxilia]]rum. Usque ad annum [[90]] duae legiones normaliter ibi conlocatae erant.
* '''[[9 a.C.n.]]''' – Mors [[Drusus|Neronis Claudii Drusi]] in expeditione in [[Magna Germania|Magnam Germaniam]]. Initium decursionis solemnis Mogontiaci erat.

=== Primum saeculum ===
* '''[[3]]''' – Ad Rheni fluvii ripam aedificatio portus initium cepit. Nostra aetate ibi [[navis|naves]] Romanae invenibantur. 
* '''[[4]]–[[9]]''' – Altera ripa Romani [[castellum]] [[Mattiaci|Mattiacorum]] construxerunt. Paulo post alia (secunda) castra aedificata sunt, quae verisimiliter fine secundi saeculi relinquebantur, quod Romani numerum legionum diminuebant. 
* '''[[15]]''' - [[Germanicus]] expeditiones praeparat in liberam Germaniam.
* '''[[17]]''' – Divisio fit exercitus Romani in partem Germaniae superioris et partem Germaniae inferioris. Moguntiacum sedes fit legati exercitus Germaniae superioris. 
* '''[[19]]''' - [[Senatus]] Romanus mentionem facit Drusum ad Rhenum honoratum esse. (Sic legere possumus in [[Tabula Siarensis|Tabula Siarensi]].)
* '''[[27]]''' – Aedificationis pontis sublici inter civitatem et castellum transriparium. Castellum nunc ad caput pontis positum est. 
* '''[[33]]''' - [[Thermae]] publicae aedificabantur in media civitate.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Caligula]] Moguntiaco est ut expiditionem in Germaniam praeparet. Insidias evadere potest. Etiam legatus Moguntiacus [[Cornelius Lentulus Gaeticulus]] in insidiis implicatus erat.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Suetonius]] mentionem facit [[theatrum|theatri]] Mogontiaci. Sed theatrum magnum, quod plus decies milia hominum capere poterat, versimiliter non prius quam secundo saeculo aedificatum est. 
* '''circiter [[50]]''' – Nauta Celticus Blussus Moguntiaci moritur.
* '''[[59]]–[[66]]''' – Magna columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovi]] data est.
* '''[[69]]''' - [[Insurrectio Batavorum]]. Suburbia deleta sunt. Publius [[Cornelius Tacitus]] narravit quod hostes castra legionum capere non potuissent. 
* '''ca. [[69]]–[[79]]''' - Cultus [[Cybele|Matris Magnae]] et [[Isis]] initium capit auctoribus verisimiliter [[Gens Flavia|Flaviis]]. [[Vespasianus]] castra et pontem sublicium lapidibus firmavit. 
[[Fasciculus:Roemersteine.jpg|thumb|left|Parietinae aquae ductus]]
* '''[[81]]–[[96]]''' – Tempore Augusti [[Domitianus|Domitiani]] [[aquae ductus]] ad castra deducebatur.
* '''[[83]]''' - Domitianus V legiones et auxilia conlocavit ad expeditionem in [[Chatti|Chattos]] praeparandam.
* '''[[88]]/[[89]]''' - Legatus [[Lucius Antonius Saturninus]] insurrectionem facit. Lucio devincto regio militaris postremo provincia Romana fit [[Germania Superior]] Moguntiaco capite provinciae.
* '''[[90]]''' – Legio una in castris relinquebatur.
* '''[[92]]''' - [[Legio XXII Primigenia Pia Fidelis]] in castris collocabatur usque ad medium saeculum quartum. 
* '''[[96]]–[[98]]''' - [[Traianus]] vel Marcus Ulpius Traianus legatus provinciae Germaniae Superioris in Moguntiaco fit.
* '''ad finem primi saeculi''' Aedificatio [[Limes|limitis Romani]] initium cepit. In Moguntiaco civitate aedificatum est templum [[Mithras|Mithrae]] dedicatum.

==== Imagines ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Stadttor2.jpg|Parietinae Castrorum
Image:Stadttor1.jpg|Parietinae portae castrorum
Image:Dativius Victor Bogen.jpg|Arcus Dativii Victoris
Image:Zitadelle Mainz Drususstein.jpg|cenotaphum ut fama fert Drusi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Saeculum II ===
* '''1/2 saeculo''' – [[Classis Romana]] in Moguntiaco collocabatur.
* '''[[122]]''' - [[Hadrianus]] vel Publius Aelius Hadrianus est in provincia Germania Superiore et Moguntiaco.
* '''[[162]]/[[169]]''' – [[Chatti]] invaserunt et verisimiliter Rhenum transgressi sunt.

=== Saeculum III ===
* '''[[235]] (Martis mense)''' - Imperator [[Severus Alexander]] et eius mater [[Julia Mamaea]] Moguntiaco iugulati sunt. [[Maximinus Thrax]] novus imperator proclamatus est.
* '''circa [[250]]''' – Vallum aedificatum est, quod omnem civitatem et theatrum et castra complexum est.
* '''[[258]]''' – Germani limitem Romanum transgressi sunt. 
* '''[[259]]–[[260]]''' – Germani ad Rhenum progressi sunt. Moguntiacum nunc urbs limitanea est.
* '''[[268]]''' - Moguntiacus Legatus Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus in Marcum Cassianium Latinium [[Postumus|Postumum]] imperatorem [[Imperium Galliarum|Imperii Galliarum]] insurrexit et Moguntiaco imperator proclamatus est. Postumus Moguntiacum devinxit sed mense Maio vel Iunii a legionariis suis iugulatus est, cum civitatem populari vetit. 
* '''[[285]]''' - Imperator [[Diocletianus]] imperium novavit. Ex provincia Germania Superiore minor provincia [[Germania I]] fit. Nunc in Moguntiaco [[dux]] Moguntiacensis est, qui exercitui Germanico praeest.
* '''[[292]]''' - [[Constantius I Chlorus|Constantius I]] &quot;[[Chlorus]]&quot;, pater [[Constantinus I|Constantini I]] &quot;Magni&quot;, a Moguntiaco castra motus est in [[Alamanni|Alamannos]] et eos usque ad [[Danubius|Danubium]] flumen paccavit.
* '''[[297]]''' – Tum primum nomen &quot;[[Civitas|Civitatis]] Mogontiacensium&quot; apparuit.

=== Saeculum IV ===
* '''ca. [[300]]''' – Hoc in anno [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] clipeum factum est aspectum urbis praebentem. Hoc est hodie primum urbis aspectum quem novimus. 
* '''[[343]]''' – Tum primum mentio facta est communitatis Christiani, [[episcopus|episcopo]] [[Marius (episcopus Moguntiaci)|Mario]] vel Martino nuncupato.
* '''post annum [[350]]''' – Novum vallum aedificatum est. Hoc non plus quam tertiam partem pristinae civitatis regionis complexum est.
* '''[[352]]–[[355]]''' – Iterum iterumque Germani invadunt. Germani oppidum non occupaverunt sed in regionibus suburbiis castra collocaverant. 
* '''[[357]]''' - [[Julianus Apostata]] vel Iulianus II Alamannis [[Argentoratum]] devinctis etiam Germanos ab Rheni regionibus expulserat. Sed legio XXII, quae Moguntiaco collocata erat, verisimiliter in [[Mursa]] in [[Dalmatia]] provincia bello civile deleta est. Moguntiaco solummodo Romani &quot;milites Armigeri&quot; collocati sunt.
* '''[[368]]''' – Dux alamannus Rando [[pascha|paschis]] aut pentecoste civitatem Moguntiacensem inopinantem aggressus, civitas populata est et incolae abducebantur.

=== Saeculum V ===
* '''[[406]]–[[407]]''' - [[Vandali]], [[Suebi]] et [[Alani]] Rhenum apud Moguntiacum prima ineuntis anni nocte transgressi oppidum populati sunt.
* '''[[411]]''' - Moguntiacum ad regnum [[Burgundi|Burgundorum]] pertinet, qui foederati Romanorum sunt.
* '''[[451]]''' - [[Hunni]] Moguntiacum invadebant.
* '''post annum [[450]]''' – Finis Moguntiaci Romani.

== Historiae Mediaeviae Chronicon ==

Ab anno [[975]] usque ad [[1109]] [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Moguntiaca]] aedificata est. 
Die [[1 Octobris]] [[1477]] [[Universitas Moguntiaca]] condita est.

== Historia recentior ==
Die [[23 Decembris]] [[1631]] [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]] rex [[Suecia]]e Moguntiacum urbem antea obsessam occupavit. Ad usque annum [[1936]] Sueci urbem tenuerunt.

== Filii civitatis ==
* [[Iohannes Gutenberg]] (1390 - 1468)
* [[Augustus Fredericus Kellner]] (1885 - 1970)
* [[Ioannes Wilhelmi]] (1899 - 1970), vir publicus et sodalis factionis [[CDU]]

== Regiones urbanae ==

Moguntiacum in quindecim [[circulus (iurisdictio)|circulos]] divisa est, quorum unus est [[Mainz-Drais]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Rhenania-Palatinatus]] (''regio''),
* [[Circulus Moguntinus-Bingiensis]] (''Circulus''),
* [[Bingium]],
* [[Rhenus]].


== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mainz}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Urbes quae sunt capita terrarum foederalium Germanicarum}}
{{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}}
{{Urbes Romanae Germaniae}}

[[Categoria:Moguntiacum| ]]
[[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Germaniae]]</text>
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        <username>Bavarese</username>
        <id>43163</id>
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      <comment>/* Moguntiaci antiqui Chronologia */</comment>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Mainz altstadt.jpg|thumb|Oppidum vetus]]
'''Moguntiacum''' aut Mogontiacum ([[Germanice]]: ''Mainz'' , [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]]: ''Maguncia'' , [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Magonza'' , [[Francogallice]]: ''Mayence''), oppidi nomen a nomine Celtico ''Mogon'' nomine oriri putatur.
[[Fasciculus:Moguntia-altesLogo.jpg|thumb|left|Inscriptio veteris tituli: farcimina bona—merces odorum]]
Moguntiacum ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] fluvium est [[urbs]] [[Respublica Foederalis Germanica|Germanica]] et caput [[Dioecesis Moguntina]]e. Oppidum est maximum atque princeps terrae Rhenaniae-Palatinatus.

[[Via]]e recta Rheni regione ductae [[ruber|rubros]], sine transversa regione currunt [[Caeruleus|caeruleos]] titulos habent. 

Anno [[38 a.C.n.]] urbs fundata est [[castra]] [[Drusus|Drusi]]. Ab anno [[98]] vel [[99]], urbs erat princeps provinciae Germaniae superioris. 
[[Fasciculus:MainzStrSchilder.jpg|thumb|left|Viarum tituli rubri et caerulei]]

== Moguntiaci antiqui Chronologia ==
'''Moguntiacum''' Romanum per 500 annos fuit pars [[Imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]]. Sunt multae magni momenti res Moguntiaci gestae, quod permagna legionum castra fuerunt in hac provincia Germania superiore et postremo urbs Germanis barbaris appropinquantibus custos finium imperii fiebat. 

Omnia quae hodie scimus in hac chronologia insequenti invenire potes: 

=== Primum saeculum ante Christum natum ===
[[Fasciculus:Jupitersaeule.jpg|thumb|left|Columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovis]]]]
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]–[[12 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus|Nero Claudius Drusus]] in montem castra collocavit.
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Legio XIV Gemina]] et [[Legio XVI Gallica]] in castris conlacatae sunt et decadis sequenetibus aliae copiae [[auxilia]]rum. Usque ad annum [[90]] duae legiones normaliter ibi conlocatae erant.
* '''[[9 a.C.n.]]''' – Mors [[Drusus|Neronis Claudii Drusi]] in expeditione in [[Magna Germania|Magnam Germaniam]]. Initium decursionis solemnis Mogontiaci erat.

=== Primum saeculum ===
* '''[[3]]''' – Ad Rheni fluvii ripam aedificatio portus initium cepit. Nostra aetate ibi [[navis|naves]] Romanae invenibantur. 
* '''[[4]]–[[9]]''' – Altera ripa Romani [[castellum]] [[Mattiaci|Mattiacorum]] construxerunt. Paulo post alia (secunda) castra aedificata sunt, quae verisimiliter fine secundi saeculi relinquebantur, quod Romani numerum legionum diminuebant. 
* '''[[15]]''' - [[Germanicus]] expeditiones praeparat in liberam Germaniam.
* '''[[17]]''' – Divisio fit exercitus Romani in partem Germaniae superioris et partem Germaniae inferioris. Moguntiacum sedes fit legati exercitus Germaniae superioris. 
* '''[[19]]''' - [[Senatus]] Romanus mentionem facit Drusum ad Rhenum honoratum esse. (Sic legere possumus in [[Tabula Siarensis|Tabula Siarensi]].)
* '''[[27]]''' – Aedificationis pontis sublici inter civitatem et castellum transriparium. Castellum nunc ad caput pontis positum est. 
* '''[[33]]''' - [[Thermae]] publicae aedificabantur in media civitate.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Caligula]] Moguntiaco est ut expiditionem in Germaniam praeparet. Insidias evadere potest. Etiam legatus Moguntiacus [[Cornelius Lentulus Gaeticulus]] in insidiis implicatus erat.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Suetonius]] mentionem facit [[theatrum|theatri]] Mogontiaci. Sed theatrum magnum, quod plus decies milia hominum capere poterat, versimiliter non prius quam secundo saeculo aedificatum est. 
* '''circiter [[50]]''' – Nauta Celticus Blussus Moguntiaci moritur.
* '''[[59]]–[[66]]''' – Magna columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovi]] data est.
* '''[[69]]''' - [[Insurrectio Batavorum]]. Suburbia deleta sunt. Publius [[Cornelius Tacitus]] narravit quod hostes castra legionum capere non potuissent. 
* '''ca. [[69]]–[[79]]''' - Cultus [[Cybele|Matris Magnae]] et [[Isis]] initium capit auctoribus verisimiliter [[Gens Flavia|Flaviis]]. [[Vespasianus]] castra et pontem sublicium lapidibus firmavit. 
[[Fasciculus:Roemersteine.jpg|thumb|left|Parietinae aquae ductus]]
* '''[[81]]–[[96]]''' – Tempore Augusti [[Domitianus|Domitiani]] [[aquae ductus]] ad castra deducebatur.
* '''[[83]]''' - Domitianus V legiones et auxilia conlocavit ad expeditionem in [[Chatti|Chattos]] praeparandam.
* '''[[88]]/[[89]]''' - Legatus [[Lucius Antonius Saturninus]] insurrectionem facit. Lucio devincto regio militaris postremo provincia Romana fit [[Germania Superior]] Moguntiaco capite provinciae.
* '''[[90]]''' – Legio una in castris relinquebatur.
* '''[[92]]''' - [[Legio XXII Primigenia Pia Fidelis]] in castris collocabatur usque ad medium saeculum quartum. 
* '''[[96]]–[[98]]''' - [[Traianus]] vel Marcus Ulpius Traianus legatus provinciae Germaniae Superioris in Moguntiaco fit.
* '''ad finem primi saeculi''' Aedificatio [[Limes|limitis Romani]] initium cepit. In Moguntiaco civitate aedificatum est templum [[Mithras|Mithrae]] dedicatum.

==== Imagines ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Stadttor2.jpg|Parietinae Castrorum
Image:Stadttor1.jpg|Parietinae portae castrorum
Image:Dativius Victor Bogen.jpg|Arcus Dativii Victoris
Image:Zitadelle Mainz Drususstein.jpg|cenotaphum ut fama fert Drusi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Saeculum II ===
* '''1/2 saeculo''' – [[Classis Romana]] in Moguntiaco collocabatur.
* '''[[122]]''' - [[Hadrianus]] vel Publius Aelius Hadrianus est in provincia Germania Superiore et Moguntiaco.
* '''[[162]]/[[169]]''' – [[Chatti]] invaserunt et verisimiliter Rhenum transgressi sunt.

=== Saeculum III ===
* '''[[235]] (Martis mense)''' - Imperator [[Severus Alexander]] et eius mater [[Julia Mamaea]] Moguntiaco iugulati sunt. [[Maximinus Thrax]] novus imperator proclamatus est.
* '''circa [[250]]''' – Vallum aedificatum est, quod omnem civitatem et theatrum et castra complexum est.
* '''[[258]]''' – Germani limitem Romanum transgressi sunt. 
* '''[[259]]–[[260]]''' – Germani ad Rhenum progressi sunt. Moguntiacum nunc urbs limitanea est.
* '''[[268]]''' - Moguntiacus Legatus Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus in Marcum Cassianium Latinium [[Postumus|Postumum]] imperatorem [[Imperium Galliarum|Imperii Galliarum]] insurrexit et Moguntiaco imperator proclamatus est. Postumus Moguntiacum devinxit sed mense Maio vel Iunii a legionariis suis iugulatus est, cum civitatem populari vetit. 
* '''[[285]]''' - Imperator [[Diocletianus]] imperium novavit. Ex provincia Germania Superiore minor provincia [[Germania I]] fit. Nunc in Moguntiaco [[dux]] Moguntiacensis est, qui exercitui Germanico praeest.
* '''[[292]]''' - [[Constantius I Chlorus|Constantius I]] &quot;[[Chlorus]]&quot;, pater [[Constantinus I|Constantini I]] &quot;Magni&quot;, a Moguntiaco castra motus est in [[Alamanni|Alamannos]] et eos usque ad [[Danubius|Danubium]] flumen paccavit.
* '''[[297]]''' – Tum primum nomen &quot;[[Civitas|Civitatis]] Mogontiacensium&quot; apparuit.

=== Saeculum IV ===
* '''ca. [[300]]''' – Hoc in anno [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] clipeum factum est aspectum urbis praebentem. Hoc est hodie primum urbis aspectum quem novimus. 
* '''[[343]]''' – Tum primum mentio facta est communitatis Christiani, [[episcopus|episcopo]] [[Marius (episcopus Moguntiaci)|Mario]] vel Martino nuncupato.
* '''post annum [[350]]''' – Novum vallum aedificatum est. Hoc non plus quam tertiam partem pristinae civitatis regionis complexum est.
* '''[[352]]–[[355]]''' – Iterum iterumque Germani invadunt. Germani oppidum non occupaverunt sed in regionibus suburbiis castra collocaverant. 
* '''[[357]]''' - [[Julianus Apostata]] vel Iulianus II Alamannis [[Argentoratum]] devinctis etiam Germanos ab Rheni regionibus expulserat. Sed legio XXII, quae Moguntiaco collocata erat, verisimiliter in [[Mursa]] in [[Dalmatia]] provincia bello civile deleta est. Moguntiaco solummodo Romani &quot;milites Armigeri&quot; collocati sunt.
* '''[[368]]''' – Dux alamannus Rando [[pascha|paschis]] aut pentecoste civitatem Moguntiacensem inopinantem aggressus, civitas populata est et incolae abducebantur.

=== Saeculum V ===
* '''[[406]]–[[407]]''' - [[Vandali]], [[Suebi]] et [[Alani]] Rhenum apud Moguntiacum prima ineuntis anni nocte transgressi oppidum populati sunt.
* '''[[411]]''' - Moguntiacum ad regnum [[Burgundi|Burgundorum]] pertinet, qui foederati Romanorum sunt.
* '''[[451]]''' - [[Hunni]] Moguntiacum invadebant.
* '''post annum [[450]]''' – Finis Moguntiaci Romani.

== Historiae Mediaeviae Chronicon ==

Ab anno [[975]] usque ad [[1109]] [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Moguntiaca]] aedificata est. 
Die [[1 Octobris]] [[1477]] [[Universitas Moguntiaca]] condita est.

== Historia recentior ==
Die [[23 Decembris]] [[1631]] [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]] rex [[Suecia]]e Moguntiacum urbem antea obsessam occupavit. Ad usque annum [[1936]] Sueci urbem tenuerunt.

== Filii civitatis ==
* [[Iohannes Gutenberg]] (1390 - 1468)
* [[Augustus Fredericus Kellner]] (1885 - 1970)
* [[Ioannes Wilhelmi]] (1899 - 1970), vir publicus et sodalis factionis [[CDU]]

== Regiones urbanae ==

Moguntiacum in quindecim [[circulus (iurisdictio)|circulos]] divisa est, quorum unus est [[Mainz-Drais]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Rhenania-Palatinatus]] (''regio''),
* [[Circulus Moguntinus-Bingiensis]] (''Circulus''),
* [[Bingium]],
* [[Rhenus]].


== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mainz}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Urbes quae sunt capita terrarum foederalium Germanicarum}}
{{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}}
{{Urbes Romanae Germaniae}}

[[Categoria:Moguntiacum| ]]
[[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Germaniae]]</text>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Mainz altstadt.jpg|thumb|Oppidum vetus]]
'''Moguntiacum''' aut Mogontiacum ([[Germanice]]: ''Mainz'' , [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanice]]: ''Maguncia'' , [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Magonza'' , [[Francogallice]]: ''Mayence''), oppidi nomen a nomine Celtico ''Mogon'' nomine oriri putatur.
[[Fasciculus:Moguntia-altesLogo.jpg|thumb|left|Inscriptio veteris tituli: farcimina bona—merces odorum]]
Moguntiacum ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] fluvium est [[urbs]] [[Respublica Foederalis Germanica|Germanica]] et caput [[Dioecesis Moguntina]]e. Oppidum est maximum atque princeps terrae Rhenaniae-Palatinatus.

[[Via]]e recta Rheni regione ductae [[ruber|rubros]], sine transversa regione currunt [[Caeruleus|caeruleos]] titulos habent. 

Anno [[38 a.C.n.]] urbs fundata est [[castra]] [[Drusus|Drusi]]. Ab anno [[98]] vel [[99]], urbs erat princeps provinciae Germaniae superioris. 
[[Fasciculus:MainzStrSchilder.jpg|thumb|left|Viarum tituli rubri et caerulei]]

== Moguntiaci antiqui Chronologia ==
'''Moguntiacum''' Romanum per 500 annos fuit pars [[Imperium Romanum|imperii Romani]]. Sunt multae magni momenti res Moguntiaci gestae, quod permagna legionum castra fuerunt in hac provincia Germania superiore et postremo urbs Germanis barbaris appropinquantibus custos finium imperii fiebat. 

Omnia quae hodie scimus in hac chronologia insequenti invenire potes: 

=== Primum saeculum ante Christum natum ===
[[Fasciculus:Jupitersaeule.jpg|thumb|left|Columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovis]]]]
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]–[[12 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus|Nero Claudius Drusus]] in monte castra collocavit.
* '''[[13 a.C.n.]]''' - [[Legio XIV Gemina]] et [[Legio XVI Gallica]] in castris conlacatae sunt et decadis sequenetibus aliae copiae [[auxilia|auxilio]]rum. Usque ad annum [[90]] duae legiones normaliter ibi conlocatae erant.
* '''[[9 a.C.n.]]''' – Mors [[Drusus|Neronis Claudii Drusi]] in expeditione in [[Magna Germania|Magnam Germaniam facta]]. Initium decursionis solemnis Mogontiaci erat.

=== Primum saeculum ===
* '''[[3]]''' – Ad Rheni fluvii ripam aedificatio portus initium cepit. Nostra aetate ibi [[navis|naves]] Romanae invenibantur. 
* '''[[4]]–[[9]]''' – Altera ripa Romani [[castellum]] [[Mattiaci|Mattiacorum]] construxerunt. Paulo post alia (secunda) castra aedificata sunt, quae verisimiliter fine secundi saeculi relinquebantur, quod Romani numerum legionum diminuebant. 
* '''[[15]]''' - [[Germanicus]] expeditiones praeparat in liberam Germaniam.
* '''[[17]]''' – Divisio fit exercitus Romani in partem Germaniae superioris et partem Germaniae inferioris. Moguntiacum sedes fit legati exercitus Germaniae superioris. 
* '''[[19]]''' - [[Senatus]] Romanus mentionem facit Drusum ad Rhenum honoratum esse. (Sic legere possumus in [[Tabula Siarensis|Tabula Siarensi]].)
* '''[[27]]''' – Aedificationis pontis sublici inter civitatem et castellum transriparium. Castellum nunc ad caput pontis positum est. 
* '''[[33]]''' - [[Thermae]] publicae aedificabantur in media civitate.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Caligula]] Moguntiaco est ut expiditionem in Germaniam praeparet. Insidias evadere potest. Etiam legatus Moguntiacus [[Cornelius Lentulus Gaeticulus]] in insidiis implicatus erat.
* '''[[39]]''' - [[Suetonius]] mentionem facit [[theatrum|theatri]] Mogontiaci. Sed theatrum magnum, quod plus decies milia hominum capere poterat, versimiliter non prius quam secundo saeculo aedificatum est. 
* '''circiter [[50]]''' – Nauta Celticus Blussus Moguntiaci moritur.
* '''[[59]]–[[66]]''' – Magna columna [[Iuppiter (deus)|Iovi]] data est.
* '''[[69]]''' - [[Insurrectio Batavorum]]. Suburbia deleta sunt. Publius [[Cornelius Tacitus]] narravit quod hostes castra legionum capere non potuissent. 
* '''ca. [[69]]–[[79]]''' - Cultus [[Cybele|Matris Magnae]] et [[Isis]] initium capit auctoribus verisimiliter [[Gens Flavia|Flaviis]]. [[Vespasianus]] castra et pontem sublicium lapidibus firmavit. 
[[Fasciculus:Roemersteine.jpg|thumb|left|Parietinae aquae ductus]]
* '''[[81]]–[[96]]''' – Tempore Augusti [[Domitianus|Domitiani]] [[aquae ductus]] ad castra deducebatur.
* '''[[83]]''' - Domitianus V legiones et auxilia conlocavit ad expeditionem in [[Chatti|Chattos]] praeparandam.
* '''[[88]]/[[89]]''' - Legatus [[Lucius Antonius Saturninus]] insurrectionem facit. Lucio devincto regio militaris postremo provincia Romana fit [[Germania Superior]] Moguntiaco capite provinciae.
* '''[[90]]''' – Legio una in castris relinquebatur.
* '''[[92]]''' - [[Legio XXII Primigenia Pia Fidelis]] in castris collocabatur usque ad medium saeculum quartum. 
* '''[[96]]–[[98]]''' - [[Traianus]] vel Marcus Ulpius Traianus legatus provinciae Germaniae Superioris in Moguntiaco fit.
* '''ad finem primi saeculi''' Aedificatio [[Limes|limitis Romani]] initium cepit. In Moguntiaco civitate aedificatum est templum [[Mithras|Mithrae]] dedicatum.

==== Imagines ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Stadttor2.jpg|Parietinae Castrorum
Image:Stadttor1.jpg|Parietinae portae castrorum
Image:Dativius Victor Bogen.jpg|Arcus Dativii Victoris
Image:Zitadelle Mainz Drususstein.jpg|cenotaphum ut fama fert Drusi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Saeculum II ===
* '''1/2 saeculo''' – [[Classis Romana]] in Moguntiaco collocabatur.
* '''[[122]]''' - [[Hadrianus]] vel Publius Aelius Hadrianus est in provincia Germania Superiore et Moguntiaco.
* '''[[162]]/[[169]]''' – [[Chatti]] invaserunt et verisimiliter Rhenum transgressi sunt.

=== Saeculum III ===
* '''[[235]] (Martis mense)''' - Imperator [[Severus Alexander]] et eius mater [[Julia Mamaea]] Moguntiaco iugulati sunt. [[Maximinus Thrax]] novus imperator proclamatus est.
* '''circa [[250]]''' – Vallum aedificatum est, quod omnem civitatem et theatrum et castra complexum est.
* '''[[258]]''' – Germani limitem Romanum transgressi sunt. 
* '''[[259]]–[[260]]''' – Germani ad Rhenum progressi sunt. Moguntiacum nunc urbs limitanea est.
* '''[[268]]''' - Moguntiacus Legatus Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus in Marcum Cassianium Latinium [[Postumus|Postumum]] imperatorem [[Imperium Galliarum|Imperii Galliarum]] insurrexit et Moguntiaco imperator proclamatus est. Postumus Moguntiacum devinxit sed mense Maio vel Iunii a legionariis suis iugulatus est, cum civitatem populari vetit. 
* '''[[285]]''' - Imperator [[Diocletianus]] imperium novavit. Ex provincia Germania Superiore minor provincia [[Germania I]] fit. Nunc in Moguntiaco [[dux]] Moguntiacensis est, qui exercitui Germanico praeest.
* '''[[292]]''' - [[Constantius I Chlorus|Constantius I]] &quot;[[Chlorus]]&quot;, pater [[Constantinus I|Constantini I]] &quot;Magni&quot;, a Moguntiaco castra motus est in [[Alamanni|Alamannos]] et eos usque ad [[Danubius|Danubium]] flumen paccavit.
* '''[[297]]''' – Tum primum nomen &quot;[[Civitas|Civitatis]] Mogontiacensium&quot; apparuit.

=== Saeculum IV ===
* '''ca. [[300]]''' – Hoc in anno [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]] clipeum factum est aspectum urbis praebentem. Hoc est hodie primum urbis aspectum quem novimus. 
* '''[[343]]''' – Tum primum mentio facta est communitatis Christiani, [[episcopus|episcopo]] [[Marius (episcopus Moguntiaci)|Mario]] vel Martino nuncupato.
* '''post annum [[350]]''' – Novum vallum aedificatum est. Hoc non plus quam tertiam partem pristinae civitatis regionis complexum est.
* '''[[352]]–[[355]]''' – Iterum iterumque Germani invadunt. Germani oppidum non occupaverunt sed in regionibus suburbiis castra collocaverant. 
* '''[[357]]''' - [[Julianus Apostata]] vel Iulianus II Alamannis [[Argentoratum]] devinctis etiam Germanos ab Rheni regionibus expulserat. Sed legio XXII, quae Moguntiaco collocata erat, verisimiliter in [[Mursa]] in [[Dalmatia]] provincia bello civile deleta est. Moguntiaco solummodo Romani &quot;milites Armigeri&quot; collocati sunt.
* '''[[368]]''' – Dux alamannus Rando [[pascha|paschis]] aut pentecoste civitatem Moguntiacensem inopinantem aggressus, civitas populata est et incolae abducebantur.

=== Saeculum V ===
* '''[[406]]–[[407]]''' - [[Vandali]], [[Suebi]] et [[Alani]] Rhenum apud Moguntiacum prima ineuntis anni nocte transgressi oppidum populati sunt.
* '''[[411]]''' - Moguntiacum ad regnum [[Burgundi|Burgundorum]] pertinet, qui foederati Romanorum sunt.
* '''[[451]]''' - [[Hunni]] Moguntiacum invadebant.
* '''post annum [[450]]''' – Finis Moguntiaci Romani.

== Historiae Mediaeviae Chronicon ==

Ab anno [[975]] usque ad [[1109]] [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Moguntiaca]] aedificata est. 
Die [[1 Octobris]] [[1477]] [[Universitas Moguntiaca]] condita est.

== Historia recentior ==
Die [[23 Decembris]] [[1631]] [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavus II Adolphus]] rex [[Suecia]]e Moguntiacum urbem antea obsessam occupavit. Ad usque annum [[1936]] Sueci urbem tenuerunt.

== Filii civitatis ==
* [[Iohannes Gutenberg]] (1390 - 1468)
* [[Augustus Fredericus Kellner]] (1885 - 1970)
* [[Ioannes Wilhelmi]] (1899 - 1970), vir publicus et sodalis factionis [[CDU]]

== Regiones urbanae ==

Moguntiacum in quindecim [[circulus (iurisdictio)|circulos]] divisa est, quorum unus est [[Mainz-Drais]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Rhenania-Palatinatus]] (''regio''),
* [[Circulus Moguntinus-Bingiensis]] (''Circulus''),
* [[Bingium]],
* [[Rhenus]].


== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mainz}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Urbes quae sunt capita terrarum foederalium Germanicarum}}
{{Capita civitatum Galliae Romanae}}
{{Urbes Romanae Germaniae}}

[[Categoria:Moguntiacum| ]]
[[Categoria:Sedes archiepiscopales Germaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Travena</title>
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'''Travena,''' seu '''Trabena, Travea, Travenna, Chalusus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; est flumen in [[Germania]], quod in [[Mare Balticum]] fluit.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Odislo]]
* [[Travemunda]]

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externus ==

{{CommuniaCat|Trave|Travenam}}

{{flumen-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Flumina Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Systema fluviorum Baltici maris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ephemeris (diarium interretiale)</title>
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      <text bytes="1908" sha1="7tssi9q980zmrdlyt10kyf1bfcsd9fx" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
'''''Ephemeris''''' est [[Periodica Latina|periodicum Latinum]] [[lingua Latina|Latine]] scriptum et per [[interrete]] libere emissum. A Stanislao Tekieli iuvene [[Polonia|Polono]] et Albino Francogallo anno [[2004]] condita est. De multis variisque rebus auctores Ephemeridis Latine scribunt, e.g. de factis, moribus et hominibus hodiernis, de historia, religionibus, [[Hebdomada Aenigmatum|aenigmatibus latinis]], pelliculis cinematographicis et aliis rebus quae ad humanum cultum pertinent. Sunt etiam nuntii de conventibus et scriptis illorum, qui Latinitatem vivam exercent, et multa nova carmina Latina.

Fuit autem ''Ephemeris'' etiam nomen primi periodici [[Graece]] scripti atque in [[Austria]] editi. Cum [[Iosephus II]], [[imperator]] [[imperium Hungaro-Austriacum|imperii Hungaro-Austriaci]], permissionem imprimendi periodica Graece conscripta dedisset, primum exemplar anno [[1784]] [[Vindobona]]e proditum est. Brevi autem per interdictum ''Ephemeridi'' finis factus est, quia doctrinis atque sententiis illuminatorum favit. Anno [[1790]] iterum permissa ob postulationes imperatoris [[imperium Ottomanicum|imperii Ottomanici]], cui illis temporibus Graecia erat subdita, regnante imperatore [[Franciscus II|Francisco II]] anno [[1797]] finita est.   

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230202185241/https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/index.php ''Ephemeris,''] Nova sedes.
* [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/index.php ''Ephemeris,''] apud situm ephemeris.alcuinus.net (nunc caducatus)
* [http://www.alcuinus.net/GLL/ Grex Latine Loquentium,] apud situm alcuinus.net
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706140443/http://www.albinus.org/initium/initium.htm Albinus Flaccus Emporitanus,] apud situm albinus.org

[[Categoria:Incepta 1784]]
[[Categoria:Incepta 2004]]
[[Categoria:Institutiones Latinae]]
[[Categoria:Periodica Latina]]
[[Categoria:Periodica Neograeca]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>21 Octobris</title>
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      <text bytes="7524" sha1="362jtci4yti3a942s5zr3y1keg6fjue" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Octobris}}

'''21 Octobris''' est [[dies]] 294ª anni (295ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 71 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembres''', quod ''a.d. XII Kal. Nov.'' abbreviatur.

== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 7 ===
* [[686]] - [[Conon (papa)|Conon]] [[papa]] fit.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1805]] - [[Trafalgaris Pugna]] inter classem [[Britanniarum Regnum|Briticannicam]] et classem mixtam [[Francia|Francicam]] [[Hispania|Hispanicamque]] fit. Britannici vincunt.
* [[1888]] - [[Factio socialistica Helvetica]] constituitur.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1916]] - [[Fridericus Adler]], vir publicus [[Austria]]cus factionis [[Socialis Democratica Factio Austriae|Socialis Democraticae]], Austriae primum ministrum [[Carolus Stürgkh|Carolum Stürgkh]] necat.
* [[1945]] - In Francia mulieres [[suffragium universale|suffragiorum ius]] obtinent.
* [[1969]] 
** [[Gulielmus Brandt]] primus sodalis factionis [[SPD]] cancellarius foederalis [[Germania]]e eligitur.
** [[Subitanea rerum conversio]] in [[Somalia]] fit.
* [[1983]] - Definitio nova [[metrum|metri]] per [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis]] in [[vacuum|vacuo]] decernitur.
* [[1986]] - [[Charta Africana de iuribus hominum populorumque]] adoptatur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2012]] - [[Fridericus Kuhn]] primus vir publicus factionis [[Foedus 90/Virides|Foederis 90/Viridum]] praefectus urbis capitis terrae cuiusdam foederalis Germaniae - [[Stutgardia]]e enim - eligitur.
* [[2025]] - [[Sanae Takaichi]] prima ministrix [[Iaponia]]e eligitur; primum femina prima ministrix Iaponiae est.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1449]] - [[Georgius (dux Clarentiae)|Georgius]], dux Clarentiae (mortuus anno [[1478]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1672]] - [[Ludovicus Antonius Muratorius]], [[presbyter]] et praeclarus [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus [[1750]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1772]] - [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[poeta]] et philosophus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (mortuus anno [[1834]])
* [[1790]] - [[Alphonsus de Lamartine]], poeta et vir publicus Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1869]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1833]] - [[Alfredus Nobel]], [[chemicus]] , [[inventor]] et magister officinarum [[Suecia|Suecicus]] (mortuus [[1896]])
* [[1837]] - [[Iacobus Beaver]], gubernator [[Pennsilvania]]e (mortuus anno [[1914]])
* [[1846]] - [[Edmundus De Amicis]], scriptor [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1908])
* [[1847]]
** [[Eduardus Brandes]], [[scriptor]] [[Dania|Danicus]] (mortuus anno [[1931]])
** [[Iosephus Giacosa]], poeta, praecipue theatri lyrici [[libellus|libellorum]] scriptor et [[histrio]] Italicus (mortuus anno [[1906]])
* [[1862]] - [[Francus Edwinus Scott]], pictor [[CFA|Americanus]] (mortuus anno [[1929]])
* [[1874]] - [[Henricus Guisan]], dux militum [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (mortuus anno [[1960]])
* [[1876]] - [[Petrus Stubmann]], vir publicus Germanicus et praeses ministrorum [[Megalopolis-Strelicia]]e (mortuus anno [[1962]])
* [[1895]] - [[Edna Purviance]], [[histrio|actrix]] Americana (mortua anno [[1958]])
* 1896 - [[Eugenius Švarc]], scriptor et dramaturgus [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus 1958)

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1903]] - [[Michael Kuprijanov]], pictor imaginum depravatarum Sovieticus (mortuus [[1991]])
* [[1912]] - [[Georgius Solti]], [[concentus magister]] [[Hungaria|Hungaro]]-Britannicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1997]])
* [[1914]] - [[Martinus Gardner]], Americanus [[polymathes]] et scriptor rerum [[mathematica]]rum et [[Scientia (ratio)|scientia]]rum (mortuus anno [[2010]])
* [[1917]] - [[Dizzy Gillespie]], musicus et cantor iazensis Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1993]])
* [[1918]] - [[Hulett Carlson Smith]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus factionis [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticae]] (mortuus anno 2012)
* [[1921]] 
**[[Milcolumbus Arnold]], [[compositor]] et concentus magister Anglicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2006]])
**[[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld]], astronoma Nederlandica (mortua anno [[2015]])
* [[1927]] - [[Leo Kirch]], homo negotiosus Germanicus, ad quem multa [[diarium|diaria]] et periodica pertinebant (mortuus anno [[2011]])
* 1929 - [[Ursula K. Le Guin]], scriptrix Americana (mortua anno [[2018]])
* [[1942]] - [[Christophorus A. Sims]], [[oeconomia]]e peritus Americanus, [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum|praemio Nobeliano scientiarum oeconomiarum]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2026]])
* [[1944]] - [[Ioannes-Petrus Sauvage]], chemicus Francicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus 
* [[1945]] - [[Nicetas Michalkov]], actor ac moderator cinematographicus Sovieticus et [[Russia|Russicus]].
* [[1949]] - [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]], primus minister [[Israel]]is.
* [[1953]] - [[Petrus Mandelson]], [[politicus]] Britannicus et socius [[Domus Dominorum (Britannia)|Aulae Dominorum]] in [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamento Regni Uniti]]
* [[1956]] - [[Carolina Fisher]], actrix Americana (mortua anno [[2016]])
* [[1957]] - [[Volfgangus Ketterle]], physicus Germanicus [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus 
* [[1958]] - [[Andreas Geim]], physicus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] et Britannicus, natus in Russia, praemio Nobeliano physicae affetus 
* [[1960]] - [[Ricardus Benyon]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Conservativae]].
* [[1965]] - [[Evan Harris]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Britanniarum Regnum)|Liberalis Democraticae]].
* [[1980]] - [[Kim Kardashian]], ostentatrix et personalitas televisionis Americana 
* [[1981]] - [[Nemanja Vidić]], pedilusor [[Serbia|Serbicus]].

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1422]] - [[Carolus VI (rex Franciae)|Carolus VI]], rex Franciae (natus anno [[1368]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1505]] - [[Paulus Scriptoris]], [[Franciscani|Franciscanus]] et [[theologus]] Germanicus (natus circa annum [[1460]])
* [[1587]] - [[Iohannes Wigand]], theologus [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheranus]] (natus circa annum [[1523]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1805]] - [[Horatius Nelson]], praefectus classis Britanniae (natus [[1758]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1903]] - [[Huldericus Köhler]], rerum gestarum scriptor Germanicus (natus anno [[1838]])
* 1929 - [[Basilius Radoslavov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (natus anno [[1854]])
* 1931 - [[Arthurus Schnitzler]], scriptor Austriacus etiam fabularum scaenicarum (natus anno 1862)
* [[1940]] - [[Gulielmus Gustavus Conley]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus factionis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicanae]] (natus anno [[1866]])
* [[1980]] - [[Vulko Cervenkov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (natus anno [[1900]])
* [[1984]] - [[Franciscus Truffaut]], [[histrio|actor]] pellicularum factor ac [[moderator cinematographicus]] Francicus (natus [[1932]]).
* [[1998]] - [[Franciscus Gulielmus Sargent]], gubernator [[Massachusetta]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1915]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2003]] - [[Elliott Smith]], musicus et compositor Americanus (natus anno 1969)
* [[2012]] - [[Georgius McGovern]], vir publicus Americanus (natus anno 1922)
* [[2014]] - [[Gough Whitlam]], primus minister [[Australia]]e (natus anno 1916)
* [[2021]] - [[Bernardus Haitink]], concentus magister Nederlandicus; natus anno [[1929]].
* [[2022]] - [[Masato Kudo]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]; natus anno [[1990]].

== Festa et Feriae ==
* Dies Trafalgar ([[Britanniarum regnum]])

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>18 Octobris</title>
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      <text bytes="11487" sha1="pbinvcgwgpvtaq3p3v0oyezjrngb5sp" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Octobris}}

'''18 Octobris''' est [[dies]] 291ª anni (292ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendario Gregoriano]]. 74 dies manent.

Secundum [[Calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem decimum quintum Kalendas Novembres''', quod ''a.d. XV Kal. Nov.'' abbreviatur.

[[Fasciculus:Steuben - Bataille de Poitiers.png|thumb|left|upright=0.62|Pugna ad Pictaviam facta]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 8 ===
* [[732]] (- [[25 Octobris]]) - [[Carolus Martellus]], dux et princeps [[Franci|Francorum]] ad Pictavium [[Arabi|Arabos]] vincit; emir [[Abd al-Rahman al Ghafiqi|Abd al-Rahman]] in hac pugna occiditur.

=== Saeculo 13 ===
* [[1244]] - [[Hierosolyma]] urbs a [[Tartari]]s expugnatur.

=== Saeculo 14 ===
* [[1356]] - [[Basilia (urbs)|Basilia]] urbs, hodie in [[Helvetia]] sita, a [[Terrae motus|terrae motu]] vastantur.

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1414]] - [[Sigismundus Luxemburgicus|Sigismundus]] [[imperator]] [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]] [[Iohannes Hus|Ioannem Hus]] [[reformatio|reformatorem]] ad [[concilium Constantiense]]) invitat et ei fidem publicam dat. Tamen Hus postea ad mortem damnabitur.

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1502]] - [[Wittenberga]]e [[Universitas Leucorea]] dedicatur.

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1631]] - Copiae [[Suecia]]e [[Gustavus II Adolphus (rex Sueciae)|Gustavo II Adolpho]] rege [[Herbipolis|Herbipolim]] expugnant.
* [[1633]] - Multi [[Missionarius|missionarii]] [[Societas Iesu|Societatis Iesu]] in [[Iaponia]] necantur.
* [[1685]] - [[Ludovicus XIV]], rex [[Francia]]e, [[edictum Namnetense]] anno[[1598]] subscriptum revocat et iterum [[protestantes]] insequitur. Itaque multi eorum Franciam relinquerunt.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1815]] - [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo]], olim [[Primum Imperium Francicum|imperator]] Francorum a [[Regnum Unitum|Britannis]] exsul in [[Sancta Helena (insula)|Sanctam Helenam]] insulam deportatur.
* [[1817]] - In [[castellum Wartburgense]] studiosi patriotici ad [[Festum Wartburgense|festum]] conveniunt, ut patriam [[Germania]]m unitam poscerent. 
* [[1818]] - [[Bonna]]e [[universitas Fridericia Guilelmia Rhenana]] constituitur.
* [[1851]] - Mythistoria ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' ab [[Hermannus Melville|Hermanno Melville]] publicatur.
* [[1861]] - [[Regiomontium|Regiomontii]] - [[Gulielmus I (Imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmus I]] rex [[Borussia]]e coronatur.
* [[1867]] - [[Alasca]] a [[Russia]] ad [[CFA]] vendita pars Civitatum Foederatarum fit.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1912]]
** Post [[Bulgaria]]m atque [[Graecia]]m et [[Serbia]] [[Imperium Ottomanicum|imperio Ottomanico]] bellum indicit; initium est [[Bellum Balcanicum Primum|Belli Balcanici Primi]].
** [[Bellum Italo-Turcicum]] foedere in oppido Ouchy apud [[Lausonium]] sito signato finitur.
[[Fasciculus:Battle Of The Nations-Monument.jpg|80px|right|Monumentum Pugnae Lipsiensis]]
* [[1913]] - [[Lipsia]]e monumentum [[Pugna Lipsiensis|pugnae Lipsiensis]] anni [[1813]] inauguratur.
* [[1939]] - Copiae [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]] in [[Estonia]]m invadunt.
* [[1944]] - Die pugnae Lipsiensis anni 1813 in [[Germania]] ab alligatis pressa &quot;[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]&quot; (exercitus popularis Germanicus) conditur, ut in eo senes ac iuvenes necnon feminae patriam defenderent.
* [[1949]] - [[Concilium Salutis]] resolutionem 78 de limitatione [[arma]]rum decernit.
* [[1954]] (ad usque [[24 Octobris]]) -  [[Lutetia]]e de foederibus convenitur: Respublica Foederalis Germaniae pars [[OTAN]] fit.
* [[1961]] - [[Charta Socialis Europaea]] decernitur.
* [[1988]] - [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri]] conditur.
* [[1989]] - [[Ericus Honecker]], praeses [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] et dux communistarum istius terrae, propter homines contra dictaturam demonstrantes se a magistratu recedere coagitur. [[Egon Krenz]] successor eius eligitur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2018]] - [[Canada]] usum [[cannabis]] sub lege admittit.
* [[2022]] - [[Ulf Kristersson]] primus minister [[Suecia]]e eligitur.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1405]] - [[Pius II]], [[papa]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1464]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1547]] - [[Iustus Lipsius]], [[philosophus]] et [[philologia|philologus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1606]])
*[[1571]] - [[Wolfgangus Ratichius]], humanista et paedagogus [[Holsatia|Holsteinensis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1635]])
* [[1585]] - [[Henricus Sagittarius]], compositor et organista [[Germania|Germanicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1672]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1663]] - [[Eugenius Franciscus Princeps Sabaudiensis]], dux exercituum (†&amp;nbsp;[[1736]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1706]] - [[Balthasar Galuppius]], compositor Italicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1785]])
* [[1738]] - [[Andreas Bolotov]], [[scriptor]], philosophus et [[botanista]] Russicus (mortuus [[1833]])
* [[1777]] - [[Henricus de Kleist]], scriptor et poeta Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1811]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1804]] - [[Mongkut (rex Siamensium)|Mongkut]], rex [[Thailandia|Siamensis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1868]])
* [[1831]] - [[Fridericus III (Imperator Germaniae)|Fridericus III]], [[Imperium Germanicum|Germaniae imperator]] (mortuus [[1888]])
* [[1847]] - [[Alexander Lodygin]], artis electricae peritus, inventor globuli electrici Russicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1923]])
* [[1859]] - [[Henricus Bergson]], philosophus Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1941]])
* [[1862]] - [[Maria Eleonora Pfungst]], propugnatrix iurum mulierum Germanica]] (necata a [[NSDAP|Nazistis]] anno [[1943]])
* [[1873]] - [[Ivanoe Bonomi]], primus minister Italiae (†&amp;nbsp;[[1951]])
* [[1877]] - [[Richardus Mayr]], cantor, accurate [[tenor]] [[Austria]]cus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1935]])
* [[1894]] - [[Georgius Tynjanov]], scriptor Russicus [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (†&amp;nbsp;1943)

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1905]] - [[Felix Houphouet-Boigny]], praeses [[Litus Eburneum|Litoris Eburnei]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1993]])
* [[1918]] - [[Constantinus Metsotaces]], rerum politicarum peritus Graecus factionis [[Nova Democratia (factio Graeca)|Novae Democratiae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2017]])
* [[1919]] 
** [[Camilla Ella Williams]], cantrix Americana (†&amp;nbsp;[[2012]])
** [[Petrus Trudeau]], primus minister [[Canada]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[2000]])
* [[1920]] 
** [[Gualterius Driussi]], rerum politicarum peritus Italianus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1996]])
** [[Melina Mercuris]], cantrix et femina politica Graeca (†&amp;nbsp;[[1994]])
* [[1921]] - [[Iesse Alexander Helms, Minor]], politicorum peritus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2008]])
* [[1926]] 
** [[Chuck Berry]], cantor et musicus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;2017)
** [[Nicolaus Kinski]], histrio Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1991]])
* [[1927]] - [[Georgius Campbell Scott]], histrio et moderator cinematographicus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1999]])
* [[1929]] - [[Violeta Barrios de Chamorro]], praeses [[Nicaragua]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[2025]]) 
* [[1934]] - [[Cyrus Bulyčëv|Cyrus (''Kir'') Bulyčëv]], scriptor [[mythistoriae rerum futurarum|mythistoriarum rerum futurarum]] Sovieticus et Russicus (mortuus [[2003]])
* [[1936]] - [[Ioannes Monleon]], [[histrio]], cantor atque [[radiophonia]]e et [[televisio]]nis ductor [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2009]])
* 1939
** [[Flavius Cotti]], vir publicus Helveticus [[Factio Popularis Christiana Democratica|Factionis Popularis Christianae Democraticae]] (CVP/PPD) (†&amp;nbsp;[[2020]])
** [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] (†&amp;nbsp;1941)
* [[1943]] - [[Andreas Bajuk]], primus minister [[Slovenia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[2011]])
* [[1945]] - [[Huell Howser]], histrio Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2013]])
* [[1947]] - [[Job Cohen]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]]
* [[1949]] - [[Ervinus Sellering]], vir publicus Germanicus et sodalis [[Socialis Democratica Factio Germaniae|Socialis Democraticae Factionis Germaniae]] (SPD)
* [[1950]] - [[Om Puri]], histrio [[India|Indicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2017]])
* [[1956]] - [[Martina Navratilova]], teniludens [[Tzekia|Tzeko]]-Americana
* [[1960]] - [[Craig Mello]], biologus et medicinae molecularis peritus Americanus]
* [[1968]] - [[Michael Stich]], tenilusor Germanicus
* [[1972]] - [[Helgus Braun]], rerum politicarum peritus Germanicus factionis [[CDU]]
* [[1974]] - [[Axella Lemaire]], rerum politicarum perita Francica et sodalis [[Factio socialistica (Francia)|factionis Socialisticae]]
* [[1977]] - [[Ryan Nelsen]], pedilusor [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]]
* [[1979]] - [[Jaroslav Drobný]], pedilusor Cechicus
* [[1984]]
** [[Freida Pinto]], actrix Indica
** [[Lindsey Vonn]], nartatrix Americana
* [[1987]] - [[Zacharias Efron]], histrio Americanus
* [[1991]] 
**[[Zohran Mamdani]], vir politicus Americanus factionis [[Factio democratica (Civitates Foederatae)|factionis democtaticae]], demarchus urbis [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]
**[[Tyler Posey]], histrio et [[musicus]] Americanus

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 1 ===
* [[33]] - [[Iulia Vipsania Agrippina]], uxor [[Germanicus|Germanici]] et [[mater]] imperatoris [[Caligula]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[14 a.C.n.]])

=== Saeculo 8 ===
* [[707]] - [[Ioannes VII]] papa (*&amp;nbsp;ignoto anno)

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1417]] - [[Gregorius XII]], papa (*&amp;nbsp;[[1326]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1503]] - [[Pius III]], papa (*&amp;nbsp;[[1439]])
* [[1562]] - [[Sanctus Petrus de Alcantara]] (natus [[1499]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1798]] - [[Iosephus Stephanus de Surville]], marchio Franciae et rebellator contra [[Novae Res Franciae|novas res Francicas]] supplicio affectus est (*&amp;nbsp;[[1755]]).

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1865]] - [[Henricus Ioannes Temple]], primus minister Britanniarum Regni (*&amp;nbsp;[[1784]])
* [[1866]] - [[Philippus Franciscus von Siebold]], [[medicina|medicus]] et [[botanista]] Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1796]])
* [[1871]] - [[Carolus Babbage]], [[mathematicus]], philosophus et [[inventor]] Britannicus (natus [[1791]])
* [[1872]] - [[Michael O'Connor (episcopus)|Michael O'Connor]], episcopus [[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernicus]] in [[ecclesia catholica Romana]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1810]])
* [[1884]] - [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmus]], dux [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1806]])
* [[1896]] - [[Antonius Meucci]], inventor Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1808]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1905]] - [[Nicolaus Bauman]], rerum novarum cupidus Russicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1873]])
* [[1909]] - [[Alfredus Oriani]], scriptor Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1852]])
* [[1918]] - [[Koloman Moser]], artifex, [[pictor]] et graphicus [[Austria]]cus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1863]]
* 1921 - [[Ludovicus III (rex Bavariae)|Ludovicus III]], ultimus rex [[Bavaria]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1845]])
* [[1931]] - [[Thomas Edison]], [[inventor]] Americanus (natus [[1847]])
* [[1942]] - [[Michael Nesterov]], pictor Russicus et Sovieticus (natus [[1862]])
* [[1948]] - [[Georgius Franciscus Hill]], numismatista et historicus artis, director et bibliothecarius principalis [[Museum Britannicum|Musei Britannici]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1867]])
* [[1955]] - [[Iosephus Ortega y Gasset]], philosophus Hispanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1883]])
* [[1961]] - [[Gulielmus Boden]], vir publicus Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1890]])
* [[1982]]
** [[Petrus Mendès France]], politicorum peritus Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1907]])
** [[Elisabetha Truman]], Prima Domina CFA (*&amp;nbsp;[[1885]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2003]] - [[Preston Earnest Smith]], gubernator [[Texia]]e (*&amp;nbsp;1912)
* [[2019]] - [[Gulielmus Grawn Milliken]], gubernator [[Michigania]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1922]])
* [[2021]] - [[Colinus Powell]], politicus, legattus et generalis Americanus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1937]])

== Festa et Feriae ==
* Festum [[Sanctus Lucas|Sancti Lucae]], evangelistae
* Dies [[Alasca]]e
* Dies mundialis [[menopausis]]

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>17 Octobris</title>
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      <text bytes="8592" sha1="333d60yeou1jea89ulc49jl7ksgcuyw" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Octobris}}

'''17 Octobris''' est [[dies]] 290ª anni (291ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 75 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem decimum sextum Kalendas Novembres''', quod ''a.d. XVI Kal. Nov''. abbreviatur.

[[Fasciculus:Steuben - Bataille de Poitiers.png|left|thumb|upright=0.59|Pugna ad Pictavium facta]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 8 ===
* [[732]] - [[Carolus Martellus]] dux [[Franci|Francorum]] ad [[Pictavium]] [[Arabi|Arabos]] vincit. Dux arabus Abd al-Rahman in hac pugna occiditur.

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1404]] - [[Innocentius VII]] [[papa]] eligitur.
* [[1456]] - [[Universitas Gryphiswaldensis]] conditur.

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1777]] - Deditione [[Britannia|Britannorum]] apud [[Saratoga]]m vincentium Americani viam victoriae in [[Bellum Rerum Novarum Americanum|bello Rerum Novarum Americano]] parant. 
* [[1797]] - Inter [[Francia]]m et [[Austria]]m in Campo Formio in [[Italia]] septentrionali de [[Pax Campi Formii|pace]] convenitur.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1810]] - Prima [[Octobralia]] [[Monacum|Monaci]] habentur.
* [[1813]] - [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo I]] imperator Francicorum frustra [[Franciscus II (imperator)|Francisco I]] imperatori Austriae foedus de pace offert.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1909]] - [[Club Sportivo Sergipe]] societas [[ludus athleticus|ludorum athleticorum]] [[Brasilia|Brasilensis]] conditur.
* [[1912]] - [[Bulgaria]], [[Serbia]] [[Graecia]]que [[Imperium Ottomanicum|imperio Ottomanico]] bellum indicunt. Hoc fuit initium [[Bellum Balcanicum Primum|Belli Balcanici Primi]].
[[Fasciculus:Crash Zeppelin LZ18 (LII).jpg|thumb|80px|left|Aeronavis LZ 18 ex aere cadens]]
* [[1913]] - [[Berolinum|Berolini]] - [[Aeronavis rigida]] ''&quot;LZ 18&quot;'' casu deletur.
* [[1918]] - Zeebrügge (pars [[Brugae|Brugarum]]) et [[Ostenda]] oppida [[Belgica]]e ab alligatis occupantur. [[Germania]] bellum [[Navis subaquanea|navium subaquanearum]] finire coagitur.
* [[1919]] - [[Ferrivia metropolitana Matritensis]] ab [[Alphonsus XIII (rex Hispaniae)|Alphonso XIII]] rege aperitur.
* [[1952]] - [[Universitas Studiorum Navarrensis]] constituitur.
* [[1961]] - [[Lutetia]]e incolae [[Algerium|Algerii]] pro libertate patriae demonstrant. Nonnulli a vigilibus Francicis necantur. 
* [[1964]] - [[Americus Deus Tomás]] praeses [[Lusitania]]e et [[Franciscus Franco]], dux [[Hispania]]e [[Moles (agger)|molem]] maximam Europae occidentalis in flumine [[Durius|Durio]] patefaciunt.
* [[1972]] - In [[Respublica Coreana|Corea Meridionali]] status extraordinarius proclamatur et parlamentum dissolvitur.
* [[1990]] - [[Internet Movie Database]] creatur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
*[[2017]] - [[Callinicum]] e regimine [[Civitas Islamica (regimen)|Civitatis Islamicae]] liberatur.
*[[2026]] - [[Concursus populi]] in [[Francia]] fit, quod motus violentiae parit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw240zl08dm5o Marcon calls for 'calm and order' after riots across France]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1688]] - [[Dominicus Zipoli]], Iesuita, organista et [[compositor]] Italicus (mortuus anno [[1726]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1734]] - [[Gregorius Orlov]], rerum militarium et politicarum peritus [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus anno [[1783]])
* [[1736]] - [[Iacobus Macpherson]], politicorum peritus et [[scriptor]] [[Scotia|Scoticus]] (mortuus anno [[1796]])
* [[1768]] - [[Israel Jacobson]], praeceptor et cultus Iudaici reformator Germanicus (mortuus anno [[1828]])
* [[1780]] - [[Ricardus M. Johnson]], [[praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] (mortuus anno [[1850]])
* [[1799]] - [[Fridericus Ludovicus Keller]], iurisprudens et vir publicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (mortuus anno [[1860]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* 1813 - [[Georgius Büchner]], scriptor, [[natura]]e studiosus et [[Res Novae|revolutionarius]] Germanicus (mortuus anno [[1837]])
* [[1815]] - [[Emmanuel Geibel]], poeta Germanicus (mortuus anno [[1884]])
* [[1873]] - [[Alfredus Polgar]], scriptor Austriacus (mortuus anno [[1955]])
* [[1874]] - [[Ludovicus Siebert]] (NSDAP), praeses ministrorum [[Bavaria]]e (mortuus anno [[1942]])
* [[1891]] - [[Ioannes Ivanov Bagrianov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (supplicio affectus anno [[1945]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1912]] - [[Ioannes Paulus I]] papa (mortuus [[1978]])
* [[1915]] - [[Arthurus Miller]], scriptor Americanus (mortuus anno [[2005]])
* [[1918]] - [[Rita Hayworth]], actrix Americana (mortua anno [[1987]])
* [[1920]] 
** [[Michael Delibes]], mythistoriarum scriptor Hispanicus (mortuus anno [[2010]])
** [[Montgomery Clift]], actor Americanus (mortuus anno [[1966]])
* [[1922]] - [[Angelus Wagenstein]], scriptor et moderator cinematographicus Bulgaricus (mortuus anno [[2023]])
* [[1923]] - [[Henricus Romanus Gulbinowicz]], [[cardinalis]] ac [[archiepiscopus]]  [[Vratislavia|Vratislaviensis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2020]])
* [[1929]] - [[Carolus-Hermannus Flach]], diurnarius et vir publicus Germanicus (mortuus anno [[1973]])
* [[1933]] - [[Gulielmus Anders]], [[astronauta]] Americanus (mortuus anno [[2024]])
* [[1936]] - [[Hasim al-Beblawi]], oeconomiae peritus et vir publicus [[Aegyptus|Aegypticus]]
* [[1938]] - [[Evel Knievel]], vir ob audaciam notus, qui [[Birota automataria|birotas automatarias]] ducens audacissime saltabat trans spatia quam latissima, quae [[autocinetum|autocinetis]] vel [[laophorum|laophoris]] vel rebus aliis farta erant (mortuus anno [[2007]])
* [[1947]] - [[Raimundus Green]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Factio democratica (Civitates Foederatae)|Democraticus]] Americanus 
* [[1950]] - [[Philippus Barbarin]], cardinalis Francicus 
* [[1951]] - [[Prabowo Subianto]], praeses [[Indonesia]]e 
* [[1956]] - [[Maia Jemison]], [[medicus]] et astronauta Americana apud societatem [[NASA]]
* [[1959]] - [[Franciscus Flores]], praeses [[Salvatoria]]e (mortuus anno [[2016]])
* [[1972]] - [[Eminem]], musicus Americanus 
* 1978 - [[Paulus Iglesias Turrión]], politicus Hispaniae
* [[1979]] - [[Kimi Räikkönen]], [[autocinetum|autocinetista]] cursorius [[Finnia|Finnicus]]
* [[1983]] - [[Felicitas Jones]], actrix Britannica
* [[1984]] - [[Ludovica Amtsberg]], rerum politicarum perita Germmanica factionis [[Foedus 90/Virides|Foederis 90/Viridum]])
* [[1986]] - [[Simon Harris]], primus minister [[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]e ab anno 2024
* [[1987]] - [[Hideto Takahashi]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 6 ===
* [[532]] - [[Bonifacius II]], papa (natus die ignoto)

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1690]] - [[Margarita Maria Burgunda]], [[monachus|monacha]] [[Ordo Visitationis|ordinis Visitationis]] (nata anno [[1690]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[Bernardus Bellotto]], dictus Canaletto, pictor [[Venetia|Venetus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1721]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1836]] - [[Orestes Kiprenskoi]], pictor Russicus (natus anno [[1782]])
* [[1849]] - [[Fridericus Chopin]], musicus ac clavilis compositor [[Polonia|Polonicus]] (natus anno 1810)
* [[1855]] - [[Vladimirus Kornilov]], navarchus Russicus proelio [[Bellum Crimaeanum|belli Crimeani]] apud [[Sebastopolis|Sebastopolin]] interficitur (*&amp;nbsp;[[1806]]).
* [[1893]] - [[Patricius de Mac-Mahon]], praeses Franciae (*&amp;nbsp;[[1808]])


=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1921]] - [[Iulius Kronberg]], pictor [[Suecia|Suecicus]] (natus [[1850]])
* 1938 - [[Carolus Kautsky]], politicorum peritus Germanicus (natus [[1854]])
* [[1951]] - [[Ioannes Becker]], vir publicus Germaniae (natus anno [[1869]])
* [[1978]] - [[Ioannes Gronchi]],  [[Praeses rei publicae Italicae|praeses Italiae]] (natus anno [[1887]])
* 1979 - [[Germana Lubin]], theatri lyrici [[supranus]] Francica (nata anno [[1890]])
* [[1989]] - [[Rogerius Mynors]], antiquitatis studiosus Britannicus (natus anno [[1903]])
* [[1993]] - [[Helimutus Gollwitzer]], [[theologus]] protestantium, scriptor et sodalis factionis [[SPD]] Germanicus (natus anno [[1908]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2011]] - [[Manfredus Gerlach]], vir publicus [[Res publica Democratica Germanica|Rei publicae Democraticae Germanicae]] factionis [[LDPD]] (natus anno [[1928]])
* [[2014]] - [[Daisuke Oku]], pedilusor Iaponicus (natus anno [[1976]])
* [[2025]] - [[Murayama Tomiichi]], politicus et primnus minister Iaponicus (natus anno [[1924]])

== Festa et Feriae ==
* [[Dies internationalis ad paupertatem eliminandum]] ([[Nationes Unitae]])
* ''Kanname-sai'', [[festum]] apud [[Ise Magnum Templum]] (Iaponia)
* Dies Dessalines ([[Haitia]])
* Memoria [[Ignatius Antiochenus|Sancti Ignatii Antiocheni]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;


{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Quintus Asconius Pedianus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="969" sha1="oo5c6e3lsytumy37ay8isfb523vuwwg" xml:space="preserve">'''Quintus Asconius Pedianus''' (natus circa annum [[9 a.C.n.]] - mortuus circa annum [[76]]) fuit commentator [[Cicero]]nis. Quinque orationes Ciceronis enarravit: in Pisonem, pro Scauro, pro Milone, pro Cornelio de maiestate, in toga candida. Quarum ad duas postremas commentarii Pediani maximi sunt momenti, orationes enim ipsae deperditae sunt.

==Editio==
*[https://archive.org/details/qasconiipedianic00ascouoft Q. Asconii Pediani Commentarii; recognovit Caesar Giarratano 1920]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 337-342
*B. A. Marshall, ''A Historical commentary on Asconius'', Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1985  ISBN 0826204554

== Nexus exteni ==
*[https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] ([[The Latin Library|Latin Library]])
{{bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Recensores]]</text>
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      <text bytes="970" sha1="ne7w78ku1xk0juebb3road8oz3at77v" xml:space="preserve">'''Quintus Asconius Pedianus''' (natus circa annum [[9 a.C.n.]] - mortuus circa annum [[76]]) fuit commentator [[Cicero]]nis. Quinque orationes Ciceronis enarravit: in Pisonem, pro Scauro, pro Milone, pro Cornelio de maiestate, in toga candida. Quarum ad duas postremas commentarii Pediani maximi sunt momenti, orationes enim ipsae deperditae sunt.

==Editio==
*[https://archive.org/details/qasconiipedianic00ascouoft Q. Asconii Pediani Commentarii; recognovit Caesar Giarratano 1920]

== Plura legere si cupis ==
* {{Fabricius Latina}} pp. 337-342
*B. A. Marshall, ''A Historical commentary on Asconius'', Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1985  ISBN 0826204554

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] ([[The Latin Library|Latin Library]])
{{bio-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Imperii Romani]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Recensores]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Campus physicus</title>
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      <text bytes="5515" sha1="jsim2zzxle824mligh6ov3tqcu35hso" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:Vector field.svg|thumb|[[Campus magneticus]], qui [[filum conductore]] circumeat, [[Campus vectoralis|vectoribus]] repraesentatur.]]

{{res|Campus physicus}} in [[physica|disciplina scientiae physicae]] est id quod [[spatium]] complet et fons [[vis physica|virium]] est. Sicut in agro circum villam surgunt culmi ad [[caelum]] dirigentes, in spatio circum particulam onus ferentem habemus campum physicum [[vector]]ium, quique vector in loco circum particulam situs propriam magnitudinem et directionem ibi habens, vires portans.

Ex quantitate physica [[scalar (physica)|scalare]] vel [[vector|vector]]e vel [[vertigo quantica|spinor]]e vel [[tensor (mathematica)|tensore]] quilibet enim campus scalari, vectoriali, spinoriali, tensoriali campo attribui licet, quique autem solum unum istorum. Per exemplum, Newtonianus campus gravitationis est vectorialis, tres igitur numeri describendi necesse sunt, componentes vectoris hoc puncto.

==Origines notionis camporum==
[[Fasciculus:Magnet0873.png|thumb|Magnetis [[campus magneticus]] a limaturis ferreis conspicuus factus.]]
Circum annum [[1850]] [[Michael Faraday]] primitus invenit notionem campi physici cum scripsit in sua opera ''De lineae virium natura'': 
:''...Non possum imaginare lineas virium curvas sine existentia physicali adiuncta in illo spatio intermediario...''&lt;ref&gt;Faraday ipse dicebat ''viris lineas'' quando, per exemplum, de campo magnetico cogitabat. In suo opere &quot;De lineae virium natura&quot; ([[Anglice]]: [http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7sKAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA407&amp;lpg=PA407&amp;dq=on+the+physical+character+of+the+lines+of+force&amp;source=web&amp;ots=bk7DipWnwe&amp;sig=mnAX-svCMRD3UKrYnx_XsWdhxpg#PPA414,M1|&quot;On the physical character of the lines of force&quot;]) nos informavit anno [[1852]]: &quot;...I cannot conceive curved lines of force without the conditions of ''a physical existence'' in that intermediate space,...&quot; [emphasis additur].&lt;/ref&gt;

Antea physici vires electricas magneticasque putabant esse actiones trans distantias [[gravitas (physica)|vi gravitationis]] Newtoni similes, sed Faraday theoriam protulit vires esse ob campos qui spatium complent. Secundum Faraday, omnes campi constant in lineis curvis quae vires per spatium inter particulas portant. Faraday, qui has lineas re vera existere habebat, lineas non posse statim mutari putavit. Nonnulla igitur temporis mora habenda est, postquam onera lineas creantia moventur, antequam virium lineae commutentur. Ob moram, lineae commutationes propagandae sunt undis formis, velocitate propria finita. Has undas Faraday putabat lucem esse.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7sKAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA447&amp;dq=Thoughts+on+ray-vibrations&amp;output=html Cogitationes de Radiis Micantis, Investigationes Experimentales de Electricitate] (Anglice:Thoughts on Ray-Vibrations, Experimental Researches in Electricity), Michaelo Faraday auctore, p. 447.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quamquam Faraday campi notionem primitus invenit, fuit [[Iacobus Maxwell]] qui huic notioni modernam vectoris formam dedit et quantitatem velocitatis lucis ab hoc deduxit.&lt;ref&gt;J. C. Maxwell, &quot;A Dynamical Theory Of The Electromagnetic Field&quot;, 1865,[http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_1.pdf Pars 1], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_2.pdf Pars 2], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_3.pdf Pars 3], [http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_4.pdf Pars 4],
[http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_5.pdf Pars 5],[http://www.zpenergy.com/downloads/Maxwell_1864_6.pdf Pars 6]; Vide etiam analysim modernam ab [http://www.zpenergy.com/modules.php?name=Downloads&amp;d_op=getit&amp;lid=60 Andre Waser, &quot;On the Notation of Maxwell's Field Equations, 2000], et [[Aequationes Maxwellianae|Aequationes Maxwellianae in vacuo]].&lt;/ref&gt;
Cum [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz|Hendricus Hertz]] theoriam Maxwellianam verificavit, plurimi physici existentiam camporum comprobaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051122044951/http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl334&amp;view=50&amp;frames=0&amp;seq=5 &quot;Electric waves: being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space&quot;] Hendrico Rudolph Hertz autore; Obtimemus quoque opia per [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1429740361/ Cornell University Library Digital Collections].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--
Faraday thought of the field as made up of curved lines that physicially existed in space and carried forces between particles. since these lines had a physical existence apart from the charges that created them, He also thought that a time delay must accompany any change in the lines due to a change in the charges.  This lead him to propose (as it turns out correctly) that light was a propagating wave or shaking in the field lines that moved at a characteristic speed. Need a quote.

WHile Faraday first conceived of the force idea, it was maxwell that gave his idea its final modern vector form. According to his mathematical defintion of electric field, the field at a certain location it is the force per unit charge experienced by an infinitesimal positive charge at that location. The magnetic field

==Idea classica versus ideam quanticam==
&lt;ref&gt;Una historia magnifica de Michaelo Faraday a L. Pearce Williams est: &quot;Michael Faraday, a biography&quot;, Da Capo Press, 1987, ISBN 0-306-80299-6.
&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Campus electricus]]
*[[Mechanica quantica]]
*[[Theoria camporum quanticorum]]

[[Categoria:Notiones in physica]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hypotheca</title>
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      <comment>de creditore</comment>
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      <text bytes="553" sha1="cioxkqyjurryvn5rvxds3k3zdaz0yvw" xml:space="preserve">'''Hypotheca'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis &amp; Short&quot;&gt;Lewis, C.T. &amp; Short, C. (1879). ''A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.&lt;/ref&gt; (-ae, ''fem.'') [[Graece]] ὑποθήκη est praedium quod pignus est [[pecunia]]e mutuae datae. Si debitor [[Aes alienum|pecuniam debitam]] solvere non potest in [[ius civile|iure civili]], praedium auctione venditur et [[pretium]] [[creditum|creditori]] seu hypothecario datur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{ius-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Oeconomia]]
[[Categoria:Ius]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Argentaria</title>
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      <comment>de credito</comment>
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      <text bytes="1080" sha1="6xs2lcjn0khr9tsg1z9s8oxm0vt5o1e" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Raiffeisenbank Schnaittach DE 2007-03-05.jpg|thumbnail|140px|Sedes parvae argentariae [[Germania|Germanicae]]]]
{{Oeconomia}}
{{Videdis|Argentaria (discretiva)}}
'''Argentaria''' {{victio|argentaria|ae|f}} [[societas]] est vel [[Collegium (ius)|collegium]] ubi [[pecunia]] ab aliis mutua sumitur et aliis mutua datur. Illi qui pecuniam argentariae mutuam dant ab ea [[usura]]m accipiunt, ii vero qui ab argentaria pecuniam mutuam sumunt, eae usuram dant. [[Lucrum]] argentariae ex eo fit, quod illorum usura minor est quam horum.

In quacumque [[Civitas|civitate]] argentaria argentariarum est [[argentaria centralis]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Argentaria ethica]]
* [[Argentaria mundana]]
* [[Automatum monetale]]
* [[Creditum]]

== Nonnullae argentariae ==
* [[Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena S.p.A.]]
* [[Grameen Argentaria]]
* [[Nomura Group]]

==Nexus externus==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160605150726/http://users.skynet.be/Melissalatina/archivum/112/lex1.htm Melissa Latina: VOCABULA QUAE SPECTANT AD REM ARGENTARIAM]

[[Categoria:Oeconomia]]

{{Myrias|Societas}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer</title>
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      <text bytes="7341" sha1="76lvq3sejhxbxmnybfugx20rn7cg74s" xml:space="preserve">''' Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer''' (natus anno [[103 a.C.n.]] – mortuus anno [[59 a.C.n.]] ) fuit vir publicus [[Res Publica Romana|Rei Publicae Romanae]]. Anno [[60 a.C.n.]] cum [[Lucius Afranius|Lucio Afranio]] functus est consulatu. In matrimonium duxit [[Clodia (Metelli uxor)|Clodiam]] [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 79 a.C.n.)|Ap. Claudii Pulchri]] filiam.
== De gente ==
Plebeio sed nobilissimo Caeciliorum genere ortus Quintus [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos|consulis anni 98 a.C.n.]] filius erat. Frater ei fuit [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos (consul 57 a.C.n.)|Quintus Metellus Nepos]], anno [[60 a.C.n.]] consul, soror autem uterina Mucia&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad familiares|Ad Familiares]]'' V.2.6&lt;/ref&gt; quam Pompeius uxorem duxerat et exeunte anno [[62 a.C.n.]] post reditum [[Adulterium|adulterii]] insimulatam repudiavit. Ipse Celer [[Clodia (Metelli uxor)|Clodiam]], [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publii Clodii]] sororem uxorem duxit.

== De cursu honorum ==
* 66 a.C.n. Legatus Pompei in bello [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatico]]&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 36.54.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Ante [[63 a.C.n.]] [[Augur]]
* 63 a.C.n. [[Praetor|Praetor urbanus]] Gaium Rabirium [[perduellio]]nis ad populum accusatum et a Cicerone defensum&lt;ref&gt;''Oratio Pro Rabirio'' servata est.&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Tarpeia|rupe Tarpeia]] eripuit dum vexillum in [[Ianiculum|Ianiculo]] ante damnationem demitti iubet, quod signum e more maiorum [[comitia]] dissolvebat. Anno exeunte a senatu in agrum Picenum missus&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero|Cic]]., ''[[In Catilinam|Cat]]''. II.26. [[Sallustius]] 30. [[Plutarchus|Plut]]., ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cic]]''. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; exercitum raptim comparavit et cum tribus [[Legio Romana|legionibus]] ad [[Faesulae|Faesulas]] iter fecit ut [[Catilinae coniuratio|Catilinam]] a Gallia intercluderet. Tum Catilina inter duos exercitus hostium positus cum consule [[Gaius Antonius Hybrida|Antonio Hybrida]]&lt;ref&gt;Coniurationi favere dicebatur.&lt;/ref&gt; potius quam cum praetore Metello Celere pugnare maluit&lt;ref&gt;[[Sallustius]] 57. [[Dio Cassius]] 37.39.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[62 a.C.n.]] [[Proconsul]] in [[Gallia Cisalpina]]. Gallia Cisalpina Ciceroni ex permutatione provinciarum cum collega Antonio Hybrida obvenerat&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]] ''Cic''. 12. [[Sallustius]] 26.&lt;/ref&gt; qui Romae manere malebat atque operam dedit ut Celeri provincia sua adscriberetur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad familiares|Ad fam]]''. 5.2.3. [[Dio Cassius]] 37.33.&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc anno Metellum Celerem mercatoribus [[India|Indicis]] tempestate ad litus delatis  a regulo Germano donatum esse narrabat [[Cornelius Nepos]]&lt;ref&gt;Locus perditus sed a [[Pomponius Mela|Pomponio Mela]] (III.38) et [[Plinius Maior|Plinio Maiore]] (II.67.170) citatus. Cf H. Bengtson (1954).&lt;/ref&gt;
* 60 a.C.n. [[Consul]]. Pompeius Romam redux operam dederat ut legati sui in bello Mithridatico [[Lucius Afranius|Afranius]] et Celer consules designarentur. Eventus eum crudeliter fefellit : nam Afranius nihil pro eo effecit et Metellus, fortasse ob repudium sororis Muciae, ut volebat historicus Dio Cassius&lt;ref&gt;37.49.3&lt;/ref&gt;, in omnibus rebus [[Triumviratus|triumviro]] futuro adversabatur. Ab optimatibus enim [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus|Lucullo]] et [[Cato Minor|Catone Minore]] stabat qui acta Pompei in Oriente in totum rata facere nolebant sed singula eorum perspicienda esse aestimabant. Tribunus plebis quidam, Flavio nomine, Pompeianarum rerum studio consulem in custodiam rapuit ; mox tamen Pompeium de ea re puduit et eum dimitti iussit&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 37.49-50.&lt;/ref&gt;. Cum nihil eorum quae cuperet illo anno impetraret Pompeius societatem imperii cum Caesare et Crasso coniunxit qui ''primus triumviratus'' dicitur&lt;ref&gt;Acta Pompei anno 59 a.C.n. Gaio Caesare ad populum ferente rata sunt.&lt;/ref&gt;. Item Metellus Celer sororis maritum [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publium Clodium]] tribunatum plebis quamvis [[Patricii (ordo)|patricium]] petentem, ut rempublicam turbare et inimicos ulcisci posset, coercuit nec petitionem admisit&lt;ref&gt;Dio Cassius 37.51.&lt;/ref&gt;. Itaque consul ''sane bonus''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Att''. I.19. Cf ibid. I.20.5 ''egregius consul''&lt;/ref&gt; esse a Cicerone iudicabatur qui tamen anno [[62 a.C.n.]] ob simultatem cum fratre Metello Nepote in epistula ad eum missa sese purgare debuit&lt;ref&gt;''Ad. Fam.'' V.2. Cf. Attali (1992)&lt;/ref&gt;. 
* 59 a.C.n. Proconsul in [[Gallia Narbonensis|Gallia transalpina]] (?)&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]] ''Ad Att'' I,19.2 et I.20.5. Cf [[Dio Cassius]] 37.50.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ineunte anno Romae in legem agrariam Iulii Caesaris iurare recusavit quamdiu sine poena id facere licuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 38.7.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum subito obiit (mense Aprili ?) non sine veneficii suspicione quam Cicero ad uxorem Clodiam in oratione ''Pro Caelio'' postea habita dirigebat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
* [[Cassius Dio]], libro XXXVI ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historiae Romanae]]'', cap. 54 necnon libro XXXVII cap. 27, 33, 39, 49-51 et XXXVIII cap. 7..
* [[Cicero]], libro quinto ''[[Epistulae ad familiares|Epistularum ad Familiares]]'' 1-2 (epistola Celeris e Gallia Citeriore missa et responsum Ciceronis).
** libro primo ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Epistularum ad Atticum]]'' 20.5
** ''[[Pro Caelio]]'' 59-60.
** secunda oratio ''[[In Catilinam]]'' 26.
** ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 247
*[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Ciceronis (Plutarchus)|Cicero]]'' 16 et 29.
* [[Gaius Sallustius Crispus|Sallustius]], ''[[Catilinae coniuratio (Sallustius)|Catilinae coniuratio]]'' 30, 42, 57.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Walter Allen, Jr., &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/283388 Cicero's Provincial Governorship in 63 B.C.]&quot;, ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1952: 233-241
*Alain Attali, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/vita_0042-7306_1992_num_127_1_1329 Agrégation des lettres, concours interne, 1991]&quot;, ''Vita Latina'', 1992: 39-43
*Hermann Bengtson; &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434397 Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer (cos 60) und die Inder]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 1954: 229-236
*R. G. C. Levens, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/698727 Note on Metellus Celer's Letter to Cicero]&quot;, ''The Classical Review'', 1928: 171-172
* Marilyn B. Skinner, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/284015 Clodia Metelli]&quot;, ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'', 1983: 273-287
*Jörg Spielvogel, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476958 Das Prokonsulat des Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer (Prätor 63 V. Chr.)]&quot;, ''Hermes'', 1993: 242-246
*T. P. Wiseman, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41524440 The Last of the Metelli]&quot;, ''Latomus'', 1965: 52-61

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Caecilius_86 Caecilius 86] in [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]
* &quot;[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2168.html Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer]&quot; in {{Smith-bio}} p. 1028
*[https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=openedition+metellus+celer&amp;mid=79047CAA14FA58099CEA79047CAA14FA58099CEA&amp;churl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.youtube.com%2fchannel%2fUCo0bN4-xoVguMo0g5eVbgeg&amp;FORM=VIRE Metellus Celer's impact] in YouTube audiendum


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[[Categoria:Nati 103 a.C.n.]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 59 a.C.n.]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hizbullah</title>
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{{FA stella}}

'''Hizbullah''' ([[Lingua Arabica|Arabice]]: حزب الله ''ḥizbu-llāh'' 'factio Dei'), quae etiam '''Hezbollah''', '''Hisbollah''', '''Hisbolla''' (-ae)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2008/nuntius1.php?id=378|title=SOLLEMNITAS AŠURA|last1=Putz|first1=Ulrica|year=[[2008]]|website=Ephemeris|date=|last2=Gross|first2=Nicolaus}}: &quot;Hoc etiam dictum esse a phylarcho Hassanum Nasrallam, duce spirituali Hisbollae Berytensi.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; aliter scribitur, est factio politica et militaris [[Libanus|Libanica]], cuius socii maxima ex parte sectam [[Religio Islamica|Islamicam]] [[Secta Siitica|Siiticam]] sequuntur. Quorum doctrinae [[Islamismus|Islamisticae]] auctor est [[Ruhullah Khumayni]], qui [[Seditio Islamica|Seditionem Islamicam]] in [[Irania]] concitavit.

Quamquam se publicae electioni offert et hodie 14 ex 128 sedibus [[Parlamentum|Parlamenti]] et Ministerium Laboris tenet, dubium non est quin plus sit quam factio tantum, quales quidem factiones democraticas in Occidente cognovimus. Non enim desinerunt assectatores Hizbullah rei bellicae studere, cum miles [[Israël]]iticus eorum rebellione ex Libano cum ignominia evictus iam non nisi minimas terras, scilicet [[Praedia Siba]], occupet. Prorsus partes rei publicae agit Hizbullah per regiones Libani Siiticas sicut eas quae trans [[Leontes|Leontem]] sitae ad meridiem vergunt et [[Bica|Bicam vallem]] et [[Berytus|Beryti]] suburbia meridionalia, ubi cunctis fungitur aediliciis muneribus. Nam commeatum ibi instruit et publicae eruditioni praeest et [[valetudinarium|valetudinaria]] curat et [[mitigatio paupertatis|pauperibus fert auxilia]], civitate Libanica latente.

Favent huic factioni Siitae fere omnes, factionis quoque [[Amal]] consociatae sectatores, atque etiam permulti [[Religio Christiana|Christiani]] Libanici, ducibus [[Michael Aoun|Michaele Aoun]] et [[Suleiman Frangieh Ir.|Suleiman Frangieh Iuniore]], nec non quidem nonnulli [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunnitae]], ut paene dimidia pars populi Libanici esse videatur, quae Hizbullah suffragatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927030212/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_6.htm Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1908671.stm Who Are Hezbollah] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Et aliis in terris Islamicae fidei addictis maximam benevolentiam sibi conciliavit, cum regna occidentalia sicut [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] et [[Israel (civitas)|Israël]] contraria ex parte Hizbullah in numero [[tromocratia|societatum tromocraticarum]] habeant.

== Historia ==
=== Bellum civile Libanicum ===
Postquam [[Israël]]itici Libanum anno [[1982]] a meridie invaserunt, ducis [[Rūḥullāh Khumaynī]] iussu cohors 2000 [[Pasdaran|Custodum Seditionis]] [[Irania|Iranicorum]] in valle [[Bica]] iuxta fines [[Syria|Syrorum]] incepit iuventutem Siiticam in armis exercere, ut [[Seditio Islamica|Seditionem Islamicam]] in Libano propagarent et hostem Iudaicum una cum factione [[Amal]] debellarent, quae copiis Israëliticis manum dederat.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyb17060&quot;&gt;[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060 In Search of Hezbollah] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opes ad Hizbullah instituendam, quae quidem non prius quam ab anno [[1985]] hoc nomine utebatur, dabant primarii Custodum Seditionis ut imperatores ʿAbbās Zamani (''Abū Šarīf''), Musṭafa Khamrān, ʿAlī Akbar Mohtashami, [[Ali-Reza Asgari|ʿAlī-Reza Asgari]].

Anno [[1985]], vehementius exarduerunt pugnae cum factioni Amal, altera Siitica, cui Syria subsidiis succurrebat. Rationem odii dedit Hizbullah, quod Amal castra exsulum [[Palaestina|Palaestinensium]] gemina—iam horribili illa caede afflicta, quam Christiani furentes fecerunt Israëliticis spectantibus—[[Caedes Sabrae et Satilae|Sabram et Satilam]] devastavit. [[Bellum civile Libanicum|Bello civili]] autem exstincto altera factio alteri adeo reconciliata est, ut earum duces [[Nabih Berri]] et [[Hasanus Nasrallah]] hodie plerumque iuxta in tabulis monstrarentur, quorum de rebus publicis sententiae vix aut potius nullo modo distingui possunt.

=== Post pacem Taifensem ===
Pace [[Taifum|Taifi]] in [[Arabia Saudiana]] anno [[1989]] composita, Hizbullah sola ex omnibus belli civilis militiis arma sua retinuit, quod finem quam sibi constituit Libani ab occupatione Israëlitica liberandi nondum impetraverat. Quamquam gloriatur hostem rebellione sua anno [[2000]] tandem repulisse, tela usque non tradidit dum [[Praedia Siba]] recuperarentur, decreto [[Concilium Salutis|Concilii Salutis]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] 1559 obloquente.

Ideo pergebat cum copiis Israëliticis trans Libanicos terminos reductis contendere annique [[2007]] aestate atroces pugnas et terra et aere pugnavit, a quibus se victricem abisse asseverat. Clade Israëlitica superba, Hizbullah magis magisque se ad res Libani civiles convertit et cum [[Michael Aoun|Michaelis Aoun]], ducis Christiani, factione foederata summum civitatis imperium petit.

Die [[18 Septembris]] [[2024]], impetus bombarum per [[telephonum gestabile|telephonos gestabiles]] subiecti sunt, quod a rectione [[Israël]] putatur et plus quam 12 homines necati sunt et circa 3000 homines [[vulnus|vulnali]] sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/9/18/the-lebanon-pager-attack-israels-terror-playbook-strikes-again The Lebanon pager attack: Isreal's terror playbook strikes again]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrina ==
In libello die [[16 Februarii]] anni [[1985]] divulgato, factio exposuit sibi propositum esse:&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071029000205/http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/hezbollah_program.pdf The Hizballah Program] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071110232422/http://www.stanfordreview.org/Archive/Volume_XXXVII/Issue_10/World/world2.shtml &quot;The Stanford Review&quot;] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Citatio|
* Americanos, Francicos, eorumque socios ex [[Libanus|Libano]] expellere in perpetuum et quemque coloniam nostris in terris conditam delere
* [[Phalanges (Libanus)|Phalangum factionem]] iustae potestati iudicibusque mandare scelerum causa quae in Musulmanos atque Christianos commiserunt
* concedere cunctis nationis filiis ut sortes suas ipsi constituant reique publicae statum, quemcumque cupiant. Quos omnes hortamur ut eligant optionem rei publicae Islamicae, quae sola tutam praestabit iustitiam et libertatem. Nullum enim regimen nisi Islamicum arcere potest clandestinos [[Imperialismus|imperialistarum]] impetus in terram nostram.|Abraham al-Amīn|Epistola aperta: Regula Hizbullah}}
Hizbullah illo libello manifeste declaravit vi sibi utendum fore ad haec proposita impetranda vocabulisque ex [[Alcoranus|Alcorano]] promptis hanc pugnam esse [[Gihad|sanctam]] (جهاد ''ǧihād'') profitetur.&lt;ref&gt;Qassem 2005:39. {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post pacem Taifensem autem metam seditionis Islamicae ad instar Iraniae Libano inferendae reique publicae [[Theocratia|theocraticae]] (ولاية الفقيه ''welāyatu l-faqīh'') ibi constituendae sibi praetermissam esse annuntiavit. Quin dixit [[Hasan Nasrallah|Nasrallah]]: &quot;Ducimus rempublicam Islamicam indigere maximo populi suffragio, neque dimidiae partis et unius, sed multo plurimorum. Quod in Libano non datur neque aliquando datum iri videtur.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyb17060&quot; /&gt; Ex quo putatur factio esse &quot;libanisata&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080919171539/http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/warn2/index.html Staying the Course: the &quot;Lebanonization&quot; of Hizbollah - the integration of an Islamist movement into a pluralist political system] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;, quia seditionem recusavit, se ad civitatem reformandam convertit, religionum varietatem in Libano probavit, quamquam pergit reicere portiones ecclesiis Christianis et Musulmanis [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunniticis]] pace Taifensi adscitas.&lt;ref&gt;Cobban, Helena [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203070822/http://bostonreview.net/BR30.2/cobban.html &quot;Hizbullah’s New Face.&quot;] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Libellus, quem anno 1996 publici iuris fecit, proposita factionis statuit a prioribus diversa: Cum primo quidem loco rebellionem memoret contra occupantes, secundo tamen aequabilitatem iustamque civitatem et deinde multa ad oeconomiam, eruditionem, salum publicum pertinentia enumerat, [[Libertas religionis|libertate religionis]] non excepta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/hizballah-platform.html The electoral program of Hizbullah, 1996] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post militis [[Israël]]itici reditum ultra fines Libani meridionales studium rebellionis non iam pertinet nisi ad [[Praedia Siba|Praediorum Siba]] glebam minimam, quamquam dux factionis saepius se censere professus est civitatem Israël tandem omnino esse delendam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061016143445/http://www.unb.ca/web/bruns/9900/issue14/intnews/israel.html Hizbollah promises Israel a blood-filled new year, Iran calls for Israel’s end.] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Condemnavit autem [[11 Septembris 2001|insidias 11 Septembris anni 2001]] adversus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas Americae]] perpetratas quippe quae a iure Islamico abhorreant.&lt;ref&gt;Dictum ducis Fadlallah in periodico Theodisco &quot;Der Spiegel&quot; 42/01 laudatum&lt;/ref&gt;

== Collegium ==
=== Regula ===
De factionis structura ambigitur. Nam sunt qui negent Hizbullah societatem vel [[Collegium (ius)|collegium]] esse ut qui eam sectantur quasi membra sint symbolis instructa certisque functa muneribus.&lt;ref&gt;''al-Nahar al-Arabi w-al-duwali'', 10-16 June 1985; et ''La Revue du Liban'', 27 July-3 August 1985. Laudata apud Ranstorp, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon,'' 1997:41 {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Etenim haesitant viri docti de numero sectatorum, quem alii inter 300 et 400 armatos,&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group: Old Games—New Rules. Bruxellae 2002:23 {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; alii fere 20 000 esse aestimant.&lt;ref&gt;Neue Zürcher Zeitung: [http://www.nzz.ch/2006/07/16/al/articleEB16Z.html Hizbullah nimmt Libanon als Geisel], [[16 Iulii]] [[2006]]. {{ling|Theodisce}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Constat autem summum imperium in gremio Consilii (مجلس الشورى ''maǧlisu š-šūra'') duodecim virorum esse positum, qui divinitatis peritissimi res factionis gerunt cotidianas. Consilio praeest Secretarius Generalis [[Hasanus Nasrallah]], qui anno [[1960]] natus Abbati al-Musāwi ab Israëliticis occiso successit anno [[1992]]. Vicario Nasrallah fungitur Naʿīm Qāssim. Nititur Consilium septem comitiis, quae res curant ideologicas, pecuniarias, militares, politicas, iuridicas, praeconias, sociales. Imitantur hanc structuram ea factionis collegia quae singulas regiones administrant, videlicet [[Berytus|Berytum]], vallem [[Bica]]m, et regionem meridionalem.&lt;ref&gt;Ranstorp, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon,'' (1997), p.45 {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In rebus divinis semper auditur sententia Machometi Ḥussayn Faḍlallah, qui anno [[1935]] natus quasi partes agit summi factionis pontificis. Si autem alicuius rei ultima ratio petitur, solent ducem supremum [[Irania]]e consultare.&lt;ref&gt;Ranstorp, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon,'' (1997), p.45{{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cancellaria factionis politica Berytensis collocata est in manibus Abrahami al-Amīn, qui etiam in [[Parlamentum|Parlamento]] eius praesidet senatoribus. ʿImād Muġnīyyah tandem, qui anno [[2008]] [[Damascus|Damasci]] ab ignotis necatus est, praefuisse dicitur exploratoribus secretis Hizbullah.

=== Opes ===
Si quaeritur de fontibus, e quibus hauritur illa pecuniae opulentia, qua dotata immensas praestat impensas in pauperes sustinendos et milites conducendos et arma emenda, respondet Hizbullah se donis tantum frui fidelium.&lt;ref&gt;Diarium ''Washington Post'' 20 Decembris 2004 [https://web.archive.org/web/20190416050928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A12336-2004Dec19/?language=printer Lebanese Wary of a Rising Hezbollah]. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Et patet profecto haud exiguas auferre stipes Siitarum Libanicorum, praecipue eorum qui patriae procul victum adepti in [[Africa]] occidentali, [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatibus Foederatis]], [[America]]que meridionali habitant.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090719233310/http://www.meib.org/articles/0201_l2.htm Hezbollah's Global Finance Network: The Triple Frontier] {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sed dubium non est quin etiam [[Irania]]e regimen [[Islamismus|Islamisticum]] factioni amicae opes suppeditet et arma et alia auxilia; quae dicuntur explere inter 60 000 000 et 100 000 000 US$ per annum.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=52494&amp;SelectRegion=Middle_East LEBANON: The many hands and faces of Hezbollah] {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arma ===
Non negat [[Irania]] quin arma factioni mittat quibus hostem comprimat Israëliticum. Quae in ipsa Irania et [[Russia]] et [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sina]] confecta trans [[Syria]]m aut rarius trans [[Turcia]]m furtimque trans apertos Libani fines apportantur.

Possidet Hizbullah diversa armorum genera, inter quae imprimis nominanda sunt missilia Russica generis ''Katjuša-122'', quae 29 chiliometra per aëra volant, et Iranica generis ''Fajr-3'', ''Fajr-5'', ''Zelzal-1'', quae creduntur usque ad [[Telavivum]] mitti posse. In promptu quoque habet missilia contra [[Autocurrus armatus|autocurrus armatos]] sicut Russica generis ''AT-3 Sagger'', ''AT-4 Spigot'', ''AT-5 Spandrel'', ''Metis-M'', ''АТ-14 Kornet'', Iranica generis ''Raad'', ''Towsan'', ''Toophan'', necnon missilia ad [[Aeroplanum|aeroplana]] ferienda sicut [[Tormentum bellicum|tormenta bellica]] generis ''ZU-23'' et ''Strela 2'', quae ab humeris mittuntur, et ''SA-18''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090110201645/http://www.meib.org/articles/0304_l2.htm Middle East Intelligence Bulletin] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; et ''C-802'' contra naves idonea.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5242566.stm Hezbollah missile threat assessed] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Res in bello gestae ==


=== Bella Israëlitica ===
Tot nationibus et militiis Libanicis [[Bellum civile Libanicum|bello civili]] luctantibus, non in ora omnium pervenit nomen Hizbullah, quoad pace Taifensi composita inter omnes sola factiones arma sua deponere recusavit audaciusque studio institit militis [[Israël]]itici e terris, quas in Libani meridie tenebat, expellendi. Permultos post impetus in se perpetratos, exercitus Iudaeus mense Aprili anni [[1996]] incursionem in Hizbullah fecit cui appellationem &quot;Uvarum irae&quot; (מבצע ענבי זעם) dedit. Qua etiam 154 homines togatos e populo necavit, inter quos 107 in vico Canae vita privavit [[Tormentum bellicum|tormentis bellicis]] usus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040116034350/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE150421996?open&amp;of=ENG-LBN#GOW Amnesty] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/72493.stm History of Israel's role in Lebanon {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quod Israël die 24 Maii anni [[2000]] tandem occupatione Libani destitit [[Praedia Siba|praediis Siba]] exceptis, Hizbullah sibi suaeque ascribit constantiae.

Die [[12 Iulii]] [[2006]] autem in vicinis Aita al-Chaab, sectatores Hizbullah cum militibus Israëliticis conflixerunt, quorum octo occiderunt duosque captivos abduxerunt. Quod an citra transve Libanicos fines actum est, hic illicque in utramque disputatur partem. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,426302,00.html Israelische Truppen dringen in den Libanon ein] {{ling|Theodisce}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quo commotus Israël ignem et gladium Libano intulit, multosque armatos pluresque togatos interfecit, donec die 14 Augusti [[2006]] [[Concilium Salutis|Concilio Salutis]] hortante siluerunt arma, quae Hizbullah quidem domare nequierunt, quod [[Hasanus Nasrallah]] ut &quot;divinam victoriam&quot; (نصر من الله ''naṣrun min Allah'') pronuntiavit.

=== Facta tromocratica ===
[[Fasciculus:Beirutbarr.jpg|thumb|Fumus supra castra classicorum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanorum]] die 23 Octobris 1983 [[Pyrobolus|pyrobolis]] devastata]]
Longus est index scelerum, quae Hizbullah commisisse criminantur, quamquam ipsa se magna ex parte insontem professa tot insidias collocasse, incursiones fecisse, obsides abduxisse non gloriatur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060927093727/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/#6 Hezbollah] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060819122710/http://aijac.org.au/resources/hezb_00-06.html Hezbollah Attacks Since May 2000] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080604015350/http://www.redding.com/redd/nw_columnists/article/0%2C2232%2CREDD_17528_4389698%2C00.html Hezbollah denies terrorist ties, increases role in government] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Insidiae contra legationem [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Berytus|Berytensem]] anno [[1983]], quibus 59 homines perierunt, nec non illae contra castra classicorum Americanorum eodem anno machinatae, quae 58 [[Francia|Francicos]] et 241 milites [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanos]] morte affecerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070610064835/http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb5/frieden/regionen/Libanon/ursachen.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070610064835/http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb5/frieden/regionen/Libanon/ursachen.html] {{ling|Theodisce}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Item caedes 13 [[Francia|Francicorum]] [[Lutetia|Parisiis Lutetiae]] annis 1985 et 1986 facta. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.conflits.org/document750.html ''Culture et conflit: Les attentats de 1986 en France''] {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Item insidiae quae anno [[1994]] in urbe [[Bonaëropolis|Bonaëropoli]] Argentinorum in aedificium Iudaico cultui propagando dicatum instructae 85 cives cruentae morti tradiderunt, quamobrem curia Argentina anno 2006 [[Irania]]m tamquam factionis patronam accusavit, nec non incursio in legationem [[Israël]]iticam in eadem urbe anno [[1992]] facta, quae 22 homines propinquis ademit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tagesschau.de/aktuell/meldungen/0,,OID6035408,00.html Haftbefehl gegen Irans Ex-Präsidenten beantragt] {{ling|Theodisce}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dicuntur sectatores Hizbullah et dextras tetendisse ut praefectus speculatorum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americanarum]] abduceretur, qui captivus in tormentis vitam efflavit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.weltwoche.ch/artikel/?AssetID=14464&amp;CategoryID=66 Der Tausendsassa des Terrors] {{ling|Theodisce}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Res in pace gestae ==
[[Fasciculus:Lebanon Jul06.png|thumb|right|250px|Quibus Libani locis vivant [[Secta Siitica|Siitae]]]]
=== Res publica ===
Postquam anno [[1990]] ubique Libani arma cesserant togis, Hizbullah quoque in foro periclitari censuit annoque [[1992]] publico nixa suffragio [[Parlamentum]] introivit, ut quod in castris agere pergebat abhinc et a rostris confirmaret. In partibus Libani meridionalibus, ubi cum factione [[Amal]] certat de [[Secta Siitica|Siitarum]] gratia, complurium oppidorum curias dominatur.

[[Syria]]co praesidio deducto, anno [[2005]] regimini adscripta energiae ministerium consecuta est. Mense autem Februario anni [[2006]], pacto cum ducis Christiani [[Michael Aoun|Michaelis Aoun]] [[Commotio Nationalis Libera|Commotione Nationale Libera]] composito, se partibus adiunxit regimini universoque Occidenti adversis&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-468/_nr-648/i.html Die Koalition der Korruptionsgegner] {{ling|Theodisce}}&lt;/ref&gt; pauloque post cum sociis suis munera publica recusavit novumque regimen flagitavit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/0/A96138992550D16AC2257219001A2043?OpenDocument &quot;Nasrallah Warns of 'Street Demonstrations' if National Unity Government is not Formed&quot;] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071215113527/http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/10/15/10075244.html &quot;Aoun calls for national unity government&quot;] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Propius nihil est factum, quam ut seditionibus domesticis atque pugnis cum [[Secta Sunnitica|Sunnitis]] regimini faventibus denuo bellum civile concitavisset. Mense tandem Maio anni [[2008]], cum ne quidem [[Syria]] neque [[Irania]] factionis amicae commoda ex eius contumacia capere censerent, omnes Libanicae factiones in [[Quataria]] pactae sunt, ut regimen constituerent quod Unionis nationalis dicebatur sectatoresque Hizbullah complecteretur. Propterea Machometo Fneich, hunc in ordinem iterum recepto, Ministerium Laboris mandatum est.

=== Subsidia socialia ===
Hizbullah factio Islamica non esset, nisi viduas, orbos, pauperes, infirmos sublevaret maternaque mente aleret. Itaque haud pauca sunt valetudinaria, hospitia, scholarum instituta, quae eius sumptibus in usum [[Secta Siitica|Siitarum]] administrentur, neque eo differt a ceteris Libani factionibus, quod indigentibus, universitatum studiosis, parentibus martyrorum stipendia exsolvit, quo efficitur, ut sibi eorum gratias perpetuas conciliet. 

Quicumque bello aestivo anni [[2006]] aut prioribus bellis sua bona amiserunt aut domis fugere coacti sunt, subsidia accipiunt a factione, quae etiam per societatem mercatoriam nomine &quot;Studium aedificandi&quot; (جهاد البناء ''ǧihādu l-bināʾ'') aedificia reparanda novasque domos curat exstruendas, quamquam pleraque non ipsa solvit impensa, sed civium et civitatis nititur collationibus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060909055150/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/hlphzbl.htm ''Helping Hand of Hezbollah Emerging in South Lebanon.''] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Habet Hizbullah haud minus quam aliae factiones suum [[Televisio|canalem televisualem]], qui &quot;al-Manar&quot; (المنار ''al-manār'' 'Pharus') vocatus suam doctrinam per Libanum et mundum propagat, in [[Francia]] vero anno [[2004]] interdictus est, quod invidias et bella instigaret.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070129151103/http://www.col.fr/breve-1917.html „Der französische Staatsrat verbietet Al-Manar“] {{ling|Theodisce}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iudicia aliorum ==

=== In partibus orientalibus ===
Populi quidem civitatum Arabicarum et Islamicarum maiore ex parte Hizbullah in tantis deliciis habent, ut his temporibus fortasse non exstet dux apud eos, qui manifestiore fruatur multitudinis favore, quam [[Hasan Nasrallah]]. Secundum diversas [[Indagatio demoscopica|indagationes demoscopicas]] enim 87 % Libanicorum anno [[2006]] probaverunt pugnam factionis cum Israël,&lt;ref &gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060830210321/http://www.beirutcenter.info/default.asp?contentid=692&amp;MenuID=46 Poll finds support for Hizbullah's retaliation] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; 79,6 % [[Palaestina|Palaestinensium]] bene existimaverunt de Hizbullah,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015233732/http://angus-reid.com/polls/view/12694 Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls &amp; Research / Palestinians Hold Hezbollah in High Regard] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; 63,9 % [[Iordania|Iordanensium]] duxerunt eius rebellionem legitimam esse, cum 6% tantum Hizbullah societatem tromocraticam esse censerent.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015233851/http://angus-reid.com/polls/view/12527 Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls &amp; Research / Hamas, Hezbollah Legitimate for Jordanians] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quod autem ad ipsa attinet illarum civitatum regimina, discedunt sententiae: etsi [[Irania]], [[Syria]], [[Iemenia]], [[Libya]], [[Quataria]] aliaeque Hizbullah animo et manu favere pergunt, non sunt paucae eaeque non minimae, ut [[Aegyptus]], [[Iordania]], [[Arabia Saudiana]], quae factionis Siiticae successa moleste ferant.&lt;ref&gt;[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150886029284&amp;pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Arab world fed up with Hizbullah]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== In partibus occidentalibus ===
Vix mirandum est, quod [[Israël]] factionem sicut ceteras militias Islamisticas [[Tromocratia|societatibus tromocraticis]] adnumerandam censet.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2005/Summary+of+Terrorist+Activity+2004.htm] Ministerium Rerum Externarum Israeliticum {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Assentiunt [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050324113844/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)] Ministerium Rerum Externarum CFA {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp Listed entities pursuant to the Anti-Terrorism Act (2001, c. 41)] Regimen Canadae {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Britanniarum Regnum]] autem, et [[Australia]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ag.gov.au/www/attorneygeneralHome.nsf/Alldocs/9F22AF531A4693F2CA256D66007C1F14?OpenDocument www.ag.gov.au] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; non totam factionem, sed partem illius, quam &quot;Societatem Hizbullah incolumitati externae servandae&quot; (''Hizballah External Security Organisation'') vocant, actorum tromocraticorum accusant.

Indice tromocratico a [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociatione Nationum]] curato Hizbullah non comprehenditur, quia solum ad eos spectant auctores, qui [[Alcaeda]]e cognati amicitiaque coniuncti sunt,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/tablelist.htm Index societatum Alcaedae cognatarum] {{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; at monetur Hizbullah pluribus [[Concilium Salutis|Concilii Salutis]] resolutionibus, imprimis resolutione 1559, ut arma sua deponat. Index societatum tromocraticarum, quo [[Unio Europaea]] alligatur, factionem non comprehenditur; licet [[Parlamentum Europaeum]] eam adiciendam flagitaverit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151214184147/http://moqawama.org/ Pagina officialis Hizbullah] {{Ling|Arabice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080307002954/http://www.ghaliboun.net/ Idem] {{Ling|Arabice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061212200138/http://wa3ad.org/ Pagina societatis Waʿad] {{Ling|Arabice}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080322045016/http://montada.almaaref.org/index.php Disputatio inter sectatores Hizbullah] {{Ling|Arabice}}

[[Categoria:Tromocratia]]
[[Categoria:Libanus]]
[[Categoria:Irania]]
[[Categoria:Factiones politicae Libanenses]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4253" sha1="qmx6ptef2z73jj511gvwaomlcyy7t2t" xml:space="preserve">'''Lucius Afranius''' Auli filius&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.16.12&lt;/ref&gt; (natus circa annum [[112 a.C.n.]]; mortuus anno [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[Senatus Romanus|senator]] [[consularis]] [[Roma Antiqua|Romanus]]. Anno [[60 a.C.n.]] cum [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer|Quinto Caecilio Metello Celere]] [[consul]]atum gessit. [[Homo novus]] humili genere natus fuisse videtur, qui [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] commendatione patrocinioque cursum honorum cucurrit.

Legatus et fidelis Pompei [[amicus]] fuit, quem in [[Hispania]]m adversus [[Quintus Sertorius|Sertorium]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus|Plut]]., ''Sertorius'' 19.&lt;/ref&gt;, in [[Asia]]m adversus [[Mithridates VI (rex Ponti)|Mithridatem]] et [[Tigranes Magnus|Tigranen]] (65-63 a.C.n.)&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.5. [[Plutarchus]], ''Pompeius'' 34, 36, 39.&lt;/ref&gt; secutus, consulatum patrocinio et impendio&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' 44.4 et ''Cato minor'' 30. ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.16.12&lt;/ref&gt; eius ad annum [[60 a.C.n.]] adeptus, etiam in [[Bellum Civile Romanum|Bello Civili]] pro eo pugnavit. Anno [[49 a.C.n.]] cum [[Marcus Petreius|Petreio]] [[Legio Romana|legionibus]] Pompei in [[Hispania Citerior|Hispania citeriore]] praeerat cum [[Caesar]] contra eas processit. Ad [[Lerida]]m victus et a victore benigne dimissus tamen postea rebellavit: primum in [[Thessalia]] unde post pugnam ad [[Pharsalia]]m [[Corcyra|Corcyram]] apud [[Cato Minor|Catonem Minorem]] traiecit&lt;ref&gt;[[Dio Cassius]] 42.10&lt;/ref&gt;. Iterum in Africa, ubi apud [[Thapsi pugna|Thapsum]] victus atque mox captus iussu Caesaris occisus est.&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius|Suet]]., ''Div. Iul.'' 75. Cf Dio Cassius 42.10 et 43.12. ''[[Bellum Africum|Bellum Afr]]''. 95.&lt;/ref&gt;

Apud [[auctor]]es antiquos Afranius ignaviae famam secum ferebat adeo ut [[Dio Cassius]] non dubitarit scribere&lt;ref&gt; [[Dio Cassius]] [[Historia Romana (Dio)|Hist. Rom]]. XXXVII.49 Cf [[Cicero|Cic]]., ''Ad Att.'' I, 16.12.&lt;/ref&gt; eum in saltando meliorem fuisse quam in omni alia re: nam quamquam Pompei patrocinio [[consul]] factus erat, nulli auxilio ei fuit in consulatu postquam plerique senatores acta Pompei in [[Oriens|Oriente]] rata facere recusarunt. Similis&lt;ref&gt;Nisi fortasse iudicium Dionis e scriptis Ciceronis ductum est.&lt;/ref&gt; contemptus et in [[Cicero]]nis scriptis invenitur, qui eum pretio consulatum emisse nec tamen quid sit consul scire in [[epistula]] quadam ad [[Atticus|Atticum]] missa scribebat&lt;ref&gt;I,19.2: ''ille alter nihil ita est, ut plane, quid emerit, nesciat''. Cf ibid. I,20.5 : ''ita se gerit, ut eius consulatus non consulatus sit, sed Magni nostri hypopion'' et ibid. 18.5 : ''Auli autem filius, o di immortales! quam ignavus ac sine animo [[miles]]! quam dignus, qui [[Palicanus|Palicano]], sicut facit, [[os (oris)|os]] ad male audiendum cotidie praebeat''! .&lt;/ref&gt;. Ineunte bello civili Afranius fortasse non tam acriter atque saeviter adversus Caesarianos pugnarat atque [[Marcus Petreius|Petreius]] et Caesar nobis rettulit&lt;ref&gt;[[De bello civili|BC]] III.83. [[Plutarchus]], ''Pompeius''  67 et ''Caesar'' 41.&lt;/ref&gt; apud [[Pharsalia]]m in castris Pompeianis fuisse quosdam qui Afranium accusarent quod [[xercitus|exercitum]] in Hispania prodidisset. Cui opinioni non adsentiebat ipse Caesar.

== Fontes ==
* [[Appianus]], ''Bellum Civilis'' II
* [[Caesar]], libro primo ''[[De bello civili|de Bello Civili]]'' XXXVII-LXXXVII
* ''[[Bellum Africum|de Bello Africo]]'' cap. XCV
* [[Cicero]] libro primo ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Epistularum ad Atticum]]'' 16.12, 18.3 et 5,  20.5.
**libro primo ''[[Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem|Epistularum ad Quintum fratrem]]'' 7.3.
* [[Dio Cassius]] XXXVII cap. 5 et 49 necnon libro XLI 20-23 et XLII cap. 10.
* [[Plutarchus]], ''Sertorius'' 19.
** ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' 34-36, 39, 44, 66-67.
** ''[[Vita Iulii Caesaris (Plutarchus)|Caesar]]'' 36, 53.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Plura legere si cupis ==
* Antonius Guarino, 'Afranio ballerino', ''Labeo'' 1979(25) : 183-184

{{Anni vitae|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|46 a.C.n.|Afranius, Lucius}}
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Afrania]]
[[Categoria:Proconsules Galliae Cisalpinae]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]
[[Categoria:Victimae Belli Civilis (49-45 a.C.n.)]]</text>
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    <title>Ioannes Henricus Voß</title>
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      <text bytes="8684" sha1="afqapcy6h6dwkte584ktejn9un543z8" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Johann Heinrich Voß - Imagines philologorum.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Henricus Voß, imago [[Iosephus Nicolaus Peroux Iosephi|Nicolai Peroux]].]]
[[Fasciculus:otterndorf_lateinschule_01.jpg|thumb|Schola Latina [[Attendorium|Attendorii]].]]
''' Ioannes Henricus''' vulgo ''Johann Heinrich'' '''Voß''' (natus [[Sommerstorf]] in hodierna [[Megalopolis-Pomerania Citerior|Megalopoli et Pomerania Citeriore]] die [[20 Februarii]] [[1751]]; mortuus [[Heidelberga]]e die [[29 Martii]] [[1826]] ) fuit [[poeta]], [[critica litterarum|criticus]], [[philologia|philologus]], et [[interpres]], qui [[res classicae|res classicas]] in [[Germania]] populo gratas fecit.

Alma mater eius fuit [[Universitas Regia Georgia Augusta]], ubi [[philologia]]e studuit. 

==Vita==
[[File:Eutin, Schleswig-Holstein - Vosshaus, Luisenzimmer (Zeno Ansichtskarten).jpg|thumb|Eutin, ''Conclave Ludovicae'' in deversorio ''Haus Voß'']]
Anno 1766 scholam [[Brandenburgum Novum|Brandenburgi Novi]] frequentavit antequam magister privatus in domo domini de Örtzen [[Indago Ancheri|Indagine Ancheri]] (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Ankershagen'')&lt; institueretur. Post pascha anni 1772 [[Gottinga]]m iit ubi breviter theologia se imbuebat antequam omnino philologicis vacaret. In seminario [[christianus Gottlob Heyne|Christiani Gottlob Heyne]] quoque fuit. Ut alii iuvenes in [[Concilium poeticum Gottingense|Concilio poetico Gottingensi]] congregati poesim renovare voluit. Immo, Voß ductor eorum factus paulo se a magistro Heyne emancipatues est.  Quando [[Henricus Christianus Boie]], cuius sororem in sponsalicia prehenderat, in servitiis publicis laborare incoharetur, Voß periodicum »Göttinger Musenalmanach« moderari debuit. Haec omnia ex oppido Wandsbek (apud [[Hamburgum]]) disponebat, quo anno 1775 commigraverat. Ibidem horas felices multas habuit cum [[matthias Claudius|Matthia Claudius]] et cum [[Fridericus Amadeus Klopstock|Friderico Amadeo Klopstock]] et feminam ductitavit. Anno 1776 Attendorii (Theodisce ''Otterndorf'') rectoratum obtinuit et anno 1778 sollemniter [[Interpretatio|interpretationem]] »Odysseae« [[homerus|Homeri]] annuntiavit quae anno 1781 in lucem est prolata. In versione ista prima iam culmen interpretatorium dedit; sic Homerus proprietas docendorum doctorumque Germaniae factus est. Anno 1782 autem [[fridericus Leopoldus de Stolberg-Stolberg|Friderico Leopoldo de Stolberg-Stolberg]] mediatore director [[Eutin]] in [[slesvicum-Holsatia|Slesvico-Holsatia]] declaratus est ubi anno 1786 honorario titulo consiliarii aulici coronatus est. 

Interdum querelae longae philologicae cum Heyne magistro eruptae erat quae Ioannis Henrici alacritatem ad ligitandum excitavit. Postquam anno 1789 conversionem »Georgicon« librorum [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilii]] edidit summo studio de [[Geographia|geographicis]] et [[Mythologia Graeca|mythologicis Graeciae]] antiquae operam dabat. Poetica continuata bene evenerunt a momento, quo Voß hexametra quoad argumentum sibi familiaria faciebat. Optimum in hoc contextu fuit carmen idyllicum »Luise« (Regiomontii 1795), narratio amabilis de vita in domo parochiali protestantica: ei opusculum praeparatorium quasi habere potueris »Siebzigster Geburtstag«. Autumno 1802 sanitatis caussa cum emeritorio [[Iena]]m petivit ubi recensio valde disputata de interpretatione »Iliados« Christiani Heyne vulgata est in periodico »Allgemeine Literaturzeitung« (mense Maio 1803). Vane [[Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius]], qui anno 1802 carmina Vossiana publice laudaverat, eum Ienae retinere temptavit namque anno 1805 [[Heidelberga]] appetenda erat.

In [[universitas Ruperto-Carola Heidelbergensis|universitate Heidelbergensi]] autem mox cum [[romanticismus|Romanticismi]] fautoribus [[clemens Brentano|Clemente Brentano]], [[Achim von Arnim]] et [[iosephus Görres|Iosepho Görres]] rixatum est. In iis omnibus enim reactio conservativa ecclesiastica politicave imputata est atque [[Sonetum|soneti]] ludibrio habebatur. Similiter invehebatur in collegam Heidelbergensem [[fridericum Creuzer|Fridericum Creuzer]] opere »Antisymbolik« (Stuttgardiae 1824) cuius partem alteram filius Abraham Voß anno 1826 post patris mortem edidit. [[Rationalismus|Rationalismo]] militari contra amicum pristinum Fridericum de Stolberg concurrebat qui interdum [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicus]] factus est. 
Anno 1819 paulo ante mortem Stolberg scriptum subdolum in periodico »Sophronizon« edidit cui titulus »Wie ward Fritz Stolberg ein Unfreier?«. 

Pugnacitas eius numquam cessavit. In carminibus propriis amaritudinem doctam et angustiam sobriam sentis quam vix superare potuit. Vitae partem secundam dedicavit et studiis et [[interpretatio]]nibus. Iam anno 1789 ''Georgica'' Vergilii edita erant et anno 1793 totus Homerus Theodiscus prostabat, cum ''Odysseae'' versione emendata. Sed omnes conversiones posteriores minus bonae quam anteriores erant, quoniam magis magisque interpretationem ad verbum fovebat et metrica accuratissime respicere voluit quae omnia artificiosa olebant. Theoriam de nova scrupulositate maxime limata exaraverit in opere »Zeitmessung der deutschen Sprache« (1802). Volubilitatis recentioris absentia sentitur etiam apud conversiones Horatii (1806), Theocriti (1808), Tibulli (1810) et Aristophanis (1821). Tentamen [[gulielmus Shakesperius|Shakesperii]] germanizandi omnino ad irritum ductum est.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''Die Leibeigenschaft.'' In: ''Lauenburger Musenalmanach.'' 1776.
* ''Luise. Ein ländliches Gedicht in drei Idyllen.'' Nicolovius, Regiomontii 1795.
* ''Abriß meines Lebens''. Wald-Verlag, Carbenae 1996 (Rudolphopoli 1818).
* ''Briefe,'' ed. Abraham Voß. Olms, Hildesiae 1971 (impressio anastatica, editionis Halberstadiensis 1829-1833).
* ''Sämmtliche poetische Werke.,' ed Abraham Voß. Müller, Lipsiae 1835.
* ''Gedichte.'' Auswahl und einführende Texte: Klaus Langenfeld. Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, [[Hosemum|Hosemi]] 2001.
* ''Die kleinen Idyllen. Mit einer Einführung zum Verständnis der Idyllen und einem Nachwort herausgegeben von Klaus Langenfeld''. Akademischer Verlag Heinz, Stuttgardiae 2004.
* ''Ali Baba und vierzig Räuber. Erzählungen aus Tausend und eine Nacht.'' edidit Ernst-Peter Wieckenberg. C.H.Beck, Monaci 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-61608-2.

==Bibliographia==
* Frank Baudach (ed.): ''Ein Mann wie Voß … Ausstellung zum 250. Geburtstag von Johann Heinrich Voß''. Edition Temmen, Bremae 2001, ISBN 3-86108-537-2.
* Hermann Bräuning-Oktavio: ''Silhouetten aus der Wertherzeit - Aus dem Nachlaß von Johann Heinrich Voß und Carl Schuberts Silhouettenbuch.'' Wittich, Darmstadtii 1926.
* Wilhelm Herbst: ''Johann Heinrich Voß''. Lang, Bernae 1970 (volumina tria; anastatia impressio editionis Lipsiensis annorum inter 1872 et 1876).
* Friedrich Heussner: ''Johann Heinrich Voß als Schulmann in Eutin. Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Gedenktage seiner Ankunft daselbst''. Struve, Eutin 1882.
* Klaus Langenfeld: ''Johann Heinrich Voß. Mensch, Dichter, Übersetzer.'' Struve, Eutin 1990 (=Eutiner Bibliothekshefte, 3).
* August Sauer (ed.): ''Johann Heinrich Voß''. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1974 (anastatia impressio editionis Berolinensis anni 1886).
* Heinrich A. Stoll: ''Johann Heinrich Voß''. Union-Verlag, Berolini, 1.1962 - 2.1968.
* Inka Tappenbeck (ed.): ''Johann Heinrich Voß (1751-1826). Idylle, Polemik und Wohllaut''. Niedersächsische Staatsbibliothek 2001, ISBN 3-930457-21-0.
* Mathias Brandstädter: ''Wahn und Mittelmaß? Eine Analyse des Vossischen Erregungspotenzials und der polemischen Tiefenstruktur der »Antisymbolik«''. In: Kultur &amp; Gespenster 4 (2007), p. 38–54.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Johann Heinrich Voss|Ioannem Henricum Voß}}
{{PND|118627910|nomen=Ioannis Henrici Voß una cum libris qui de eo disserunt}}
* [http://www.voss-gesellschaft.de/ Societas Ioanni Henrico Voß dicata]
* [http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00008398/images/index.html?seite=336 De Ioanne Henrico Voß] in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). vol. 40, Lipsiae 1898, p. 334. 
*[https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/voss.html Opera et interpretationes]
* [http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Voß,+Johann+Heinrich Carmina Ioannis H. Voß]

{{Lifetime|1751|1826|Voss, Ioannes Henricus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Francomurarii]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Graeco-Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Homerici]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Latino-Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Shakesperiani]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Heidelbergensis]]
[[Categoria:Recensores]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stanislaus Lalanne</title>
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{{res|Stanislaus Maria Georgius Iudas Lalanne}} (natus die [[3 Augusti]] [[1948]] in [[Mettis|Metti]] in praefecura [[Mosella (praefectura Franciae)|Mosella]]; mortuus in [[Versaliae|Versaliis]] die [[17 Augusti]] [[2026]]), [[presbyter]] [[Sacri Ordines|ordinatus]] die [[8 Novembris]] [[1975]], fuit ab anno [[2007]] [[Cossedia]]e et [[Abrinca]]e [[episcopus]] (Dioecesis Constantiensis (-Abrincensis)), antea dioecesis [[Versaliae|Versaliarum]] [[episcopus auxiliaris]] (1997 – 1999) et ab anno 1999 usque ad annum [[2007]] [[Conferentia Episcopalis Francica|Conferentiae Episcopalis Francicae]] vicarius secretarius generalis et secretarius generalis fuerat.

Apud [[curia Romana|curiam Romanam]] Lalanne est [[Pontificium Consilium de Communicationibus Socialibus|Pontificii Consilii de Communicationibus Socialibus]] consiliarius.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Stanislas Lalanne|Stanislaum Lalanne}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CathHierBishop|lalanne}}
* [http://www.cef.fr/catho/personnalites/lalanne.php Biographia] in pagina [[Conferentia Episcopalis Francica]] {{ling|Francice}}
* [http://eucharistiemisericor.free.fr/index.php?page=0404073_lalanne De Stanislao Lalanne apud eucharistiemisericord.fr] {{ling| Francice }}

{{RC-stipula}}

{{Anni vitae|1948|2026|Lalanne, Stanislaus}}

[[Categoria:Episcopi Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Ecclesiae Catholicae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gulielmus Faulkner</title>
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        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de arte flumine conscientiae</comment>
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      <text bytes="2808" sha1="cjcke4n3dombksxkayqv3ydy4znbxka" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Carl Van Vechten - William Faulkner.jpg|thumbnail|Gulielmus Faulkner mense Decembri 1954 pictus. [[Photographema]] [[Carolus Van Vechten|Caroli Van Vechten]] e [[Collectus Van Vechten|collectu Van Vechten]] apud [[Bibliotheca Congressionalis Civitatum Foederatarum|Bibliothecam Congressionalem Civitatum Foederatarum]].]]

'''Gulielmus Cuthbertus Faulkner''' ([[Anglice]] ''William Cuthbert Faulkner'', natus in [[Albania Nova (Mississippia)|Albaniae Novae]] [[Mississippia]]e die [[25 Septembris]] [[1897]]; mortuus [[Oxonia (Mississippia)|Oxoniae]] Mississippiae die [[6 Iulii]] [[1962]]) fuit [[scriptor]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicensimo]] modo [[modernismus litteratus|modernismo]]. Faulkner anno [[1949]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]] accepit, [[Praemium Librorum Nationale]] accepit anno 1951 et bis [[Praemium Pulitzer Mythistoriis dicatum|Praemium Pulitzer]] anno [[1955]] mythistoriae ''A Fable'' et [[1963]] operis ''The Reivers'' gratia.

== Mythistoriae ==
* ''Soldiers' Pay'' (Stipendium militare, 1926)
* ''Mosquitoes'' (Culices, 1927)
* ''Sartoris'' (1929)
* ''The Sound and the Fury''&lt;ref&gt;Opus in quo ars [[flumen conscientiae|fluminis conscientiae]] utetur&lt;/ref&gt; (Sonus et [[ira|furor]], 1929)
* ''As I Lay Dying'' (Cum moriens iacerem, 1930)
* ''Sanctuary'' (Asylum, 1931)
* ''Light in August'' (Lumen mense Augusto, 1932)
* ''Pylon'' (1935)
* ''Absalom, Absalom!'' ([[Absalom]], Absalom!, 1936)
* ''The Unvanquished'' (Invicti, 1938)
* ''The Wild Palms [If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem]'' (Palmae ferae, sive &quot;Si oblitus fuero tui, [[Hierosolyma|Hierusalem]]&quot; 1939)
* ''The Hamlet'' (Vicus, 1940)
* ''Go Down, Moses and Other Stories'' (Descende, Moses et aliae [[narratio]]nes, 1942)
* ''Intruder in the Dust'' (Interventor in pulve, 1948)
* ''Requiem for a Nun'' ([[Requiem|Missa]] pro nonna defuncta, 1951)
* ''A Fable'' (Fabula, 1954)
* ''The Town'' (Urbs, 1957)
* ''The Mansion'' (Domus grandis, 1959)
* ''The Reivers'' (Fures, 1962)

== Bibliographia ==
* Richard Gray, ''The Life of William Faulkner: a critical biography''. Oxoniae: Blackwell, 1994. ISBN 0-631-16415-4
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|William Faulkner|Gulielmum Faulkner}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1949/ De Gulielmo Faulkner] in pagina Nobeliano Litteraturae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faulkner, Gulielmus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1897]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1962]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Mississippiae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Pulitzer]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Civitatum Foederatarum]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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    <title>Thomas Stearns Eliot</title>
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        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de fluxo conscientiae</comment>
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      <text bytes="2574" sha1="kzutess1nxxme8r2j27t3lmwhjqa7e1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|T. S. Eliot anno 1923 ab [[Ottolina Morrell]] lucis ope picta]]

'''Thomas Stearns Eliot''' ([[1888]]–[[1965]]) fuit [[poeta]], [[scriptor]] et [[criticus]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]], qui anno [[1948]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]] et anno [[1962]] [[Praemium Praesidis pro Libertate]] abstulit. Et [[Iudicium Novum|criticam novam]] scripsit.

==Vita==
Natus est [[Ludovicopolis|Ludovicopoli]] [[Missuria]]e die [[26 Septembris]] [[1888]]. Inspiratus est poema ab [[Omar Khayyam]] regendo, deinde de [[philosophia mentis|philosophia mentis]] studuit apud [[Henricus Bergson|Henricum Bergson]] in [[Universitas Parisiensis|Alma Mater Lutetiae]] et [[lingua Sanscrita|Sanscitam]] studit in [[Universitas Harvardiana|Universitate Harvardiana]].&lt;!--Multa inserenda!--&gt; Mortuus est [[Londinium|Londinii]] die [[4 Ianuarii]] [[1965]].

==Opera==
* 1917 : ''The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufock''&lt;ref&gt;Opus in quo ars [[fluxus conscientiae|fluxi conscientiae]] utetur.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1919 : ''Hamlet and Its Problem'' ([[Iudicium Novum]] de ''[[Hamlet (Shakesperius)|Hamlet]]'')
* 1922 : ''[[The Waste Land]]''
* 1935 : ''Murder in the Cathedral''
* 1943 : ''Four Quartets''

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum
* Ronald Schuchard, ed., ''T. S. Eliot: The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry: the Clark Lectures at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1926, and the Turnbull Lectures at the Johns Hopkins University, 1933''. Londinii: Faber, 1993. ISBN 0-571-14230-3

; Eruditio
* David Bradshaw, &quot;T. S. Eliot and the Major: sources of literary anti-Semitism in the 1930s&quot; in ''[[Times Literary Supplement]]'' (5 Iulii 1996)
* A. David Moody, ''Thomas Stearns Eliot: Poet''. 2a ed. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-46186-3 {{Google Books|kbX9KjkCfX0C|Paginae selectae}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
==Nexus externi==
*[http://tseliot.com/ Situs de T. S. Eliot a domo editoria Faber oblata]
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1948/ De Thoma Stearns Eliot] in pagina Nobeliano Litteraturae Praemio dicata

{{Lifetime|1888|1965|Eliot, Thomas Stearns}}

[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Anglicani]]
[[Categoria:Episcopaliani Americani]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Missuriae]]
[[Categoria:Iudicium Novum]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores scaenici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Thomas Stearns Eliot|!]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iacobus Georgius Scott</title>
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      <text bytes="3833" sha1="k67rsnkuyeqfj3vl3leobwdc0y3kwd7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:ScottAndMitton.jpg|thumb|I. G. Scott cum uxore G. E. Mitton]]
'''Iacobus Georgius Scott''', vulgo ''James George Scott'' postea ''Sir George Scott'') natus in [[Dairsie]] [[Fifa (Scotia)|Fifae]] die [[25 Decembris]] [[1851]]; mortuus die [[4 Aprilis]] [[1935]]), [[Stutgardia]]e educatus, fuit diurnarius [[Scotia|Scoticus]], magister, stator [[Imperium Britannicum|Britannicus]] et scriptor de rebus [[Birmania|Birmanicis]]. Ter connubio iunctus est; cum uxore tertia [[G. E. Mitton]] quattuor [[mythistoria]]s scripsit.

== Opera ==
* 1882 : ''[[The Burman, his life and notions]]'' (pseudonymo [[Shway Yoe]])
* 1885 : ''France and Tongking'' [https://archive.org/details/francetongkingna01scot_0 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;idno=sea038 Textus] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud Cornellianos
* 1886 : ''Burma as it was, as it is and as it will be'' [https://archive.org/details/burmaasitwasasit00scotrich Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1900-1901 (cum J. P. Hardiman) : ''[[Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States]]''. 5 voll. [https://www.burmalibrary.org/en/gazetteer-of-upper-burma-and-the-shan-states-part-i-vol-1 1 i] [https://www.burmalibrary.org/en/gazetteer-of-upper-burma-and-the-shan-states-part-i-vol-ii 1 ii] [https://archive.org/details/gazetteerupperb03hardgoog 2 i] [https://archive.org/details/gazetteerupperb02hardgoog 2 ii] [https://www.burmalibrary.org/en/gazetteer-of-upper-burma-and-the-shan-states-part-ii-vol-iii 2 iii]
* 1906 : ''Burma: a handbook of practical information'' [https://archive.org/details/burmahandbookofp00scot Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1908 : ''Cursed Luck'' (mythistoria)
* 1918 (cum W. Max Müller) : ''The Mythology of All Races: Egyptian; Indo-Chinese'' [https://archive.org/details/egyptianmytholo00scotgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1924 : ''Burma from the earliest times to the present day'' [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463075 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1932 : ''Burma and beyond''

=== Mythistoriae cum G. E. Mitton scriptae ===
* 1913 ''In the Grip of the Wild Wa''
* 1922 ''The Green Moth''
* 1923 ''A Frontier Man''
* 1924 ''Under an Eastern Sky''

[[Fasciculus:Fort Stedman.jpg|thumb|Iacobus Georgius Scott (in ordine superiori ad sinistram partem imaginis) cum collegis in castris [[Fort Stedman]] anno 1889]]

== Bibliographia ==
* [[Carolus Crosthwaite|Charles Crosthwaite]], ''The Pacification of Burma''. Londinii, 1912
* [[Andreas Dalby|Andrew Dalby]], &quot;Sir George Scott, 1851-1935: explorer of Burma's eastern borders&quot; in ''Explorers of South-East Asia'' ed. V. T. King (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press/Penerbit Fajar Bakti, 1995) pp. 108-157. ISBN 967-65-3077-8
* Andrew Marshall, ''The Trouser People: a Story of Burma in the Shadow of the Empire''. Londinii: Penguin; Washingtoniae: Counterpoint, 2002. ISBN 1-58243-120-5
* [[G. E. Mitton]], ''Scott of the Shan Hills''. Londinii: John Murray, 1936 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210818 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* [[Sao Saimong Mangrai|Sao Saimong]], ''The Shan States and the British Annexation''. Cornell: Cornell University, 1969 (2a ed.) [https://www.burmalibrary.org/sites/burmalibrary.org/files/obl/the_shan_states_and_the_british_annexation.pdf Textus]
* Stephen Wheeler, ''History of the Delhi Coronation Durbar''. Dellii, 1991

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Iacobus Georgius}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1851]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1935]]
[[Categoria:Legati Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Magistri]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Scotiae]]
[[Categoria:Magistratus Birmaniae Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Ethnographi]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Scotiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ergosphaera</title>
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      <text bytes="1493" sha1="0mgbkrarc8zpeyzgozcsmaj5l3cgsrs" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Ergosphere of a rotating black hole.svg|lang=la|thumb|upright=1|[[Pictura]] [[singularitas|singularitatis]] revolventis ergosphaeram et [[horizon eventus|horizontem eventus]] monstrans. &lt;!--The two surfaces on which the [[Kerr metric]] appears to have singularities; the inner surface is the spherical [[event horizon]], whereas the outer surface is an [[oblate spheroid]]. The [[ergosphere]] lies between these two surfaces; within this volume, the purely temporal component ''g&lt;sub&gt;tt&lt;/sub&gt;'' is negative (i.e., acts like a purely spatial metric component). Consequently, particles within this ergosphere must corotate with the inner mass if they are to retain their timelike character.--&gt;]]

{{res|Ergosphaera}} (ex Graeco ''ergon'' 'opus' + ''sphaera'' 'globus') in theoria [[relativitas generalis|relativitatis generalis]] est regio extra [[foramen nigrum revolvens]], quae sic nominata est quia [[energia]] et [[massa]] ex [[foramen nigrum|foramine nigro]] hac in regione secundum doctrinam evellere possunt.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Foramen nigrum rotans]]
* [[Spatii temporisque tractio]]

== Nexus externi ==
* http://nrumiano.free.fr/Estars/bh_thermo.html
* http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002astro.ph..3421W
* https://web.archive.org/web/20111017221919/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/ergosphere.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070715025744/http://astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/ergosphere.htm

[[Categoria:Astronomia]]
[[Categoria:Foramina nigra]]</text>
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    <title>Ioannes Pule</title>
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      <comment>de litteris Niueanis</comment>
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      <text bytes="5614" sha1="2l1d0gn24fob1b4tanzla5kq2oze5t3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Artist John Pule in 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ioannes Pule apud [[exhibitio]]nem [[ars|artis]] die [[15 Octobris]] [[2024]].]]
'''Ioannes Puhiatau Pule''' (natus Liku in vico [[Niue]]ano anno [[1962]]&lt;ref name=&quot;qag&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080528230750/http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/collection/pacific_art/john_puhiatau_pule Descriptio pictura Ioannis Pule ''Kulukakina (after experiencing something miraculous, withdraw),'' 2004] in situ interretiali Queensland Art Gallery.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081018040601/http://www.bookcouncil.org.nz/writers/pulejohn.html John Pule] in ''The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature.''&lt;/ref&gt;), est [[artifex]], [[mythistoria]]rum [[scriptor]], [[poeta]]que Niueanus,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081018181047/http://www.otago.ac.nz/press/booksauthors/2005/pulethomas.html University of Otago].&lt;/ref&gt; qui post [[1965]] [[Aucopolis|Aucopole]] [[Nova Zelandia|Novae Zelandiae]] [[habitatio|habitat]]. [[Queensland Art Gallery]] eum appellat &quot;unum ex gravissimis regionis [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacifici]] artificibus.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;qag&quot; /&gt; Anno [[2002]], professor [[scriptura creata|scripturae creatae]] in [[Universitas Havaiorum|Universitate Havaiorum]] tempore [[ver]]no anni [[2002]] acroasis fecit.&lt;ref name=&quot;pacificmag&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006204951/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2002/07/01/the-bifocal-world-of-john-pule &quot;The Bifocal World of John Pule: This Niuean Writer and Painter Is Still Searching For A Place To Call Home&quot;], Scott Whitney, ''Pacific Magazine,' 1 Iulii 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Litterae==
De initio suorum [[litterae|litterarum]] operum, Pule ait:&lt;!--
:“I just wanted to write about growing up in New Zealand, and about being the youngest of 17 kids and about migration—but I wasn’t sure how to organize ideas, so I just started writing.”&lt;ref name=&quot;pacificmag&quot; /&gt;

He also described his writing as a means of &quot;decolonizing his mind&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;pacificmag&quot; /&gt; His work expresses his experience as a Niuean in New Zealand: --&gt;
:Meum [[cor]] et meae [[cogitatio]]nes semper in Niue manent, sed habitabam [[Aotearoa]]m, in terra [[Māori|aliorum]].&lt;!-- Writing helped change me, painting helped change me. I went back to Niue as often as I could, and I’d weed and clear the graves for my family and friends’ families. It’s a way of saying I’m back.--&gt; . . . Domum Niuem redimus cum nostris [[calceus|calceis]] [[Nike (sodalitas)|Nike]] et nostris ''jeans,'' et putamus nos noscere res, sed indigenae putant nos esse stultos. Noscunt quidem ubi sunt omnes [[arbor]]es et semitae, ubique [[mythologia]]e et [[fabula]]e vivunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;pacificmag&quot;/&gt;

==Artis opera==
===Genera===
Opera a Pule arte facta  [[pictura]]s, [[adumbratio]]nes, [[nota impressa|notas impressas]], [[pellicula]]s, [[perfunctio viva|perfunctiones vivas]] comprehendunt. Res suorum operum [[cosmologia]]m Niueanam, [[Christianitas|Christianitatem]], [[migratio]]nem humanam, [[colonialismus|colonialismum]] attingunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;qag&quot;/&gt; Sua opera saepe formá sunt picturae in textilibus [[textile textum|textis]] et cortice [[textile corticale|contusis]], antiquo [[Polynesia]]e artificio.&lt;ref name=&quot;pacificmag&quot; /&gt;

===Opera litteris===
* Pule, Ioannes. [[1982]]. ''Sonnets to Van Gogh and Providence.''
* Pule, Ioannes. [[1984]]. ''Flowers after the Sun.''
* Pule, Ioannes. [[1985]]. ''Bond of Time.''
* Pule, Ioannes. [[1992]]. ''The Shark that Ate the Sun'' (''Ko E Mago Ne Kai E La''). ISBN 0-14-017204-1
* Pule, Ioannes. [[2000]]. ''Burn My Head in Heaven.'' (''Tugi e ulu haaku he langi''). ISBN 0-14-027374-3.
* Pule, Ioannes. [[2004]]. ''Restless People'' (''Tagata kapakiloi'').
* Pule, Ioannes, et [[Nicholas Thomas (anthropologus)|Nicholas Thomas]]. [[2005]]. ''Hiapo: Past and Present in Niuean Barkcloth.''

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;
{{NexInt}}
*[[Litterae Niueanae]]
==Nexus externi==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090731175212/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colProProductionMakers%3A%22Pule%2C+John%22 Artis opera in Museo Novae Zelandiae Te Papa Tongarewa,] apud collections.tepapa.govt.nz
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081018040601/http://www.bookcouncil.org.nz/writers/pulejohn.html &quot;John Pule,&quot;] in ''The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature,'' apud www.bookcouncil.org.nz
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070921171702/http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subjects/nzp/nzlit2/pule.htm#by Index librorum Ioannis Pule et de eo, cum referentiis ad recognitiones eius librorum], &quot;New Zealand Literature File,&quot; apud www.library.auckland.nz (Bibliotheca [[Universitas Aucopolis|Universitatis Aucopolis]])
* [http://www.nzepc.auckland.ac.nz/authors/pule/index.asp &quot;John Pule,&quot;]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud www.nzepc.auckland.ac.nz (Forum Novae Zelandiae pro Poesi Electronico)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528230750/http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/collection/pacific_art/john_puhiatau_pule Exemplum Ioannis Pule picturae] in [[Queensland Art Gallery]], apud www.gag.qld.gov.au
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081016072233/http://www.christchurchartgallery.org.nz/OnDemand/Audio/TeReo/Works/?ID=Pule-trio De Ioanne Pule et opera sua, in Christchurch Art Gallery,] apud www.christchurchartgallery.org.nz

{{Lifetime|1962||Pule, Ioannes}}
[[Categoria:Pictores Niuis]]
[[Categoria:Pictores Novae Zelandiae]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Novae Zelandiae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Havaiorum]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Novae Zelandiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Niuis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Novae Zelandiae]]</text>
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    <title>Familia Han</title>
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      <text bytes="33803" sha1="cl5xkfq236usgltkv4f5e7g6lfrjqw3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Han Civilisation.png|thumb|350px|Domus Han anno [[2]] (terra fusca), cum praesidiis militum (punctis flavis), civitatibus clientibus (punctis viridibus), et civitatibus stipendiariis (punctis croceis) usque [[Crater Tarim]] ([[Anglice]]: ''Tarim Basin'') in occidentalibus [[Media Asia|Mediae Asiae]] regionibus.]]

'''Familia Han''' ([[202 a.C.n.]]–[[263]]) fuit altera [[familiae imperiales Sinarum|familia imperialis Sinarum]], quae [[familia Cin|familiae Cin]] ([[221 a.C.n.]]–[[206 a.C.n.]]) successit et [[Regna Tria|Regnis Tribus]] ([[220 a.C.n.]]–[[265]]) antecessit. Domus condita est a [[Lieupangus|Lieupango]], duce rustico, post mortem appellato Imperatore Caozuo (regnavit [[202 a.C.n.]]–[[195 a.C.n.]]). Domus breviter interrupta est a [[Domus Xin|Domu Xin]] ([[9]]–[[23]]) regentis [[Wang Mang]]; hoc interregnum dividit Han in duo tempora: Han Occidentalem ([[202 a.C.n.]]–[[9]] p.C.n.) et Han Orientalem ([[25]]–[[220]]). Per circa quattuor saecula, tempus domus Han habetur [[aetas aurea]] in historia Sinensi (Zhou 2003:34). Adhuc hodie, populi [[populus Han|maximi Sinae gregis ethnici]] se appellant populi Han (Schaefer 2008:279).

== Historia ==
Prima [[Sina]]e [[Domus in historia Sinensi|domus imperatoria]] fuit [[Domus Qin]] ([[221 a.C.n.]]–[[206 a.C.n.]]), cuius victoria [[Civitates Bellantes]] Sinenses in unam dicionem redegerat; sed imperio post mortem [[Qin Shi Huang]], primi imperatoris, instabili, domus auctoritas intra tantum quattuor annos concidit, et imperium in [[Regna Duodeviginti]] diffissum est (Ebrey 1999:60–61). Duo duces hominum seditiosorum, [[Hiangyus]] (m. [[202 a.C.n.]]) [[Regnum Chu|Regni Chu]] et [[Lieupangus]] (m. [[195 a.C.n.]]) populi [[Hanzhong|Han]], tunc armis inter se ad hegemon Sinae decernendum pugnaverunt. Quisque Regnorum Duodeviginti foedus cum Hiangyo vel Lieupango fecit (Loewe 1986:116–122). Quamquam hic fuit imperii capax, ille eum apud [[Proelium Gaixianum]], in terra hodiernae provinciae [[Anhui]], vicit. Titulum [[Imperator Sinae|Imperatoris Sinae]] mox adsumpsit, et regnavit ab [[202 a.C.n.]] ad [[195 a.C.n.]]; post mortem appellatur [[Imperator Gaozu ex Domu Han|Imperator Gaozu]] (Davis 2001:44–46). Caput sui imperii elegit [[Chang'an]] (Loewe 1986:122).

=== Han Occidentalis ===
=== Interregnum Wang Mang et bellum civile ===
&lt;!--
[[Imago:CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit - painted figure of a cavalryman.jpg|thumb|150px|A Western-Han painted ceramic mounted cavalryman from the tomb of a military general at [[Xianyang]], [[Shaanxi]] provincia]]
[[Imago:Bronze horse with lead saddle, Han Dynasty.jpg|thumb|150px|left|A Western or Eastern Han [[bronze]] horse statuette with a lead saddle]]

===Han Orientalis===
===Eunuci in rebus civitatis===
===Finis Han=== --&gt;

== Societas et cultura ==
=== Classis socialis ===
[[Fasciculus:Lacquerware bowl, Western Han Dynasty.JPG|thumb|150px|Crater &quot;lacquerware&quot;{{dubsig}} Domus Han Occidentalis.]] 
[[Fasciculus:CapitalMuseum15.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Patina &quot;lacquerware&quot;{{dubsig}} Domus Han Occidentalis.]] &lt;!--usually only wealthy officials, nobles, and merchants could afford domestic luxury items like lacquerwares, which were common commodities produced by skilled artisans and craftsmen (Nishijima 1986:581–583; Wang 1982:83–85).--&gt;

In Sinensi graduum societate, [[Imperator Sinae|imperator]] summum societatis administrationisque locum tenuit; is autem saepe fuit iuvenis, temperatus a [[procurator regni|procuratore regni]],&lt;!--Anglice: regent--&gt; sicut [[imperatorix vidua|imperatore vidua]] vel paucis cognatis maribus (Ch'ü 1972:66–72). Sub imperatorem fuerunt [[Reges Domus Han|reges]], socii tribus imperatoris, nomine [[Liu]] (Bielenstein 1980:105–107; Ch'ü 1972:76). Alii homines, [[nobiles Sinenses|nobilibus]] inclusis, et plebs, [[servus|servis]] exclusis, ad unum ex viginti gradibus (二十公乘 ''ershi gongcheng'') pertinuerunt.

=== Coniugium, genus, consanguinitas ===
[[Fasciculus:Cernuschi Museum 20060812 069.jpg|thumb|200px|Serva sericata temporis Han in [[vestis serica|palla serica]]; [[fictilia Sinensia]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Nswag, dinastia han, figurina dipinta di danzatrice.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Saltatrix sericata temporis Han in [[vestis serica|palla serica]]; [[fictilia Sinensia]]]]
Familia tempore Han fuit [[Patrilinealitas|patrilinealis]], et quattuor ad quinque socii familiae usitate unum domum habitaverunt. Homines variarum aetatum cuiusque familiae eandem domum non habitaverunt, dissimiles familiarum inferiorum domuum imperialium (Ch'ü 1972:3–9; Hinsch 2002:46–47). Secundum [[Confucianismus|normis Confucianis]], quisque socius familia habuit suum proprium observantiae consuetudinisque gradum. Exempli gratia, tempus luctus patris discrepavit a tempore luctus patrui (Ch'ü 1972:9–10). [[Coniugium designatum|Coniugia designata]] ([[Anglice]]: ''arranged marriages'') fuerunt usitata, patris opinione de progeniei coniuge graviore quam matris (Ch'ü 1972:34; Hinsch 2002:35). [[Coniugium monogamosum|Coniugia monogamosa]]{{dubsig}} quoque sunt usitata, quamquam nobiles administratoresque alti fuerunt tam divites quam potuerunt [[concubina]]s sufficere et sustinere (Ch'ü 1972:44–47; Hinsch 2002:38–39). Mos (non lex) fuit quod viri feminaeque aliquando potuerunt divortium facere cum coniuge et iterum matrimonio se coniungere (Ch'ü 1972:37–43; Hinsch 2002:40–45). &lt;!--(+3 more grafs in en:)

===Educatio, litterae, philosophia===
===&quot;Lex et ordo&quot;=== --&gt;
=== Alimentum ===
Comunissimae fruges quotidianae fuerunt [[triticum]], [[hordeum]], [[oryza]], [[milium]], et [[faba]]e (Wang 1982:52). Fructus et holera quae homines communiter ederunt fuerunt [[castanea]]s, [[pirum|pira]], [[prunum|pruna]], [[percisum|persica]], [[melo]]nes, ''[[Prunus armeniaca|pruna armeniaca]],'' [[fragum|fraga]], ''[[Myrica rubra|Myricas rubras]]'' ([[lingua Sinica|Sinice]]: 杨梅 ''yángméi''), [[zizyphum|zizypha]], ''[[Crescentia cujete|Crescentias cujete]]'' ([[Sinice]]: 葫蘆 ''húlu'' et 葫子 ''húzi''), [[folium|folia]] [[harundo Indica|harundinis Indicae]] et ''[[Brassica juncea|Brassicae junceae]],'' et [[taro]] (Wang 1982:53, 206). [[Animal]]ia domestica ab hominibus esa fuerunt [[pullus|pulli]], [[anas (avis)|anates]], [[anser]]es, [[bos|boves]], [[ovis|oves]], [[sus|sues]], [[camelus|cameli]], et [[canis|canes]]. [[Testudo|Testudines]] et [[piscis|pisces]] ex [[flumen|fluminibus]] et [[lacus|lacubus]] capti sunt. Venationes saepe consumptae fuerunt [[bubo]]nes, [[phasianus|phasiani]], [[pica]]e, [[cervus sika|cervi sika]], et ''[[Bambusicola thoracicus|Bambusicolae thoracici]]'' (Wang 1982:57–58). Condimenta usitata fuerunt [[saccharum]], [[mel]], [[sal]], et &quot;[[soy sauce]]&quot;{{dubsig}} (Hansen 2000:119–121). Homines [[cervisia]]m et [[vinum]] quotidie consumpserunt (Hansen 2000:119; Wang 1982:206). &lt;!--

===Vestitus=== --&gt;
=== Religio, cosmologia, metaphysica ===
[[Fasciculus:Eastern Han tomb, Luoyang 2.jpg|thumb|Sepulcrum latericium ([[Anglice]]: ''vault'') [[cultura]]e Han Orientalis apud [[Luoyang]].]]
Familiae Sinae Han [[animal]]ia [[alimentum|alimentaque]] apud [[templum (Sinense)|templa et aedicula]] [[deus|deis]], [[anima|spiritibus]], et maioribus rite sacrificaverunt&lt;!--in the belief that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm--&gt; (Ch'ü 1972:30–31). Crediderunt quemque hominem animam duarum partium habuisse: animam spiritus (魂 ''hun''), quae post mortem ad paradisum immortalium (''[[Xian (Taoismus)|xian]]'') peregrinaret, et animam corporis (魄 ''po''), quae in sepulcro tumulove terrestri maneret, et iterum cum anima spiritus coniungi posset solum per quasdam caerimonias rituales (Csikszentmihalyi 2006:140–141; Hansen 2000:119). &lt;!-- In addition to his many other roles,--&gt; Imperator fuit summus civitatis sacerdos, qui ad [[Tian|caelum]], gravissimas deitates (appellatas [[Tres Domini et Quinque Vires]]), et spiritus (神 ''shen'') [[mons|montium]] et [[flumen|fluminum]], sacrificia fecit (Ch'ü 1972:71). Homines crediderunt tres regna—caelum, terra, homines—conligatos esse a naturalibus vicissitudinibus virium [[yin et yang]] et iterationibus [[Wu Xing|quinque phasium]] (Csikszentmihalyi 2006:167; Ebrey 1999:78–79; Loewe 1994:55; Sun &amp; Kistemaker 1997:2–3). Cum imperator proprios [[ritus]], [[ethice|ethicas]], et [[mos|mores]] non secutus sit, libratio harum mutationum cosmologicarum lapsa esset et ergo acciderent [[terraemotus]], [[inundatio]]nes, [[siccitas|siccitates]], [[pestilentia]]e, [[locusta]]rum examina, et aliae calamitates (de Crespigny 2007:496, 592; Ebrey 1999:78–79; Loewe 1986:201).

[[Fasciculus:Rubbing of a Han Citang.JPG|thumb|left|Impressio lapidis Han qui [[Aula maorum cultorum|aulam maiorum cultorum]] (祠堂, ''citang'') monstrat.]]

Habitum est homines [[immortalitas|immortalitatem]] adsequi{{dubsig}} si ei territorium [[Mater-Regina Occidentis|Matris-Reginae Occidentis]] vel [[Mons Penglai|Montem Penglai]] attingerent{{dubsig}} (Loewe 2005;Csikszentmihalyi 2006:116–117; &quot;Funerary Practice in Han Times,&quot; 101–102). [[Taoismus|Taoistae]] aetatis Han [[eremita]]e conati sunt immortalitatem adsequi ab exercitationibus spirationis, rationibus sexualibus, et usibus [[elixir vitae|elixirium medicarum]]{{dubsig}} (Hansen 2000:144). Ante [[saeculum 2 a.C.n.|saeculum secundum a.C.n.]], Taoistae magnas hierarchicalesque societates religiosas, sicut [[Via Quinque Oryzae Modii|Viam Quinque Oryzae Modii]] instituerunt, cuius adsectatores crediderunt [[Laozi]], [[philosophia|philosophum]] sapientem (floruit saeculo sexto a.C.n.), fuisse [[vates|vatem]] sacrum, qui [[salus|salutem]] et sanitatem offerret si adsecutores [[Confessio|peccata confiterentur]],{{dubsig}} venerationem [[deus|deorum]] impurorum (qui carnis sacrificia acceperunt) vetarent, et partes ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' canerent (Hansen 2000:144–146).

[[Buddhismus]] Sinam aevo Han Orientalis intravit, et primum in litteris commemoratus est anno [[65]] (Demieville 1986:821–822; Needham 1972:112). [[Liu Ying]] (m. [[71]]), semifrater{{dubsig}} [[Imperator Ming ex Han|Imperatoris Ming ex Han]] (regnavit [[57]]–[[75]]), fuit inter primos Buddhismi fautores Sinenses, sed [[Buddhismus Sinensis]] eo tempore cum [[Societas et cultura Domus Han|Taoismo Huang-Lao]] arte consociatus est (Demiéville 1986:821–822). Primum notum Sinae templum Buddhisticum, [[Templum Equi Albi]], per imperium Ming aedificatum est (Demiéville 1986:823). Gravissimae Buddhismi [[orsa]]e in [[lingua Sinica|linguam Sinicam]] [[saeculum 2|saeculo secundo]] conversae sunt; hae ''[[Orsa Capitulorum Quadraginta Duo|Orsam Capitulorum Quadraginta Duo]]'', ''[[Perfectio Sapientis|Perfectionem Sapientis]]'', ''[[Orsa Shurangama|Orsam Shurangama]]'', et ''[[Orsa Pratyutpanna|Orsam Pratyutpanna]]'' comprehenderunt (Akira 1998:247–251; vide etiam Needham 1972:112). &lt;!--

==Administratio==
===Administratio civitatis===
===Administratio locorum===
===Regna et marquessatus===
[[File:EasternHan-ColouredPotteryFigurine-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg|thumb|upright|An Eastern-Han pottery soldier, with a now-faded coating of paint, is missing a weapon.]]
===Res militares=== --&gt;

== Oeconomica ==
=== Variationes in nummis ===
[[Fasciculus:S-114 W Han wuzhu, Han Wudi, 140-87, 25 5mm.jpg|thumb|150px|Nummus ''Quinque Scripula'' (五銖), per regnum [[Imperator Wu ex Han|Imperatoris Wu]] (regnavit [[141 a.C.n.]]–[[87 a.C.n.]]), 25.5 mm per diametrum]]
=== Vectigal et bona ===

== Scientia, technologia, et ingenarium ==
Domus Han fuit aevum unicum in evolutione scientiae et technologiae Sinensium, [[technologia Domus Song|auctus scientifici et technologici]] per [[Domus Song|Domum Song]] (960–1279) paene similis (Jin, Fan, &amp; Liu 1996:178–179; Needham 1972:111). &lt;!--
 
===Materia scribendi===
===Agricultura et metallurgia===
===Structural engineering===
===Mechanical and hydraulic engineering===
[[Imago:Winnowing machine and tilt hammer.JPG|thumb|A Han-dynasty pottery model of two men operating a [[winnowing]] machine with a [[Crank (mechanism)|crank handle]] and a [[Trip hammer|tilt hammer]] used to pound grain.]]

===Mathematica et astronomia===
===Cartographia, nautica, et vehicula===
[[Imago:Eastern Han pottery boat.JPG|thumb|An Eastern-Han pottery ship model with a steering [[rudder]] at the stern and [[anchor]] at the bow]]--&gt;

=== Medicina ===
Medici aevi Han habuerunt corpus humanum sequi regulas naturae quae omnem universum regulabant, videlicet circulos cosmologicos [[yin et yang]] et [[Wu Xing|phases quinque]] (''wu xing''). Quidque corporis [[organum]] cum propria phasi consociatum est. Morbus habitus est signum disruptionis vigoris vitae (''[[qi]]'') per canales qui ad quoddam organum ducunt. &lt;!-- Ergo, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance (Csikszentmihalyi 2006:181–182; Hsu 2001:75; Sun &amp; Kistemaker 1997:3–4). For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase (Csikszentmihalyi 2006:181–182). To this end, the physician [[Zhang Zhongjing]] (c. 150–c. 219 CE) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to curb specific illnesses. These are now known to be [[nutrition disorder]]s caused by the lack of certain [[vitamin]]s consumed in one's diet (Temple 1986:131). Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescibed [[moxibustion]], [[acupuncture]], and [[calisthenics]] as methods of maintaining one's health (Lo 2001:23; Loewe 1994:65; Omura 2003:15, 19–22). When [[surgery]] was performed by the physician [[Hua Tuo]] (m. 208 CE), he used [[anesthesia]] to numb his patients and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgery wounds (Crespigny 2007:332). --&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Decem Adsectatores]]
* [[Genealogia Domus Han]]
* [[Han Xin]]
* [[Mawangdui]]
* [[Proelium Iushi]]
* [[Sang Hongyang]]
* [[Xiao He]]
* [[Yin et yang]]
* [[Rationes inter imperia Sinicum et Romanum]]&lt;!--

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt; --&gt;

{{Arca initii}}
{{Arca successionis unus
|ante     = [[Familia Cin]]
|titulus  = [[Familiae imperiales Sinarum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Familia Han]]
|anni     = [[202 a.C.n.]]––[[220]]
|postquam = Heu Han&lt;br /&gt;([[Tria regna (Sina)|Tria regna]])
}}
{{Arca finis}}

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[[Fasciculus:Mawangdui silk banner from tomb no1.jpg|thumb|150px|Vexillum sericum ex [[Mawangdui]] [[Changsha]]e in Provincia [[Hunan]].&lt;!-- It was draped over the coffin of the Lady Dai (d. 168 BCE), wife of the Marquess Li Cang (??) (m. 186 BCE), chancellor for the Kingdom of Changsha (Hansen 2000:117–119).--&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:EastHanSeismograph.JPG|thumb|upright|Replica [[seismometer|seismometri]] a [[Zhang Heng]] facti.]]
[[Fasciculus:Gold animals.JPG|thumb|Aureatae animalium figurinae ex Domu Han: [[equus]], [[elephas]], [[bos]], et [[unicornu]]]]
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* Shen, Kangshen, John N. Crossley, et Anthony W. C. Lun. [[1999]]. ''The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary''. [[Oxonia]]e: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853936-3.
* Steinhardt, Nancy N. [[2005]]a. &quot;Pleasure tower model.&quot; In ''Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines.' '' Edidit Naomi Noble Richard, 275-281. [[Portus Novus]] et [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
* Steinhardt, Nancy N. [[2005]]b. &quot;Tower model.,&quot; In ''Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines.' '' Edidit Naomi Noble Richard, 283–285. [[Portus Novus]] et [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum. ISBN 0-300-10797-8.
* Straffin, Philip D., Jr. [[1998]]. &quot;Liu Hui and the First Golden Age of Chinese Mathematics.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 71(3):163–181.
* Sun, Xiaochun, et Jacob Kistemaker. [[1997]]. ''The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society''. Leiden, [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]], Köln: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 90-04-10737-1.
* Temple, Robert. [[1986]]. ''The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention''. With a forward by Joseph Needham. [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Simon and Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-62028-2.
* Teresi, Dick. [[2002]]. ''Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—From the Babylonians to the Mayas.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83718-8.
* Thorp, Robert L. [[1986]]. &quot;Architectural Principles in Early Imperial China: Structural Problems and Their Solution,&quot; ''The Art Bulletin'' 68(3):360–378.
* Tom, K. S. [[1989]]. ''Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom''. Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1285-9.
* Torday, Laszlo. [[1997]]. ''Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History''. Durham: The Durham Academic Press. ISBN 1-900838-03-6.
* Turnbull, Stephen R. [[2002]]. ''Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC–AD 1419''. [[Oxonia]]e: Osprey Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 1-84176-386-1.
* Wagner, Donald B. [[2001]]. ''The State and the Iron Industry in Han China''. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing. ISBN 87-87062-83-6.
* Wang, Yu-ch'uan. [[1949]]. &quot;An Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty.&quot; ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 12(1/2):134–187.
* Wang, Zhongshu. [[1982]]. ''Han Civilization''. Anglico conversus ab K. C. Changet Conlaboratores. [[Portus Novus]] et [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02723-0.
* Xue, Shiqi. [[2003]]. &quot;Chinese lexicography past and present&quot; in ''Lexicography: Critical Concepts.'' Edidit R. R. K. Hartmann, 158–173. [[Londinium|Londinii]] et [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25365-9.
* Yü, Ying-shih. [[1967]]. ''Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Yü, Ying-shih. [[1986]]. &quot;Han Foreign Relations,&quot; in ''The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220.'' Ediderunt Denis Twitchett et Michael Loewe, 377–462. [[Cantabrigia]]e: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
* Watson, William. [[2000]]. ''The Arts of China to AD 900''. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08284-3. 
* Zhang, Guanuda. [[2002]]. &quot;The Role of the Sogdians as Translators of Buddhist Texts.&quot; In ''Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road.'' Ediderunt Annette L. Juliano et Judith A. Lerner, 75-78. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 2-503-52178-9.
* Zhou, Jinghao [[2003]]. ''Remaking China's Public Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century''. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 0-275-97882-6.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Han Dynasty}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091019025123/http://www.museum.cornell.edu/HFJ/edu/journey/tomb/virtual_tomb.html An interactive, virtual guide into a Han Dynasty tomb, presented by the Museum of Cornell University (NY)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090710041505/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/early_imperial_china/han.html Han Dynasty by Minnesota State University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194901/http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-han.cfm Han Dynasty art with video commentary, Minneapolis Institute of Arts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100625031315/http://e-asia.uoregon.edu/earlychina/ Early Imperial China: A Working Collection of Resources ]
{{1000 paginae}}

{{Myrias|Historia}}

[[Categoria:Han (familia)|!]]
[[Categoria:Familiae imperiales Sinarum]]</text>
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    <title>Gulielmus Lloyd Garrison</title>
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      <text bytes="6810" sha1="2x8pfw72yji5ay9e48oymqdzf9g8cp9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:William garrison.jpg|thumb|Gulielmus Lloyd Garrison]]

'''Gulielmus Lloyd Garrison''' ([[Newburyport]] [[Massachusetta]]e, [[12 Decembris]] [[1805]] — [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]], [[24 Maii]] [[1879]]) fuit [[abolitionismus|abolitionista]], [[diarium|diurnista]], [[Ars rhetorica|orator]], et societatis corrector ([[Anglice]]: ''social reformer'') [[CFA|Americanus]], qui, notissimus auctor et [[editor]] ''[[Liberator]]is,'' [[abolitionismus|abolitionistarum]] diurni novarum rerum cupidi, et unus ex conditoribus [[Americana Contra Servitutem Societas|Americanae Contra Servitutem Societatis]], praesentem [[servus|servorum]] [[manumissio]]nem in Civitatibus Foederatis impavide ursit, motum pro [[iura mulierum|iuribus feminarum]]—praecipue ut [[suffragium mulierum|suffragium feminis]] impertiretur—vehementer adiuvit, et pervulgatam orthodoxiam [[Christianitas|Christianam]] quae servitutem sustinebat feminarumque suffragium obsistebat insigniter reprehendit.

== Opera interretialia ==
*1829 [http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=562 Oratio ad Societatem Colonizationis], die [[4 Iulii]] [[1829]] in [[Ecclesia Park Street]] [[Bostonia]]e habita. Hic fuit eius prima sententia publica contra servitutem.
*1838 [https://web.archive.org/web/20061012075857/http://antislavery.eserver.org/tracts/garrisonmarlborochapel/ Oratio in Cappella Marlboro], oratio diei [[4 Iulii]] [[1838]] habita, de eius sententia de seditione servorum et prospectibus violentiae. Ex &quot;Consilio Antislavery Literature.&quot;
*1831 [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2928t.html Ad Populum]&lt;!--, Garrison's introductory column for--&gt; ex ''[[Liberator]]e'' ([[1 Ianuarii]] [[1831]]).
*1831 [http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1831/01/08/truisms Quasi Veritates (Anglice: ''Truisms'')], ex ''[[Liberator]]e'' ([[8 Ianuarii]] [[1831]]).
*1831 [http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1831/09/03/the-insurrection Insurrectio], eius primum responsum ad nuntium rebellionis [[Nat Turner]], in ''[[Liberator]]e'' ([[3 Septembris]] [[1831]]).
*1832 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070921221830/http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1832/12/29/on-the-constitution-and-the-union.html On the Constitution and the Union], from ''[[The Liberator]]'' ([[29 Decembris]] [[1832]]).
*1838 [http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1838/09/28/declaration-of-sentiments-adopted-by-the-peace-convention Declaratio Opinionum], a Pacis Conventiculo Bostoniae constituta ([[18 Septembris]] [[1838]]), in ''[[Liberator]]e'' ([[28 Septembris]] [[1838]]).
*1839 [http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1839/06/28/abolition-at-the-ballot-box Abolition at the Ballot Box], ex ''[[Liberator]]e'' ([[29 Iunii]] [[1839]]).
*1845 [http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1845/01/10/the-american-union The American Union], ex ''[[Liberator]]e'' ([[10 Ianuarii]] [[1845]]).
*1859 [http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1859/10/28/the-tragedy-at-harpers-ferry Tragoedia apud Harper's Ferry], eius primus commentarius publicus de incursu [[Ioannes Brown (abolitionista)|Ioannis Brown]] apud [[Harpers Ferry (Virginia Occidentalis)|Harpers Ferry]], ex ''[[Liberator]]e'' ([[29 Octobris]] [[1859]]).
*1859 [http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=569 Ioannes Brown et Institutum Non Resistentiae], oratio ad conventiculum in [[Tremont Templum|Tremont Templo]] Bostoniae die [[2 Decembris]] [[1859]], die quo [[Ioannes Brown (abolitionista)|Ioannes Brown]] suspensus est. Iterum vulgata in ''[[Liberator]]e'' ([[16 Decembris]] [[1859]]).
*1861 [http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=577 The War—Its Cause and Cure], from ''[[The Liberator]]'' ([[31 Maii]] [[1861]]).
*1865 [http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1865/12/29/valedictory Valedictoria: Ultimus Numerus ''Liberatoris''], ([[29 Decembris]] [[1865]]).
*N.d. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210221/http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~ibinnington/courses/Garrison.htm Nulla Unio Cum Possessoribus Servorum]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081230152115/http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?type=simple&amp;c=mayantislavery&amp;cc=mayantislavery&amp;sid=9a7feb4dd52da0223415d9303b664f6e&amp;rgn=author&amp;q1=garrison%2C+william&amp;Submit=Search Opera Gulielmi Lloyd Garrison]&lt;!-- Cornell University Library Samuel J. May Anti-Slavery Collection--&gt;
*[http://www.amazon.com/s?sort=%2Bsalesrank&amp;rh=n%3A1000%2Cp%5F30%3Acornell%20university%20library%2Cp%5F57%3Agarrison%5Cc%20william%20lloyd&amp;page=1 Opera Gulielmi Lloyd Garrison]&lt;!-- reprinted by Cornell University Digital Library Collections.--&gt;
*[http://theliberatorfiles.com Conlectio Liberatoris] ab Horatio Seldon facta&lt;!-- collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's ''[[The Liberator]]'' original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.--&gt;
*[http://readinggarrisonsletters.com Lectens Litteras Garrison], sententiae Horatii Seldon&lt;!-- insight into the thought, work and full life of Garrison, based on &quot;Letters of William Lloyd Garrison&quot; edited by Walter M. Merrill and Louis Ruchames, from the Belknap Press of Harvard University.

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;--&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Abzug, Robert H. [[1994]]. ''Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195037529.
*Hagedorn, Ann. [[2002]]. ''Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0684870657.
*Mayer, Henry. [[1998]]. ''All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery.'' Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312253672.
*Laurie, Bruce. [[2005]]. ''Beyond Garrison.'' Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521605172.
*Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. [[2007]]. ''Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World.'' Armonk, Novi Eboraci: M. E. Sharpe.
*&quot;Shall He Be Hung?&quot; [[1849]]. ''The Liberator'' 19 (13), 30 Martii, p. 52.

==Nexus externi==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20071029004926/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASgarrison.htm
*http://www.theliberatorfiles.com 
*[http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Relatio Dirigentis Consilii Servitutis et Iustitiae Universitatis Brown]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=1101 Find-a-Grave]

{{Lifetime|1805|1879|Garrison, Gulielmus Lloyd}}
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
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[[Categoria:Servitus in Civitatibus Foederatis]]
[[Categoria:Abolitionistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Editores diariorum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Massachusettae]]
[[Categoria:Lectores]]
[[Categoria:Oratores]]
[[Categoria:Pacifistae]]
[[Categoria:Repugnatores vectigalium Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Viri]]</text>
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    <title>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</title>
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'''''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography''''' est dictionarium geographicum Graecum et Romanum a [[Gulielmus Smith (lexicographus)|Gulielmo Smith]] editum et anno 1854 divulgatum.

{{NexInt}}
* {{fn|Smith-geo}} (formula pro citationibus huius libri)

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064 Textus completus editionis 1854] apud Perseum
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=9y0BAAAAQAAJ Vol. 1 (A-H)] et [http://books.google.com/books?id=tJIfAAAAMAAJ Vol. 2 pars 1 (I-Rod)] apud Google Books

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024708/http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?root=%2Fmoa%2Fnora%2Fnora0081%2F&amp;tif=00274.TIF&amp;cite=http:%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid=ABQ7578-0081-18&amp;coll=moa&amp;frames=1&amp;view=50 Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography]&quot; recensum in ''[[North American Review]]'' (Iul. 1855) pp. 268-71

[[Categoria:Scripta 1854]]
[[Categoria:Encyclopaediae speciales]]
[[Categoria:Angliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri geographici]]
[[Categoria:Res classicae]]
[[Categoria:Fontes Vicipaediae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Genji monogatari</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Genji emaki 01003 002.jpg|thumb|Textus in vetustissimo ''Genji monogatari'' libro illuminato, [[saeculum 11|saeculo duodecimo]] scripto.]]
'''''Genji monogatari''''' ('Gesta Genji'; [[Iaponice]] 源氏物語) est [[mythistoria]] [[litterae Iaponiae|litterarum Iaponicarum]] antiqua et praeclarissima, [[saeculum 11|saeculo XI]] ineunte a domina [[Murasaki Shikibu|Murasaki]] composita.

Qui hoc opus primam [[orbis terrarum]] mythistoriam nuncupant aliarum litterarum obliviscuntur, Graecae, Latinae, Sanscritae, necnon mythistoriarum Iaponicarum vetustiorum. Multi autem &quot;mythistoriam primam&quot; adseverant [[psychologia|psychologicam]] et [[modernitas|modernam]]: [[protagonista]] enim Genji plene describitur et verisimiliter evolvitur; personae aliae bene characterizantur{{dubsig}}; [[vita]]e personarum fere quadringentorum ab [[auctor]]e congruenter diriguntur.

[[Fasciculus:Genji emaki Yomogiu.JPG|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 15, 蓬生 ''Yomogiu'' (&quot;Malae herbae&quot;), in serie [[saeculum 12|saeculi duodecimi]] [[Genji monogatari emaki]] apud Museum Artium Tokugawa conservata.]]
[[Fasciculus:Genji emaki sekiya.jpg|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 16, 関屋 ''Sekiya'' ('Summo'), in serie ''Genji monogatari emaki.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Genji emaki YOKOBUE.jpg|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 37, 横笛 ''Yokobue'' ('Tibia'), in serie ''Genji monogatari emaki.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Genji emaki 01003 009.jpg|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 39, 夕霧 ''Yūgiri'' ('Bruma'), in serie ''Genji monogatari emaki.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Genji emaki SAWARABI.jpg|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 48, 早蕨 ''Sawarabi'' ('Filices'), in serie ''Genji monogatari emaki.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Genji emaki YADORIGI 2.JPG|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 48, 宿り木 ''Yadorigi'' ('Hedera'), in serie ''Genji monogatari emaki.'']]
[[Fasciculus:Genji emaki azumaya.jpg|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 50, 東屋 ''Azumaya'' ('Casa orientalis'), in serie ''Genji monogatari emaki.'']]

== Ratio ==
Describitur vita tota filii cuiusdam [[index imperatorum Iaponiae|imperatoris Iaponici]] [[saeculum 10|saeculo fere X]] [[floruit|florentis]]. Filius lectoribus nomine ''Hikaru Genji'' ('Genji lucens') notus est, quod [[nomen proprium]] ('Genji', 源氏) [[homographum]] est verae familiae ''[[Minamoto (familia)|Minamoto]]-no-Uji'' (源の氏). Ob rationes aulae imperialis Genji ab optimatis eiectus est et, [[cognomen]] ''Minamoto'' gerens, [[munus]] publicum accipit; formosus est, a multis [[mulier]]ibus amatus.

== Stilus et indoles ==
Eo tempore apud aulam imperialem nomina vera hominum haud enuntiata sunt. Personae igitur huius mythistoriae nomina non habent: viri ab officio seu munere nuncupantur; mulieres a colore vestium, a verbis seu rebus recordatis, vel ab officio patris; et interdum una persona agnominibus variis per mythistoriam notatur. In colloquiis carmina [[waka]]e crebriter citantur saepeque allusiones recelant; quae carmina lectoribus primordialibus bene nota igiturque partim omissa studentibus hodiernis satis obscura manent. Scriptrix verbis [[lingua Sinica|Sinicis]] mutuatis satis paucis usa est (rebus politicis et religiosis exceptis), aut quia lectoribus praecipue femininis adloquebatur eruditionem classicam carentibus, aut quia talia verba in sermonibus familiaribus eo tempore minime adhibebantur. Ita [[sermo]] mythistoriae valde differt a hodierno sermone Iaponico; [[grammatica]] etiam [[lingua Iaponica classica|linguae mediaevalis Iaponicae]] in multis rebus a moderna discrepat.

== Origo et fortuna ==
Gesta Genji iam exstabat, sed imperfecta, anno [[1008]]; eo fere anno (si [[Murasaki Shikibu nikki|ephemeridi]] scriptricis credimus) ipsa a familiaribus &quot;Murasaki&quot; cognominata est ex appellatione personae cuiusdam femininae Genji amasiae. Ante annum [[1021]] completa est; domina enim [[Sarashina]] eo anno, secundum [[Sarashina nikki|ephemeridem suam]], de adquisitionem exemplaris mythistoriae gaudet, capitula plura quam quinquaginta comprehendentis.&lt;ref&gt;Confer ''The Diary of Lady Murasaki,'' ed. Richard Bowring (2005), 31, n. 41.&lt;/ref&gt; Sed an mythistoria tota a Murasaki scripta sit, haud liquet.

== Editiones ==
* Editio Iaponica anni 1654 in 54 volumina divisa cum commentario (3 voll.), stemmate, continuatione et indice [https://web.archive.org/web/20100206005537/http://lcweb4.loc.gov/service/asian/asian0001/2005/2005html/20050415toc.html Textus interretialis] apud [[Bibliotheca Congressus|Bibliothecam Congressus]]

== Versiones ==
* Versio Suematsu [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19264 Textus interretialis] apud gutenberg.org
* Versio Seidensticker [https://web.archive.org/web/20120926175610/http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/Genji/00000010.htm Textus interretialis imperfectus]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Fasciculus:ch5 wakamurasaki.jpg|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 5, 若紫 ''Wakamurasaki'' ('Murasaki iuvenis'), a [[Tosa Mitsuoki]] [[saeculum 17|saeculo septimo decimo]] picta.]]
[[Fasciculus:Ilustration of The Tale of Genji.jpg|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 20, 朝顔 ''Asagao'' ('[[Campanula]]'), a Tosa Mitsuoki saeculo septimo decimo picta.]]
[[Fasciculus:ch42 nioumiya.jpg|thumb|Illuminatio capitis 42, 匂宮 ''Niō no Miya'' ('Princeps [[aroma]]tizatus'), a Tosa Mitsuoki saeculo septimo decimo picta.]]

== Bibliographia ==
* Bargen, Doris G (June 1988). &quot;Spirit Possession in the Context of Dramatic Expressions of Gender Conflict: The Aoi Episode of the Genji monogatari&quot;. ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 48(1): 95–130
* Bargen, Doris G (June 1991). &quot;The Search for Things Past in the Genji monogatari&quot;. ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 51(1): 199–232
* Bargen, Doris G (1997). ''A Woman's Weapon : Spirit possession in the Tale of Genji''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
* Bowring, Richard John. [[1988]]. ''Murasaki shikibu, The Tale of Genji''. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press
* Childs, Margaret H. [[1999]]. &quot;The value of vulnerability: Sexual coercion and the nature of love in japanese court of literature&quot;. ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 58(4): 1059–1080
* Chisholm, Julianne Kaui (November 1994). &quot;The Steel-belted Radial of Karma: The End of Genji&quot;. ''Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese'' 28(2): 183–93
* D'Etcheverry, Charo B (2007). ''Love after The Tale of Genji : Rewriting the World of the Shining Prince''. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press
* Field, Norma (1987). ''The Splendor of Longing in the Tale of Genji''. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press
* Friday, Karl (Summer 1988). &quot;Teeth and Claws. Provincial Warriors and the Heian Court&quot;. ''Monumenta Nipponica'' 43(2): 153–85
* Gatten, Aileen (Spring 1977). &quot;A Wisp of Smoke. Scent and Character in the Tale of Genji&quot;. ''Monumenta Nipponica'' 32(1): 35–48
* Gatten, Aileen (June 1981). &quot;The Order of the Early Chapters in the Genji monogatari&quot;. ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 41(1): 5–46
* Gatten, Aileen (April 1986). &quot;Weird Ladies: Narrative Strategy in the Genji monogatari&quot;. ''Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese'' 21(1): 29–48
* Goff, Janet Emily (1991). ''Noh Drama and the Tale of Genji: The Art of Allusion in Fifteen Classical Plays''. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press
* Henitiuk, Valeria (2008). &quot;Going to Bed with Waley: How Murasaki Shikibu Does and Does Not Become World Literature&quot;. ''Comparative Literature Studies'' 45(1): 40–61
* Hirota, Akiko (Fall 1997). &quot;The Tale of Genji: From Heian Classic to Heisei Comic&quot;. ''Journal of Popular Culture'' 31(2): 29–68
* Kamens, Edward B (1993). ''Approaches to Teaching Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji''. New York: Modern Language Association of America
* Knapp, Bettina L (Spring 1992). &quot;Lady Murasaki Shikibu's the Tale of Genji: Search for the Mother&quot;. ''Symposium'' 46(1): 34–48
* McCullough, William H (1967). &quot;Japanese Marriage Institutions in the Heian Period&quot;. ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 27: 103–167
* Morris, Ivan I (1964). ''The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan''. New York: Kodansha International
* Morris, Ivan I (1971). ''The Tale of Genji Scroll [Genji monogatari emaki]''. Tokyo: Kodansha International
* Mostow, Joshua S (Autumn 1992). &quot;Painted Poems, Forgotten Words. Poem-Pictures and Classical Japanese Literature&quot;. ''Monumenta Nipponica'' 47(3): 323–346
* Mostow, Joshua S (April 1999). &quot;&quot;Picturing&quot; in The Tale of Genji&quot;. ''Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese'' 33 (1): 1–25.
* Murase, Miyeko (1983). ''Iconography of the Tale of Genji: Genji monogatari ekotoba''. New York: Weatherhill.
* Murase, Miyeko (2001). ''The Tale of Genji: Legends and Paintings''. Novi Eboraci: G. Braziller.
* Nickerson, Peter (Winter 1993). &quot;The Meaning of Matrilocality. Kinship, Property, and Politics in Mid-Heian&quot;. ''Monumenta Nipponica'' 48 (4): 429–67.
* Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten (1986). ''Kan'yakuban''. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 4-00-080067-1.
* Okada, H. Richard (1991). ''Figures of Resistance: Language, Poetry, and Narrating in the Tale of Genji and Other Mid-Heian Texts''. Durham: Duke University Press.
* Pekarik, Andrew (1982). ''Ukifune : Love in the Tale of Genji''. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
* Puette, William J (1983). ''Guide to the Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu''. Rutland, Vt: C.E. Tuttle.
* Rowley, Gillian Gaye (2000). ''Yosano Akiko and the Tale of Genji''. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan.
* Seidensticker, Edward G. (1976). ''The Tale of Genji. 1''. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-4-8053-0919-3.
* Seidensticker, Edward G. (1976). ''The Tale of Genji. 2''. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-4-8053-0920-9.
* Shirane, Haruo (December 1985). &quot;The Aesthetics of Power: Politics in the Tale of Genji&quot;. ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 45 (2): 615–47.
* Shirane, Haruo (1987). ''The Bridge of Dreams: A Poetics of the Tale of Genji''. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
* Shirane, Haruo (2008). ''Envisioning the Tale of Genji: Media, Gender, and Cultural Production''. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Stevenson and{{dubsig}} Ho, Barbara, et Cynthia O. [[2000]]. ''Crossing the Bridge: Comparative Essays on Medieval European and Heian Japanese Women Writers.'' Novi Eboraci: Palgrave.
* Tyler, Royall. [[1999]]. &quot;'I Am I': Genji and Murasaki&quot;. ''Monumenta Nipponica'' 54 (4): 435–480
* Tyler, Royall. [[2001]]. ''The Tale of Genji''. Novi Eboraci: Viking
* Tyler, Royall. [[2002]]. &quot;http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue7/tyler.html Marriage, Rank and Rape in The Tale of Genji]&quot;. ''Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context'' 7 (Martius).
* Tyler, Royall, et Susan Rtler. [[2002]]. &quot;The Possession of Ukifune.&quot; ''Asiatica Venetiana'' 5: 177–209.
* Tyler, Royall. [[2003]]. &quot;Rivalry, Triumph, Folly, Revenge: A Plot Line through the Tale of Genji&quot;. ''Journal of Japanese Studies'' 29 (2): 251–87.
* Ury, Marian. [[1988]]. &quot;A Heian Note on the Supernatural&quot;. ''Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese'' 22 (2): 189–94.
* Yoda, Tomiko (December 1999). &quot;Fractured Dialogues: Mono no aware and Poetic Communication in the Tale of Genji&quot;. ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 59(2): 523–57.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|The Tale of Genji}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185256/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/genji/index.html Versiones Iaponicae originalis, recensa, translitterata] apud bibliothecam [[Universitas Virginiae|Universitatis Virginiae]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171019221618/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~arth17/Genji.index.html Versio illuminatas imperfecta saeculi XVIII] apud bibliothecam [[Collegium Dartmuthense|Collegii Dartmuthensis]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217181540/http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/asian377/studentspring99/asian377e/genji/ Illuminationes nonnullae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080324133114/http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/~pmjs/resources/genji/genji-chart.html Stemma personarum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160103000314/https://jclab.wordpress.com/2007/05/11/the-tale-of-genji-audiobooks/ Versio audibilis Iaponica capitulorum septem]
* [http://www.ohmigallery.com/ Picturae nonnullae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090802194228/http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/PM.cgi?LM=Gallery&amp;LANG=English&amp;AP=vmc_search&amp;scope=Gallery&amp;terms=Kunisada+II/ Kunisada II- Illuminationes apud] [[Universitas Albertensis|universitatem Albertensem]]
* [http://www.bookrags.com/The_Tale_of_Genji Epitome studentibus destinata]

[[Categoria:Iaponiae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Iaponicae]]
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Series librorum]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Ars}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iacutia</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Keskil Kaiser</username>
        <id>216509</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Est recensio minor de musica in Iactuia</comment>
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      <text bytes="5062" sha1="6m7911fjlya77do3fwq9bcm5uyfg7c2" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}{{Vide discretivam|de re publica Iacutia}}{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
'''Iacutia'''&lt;ref&gt;T. Leonova, [https://books.google.se/books?id=FLtJAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=florae+Jacutiae+species+novae+e+genere+Artemisia+L.&amp;dq=florae+Jacutiae+species+novae+e+genere+Artemisia+L.&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiN-4O2lpD8AhV_QvEDHSGNBlsQ6AF6BAgIEAI ''Florae Jacutiae species novae e genere Artemisia L.'', in: Novitates systematicae plantarum vascularium, 1978, p. 50];  L.N. Poryadina, [https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1935/12696/ ''Lichenes reservati &quot;Suntar-Hayata&quot; (Jacutia)'', in: Novitates systematicae plantarum vascularium, 34, 2001].&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Iakutia,'''&lt;ref&gt;I. I. Makarova, V. I. Perfiljeva, [https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1922/14065/ ''Ad lichenofloram partis boreali-occidentalis Jakutiae'', in: Novitates systematicae plantarum vascularium, 21, 1984].&lt;/ref&gt; vel rite '''Res Publica Sacha (Iacutia),''' [[Russice]] ''Республика Саха (Якутия)'' et [[Iacutice]] ''Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ, Саха Сирэ'' vocatur, [[divisio administrativa Russiae|subiectum]] [[Russia|Foederationis Russicae]] est, anno [[1922]] formatum, et ab anno [[2000]] in Russicum [[Districtus Foederalis Extremorientalis|Districtum (Circulum) Foederalem Extremorientalem]] inclusum. 

Iacutia, in parte septentrio-orientali [[Siberia]]e sita, in oriente sua cum districtu autonomo [[Tschucotia|Tschucotico]] et [[regio Magadanensis|regione Magadanensi]], in meridie-oriente cum [[territorium Chabarovskense|territorio Chabarovskensi]], in meridie cum [[regio Amurensis|regione Amurensi]] et [[territorium Transbaicalicum|territorio Transbaicalico]], in meridie-occidente cum [[regio Ircutensis|regione Ircutensi]], in occidente cum [[territorium Crasnoiarense|territorio Crasnoiarensi]] terminos terrestres habet, in septentrione sua autem a [[mare|maribus]] [[mare Lapteviorum|Lapteviorum]] et [[mare Sibiricum Orientale|Siberico Orientali]] alluitur, quae maria [[insulae Sibiriae Novae|insulis Sibiriae Novae]], [[fretum Demetrii Laptevii|freto Demetrii Laptevii]] a [[continens|terra continente]] divisis, separata sunt. 

Aream 3&amp;thinsp;103&amp;thinsp;200 [[chiliometrum quadratum|chm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]] habens, Iacutia est amplissimum Foederationis Russicae subiectum. Circa 960 milia incolarum habet (anno [[2016]]), quorum fere 50 centesimae gente [[Iacuti]], fere 38 centesimae autem [[Russi]] sunt.

[[Lingua publica|Linguae publicae]] sunt [[lingua Iacutica|Iacutica]] et [[lingua Russica|Russica]].

Sunt autem multi cantores et cantatrices qui lingua Iacutica faciunt musicam. Exempli gratia, [[Keskil Baishev]] est cantor clarissimus inter eos.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fgqu-FcAifs&lt;/ref&gt;
==Flumina==
Flumina Iacutiae ad [[pelvis siccationis|pelvim siccationis]] [[Oceanus Glacialis|Oceani Arctici]] pertinent; flumina maxima, quae in oceanum influunt, sunt (ab occidente ad orientem enumerata): 
{{div col|2}}
* [[Anabira]]
* [[Olenecus]] 
* [[Lena]]
* [[Iana]]
* [[Indigirca]] 
* [[Alazea]]
* [[Colyma]] (cum [[Omolon]]e accola). 
{{div col end}}
Horum fluminum maxima est [[Lena]]. Eius confluentes sunt [[Aldanus]] (cum [[Timpton]]e, [[Utschurus|Utschuro]], [[Maia (flumen)|Maia]], [[Iudoma]] et [[Amga]]), [[Olecma]], [[Talba]], [[Wiluius]] (cum [[Marcha (flumen)|Marcha]]) et [[Witimus]].

==Montes==
Iacutiae partes septentrionalis et orientalis montuosa est. [[Montes Verchoianenses]] et [[Iugum Czerskii]], ambo alti et frigidi, in parte septentrio-orientali Iacutiae patent. In iugo Czerskii montes Iacutiae et omnis Russiae boreorientalis siti sunt, quorum cacumen elatissimum [[Victoria (mons)|Victoria]] est. [[Planities montana Iano-Oimiakonica]] hos montes et [[Suntar Chaiata]] coningit. Systema montanum [[Suntar Chaiata]] (cum [[Iugum Iudomense|iugo Iudomensi]]) in parte orientali Iacutiae et in [[territorium Fortunianum|territorio Fortuniano]] sita sunt. In meridie [[iugum Palmarium]] Iacutiam a [[regio Amurensis|regione Amurensi]] separat; iugo Palmario [[planities montana Aldanica]] adiacet. Partem Iacutiae occidentalem [[planities elevata Sibiriae Mediae]] occupat, cuius pars [[planities elata Viluica]] est.

==Urbes==
Caput rei publicae Iacutiae est [[Iacutia (urbs)|urbs Iacutia]] (vulgo ''Jakutsk''). Urbs secunda a maxima est [[Neriungri]]. [[Tiksi]] [[colonia urbana]] portus [[mare Lapteviorum|maris Lapteviorum]] prope ad [[delta Lenae]] situs est et [[Czerski]] prope ad delta [[Colyma]]e et [[mare Sibiricum Orientale]]. Castella Colymensia tria, [[castellum Colymense Inferius|Inferius]], [[castellum Colymense Medium|Medium]] et [[castellum Colymense Superius|Superius]], ad Colymam sita sunt. 

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
*[[2607 Yakutia]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes geographici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Sakha Republic|rem publicam Iacutiam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110222084119/http://www.sakha.gov.ru/ Situs interretialis administrationis rei publicae Iacutiae]

[[Categoria:Iacutia|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hunnopolis</title>
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      <text bytes="2412" sha1="e7d78lrzq2h6cushq56st7qdi981msd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Coa Romania Town Vajdahunyad History.svg|thumb|115 px|right|Insigne urbis cum corvo anulum tenente, ex quo [[Matthias Corvinus]] novum familiae nomen finxit]]

'''Hunnopolis'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://exonyme.bplaced.net/Board/index.php Karl Gottlieb von Windisch: 4-sprachiges Ortsverzeichnis von Siebenbürgen, 1790], ibi etiam forma adiectiva '''Hunyadense'''; '''Hunyadiensis''' apud Györffy György: Geographia historica Hungariae tempore stirpis Arpadianae, 3. ed., Budapestini 1987&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Hunyadiopolis'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunedoara Wikipedia: Hunedoara]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Dacoromanice]]: ''Hunedoara'', [[Theodisce]]: ''Eisenmarkt'', [[Hungarice]]: ''Vajdahunyad'') 
est [[urbs]] [[Romania]]e 71.257 incolarum (anno 2002)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=1832&amp;judet_id=1987&amp;localitate_id=1990 census anni 2002]&lt;/ref&gt; et [[municipium]] [[Comitatus Hunyadensis]] in regione [[Transsilvania]].

== Incolae ==

Numerus incolarum necnon distributio gentilis secundum [http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=1832&amp;judet_id=1987&amp;localitate_id=1990 censum anni 2002]:
* [[Valachi]]: 65 156 (91.43 %)
* [[Hungari]]: 4 336 (6.08 %)
* [[Zingari]]: 1 169 (1.64 %)
* [[Germani]]: 351 (0.49 %)
* Alii: 245 (0,36%)

== Historia ==

Prima mentio urbis anno [[1265]] facta est. [[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] regebatur a nobili gente ''Hunyadensi'' sive ''Corvina'', quod nomen novum rex [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias]] gente Hunyadensi ortus e corvo in insigni depicto deducens pro gente sua usurpavit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hunyadi Art. Johann Hunyadi]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ergasteria Hunnopolis, quae urbs olim praecipuus [[Romania]]e locus ferro chalybique efficiendo fuisset, hoc tempore clausa sunt quibusdam fornacibus memoriae causa servatis.


== Visu digna ==

[[Fasciculus:Cast-hun.jpg|thumb|250 px|right|Castellum Corvinum]]
Castellum Corvinum sive Hunyadense a [[Ioannes Hunyadi|Ioanne Hunyadi]], [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthiae Corvini]] patre, [[Saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]] incipiente aedificatum.


== Incolae noti ==

* [[Bogdan Lobonţ]], [[pedilusor]]

== Notae ==

&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Hunedoara|Hunnopolim}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617035157/http://www.primariahd.ro/ Situs urbis]
* [http://www.castelulcorvinilor.ro/ Situs castelli Corvini]

[[Categoria:Urbes Transsilvaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iacobus Petrus Brissot</title>
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      <text bytes="1571" sha1="3wis6kre61t9j61x9987a4x88s0gbv9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Jacques Pierre Brissot (1754-1793).jpg|thumb|Iacobus Petrus Brissot]]

''' Iacobus Petrus Brissot''' ([[Carnotes|Carnote]] die [[15 Ianuarii]] [[1754]] natus; supplicio affectus est [[Lutetia]]e inter tempus quod dicitur [[Terroris Regimen]] die [[31 Octobris]] [[1793]]), [[diurnarius]], fuit vir publicus [[Francia|Francicus]] inter [[Rerum Francicarum eversio]]nem etaccurate factionis, quod dicta est, Girundini dux. Et fuit [[abolitionismus|abolitionista servitutis]] qui [[aequalitas ante legem|aequalitatem socialem]] et [[proprietas (ius)|proprietatem]] negat.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre – Bibliotheque philosophique du législateur, du politique, du jurisconsulte, 1782 – BEIC 14185061.jpg|''Bibliothèque philosophique du Législateur, du Politique, du Jurisconsulte'', 1782
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nexus externi et opera ==

* J.-P. Brissot, ''[http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=cdl;cc=cdl;idno=cdl366;node=cdl366%3A5;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=5;page=root;size=S Mémoires] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' (1734-1793) edita a Claudio Perroud (tom. 1)

* J.-P. Brissot, [http://www.cedrea.net/Des-prejuges-academiques Des préjugés académiques], excerptum de ''De la vérité'', 1782. 

{{bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brissot, Iacobus Petrus }}

[[Categoria:Politici Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Rerum novarum cupidi]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1754]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1793]]
[[Categoria:Victimae eversionis rerum Francicarum]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Franciae]]</text>
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    <title>Fridericus Cassebohm</title>
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      <text bytes="1867" sha1="8pu5gxqp5u0sswozhdxh99mpyy9xr31" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Fridericus Georgius Carolus''' (Theod. ''Friedrich Georg Carl'') '''Cassebohm''' (natus [[13 Februarii]] [[1872]] [[Ovelgonna]]e (Oldenburgum), mortuus [[15 Novembris]] [[1951]] [[Oldenburgum (urbs)|Oldenburgi]]) vir publicus [[Germania]]e fuit.

== Iuventus et munus ==
Pater eius veterinarius fuit, ipse post maturitatem [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofeldae]], quae tum ad [[Magnus Ducatus Oldenburgi|Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgi]] pertinuit, adeptam, annis [[1891]] - [[1895]] [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Friburgum Brisgoviae|Friburgi]] [[Gottinga]]eque iurisprudentiae stuebat et primam atque secundam probationem accepit. Tum Oldenburgi minister publicus atque delator laborabat. Annis [[1914]] - [[1916]] [[Bellum Orbis Terrarum I|Bello Orbis Terrarum I]] miles conscriptus interfuit. Deinde iterum minister publicus fuit et ab anno [[1927]] praeses administrationis (''Regierungspräsident'') in oppido Eutin (Holsatia) erat, quod tum etiam ad Oldenburgum pertinuit.

== Cursus honorum ==
Postquam [[13 Iulii]] [[1930]] [[Eugenius de Finckh]] praeses ministrorum Oldenburgi mortuus est, Cassebohm [[14 Novembris]] 1930 eius successor electus est. Cum [[NSDAP|Nazistae]] anno [[1932]] suffragio maioritatem legatorum senatus terrae adepti essent, Cassebohm de magistratu se recessit.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.bundesarchiv.de/aktenreichskanzlei/1919-1933/0011/adr/adrag/kap1_3/para2_23.html Curriculum breve vitae in Tabulario Foederali Germaniae (lingua Theodisca)]

{{Praesides Ministrorum Oldenburgi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cassebohm, Fridericus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1872]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Friburgensis Brisgaudiae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni universitatum et scholarum Berolinensium]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Goettingensis]]
[[Categoria:Praesides ministrorum Oldenburgi]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1951]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fasti censorum Rei Publicae Romanae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="9108" sha1="5j1cb0fkhv907k356wloki38ivi4ckn" xml:space="preserve">Hic habes '''fastos [[censor]]um [[Res Publica Romana|Rei Publicae Romanae]]'''. Primus citatus cuiusque anni fuit patricius, alter plebeius (sed usque ad annum 363 a.C.n. ambo patricii, ab 131 a.C.n. nonnullis annis ambo plebei fuerunt).
*[[443 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Papirius Mugillanus]] et [[Lucius Sempronius A.f. Atratinus]]
*[[435 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Furius Pacilus Fusus]] et [[Marcus Geganius M.f. Macerinus]] (ambo patricii)
*[[430 a.C.n.]] (?) : Lucius Papirius et [[Publius Pinarius]] (ambo patricii)
*[[418 a.C.n.]] : [[Manius Aemilius Mam.f. Mamercinus]]
*[[403 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Furius Camillus]] et [[Marcus Postumius Albinus Regillensis]] (ambo patricii)
*[[393 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Papirius Cursor (tribunus militum anno 387 a.C.n.)|Lucius Papirius Cursor]] et [[Gaius Iulius Sp.f. Iullus]] (ambo patricii); quod Iulius officio fungens mortuus est, [[Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis (censor 393 a.C.n.)|Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis]] suffectus est, quod postea vetitum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ab urbe condita, V 31,7&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[380 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Sulpicius Camerinus]] et [[Spurius Postumius Albinus Regillensis]] (ambo patricii)
* [[378 a.C.n.]] : [[Spurius Servilius Priscus]] et [[Quintus Cloelius Siculus (censor 378 a.C.n.|Quintus Cloelius Siculus]] (ambo patricii)
* [[366 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Sulpicius M.f. Peticus]] et Postumius Regillensis Albinus (ambo patricii)
* [[363 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Fabius K.f. Ambustus]] et [[Lucius Furius Sp.f. Medullinus]] (ambo patricii)
* [[351 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Marcius L.f. Rutilus]] (e plebe) et [[Gnaeus Manlius L.f. Capitolinus Imperiosus]] (patricius)
* [[332 a.C.n.]] : [[Spurius Postumius Albinus]] : [[Quintus Publilius Q.f. Philo]]
* [[318 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Papirius L.f. Crassus]] : [[Gaius Maenius P.f.]]
* [[312 a.C.n.]] : [[Appius Claudius Caecus]] : [[Gaius Plautius Venox]]
* [[307 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Valerius Maximus (consul 312 a.C.n.)|Marcus Valerius Maximus]] : [[Gaius Iunius Bubulcus Brutus]]
* [[304 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus]] : [[Publius Decius P.f. Mus]]
* [[300 a.C.n.|300]]/299 a.C.n. : [[Publius Sulpicius Saverrio]] : [[Publius Sempronius Sophus (consul 304 a.C.n.)|Publius Sempronius Sophus]]
* [[294 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Arvina]] : [[Gaius Marcius Rutilus Censorinus]]
* 290/[[288 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges]] : [[Spurius Carvilius Maximus]]
* [[283 a.C.n.]] : ? : [[Quintus Caedicius Noctua]]
* [[280 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] : [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Maximus]]
* [[275 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Aemilius Papus]] : [[Gaius Fabricius Luscinus]]
* [[272 a.C.n.|272]]/271 a.C.n. : [[Lucius Papirius Praetextatus]] : [[Manius Curius Dentatus]]
* [[269 a.C.n.]] (?) : [[Lucius Aemilius Barbula]] : [[Quintus Marcius Philippus]]
* [[265 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Cornelius Blasio]] : [[Gaius Marcius Rutilus Censorinus]]
* [[258 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio (consul 259 a.C.n.)|Lucius Cornelius Scipio]] : [[Gaius Duilius]]
* [[253 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Postumius (consul 262 a.C.n.)|Lucius Postumius]] : [[Decimus Iunius Pera]]
* [[252 a.C.n.]] : [[Manius Valerius Maximus Messalla]] : [[Publius Sempronius Sophus (consul 268 a.C.n.)|Publius Sempronius Sophus]]
* [[247 a.C.n.]] : [[Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus]] : [[Aulus Atilius Calatinus]]
* [[241 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Fabius M.f. Buteo]] : [[Gaius Aurelius Cotta]]
* [[236 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus]] : [[Quintus Lutatius Cerco]]
* [[234 a.C.n.]] : [[Aulus Postumius Albinus (consul 242 a.C.n.)|Aulus Postumius Albinus]] : [[Gaius Atilius Bulbus]]
* [[231 a.C.n.]] : [[Titus Manlius Torquatus (consul 235 a.C.n.)|Titus Manlius Torquatus]] : [[Quintus Fulvius Flaccus]]
* [[230 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus|Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]] : [[Marcus Sempronius C.f. Tuditanus]]
* [[225 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Claudius Centho]] : [[Marcus Iunius Pera]]
* [[220 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Aemilius Papus]] : [[Gaius Flaminius]]
* [[214 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Furius Philus]] : [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 a.C.n.)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]]
* [[210 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Veturius Philo]] : [[Publius Licinius Crassus Dives (consul 205 a.C.n.)|Publius Licinius Crassus Dives]]
* [[209 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Cornelius Cethegus]] : [[Publius Sempronius C.f. Tuditanus|Publius Sempronius Tuditanus]]
* [[204 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Claudius Nero]] : [[Marcus Livius Salinator]]
* [[199 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus]] : [[Publius Aelius Paetus]]
* [[194 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Cornelius Cethegus]] : [[Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus]]
* [[189 a.C.n.]] : [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] : [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 196 a.C.n.)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]]
* [[184 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus]] : [[Marcus Porcius Cato maior|Marcus Porcius Cato]]
* [[179 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 a.C.n. et 175 a.C.n.)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] : [[Marcus Fulvius Nobilior (consul 189 a.C.n.)|Marcus Fulvius Nobilior]]
* [[174 a.C.n.]] : [[Aulus Postumius Albinus]] : [[Quintus Fulvius Flaccus]]
* [[169 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Claudius Pulcher]] : [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 177 a.C.n.)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]]
* [[164 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]] : [[Quintus Marcius Philippus]]
* [[159 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (consul 162 a.C.n.)|Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica]] : [[Marcus Popilius Laenas (consul 173 a.C.n.)|Marcus Popilius Laenas]]
* [[154 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Valerius Messalla (consul 161 a.C.n.)|Marcus Valerius Messalla]] : [[Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 171 a.C.n.)|Gaius Cassius Longinus]]
* [[147 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus]] : [[Lucius Marcius Censorinus]]
* [[142 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus]] : [[Lucius Mummius Achaicus]]
* [[136 a.C.n.]] : [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 143 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] : [[Quintus Fulvius Nobilior]]
* [[131 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus]] et [[Quintus Pompeius]] (ambo plebei)
* [[125 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Servilius Caepio]] : [[Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla]]
* [[120 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus]] et [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi]] (ambo plebei)
* [[115 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus Diadematus]] et [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 122 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[109 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (senior)|Marcus Aemilius Scaurus]] : [[Marcus Livius Drusus (consul 112 a.C.n.)|Marcus Livius Drusus]]
* [[108 a.C.n.]] : [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus]] : [[Gaius Licinius Geta]]
* [[102 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius]] et [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[97 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 100 a.C.n.)|Lucius Valerius Flaccus]] : [[Marcus Antonius (consul 99 a.C.n.)|Marcus Antonius]]
* [[92 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 a.C.n.)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] et [[Lucius Licinius Crassus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[89 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Iulius Caesar (consul 90 a.C.n.)|Lucius Iulius Caesar]] : [[Publius Licinius Crassus (consul 97 a.C.n.)|Publius Licinius Crassus]]
* [[86 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 91 a.C.n.)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]] et [[Marcus Perperna (consul 92 a.C.n.)|Marcus Perperna]] (ambo plebei)
* [[70 a.C.n.]] : [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus]] : [[Lucius Gellius Publicola (cos. 72 a.C.n.)|Lucius Gellius Poplicola]]
* [[65 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|Marcus Licinius Crassus]] et [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul 78 a.C.n.)|Quintus Lutatius Catulus]] (ambo plebei)
* [[64 a.C.n.]] : [[Lucius Aurelius Cotta (cos. 65 a.C.n.)|Lucius Aurelius Cotta]] abdicavit
* [[55 a.C.n.]] : [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger]] : [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul 79 a.C.n.)|Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus]]
* [[50 a.C.n.]] : [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 a.C.n.)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] : [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 58 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus]]
* [[42 a.C.n.]] : [[Publius Sulpicius Rufus (praetor 48 a.C.n.)]] : [[Gaius Antonius Hybrida]]
* [[28 a.C.n.]] : [[Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus|Imperator Caesar Augustus]] : [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]]
* [[22 a.C.n.]] : [[Paullus Aemilius Lepidus|Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus]] : [[Lucius Munatius Plancus]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160914064519/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_time_rome_censors.htm Timeline - Censors of Rome During the Roman Republic]&quot; (fons versionis primae huius indicis)

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Censor.html Censor]&quot; in {{Smith-dgra}} pp. 260-266
* Robert Vincent Cram, &quot;The Roman Censors&quot; in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol. 51 (1940) pp. 71-110 (fons principalis huius indicis)

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

[[Categoria:Indices hominum]]
[[Categoria:Roma antiqua]]
[[Categoria:Censores]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eriolobus</title>
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      <text bytes="1396" sha1="sudyrj16f4oj94x423l34njud4uyom8" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Taxobox
| image = Eriolobus trilobatus.jpg
| image_caption = ''Eriolobus trilobatus''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Maloideae]] vel [[Spiraeoideae]]&lt;ref&gt;D. Potter et al. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 266(1–2): 5–43.&lt;/ref&gt;
| genus = '''''Eriolobus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Max Iosephus Roemer|M.Roem.]]
}}

'''''Eriolobus''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] [[angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Rosaceae|Roseacearum]]. Generi sunt sex [[species (taxinomia)|species]].

== Species ==
* ''[[Eriolobus delavayi]]''
* ''[[Eriolobus florentinus]]''
* ''[[Eriolobus kansuensis]]''
* ''[[Eriolobus trilobatus]]''
* ''[[Eriolobus tschonoskii]]''
* ''[[Eriolobus yunnanensis]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{commonscat|Eriolobus|Eriolobum}}
{{wikispecies}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130711170000/http://biopl-a-181.plantbio.cornell.edu/
* [http://www.homolaicus.com/scienza/erbario/utility/botanica_sistematica/index.htm Botanica systematica]


{{biologia-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Maleae]]
[[Categoria:Genera plantarum]]
[[Categoria:Taxa M. Roemer]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1847]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Landsbergum (iuxta Wartam)</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny w ulica Chrobrego w Gorzowie Wlkp.JPG]] → [[File:Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny przy ulicy Dąbrowskiego w Gorzowie.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1994" sha1="77h68igrbjq7vsrubqlhsvexu82065q" xml:space="preserve">{{Pro pagina discretiva vide|Landsberg}}
&lt;!-- Incipit data !--&gt;
{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny przy ulicy Dąbrowskiego w Gorzowie.jpg|thumb|Sedes [[vaivoda]]e]]
'''Landsbergum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.de/books?id=KRg_AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA357&amp;lpg=PA357&amp;dq=Landsbergum+iuxta+Wartam&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=49yGLEtuwk&amp;sig=G4TDhZC-tn-PsYsKGZktD-v2wkI&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=BuU-TeulL8bvsgbTp4TiBA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Scriptores de rebus Marchiae Brandenburgensis maxime celebrium, Nic ..., Band 1 Von Nicolaus Leutinger,Zacharias Gartz]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.de/books?id=xx9MXu7vm6kC&amp;pg=PA810&amp;lpg=PA810&amp;dq=Landsbergium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=1jqXYBjcg1&amp;sig=CKQ0nYWUv6O3oMxIvcgsV5XruDg&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=VTI_Ta_7McfvsgbI__TTBA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=3&amp;ved=0CCAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Bibliotheca historica Brandenburgica, scriptores rerum Brandenburgicarum ... Von Georg Gottfried Küster]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.de/books?id=IpsDAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA155&amp;lpg=PA155&amp;dq=Landsbergium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=c9fjjzaGUC&amp;sig=n0GbRwfVqtXKcWpsLXdowN7coFQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=VTI_Ta_7McfvsgbI__TTBA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ved=0CCMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Miscellanea berolinensia ad incrementum scientiarum, Bände 4-5 Von Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin]&lt;/ref&gt;, iuxta Wartam urbs [[Silesia|Poloniae maioris]]. Landsbergi est sedes [[Vaivoda]]e [[vaivodatus Lubucensis]], senatus vaivodatus autem est [[Prasia Elysiorum|Prasiae Elysiorum]].

== De nomine ==
Nomen Germanum olim fuit ''Landsberg an der Warthe'' quod Latine est &quot;Landsbergum iuxta Wartam&quot;. Post [[secundum bellum mundanum]] nomen Polonum primum fuit ''Gorzów nad Wartą'' ('Montium iuxta Wartam'), deinde ''Gorzów Wielkopolski'' ('Montium [[Polonia maior|Poloniae maioris]]').

=== Filia civitatis ===
* 1929-2011 [[Christa Wolf]]

== Nota ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Landsbergum (iuxta Wartam)| ]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati Lubucensis (Polonia)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cornus florida</title>
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      <text bytes="10096" sha1="mf18uknghqwjya5wxjl1gvcx5b44p1n" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{taxobox
|name = ''Cornus florida''
|image = Benthamidia florida berry.jpg
|image_caption = ''Cornus florida'' [[autumnus|autumno]] [[fructus|fructu]] ferenti floret.
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]]
|ordo = [[Cornales]]
|familia = [[Cornaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Cornus]]''
|subgenus = ''Benthamidia''
|species = '''''C. florida'''''
|binomial = ''Cornus florida''
|binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
|}}
'''''Cornus florida''''' ([[synonymia|synonymum]] ''Benthamidia florida'' ((L.) Spach), est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[genus (taxinomia)|generis]] ''[[Cornus|Corni]],'' in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] orientali [[Endemismus|endemica]], a [[Cenomannica]] meridiana occidentem versus ad [[Ontario]]nem meridianam et [[Kansia]]m orientalem, et meridiem versus ad [[Florida]]m septentrionalem et [[Texia]]m occidentalem, et in [[Illinoesia]], grege disiuncto in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] orientali, in [[Nova Legio]]ne et [[Veracrux (Civitas Foederata)|Vera Cruce]].
  
== Descriptio ==
[[Fasciculus:Blooming Dogwood.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|[[Inflorescentia]] ''C. floridae'' quattuor [[bractea]]s clare monstrat.]]
''Cornus florida'' est parva [[arbor]] [[deciduus|decidua]], ad 10&amp;thinsp;m alta, matura saepe latior quam altior, [[truncus|trunco]] ad 30&amp;thinsp;cm lato. Stat arbor decem annos nata circa 5&amp;thinsp;m alta. [[Folium|Folia]] sunt opposita, simplicia, [[ovalis|ovalia]],{{dubsig}} apicibus acutis, 6–13&amp;thinsp;cm longa, 4–6&amp;thinsp;cm lata, margine ut videtur integra (re vera subtiliter dentata, sub [[microscopium|microscopio]]); [[autumnus|autumno]] porphyrea fiunt. 

[[Flos|Flores]] sunt parvi et inconspicui, quattuor [[petalum|petalis]] flavovirentibus 4&amp;thinsp;mm longis. Circa viginti flores in [[inflorescentia]] densa, rotunda, [[umbellum|umbelliforme]], 1–2&amp;thinsp;cm lata gignuntur. Inflorescentia a quattuor conspicuis magnis &quot;petalis&quot; [[albus|albis]], [[roseus|roseis]], vel [[ruber|rubris]] (re vera [[bractea|bracteis]]) cingitur, quaque bractea 3&amp;thinsp;cm longa et 2.5&amp;thinsp;cm lata, rotunda, et saepe incisurá distinctá in apice. Flores sunt [[sexualitas plantarum|bisexuales]].&lt;!--

While most of the wild trees have white bracts, some selected [[cultivar]]s of this tree also have pink bracts, some even almost a true red. They typically flower in early April in the southern part of their range, to late April or early May in northern and high altitude areas. The similar [[Kousa Dogwood]] (''Cornus kousa''), native to [[Asia]], flowers about a month later.--&gt;

[[Fructus]] est fasciculus duarum ad decem [[drupa]]rum, quaque 10–15&amp;thinsp;mm longa et circa 8&amp;thinsp;mm lata, quae [[aestas|aestate]] adulta [[autumnus|autumnoque]] ineunte maturescunt ad clarum [[ruber|rubrum]], vel aliquando [[flavus|flavum]] [[roseus|roseo]] suffusum. Ei sunt gravis [[cibus]] permultarum specierum [[avis|avium]], quae [[semen|semina]] tum distribuunt.

Sunt duae [[subspecies]]:
* ''Cornus florida'' subsp. ''florida''. [[CFA|Civitates Foederatae]] orientales, [[Canada]] meridio-orientalis ([[Ontario]]).
* ''Cornus florida'' subsp. ''urbiniana'' (Rose) Rickett (syn. ''Cornus urbiniana'' Rose). [[Mexicum]] orientale ([[Nova Legio]], [[Veracrux (Civitas Foederata)|Veracrux]]).

''C. florida'' late per [[America Septentrionalis|Americam Septentrionalem]] mediam [[zona temperata|temperatam]] colitur. In orientali [[continens|continentis]] parte, colitur tam septentrionale quam [[Torontum]] [[Ontario]]nis, et meridiem versus ad [[Florida]]m mediam.&lt;!-- Farther west, places of cultivation include [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]], [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] and [[Vancouver, Canada|Vancouver]]. It is also sold in other temperate parts of the world, including [[Sydney]], [[Australia]].
;Selected cultivars
*‘Amerika Touch-O-Pink’ – large bracts, tinged pink; large leaves; good disease resistance.
*‘Appalachian Spring’ – large white bracts; red fall foliage; resistant to dogwood anthracnose.
*'Autumn Gold' - white bracts; yellow fall color.
*'Barton' - large white bracts; blooms at early age; resistant to stem canker and powdery mildew.
*'Bay Beauty' - double white bracts; resists heat and drought; good for Deep South.
*'Cherokee Daybreak' - white bract; vigorous grower with variegated leaves.
*'Cherokee Chief' - red bracts; red new growth.
*'Cherokee Brave' - Even redder than 'Cherokee Chief', smaller bracts but dark red color; consistently resistant to powdery mildew.
*'Cherokee Princess' - vigorous white bracts, industry standard for white flowers.
*'Cherokee Sunset' - purplish-red bracts; variegated foliage.
*'Gulf Coast Pink' - best pink flowering dogwood in Florida – northern part only.
*'Hohman's Gold' - white bracts; variegated foliage.
*‘Jean’s Appalachian Snow’ – large, overlapping white bracts w/ green flowers; very resistant to powdery mildew.
*‘Karen’s Appalachian Blush’ – delicate white bracts edged in pink; some powdery mildew resistance.
*‘Kay’s Appalachian Mist’ – stiff, creamy white bracts; red fall foliage; good resistance to powdery mildew.
*'Plena' - double white bracts; spot anthracnose-resistant.
*'Purple Glory' - red bracts; purple foliage; spot anthracnose-resistant but susceptible to stem canker.
*'Weaver White' - large white blooms; large leaves; candelabra shape; good in north-central Florida.--&gt;

==In cultura==
''Cornus florida'' est [[arbor civica]] et [[flos civicus]] [[Virginia]]e,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dof.virginia.gov/trees/dogwood-white.htm|title=White Dogwood|publisher=Virginia Department of Forestry}}.&lt;/ref&gt; arbor civica [[Missuria]]e,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/c280/cornus-florida.aspx|title=''Cornus florida''|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et flos civicus [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolinae Septentrionalis]].&lt;ref name=nc&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/Dogwood.pdf|title=State Flower--Dogwood|publisher=North Carolina Museum of History|format=PDF}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 
 
== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Missouri state capitol with flowering dogwood.jpg|''Cornus florida''&lt;!--Missouri State Capitol in the background--&gt;
Fasciculus:floweringdogwood2.jpg|Cultivarietas ''C. floridae'' floribus roseis
Fasciculus:floweringdogwood.jpg|Cultivarietas ''C. floridae'' floribus albis
Fasciculus:Benthamidia florida autumn.jpg|Forma arboris autumno
Fasciculus:Flowering Dogwood Cornus florida 'Appalacian Spring' Sapling 2000px.JPG|Arbor iuvenis ''C. floridae'' cultivarietatis 'Appalacian Spring'
Fasciculus:Flowering Dogwood Cornus florida 'Appalacian Spring' Leaves 3000px.JPG|Folia ''C. floridae'' cultivarietatis 'Appalacian Spring'
Fasciculus:Flowering Dogwood Cornus florida 'Appalacian Spring' Leaf 2650px.JPG|Folium ''C. floridae'' cultivarietatis 'Appalacian Spring'
Fasciculus:Dogwood_fall_20080928_120751_1.jpg|Folia ''C. floridae'' autumno
Fasciculus:CornusFlorida.jpg|[[Cortex]] ''C. floridae''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
[[Fasciculus:Dogwood flower closeup 20080427 141400 1 crop sharp.png|thumb|[[Inflorescentia]]e sunt quattuor [[petalum|petala]] [[flavus|flava]] in quoque [[flos|flore]].]]
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
 
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
{{Vicispecies}}
{{Fontes biologici}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101216154918/http://missouriplants.com/Others/Cornus_florida_page.html Missouriplants: ''Cornus florida'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607011441/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/cofl2.htm Bioimages: ''Cornus florida'']
* [http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cornus_f.cfm Floridata: ''Cornus florida'']
* [http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/c/corflo/corflo1.html Univ. of Connecticut Plant Database: ''Cornus florida'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101223183045/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/cornus/florida.htm US Forest Service: ''Cornus florida'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101215160939/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/PLANTS/dogwood.html UC IPM Online: Dogwood pest management]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110119150737/http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/treefruit/pests/dwb/dwb.asp Dogwood Borer]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110118090212/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_dogwd/ht_dog.htm Dogwood Anthracnose]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509060251/http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/plantdiseasefs/450-611/450-611.html Foliar Diseases of Dogwood]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229024456/http://www.plantmaps.com/nrm/cornus-florida-flowering-dogwood-native-range-map.php Interactive Distribution Map of Cornus florida]

[[Categoria:Arbores Connecticutae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Indianae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Cenomannicae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Michiganiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Novae Hantoniae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Novae Caesareae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Novi Eboraci]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Ohii]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Pennsylvaniae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Montis Viridis]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Virginiae Occidentalis]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Illinoesiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Kansiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Missuriae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Oclahomae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Alabamae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Arkansiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Delavariae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Floridae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Georgiae (civitas CFA)]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Kentukiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Ludovicianae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Mississippiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Carolinae Meridianae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Carolinae Septentrionalis]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Tennesiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Terrae Mariae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Texiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Virginiae]]
[[Categoria:Arbores Mexici]]
[[Categoria:Cornus]]
[[Categoria:Flora Massachusettae]]
[[Categoria:Flora Rhodensis Insulae]]
[[Categoria:Plantae medicinales]]
[[Categoria:Species ligna ferentes]]
[[Categoria:Species plantarum]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Exstinctio</title>
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      <text bytes="6510" sha1="dd5dektopy5wdvj5ck7fjk1x6v6hq5i" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg|thumb|''[[Raphus cucullatus]]'' (vulgo ''dodo''), hac in pictura a [[Ioannes Savery|Ioanne Savery]] anno [[1651]] facta, est exemplum [[Exstinctio Holocaena|exstinctionis holocaenae]] saepe citatum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diamond&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Diamond | first = Jared | authorlink = Jared Diamond | title = Guns, Germs, and Steel | url = https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteel00diam | publisher = W. W. Norton|year = 1999| isbn = 0393317552 | pages=43–44 |chapter=Up to the Starting Line }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Exstinctio''' in [[biologia]] et [[oecologia]] est finis [[organismus|organismi]] vel gregis organismorum ([[taxon|taxi]]), usitate [[species (taxinomia)|speciei]]. Temporis momentum exstinctionis usitate habetur [[mors]] ultimi gregis singuli (sed [[Exstinctio functionalis|facultas gignendi et recuperandi]] ante hunc punctum fortasse amissa sit). Quia [[area geographica]] speciei potest amplissima, decernere hunc punctum est difficile, et usitate retro fit. Haec difficultas ad rem sicut [[Lazarenus effectus|taxon Lazarenum]] ducit, cum species post tempus absentiae simulatae exstincta sumpta abrupte rediret, saepe in [[fossile|historia fossilium]]&lt;!--fossil record--&gt;.
[[Fasciculus:LepidodendronOhio.jpg|thumb|left|Extera ''[[Lepidodendron|Lepidodendri]]'' exstincti forma, ex [[Aevum Carboniferum|Aevo Carbonifero]] [[Carboniferum superius|superiore]] [[Ohium|Ohii]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lepidodendron&quot;&gt;Paul Davis et Paul Kenrick, ''Fossil Plants'' (Vashingtoniae: Smithsonian Books, 2004); Robin Morran, ''A Natural History of Ferns'' (Timber Press, 2004). ISBN 0-88192-667-1.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Bufo periglenes2.jpg|thumb|''[[Bufo periglenes]]'' novissime visa est die [[15 Maii]] [[1989]].&lt;!--[[Decline in amphibian populations]] is ongoing worldwide.--&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Extinction Intensity.svg|thumb|350px|Simulata [[genus (taxinomia)|generum]] exstinctorum fientium{{dubsig}} fractio ullo tempore dato, ex [[historia fossilium]] reconstructa.]]
[[Fasciculus:Dilophosaurus.jpg|thumb|''[[Dilophosaurus]],'' unum ex multis generibus dinosauriorum exstinctorum. Causa [[Eventus exstinctionis Cretaceae–Tertiariae]] est res de qua investigatores multo inter se disputant.]]
[[Fasciculus:Smallpox virus virions TEM PHIL 1849.JPG|thumb|[[Virus]] ''[[Variola]]e'' ab [[homo|hominibus]] exstirpatum est.]]

In [[evolutio]]ne, novae [[species (taxinomia)|species]] per rationem [[speciatio]]nis oriuntur—cum novae varietates organismorum genitorum vigent, quia possunt [[locus oecologicus|locum oecologicum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''ecological niche'') invenire eoque uti—et species exstinctae fiunt cum eae non iam superesse possunt per condiciones commutantis vel contra adversarios superantis. Species communis fit exstincta intra 10 milliones{{dubsig}} [[annus|annorum]] nata,&lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;&gt;Newman, Mark. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121230175705/http://www.lassp.cornell.edu/newmme/science/extinction.html A Mathematical Model for Mass Extinction]&quot;. Cornell University. 20 Maii 1994. Nexus die 30 Iulii 2006 confirmatus.&lt;/ref&gt; quamquam nonnullae species, [[fossile vivum|fossilia viva]] appellatae, nonnullas centenas [[millio]]nes annorum paene immutatae supersunt. Plurimae exstinctiones [[natura]]liter fiunt, sine interventu [[homo|humano]]: aestimantur 99.9 centesimae omnium specierum quae umquam exsistiterint nunc exstinctae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newman&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Raup&quot;&gt;David M. Raup, ''Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck?'' (Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton and Company, 1991), pp. 3–6; ISBN 978-0-393-30927-0.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Ectopistes migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Ectopistes migratorius]],'' una ex multis centenis [[Index avium exstinctarum|avium exstinctarum]] notarum, per pauca decennia ad exstinctionem [[venatio|venabatur]].]]

[[Exstinctio maior|Exstinctiones massae]] sunt eventus rari; singulae autem exstinctiones sunt communissimae. Solum nuperrime sciuntur exstinctiones [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiaeque]] periti ob celeritatem novarum exstinctionum conturbantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSNBC&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121108021444/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6502368/ Species disappearing at an alarming rate, report says]. [[MSNBC]]. Nexus die 26 Iulii 2006 confirmatus.&lt;/ref&gt; Plurimae species nunc exstinctae numquam ratione descriptae sunt. Aliqui scientiae periti aestimant usque ad dimidium specierum nunc vivarum fieri exstinctum ante annum [[2100]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;&gt;[[E. O. Wilson]], ''The Future of Life'' (2002) (ISBN 0-679-76811-4). Vide etiam [[Ricardus Leakey]], ''The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind,'' ISBN 0-385-46809-1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--PLUS IN EN:--&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Arma nuclearia]]
* [[Dinosauria]]
* [[Erosio genetica]]{{dubsig}}&lt;!--Genetic erosion--&gt;
* [[Exstinctio humana]]
* [[Exstinctio linguarum]]
* [[Exstinctio maior]]{{dubsig}}&lt;!--mass extinction--&gt;
* [[Fragmentatio habitationis]]
* [[Genocidium]]
* [[Hyperalieusis]]
* [[Index animalium exstinctorum]]
* [[Index plantarum exstinctarum]]
* [[Motus voluntariae exstinctionis generis humani]]
* [[Nidus oecologicus]]
* [[Oecologicum apium momentum]]
* [[Palaeontologia]]
*''[[Pinguinus impennis]]''
* [[Pollutio genetica]]
* [[Refugium (biologia populationum)]]
* [[Ruber IUCN Index]]
* [[Ruber IUCN Index specierum exstinctarum]]
* [[Speciatio]]
* [[Species in discrimen adducta]]
* [[Stagnum genorum]]&lt;!--gene pool--&gt;
* [[Status conservationis]]
* [[Tabula Indicis Rubri]]&lt;!--
*[[Ultimus]] (Anglice: endling)
*[[Living Planet Index]]
*[[Overexploitation]]
*[[Timeline of extinctions]]
*[[Voluntary Human Extinction Movement]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{wiktionary|extinction|exstinctionem}}
{{CommuniaCat|Extinction|exstinctionem}}
{{wikiquote|Extinction|exstinctionem}}
* [http://creo.amnh.org/ Consilium Recens Exstinctorum Organismorum (CREO)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717000152/http://extinctanimals.petermaas.nl/ Animalia Recens Exstincta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200206080306/http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?%2FNatural_His%2C2106 H. E. Strickland, ''The Dodo and its Kindred'' (Londinii: 1848)], investigatio trium specierum avium; [[facsimile]] [[electronica digitalis|digitale]], Bibliotheca Linda Hall
* [http://strata.geology.wisc.edu/jack Sepkoski's Global Genus Database of Marine Animals]&lt;!-- Calculate past mass extinction rates for yourself--&gt;

{{Status conservationis}}

{{Myrias|Biologia}}

[[Categoria:Evolutio]]
[[Categoria:Exstinctio|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Designatio rerum astronomicarum</title>
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      <text bytes="5766" sha1="o4fd2hsd931zq5a4qneh7a806w0gxd2" xml:space="preserve">'''Designatio rerum astronomicarum''' ab anno [[1919]] ab [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|Unione Astronomica Internationali]] dirigitur. Varia nomina [[constellatio]]num, [[stella]]rum splendidiorum, [[planeta]]rum, [[asteroides|asteroidum]], [[cometa]]rum, rerumque in facie [[Luna]]e et [[Mars (planeta)|Martis]] visarum ante hunc annum ab astronomis antiquioribus designata etiam hodie recipiuntur.

== Constellationes ==
Sidera vel constellationes e stellis splendidioribus in imagines a gentibus variis fictae sunt. Constellationes a Graecis antiquis designatae ab astronomis recentioribus receptae sunt, interdum mutatae, et in caelum australe (Graecis invisibile) continuatae. Earum nomina Latina cum abbreviationibus trilitteralibus in congressu primo Unionis, [[Roma]]e anno 1922 acto, confirmata et rite definita sunt; haec nomina hodie undique accipiuntur. Imagines et nomina olim ab aliis gentibus percepta astronomis non relevant.

== Stellae ==
Stellis splendidioribus simili modo a gentibus variis nomina attribuuntur. Graeci antiqui nomina nonnulla dederunt, plura Arabes mediaevales, quae eruditi aevo scientiae renatae Europaei in tabulis et indicibus descripserunt. Horum nominum pauca apud astronomos hodiernos recipiuntur. De aliis stellis plurimis nomina minime adhibentur; utendae sunt designationes per litteras Graecas (&quot;[[Bayeri character|characteres Bayeri]]&quot;) et per numeros in catalogis stellarum adsignatos, addito nomine constellationis (casu genitivo; designationes igitur [[Latine]] leguntur).

== Planetae, planetulae, asteroides et satellitae Systematis Solaris ==
Planetae ab hominibus sine telescopio visibiles a gentibus fere omnibus appellantur nominibus indigenis. Astronomi nominibus Romanis antiquis utuntur, additis (pro planetis et planetulis recentius repertis) [[Mercurius (planeta)|Mercurium]], [[Uranus (planeta)|Uranum]], [[Neptunus (planeta)|Neptunum]], [[Ceres (planetula)|Cererem]]. Nomina asteroidum et satellitarum saeculo XIX primum repertorum a repertoribus ipsis saepe adsignata sunt. Nomina planetularum, asteroidum et satellitarum post annum 1919 repertorum, a repertoribus proposita, ab IAU confirmantur.

== Res planetarum et satellitarum superficiales ==
Nomina rerum in superficie [[Luna]]e et [[Mars (planeta)|Martis]] visae olim ab astronomis Europaeis [[Latine]] expressa sunt; crediderunt se maria et canales distinguere, falso, sed designationes multae hodie recipiuntur, e.g. [[Mare Tranquillitatis]]; [[Nepenthes Mensae|Nepenthes]]. Nomina rerum post annum 1919 repertarum, ab IAU data, etiamnunc Latine exprimuntur. Rerum lunarium verbum descriptivum nomini proprio praecedit, e.g. [[Mons Argaeus (Luna)|Mons Argaeus]]; rerum in aliis corporibus visis verbum descriptivum nomini proprio insequitur, e.g. [[Ishtar terra]].

== Bibliographia ==
* R. H. Allen, ''Star-Names and their Meanings''. Novi Eboraci: G. E. Stechert, 1899 [https://archive.org/details/starnamesandthe00allegoog Textus apud archive.org] [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/home.html Textus apud LacusCurtius]
* A. Fernandez, M.-C. Lortet, F. Spite, ''First Dictionary of the Nomenclature of Celestial Objects'' (''Astronomy and Astrophysics'' vol. 52 no. 4 pp. 1.1-7.14, 1983) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983A%26AS...52....1F Textus] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171129071528/http://cds.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/Dic-Simbad Index electronicus]
* M.-C. Lortet, F. Spite, ''First Supplement to the First Dictionary of the Nomenclature of Celestial Objects'' (''Astronomy and Astrophysics'' supplementum vol. 64 no. 2 pp. 329-389, 1986) [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1986A%26AS...64..329L&amp;amp;data_type=PDF_HIGH&amp;amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;amp;type=PRINTER&amp;amp;filetype=.pdf Textus] [http://cds.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/Dic-Simbad Index electronicus]{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* George A. Wilkins, ed., ''The IAU Style Manual (1989): the preparation of astronomical papers and reports'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194133/https://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf Textus]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Designatio planetarum minorum]]
* [[Nomina stellarum Arabica]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100802140541/http://www.iau.org/public/naming/ Naming Astronomical Objects]&quot; apud [[Unio Astronomica Internationalis|IAU]]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110505020525/http://www.iau.org/public_press/planetary_surface_feature_news/ Planetary Surface Feature News]&quot; apud IAU
* &quot;[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers]&quot; in ''[[Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature]]'' (IAU, USGS, NASA)
* &quot;[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/FAQ Frequently Asked Questions]&quot; in ''[[Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature]]'' (IAU, USGS, NASA) 
* [http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/iau-spec.html Regulae nominum planetariorum]
* [http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Dic Lexicon nominum astronomicarum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170926193327/http://www.ss.astro.umd.edu/IAU/csbn/mp.shtml Comitia nominum corporum parvorum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060616003620/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=372 De nominibus planetarum]
* [http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question48.html De nominibus planetarum satellitumque]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040401181216/http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/starname.html De stellarum nominibus]
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090420050841/http://www.naic.edu/~gibson/starnames/starnames.html Star Names]''

[[Categoria:Nomina rerum astronomicarum|!]]
[[Categoria:Unio Astronomica Internationalis]]
[[Categoria:Linguae Latinae speciales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lannilis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>imago et opus</comment>
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      <text bytes="735" sha1="sf1r42k02qcgtbr4bfd0iuqock91kho" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Manoir de Kérouatz-LANNILIS.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Lanniis: oppidum Kérouatz.]]
'''Lannilis''' ([[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Lanniliz'') est commune {{formatnum:5709}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Finis Terrae (praefectura Franciae)|Finis Terrae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Britannia Minor]]e.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Finis Terrae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Lannilis|Lannalis}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{opus|url=https://lannilis.bzh/|titulus=Lannilis pagina interrretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Finis Terrae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Finis terrae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cafeum nocturnum (van Gogh)</title>
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      <text bytes="1913" sha1="er2rvxp3p96u8oyy925hjs2qe5e1ohm" xml:space="preserve">{{titulus italicus}}{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Van Gogh - The Night Café (1888).jpg|thumb|&quot;Cafeum nocturnum&quot; ([[Pinacotheca Universitatis Yalensis]]).]]
'''''Cafeum nocturnum''''' (titulo [[Francogallice|Francogallico]] ''Le [[coffearia|café]] de nuit'') est [[pictura olearia]] a [[Vincentius van Gogh|Vincentio van Gogh]] anno [[1888]] picta, hodie in [[Pinacotheca Universitatis Yalensis]] [[Portus Novus|Porto Novo]] in urbe [[Connecticuta|Connecticutensi]] servata. [[Taberna]]m ''[[Cafeum Stationis (Arelate)|Café de la Gare]]'' figurat iuxta ''[[Platea Lamartine (Arelate)|Place Lamartine]]'' stantem in urbe [[Arelate]]. Tabernarii sunt [[Iosephus Michel Ginoux]] [[uxor]]que [[Maria Ginoux|Maria]], qui ambo saepius a van Gogh necnon [[Paulus Gauguin|Paulo Gauguin]] picti sunt. Exstat et versio [[hydrochroma|pigmentis aquosis confecta]] [[color]]ibusque simplicioribus quam hodie privatus quidam possidet.

Paulus Gauguin idem cafeum eodem anno pinxit, titulo ''[[Cafeum nocturnum Arelatense (Gauguin)|Café de nuit, Arles]]'', adsedente ipsa Maria Ginoux. 
[[Fasciculus:Van Gogh - Le Café de nuit à Arles (1888) watercolor.jpeg|thumb|&quot;Cafeum nocturnum&quot; (collectio privata)]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.yale.edu/artgallery Situs pinacothecae]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111001012231/http://blogs.princeton.edu/wri152-3/f05/manli/gallery_3_the_night_cafe_gauguins_vs_van_goghs.html The Night Cafe: Gauguin's vs Van Gogh's]&quot;

== Bibliographia ==
* Meyer Schapiro, ''Van Gogh'' (Novi Eboraci: Abrams, 1994) pp. 70-71
* Roland Dorn, ''Décoration: Vincent Van Gogh's Werkreihe für das Gelbe Haus in Arles'' ([[Hildesia]]e: Olms, 1990) pp. 370-375 ISBN 3-487-09098-8

[[Categoria:Arelate]]
[[Categoria:Coffeariae]]
[[Categoria:Confecta 1888]]
[[Categoria:Convivia figurata]]
[[Categoria:Picturae Vincentii van Gogh]]
[[Categoria:Pinacotheca Universitatis Yalensis]]
[[Categoria:Tabulae pictae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Magenciacum (Mons Dumae)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>154319</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nomen latinum, necnon imago</comment>
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      <text bytes="913" sha1="p0sluejo4wggp0wr4d0kcgsrtu7lv86" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
{{Videdis|Magenciacum (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:St Peter in chains church in Moissat-Bas (8).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Magenciacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Petrus|Sancto Petro in vinculis]] dicata.]]
{{res|Magenciacum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 443.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Moissat'') est commune {{formatnum:1253}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Podium Dumiatis (praefectura Franciae)|Podii Dumiatis]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis|Indicem communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moissat|Magenciacum}}
{{INSEE commune|63229|de=Moissat}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Dumae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Dumae]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Pippobuono movit paginam [[Moissat]] ad [[Magenciacum (Mons Dumae)]]: nomen latinum attestatur in Graesse</comment>
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      <text bytes="913" sha1="p0sluejo4wggp0wr4d0kcgsrtu7lv86" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
{{Videdis|Magenciacum (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:St Peter in chains church in Moissat-Bas (8).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Magenciacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Petrus|Sancto Petro in vinculis]] dicata.]]
{{res|Magenciacum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}, t. 2, p. 443.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Moissat'') est commune {{formatnum:1253}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Podium Dumiatis (praefectura Franciae)|Podii Dumiatis]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis|Indicem communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Moissat|Magenciacum}}
{{INSEE commune|63229|de=Moissat}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Dumae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Dumae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gesta Philippi Augusti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995753</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-20T04:53:08Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="958" sha1="hzj5dseg8tskukwtz4vzd86brdrubuk" xml:space="preserve">'''''Gesta Philippi Augusti''''' sunt opus historicum de vita [[Philippus II (rex Francorum)|Philippi II]] regis [[Francia|Francici]], a [[Rigordus|Rigordo]] inceptum et usque ad annum [[1209]] continuatum, a [[Guillelmus Brito|Guillelmo Britone]] auctum et perfectum.

== Bibliographia ==
* Henri-François Delaborde, ed., ''Œuvres de Rigord et de Guillaume le Breton, historiens de Philippe-Auguste''. 2 voll. Lutetiae, 1882-1885 [http://archive.org/details/uvresderigordetd01rigouoft Vol. 1] [http://archive.org/details/uvresderigordetd02rigouoft vol. 2] apud archive.org

== Nexus externi ==
* Paul Hyams, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120615065731/http://falcon.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/408/texts/Rigindex.html Versio Anglica imperfecta]

{{Lit-stipula}}

{{Nexus absunt}}

[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 13]]
[[Categoria:Libri historici]]
[[Categoria:Libri biographici]]
[[Categoria:Philippus II (rex Francorum)]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Holtisminnensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>166033</id>
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      <text bytes="14538" sha1="k4ddry7u3hzhoul8d1kdn4db3s3mf8t" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

'''Circulus Holtisminnensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Holzminden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Holtsminne''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], die [[12 Octobris]] [[1832]] a [[Gulielmus (Dux Brunsvici)|Gulielmo]] duce [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Brunsvici]] conditus est. Caput circuli urbs [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;  est.

== Historia ==
Circulus primo ad Ducatum, deinde ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinebat. A die [[1 Novembris]] [[1941]] circulus Holtisminnensis pars provinciae Hannoverae [[Borussia]]e erat. Anno [[1945]] ad terram Hannoveram, ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Hodie disputatur, an circulus cum finitimo [[Circulus terrae Northemiensis|Circulo Northemiensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Northemiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Northeim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Northemiensis-e&quot; ad urbem [[Northemium]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; coniungendus sit.

== Communia circuli ==
[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in HOL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Holtisminnensi.]]
Circulus Holtisminnensis 32 communia habet, quae maxima parte ad &quot;communia generalia&quot; (Theodisce &quot;Samtgemeinden&quot;) coniuncta sunt. Haec sunt:

* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'') oppidum (8142 incolae)
* [[Holtisminni]] urbs, caput circuli (19.939)

* [[Bevernense Castrum (commune generale)|Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern''), commune generale (6056)
** [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'') (3946)
** [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'') (979)
** [[Holenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'') (440)
** [[Nighunburni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Negenborn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niägenborn'') (691)

* [[Bodonis Insula-Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle''), commune generale (15.375)
** [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546)
** [[Bracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchbrak&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-acum-i&quot; aut &quot;-achium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi &quot;Brac&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'') (1089)
** [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'') (718)
** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102)
** [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (1590)
** [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'') (861)
** [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'') (1912)
** [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'') (482)
** [[Ottenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ottenstein'') oppidum (1189)
** [[Pegestorf]] (428)
** [[Vahlbruch]] (458)

* [[Boffeshusium (commune generale)|Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen''), commune generale (7042)
** [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (2701)
** [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -thal : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'') (671)
** [[Fürstenberg]] (1167)
** [[Lauenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenförde'') oppidum (2503)

* [[Eschershusa-Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf''), commune generale (15.375)
** [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'') urbs (5457)
** [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'') (391)
** [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'') (1511)
** [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'') (812)
** [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'') (996)
** [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen''), urbs (3415)
** [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'') (920)
** [[Hlunia (commune)|Hlunia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlunia&quot;&gt;Nomen communis Theodisce ''Lenne'' dicti suo e homonymo fluvio, Latine &quot;Hlunia&quot; nuncupato, ortum est. Latinum igitur nomen huius communis Latino ex hydronymo etiam derivandum est. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lenne'') (673)
** [[Holza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'') (629)
** [[Luerdissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lüerdissen'') (448)
** [[Wangelnstedt]] (617)

Praeterea sunt loca quaedam, quae ad nullum commune pertinent. Quae omnia hominibus deserta sunt:

* Boffeshusium&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'') (23,40 km²)
* Eima&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'') (12,91 km²)
* Eschershusa&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'') (4,92 km²)
* Grünenplan (22,71 km²)
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'') (15,01 km²)
* Merxhausen (22,50 km²)
* Wenzen (15,84 km²)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris|Holtisminni]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1832]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bodonis Insula-Collis</title>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="5497" sha1="ramit02q4ofzjf9sdspyy3vvibkbr6a" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Bodonis Insula-Collis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est.
[[Fasciculus:Rathaus von Bodenwerder, Geburtshaus vom Baron von Münchhausen 2.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Sedes administrationis communis generalis et olim castellum [[Baro de Münchhausen|Baronis de Münchhausen]].]]

== Historia ==
Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] commune generale Bodonis Insula-Collis constitutum est, cum [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs atque vici undecim coniuncti sint, qui iam antea in communibus generalibus Bodonis Insula (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bodenwerder'') et Collis (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Polle'') collaboraverant&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.muenchhausenland.de/index.php?side=content&amp;ID=67&amp;MID=2 Pagina interretialis de condito communi generali Bodonis Insula-Colli].&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia ad Bodonis Insulam-Collem pertinentes ==
** [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546 incolae, sedes administrationis)
** [[Bracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchbrak&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-acum-i&quot; aut &quot;-achium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi &quot;Brac&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'') (1089)
** [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'') (718)
** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102)
** [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (1590)
** [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'') (861)
** [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'') (1912)
** [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'') (482)
** [[Ottenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ottenstein'') (1189)
** [[Pegestorf]] (428)
** [[Vahlbruch]] (458)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 2010]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3995698</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:34:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="5471" sha1="6jzk7rr77dh8994u9iuwt78qqcq775v" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
'''Bodonis Insula-Collis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder-Polle'') commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est.
[[Fasciculus:Rathaus von Bodenwerder, Geburtshaus vom Baron von Münchhausen 2.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Sedes administrationis communis generalis et olim castellum [[Baro de Münchhausen|Baronis de Münchhausen]].]]

== Historia ==
Die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] commune generale Bodonis Insula-Collis constitutum est, cum [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs atque vici undecim coniuncti sint, qui iam antea in communibus generalibus Bodonis Insula (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Bodenwerder'') et Collis (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Polle'') collaboraverant&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.muenchhausenland.de/index.php?side=content&amp;ID=67&amp;MID=2 Pagina interretialis de condito communi generali Bodonis Insula-Colli].&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Communia ad Bodonis Insulam-Collem pertinentes ==
** [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'') urbs (5546 incolae, sedes administrationis)
** [[Bracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchbrak&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-acum-i&quot; aut &quot;-achium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi &quot;Brac&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''/NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) villa Brac (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'') (1089)
** [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'') (718)
** [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'') oppidum (1102)
** [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (1590)
** [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'') (861)
** [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'') (1912)
** [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'') (482)
** [[Ottenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ottenstein'') oppidum (1189)
** [[Pegestorf]] (428)
** [[Vahlbruch]] (458)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 2010]]</text>
      <sha1>6jzk7rr77dh8994u9iuwt78qqcq775v</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Heli (Saxonia Inferior)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>167013</id>
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      <id>3995738</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="2192" sha1="sbjqoc8pqumqoqlvrziss0pd7v8ny7r" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Heli'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in Brocle'' (...) ''milite de Derspe [...] mansum unum in eadem villa'' (...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''Haoga'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Heloon'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;/&gt; seu '''Helenen'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;/&gt; seu '''Helen'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'') commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. Ad Helos vici [[Heli (vicus)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hehlen'') cum [[Ovelgonna (Heli)|Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Ovelgönne''); [[Brocle]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Brökeln''); [[Derspe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Daspe''); atque [[Haoga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohe'') pertinent. Commune ad flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgim]] situm est.

== Historia ==
[[Fasciculus:Schloss Hehlen Weserseite Weser Wiese.jpg|thumb|left|Castellum Helense.]]
Heli saeculo 9 primo in actis descripti sunt. Anno [[1579]] Castellum aqua circumdatum erectum est. Ab anno [[1973]] ad circulum Holtisminnis pertinuit et a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] pars communis generalis [[Bodonis Insula-Collis|Bodonis Insulae-Collis]] est.

==Filii urbis==
*[[Gulielmus Augustus Lampadius]], metallurgiae peritus

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 9]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ottenstenium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>167130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995689</id>
      <parentid>3977189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:13:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ottenstein]] ad [[Ottenstenium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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      <text bytes="501" sha1="nrnexte95ze38tbq23nojjsabckzk4a" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Ottenstein''' commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. Ad Ottenstein etiam vici Glesse, Lichtenhagen atque Sievershagen pertinent.

== Historia ==
Ottenstein anno [[1182]] primo in actis descripta est. A die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] pars communis generalis [[Bodonis Insula-Collis|Bodonis Insulae-Collis]] est.

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
      <sha1>nrnexte95ze38tbq23nojjsabckzk4a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995694</id>
      <parentid>3995689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:28:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="2096" sha1="fngpgzz2smwmtyqt6r6ypyvilw2csy0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

'''Ottenstenium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ottenstein'') [[oppidum]] [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|circulo Holtisminnensi]] est. Ad Ottenstenium etiam vici [[Glessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Glesse''), [[Lichtenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Lichtenhagen'') atque [[Sievershaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Sievershagen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Ottenstenium anno [[1182]] primo in actis descriptum est. A die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2010]] pars communis generalis [[Bodonis Insula-Collis|Bodonis Insulae-Collis]] est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bythitidae</title>
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      <text bytes="4717" sha1="hsceg1lazaywdtqlng1tbr8xhlfw56s" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Bythitidae
| image = Hephthocara simum.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Hephthocara simum]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Ophidiiformes]]
| familia = '''Bythitidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Theodorus Gill|T. N. Gill]], [[1861]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilia]]e &amp; [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]]
| subdivision =
* [[Brosmophycinae]]
** ''[[Alionematichthys]]''
** ''[[Beaglichthys]]''
** ''[[Bidenichthys]]''
** ''[[Brosmodorsalis]]''
** ''[[Brosmolus]]''
** ''[[Brosmophyciops]]''
** ''[[Brosmophycis]]''
** ''[[Brotulinella]]''
** ''[[Dactylosurculus]]''
** ''[[Dermatopsis]]''
** ''[[Dermatopsoides]]''
** ''[[Diancistrus]]''
** ''[[Didymothallus]]''
** ''[[Dinematichthys]]''
** ''[[Dipulus]]''
** ''[[Eusurculus]]''
** ''[[Fiordichthys]]''
** ''[[Gunterichthys]]''
** ''[[Lapitaichthys]]''
** ''[[Lucifuga]]''
** ''[[Majungaichthys]]''
** ''[[Mascarenichthys]]''
** ''[[Melodichthys]]''
** ''[[Monothrix]]''
** ''[[Ogilbia]]''
** ''[[Paradiancistrus]]''
** ''[[Porocephalichthys]]''
** ''[[Typhliasina]]''
** ''[[Ungusurculus]]''
** ''[[Zephyrichthys]]''
* [[Bythitinae]]
** ''[[Acarobythites]]''
** ''[[Anacanthobythites]]''
** ''[[Bellottia]]''
** ''[[Bythites]]''
** ''[[Calamopteryx]]''
** ''[[Cataetyx]]''
** ''[[Diplacanthopoma]]''
** ''[[Ematops]]''
** ''[[Grammonus]]''
** ''[[Hastatobythites]]''
** ''[[Hephthocara]]''
** ''[[Microbrotula]]''
** ''[[Nielsenichthys]]''
** ''[[Ogilbichthys]]''
** ''[[Parasaccogaster]]''&lt;ref&gt;J. G. Nielsen, W. Schwarzhans, et D. M. &amp; Cohen (2012), &quot;Revision of ''Hastatobythites'' and ''Saccogaster'' (Teleostei, Bythitidae) with three new species and a new genus,&quot; ''Zootaxa'' 3579: 1–36.''&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''[[Pseudogilbia]]''
** ''[[Pseudonus]]''
** ''[[Saccogaster]]''
** ''[[Stygnobrotula]]''
** ''[[Thalassobathia]]''
** ''[[Thermichthys]]''
* [[Incertae sedis]]
** ''[[Timorichthys]]''
** ''[[Tuamotuichthys]]''
}}
'''Bythitidae''' sunt [[familia (taxinomia)|familia]] [[piscis|piscium]] [[viviparitas|viviparorum]] [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordinis]] [[Ophidiiformes|Ophidiiformium]], qui in [[zona tropica|tropicis]] et [[subtropica|subtropicis]] [[mare|maris]] [[aqua|aquis]] omnem per [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] [[endemismus|endemici]] sunt. Bythitidae sunt pisces parvi, circa 5 [[centimetrum|centimetra]] longi, qui prope [[superficies|superficiem]] et circa [[scopulus curalii|scopulos curalii]] [[habitatio|habitant]].&lt;ref name=EoF&gt;{{cite book |editor=J. R. Paxton &amp; W. N. Eschmeyer|author= Jørgen G. Neilsen|year=[[1998]]|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse|publisher= Academic Press|location=Didacopoli|page= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00unse/page/134 134]|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Nonnullae autem species in [[aqua dulcis|aqua dulci]] habitant; exempli gratia, ''[[Ogilbia pearsei]]'' in [[spelunca|speluncis]] et [[foramen lapsum|foraminibus lapsis]]&lt;!--sinkholes--&gt; in [[Iucatania]] [[paeninsula]] [[Mexicum|Mexici]] inveniuntur.

Post [[2002]], plus quam 110 species novae familiae additae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20100207100716/http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp.&lt;/ref&gt;
Anno [[2005]], viginti sex species novae in uno commentario ab [[ichthyologia|ichthyologis]] [[Dania|Danicis]] et [[Germania|Germanis]],&lt;ref name=SMN2005&gt;{{cite journal | journal = The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory | volume = 21 | year = [[2005]] | pages = 73–163 | title = Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei: Bythitidae) of the Indo-West Pacific. Part I. ''Diancistrus'' and Two New Genera with 26 New Species | url=http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=012814779649528;res=IELHSS | author = Werner Schwarzhans, Peter Rask Møller, Jørgen G. Nielsen}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et anno [[2007]], octo genera nova cum viginti speciebus in alio commentario ab eisdem hominibus descriptae sunt.&lt;ref name=20new&gt;{{cite journal | journal = The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory | volume = 23 | year = [[2007]] | pages = 29–110 | title = Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-West pacific. Part III. Beaglichthys, Brosmolus, Monothrix and 8 new genera with description of 20 new species. | author = Schwarzhans &amp; Møller}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Nexus externus==
*{{FishBase family | family = Bythitidae | month = Iunio| year = 2012}}

{{ophidiiformes-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Bythitidae]]
[[Categoria:Pisces vivipari]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Gill]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1861]]
[[Categoria:Familiae animalium]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vespera (liturgia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>183298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995655</id>
      <parentid>3905139</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T19:32:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vulpecula Bella</username>
        <id>216165</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>paginam auxi, de magno momento et dispositione Vesperarum apud Catholicos Romanos scripsi, et libros liturgicos citavi</comment>
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      <text bytes="2533" sha1="sf3mqhkrwvl07vwphs3qrg3ps3kq8qp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:BenedictineVespers.jpg|thumb|[[Monachus|Monachi]] [[Benedictini]] vesperas canunt.]]
'''Vespera''' (-ae), saepe etiam '''Vesperae''' (-arum), est pars [[Divinum Officium|liturgiae horarum]], quae in [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]], [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Ecclesiis Orthodoxis]], in [[Communio Anglicana|Communione Anglicana]], et in [[ecclesia|ecclesiis]] [[traditio]]nis [[Lutheranismus|Lutheranae]] circa solis occasum (cotidie aut certis diebus festis) celebratur. 

Apud Catholicos, Vesperae prae aliis horis Divini Officii celebrandae sunt magna solemnitate, atque in ecclesiis quam plurimis.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_lt.html Sacrosanctum Concilium]'' 89a et 100.&lt;/ref&gt; Celebrari possunt quoque ritu pleniore, in quo sacerdos vestimentis sacris vestitur, acolythi lumina deferunt, et [[incensum]] adhibetur. Qui ritus congruit majori Vesperarum solemnitati; nam aliae horae nequeunt ita celebrari, nisi [[Laudes (liturgia)|Laudes]], quarum dispositioni Vesperae ferme respondent.&lt;ref&gt;''[[iarchive:Caeremoniale1948|Ceremoniale Episcoporum]]'', Liber 2, Cap. 3 (1948).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Institutio Generalis de Liturgia Horarum'', par. 37-54 ([https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Rites/GILH.pdf anglice]).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Secundum antiquiorem usum [[Ritus Romanus|Ritus Romani]], Vesperae habent quinque [[Liber Psalmorum|psalmos]] cum [[Antiphona|antiphonis]], capitulum (quod est lectio ex [[Biblia|Sacra Scriptura]] sat brevis), [[Hymnus#Hymnus|hymnum metricum]], canticum ''[[Magnificat]]'' ex evangelio cum antiphona, orationem diei vel festo congruentem, et deinde alias antiphonas et orationes, quibus commemorentur dies vel sancti majore observantia suppressi, si forte sint.&lt;ref&gt;''Rubricae Generales Breviarii'' cap. 9 et 17, in [[iarchive:breviarium-romanum-1942/Breviarium_Romanum_1942_-_Pars_Hiemalis|''Breviario Romano'' (1942)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum usum recentiorem, hymnus anteponitur psalmis, commemorationes in fine omnino desunt, et pro quinque psalmis ponuntur tres, vel potius duo psalmi, et loco tertii canticum e [[Novum Testamentum|Novo Testamento]] excerptum, sicut et in Laudibus a temporibus antiquis canitur canticum ex [[Vetus Testamentum|Vetere Testamento]]. Dicitur quoque responsorium breve post capitulum, et preces variae post ''Magnificat''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{NexInt}}
*[[Pervigilium Omnium Sanctorum]]
*[[Phos hilaron]]
*[[Triduum Sacrum]]
*[[Vesper Sanctus]]

[[Categoria:Liturgia]]</text>
      <sha1>sf3mqhkrwvl07vwphs3qrg3ps3kq8qp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995659</id>
      <parentid>3995655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T19:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vulpecula Bella</username>
        <id>216165</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3995659</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2562" sha1="eqa97p3438oi7cqexgqwqvx19tvldzq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:BenedictineVespers.jpg|thumb|[[Monachus|Monachi]] [[Benedictini]] vesperas canunt.]]
'''Vespera''' (-ae), saepe etiam '''Vesperae''' (-arum), est pars [[Divinum Officium|liturgiae horarum]], quae in [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]], [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Ecclesiis Orthodoxis]], in [[Communio Anglicana|Communione Anglicana]], et in [[ecclesia|ecclesiis]] [[traditio]]nis [[Lutheranismus|Lutheranae]] circa solis occasum (cotidie aut certis diebus festis) celebratur. 

Apud Catholicos, Vesperae prae aliis horis Divini Officii celebrandae sunt magna solemnitate, atque in ecclesiis quam plurimis.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_lt.html Sacrosanctum Concilium]'' 89a et 100.&lt;/ref&gt; Celebrari possunt quoque ritu pleniore, in quo sacerdos vestimentis sacris vestitur, acolythi lumina deferunt, et [[incensum]] adhibetur. Qui ritus congruit majori Vesperarum solemnitati; nam aliae horae nequeunt ita celebrari, nisi [[Laudes (liturgia)|Laudes]], quarum dispositioni Vesperae ferme respondent.&lt;ref&gt;''[[iarchive:Caeremoniale1948|Ceremoniale Episcoporum]]'', Liber 2, Cap. 3 (1948).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Institutio Generalis de Liturgia Horarum'', par. 37-54 ([https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Rites/GILH.pdf anglice]).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Secundum antiquiorem usum [[Ritus Romanus|Ritus Romani]], Vesperae habent quinque [[Liber Psalmorum|psalmos]] cum [[Antiphona|antiphonis]], capitulum (quod est lectio ex [[Biblia|Sacra Scriptura]] sat brevis), [[Hymnus#Hymnus|hymnum metricum]], canticum ''[[Magnificat]]'' ex evangelio cum antiphona, orationem diei vel festo congruentem, et deinde alias antiphonas et orationes, quibus commemorentur dies vel sancti majore observantia suppressi, si forte sint.&lt;ref&gt;''Rubricae Generales Breviarii'' cap. 9 et 17, in [[iarchive:breviarium-romanum-1942/Breviarium_Romanum_1942_-_Pars_Hiemalis|''Breviario Romano'' (1942)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum usum recentiorem, hymnus anteponitur psalmis, commemorationes in fine omnino desunt, et pro quinque psalmis ponuntur tres, vel potius duo psalmi, et loco tertii canticum e [[Novum Testamentum|Novo Testamento]] excerptum, sicut et in Laudibus a temporibus antiquis canitur canticum ex [[Vetus Testamentum|Vetere Testamento]]. Dicitur quoque responsorium breve post capitulum, et preces variae post ''Magnificat''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Pervigilium Omnium Sanctorum]]
*[[Phos hilaron]]
*[[Triduum Sacrum]]
*[[Vesper Sanctus]]

[[Categoria:Liturgia]]</text>
      <sha1>eqa97p3438oi7cqexgqwqvx19tvldzq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995693</id>
      <parentid>3995659</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:26:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <origin>3995693</origin>
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      <text bytes="2568" sha1="a5ghmqz3j6ibk047ogf1c1q6mb6u233" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:BenedictineVespers.jpg|thumb|[[Monachus|Monachi]] [[Benedictini]] vesperas canunt.]]
'''Vespera''' (-ae), saepe etiam '''Vesperae''' (-arum), est pars [[Divinum Officium|liturgiae horarum]], quae in [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]], [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Ecclesiis Orthodoxis]], in [[Communio Anglicana|Communione Anglicana]], et in [[ecclesia|ecclesiis]] [[traditio]]nis [[Lutheranismus|Lutheranae]] circa solis occasum (cotidie aut certis diebus festis) celebratur. 

Apud Catholicos, Vesperae prae aliis horis Divini Officii celebrandae sunt magna solemnitate, atque in ecclesiis quam plurimis.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_lt.html Sacrosanctum Concilium]'' 89a et 100.&lt;/ref&gt; Celebrari possunt quoque ritu pleniore, in quo sacerdos vestimentis sacris vestitur, acolythi lumina deferunt, et [[incensum]] adhibetur. Qui ritus congruit majori Vesperarum solemnitati; nam aliae horae nequeunt ita celebrari, nisi [[Laudes (liturgia)|Laudes]], quarum dispositioni Vesperae ferme respondent.&lt;ref&gt;''[[iarchive:Caeremoniale1948|Ceremoniale Episcoporum]]'', Liber 2, Cap. 3 (1948).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Institutio Generalis de Liturgia Horarum'', par. 37-54 ([https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Rites/GILH.pdf anglice]).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Secundum antiquiorem usum [[Ritus Romanus|Ritus Romani]], Vesperae habent quinque [[Liber Psalmorum|psalmos]] cum [[Antiphona|antiphonis]], capitulum (quod est lectio ex [[Biblia|Sacra Scriptura]] sat brevis), [[Hymnus#Hymnus|hymnum metricum]], canticum ''[[Magnificat]]'' ex evangelio cum antiphona, orationem diei vel festo congruentem, et deinde alias antiphonas et orationes, quibus commemorentur dies vel sancti majore observantia suppressi, si forte sint.&lt;ref&gt;''Rubricae Generales Breviarii'' cap. 9 et 17, in [[iarchive:breviarium-romanum-1942/Breviarium_Romanum_1942_-_Pars_Hiemalis|''Breviario Romano'' (1942)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum usum recentiorem, hymnus anteponitur psalmis, commemorationes in fine omnino desunt, et pro quinque psalmis ponuntur tres, vel potius duo psalmi, et loco tertii canticum e [[Novum Testamentum|Novo Testamento]] excerptum, sicut et in Laudibus a temporibus antiquis canitur canticum ex [[Vetus Testamentum|Vetere Testamento]]. Dicitur quoque responsorium breve post capitulum, et preces variae post ''Magnificat''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
*[[Pervigilium Omnium Sanctorum]]
*[[Phos hilaron]]
*[[Triduum Sacrum]]
*[[Vesper Sanctus]]

[[Categoria:Liturgia]]</text>
      <sha1>a5ghmqz3j6ibk047ogf1c1q6mb6u233</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995747</id>
      <parentid>3995693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T01:22:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Minora</comment>
      <origin>3995747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2630" sha1="aw6neioxy9u0vhi8dvs9k1t05d6ong2" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:BenedictineVespers.jpg|thumb|[[Monachus|Monachi]] [[Benedictini]] vesperas canunt.]]

{{res|Vespera}} ({{pns|ae|f|Vespera}}), saepe etiam {{res|Vesperae}} ({{pns|arum|f|Vesperae}}), est pars [[Divinum Officium|liturgiae horarum]], quae in [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]], [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Ecclesiis Orthodoxis]], in [[Communio Anglicana|Communione Anglicana]], et in [[ecclesia|ecclesiis]] [[traditio]]nis [[Lutheranismus|Lutheranae]] circa solis occasum (cotidie aut certis diebus festis) celebratur. 

Apud Catholicos, Vesperae prae aliis horis Divini Officii celebrandae sunt magna solemnitate, atque in ecclesiis quam plurimis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Op|[https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_lt.html Sacrosanctum Concilium]}} 89a et 100.&lt;/ref&gt; Celebrari possunt quoque ritu pleniore, in quo sacerdos vestimentis sacris vestitur, acolythi lumina deferunt, et [[incensum]] adhibetur. Qui ritus congruit majori Vesperarum solemnitati; nam aliae horae nequeunt ita celebrari, nisi [[Laudes (liturgia)|Laudes]], quarum dispositioni Vesperae ferme respondent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Op|[[iarchive:Caeremoniale1948|Ceremoniale Episcoporum]]}}, Liber 2, Cap. 3 (1948).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Op|Institutio Generalis de Liturgia Horarum}}, par. 37–54 ([https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Rites/GILH.pdf anglice]).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Secundum antiquiorem usum [[Ritus Romanus|Ritus Romani]], Vesperae habent quinque [[Liber Psalmorum|psalmos]] cum [[Antiphona|antiphonis]], capitulum (quod est lectio ex [[Biblia|Sacra Scriptura]] sat brevis), [[Hymnus#Hymnus|hymnum metricum]], canticum {{Op|[[Magnificat]]}} ex evangelio cum antiphona, orationem diei vel festo congruentem, et deinde alias antiphonas et orationes, quibus commemorentur dies vel sancti majore observantia suppressi, si forte sint.&lt;ref&gt;{{Op|Rubricae Generales Breviarii}} cap. 9 et 17, in [[iarchive:breviarium-romanum-1942/Breviarium_Romanum_1942_-_Pars_Hiemalis|{{Op|Breviario Romano}} (1942)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Secundum usum recentiorem, hymnus anteponitur psalmis, commemorationes in fine omnino desunt, et pro quinque psalmis ponuntur tres, vel potius duo psalmi, et loco tertii canticum e [[Novum Testamentum|Novo Testamento]] excerptum, sicut et in Laudibus a temporibus antiquis canitur canticum ex [[Vetus Testamentum|Vetere Testamento]]. Dicitur quoque responsorium breve post capitulum, et preces variae post {{Op|Magnificat}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Pervigilium Omnium Sanctorum]]
* [[Phos hilaron]]
* [[Triduum Sacrum]]
* [[Vesper Sanctus]]

[[Categoria:Liturgia]]</text>
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    <title>Concilia Principatus Asturiarum</title>
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      <text bytes="13730" sha1="7j6so1h3sfkb74bl8aei1gh7l80gnla" xml:space="preserve">Ecce catalogus [[concilium|conciliorum]] [[Principatus Asturiarum]] ordinatorum secundum [[numerus incolarum|numerum incolarum]] (cum datis ex [[Institutum Nationale Statisticae (Hispania)|INE]] anno [[2011]]):

{|  border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! Positio !! [[Concilium]] [[Latine]] !! [[Concilium]] [[Hispanice]] !! [[Concilium]] [[Asturice]] !! [[Concilium]] [[Euvenavice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area (geometria)|Area]] ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]])
|-
| 1 || [[Gigia]] || ''Gijón'' || ''Xixón'' || ''Xixón'' || 277 559 || 181,6 
|-
| 2 || [[Ovetum]] || ''Oviedo'' || ''Uviéu'' || ''Oviedo'' || 225 391 || 186,65
|-
| 3 || [[Flavionavia]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/orblatf.html Orbis Latinus Graesse]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Avilés'' || ''Avilés'' || ''Avilés'' || 83 617 || 26,81
|-
| 4 || [[Siarius]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=883&amp;palabra=Siero Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Siero'' || ''Siero'' || ''Siero'' || 52 094 || 211,23
|-
| 5 || [[Langiciati]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langreo#Historia Vicipaedia Hispanica]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Langreo'' || ''Llangréu'' || ''Langreo'' || 44 737 || 82 46
|-
| 6 || [[Meres]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=692&amp;palabra=Mieres Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Mieres'' || ''Mieres'' || ''Mieres'' || 42 951 || 146,03
|-
| 7 || [[Castellum Gauzon]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrill%C3%B3n#Edad_media_y_moderna Vicipaedia Hispanica]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Castrillón'' || ''Castrillón'' || ''Castrillón'' || 22 893 || 55,34
|-
| 8 || [[Sanctus Martinus Regis Aurelii]] || ''San Martín del Rey Aurelio'' || ''Sanmartín del Rei Aurelio'' || ''Sanmartín del Rei Aurelio'' || 18 286 || 56,13
|-
| 9 || [[Curvaria (Asturiae)|Curvaria]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135828/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=840&amp;palabra=Corvera Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Corvera de Asturias'' || ''Corvera'' || ''Corvera'' || 16 236 || 46,01
|-
| 10 || [[Veca]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0967c.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Villaviciosa'' || ''Villaviciosa'' || ''Villaviciosa'' || 14 962 || 276,23
|-
| 11 || [[Canicae Narceae|Canĭcae Narcēae]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=434&amp;palabra=Cangas Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0903c.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Cangas del Narcea'' || ''Cangas del Narcea'' || ''Cangas del Narcea'' || 14 249 || 823,57
|-
| 12 || [[Flaviana (Asturiae)|Flaviana]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langreo#Historia Vicipaedia Hispanica]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Laviana'' || ''LLaviana'' || ''Laviana'' || 14 085 || 130,99
|-
| 13 || [[Planae]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011252/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=852&amp;palabra=Llanes Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Llanes'' || ''Llanes'' || ''Llanes'' || 14 048  || 263,59
|-
| 14 || [[Lucus Asturum]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanera#Historia Vicipaedia Hispanica]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Llanera'' || ''Llanera'' || ''Llanera'' || 14 036 || 106,69
|-
| 15 || [[Valles Esvae]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=499&amp;palabra=Vald%E9s Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Valdés'' || ''Valdés'' || ''Valdés'' || 13 241 || 353,52
|-
| 16 || [[Lena (Asturiae)|Lena]] || ''Lena'' || ''Lena'' || ''Lena'' || 12 545 || 315 51
|-
| 17 || [[Ayer]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=827&amp;palabra=Ayer Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Aller'' || ''Ayer'' || ''Aller'' || 12 324 || 375,89
|-
| 18 || [[Carrenius]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=835&amp;palabra=Carre%F1o Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Carreño'' || ''Carreño'' || ''Carreño'' || 10 963 || 66,70
|-
| 19 || [[Gradus (Asturiae)|Gradus]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=104&amp;palabra=Grado Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Grado'' || ''Grau'' || ''Grado'' || 10 901 || 221,63
|-
| 20 || [[Gauzon]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=846&amp;palabra=Goz%F3n Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Gozón'' || ''Gozón'' || ''Gozón'' || 10 833 || 81,72
|-
| 21 || [[Tineius]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=890&amp;palabra=Tineo Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Tineo'' || ''Tinéu'' || ''Tineo'' || 10 829 || 540,83
|-
| 22 || [[Navia (Asturiae)|Navia]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=280&amp;palabra=Navia Topnymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Navia'' || ''Navia'' || ''Navia'' || 9 015 || 63,12
|-
| 23 || [[Pravia]] || ''Pravia'' || ''Pravia'' || ''Pravia'' || 8 995 || 102,96
|-
| 24 || [[Pialonia]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilo%C3%B1a#Edad_media_y_edad_moderna Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Piloña'' || ''Piloña'' || ''Piloña'' || 7 915 || 283,89
|-
| 25 || [[Canicae Onnenses|Canĭcae Onneses]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/s0903c.html Lexicon Universale Hofmann]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011413/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?palabra=On%EDs&amp;buscar=Buscar Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Cangas de Onís'' || ''Cangues'' || ''Cangas d'Onís'' || 6 786 || 212,75
|-
| 26 || [[Ripa Saliae]] || ''Ribadesella'' || ''Ribeseya'' || ''Ribadesella'' || 6 242 || 84,37
|-
| 27 || [[Parres]] || ''Parres'' || ''Parres'' || ''Parres'' || 5 796 || 126,08
|-
| 28 || [[Salae]] || ''Salas'' || ''Salas'' || ''Salas'' || 5 782 || 227,11
|-
| 29 || [[Coticularium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=398&amp;palabra=Cuideiru Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Cudillero'' || ''Cuideiru'' || ''Cudillero'' || 5 721 || 100,78
|-
| 30 || [[Nava (Asturiae)|Nava]] || ''Nava'' || ''Nava'' || ''Nava'' || 5 597 || 95,81
|-
| 31 || [[Naurenia]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nore%C3%B1a#Baja_Edad_Media Vicipaedia Hispanica]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Noreña'' || ''Noreña'' || ''Noreña'' || 5 432 || 5,29
|-
| 32 || [[Vaeca Euvis]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101029031805/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=522&amp;palabra=vegadeo Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Vegadeo'' || ''A Veiga'' || ''A Veiga'' || 4 160 || 82 75
|-
| 33 || [[Saltus Navis]] || ''Soto del Barco'' || ''Sotu'l Barcu'' || ''Soto del Barco'' || 4 075 || 35,34
|-
| 34 || [[Tapia Casaregensis]] || ''Tapia de Casariego'' || ''Tapia'' || ''Tapia'' || 4 045 || 65,99
|-
| 35 || [[Francum]] || ''El Franco'' || ''El Franco'' || ''El Franco'' || 3 981 || 78,04
|-
| 36 || [[Castrum Pauli (Asturiae)|Castrum Pauli]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222624/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=837&amp;palabra=Castropol Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Castropol'' || ''Castropol'' || ''Castropol'' || 3 762 || 125,77
|-
| 37 || [[Colunga]] || ''Colunga'' || ''Colunga'' || ''Colunga'' || 3 735 || 97,57
|-
| 38 || [[Coanna]] || ''Coaña'' || ''Cuaña'' || ''Cuaña'' || 3 447 || 65,80
|-
| 39 || [[Mauricinus]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=858&amp;palabra=Morc%EDn Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Morcín'' || ''Morcín'' || ''Morcín'' || 2 870 || 50,05
|-
| 40 || [[Cabrales]] || ''Cabrales'' || ''Cabrales'' || ''Cabrales'' || 2 227 || 238,29
|-
| 41 || [[Revosa]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=271&amp;palabra=Riosa Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Riosa'' || ''Riosa'' || ''Riosa'' || 2 170 || 46,49
|-
| 42 || [[Candamu|Candāmu]] || ''Candamo'' || ''Candamu'' || ''Candamo'' || 2 170 || 71,97
|-
| 43 || [[Adlimes]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222606/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=179&amp;palabra=Allande Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Allande'' || ''Ayande'' || ''Ayande'' || 2 004 || 342,24
|-
| 44 || [[Riparia (Asturiae)|Riparia]] || ''Ribera de Arriba'' || ''La Ribera'' || ''Ribera d'Arriba'' || 1 984 || 21,98
|-
| 45 || [[Regariae]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=872&amp;palabra=Les%20Regueres Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Las Regueras'' || ''Les Regueres'' || ''Las Regueras'' || 1 981 || 65,85
|-
| 46 || [[Muri Nelsi]] || ''Muros de Nalón'' || ''Muros'' || ''Muros de Nalón'' || 1 938 || 8,09
|-
| 47 || [[Tebrica|Tebrīca]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=3&amp;palabra=Teberga Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Teverga'' || ''Teberga'' || ''Teverga'' || 1 929 || 168,86
|-
| 48 || [[Bimenes|Bimēnes]] || ''Bimenes'' || ''Bimenes'' || ''Bimenes'' || 1 901 || 32,69
|-
| 49 || [[Ripa Devae]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=873&amp;palabra=Ribedeva Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Ribadedeva'' || ''Ribedeva'' || ''Ribadedeva'' || 1 882 || 35,66
|-
| 50 || [[Bovale]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boal#Etimolog.C3.ADa Vicipaedia Hispanica]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Boal'' || ''Bual'' || ''Bual'' || 1 863 || 120,28
|-
| 51 || [[Casum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135932/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=838&amp;palabra=Casu Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Caso'' || ''Casu'' || ''Caso'' || 1 839 || 307,94
|-
| 52 || [[Bellus Mons Miranda]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?palabra=Belmonte&amp;buscar=Buscar Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Belmonte de Miranda'' || ''Balmonte'' || ''Belmonte de Miranda'' || 1 715 || 208,01
|-
| 53 || [[Ibia]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135929/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=849&amp;palabra=Ibias Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Ibias'' || ''Ibias'' || ''Ibias'' || 1 661 || 333,30
|-
| 54 || [[Villa Allioni]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306153322/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=964&amp;palabra=Villay%F3n Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Villayón'' || ''Villaión'' || ''Villaión'' || 1 520 || 132,46
|-
| 55 || [[Summetum]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190918041459/https://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=318&amp;palabra=Somiedo Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Somiedo'' || ''Somiedu'' || ''Somiedo'' || 1 409 || 291,38
|-
| 56 || [[Sariegu]] || ''Sariego'' || ''Sariegu'' || ''Sariego'' || 1 320 || 25,73
|-
| 57 || [[Penna Melera Inferior]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=865&amp;palabra=Pe%F1amellera%20Baja Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Peñamellera Baja'' || ''Peñamellera Baxa'' || ''Peñamellera Baixa'' || 1 319 || 83,85
|-
| 58 || [[Caridosus]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=871&amp;palabra=Quir%F3s Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Quirós'' || ''Quirós'' || ''Quirós'' || 1 309 || 208,79
|-
| 59 || [[Decania]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=20&amp;palabra=Dega%F1a Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Degaña'' || ''Degaña'' || ''Degaña'' || 1 225 || 87,16
|-
| 60 || [[Cabranes]] || ''Cabranes'' || ''Cabranes'' || ''Cabranes'' || 1 079 || 38,31
|-
| 61 || [[Illae]] || ''Illas'' || ''Illas'' || ''Illas'' || 1 020 || 25,51
|-
| 62 || [[Grandae Ipsius Liminis]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=847&amp;palabra=Grandas Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Grandas de Salime'' || ''Grandas de Salime'' || ''Grandas de Salime'' || 1 016 || 112,55
|-
| 63 || [[Superscopulum]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=400&amp;palabra=Sobrescobiu Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Sobrescobio'' || ''Sobrescobiu'' || ''Sobrescobio'' || 895 || 69,43
|-
| 64 || [[Pruazia]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proaza#Historia Vicipaedia Hispanica] &lt;/ref&gt; || ''Proaza'' || ''Proaza'' || ''Proaza'' || 823 || 76,79
|-
| 65 || [[Onnensis]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=863&amp;palabra=On%EDs Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Onís'' || ''Onís'' || ''Onís'' || 805 || 75,42
|-
| 66 || [[Amieva|Amiēva]] || ''Amieva'' || ''Amieva'' || ''Amieva'' || 804 || 113,90
|-
| 67 || [[Attalamundus]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011326/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=888&amp;palabra=Taramundi Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Taramundi'' || ''Taramundi'' || ''Taramundi'' || 732 || 82,16
|-
| 68 || [[Ponga]] || ''Ponga'' || ''Ponga'' || ''Ponga'' || 688 || 205,98
|-
| 69 || [[Penna Melera Superior]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=865&amp;palabra=Pe%F1amellera%20Baja Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Peñamellera Alta'' || ''Peñamellera Alta'' || ''Peñamellera Alta'' || 617 || 92,19
|-
| 70 || [[Sanctus Thyrsus Apris]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222603/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=949&amp;palabra=Abres Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''San Tirso de Abres'' || ''Santiso d'Abres'' || ''San Tiso d'Abres'' || 531 || 31,41
|-
| 71 || [[Caravia]] || ''Caravia'' || ''Caravia'' || ''Caravia'' || 522 || 13,36
|-
| 72 || [[Sancta Eulalia Oscorum]] || ''Santa Eulalia de Oscos'' || ''Santalla d'Ozcos'' || ''Santalla d'Ozcos'' || 510 || 47,12
|-
| 73 || [[Sanctus Martinus Oscorum]] || ''San Martín de Oscos'' || ''Samartín d'Ozcos'' || ''Samartín d'Ozcos'' || 503 || 66,56
|-
| 74 || [[Egilanus]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210923210648/https://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?palabra=Illano&amp;buscar=Buscar Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Illano'' || ''Eilao'' || ''Eilao'' || 444 || 102,70
|-
| 75 || [[Villa Nova Oscorum]] || ''Villanueva de Oscos'' || ''Vilanova d'Ozcos'' || ''Vilanova d'Ozcos'' || 364 || 72,98
|-
| 76 || [[Sanctus Hadrianus (Asturiae)|Sanctus Hadrianus]] || ''Santo Adriano'' || ''Santu Adrianu'' || ''Santo Adriano'' || 265 || 22,60
|-
| 77 || [[Petiosus]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306213845/http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=866&amp;palabra=Pesoz Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Pesoz'' || ''Pezós'' || ''Pezós'' || 189 || 38,97 
|-
| 78 || [[Aernus et Tamecia]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mas.lne.es/toponimia/index.php?leer=886&amp;palabra=Yernes%20y%20Tameza Toponymia Asturiana]&lt;/ref&gt; || ''Yernes y Tameza'' || ''Yernes y Tameza'' || ''Yernes e Tameza'' || 178 || 31,63
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ASTURIAE''' || ''Asturias'' || ''Asturies'' || ''Asturias'' || '''1.081.487''' || '''10 603,57'''
|}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Asturiae]]</text>
      <sha1>7j6so1h3sfkb74bl8aei1gh7l80gnla</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pro Roscio Amerino</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>186156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995590</id>
      <parentid>3726460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T13:58:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1807" sha1="1pinpwsur5d5taq7c7xunfas3txu57l" xml:space="preserve">{{L}} {{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Paesaggio amerino.jpg|thumb|Ameria, ubi vixit Sex. Roscius]]
'''''Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino''''' oratio est a [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|M. Tullio Cicerone]] anno [[80 a.C.n.]] habita, in qua S. Roscius Minor defenditur. [[Chrysogonus|L. C. Chrysogonum]], satellitem libertinumque [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix|Sullae]], societatem cum T. Roscio Magno et T. Roscio Capitone coitum, patrem eius, S. Roscium Maiorem, Ameriae municipem nobilissimum, occidisse arguit Cicero.  Advocati clariores causam Rosci dicere noluerunt;  Cicero, iam adulescens, causam suscepit. Prima Ciceronis defensio fuit;  Roscium de parricidio absolvit.

Ecce huius orationis paragraphus prima:

::Credo ego vos, iudices, mirari quid sit, quod, cum tot summi oratores hominesque nobilissimi sedeant, ego potissimum surrexerim, is qui neque aetate neque ingenio neque auctoritate sim cum his qui sedeant comparandus. Omnes enim hi quos videtis adesse in hac causa iniuriam novo scelere conflatam putant oportere defendi, defendere ipsi propter iniquitatem temporum non audent. Ita fit ut adsint propterea quod officium sequuntur, taceant autem idcirco quia periculum vitant.

[[Michael de Albrecht]] orationem laudat ob artem et calliditatem.&lt;ref&gt;Von Albrecht 1997, p. 522&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Von Albrecht, Michael.  ''A History of Roman Literature From Livius Andronicus to Boethius,'' t. 1., versio anglica.  Lugduni Batavorum:  Brill, 1997.  ISBN 90-04-10709-6.

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/sex.rosc.shtml Textus] apud ''The Latin Library''

{{Cicero tituli}}
{{lit-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Marcus Tullius Cicero]]
[[Categoria:Orationes]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae aetatis Rei Publicae]]</text>
      <sha1>1pinpwsur5d5taq7c7xunfas3txu57l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995591</id>
      <parentid>3995590</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T14:01:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1772" sha1="7wvat3s90yl57tbw0cbfh4vk193exh8" xml:space="preserve">{{L}} {{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Paesaggio amerino.jpg|thumb|Ameria, ubi vixit Sex. Roscius]]
'''''Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino''''' oratio est a [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|M. Tullio Cicerone]] anno [[80 a.C.n.]] habita, in qua S. Roscius Minor defenditur. [[Chrysogonus|L. C. Chrysogonum]], satellitem libertinumque [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix|Sullae]], societatem cum T. Roscio Magno et T. Roscio Capitone coitum, patrem eius, S. Roscium Maiorem, Ameriae municipem nobilissimum, occidisse arguit Cicero.  Advocati clariores causam Rosci dicere noluerunt;  Cicero, iam adulescens, causam suscepit. Prima Ciceronis defensio fuit;  Roscium de parricidio absolvit.

Ecce huius orationis paragraphus prima:

::Credo ego vos, iudices, mirari quid sit, quod, cum tot summi oratores hominesque nobilissimi sedeant, ego potissimum surrexerim, is qui neque aetate neque ingenio neque auctoritate sim cum his qui sedeant comparandus. Omnes enim hi quos videtis adesse in hac causa iniuriam novo scelere conflatam putant oportere defendi, defendere ipsi propter iniquitatem temporum non audent. Ita fit ut adsint propterea quod officium sequuntur, taceant autem idcirco quia periculum vitant.

[[Michael de Albrecht]] orationem laudat ob artem et calliditatem.&lt;ref&gt;Von Albrecht 1997, p. 522&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Von Albrecht, Michael.  ''A History of Roman Literature From Livius Andronicus to Boethius,'' t. 1., versio anglica.  Lugduni Batavorum:  Brill, 1997.  ISBN 90-04-10709-6.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/sex.rosc.shtml Textus] apud ''The Latin Library''

{{Cicero tituli}}
{{lit-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Marcus Tullius Cicero]]
[[Categoria:Orationes]]
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[[Fasciculus:Mika Waltari 1939.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Waltari|Mika Waltari]], scriptor libri ''Sinuhe Egyptiläinen.'']]

{{ires|Sinuhe egyptiläinen}} ('Sinuhe Aegyptius') est [[mythistoria|liber mythistoricus]] a [[Michael Waltari|Mika Waltari]] [[Finnice]] anno [[1945]] scriptus, qui [[fabula]]m de [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegypto antiqua]] aetatis [[pharao]]nis [[Akhenaten|Ekhnaton]] narrat. Quod opus primum est de multis libris eius [[historia|res historicas]] tractantibus. Opus inter gentes innotuit, et [[interpretatio|conversiones]] adhuc quadraginta sunt confectae.&lt;ref&gt;Vaarala 2024: 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Persona princeps est Sinuhe, qui infans a matre sua ignota in scaphio iuncino in [[Nilus|Nili]] flumen dimissus esse fertur. Quidam Senmut, [[Thebae|Thebanus]] pauperum [[medicus]], et Kipa eius [[uxor]], [[expositio infantis|miserum puerulum]] ex undis servaverunt et, cum orbi liberis essent, eum tamquam suum filium [[educatio|educaverunt]]. Kipa eum Sinuhe nominavit ex fabella,&lt;ref&gt;Waltari hic ad fabellam quam notissimam significat, ex initio [[regnum medium Aegypti|medii regni Aegypti]] oriundam, quae res miras et [[periculum|pericula]] [[narratio de Sinuhe|narrat]], quibus vir nomine Sinuhe obicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; quae ei placebat.

== Thebis ==
Cum septem annos natus esset Sinuhe, Senmut pater eum adlocutus, quo munere fungi vellet, sciscitatus est. Cum miles fieri vellet, pater eum ad Inteb militem amicum duxit, qui diris horrendisque exemplis eum a militaribus phantasiis dehortaretur. Itaque patris voluntatem secutus Sinuhe ad scholam ire et legere discere constituit. In schola, amicitiam iunxit cum Thotmes, puero qui iam tum bonam in pingendo et fingendo indolem ostendebat. Per patrem in familiaritatem venit Ptahoris, regii [[trepanatio|trepanatoris]], quocum postea laboravit.

Die consecrationis in feminam incidit venustissimam, cui nomen erat Nefernefernefer. Iuvenis indoctus feminarum statim amore huius feminae adfabilis captus est. Sed vita et disciplina domus vitae prohibuerunt, quominus vitam Thebanam gustaret. Praeterea his temporibus pharao [[Amana Hatpa III|Amenhotep III]] morbo exitiali laborabat, et iam erat tempus trepanandi, qua ultima sanandi ratione pharaonem recreatum iri sperabant. Ptahor trepanator rem suam recte gessit, sed haud inopinate aeger vitam amisit. 

Sinuhe etiam familiaritatem iunxit cum Ekhnaton, defuncti pharaonis filio, qui ipse [[epilepsia|morbo sacro]] laborabat et ceteroqui vir mirus erat, qui novum deum [[Aton]] introducere vellet. Amicitia iunctus erat etiam cum viro bellicoso Horemheb, praefecto militum, qui, ut ipse dicebat, &quot;cum stercore in digitis natus&quot; erat. Quae cum ita sint, Sinuhe, cum audissset Horenheb de amore Baketamonis, Ekhnatonis sororis, somniare, perturbatus erat temeritate huiusmodi vanae meditationis. Sinuhe medicus privatus pharaonis factus est.

Quibus interpositis temporibus, Sinuhe in Nefernefernefer iterum incidit, et quidem in eius domo, ubi populus turbulentus epulandi causa coactus erat. Usque adhuc hac [[femina convictualis|femina convictuali]] ardebat, quae tamen primum suam agnitionem celavit. In hac renovata conventione, Sinuhe amorosus tantum impetum ostendit, ut crederes eum putare, amorem vere inter femora inveniri. Ideo Nefernefernefer nimium ardorem amaturientis frenare conata didascalicam narrat de Setne [[Chamois]] et Tabubue sacerdote fabulam.&lt;ref&gt;Reich 1924.&lt;/ref&gt; Dicit enim Tabubue ea tantum condicione se cum Setne amoribus frui velle, ut hic omnibus bonis et quidem uxore sua liberisque desistat. Setne ardore suo hoc propositum accepit. Nefernefernefer, ne de fraude amoris accusetur, se cum Tabubue confert monitionis causa. Sinuhe autem hoc documentum respuit. At Nefernefernefer mulier nobilis, aetate qua opinio muliebris quaeri non solebat, quomodo se ab ardore amatorio advenae repentini defendat?

[[Fasciculus:Middle East Levant.jpg|thumb|Regiones ubi Sinuhe versatus est.]]
Haec condicio rerum potissimum ex ratione virili intellegi videtur. Verbum amoris sensu romantico non memoratur, saltem non cum de relatione cum Nefernefernefer agitur. Sinuhe, cum edere et bibere et gaudere cum ea vehementer cupiat, reapse [[coitus|coitum]] petit. In Aegypto antiqua, [[transactio]]nes inter homines factae in dandis accipiendisque [[donum|donis]] positae erant. In ratione Tabubuensi a Nefernefernefer in rem suam conversa, oeconomia donatoria in conspectum venit.

Sinuhe quater apud Nefernefernefer ad &quot;mercatum&quot; iit. Primo tempore Sinuhe specimen gratuitum &quot;eius rei, cuius causa venerat&quot;, accipit, sine dono vicissim dato. Secundo tempore, Sinuhe domum suam cum rebus domesticis donat, fidem habens promisso a Nefernefernefer facto, sed infectis rebus exit. Tertio tempore, Sinuhe bona parentum suorum dono dat, et vicissim inanem coitum sine ardore remuneratus est. Quarto tempore, Sinuhe sepulchrum parentum dono dat, sed pro remuneratione nihil nisi natationem in piscina accipit. Tum demum intellegit fabellam de Tabubue veram esse, et paene ab ancillis vapulatur.

Sinuhe, ut parentes rite in [[Valles Regum|Vallibus Regum]] sepelire possit, dies noctesque triginta in domo mortuorum cadaverum lavator servire debet. In statum servituti similem delapsus nomen suum putat Thebis in summam infamiam cecidisse. Quae cum ita sint, consilium capit reliquum vitae tempus peregrinando consumere. Ad [[Levans|Levantem]] profecturus cum Kaptah navem conscendit. 

== Peregre ==
Sinuhe, [[Tell Kazel|Simyrae]] in oppido [[Syria]]e consessus, peritia medica famam et divitias sibi conciliat. In bello contra Chabiros gerendo rursus in Horemheb, ducem belli, incidit, qui ei mandat, ut per orbem terrarum vectus opes militares civitatum notarum exploret.

Primum invitus cum Kaptah proficiscitur [[Babylon]]em, ubi non solum de vi militari sciscitatur sed etiam artes exercet consuetudineque virorum doctorum utitur. Quodam die a [[Burna Buriash|Burraburia]] rege, qui aegrotabat, arcessitur, et eum sanat. Die tradito falsi regis – quo deprensibilis quisque per unum diem rex creatus erit deindeque occisus – Kaptah timore quassus sub lecto latens eligitur. Postquam a re inopinata convaluit, novo munere suo uti incipit. Intrat enim [[harem|gynaeceum]] regis, electurus mulierem, cum qua &quot;gaudere&quot; possit. Nimirum, pulcherrimam optat virginem, quae quidem ira incensa ictu pugni unicum ei oculum nigrat soleaque nasum percutit.

Quae Furia, virgo [[Creta|Cressa]], Minea nomine, nuper contra voluntatem suam in gynaeceum regis adquisita erat. Ab [[eunuchus|eunuchis]] gynaecei se defensura cultellum in manu habebat. Sinuhe ad eam placandam vocatus consilium capit, quo ex Babylone effugere possint. Persuadet enim [[eunuchus|spadonibus]] perturbatis gynaecei, Mineam mortem sibi conscivisse. Kaptah autem, teste medico decrepito pharaonis, veneno absumptum obisse (quaquam reapse vino ebriatus dormiebat). Amborum corpora in navem conductam portanda curat. 

[[Fasciculus:Stiersprung 01.gif|thumb|Saltus tauri (ταυροκαθάψια) coniectura repertus.]]

Ad [[Mitanni]] regnum vicinum, unde ad imperium [[Hetthaei|Hetthaeorum]] pergant, fugere constituunt. Deinde relicta Anatolia ad Cretam, Mineae patriam, navigare cogitant. In navi, Sinuhe et Minea se invicem mitigant. Sinuhe enim Mineae de tot tantisque molestiis querelas ingratas esse sentit, offensoque animo ad proram navis secedit. Mox tamen lites suas componunt, et inter se magni aestimare incipiunt. Minea est sacerdos religionis Creticae, taurocathapta sive saltatrix tauri,&lt;ref&gt;Koutantou 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; virgo sorte electa quae luna plena in domo tenebrarum deo maris [[Neptunus (deus)|Neptuno]] saltet. Praeterea Mineam observatio castitatis obligat, quapropter iterum amor mancus et devius Sinuhe obtingit. Nam Minea: &quot;Quam ob rem doleo, quod id quod vis tibi dare nequeo — nec solum propter te doleo, sed propter me ipsam.&quot; (7.1)  

Sinuhe, postquam cum Minea et Kaptah in Cretam pervenit, insulam eiusque vitam subtiliter describit, atque ambitum Mineae cognoscit. Cum alios homines tum Minotaurum convenit, summum sacerdotem dei Cretensis. Postquam magistratum illum caput tauri gerentem salutaverant, ille caput tauri detrahit dicitque Cretes vivo servire deo, contra multas alias gentes, quae inanimis deis serviunt. Demirante Sinuhe, cur nemo eorum, qui in obscuram Neptuni domum ierant, redierit, etiam si licitum esset, Minotaurus neminem ex magnis dei aulis redire velle respondet. Sed Sinuhe ad cadavera in litoribus Simyrae fluctuantia referens hoc dicit non idem de gloriosis dei marini aulis probare. Sermo subito finitur, et Minea iam paene animum amittit.

Ultima nocte ante impletionem promissi deo facti, Minea commoventem pugnam internam experitur. Amantes diu sermocinantur mutuum fatentes amorem, promittitque Minea se, postquam revenisset, Sinuhem nupturam esse. Itaque ollam frangunt signum dedicationis suae matrimonialis. 

Postero die Minea cum Minotauro sollemniter in tenebras [[labyrinthus|labyrinthi]] dei deducitur. Dum haec geruntur, Sinuhe miserabilis certus est se numquam iterum Mineam suam visurum esse. Mox autem Kaptah Minotaurum videt e labyrintho redisse, usum portula iuxta magnam portam aeneam sita. Sine mora, Sinuhe cum Kaptah statuit clam in speluncam introire, ut Mineam reduceret. Vestigia Mineae et Minotauri secutus quo longius progreditur, eo taetriorem capit foetorem putredinis. Tandem cadaver ingentis cernet beluae mortuae in aquis iactari. Et corpus Mineae a Minotauro occisum in aquis submersum a [[crustacea|crustaceis]] voratum. O quanta iactura! 

Kaptah tandem eum placat et ei persuadet optimum esse in Syriam redire. Sed Minea amissa Sinuhen diu perturbat. In Syria, Sinuhe non iam iuvenis opera medica continuat et pristinum statum adfectat. Animadvertit tamen imperium Aegyptium regionis in dubium vocari. Huius spiritus rebellis auctor esse videtur [[Aziru]] princeps Syrius, fautor Hethaeorum, cum quo Sinuhe, cum dentes illi inauravisset, amicitiam inierat. Quodam die Aziru eum sollicitus arcessit, ut suum filiolum aegrum sanaret. Sinuhe puerulo dentes erumpere animadvertit, sed simul occasonem nanciscitur de Syriorum adversus Aegyptios ira cum Aziru conloquendi. Hoc habito colloquio, et postquam de iis quae in urbe dicuntur ex Kaptah audivit, Sinuhe necessitudines inter Aegyptum et Syriam in statu vere periculoso esse intellexit, et in Aegyptum redire constituit. 


[[Fasciculus:Pharaoh Akhenaten.jpg|thumb|Pharao Ekhnaton]]
In Aegypto, novus pharao [[Amenhotep IV|Ekhnaton]] [[monotheismus|monotheismum]] propagare coepit. In hac nova religione discum solarem [[Aton]] adorat, docetque omnes homines pares esse, neque amplius servos neque dominos in novo ordine mundi fore. Certae partes huius religionis tamen oppositionem excitant: nempe [[pacifismus]], qui [[Horenheb]] aliisque de incursione Hethaeorum et Syrorum sollicitis displicet; praeterea, novi pharaonis conatus divitias pauperibus distribuere; nec non novi dei cultus, qui detrimento deorum veterum civitatis esse putabatur. 

Sinuhe ad doctrinas liberales a novo rege promulgatas attrahitur, et hac de causa trepanator regius aulae Ekhnaton se adiungit.

Post publicum casum praecipue violentum, Ekhnaton adversariis pertaesus ex Thebis cum Sinuhe in Aegyptum mediam fugit, ubi Akhetaton, novum caput Atoni dedicatum, aedificatur. Attamen inter Ammonem et Atonem contentiones pergunt et in bellum civile exacerbantur. Regnum Atonis in terra paulatim collabitur, et singuli aulici Ekhanaton et Akhetaton deserunt Ammonem et Thebas praeferentes. Etiam pugna finalis Thebis fit. Sinuhe pro Atone et pharaone ad extremum pugnat, sed postremo pars sacerdotii Ammonis vincit. 


== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt; 

== Bibliographia ==
* Koutantou, Zoi (2021) Ταυροκαθάψια. ''YouTube'' 27 Novembris. 
* Rajala, Panu (2008) ''Unio mystica: Mika Waltarin elämä ja teokset'' (Finnice). WSOY.
* Rajala, Panu (2026) ''Sinuhen synty'' ('De ortu Sinuhe Aegyptii'). SKS Kirjat. 
* Reich, Nathaniel (1924) Marriage and Divorce in Ancient Egypt. ''Museum Journal'' XV:1.
* Silver, Minna (2024) ''Sinuhe egyptiläisen maailma arkeologin silmin'' (Finnice). SKS Kirjat. 
* Vaarala, Noora (2024) Sontakärsä japaniksi ('Sontakärsä' [''merdinasus''] Iaponice'). ''HS Teema'' 6. 

[[Categoria:Finniae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Mythistoriae]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in WL.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Harburgensi]]
'''Circulus Harburgensis''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Harburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Horborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Harburg''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Winsenia]] est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli fuit pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]]. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus Harburgensis conditus est. Caput tum [[Hamburg-Harburg (regio urbana)|Harburgum]] erat. Quae urbs ab anno [[1937]] ad urbem [[Hamburgum]] pertinet. Tamen administratio circuli ad annum [[1945]] ibi mansit. Quod autem aedificia administrationis inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] deleta erant, administratio in castellum [[Winsenia]]e translata est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Harburgensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1958]] Winsenia caput perpetua circuli est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'') [[urbs]] et commune sui iuris (36.875 incolae)
* [[Novum Wulmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Wulmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vosshusen'') (19.935)
* [[Rosarum Hortus (Saxonia Inferior)|Rosarum Hortus]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Rosengarten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Roosengoorn'') (12.907)
* [[Seevetal]] (39.921)
* [[Stelle]] (10.827)
* [[Winsenia]] (Theod.: ''Winsen (Luhe)'', 32.638, sedes administrationis)

* [[Hanstadium (commune generale)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'') commune generale (13.747)
** [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden y des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'') (1903)
** [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'') (1767)
** [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'') (2395)
** [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää''), sedes administrationis (5317)
** [[Marxa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marxen'') (1386)
** [[Undeloh]] (979)

* [[Holdunesteti (commune generale)|Holdunesteti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'') commune generale (10.809)
** [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'') (1830)
** [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'') (744)
** [[Halvesbostel]] ([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'') (728)
** [[Holdunesteti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst''), sedes administrationis (3400)
** [[Moisburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Moisburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mesborg'') (1761)
** [[Regesbostel]] (1075)
** [[Wenzendorf]] (1271)

* [[Iesteburgum (commune generale)|Iesteburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'') commune generale (10.595)
** [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'') (2262)
** [[Harmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'') (884)
** [[Iesteburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg''), sedes administrationis (7449)

* [[Paludes Albis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Elbmarsch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elvmasch'') commune generale (11.932)
** [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'') (4038)
** [[Marschacht]], sedes administrationis (3786)
** [[Tespe]] (4108)

* [[Salzhausen (commune generale)|Salzhausen]] (14.065)
** [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'') (1235)
** [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'') (1081)
** [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'') (1449)
** [[Godenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'') (931)
** [[Salzhausen]], sedes administrationis (4642)
** [[Toppenstedt]] (2126)
** [[Vierhöfen]] (986)
** [[Wulfsen]] (1615)

* [[Tostedt (commune generale)|Tostedt]] (25.018)
** [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'') (1080)
** [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'') (2393)
** [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'') (2098)
** [[Kakenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'') (1312)
** [[Otter]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Otter'') (1545)
** [[Palus Regis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Regis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo &quot;regis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'') (638)
** [[Tostedt]], sedes administrationis (13.089)
** [[Welle]] (1193)
** [[Wistedt]] (1670)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Harburg|Circulus Harburgensis}}
* [http://www.landkreis-harburg.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harburgensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tostedt (commune generale)</title>
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'''Tostedt''' commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]] est. Ad Tostedt communia [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'') (1080 incolae), [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'') (2393), [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'') (2098), [[Kakenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'') (1312), [[Otter]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Otter'') (1545), [[Palus Regis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Regis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo &quot;regis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'') (638), [[Tostedt]] (sedes administrationis, 13.089), [[Welle]] (1193) atque [[Wistedt]] (1670) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Commune generale Tostedt die [[1 Martii]] [[1971]] e communibus Kampen, [[Otter]]e, [[Palus Regis|Palude Regis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Regis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo &quot;regis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor''), Todtshorn atque Tostedt conditum est. Anno [[1972]] auctum est et nunc e communibus supra dictis constat.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.tostedt.de/ Pagina Communis generalis Tostedt]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1971]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Crescentius Matherus</title>
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      <text bytes="7432" sha1="n9p8zyb3qy7pxx0x0ax6a6vz2bc8wdm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- {{Infobox person :: A PROGRAMMING OPPORTUNITY!
| name        = Increase Mather
| image       = Increase_Mather.jpg
| image_size  = 220px
| caption     = Increase Mather in 1688, when he was in London. Portrait by [[John van der Spriett]]
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1639|6|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1723|8|23|1639|6|21|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| occupation  = [[Minister (religion)|Minister]] and author
| spouse      = Maria Cotton and Ann Cotton
| signature   = Appletons' Mather Richard - Increase signature.png
}}--&gt;
[[Fasciculus:Increase_Mather.jpg|thumb|Crescentius Matherus anno [[1688]], cum [[Londinium|Londinii]] moratus esset. Effigies ab [[Ioannes van der Spriett|Ioanne van der Spriett]] facta.]]
[[Fasciculus:MatherEliot House.jpg|thumb|[[Domus]] a Crescentio Mathero anno [[1677]] [[aedificium|aedificata]], prope angulum septentrionale [[via]]rum Hanover et North Bennet [[Bostonia]]e, usque ad initium [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] superfuit.]]

'''Crescentius Matherus'''&lt;ref&gt;Cottonus Matherus, ''Magnalia Christi Americana'' (1702), p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Increase, or, as he writes in his Latin books, ''Crescentius Matherus.''&quot; [http://books.google.com/books?id=ecgGAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA294&amp;lpg=PA294&amp;dq=crescentius+matherus&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=nq4XXnAjCp&amp;sig=lCEhJ4qdm7rLB6x-mnU3Po5Vd3s&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=tb1pUruiOrep4AOS4oDACg&amp;ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&amp;q=crescentius%20matherus&amp;f=false ''Life and Correspondence of Joseph Priestley,''] ed. John Towill Rutt, p. 294.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Anglice]] ''Increase Mather''; [[21 Iunii]] [[1639]]—[[23 Augusti]] [[1723]]) fuit [[orator]], [[scriptor]], et maior persona in prima [[historia]] [[Colonia Sinus Massachusettensium|Coloniae Sinus Massachusettensium]] et [[Provincia Sinus Massachusettensium|Provinciae Sinus Massachusettensium]] (nunc [[Respublica (Civitates Foederatae)|Respublica]] [[Massachusetta|Massachusettensis]]). Fuit [[clericus]] [[Puritani|Puritanus]] qui se cum gubernatione [[colonia]]e, administratione [[Collegium Harvardianum|Collegii Harvardiani]], et infamissime [[iudicia de magia apud Salem acta|iudiciis sagarum Salem]] coniunxit. Fuit [[filius]] [[Ricardus Matherus|Ricardi Matheri]] [[pater]]que [[Cottonus Matherus|Cottoni Matheri]], quorum ambo ministri Puritani magni momenti fuerunt.

==Opera==
Inter eius plus quam 125 opera prolata, opera sequentia fortasse sunt notabilissima:
* ''The Mystery of Israel's Salvation'' (1669)
* ''The Life and Death of That Reverend Man of God, Mr. Richard Mather'' (1670)
* ''Wo to Drunkards: Two sermons Testifying against the Sin of Drunkenness'' (1673)
* ''The Day of Trouble Is Near'' (1674)
* ''A Discourse concerning the Subject of Baptisme'' (1675)
* ''The Wicked Mans Portion'' (1675)
* ' 'Catechismus Logicus (1675), conversus et editus a Rick Kennedy et Thomas Knoles, ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' 109 (1999): 183-223
* [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/31 ''A Brief History of the Warr With the Indians in New-England''] (1676)
* [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/31/ ''An Earnest Exhortation To the Inhabitants of New-England''] (1676)
* ''A Relation of the Troubles which Have Hapned in New-England by Reason of the Indians There from the Year 1614 to the Year 1675'' (1677)
* ''A Discourse concerning the Danger of Apostasy'' (1679)
* ''The Divine Right of Infant-Baptisme Asserted and Proved from Scripture and Antiquity'' (1680)
* ''A Confession of Faith Owned and Consented unto by the Elders and Messengers of the Churches Assembled at Boston'' (1680)
* ''Heavens Alarm to the World'' (1681)
* ''Diatriba de signo Filii Hominis, et de secundo Messiæ adventu; ubi de modo futuræ judæorum conversionis; nec non de signis novissimi diei, disseritur'' (1682)
* ''Kometographia, or, A Discourse concerning Comets'' (1683)
* ''An Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences'' (1684)
* ''An Arrow against Profane and Promiscuous Dancing Drawn out of the Quiver of Scriptures'' (1684)
* ''The Mystery of Christ Opened and Applyed in Several Sermons concerning the Person, Office, and Glory of Jesus Christ'' (1686)
* ''De successu evangelij apud Indos in Novâ-Angliâ epistola'' (1688)
* ''A Narrative of the Miseries of New-England, by Reason of an Arbitrary Government Erected There under Sir Edmond Andross'' (1688)
* [http://etext.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/speccol/mather/mather.html ''Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits''] (1693)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012125214/http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=witch;idno=wit111 ''A Further Account of the Tryals of the New-England Witches''] (1693)
* ''Angelographia, or, A Discourse concerning the Nature and Power of the Holy Angels'' (1696)
* ''The Order of the Gospel, Professed and Practised by the Churches of Christ in New-England'' (1700)
* ''The Blessed Hope, and the Glorious Appearing of the Great God our Saviour, Jesus Christ'' (1701)
* ''Ichabod: or, The Glory Departing'' (1702)
* ''Soul-saving Gospel Truths'' (1703)
* ''A Discourse concerning Earthquakes'' (1706)
* ''A Dissertation concerning the Future Conversion of the Jewish Nation'' (1709)
* ''Meditations on the Glory of the Heavenly World'' (1711)
* ''A Disquisition concerning Ecclesiastical Councils'' (1716)

{{NexInt}}
*[[Calvinismus]]
*[[Ioannes Ratcliff]]
*[[Iudicia de magia apud Salem acta]]

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Hall, Michael G. [[1992]]. ''The Last American Puritan: The Life of Increase Mather.'' Wesleyan.
*Holmes, Thomas James. [[1931]]. ''Increase Mather: A Bibliography of His Works.'' Cleveland.
*Kennedy, Rick, et Thomas Knoles. [[1999]]. Increase Mather’s Catechismus Logicus: A Translation and an Analysis of the Role of a Ramist Catechism at Harvard. ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society' 109:145–181.
*Lowance, Mason I. [[1974]]. ''Increase Mather.'' Novi Eboraci: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805704779.
*Middlekauff, Robert. [[1971]]. ''The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596–1728.'' Novi Eboraci.
*Murdock, Kenneth B. [[1925]]. ''Increase Mather: The Foremost American Puritan.'' Cantabrigiae Massachusettae.&lt;!--
*{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Mather, Richard|year=1900|author=[[Frederic Gregory Mather]]}}--&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Increase Mather|Crescentium Matherum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mather, Increase}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1639]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1723]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Clerici Massachusettae]]&lt;!--in en: 17th-century Christian clergy + 18th-century Christian clergy + American Congregationalist clergy--&gt;
[[Categoria:Historia religionis in Civitatibus Foederatis]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Massachusettae]]
[[Categoria:Iudicia de magia]]&lt;!--en: ... apud Salem acta--&gt;
[[Categoria:Oratores]]&lt;!--sermon writers--&gt;
[[Categoria:Praesides Universitatis Harvardianae]]
[[Categoria:Puritani]]&lt;!--en:New England Puritan ministers--&gt;
[[Categoria:Puritanismus]]&lt;!--recte: P. Novae Angliae--&gt;
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]&lt;!--recte: Am. religious writers--&gt; &lt;!--
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:Massachusetts colonial-era clergy]]
[[Category:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:18th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Flize</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>201722</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>+capsa</comment>
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      <text bytes="617" sha1="hhkznuheb0z1fa7o82ijqieus7cqw4e" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Mairie de Flize.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|left|Flize: [[vici conciliabulum]].]]

''' Flize ''' fuit [[commune]] [[Francia]]e 1176 incolarum (anno [[2016]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Arduenna (praefectura Franciae)|Arduennae]] in regione [[Campania et Arduenna]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Arduennae|Indicem communium praefecturae Arduennae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Flize |Flize }}

* {{INSEE commune|08173|de=Flize}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Arduennae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Arduennae]]</text>
      <sha1>hhkznuheb0z1fa7o82ijqieus7cqw4e</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Campus Viridis</title>
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      <text bytes="923" sha1="oriwbtjtf134mr7w4ds7e3ihixrmqxf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Sankt_Achatius_Kapelle_080407.jpg|thumb|300px|Campus Viridis: [[ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Achatius|Sancto Achatio]].]]

'''Campus Viridis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Bullinger 2024&quot;&gt;Bullinger, H. (2024). Multilingual Workflows in Bullinger Digital: Data Curation for Latin and Early New High German Letters (C. Campi, Ed.). Journal of Open Humanities Data.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Grünsfeld'') est vicus et commune [[Badenia-Virtembergia|Badense-Virtembergense]] 3639 incolarum (anno [[2012]]).
== Clari cives ==
* [[Fridericus Steinbach]], [[compositor]] ([[1855]] –[[1916]]) 
==Notae==
&lt;references /
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae|Indicem Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Grünsfeld|Campum Viridem}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120413133642/http://www.gruensfeld.de/ Campi Viridis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Badeniae-Virtembergiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Magenciacum (Crosa)</title>
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      <comment>capsa et cives</comment>
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      <text bytes="1114" sha1="aqk5l9phswi04ivffjbo59lwox2cztw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Église de Mainsat (1).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mainsat: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Assumptio]]ni [[maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

'''Mainsat''' ([[Occitanice]] ''Mençac'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 540 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Crosa (praefectura Franciae)|Crosae]] in regione [[Lemovicensis (regio Franciae)|Lemovicensi]].

== Incolae notabiles ==
* [[Radulphus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1160 circa - 1236), archiepiscopus Lugdunensis, hic natus est.
* [[Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon]] (1697-1777), prelatus Francicus, cardinalis, hic natus est.
* [[Franciscus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1817-1891), militaris et postea vir politicus, demarchus communis, legatus Crosae (1871-1876), hic mortuus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Crosae|Indicem communium praefecturae Crosae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Mainsat | Mainsat }}
{{INSEE commune|23116|de=Mainsat}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Crosae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Crosae]]</text>
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      <comment>regio recentior</comment>
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      <text bytes="1087" sha1="dxszdf8ls8s7pzy03ljubbdajxy7aey" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Église de Mainsat (1).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mainsat: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Assumptio]]ni [[maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

'''Mainsat''' ([[Occitanice]] ''Mençac'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 540 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Crosa (praefectura Franciae)|Crosae]] in regione [[Nova Aquitania]].

== Incolae notabiles ==
* [[Radulphus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1160 circa - 1236), archiepiscopus Lugdunensis, hic natus est.
* [[Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon]] (1697-1777), prelatus Francicus, cardinalis, hic natus est.
* [[Franciscus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1817-1891), militaris et postea vir politicus, demarchus communis, legatus Crosae (1871-1876), hic mortuus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Crosae|Indicem communium praefecturae Crosae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Mainsat | Mainsat }}
{{INSEE commune|23116|de=Mainsat}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Crosae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Crosae]]</text>
      <sha1>dxszdf8ls8s7pzy03ljubbdajxy7aey</sha1>
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      <comment>nomen latinum</comment>
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      <text bytes="1233" sha1="bu7a5j3lhtsz4t9v5t5sx7m8bsyn961" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Église de Mainsat (1).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Magenciacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Assumptio]]ni [[maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

{{res|Magenciacum}} seu '''Magensiacum''' seu '''Mainsacum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{graesse}}, t. 2, p. 443.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Mainsat''; [[Occitanice]] ''Mençac'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 540 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Crosa (praefectura Franciae)|Crosae]] in regione [[Nova Aquitania]].

== Incolae notabiles ==
* [[Radulphus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1160 circa - 1236), archiepiscopus Lugdunensis, hic natus est.
* [[Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon]] (1697-1777), prelatus Francicus, cardinalis, hic natus est.
* [[Franciscus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1817-1891), militaris et postea vir politicus, demarchus communis, legatus Crosae (1871-1876), hic mortuus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Crosae|Indicem communium praefecturae Crosae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Mainsat |Magenciacum}}
{{INSEE commune|23116|de=Mainsat}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Crosae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Crosae]]</text>
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        <id>54500</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Pippobuono movit paginam [[Mainsat]] ad [[Magenciacum (Crosa)]]: nomen latinum attestatur in Graesse</comment>
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      <text bytes="1233" sha1="bu7a5j3lhtsz4t9v5t5sx7m8bsyn961" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Église de Mainsat (1).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Magenciacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Assumptio]]ni [[maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

{{res|Magenciacum}} seu '''Magensiacum''' seu '''Mainsacum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{graesse}}, t. 2, p. 443.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Mainsat''; [[Occitanice]] ''Mençac'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 540 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Crosa (praefectura Franciae)|Crosae]] in regione [[Nova Aquitania]].

== Incolae notabiles ==
* [[Radulphus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1160 circa - 1236), archiepiscopus Lugdunensis, hic natus est.
* [[Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon]] (1697-1777), prelatus Francicus, cardinalis, hic natus est.
* [[Franciscus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1817-1891), militaris et postea vir politicus, demarchus communis, legatus Crosae (1871-1876), hic mortuus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Crosae|Indicem communium praefecturae Crosae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Mainsat |Magenciacum}}
{{INSEE commune|23116|de=Mainsat}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Crosae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Crosae]]</text>
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      <comment>discretiva</comment>
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{{videdis|Magenciacum (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Église de Mainsat (1).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Magenciacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Assumptio]]ni [[maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

{{res|Magenciacum}} seu '''Magensiacum''' seu '''Mainsacum'''&lt;ref&gt;{{graesse}}, t. 2, p. 443.&lt;/ref&gt; (Francogallice ''Mainsat''; [[Occitanice]] ''Mençac'') est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 540 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Crosa (praefectura Franciae)|Crosae]] in regione [[Nova Aquitania]].

== Incolae notabiles ==
* [[Radulphus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1160 circa - 1236), archiepiscopus Lugdunensis, hic natus est.
* [[Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon]] (1697-1777), prelatus Francicus, cardinalis, hic natus est.
* [[Franciscus de La Roche-Aymon]] (1817-1891), militaris et postea vir politicus, demarchus communis, legatus Crosae (1871-1876), hic mortuus est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Crosae|Indicem communium praefecturae Crosae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Mainsat |Magenciacum}}
{{INSEE commune|23116|de=Mainsat}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Crosae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Crosae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ethnographia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>216087</id>
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      <text bytes="10888" sha1="19t5di5r26y4k1x13ec0nr33o19zznh" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Izmir Ethnography Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Museum Ethnographicum Smyrnaeum]] (İzmir Etnografya Müzesi) [[Smyrna]]e [[Turcia]]e; prospectus e peristylo.]]
[[Fasciculus:Ethnography Museum Budapest architecture.jpg|thumb|[[Museum Ethnographicum Budapestinum|Museum Ethnographicum]] [[Budapestinum|Budapestini]] [[Hungaria]]e.]]
[[Fasciculus:Bronisław Malinowski among Trobriand tribe.jpg|thumb|[[Bronislaus Malinowski]] inter homines [[Insulae Trobriandianae|Trobriandianos]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Noć muzeja 2014, Čakovec - poljoprivredni izlošci.jpg|thumb|Pars collectionis ethnographicae [[Museum Comitatus Muraniensis Medianae|Musei Comitatus]] [[Muraniensis Mediana (regio Croatiae)|Muraniensis Medianae]] in [[Croatia]].]]
{{res|Ethnographia}} ([[Graece]] ἔθνος 'vulgus, [[ethnos|gens]], populus, natio' + γράφω 'scribo') est ordinatum [[homo|hominum]] et [[cultura]]rum studium, ad res culturales explorandas designatum ubi investigator [[societas humana|societatem]] e [[cosmotheoria]] subiectorum studii observat. Ethnographia ergo est ratio per quam cultura [[ethnos|gregis ethnici]] [[tabula|tabulis]] et [[scriptura|scripturis]] repraesentari potest. [[Vocabulum|Vocabulo]] sic dici potest [[significatio (linguistica)|significatio]] gemina, quae partim in quaestione nititur num [[nomen substantivum]] numerandi aut nomen non numerandi adhibetur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.americanethnography.com/ethnography.php &quot;Technical definition of ethnography,&quot;] ''American Ethnography.''&lt;/ref&gt; Studium vel relatum quod consequitur [[scientia (declarativa)|scientiam]] et rationem significationum in [[vita|vitis]] cuiusdam gregis culturalis ostendit.&lt;ref&gt;Geertz 1973.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Geertz pp. 3-30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Philipsen 1992.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ethnographia, introductio [[data|datorum]] [[empirismus|empiricorum]] de [[societas humana|societatibus humanis]] et [[cultura|culturis]], in [[disciplina academica|disciplinis]] [[biologia|biologica]], [[anthropologia socialis|sociali]], et [[anthropologia culturalis|culturalis]] [[anthropologia]]e condita est, sed populo gratia generatim in [[scientiae sociales|scientiis socialibus]] facta est—in [[sociologia]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ethnology &quot;Ethnology&quot; at ''dictionary.com''].&lt;/ref&gt; studiis [[communicatio]]nis, [[historia]]—ubicumque [[educatio|eruditi]] ethnicos investigant greges, formationes, compositiones, &lt;!--+resettlements,--&gt; proprietates commodi socialis, [[materialitas|materialitatem]], [[spiritualitas|spiritualitatem]], et [[ethnogenesis|ethnogenesin]] gentium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Токарев |first=Сергей Александрович |coauthors= |script-title=ru:История зарубежной этнографии |publisher=Наука |year=1978 |url=http://historia-site.narod.ru/library/ethnology/tokarev_main.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethnographia usitata est studium [[holismus|holistica]]&lt;ref&gt;Ember et Ember 2006, capitulum primum.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Heider 2001, capitula prima et secunda.&lt;/ref&gt; et ergo brevem historiam comprehendit, cum explicatione [[geographia physica|terrae]], [[clima]]tis, et [[habitatio]]nis. Omnes [[mos|mores]] observatos refert, omnesque coniunctiones [[symbolum|symbola]] significantes describit, notiones quae explicationes causales vitant adhibens.

== Ethnographi notabiles ==
{{div col|2}}
* [[Gerhardus Fridericus Müllerus|Gerhardus Fridericus Müller]] (1705–1783) 
* [[Adrianus Cornelissen van der Donck]] (c. 1618–1655)
* [[Emanuel Ancízar Basterra]] (1812–1882)
* [[Franciscus Boas]] (1858–1942)
* [[Sergius Oldenburg]] (1863–1934)
* [[Eduardus Sapir]] (1884–1939)
* [[Leo Frobenius]] (1878-1938)
* [[Raymundus Firth]] Eques (1901–2002) 
* [[Gregorius Bateson]] (1904–1980)
* [[Maria Douglas]] (1921–2007) 
* [[Marilyn Strathern]] (nata 1941)
* [[Elias Anderson]] (natus 1943) 
* [[Veena Das]] (matus 1945)
* [[Christiana R. Ghodsee]] (natus 1970)
* [[Susanna Beňušková]] (nata 1960)
* [[Zalpa Bersanova]]
* [[Alicia Goffman]] (nata 1982)
* [[Jaber F. Gubrium]]
* [[Catharina Karkazis]]
* [[Diamond Jenness]]
* [[Ruth Landes]]
* [[Edmundus Leach]]
* [[Iosephus Leite de Vasconcelos]]
* [[Claudius Lévi-Strauss]]
* [[Bronislaus Malinowski]]
* [[Marcellus Mauss]]
* [[David Maybury-Lewis]]
* [[Margarita Mead]] (1901–1978)
* [[Nicolaus Miklouho-Maclay]]
* [[Nicolaus Nadezhdin]]
* [[Lubor Niederle]]
* [[Dositej Obradović]]
* [[Alexander Okladnikov]]
* [[Duglassius Oliver]]
* [[Ricardus Price (historicus Americanus)|Ricardus Price]]
* [[Augustus Ludovicus von Schlözer]]
* [[Lila Abu-Lughod]]
* [[Barrie Thorne]]
* [[Sudhir Venkatesh]]
* [[Susanna Visvanathan]]
* [[Paulus Willis]]
{{div col end}}

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Anthropologia culturalis]]
* [[Cultura]]
* [[Documentarium]]
* [[Eruditio vulgaris]]
* [[Ethnoarchaeologia]]&lt;!--
* [[Ethnographia communicationis]]--&gt;
* [[Ethnographia critica]]
* [[Ethnographia interretialis]]
* [[Ethnographia pellicularis]]
* [[Ethnographia realistica]]
* [[Ethnologia]]
* [[Ethnomusicologia]]
* [[Ethnosemiotica]]
* [[Expositio ethnologica]]
* [[Gentilicii mores]]
* ''[[Germania (Tacitus)|Germania]]'' ([[Tacitus]])
* [[Ontologia]]
* [[Studia regionalia]]&lt;!--
*[[Participant observation]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Agar, Michael. [[1996]]. ''The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography.'' Academic Press.
* Clifford, James, et George E. Marcus, eds. [[1986]]. ''Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press.
* Douglas, Mary, et Baron Isherwood. [[1996]]. ''The World of Goods: Toward and Anthropology of Consumption.'' Londinii: Routledge. 
* Ember, Carol, et Melvin Ember. [[2006]]. ''Cultural Anthropology.'' Prentice Hall. 
* Erickson, Ken C., et Donald D. Stull. [[1997]]. ''Doing Team Ethnography: Warnings and Advice.'' Beverly Hills Californiae: Sage.
* Fetterman, D. [[2009]]. ''Ethnography: Step by Step.'' Ed. tertia. Thousand Oaks Californiae: Sage.
* Fine, G. A. [[1993]]. Ten lies of ethnography. ''Journal of Contemporary Ethnography'' 22 (3): 267–94.
* Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures Selected Essays.'' Novi Eboraci: Basic Books, Inc.
* Geertz, Clifford. [[1973]]. ''Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture.''
* Ghodsee, Kristen. [[2013]]. [http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/writing_ethnographies.pdf?m=1442785354 ''Anthropology News.'']
* Goodenough, Ward H., et Alfred Harris. [[2006]]. ''Description &amp; Comparison in Cultural Anthropology.'' Aldine Transaction. ISBN 0-202-30861-8, ISBN 978-0-202-30861-6. 
* Gubrium, Jaber F. [[1988]]. ''Analyzing Field Reality.'' Thousand Oaks Californiae: Sage.
* Gubrium, Jaber F., et James A. Holstein. [[1997]]. ''The New Language of Qualitative Method.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. 
* Gubrium, Jaber F., et James A. Holstein. [[2009]]. ''Analyzing Narrative Reality.'' Thousand Oaks Californiae: Sage. 
* Hammersley, M., et P. Atkinson. [[2007]]. ''Ethnography: Principles in practice.'' Ed. 3a. Londinii: Routledge.
* Heath, Shirley Brice, et Brian Street, cum Molly Mills. ''On Ethnography.''
* Heider, Karl. [[2001]]. ''Seeing Anthropology.'' Prentice Hall.
* Hymes, Dell. [[1974]]. ''Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach.'' Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Kottak, Conrad Phillip. [[2005]]. ''Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology.'' Novi Eboraci: McGraw Hill.
* Marcus, George E., et Michael Fischer. [[1986]]. ''Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
* Moelker, Rene. [[2014]]. Being one of the Guys or the Fly on the Wall? Participant Observation of Veteran Bikers. In [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=ENDpAwAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT23&amp;ots=TRFdlv1qZH&amp;sig=dp4OqiNnE9QZSlWdW40Pbp6cHm4#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ''Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies,''] ed. J. Soeters, P. Shields, et S. Rietjens, 104–114. Novi Eboraci: Routledge. 
* Miller, Daniel. [[1987]]. ''Material Culture and Mass Consumption.'' Londinii: Blackwell.
* Philipsen, G. [[1992]]. ''Speaking Culturally: Explorations in Social Communication.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: State University of New York Press.
* Spradley, James P. [[1979]]. ''The Ethnographic Interview.'' Wadsworth Group / Thomson Learning.
* Salvador, Tony, Genevieve Bell, et Ken Anderson. [[1999]]. Design Ethnography. ''Design Management Journal.''
* Van Maanen, John. [[1988]]. ''Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
* Westbrook, David A. [[2008]]. ''Navigators of the Contemporary: Why Ethnography Matters.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ethnography|ethnographiam}}
* Genzuk, Michael. [[2003]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070213022235/http://www-rcf.usc.edu/%7Egenzuk/Ethnographic_Research.html ''A Synthesis of Ethnographic Research.'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121002221656/http://architectonictokyo.com/100_of_the_Most_Influential_Ethnographies_and_Anthropology_Texts.html 100 of the Most Influential Ethnographies and Anthropology Texts.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110221053452/http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/index.php Cornell University Library Southeast Asia Visions.]
* [http://www.americanethnography.com/ethnography.php What is Ethnography?] Americanethnography.com.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090420125531/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/anthro/anthro/whatisethnography What is Ethnography?] Universitas Pennsylvaniae.
* [http://anthro.amnh.org/anthro.html Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110916160033/http://www.qmrg.org.uk/files/2008/12/58-doing-ethnographies.pdf Doing ethnographies.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101123170540/http://www.karalahana.com/fotograflar/thumbnails.php?album=9 Ethnographic material collection from Northern Anatolia and Caucasus.] Pinacotheca.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150225052717/http://epiconference.com/ Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference.]
* [http://www.ethnography.com Ethnography.com.] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902220819/http://www.2cv.co.uk/documents/19Ethnography%20for%20the%20Masses.pdf ''Ethnography for the masses.''] PDF.
* [http://hraf.yale.edu Human Relations Area Files.]
* [http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/ New Zealand Museum.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170422012252/http://raai.library.yale.edu/site/index.php Ross Archive of African Images.]
* [http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/museum/catalogue/armc/ Scott Polar Research Institute.]
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  <page>
    <title>Index urbium, oppidorum et communium Saxoniae Inferioris</title>
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      <text bytes="238043" sha1="er99539ggtli4btknonmd09uo154uht" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni (Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis)|Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Circulo Neoburgensi Visurgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Nienburg/Weser&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus &quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Neoburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Visurgensis-e&quot; ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Liebenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Levenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circulo Paludis Visurgensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wesermarsch&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit. De Latina autem toponymia, vide Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter. Theodisce ''Landkreis Wesermarsch''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ansibarium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drakenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astedele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Astedele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osteel/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''S''[igillum] ''Domini Siadonis in Astedele'' (Siegel des Herrn Syado in Osteel) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osteel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosteel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bernsium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernsium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''Emsländische Landschaft''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Binn’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchbrak&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-acum-i&quot; aut &quot;-achium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi &quot;Brac&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) ''villa Brac'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalbe&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma &quot;Calba&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Calefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Calefeldensis&quot;&gt;&quot;C&quot; pro &quot;K&quot; ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii &quot;Calefeldensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Capella&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-cappel(n)'' Latino vocabulo &quot;capella-ae&quot; vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ostercappeln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Austerkappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluse&quot;&gt;Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo &quot;clūsa&quot;, &quot;angustum montium aditum, locum clausum&quot; significante, quae ad Latinum verbum &quot;claudere&quot; refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clausa, clusa&quot; deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clūsa&quot; explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coeli Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cornu Curvatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornu Curvatum&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;curvatus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine &quot;cornu-us&quot; (n.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranenburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' &quot;Cranenburgum&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Maiorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Curia Maiorica&quot;&gt;Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marienhafe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3134/Marienhafe.pdf ''Marienhafe''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich wird Marienhafe erstmals am 16. Februar 1250 als „curia sancte Marie“, d.h. „Hof der heiligen Maria“ erwähnt. 1362 ist von „curia Virginis gloriose“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marienhafe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diddersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Deepnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hollern&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum et vocabulum ''(-)Heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Escheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'' seu ''Esdrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eestrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Gannsbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gemmegum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemmegum&quot;&gt;Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hachede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hachede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/marschacht/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''paludem a Blekethe vsque ad Ecclesiam Hachede'' (...) ''in quorum honore est altare in prefata ecclesia Hachethe dedicatum'' (...) ''Hinricus Bartolomei plebanus in Merschhachede'' (...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Merschachtede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Marschacht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meschacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haeslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambuhra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamelhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ah&quot;&gt;Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harpstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haßbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasela&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hassendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hatta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hauslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haverla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haverla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hedebere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedebere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinbockel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heiningensis Locus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hellwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helvesiecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-siek&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;. Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstidi Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Herrum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerssa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Hilgermissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hillersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Himberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hinuti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinuti&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hitgera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hittberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlunia (commune)|Hlunia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlunia&quot;&gt;Nomen communis Theodisce ''Lenne'' dicti suo e homonymo fluvio, Latine &quot;Hlunia&quot; nuncupato, ortum est. Latinum igitur nomen huius communis Latino ex hydronymo etiam derivandum est. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlutherun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlutherun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm?utm ''Koeble rGerhard Bodeinderdeutschen Ortsgeschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lüder''', 11. Jh., an einem Bache bei Bodenteich bei Uelzen, F1-1383 HLUTAR (lauter bzw. rein) Hlutherun, Hlutherun (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohbuoki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohbuoki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdunesteti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hollnsethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtgaste]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Honengesbuthele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Honengesbuthele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'' seu ''Heien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hudha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hulseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Husum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Husen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huvenni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huvenni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iatha&quot;&gt;Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha]  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ielmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iembka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iemela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iemela&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ierichsum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iesteburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-verda-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-verda-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Indago Comitis Hoyae&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Iuistensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuistensis&quot;&gt;De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&amp;code=598&amp;valid=618&amp;utm  &quot;juistensis&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Longa (Saxonia Inferior)|Insula Longa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Insula Longa&quot;&gt;Vocabulum ''Langeoog'', a vocibus [[Lingua Frisica|Frisicis Orientalibus]] ''lange-'' ([[Theodisce]] ''lang'') et ''-oog'' (Theodisce ''Insel'') compositum, [[Latine]] &quot;Insula Longa&quot; reddi potest: Buurman, in ''Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch, s. v. oog, ostfrisicum -oog «Insel» significare tradit atque exempla Langeoog, Spiekeroog, Wangeroog affert; item Glossarium der Flurnamensammlung Ostfriesland'', s. v. ''Oog'', vocabulum Frisicum Orientale ''ôg, oge'' Theodisco ''Insel'' interpretatur. [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/lang?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum autem adiectivum ''lang'' Latine &quot;longus, -a, -um&quot;] redditur; [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/insula?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 nomen vero Theodiscum ''Insel'' Latine &quot;insula, -ae&quot; f.] dicitur. Quam ob rem compositum &quot;Insula Longa&quot; sensum toponymi fideliter reddit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langeoog''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Langeooch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langoog'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isernhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Itterbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iuniun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iunium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Karwicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kettencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchgellersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchseelta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchtimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchwalseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kissenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneitlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krebecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krummendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kusta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kutenholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-holtia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laatza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lacstidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacstidi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''Mundart Kommission''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in locis quorum hec sunt nomina, Lacstidi, Romlo, Dudanebutli'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Loxstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lox'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ladorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Abels 1929&quot;&gt;Abels, H. (1929). ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes, in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. [[Paderbronna]]e: Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lorup''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loorp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loorpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahna&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma &quot;Lahna&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamespringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamespringa&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lamstedt/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parochia Lamestede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Landesbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landsebargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landolfshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa (Circulus Terrae Emesensis)|Langa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niederlangen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nederlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ober&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;superior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr. Cf. [[Austria Superior|Austriam Superiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oberlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelege]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langelege&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemnitz 1717&quot;&gt;Chemnitz, B. P., (1717). ''Belli Sueco-Germanici Volumen Primum: In quo ostenditur, quibus de caussis Gustavus Adolphus, Suecorum Rex, in Germaniam transiverit''. Sumptibus Ioh. Caspari Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langelsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langwedel&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lare&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lasdorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasdorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lastrup.de/portal/seiten/geschichte-900000009-31120.html?utm ''Lastrup''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Curia Lasdorpe“ (Haupthof Lastrup) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lastrup''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Laastrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-brück(e)'' aut ''-brügge'' aut ''-brugg(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Steinbruga]], [[Kissenbruga]], [[Bruga]], [[Bruga ad Ederum]], [[Osnabruga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenbrüch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenförde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loamharen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leezdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Leezdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leezdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leha (Terrae Emesensis)|Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lehe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Läie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lehrta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehrte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leiferde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lembruchium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruchium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruchium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lembruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lembrouk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lemgow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengethe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VIII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII_Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in Lengethe'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 275 S. 259) 1213 ''in Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 660 S. 631) um 1232 ''in Lengethe archidiaconus'' (UB Goslar I Nr. 518 S. 499) 1235 ''in Lengete'' (Orig. Guelf. IV Nr. 50 S. 144) 1256 ''in archidiaconatibus de Barem et Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 992 S. 497) 1311 Lenghedhe apud Vusenam (UB H.Hild. IV Nr. 85 S. 45) 1316 ''in Lengede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lenge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengenbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''AltdeutschesNamenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 2) Lengerich an der Wallage, Kr. Lingen (...) Lengirichi Osnabr. Ukb. ca. a. 1000. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonis Forda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonis Forda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.komoot.com/es-es/highlight/2261371 ''Iglesia Martín Lutero de Lemförde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) La comunidad fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento en 1248. En épocas anteriores, el lugar se llamaba Löwenförde, Leonis forda (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemförde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lemfouer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sempub.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum_vitae/de/wisski/navigate/93514/view?utm ''Propylaeum Vitae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Leonovia-Brunsvigius (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laena'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lerin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in loco Lerin provincie Saxo[n]um iuxta flumen Ouácra'' (...) ''Lerim'' (...)''in Lere'' (mGH Urk. Hdl nr. 50 s. 71) 1196-1197 ''Lere'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 311) 1234 ''in Lere'' (...) ''plebano in Lere'' (UB Braunschweig iii nr. 440 s. 325) 1344 ''in villa Leere'' (Flentje / Henrichvark, lehnbücher nr. 142 s. 69) 1380 ''Lere'' (UB Braunschweig Vii nr. 351 s. 324) 1419 ''actum in Lere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehre'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lathen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der Ort im Emsland erstmals als ''Lethi'' im Urbar der Abtei Werden erwähnt; der Eintrag lässt sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenburg''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liliarum Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lilienthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leendaal'' seu ''Lelendaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindduri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lindern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lindhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindwedel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linneweh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Linsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lintlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lintlo&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liubeme]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lübbow&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/luebbow/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist das zweizeilige Reihendorf erstmals in einer kaiserlichen Urkunde aus dem Jahr 956 erwähnt: Ks. Otto I. († 973) schenkte dem Kloster Quedlinburg sechs Dörfer, darunter ''Liubeme'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübbow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''Das Güterverzeichniss Graf Heinrichs von Dale (1188)'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochia Lon prope Vechtam'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lohne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Indago&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''www.dbnl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochianus de Longa Indagine'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langenhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Villa (Saxonia Inferior)|Longa Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Villa&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Langendorf'' Latino toponymo &quot;Longa Villa&quot; verti solet. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/15237/PDF/17250.pdf?utm ''Das Waldhufendorf in Schlesien'', Gualterii Bernardi], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Langedorf ca. 1305 L.F.B.208 Longa villa (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Loninga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Löningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lubberstedi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lubberstedi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://lübberstedt.de/ueber-unser-dorf/?utm ''Lübberstedt''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der ursprüngliche Name „lubberstedi“ ist zusammengesetzt aus „stedi“ (Ort, Platz, Stelle), womit eine Ansiedlung bezeichnet wird, und „lubber“, dem Namen des (ursprünglichen) Familienoberhauptes des Einzelhofes bzw. der kleinen Gemeinschaftssiedlung, bedeutet also: „Lubbers-Stätte“. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübberstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lübbs'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luccavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Luccavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luccavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Luckau'' forma &quot;Luccavia&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Luccavia]]m apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Luckau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüschenfeile'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luerdissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüerdissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luhda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Luhden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Liuen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lutetsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lütetsburg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Lütsbörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lyese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyese&quot;&gt;Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783835341944_A39332036/preview-9783835341944_A39332036.pdf?utm ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in marchia Lyese proprietatis iure (...) in campis de Lyese trans Werram (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leese'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Maasen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Markloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marklohe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marlare (Saxonia Inferior)|Marlare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marlare&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Marl'' forma &quot;Marlare&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Marlare|Marlare Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marsunnon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsunnon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://historischer-rueckklick-bielefeld.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/07svhvr-texte_ocr.pdf?utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Osnabrücker Raumes''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Merzen (Marsunnon)'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Merzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marxa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marxen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Masingi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Messingen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2258/WOB%2011%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Kreises%20Paderborn.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''WOB 11 Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Paderborn''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''silva Masingorum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Messingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mechtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Mechtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mechtsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Media Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Media Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/mittelnkirchen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi &quot;(...) Mittelnkirchen ist nach 1305 und 1322 als ''medie Lu'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelnkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelskark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meinersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meinersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Maanze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Melbike]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Melbeck&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/PortalData/10/Resources/historie/dokumente/Orts-_und_Gewaessernamen_im_Landkreis_Lueneburg.pdf?utm ''Orts- und Gewässernamen im Landkreis Lueneburg'']. ubi &quot;(...) Melbeck 1296 in Melbeke. 1300 in villa Melbike. 1303 in villa Melbeke (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lemgo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Stadtarchiv/Bib_974.pdf?utm ''Album studiosorum Academiae'']. ubi &quot;(...) Henrich Carl Kahmann Mella-Osnabrugensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mellinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mellgenhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Menslaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Menslage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Menslaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merdvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Merdvelde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/martfeld/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Curtem in Merdvelde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Martfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mattfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meribiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meribiki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=3296&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Meerbeck''' (...) Meribiki MGd. 3 (1013) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meerbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mierbke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Messencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Messenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Messenkampe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meine'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mittelstenaha]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelstenahe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelsnohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moisburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Moisburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Molberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Molberga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/loescher2/loescherthreni.html ''THRENI, SEU LAMENTATIOnes Ieremiae Prophetae...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Molberga vocatur'' (...) ''Sensit et externas Molberga innoxia vires'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Molbergen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Molbiergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monstere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Monstere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/munster-st-urbani/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''decima in Monstere'' (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Munster''; [[Saxonice]] ''Munste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moormerland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Moormerlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moranga Curtis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moringen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mutha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mutha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://niedersaechsischer-heimatbund.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/1022-Die-echte-und-die-gef%C3%A4lschten-Urkunden-f%C3%BCr-das-Kloster-St.-MIchaelis-in-Hildesheim_compressed.pdf?utm ''Niedersächsischer Heimatbund''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) III. ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. II S. 307); ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. III S. 66) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Müden'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nahrendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nenndorfium (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nenndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nenndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Netesse]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Netesse&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WG33LCQUIIHK3OA7DR6IKIOFHW6FXKYJ?utm ''12 Lüneburger Ratsmannen bekunden, dass der Magister Bernard de Netesse (Neetze) ½ Rump Salz...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Magister Bernard de Netesse (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neetze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neetz'' seu ''Näätz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-lueneburger-heide/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''bona, que Vriban vulgariter nuncupantur, in Neyenkerken et Hellewede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Ericetum Luneburgense|Ericeto Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium ''Lüneburger'' Latino &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger Heide&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Lüneburger Heide''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niedernwohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niedernwöhren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niernweuern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienstide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienstide&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-07-2017/AAAKoeblerGerhardSamtgemeindeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20170710%20-%20111.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...)  (Samtgemeinde in dem Landkreis Schaumburg,) rund 11000 Einwohner, Nienstide (1153-1170) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nienstädt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienstie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nighunburni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Negenborn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niägenborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordcele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordcele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=2774&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Nordsehl''', 13. Jh., Gemeinde in Schaumburg, s. GOV Schaumburg 384, (in) Nordcele Cal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nordsehl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nordsiele'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenhamia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ham&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ham'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-hamia-ae&quot; aut &quot;hamium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ham''' : -''hamia,'' -''hamium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordenham'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderneia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norderney''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Nördernee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordtmor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordtmor&quot;&gt;Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio &quot;Nordtmorensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nortmoor/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Nordtmorensis: Hermannus Gueneranus'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nortmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/noerten/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Norhtunon'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northarpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nortrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nortleda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordleda/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1312 als ''Nortleda'' belegt (...) ''Marquardus de Nortleda'' (...) ''Thidericus rector ecclesie in Nortleda'' (...) ''rector parochialis ecclesia in Nortleda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nordleda''; [[Saxonice]] ''De Lee'' seu ''Lee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Notendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Notendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mgh.de/storage/app/media/v-ed/Urkunden_Heinrich_VI_deut_franzoes_italien_Empfaenger_DD_Vorabedition_Pferschy-Maleczek_2020-02-16.pdf?utm ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs VI: Vorabedition''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''confirmamus ducentos mansos in Notendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Natendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Natendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nottensdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nottensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nottensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Civitas (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Civitas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neustadt am Rübenberge'' seu ''Neustadt a. Rbge.''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niestadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Darchavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Darchau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nee Darchau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Domus (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Domus&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhaus'' Latino &quot;Nova Domum&quot; verti solet. Cf. Novas Domus apud {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neehuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Birsinam)|Nova Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuenkirchen'' Latino &quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Nova Ecclesia (Liebenburgum)|Novam Ecclesiam Liebenburgensem]] apud [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2262/NOB%20X%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Goslar.pdf?utm ''NOB X Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Goslar''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [[Nova Ecclesia (Rugia)|Novam Ecclesiam in Rugia]] apud Fabricii (anno 1862) ''Urkunden zur Geschichte des Fürstenthums Rügen unter den eingebornen Fürsten''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Anclamum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope [[Anclamum]] apud Eggert (anno 1970) ''Geschichte Pommerns: Vol. 1. Bis zum Westfälischen Frieden''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Brandenburgum Novum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope Brandenburgum Novum apud ''Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 9); et Novam Ecclesiam Pomeranam apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birsina]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia-Vorda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen-Vörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken-Vörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Exclusa Harlingana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;exclusa&gt;Vocabulum et suffixum [[lingua Saxonica|Saxonicum]] ''(-)Siel'' Theodisco vocabulum ''Schleuse'' respondet, ut iam Adelungus in ''Grammatisch-kritischem Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart'' s. v. ''Schleuse'' testatur: &quot;Im Niederdeutschen wird eine Schleuse ... ein Siel ... [vocatur]&quot;; ipsum autem Theodiscum ''Schleuse'' Latine &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. redditur, nam Adelungus ibidem ''Schleuse'' inter mediae Latinitatis vocabula &quot;exclusa&quot;, &quot;inclusura&quot;, &quot;conclusio&quot;, &quot;sclusa&quot;, &quot;clusa&quot; refert, et ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' quoque ''Schleuse'' = &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. tradit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harlinganus-a-um&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-harlinger-'' Latino &quot;harlinganus-a-um&quot; vertitur. Quo de Latino gentilicio, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3275/Altharlingersiel.pdf?utm Heinze, A. (2015). ''Altharlingersiel''. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Bibliothek/Ortsdatenbank], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) claustrum Harlinganum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuharlingersiel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeharlingersiel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Indago (Circulus terrae Cellensis)|Nova Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienhagen&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Nienhagen'' &quot;Nova Indago&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''&quot;Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch / 4 1297-1300 ; Nachträge und Register zu Band I - IV''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nienhagen, A. Doberan, Kspl. Lichtenhagen, 13 NO Rostock, Nigenhaghen, Noua Indago, Nygenhaghen (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nienhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Neulehe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-altes-land/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1274 als ''Nova Lu'' belegt (...) Landesgemeinde Altes Land (1361 eigenes Siegel, Umschrift: ''Sigillum communitates veteris terrae'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Vetus Terra|Vetere Terra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vetus Terra&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Altes Land''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neekark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Palus Campensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;campensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum interfixum ''-kamper-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;campensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad vocabulum &quot;campus-i&quot; (Theodisce ''Kamp'') refertur. Revera, [https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum lexemate ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neukamperfehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeikamperfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Scona Mora]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scona Mora&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.holtgast-urlaub.de/cgi-bin/hvv/index.pl?gid=&amp;id=&amp;mid=40&amp;utm ''Die Benediktinerzeit''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der Visiator fand um 1290 im Kloster &quot;Scona Mora&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuschoo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeschoo'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neubörger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naiboorger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Wulmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Wulmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vosshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NyenkerkenII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''dbnl''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Item curtis in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Haduloha)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-land-hadeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Haduloha (commune generale)|Haduloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-9396.pdf?utm ''Westfälische Geschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) &quot;Haduloha ... - hoc enim loco nomen, ubi oceanus Saxoniam alluit (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Land Hadeln'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberndorfium (Osta)|Oberndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oberndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öberndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obernholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernkircha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öwernkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ochtersum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Odenhus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Osloß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oderquatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oderquatum&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-at'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-atum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-at''' : -''atum'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formae antiquae huius toponymi &quot;Oderquat&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1889hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Cadenberghe, Oppele, Oderquat (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oederquart'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Odishemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Odisheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Godshem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oen (Saxonia Inferior)|Oen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB XV&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''de dotali manso ecclesie Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de curia Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de domo Bernhardi Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) um 1150 ''in Toń'' (Urb. Werden I S. 234 Z. 19) 1188-1331 (A. 1331) ''in parrochia On'' (Philippi/Bannier, Güterverzeichnis S. 420) 1213 ''in parochia On'' (Niesert, Urkundensammlung IV Nr. 48 S. 188) 1263 ''de domo Herewici de One'' (WUB III Nr. 706 S. 366) 1282-1306 (A. Mitte 16. Jh.) ''curtem dictam Runhoff in parochia On'' (...) ''in parrochia On'' (...) ''domum des Doven in parochia Oen'' (...) ''curtem dictam Ruvenhoff, Cortehus in parochia On'' (...) ''in parochia Oen'' (Bruns, LB Steinfurt Nr. K53 S. 58) 1367 ''in parrochia, in qua et legione dictis Oen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oetzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ötzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ohrum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ohrum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldenburg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ooldenbuurich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ollnborg'' seu ''Ollenbörg'' seu ''Ollenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorfium (Luya)|Oldendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Oldendorf'' in Latinam &quot;Oldendorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10932874?p=378&amp;cq=ad&amp;lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Partis III Liber XXXIII''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Ergo comperto, Vrangelium coactis ad Oldendorfium copijs (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/oldendorf-landkreis-stade/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Hermannus, rector ecclesie in Oldendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osta (Saxonia Inferior)|Osta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osten-oste/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Otto, rector ecclesie in Osta'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterbroke]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterbroke&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osterbruch/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia in Osterbroke'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osterbruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Osterbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ostereistadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ostereistedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oostereis'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterode am Harz&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.geonames.org/advanced-search.html?q=Goettingen ''www.geonames.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Osterode am Harz Osteroda ad Harthicos montes (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterode am Harz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ostroe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ostrhauderfehn]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottenstein (Niedersachsen)|Ottenstein]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]]
* [[Otterndorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgönne]]
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oyten]]	
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/ Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Hilcae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilkenbrook&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam &quot;Hilca-ae&quot; refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet &quot;Palus Hilcae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Regis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Regis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo &quot;regis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pennigsähle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rastörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehborg-Locken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rowohle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rohßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ronnenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sanctae Mariae Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mariental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Swering'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seinje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)|Silva Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osterwald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wauld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Steembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stemne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordstemmen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''novem iugera sitam Stemne'' (...) ''novem iugeribus in Nortstempne'' (...) ''capellam in northstemne'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordstemmen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Staarbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stöckse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stoltnaa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Uchte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Urlaha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oerrel.feuerwehr-munster.de/---orla---die-kleine-oertze-.html ''Freiwillige Feuerwehr Oerre''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Vrlaha“ als das Kirchdorf „Oerel“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oerel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Mimedensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimedensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Nieme-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Mimedensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad flumen Mimede seu Mymede (Theodisce ''Nieme'') refertur. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''riuum, qui teutonice Mimede vocatur'' (...) ''riuum, qui toutonice Mymede vocatur'' (...) ''flumine Mimede'' (...) ''riuum, qui Mymede vocatur''  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Niemetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Via Paludis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Via Paludis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum nominale praefixum ''Moor-'' Latino substantivo casu genetivo &quot;paludis&quot; (f.)] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Weg?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-weg'' Latino nomine &quot;via-ae&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moorweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warmsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Warpe]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wenngessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wietzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wunsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ylsede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ylsede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) minori ylsede (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ysinibutle]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ysinibutle&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3995741</id>
      <parentid>3995675</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T01:11:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="240091" sha1="gvj92qiby51ghw2ai4t5oitt00978qq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in Lower Saxony.svg|thumb|500px|Urbes et communia Saxoniae Inferioris.]]
'''Index urbium, oppidorum et communium in [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxonia Inferiore]]''' omnia [[commune|communia]] (Theodisce ''Gemeinden''), consociationes communium (Theodisce ''Gemeindeverbände'') atque loca nulli communium adscripta (Theodisce ''gemeindefreien Gebiete''), quae hodie in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra]] [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Saxonia Inferior]]e exstant, complectitur.

Postremae mutationes finium territorialium in Saxonia Inferiore [[1 Novembris|Kalendis Novembribus]] anni [[2021]] effectae sunt. Ex eo tempore [[Saxonia Inferior]] 939 communia et 25 loca nulli communi adscripta (quorum duo habitantur) habet. Quibus e communibus 159 titulo [[urbs|urbis]] (Theodisce ''Stadt'') et 49 titulo [[oppidum|oppidi]] (Theodisce ''Flecken'') utuntur.

Praeterea nonnullae proprietates exstant secundum communium administrationem: Nam 939 communia in 289 communia unitaria et 650 communia membra dividuntur; quae vero in universum 114 consociationes communium constituunt, ut munera communiter administrent. Hae consociationes communium ipsa communia non sunt, sed foedera cooperationis, quae aut ex regione aut ex communitate in qua sedes administrationis sita est nomen accipiunt. Quapropter in Saxonia Inferiore idem nomen tam communi quam consociationi communium tribui potest. Agitur tamen de duobus corporibus iuridicis distinctis, quae proprias repraesentationes atque propria munera habent.

Praeterea, propter magnitudinem suam, nonnullae communium et consociationes communium peculiarem rationem cum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulo terrae]] (Theodisce ''Landkreis'') habent:

* Decem urbes statum iuridicum [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''kreisfreien Stadt'') obtinent, nulli circulo terrae subiiciuntur atque omnia sua munera exercent.
* Septem urbes statum iuridicum urbis magnae sui iuris (Theodisce ''Große selbständige Stadt'') obtinent atque multa, sed non omnia, munera circuli terrae cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 61 communium et tria communia generalia (Theodisce ''Samtgemeinden'') statum iuridicum communis sui iuris (Theodisce ''Selbständige Gemeinde'') obtinent atque quaedam munera districtus cui adscribuntur exercent.
* 861 ceterae communium nullam peculiarem rationem cum circulo terrae cui adscribuntur habent.

=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abensium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obbens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Achestedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Axstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ax'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adelebsenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Funck 1736&quot;&gt;Funck, J. N. (1736). ''Disputatio Academica de Voluntaria Morte Judaeorum et Gentilium sub Praesidio S. R. I. Libero Baroni de Adelebsen Dedicata''. Rintelii: Typis Johannis Friderici Enax.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelebsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenebutla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pischke 1998&quot;&gt;Pischke, G. (Ed.) (1998). ''Das Lehnsregister der Edelherren von Meinersen: Edition und historische Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Besitzurkunden'' (Documentum anni MCCXX). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Adenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis: De ecclesiis parochialibus et ditione antiqua oppidi Adenhusii''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1703). ''Chronica Parochiarum ditionis Mindensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Mindae: Typis Johannis Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahnsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Höhbaum 1876&quot;&gt;Höhbaum, K. (Ed.) (1876). ''Hansisches Urkundenbuch: Monumenta Germaniae Historica e codicibus diplomaticis Bremensibus et Luneburgensibus'' (Vol. I). Halis Saxonum: Typis Orphanotrophei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Adendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Affinghusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rathlef 1766&quot;&gt;Rathlef, E. L. (1766). ''Geschichte der Grafschaften Hoya und Diepholz: Monimenta diplomatica et antiquitates ditionis Affinghusiae'' (Vol. I). Bremae: Försterischen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Affinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Affinghusen'' seu ''Affjehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aldendorpevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Stadtoldendorf'')
* [[Alrebekesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oven 1872&quot;&gt;Oven, A. von (Ed.) (1872). ''Urkundenbuch des Herzogthums Lüneburg: Diplomata, chartae et registra historica saeculi XII (Documentum anni MCXCVII de venditione praedii Alrebekesae)'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Carl Rümpler.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahnsbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ahusium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ahusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;&gt;Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Bremensis et Verdensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Lunaeburgensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis; et: Schlegel, J. C. (1705). ''Chronicon Parochiarum ditionis Corbeiensis et Hildesiensis:...''. Cellis: Typis Holmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Allefelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alfhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algermissenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg III 1903&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1903). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et privilegia de Algermisseno)'' (Vol. III). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Algermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni (Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis)|Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis|Circulo Neoburgensi Visurgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Nienburg/Weser&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Neoburgensis Visurgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Nienburg/Weser'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus &quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Neoburgensis-e&quot; et &quot;Visurgensis-e&quot; ad commune [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Novam Urbem]] et flumen [[Visurgis|Visurgem]] respective referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Liebenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Levenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circulo Paludis Visurgensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wesermarsch&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit. De Latina autem toponymia, vide Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter. Theodisce ''Landkreis Wesermarsch''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg II 1901&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1901). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Quellen und Darstellungen zur Geschichte Niedersachsens (Monimenta historica et registra de Almstedio)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Almstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alorstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1758&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1758). ''Historische Nachrichten von dem ehemaligen berühmten Closter Harsefeld: Monumenta ac documenta saeculi XII ubi de decimis Alorstedii agitur''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ahlerstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohlers'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alvstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Alfstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Alfs'' seu ''Alfst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Amelinghusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;&gt;Baring, E. (1746). ''Succincta Hannoverae et ditionum vicinarum Notitia Historica''. Hanoverae: Typis Nicolae Försteri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amelinghausen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Boreosaxonice]] ''Amekhusen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Amelkusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anchemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ankum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andervenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Andervenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Andorlangia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Anderlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Annerlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ansibarium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osnabrück''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ossenbrääch''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Lingua Saxonica|Westfalice]] ''Ossenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Medingha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Homeyer X 2006&quot;&gt;Homeyer, J. (Ed.) (2006). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Medingen: Lüneburger Urkundenbuch (Monimenta historica saeculi XIV de parochia Medinghae) (Vol. X)''. Hannoverae, in Germania: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Altenmedingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohmein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aap'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Apleremum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Apelern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Appel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Lauterbergenses in Montibus Harthicis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirus 1826&quot;&gt;Mirus, A. (1826). ''De salubritate aquarum lauterbergensium in montibus harthicis sitarum''. Typis Regiis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Lauterberg im Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Nendorpenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;&gt;Marcard, H. M. (1805). ''De salubritate aquarum nendorpensium et de earum usu in morbis chronicis''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich; et: Macard, H. M. (1805). ''De usu salutari fontium salinorum in territorio Hildesiensi sitorum''. [[Goettinga]]e: Dieterich.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Nenndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Zwischenahnenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Statisitakamt Nord 2025&quot;&gt;Statistikamt Nord (Editio Latina). ''Catalogus Urbium et Communium Germaniae''. Hamburgi, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Zwischenahn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Twiskenoan'' seu ''Boad Twiskenoan''; [[Saxonice]] ''Twüschenahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aroldishusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1705&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Arholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Baring 1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Artlenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Artlissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mader 1664&quot;&gt;Mader, J. J. (1664). ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses: De antiquis parochiis Saxonum et finibus dioecesis Mindensis (Caput de parochia Artlissa)''. Helmestadii: Typis Henningi Mulleri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Aerzen'': quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Ärzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Agathae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kochen 1724&quot;&gt;Kochen, J. H. (1724). ''Introductio in Historiam Ducatus Bremensis y Verdensis: Accesserunt diplomata varia et descriptio Arcis Agathae et ditionis Stadiensis''. Stadae: Typis Caspari Holmii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Agathenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gothenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arx Draconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drakenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drakenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ascalingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asanthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogell 1856&quot;&gt;Vogell, A. (Ed.) (1856). ''Urkundenbuch des Bisthums Verden und des Collegiatstifts Bardewick: Chartae, diplomata et monumenta historica saeculi XIII...''. Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Harburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Harburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Harburgum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Harburgensis-e&quot; refertur-.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asenthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1855). ''Hoyer Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. I). Hannoverae: Jänecke Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Diepholtia|Circulo terrae Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Diepholz&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Diepholtia&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Diepholz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Diepholtia]]&quot;, vide {{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Asendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Asendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;&gt;Philippi, F., &amp; Bär, M. (Eds.) (1892). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Die Urkunden der Jahre 772-1200'' (Vol. 1). Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde von Osnabrück.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Assini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Essen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astanholteremarki-Scirnbeki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterholz-Scharmbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosterholt-Scharmbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astedele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Astedele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osteel/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''S''[igillum] ''Domini Siadonis in Astedele'' (Siegel des Herrn Syado in Osteel) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osteel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosteel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asylum (Saxonia Inferior)|Asylum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asylum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen ''Freistatt'', quod ''Freistätte, Zufluchtsort, Asyl'' significat, Latine &quot;asylum&quot; reddi potest. Nam in ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' de Weigand et Hirt vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' explicatur ut «Freistatt» et ipsa vox Theodisca ''Asyl'' e Latino &quot;asylum&quot; orta esse dicitur. Praeterea lexicon Germanico-Latinum, quod in traditione lexicographica Georgii continetur, directe tradit: ''Freistatt, -stätte'', &quot;asylum'&quot;. Itaque &quot;Asylum&quot; non est forma ficticia neque mera translatio nostra, sed aequivalentia lexicographice comprobata.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freistatt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freestatt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Attendorium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Otterndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oterndörp'' seu ''Otterndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aulica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auriacum (Saxonia Inferior)|Auriacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Aurich''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aurk''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Auerk'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Badberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Badbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Badbern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baddekenstedium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel &amp; Ohainski X 2018&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil X)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Baddeckenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barkenstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 1994&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (1994). ''Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem'' (Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsbände 9). Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Balga Cortis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Balge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baltrumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiarda III 1792&quot;&gt;Wiarda, T. D. (1792). ''Ostfriesische Geschichte: Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1648'' (Vol. 3). August Friedrich Winter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Baltrum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bamwida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bohmte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baumte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardenuvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bardowick''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bewick'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bardorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;&gt;Sudendorf, H. (Ed.) (1859). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer Lande'' (Vol. 1). Carl Rümpler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolb 1712&quot;&gt;Kolb, G. (1712). ''Compendium totius orbis: partim geographicum, partim historicum, partim genealogicum''. Typis Universitatis Carolo-Francisceae&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bargstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bargstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargst'' seu ''Bars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;&gt;Bünting, H., &amp; Letzner, J. (1702). ''Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Chronica, Oder Historische Beschreibung der Durchlauchtigsten Herzogen zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg''. Gedruckt bey Caspar Johann Jakobi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barnstedt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barnstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 2007&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (2007). ''Regesta Imperii III: Salisches Haus 1024–1125. Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich IV'' (T. Struve, Ed.). Böhlau Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Barnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baarnstrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barßel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bäärsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barsingehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harenberg 1753&quot;&gt;Harenberg, J. C. (1753). ''Historia ecclesiae Gandershemensis diplomatica''. Typis et Impensis Joannis Christophori Meisneri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barsinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baschehusen'' seu ''Basche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Luneburgum)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann I II 2004&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2004). ''Verdener Urkundenbuch, 1. Abteilung, Band 2: 1300–1380''. Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Luneburgensis|Circulo Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landreis Lüneburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Luneburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landreis Lüneburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barum (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Barum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;&gt;Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (2010). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'' (K. Casemir, F. Menzel, &amp; U. Ohainski, Eds.). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Ulsenensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Uelzen'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Ulsenensis-e&quot; ad [[Ulsena]]m refertur. Quo de gentilicio, vide lemma &quot;res-publica Ulsenensis&quot; apud {{Google Books|w_tWAAAAcAAJ|vide paginam dedicationis operis}}&quot;; et de topnymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bourm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barunvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SdaedhdlM 1862&quot;&gt;Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (1862). ''Mémoires de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle: Année 1860–1861''. Rousseau-Pallez.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Barendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barverum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1844). ''Regesta Chronologico-Diplomatica Regum et Imperatorum Romanorum: Inde a Conrado I. Usque ad Henricum VII''. Typis et Sumtibus J. C. Hermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barver'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barwedelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Barwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Basdalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Basdahl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Basdaal'' seu ''Basdohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bawinkelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;&gt;Moser, J. J. (1738). ''Bibliotheca Iuris Publici S. R. I. Germanici: Specially regarding the territories of Westphalia and Lower Saxony''. Typis Ioannis Georgii Cottae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bawinkel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bowinkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bebenhusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Bebenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahlfeldt 2010&quot;&gt;Ahlfeldt, J. (Ed.) (2010). ''Regnum Francorum Online: Traditio Fuldenses''. Francia-Ahlfeldt Project.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bevensen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bämsen'' seu ''Bemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AdWzG 2010&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beekdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckedorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beckedorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Biäkedörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beckelnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beckeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedenbostelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NL 1924&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv (1924). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte''. Veröffentlichungen de Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beedenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bedenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beierstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beierstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Barste’e'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belmum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moser 1738&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Belm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bema (Saxonia Inferior)|Bema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Böhme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendestorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bührmann 2005&quot;&gt;Bührmann, M. (2005). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen des norddeutschen Raumes''. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bendestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bendsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Cellensis)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;&gt;Bruzen de La Martinière, A. A. (1737). ''Thesaurus geographicus criticus: in quo omnium orbis terrarum regionum, civitatum, oppidorum, nominibus antiquis, medii aevi et modernis''. Ex Officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Cellensis|Circulo Cellensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Celle&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cellensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Celle'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cellensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Berga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Osnabrugae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Osnabrück'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum ''LandKreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Osnabruga|Osnabruga-ae]]&quot;, vide Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1325.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Berge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berga ad Dumnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruzen de La Martinière 1737&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergen an der Dumme''; [[Polabice]] ''Djörska'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergenborstelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bahrenborstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bornbössel'' seu ''Boornbössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bergfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bergfeld''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bargfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bernsium Minus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernsium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://emslaendische-landschaft.de/images/AFEL/Publikationen/Zeitschriften/Band_22/Heft_109_Mai_2011.pdf?utm ''Emsländische Landschaft''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Berßen, Groß oder Klein''' (...) Bernsium (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütke Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersenbrugum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhoff 1785&quot;&gt;Sandhoff, J. E. (1785). ''Antistitum Osnabrugensis ecclesiae, qui per decem saecula episcopale munus in ea gesserunt, chronotaxis''. Typis Joannis Georgii Kislingii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bersenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bessenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bersinium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaemling 1987&quot;&gt;Kaemling, ''Atlas zur Geschichte Niedersachsens'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Berßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groten Bässen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Berumburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmius 1616&quot;&gt;Emmius, U. (1616). ''Rerum Frisicarum Historia''. [[Lugdunum Batavorum|Lugduni Batavorum]]: Elzevier.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berumbur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bestena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jellinghaus 1923&quot;&gt;Jellinghaus, H. (1923). ''Die westfälischen Ortsnamen nach ihren Bestandteilen''' (III ed.). Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Beesten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzendorfum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bünting &amp; Letzner 1702&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Betzendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bätzendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bevernense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bevern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bienenbuttelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bienenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bienbüddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf 1819&quot;&gt;Wolf, J. (1819). ''Politische Geschichte des Eichsfeldes mit Urkunden erläutert''. Johann Georg Rosenbusch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bilshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binnenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Binnen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Binn’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bippenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bippen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bippen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birsina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bassum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bassen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bissendorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bissendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bliederstorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trüper 2017&quot;&gt;Trüper, H. G. (2017). ''Urkundenbuch der Herren von Zesterfleth: 1232–1657''. Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bliedersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bliersdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bobentunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bovenden''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bovten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bückeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bückeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Heidensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Heidensis|Circulo Heidensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heidekreis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Heidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Heidekreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Heidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''Heide-'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholta (Circulus Theorosburgensis)|Bocholta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Theorosburgensis|Circulo Theorosburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Schaumburg&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Theorosburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schaumburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Theorosburgensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Theorosburgum]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bocholtum in Ericeto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buchholz in der Nordheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bookholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Frisicus)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Frisicus|Circulo Frisico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Friesland&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Frisicus&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Friesland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Frisicus-a-um&quot; ad [[Frisia (discretiva)|Frisiam]] refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bockhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochorna (Circulus Vetha)|Bochorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Vetha|Circulo Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Vechta&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Vetha&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Vechta'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bakum'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Bochorstia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bockhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Baukhast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1985&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1985). ''Aus der Geschichte der Burg Bodenteich''. Ecomed Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bodenteich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bonndiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodensee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bodonis Insula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bodenwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boffeshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski VI 2007&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen del Landkreises Holzminden''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VI)''. Editio ab Academia Scientiarum Gottingensi. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Boffzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitersena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;&gt;Mindermann, A. (Ed.) (2001). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden: Band 1''. Von den Anfängen bis 1300. [[Stadae|Stadis]]: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bötersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Boitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Boitzia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Boitze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Böhtz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudendorf 1859&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bokensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bokenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bockenem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bokeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borchwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüther 1905&quot;&gt;Rüther, H. (Ed.) (1905). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Neuenwalde''. Halle’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Burweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borsla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Niemeyer 2012&quot;&gt;Niemeyer, M. (Ed.) (2012). ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bösel''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Böäsel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bäsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borstla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1842). ''Diepholzer Urkundenbuch: Authentische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Diepholz''. [[Hannovera]]e: Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Borstel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bössel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Botela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bothel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bootel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rübel 1881&quot;&gt;Rübel, K. (Ed.) (1881). ''Dortmunder Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1340''. [[Isarlohia]]e: J. Baedeker.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brackel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braackel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirchbrak&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-ac'' aut ''-ach'' aut ''-ack'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-acum-i&quot; aut &quot;-achium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ac, -ach, -ack''' : -''acum,'' -''achium'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formis antiquis huius toponymi &quot;Brac&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B77-F/NOB%20VI%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Holzminden.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VI Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Theodericus de Brach'' (...) ''Henricus de Brach'' (...) ''Henrico de Brack'' (...) ''villa Brac'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchbrak''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kerkbraak'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bramascus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bramsche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breddenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;&gt;Wilmans, R., &amp; Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.). (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden und angrenzender Gebiete''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Breddenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoogeweg 1898&quot;&gt;Hoogeweg, H. (Ed.) (1898). ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Band 6. Die Urkunden des Bisthums Minden vom J. 1201-1300''. [[Monasterium (Germania)|Monasterii]]: Regensberg'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brevörde''¨; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Bräwer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredthorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Breddorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Breddörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brestum (Saxonia Inferior)|Brestum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Britlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;&gt;Udolph, J. (2004). ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala''. [[Gottinga]]e: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brietlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brietl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Broubm'' seu ''Brookm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1''. [[Lipsia]]e: S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bröckel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bräukel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broclina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mindermann 2001&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brockel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brookel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Broma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski 2014&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (Ed.). (2014). ''Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch: Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Gifhorn''. [[Bilivelda]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Brome''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brom'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brochusium-Vilsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1855&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bruchhausen-Vilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brooksen-Vilsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunsvicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Braunschweig''; [[Saxonice]] ''Brunswiek''; [[lingua Saxonica|Brunsvicice]] dialectaliter ''Bronswiek'' seu ''Brönswiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bukina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilmans &amp; Hoogeweg VI 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bülstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büls'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bode 1893&quot;&gt;Bode, G. (Ed.) (1893). ''Urkundenbuch der Stadt Goslar und der in und bei Goslar belegenen geistlichen Stiftungen: Band 1 (922 bis 1250)''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Braunlage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burchardivillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke 1892&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1892). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 1. Bis zum Jahre 1221''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Guelpherbytensis|Circulo Guelpherbytensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Wolfenbüttel&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Guelpherbytensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Wolfenbüttel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Guelpherbytensis-e&quot; ad [[Guelpherbytum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/006049869/1/ ''vd18.gbv.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Pro eo ac debuisti, urbs aerumnosa, infelix ac misera Guelpherbytum (...)&quot;; et quo de gentilicio, vide  [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MBRY52X6EUWPQOQRFBKHVLYBSUG4M6LS ''Carmina Votiva Honori Clarißimi atq[ue] Experientißimi Viri Dn. Samuelis Stockhausen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Practici Guelpherbytensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hannovera (regio)|Regione Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borgdörp'' seu ''Bortörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgium (Saxonia Inferior)|Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;&gt;Remling, L. (2026). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Emsland''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Börger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buria (Saxonia Inferior)|Buria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Ohainski &amp; Udolph&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bühren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bursina (Saxonia Inferior)|Bursina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;&gt;Casemir, K. (2003). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''. In ''J. Udolph (Ed.), Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (NOB) (Teil III)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Börßum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buxtehuda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1842&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1842). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Buxtehude''; [[Saxonice]] ''Buxthu'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Byspinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hodenberg 1859&quot;&gt;Hodenberg, W. von (Ed.) (1859). ''Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, Fünfte Abtheilung: Archiv des Klosters St. Michaelis zu Lüneburg''. Capaun-Karlowa’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bispingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Calba (Saxonia Inferior)|Calba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalbe&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kalbe'' seu ''Calbe'' forma &quot;Calba&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Calba ad Salam|Calbam ad Salam]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kalbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kalf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Calefelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Calefeldensis&quot;&gt;&quot;C&quot; pro &quot;K&quot; ponitur propter orthographiam gentilicii &quot;Calefeldensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Abhandlungen_zur_geologischen_Specialkarte_von_Preussen_und_den_Th%C3%BCringischen_Staaten_%28IA_abhandlungenzurg8589preu%29.pdf?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original ''Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Calefeldensis'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kalefeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Rufus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Rothenfelde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella (Saxonia Inferior)|Capella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;&gt;Philippi, F. (Ed.) (1894). ''Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch: Band 2. Die Urkunden der Jahre 1201–1250''. H. Th. Wenner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Capella Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Capella&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-cappel(n)'' Latino vocabulo &quot;capella-ae&quot; vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ostercappeln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Austerkappeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrovallium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Burgwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Borwee'' seu ''Boorwee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella (Germania)|Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Celle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clenza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;&gt;Janicke, K. (Ed.) (1896). ''Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim und seiner Bischöfe: Band 2. Von 1221 bis 1260''. S. Hirzel.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clenze''; [[Polabice]] ''Kloncka'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cloppenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cloppenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cloppenborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kloppenbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clusa (Saxonia Inferior)|Clusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kluse&quot;&gt;Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' derivatur a Medio-Latino vocabulo &quot;clūsa&quot;, &quot;angustum montium aditum, locum clausum&quot; significante, quae ad Latinum verbum &quot;claudere&quot; refertur; cf. Kluge, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'', s.v. ''Klause'', ubi Mediaevali Theodisco vocabulo ''klûse'', Antiquo Theodisco vocabulo ''chlûsa'' ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clausa, clusa&quot; deducitur, et Lühr, ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', V, s.v. ''klûsa'', ubi Antiquum Theodiscum vocabulum ''klûsa'', ''Einfriedung, Engpass'' significans, ex [[Latinitas medii aevi|Mediaevali Latino vocabulo]] &quot;clūsa&quot; explicatur. Inde Theodiscum Saxonicumque toponymum ''Kluse'' ortum est.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Kluse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Coeli Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himmelpforten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himmelpoorten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Saxonia Inferior)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Erhard 1851&quot;&gt;Erhard, H. A. (Ed.) (1851). ''Regesta Historiae Westfaliae: Accedit Codex Diplomaticus/Regesten der Geschichte Westfalens''. Regensberg.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Polle'')
* [[Cornu Curvatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornu Curvatum&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/curvatus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivale praefixum ''Krumm-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;curvatus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/cornu?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-hörn'' Latino nomine &quot;cornu-us&quot; (n.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krummhörn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cramma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir 2003&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cramme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cranenburgum (Saxonia Inferior)|Cranenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cranenburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Kranenburg'' &quot;Cranenburgum&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Cranenburgum (Rhenania Septentrionalis et Vestfalia)|Cranenburgum Rhenanum]] apud ''Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'', Mercatoris.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kranenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kronenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Maiorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Curia Maiorica&quot;&gt;Manfred Niemeyer (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. De Gruyter, Berolini 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-018908-7, S. 298.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jork''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jörk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Sanctae Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marienhafe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3134/Marienhafe.pdf ''Marienhafe''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich wird Marienhafe erstmals am 16. Februar 1250 als „curia sancte Marie“, d.h. „Hof der heiligen Maria“ erwähnt. 1362 ist von „curia Virginis gloriose“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marienhafe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuxhoben'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dalemia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rzihacek &amp; Spreitzer XI 2024&quot;&gt;Rzihacek, A., &amp; Spreitzer, F. (Ed.) (2024). ''Die Urkunden Otto IV (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, Tomus XI). Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dahlenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dalum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Janicke II 1896&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dahlum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Tahln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damma (Saxonia Inferior)|Damma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi II 1894&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Damme'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Damnatzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Garzmann LXXVI 2004&quot;&gt;Garzmann, M. R. W. (Ed.) (2004). ''Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte: Neue Folge der Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Band 76)''. Hahnsche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Damnatz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danneberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dannenberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dannenbarg''; [[Polabice]] ''Wajdars'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Danthorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Casemir &amp; Menzel % Udolph VII 2011&quot;&gt;Casemir, K., Menzel, F., &amp; Udolph, J. (2011). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII''). Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Danndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dassela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dedenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDeensen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Dedehusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Casemir, K., &amp; Ohainski, U. (2007). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Holzminden (Veröffentlichungen del Institut für Historische Landesforschung der Universität Göttingen, Vol. 51)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Deensen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deinst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deinstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deins'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Delmenhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Delmenhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Demost'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dengdia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Denkte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derenthalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-thalia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-thal'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-thal''' : -''thalia'', -''dalia'' (...)&quot;. Animadvertendum est suffixum ''-thal'' veterem orthographiam hodierni suffixi ''-tal'' esse; ergo Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-tal'' quoque latinizari potest addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-thalia-ae&quot; seu &quot;-dalia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Derental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dersum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dersum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Derßm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dettum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dettum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Detten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dicla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mooyer 1855&quot;&gt;Mooyer, E. F. (Ed.) (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des vormaligen Stiftes Minden''. J. C. C. Bruns.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dickel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diddersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Didderse'' et [[Saxonice]] ''Deesse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diekholza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diekholzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dielmissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dielmissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Diepenau''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Deepnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Diepholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Diepholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Deefholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dinklaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dinklage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dinklaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disaldishusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husaDelligsen&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Disaldishusen'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: Reuter, A. (Ed.) (1950). ''1100 Jahre Delligsen: Geschichte der Hilsmulde und des Ortes Delligsen''. Verlag der Gemeinde Delligsen. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Delligsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Disna (Saxonia Inferior)|Disna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dissen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dithgherscope-Twielenflethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hollern&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hollern-twielenfleth/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Luderus in Dithgherscope'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollern-Twielenfleth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullern-Twielenfleth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Terra Emesensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Terrae Emesensis|Terra Emesensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Terrae Altenburgensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Emsland'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum &quot;terra-ae&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-land'' vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Emesensis-e&quot; ad flumen [[Amisia|Emesam]] refertur. De hoc hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dohren '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dohra (Circulus Harburgensis)|Dohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dohren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Duhrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dolnere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolnere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2001-2005/315._Udolph_Anmerkungen_zum_Ortsnamen_Dollern.pdf ''Anmerkugen zum Ortsnamen Dollern''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1105 (Fälschung Mitte 12. Jh.) ''Dolnere'' (...) 1209 ''Johannes de dolnere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dollern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Doristacus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dorstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dornum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Dornum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dornm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dotlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dötlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Draga (Albis)|Draga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Draag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drentweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drentwede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drestadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drestedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dreest'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drochtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Drochtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Drochters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudanebutli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lappenberg 1841&quot;&gt;Lappenberg, J. M. (Ed.) (1841). ''Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (Band 1)''. Perthes-Besser &amp; Mauke.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Düdenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düünbeudel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duderstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Duderstadt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dustadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dünsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunum  (Saxonia Inferior)|Dunum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houtrouw 1889&quot;&gt;Houtrouw, O. G. (1889). ''Ostfriesland: Eine geschichtlich-ortskundige Wanderung gegen Ende der Fürstenzeit (Band 1)''. Dunkmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dunum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duthungun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Udolph 2004&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Duingen''; [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Daujen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebbestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaitner 1985&quot;&gt;Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ebstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ebersdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Ebersdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebersdorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf'' in Latinam &quot;Ebersdorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ebersdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eversdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Echemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Echem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Echen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edemissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Edemissen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emisse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egestorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Egestorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äästörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Edewechte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger 2012&quot;&gt;Berger, D. (2012). ''Edewecht''. In ''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch''. Walter de Gruyter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Edewecht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erwech''; historice ''Adewacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eggermuhla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eggermühlen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eggermöhlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehra-Lessia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ehra-Lessien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eicklinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eicklingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eikeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eildissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stumpf-Brentano II 1865&quot;&gt;Stumpf-Brentano, K. F. (Ed.) (1865). ''Die Reichskanzler vornehmlich des X., XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts: Acta Imperii Selecta'' (Vol. 2). [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Eilsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ahlsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Hildesiensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;/small&gt;(in [[Circulus Hildesiensis|Circulo Hildesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Hildesiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Hildesheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hildesiensis-e&quot; ad [[Hildesia]]m refertur. Hac de urbe, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eime'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eima (Circulus Holtisminnensis)|Eima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Holtisminnensis|Circulo Holtisminnensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Holtisminnensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Holzminden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Holtisminni]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Holtisminnensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekelum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide: Von Hodenberg, W. (Ed.) (1855). ''Walsroder Urkundenbuch (Urkunde Nr. 19)''. Hahnsche Hofbuchhandlung. Quo opere &quot;proprietatem bonorum in Ekelo, que ab ecclesia Walsrodensi in feodum tenuit, pro quinquaginta marcis seriosius comparavit.&quot; dicitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eickeloh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elba (Saxonia Inferior)|Elba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbingeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elbingerode'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eldinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eldingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Elsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Elsdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Elsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embeca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Embeca&quot;&gt;&quot;non ignobiles Saxoniae civitates, Embeca et Gottinga&quot; {{Google Books|I7pXAAAAcAAJ|p. 734}}. Interdum &quot;Embica&quot;, &quot;Embecka&quot; etc. reperis&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Einbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aimbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Embsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Emden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Oamde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emphstece]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emphstece&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emstek.de/die-gemeinde/ortsteile/emstek?utm ''www.emstek.de'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 947 als „Emphstece&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Emstek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emstäk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emsbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emsbüren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Büren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelschofa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hofa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hof(f)(e)(n)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hofa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa Bavarica]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]], [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]], [[Poohofa]], [[Gundershofa]], [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa Badeniae-Virtembergiae]], [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]], [[Matichofa]], [[Philshofa]] apud [[Google|Gugulam]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Engelschoff''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engelschopp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minden II 1902&quot;&gt;Minden, G. von (Ed.) (1902). ''Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe von Verden und Minden (Band 2)''. Hahn’sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ehrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ehrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erkeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-roda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-rode'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-roda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Baceroda]], [[Gerningeroda]], [[Osteroda]], [[Werningroda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Erkerode''; [[Saxonice]] ''Erkero'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ericetum Magnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;&gt;[https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=MeckWB&amp;lemid=H01756 Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum et vocabulum ''(-)Heide'' Latino nomine &quot;Ericetum-i&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magnus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Groß-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großheide''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Escheda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eschede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschershusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eschershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Essel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Essel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Äsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esterwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esterwegen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Äästerweede'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Visurgis|Visurgem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'' seu ''Esdrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Estorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Stadae&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Stade'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Stadae]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Estorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Esdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evergoteshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemiumEver&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum primae formae huius toponymi ''Euergoteshem'' testatae applicatur. Qua de pristina forma, vide: H. Bresslau et. al.: ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs II. und Arduins''. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser, Band 3. [[Hannovera]]e 1900–1903.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ebergötzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ewerchötzschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Everinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ingaEvern&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu suffixum mediaevali formae huius toponymi ''Everinge'' testatae applicatur. Quo de mediaevali toponymo, vide: Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (1998). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises und der Stadt Hannover (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil I)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Deutsch Evern''; [[Saxonice]] ''Düütsch Äwern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eversmeer]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eversmeer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Evessum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB 2004&quot;&gt;Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch (2004). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''' (NOB III). [[Gottinga]]e: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Evessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eydelstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eydelstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eidelstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eyendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Eyendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eyndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eystharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Eystrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eestrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fallingbostela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bad Fallingbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Fambossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Farva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Farven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Farm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fassberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Faßberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Filsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Firrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Florimontium (circulus Widmundensis)|Florimontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Blomberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bloombarg'' seu ''Blombarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Flotide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flotide&quot;&gt;De nominibus &quot;Flotide&quot; {{caa|780|802}}, &quot;Flathi&quot; {{caa|1013}}, &quot;Flatide&quot; {{caa|1142}}, &quot;Flothethe&quot; {{caa|1187}}, &quot;Vlothe&quot; {{caa|1189}} et &quot;Flotethe&quot; {{caa|1194}}, vide: Udolph, Jürgen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729194352/https://www.ndr.de/ndr1niedersachsen/programm/Ortsnamen-Uebersicht-fuer-Buchstaben-F,ortsnamenforscher111.html ''Ortsnamenforscher'']. ''NDR 1 Niedersachsen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Flöthe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frankenfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Frankenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fredenbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-biki&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-beck'' seu ''-beek'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-biki-orum&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Aesebiki]], [[Asbiki]], [[Beverbiki]], [[Gledabiki]], [[Goltbiki]], [[Sannanabiki]], [[Trobiki]], [[Walbeka|Walbiki]], [[Winesbiki]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fredenbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freenbeek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Freren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fresenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fresenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fräsenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friburgum (Albis)|Friburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friburgum&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiburg'' Latino toponymo &quot;Friburgum&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]] aut [[Friburgum Nuithonum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Freiburg/Elbe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fryborg'' seu ''Freiborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frideburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frideburgum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/index_htm_files/Staats-%20u.%20Reisegeogr.%205.pdf?utm ''Beschreibung derer merkwürdigsten Oerter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Frideburg, Friedeburg, lat. Frideburgum'''. Liegt im Fürstenthum Ostfriesland, an den Grenzen der Grafschaft Oldenburg (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Friedeburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Freborg'' seu ''Freebörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Friedlandia (Saxonia Inferior)|Friedlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedland&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Friedland' in Latinam &quot;Friedlandia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friedland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Frisoyta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Frisoyta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363707446_Der_Status_animarum_im_Hochstift_Munster_und_die_Alphabetisierung_im_landlichen_Raum_eines_geistlichen_Furstentums_im_17_und_18_Jahrhundert ''Der Status animarum im Hochstift Münster und die Alphabetisierung im ländlichen Raum eines geistlichen Fürstentums im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Specificatio catholic[orum] et acatholicorum in Frisoyta (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Friesoythe''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ait''; [[Saxonice]] ''Aithe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Furstenavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum nomen proprium ''Fürstenau'' in Latinam &quot;Furstenavia&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) FURSTENAVIA Familia Germ. ''Furstenau'', ramus est Familiae Erpacensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Fürstenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Fösnau'' seu ''Försnau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Furstenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fürstenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ganderkesea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ganderkesee''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gannerseer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandershemium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.fi/books?id=6kwBAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;lpg=PA27&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=_NMr2DmhUK&amp;sig=CXPUuuKZ8W03AC7uB3YlYYNscJ4&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false R. p. Hertenberger: ''Historia pragmatica universalis, sacra et profana''], p.27;
[http://books.google.fi/books?id=yScyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58&amp;lpg=PA58&amp;dq=Gandershemium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ZoGX4tZRRD&amp;sig=8fUZc6grFgYD0jN-twVcDyzarYI&amp;hl=fi&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7z7WUrfrO8iC4gTGxoGYCw&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Gandershemium&amp;f=false ''Acta Sanctorum, Junii'' (1698-1717), cit. in ''A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960)''], p. 58 n.103.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Gandersheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ganderssen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gandesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gandesbergen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Gannsbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garbsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garbsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garlstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garlstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Garlstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garrel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Garrel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Garstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Garstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gastää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gartovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gartow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geesta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Geeste''; [[Saxonice]] ''Choeiste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gehrda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gährde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gemmegum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemmegum&quot;&gt;Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gerdau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerdinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerdinium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/gehrden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der spätere Flecken möglicherweis erstmals als ''Gerdinum'' im Verzeichnis der Schenkungen (''Traditionen'') an das Kloster Corvey erwähnt, das um 826/76 angelegt wurde (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gehrden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gieren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gersta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gersten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevensleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gevensleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gevera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jever'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gieboldehusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gieboldehausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chiwelehusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Giesa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Giesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gifhorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Gifhorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gilta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gilten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glandorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Glandorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gleicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gleichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gnarrenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gnarrenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gnarrenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Godenstorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gödenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gö’nstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldbiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Golmbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goldenstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Goldenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gollnste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorenthin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gorenthin&quot;&gt;Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1857hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) villam Gorenthin '' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Göhrde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göhr''; [[Polabice]] ''Djöra'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gorleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gorleben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Goslaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Goslar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Goslär'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gottinga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=kkM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=gottingensis&amp;lr=&amp;cd=14#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Libri Googles].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Göttingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Chöttingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grafhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-horst'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-horstium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-horst''' : -''horstium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grafhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grafhorst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grasbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grasleba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-leba&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-leben'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-leba-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hadersleba]], [[Kintileba]], [[Meresleba]], [[Mimileba]], [[Rumerestleba]], [[Wigileba]], [[Winirichileba]], [[Albgozesleba]], [[Asoltesleba]], [[Buffileba]], [[Egisleba]], [[Gorchesleba]], [[Gozzenleba]], [[Gunderichesleba]], [[Gunzenleba]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grasleben''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graslewe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grethemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grethem''; [[Saxonice]] ''Graitn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grona (Leina)|Grona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gronau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grundensis Civitas Metallica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Grund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Grunendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Grünendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Greundiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guderhandviertel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Guderhandviertel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Gauderhandviddel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Guelpherbytum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfenbüttel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusbornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bornium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-born'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bornium-ii&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Calenbornium (prope Aram)|Calenbornium prope Aram]] et [[Calenbornium (prope Caesariacum)|Calenbornium prope Caesariacum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn''); [[Calenbornium-Scheurenum]] (Theodisce ''Kalenborn-Scheuern''); [[Hasbornium (Eiflia)|Hasbornium]] (Theodisce ''Hasborn''); [[Leidenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Leidenborn''); [[Lichtenbornium]] (Theodisce ''Lichtenborn''). Quae omnia toponyma ex articulo Vicipaediae Latinae de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Rhenaniae_et_Palatinatus indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus] desumpta sunt, ubi apte referuntur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Gusborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gyhum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Gyhum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jeem'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Hachede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hachede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/marschacht/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''paludem a Blekethe vsque ad Ecclesiam Hachede'' (...) ''in quorum honore est altare in prefata ecclesia Hachethe dedicatum'' (...) ''Hinricus Bartolomei plebanus in Merschhachede'' (...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Merschachtede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Marschacht''; [[Saxonice]] ''Meschacht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hademstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hademstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hamstorp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haeslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heeslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Haga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „
Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hage''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Haag'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haga Schauenburgi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  ''Stadthagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hagenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hagenburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halbemontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-montium&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-mond'' aut ''-mont'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-montium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-mond, mont''' : -''montium, mons'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halbemond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Holtisminni)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Montibus [[Visurgis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Neuenhusa]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Halvesbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Halvesbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hambuhra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hambühren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hambüren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1146 ''in Sutherem iuxta Hamele'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 239 S. 222) 1180 ''in Bikem iuxta Honhamelen'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 396 S. 385) 1193 ''in Honhamele'' (UB H.Hild. II Nachtrag Nr. 13 S. 580) 1198 ''apud Honhamelen'' (...) 1251 ''Sutherem apud Hoenhamale'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 861 S. 435) 1278-1280 ''iugera Hamelen'' (Lehnregister Meinersen II Nr. 20 S. 590) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohenhameln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häogenhameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamelhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hämelhausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hämelhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hamersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Homersen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamma (Saxonia Inferior)|Hamma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ah&quot;&gt;Germanica aut Semitica aut Indoiranica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ah'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Exempli gratiā: [[Calvela]], [[Maliana]], Parra, [[Widenla]], [[Zellia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hammah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hammoh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handeloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handeloh'' seu olim ''Handorf bei Tostedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Handorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Handorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Handörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hantharpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Handrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hannovera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terrae foederalis]] et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hannover''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannober'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Harburgensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circulo Harburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Harburg&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanstää'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hanstadium (Circulus Ulsenensis)|Hanstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Ulsenensis|Circulo Ulsenensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Uelzen&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hanstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hanster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hardegsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hardegsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harmsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harpstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harpstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsfeldum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Harsefeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harsfeld'' seu ''Hasfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harsum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Harsum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hartsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Harzburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Harzeborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hasbergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haßbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haßbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasela&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hassel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Dort ist die ''villa Hasela'' erwähnt, also das Dorf Hassel (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hassel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hassendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hassendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hassendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasta (Saxonia Inferior)|Hasta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hatta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hatten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattorpium ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hattorf am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hauslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Häuslingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Haverla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haverla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) um 941 (Fä. Mitte 12. Jh., kop. 17. Jh.) ''Haverlae'' (...) 1319 ''Haverla'' (UB H Hild. IV 464 S. 247) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Haverlah''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hedebere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedebere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Antiquum Hedebere seu Minus, Novum Hedebere seu Maius'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hedeper''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heper'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heeda (Terra Emesensis)|Heeda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Häie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heemsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heessa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heeßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heidenavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Heidenavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heidenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heina (Saxonia Inferior)|Heina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heina&quot;&gt;Vide [https://hgv-hhm.de/ortsnamen-13-19-jahrhundert.html?utm ''Heimat- und Geschichtsverein für Heinade-Hellental-Merxhausen E.V.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''villa Heina'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinade'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinbockel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinbockel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heiningensis Locus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heiningen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heinig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heinsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heinsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heli (Saxonia Inferior)|Heli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Heli&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in villa Heli'' (...) ''Heloon'' (...) ''collatio ecclesie Helen'' (...) ''Thidericus de Helenen'' (...) ''plebanos ecclesiarum de Helen'' (...) ''in campo sive marke ville Helen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hehlen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hellwega]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hellwege''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hellweeg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helmstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Helmstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helpsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Helpsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Helvesiecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-siek&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;. Hoc in casu, applicatur terminatio latinizans formae antiquae suffixi ''-siek'' -quae ''-sieck'', ut accidit in toponymis velut ''Bannensieck'', cuius hodierna forma ''Bannensiek'' est. Qua de ultima antiqua forma, vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=2955251 ''Arcinsys''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Helvesiek''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemminga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hemminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemmingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsbunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsbünde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heemsbünnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemslinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemslingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hemsloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hemsloh''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hemzel'' seu ''Hemsel'' seu ''Hemßel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hepstedt''; [Saxonice]] ''Hepst'' seu ''Heps'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hepstidi Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hipstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hipst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Herrum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20241109195129/https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B73-8/NOB%20III%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Salzgitter.pdf ''NOB III Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Wolfenbüttel und der Stadt Salzgitter.''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Majori villa Herre'' (...) ''Maiori Here'' (...) ''Minori Herro'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hertzberga ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Herzberg am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herzlaka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Herzlake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hässelke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hespa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hespe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heuerssa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Heuerßen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoarßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Heyen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Hein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hildesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hildesheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hilmessen'' seu ''Hilmssen'')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Hilgermissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilgermissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hillersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hillerse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hilter ad Teutoburgiensem Saltum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Teutoburger Wald&quot;&gt;Cfr. [[Cornelius Tacitus|Taciti]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'', {{Vf|Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber I|LX|I, 60}}: &quot;... haud procul '''Teutoburgiensi saltu''' in quo reliquiae Vari legionumque insepultae dicebantur&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hilter am Teutoburger Wald'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Himberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Himbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Himbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hinuti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinuti&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3180/Hinte.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Das Dorf wurde im 10. Jahrhundert als „in Hinuti“ erstmals urkundlich erfasst (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hinte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hint'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hitgera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hitzacker''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauci'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hittberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hittbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hittbargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlunia (commune)|Hlunia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlunia&quot;&gt;Nomen communis Theodisce ''Lenne'' dicti suo e homonymo fluvio, Latine &quot;Hlunia&quot; nuncupato, ortum est. Latinum igitur nomen huius communis Latino ex hydronymo etiam derivandum est. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lenne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hlutherun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlutherun&quot;&gt;Vide [https://koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBodeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161221-965.htm?utm ''Koeble rGerhard Bodeinderdeutschen Ortsgeschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lüder''', 11. Jh., an einem Bache bei Bodenteich bei Uelzen, F1-1383 HLUTAR (lauter bzw. rein) Hlutherun, Hlutherun (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lüder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hodenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hodenhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohbuoki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hohbuoki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/RELM/7/RELM007-001.pdf?utm ''The very beginning of Europe?''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''castellum hohbuoki'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Höhbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hionhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hohnstorpium (Albis)|Hohnstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hohnstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Haunstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Holdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hollrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holdunesteti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hollenstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hullnst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hollnsethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holsta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtgaste]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtgast'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtisminni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Holzminden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Holtsminne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holtlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Holza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Holzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Honengesbuthele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Honengesbuthele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://blog.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/groups/slubsite/Blog/2015-KristinCasimir-VortragDresden.pdf?utm ''Ortsnamen zwischen Rhein und Elbe - Onomastik im europäischen Raum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Honengesbvthele'' statt ''Honekesbutle'' (Casemir, -büttel S. 147) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hankensbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoogsteda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hoogstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hoogstee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hörden am Harz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hornborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horstadium (Saxonia Inferior)|Horstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Horstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Horß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hoya''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Hoya/Weser''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''de Haaien'' seu ''Hejen'' seu ''Hajen'' seu ''Heien'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huda (Circulus terrae Diepholtia)|Huda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hüde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hüde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hudha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hude'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hulseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hülsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hülse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Husum (prope Novam Urbem)|Husum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Husum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Husen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hutta Georgii et Mariae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;hutta-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixis ''-hütte'' aut ''-hutta'' plerumque latinizari solent Latino vocabulo &quot;Hutta-ae&quot;, quamquam huius vocabuli variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Hutta vitriaria Bohemica]] apud [https://schwaben.hu/ortschaften/bohmischhutten?utm Schwaben.hu. (s. d.). ''Böhmischhütten / Csehbánya – Ortsgeschichte'']; [[Hutta Germanica]] apud [https://huta.ewk.hu/nemetbanya-1757-1781/?utm ''Németbánya. (s. s.). Németbánya története'']; [[Hutta Vitriaria]] apud https://slavistika.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2015_1.pdf?utm [Majtán, M. (1998). ''Názvy obcí Slovenskej republiky: Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997''. Bratislaviae: Veda]; Hutta apud [https://real.mtak.hu/140291/1/K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1talja%20helys%C3%A9gnevei.pdf?utm ''Kárpátalja helységnevei.'']; [[Hutta Polonica]] apud Štefánik, M. (2022). ''Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed età moderna: Economia, società, cultura''. Heidelberg University Publishing; [[Hutta (Eiflia)|Hutta Eifliae]] apud Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher, et Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Georgius&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgius?utm Theodiscum praefixum ''Georg-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Georfii&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maria&quot;&gt;[https://la.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maria?utm Theodiscum interfixum ''-marien-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;Mariae&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Georgsmarienhütte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Huvenni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huvenni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dokumen.pub/suffixbildungen-in-alten-ortsnamen-akten-eines-internationalen-symposiums-in-uppsala-14-16-mai-2004-9185352578.html?utm ''Suffixbildungen in alten Ortsnamen: Akten eines internationalen Symposiums in Uppsala 14.-16. Mai 2004 9185352578''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hüven (Kr. Emsland), 10. Jh. (Kopie 15. Jh.) in Huvenni (Möller 1998 S. 101, Udolph 2002a S. 238) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hüven'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iatha&quot;&gt;Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha]  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Von Schaten 1714&quot;&gt;Von Schaten, N. (1714). ''Monumenta Osnabrugensia ex historia romana, francica, saxonicaque eruta''. Typis Jodoci Henrici Meyer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Iburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Ibig'' seu ''Ibig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ielmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jelmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jelmstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iembka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iemela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iemela&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}. Hoc casu, latinizans suffixum primae communis Theodisce ''Jameln'' dicti mentioni, quae ''Jemelen'' est, applicatur; qua de mentione, vide [https://rcin.org.pl/ihpan/Content/30940/PDF/WA303_9438_A165-8-r1929_Slavia-Occ.pdf?utm ''Slavia Occidentalis, Tomus VIII''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jameln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ierichsum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jerxheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jerksen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iesteburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Jesteburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ihlienverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-verda-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-verda-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Indago Comitis Hoyae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Indago Comitis Hoyae&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hoyerhagen/?utm ''kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''indago comitis Hoye'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hoyerhagen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Heierhagen'' seu ''Heyerhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Iuistensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuistensis&quot;&gt;De Latino gentilicio, cf. [[binomen|epithetum binominale]] [https://turbellaria.umaine.edu/turbellaria/turb3.php?action=6&amp;code=598&amp;valid=618&amp;utm  &quot;juistensis&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Juist'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Longa (Saxonia Inferior)|Insula Longa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Insula Longa&quot;&gt;Vocabulum ''Langeoog'', a vocibus [[Lingua Frisica|Frisicis Orientalibus]] ''lange-'' ([[Theodisce]] ''lang'') et ''-oog'' (Theodisce ''Insel'') compositum, [[Latine]] &quot;Insula Longa&quot; reddi potest: Buurman, in ''Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch, s. v. oog, ostfrisicum -oog «Insel» significare tradit atque exempla Langeoog, Spiekeroog, Wangeroog affert; item Glossarium der Flurnamensammlung Ostfriesland'', s. v. ''Oog'', vocabulum Frisicum Orientale ''ôg, oge'' Theodisco ''Insel'' interpretatur. [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/lang?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum autem adiectivum ''lang'' Latine &quot;longus, -a, -um&quot;] redditur; [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/insula?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 nomen vero Theodiscum ''Insel'' Latine &quot;insula, -ae&quot; f.] dicitur. Quam ob rem compositum &quot;Insula Longa&quot; sensum toponymi fideliter reddit.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langeoog''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Langeooch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langoog'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isernhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isernhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Isterberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Itterbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iuniun]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iunium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 960 Iuniun (MGH DO I. Nr. 206 S. 285) (...) 1251 (A. 14. Jh.) Johan de June (UB Göttingen I Nr. 4 S. 5) 1266 ''Godefridus de Iunen [...] sacerdos'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jühnde'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kakenstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kakenstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kakenstörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Karwicium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-icium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-itsch'' aut ''-itz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-icium-i&quot; aut &quot;-itium-i&quot; aut &quot;-icia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-itsch, -itz''' : ''-icium, -itium, -icia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Karwitz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Katlenburgum-Lindavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Katlenburg-Lindau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Katelnborg-Lindau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kettencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kettenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ketenkamp '')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchdorfium (Saxonia Inferior)|Kirchdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Kirchdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchgellersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchgellersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkgellsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchseelta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchseelte''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seelte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchtimka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchtimke''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karktimk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirchwalseda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchwalsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karkwals'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kissenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kissenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kissenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneitlinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kneitlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kneitling'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kneta Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großenkneten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grotekneten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krebecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Krebeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Krummendicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dicum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-di(e)k(e)'' aut ''-deich(e)'' aut ''-dijk'' aut ''-dyk(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dicum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Isendicum]] apud {{Graesse}}; aut [[Mardicum]] apud ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appelé Dictionnaire de Trévoux''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Krummendeich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Krummendiek'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kusta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Küsten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kutenholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-holz'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-holtia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kutenholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kutenhult'' seu ''Kutenholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Laatza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Laatzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lachendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lachendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lachendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lacstidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacstidi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''Mundart Kommission''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in locis quorum hec sunt nomina, Lacstidi, Romlo, Dudanebutli'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Loxstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lox'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ladorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Abels 1929&quot;&gt;Abels, H. (1929). ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes, in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. [[Paderbronna]]e: Ferdinand Schöningh.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lorup''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loorp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loorpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stüve 1789&quot;&gt;Stüve, J. E. (1789). ''Beschreibung des Fürstenthums Osnabrück mit einigen Urkunden''. Kißling.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Laer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lähden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Löhn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahna (Saxonia Inferior)|Lahna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahna&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Lahn'' forma &quot;Lahna&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Limburgum ad Lahnam]] et [[Laugana|Lahnam]] apud [http://www.archive.org/stream/a568395900unknuoft/a568395900unknuoft_djvu.txt ''Further correspondence respecting the relations existing between foreign governments and the court of Rome: in continuation of papers presented to the Parliament,'' March 27, 1851].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lahn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamespringa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamespringa&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933%2C_MGH%2C_5_Antiquitates._01_Poetae_04_1._Poetae_Latini_Aevi_Carolini%2C_LT.pdf?utm ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Agius autem Lamespringae monachus fuisse videatur'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lamspringe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lamstedt/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parochia Lamestede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landesberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Landesbergen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landsebargen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landolfshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landolfshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa (Circulus Terrae Emesensis)|Langa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niederlangen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nederlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langa Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ober&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;superior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr. Cf. [[Austria Superior|Austriam Superiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oberlangen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelege]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langelege&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/langlingen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia Langelege'' (Kirche Langlingen), (...) Bauern in Langlingen (''cives in Langelege'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langlingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langeln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langelshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemnitz 1717&quot;&gt;Chemnitz, B. P., (1717). ''Belli Sueco-Germanici Volumen Primum: In quo ostenditur, quibus de caussis Gustavus Adolphus, Suecorum Rex, in Germaniam transiverit''. Sumptibus Ioh. Caspari Meyeri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langelsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langwedel&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lare&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lasdorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasdorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lastrup.de/portal/seiten/geschichte-900000009-31120.html?utm ''Lastrup''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Curia Lasdorpe“ (Haupthof Lastrup) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lastrup''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Laastrup'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenbruga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-brück(e)'' aut ''-brügge'' aut ''-brugg(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Steinbruga]], [[Kissenbruga]], [[Bruga]], [[Bruga ad Ederum]], [[Osnabruga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenbrück''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenbrüch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenforda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lauenförde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lauenhaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-haga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-hag(e)(n)'' seu ''-ha(a)g'' seu ''-hague'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-haga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga Franconiae Superioris]], [[Haga ad Ambram]], [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavaria Superiore]] apud [[Index communium Bavariae|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Bavariae]]; [[Falkenhaga (Marchia)|Falkenhaga Marchiana]] apud [[Index communium Brandenburgi|articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Haga Schauenburgi]], [[Haga Promontorium]], [[Haga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loamharen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leezdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Leezdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leezdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leha (Terrae Emesensis)|Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lehe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Läie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lehrta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehrte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leiferda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leiferde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lembruchium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-bruchium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-bruch'' seu ''-broich'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-bruchium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Horbruchium]] ac [[Mosbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus|indice urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]; [[Legebruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Brandenburgi|indice communium Brandenburgi]]; [[Grevenbruchium]] apud articulum Vicipaediae Latinae de [[Index communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae|indice communium Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lembruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lembrouk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemgovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;&gt;{{Hofmannus}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lemgow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-ovia&quot;&gt;[[Linguae Germanicae|Germanica]] ac [[linguae Slavicae|Slavica]] toponyma cum suffixo ''-ov'' seu ''-öv'' seu ''ow'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ovia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Asovia]], [[Brewnovia]], [[Czernichovia]], [[Glasgovia]], [[Golnovia]], [[Grabovia]], [[Kharkovia]], [[Laszovia]], [[Ostrovia]], [[Pscovia]], [[Racovia]], [[Sucovia]], [[Tarnovia]], [[Wengrovia]], [[Witkowa]], [[Wittovia]], [[Crovia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengethe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VIII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2261/NOB%20VIII_Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Peine.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VIII_Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Peine'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in Lengethe'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 275 S. 259) 1213 ''in Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. I Nr. 660 S. 631) um 1232 ''in Lengethe archidiaconus'' (UB Goslar I Nr. 518 S. 499) 1235 ''in Lengete'' (Orig. Guelf. IV Nr. 50 S. 144) 1256 ''in archidiaconatibus de Barem et Lengede'' (UB H.Hild. II Nr. 992 S. 497) 1311 Lenghedhe apud Vusenam (UB H.Hild. IV Nr. 85 S. 45) 1316 ''in Lengede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lenge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengenbostel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengenbostel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengenbossel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lengirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lengirichi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''AltdeutschesNamenbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 2) Lengerich an der Wallage, Kr. Lingen (...) Lengirichi Osnabr. Ukb. ca. a. 1000. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lengerich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lengerke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonis Forda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonis Forda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.komoot.com/es-es/highlight/2261371 ''Iglesia Martín Lutero de Lemförde''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) La comunidad fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento en 1248. En épocas anteriores, el lugar se llamaba Löwenförde, Leonis forda (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemförde''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lemfouer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leonovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leonovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://sempub.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum_vitae/de/wisski/navigate/93514/view?utm ''Propylaeum Vitae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Leonovia-Brunsvigius (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lauenau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laena'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leopolis (Saxonia Inferior)|Leopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebel 1960&quot;&gt;Ebel, W. (1960). ''Lübisches Recht: Erster Band''. Hansischer Geschichtsverein.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bleckede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bleikd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leer''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Läär''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lier'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lerin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB VII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB VII Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in loco Lerin provincie Saxo[n]um iuxta flumen Ouácra'' (...) ''Lerim'' (...)''in Lere'' (mGH Urk. Hdl nr. 50 s. 71) 1196-1197 ''Lere'' (schneidmüller, Kollegiatstifte s. 311) 1234 ''in Lere'' (...) ''plebano in Lere'' (UB Braunschweig iii nr. 440 s. 325) 1344 ''in villa Leere'' (Flentje / Henrichvark, lehnbücher nr. 142 s. 69) 1380 ''Lere'' (UB Braunschweig Vii nr. 351 s. 324) 1419 ''actum in Lere'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lehre'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lethi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lethi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lathen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist der Ort im Emsland erstmals als ''Lethi'' im Urbar der Abtei Werden erwähnt; der Eintrag lässt sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lathen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Laothen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liebenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenburg''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Liebenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liliarum Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lilienthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Leendaal'' seu ''Lelendaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindduri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lindern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindhorstium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-horstium&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindhorst''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lindhoste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindwedel]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lindwedel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linneweh'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linga (Amisia)|Linga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Linsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Linsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lintlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lintlo&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Liubeme]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lübbow&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/luebbow/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Schriftlich ist das zweizeilige Reihendorf erstmals in einer kaiserlichen Urkunde aus dem Jahr 956 erwähnt: Ks. Otto I. († 973) schenkte dem Kloster Quedlinburg sechs Dörfer, darunter ''Liubeme'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübbow'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Locus Occidentalis (Saxonia Inferior)|Locus Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Westerstede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Westerstäe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''Das Güterverzeichniss Graf Heinrichs von Dale (1188)'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochia Lon prope Vechtam'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lohne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Indago&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''www.dbnl.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parrochianus de Longa Indagine'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langenhagen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langenhogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Longa Villa (Saxonia Inferior)|Longa Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Longa Villa&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Langendorf'' Latino toponymo &quot;Longa Villa&quot; verti solet. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/15237/PDF/17250.pdf?utm ''Das Waldhufendorf in Schlesien'', Gualterii Bernardi], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Langedorf ca. 1305 L.F.B.208 Longa villa (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Langendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Langendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Loninga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Löningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lubberstedi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lubberstedi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://lübberstedt.de/ueber-unser-dorf/?utm ''Lübberstedt''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der ursprüngliche Name „lubberstedi“ ist zusammengesetzt aus „stedi“ (Ort, Platz, Stelle), womit eine Ansiedlung bezeichnet wird, und „lubber“, dem Namen des (ursprünglichen) Familienoberhauptes des Einzelhofes bzw. der kleinen Gemeinschaftssiedlung, bedeutet also: „Lubbers-Stätte“. (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lübberstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lübbs'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luccavia (Saxonia Inferior)|Luccavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luccavia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Luckau'' forma &quot;Luccavia&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Luccavia]]m apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Luckau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luchovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Luchovia&quot;&gt;Vide [https://ia801403.us.archive.org/28/items/antiquitatessele00keys/antiquitatessele00keys.pdf ''Antiquitates selectae septentrionales et Celticae''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) De Venedicis aut Germanicis prope Luchoviam effossis Epistola ''Georgii Frid, Mithofii'' data Luchovia d. 17. Maji 1691 (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüchow''; [[Polabice]] ''Ljauchüw'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüsborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ludersfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüdersfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lüschenfeile'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luerdissa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Lüerdissen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luhda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Luhden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Liuen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luneburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;magna urbs sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lüneburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lümborg'' seu ''Lünborg''; [[Lingua Saxonica antiqua|Palaeosaxonice]] ''Hliuni'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/haseluenne/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''civibus opidi nostri in Lunne'' (...)&quot;. Latinum autem gentilicium &quot;Haselunnensis-e&quot; est. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Haselünne''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lunni (commune generali Spella)|Lunni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lunni&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/AltdeutschesNamenbuch-Bd2OrtsnamenLbisZ-3A-1913.pdf?utm ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'']; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Lunni.''' 9. 1) Altlünne bei Plantlünne (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lünne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lutetsburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Lütetsburg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Lütsbörg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Luttera Regalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königslutter am Elm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lyese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyese&quot;&gt;Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783835341944_A39332036/preview-9783835341944_A39332036.pdf?utm ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) in marchia Lyese proprietatis iure (...) in campis de Lyese trans Werram (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Leese'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Maasa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Maasen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Magna Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Magna Palus&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/magnus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum ''Große-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;magnus-a-um&quot;] et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Großefehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Maius Vrelstede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maius Vrelstede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der stadt WoLfsburg''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''in Maiori Vrelstede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Frellstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Frillstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Markloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marklohe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marlare (Saxonia Inferior)|Marlare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marlare&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Marl'' forma &quot;Marlare&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [[Marlare|Marlare Rhenaniae Septentrionalis et Vestfaliae]] apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marsunnon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marsunnon&quot;&gt;Vide [https://historischer-rueckklick-bielefeld.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/07svhvr-texte_ocr.pdf?utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Osnabrücker Raumes''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Merzen (Marsunnon)'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Merzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Marxa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Marxen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Masingi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Messingen&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2258/WOB%2011%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Kreises%20Paderborn.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''WOB 11 Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Paderborn''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''silva Masingorum'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Messingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mechtersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Mechtersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mechtsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckelsa Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Klein Meckelsen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Meckels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Media Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Media Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/mittelnkirchen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi &quot;(...) Mittelnkirchen ist nach 1305 und 1322 als ''medie Lu'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelnkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelskark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meinersa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meinersen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Maanze'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Melbike]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Melbeck&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.samtgemeinde-ilmenau.de/PortalData/10/Resources/historie/dokumente/Orts-_und_Gewaessernamen_im_Landkreis_Lueneburg.pdf?utm ''Orts- und Gewässernamen im Landkreis Lueneburg'']. ubi &quot;(...) Melbeck 1296 in Melbeke. 1300 in villa Melbike. 1303 in villa Melbeke (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melbeck'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lemgo.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Stadtarchiv/Bib_974.pdf?utm ''Album studiosorum Academiae'']. ubi &quot;(...) Henrich Carl Kahmann Mella-Osnabrugensis (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Melle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mellinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mellinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mellgenhusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Menslaga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Menslage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Menslaoge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meppea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meppen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Möppen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Merdvelde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Merdvelde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/martfeld/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Curtem in Merdvelde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Martfeld''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mattfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meribiki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meribiki&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=3296&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Meerbeck''' (...) Meribiki MGd. 3 (1013) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Meerbeck''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mierbke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Messencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Messenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Messenkampe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Meine'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mittelstenaha]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Mittelstenahe''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mittelsnohn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moisburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-burg&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-burg'' et ''-borg'' et ''-burgh'' et ''-bourg'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-burgum-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Wisingsburgum]], [[Edinburgum]], [[Alburgum]], [[Altenburgum]], [[Brandeburgum]], [[Caroburgum]], [[Doesburgum]], [[Friburgum]], [[Hamburgum]], [[Iulioburgum]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Moisburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Mesborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Molberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Molberga&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/loescher2/loescherthreni.html ''THRENI, SEU LAMENTATIOnes Ieremiae Prophetae...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1318 ''Molberga vocatur'' (...) ''Sensit et externas Molberga innoxia vires'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Molbergen''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Molbiergen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monstere]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Monstere&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/munster-st-urbani/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''decima in Monstere'' (...)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Munster''; [[Saxonice]] ''Munste'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moormerlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moormerland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Moormerlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moranga Curtis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moringen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mundia Hannoverana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundia Hannoverana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://spatial.demo.geocode.earth/explore/place/wof/101810167?utm ''Geocode Earth''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) LAT preferred '''Mundia Hannoverana''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Hann. Münden'' seu ''Hannoversch Münden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hannöversch Münnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Munimeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dronke 1844&quot;&gt;Dronke, E. F. J. (Ed.) (1844). ''Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses: Chartae et registra historica saeculi IX''. Fuldense: Typis Müllerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Münder am Deister''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Münner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mutha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mutha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://niedersaechsischer-heimatbund.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/1022-Die-echte-und-die-gef%C3%A4lschten-Urkunden-f%C3%BCr-das-Kloster-St.-MIchaelis-in-Hildesheim_compressed.pdf?utm ''Niedersächsischer Heimatbund''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) III. ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. II S. 307); ''Mutha'' Güter (Urk. III S. 66) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Müden'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nahrendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nahrendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nenndorfium (circulus Widmundensis)|Nenndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nenndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nenndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Netesse]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Netesse&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WG33LCQUIIHK3OA7DR6IKIOFHW6FXKYJ?utm ''12 Lüneburger Ratsmannen bekunden, dass der Magister Bernard de Netesse (Neetze) ½ Rump Salz...''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Magister Bernard de Netesse (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neetze''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neetz'' seu ''Näätz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-lueneburger-heide/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''bona, que Vriban vulgariter nuncupantur, in Neyenkerken et Hellewede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Ericetum Luneburgense|Ericeto Luneburgensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ericetum&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium ''Lüneburger'' Latino &quot;Luneburgensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad [[Luneburgum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lüneburger Heide&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Lüneburger Heide''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niedernwohra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Niedernwöhren''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niernweuern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nienstide]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienstide&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-07-2017/AAAKoeblerGerhardSamtgemeindeinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20170710%20-%20111.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...)  (Samtgemeinde in dem Landkreis Schaumburg,) rund 11000 Einwohner, Nienstide (1153-1170) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nienstädt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienstie'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nighunburni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Negenborn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niägenborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norden''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Nörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordcele]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordcele&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/wikiling/index.php?f=lemmaFull&amp;langType=reviews&amp;lemmaID=2774&amp;utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Nordsehl''', 13. Jh., Gemeinde in Schaumburg, s. GOV Schaumburg 384, (in) Nordcele Cal (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nordsehl''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nordsiele'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordenhamia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ham&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ham'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-hamia-ae&quot; aut &quot;hamium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ham''' : -''hamia,'' -''hamium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordenham'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norderneia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Norderney''; [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Nördernee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nordtmor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordtmor&quot;&gt;Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio &quot;Nordtmorensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nortmoor/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Nordtmorensis: Hermannus Gueneranus'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nortmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Norhtunon-Hardenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nörten&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/noerten/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon'']. ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Norhtunon'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nörten-Hardenberg''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Saxonice|Ostfalice]] ''Nörten-Harenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northarpa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-tharpa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-trup'' seu ''-drup'' seu ''-trop'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-tharpa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Butilingtharpa]], [[Graftharpa]], [[Gumorodingtharpa]], [[Haringtharpa]], [[Heppingtharpa]], [[Holttharpa]], [[Hurstharpa]], [[Kathingtharpa]], [[Kiedeningtharpa]], [[Marastharpa]], [[Markiligtharpa]], [[Meinbrahtingtharpa]], [[Peingtharpa]], [[Radistharpa]], [[Sutharpa]], [[Tettingtharpa]], [[Vilomaringtharpa]], [[Winikingtharpa]], [[Varetharpa]], [[Vrilingtharpa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nortrup''; [[Saxonice]] ''Norpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothemium&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Et VVolferbytum, Northemium, Steinbruggam, Nienburgum (...) Primo vere Tillius tribunos suos Northemium misit (...) Caesaeriani Northemium expugnant (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Northeim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nuurten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nortleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nortleda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordleda/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1312 als ''Nortleda'' belegt (...) ''Marquardus de Nortleda'' (...) ''Thidericus rector ecclesie in Nortleda'' (...) ''rector parochialis ecclesia in Nortleda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nordleda''; [[Saxonice]] ''De Lee'' seu ''Lee'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Notendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Notendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://mgh.de/storage/app/media/v-ed/Urkunden_Heinrich_VI_deut_franzoes_italien_Empfaenger_DD_Vorabedition_Pferschy-Maleczek_2020-02-16.pdf?utm ''Die Urkunden Heinrichs VI: Vorabedition''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''confirmamus ducentos mansos in Notendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Natendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Natendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nottensdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Nottensdorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nottensdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Civitas (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Civitas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neustadt am Rübenberge'' seu ''Neustadt a. Rbge.''; [[Saxonice]] ''Niestadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Darchavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-avia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-au'' seu ''-aw'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-avia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Iereslavia]], [[Iunonwladislavia]], [[Labiavia]], [[Landavia]], [[Lindavia]], [[Liptavia]], [[Lobavia]], [[Lochavia]], [[Lublavia]], [[Luccavia]], [[Mitavia]], [[Multavia]], [[Namslavia]], [[Neoboleslavia]], [[Olavia]], [[Oppavia]], [[Pegavia]], [[Pillavia]], [[Premislavia]], inter alia, apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Darchau''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nee Darchau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Domus (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Domus&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhaus'' Latino &quot;Nova Domum&quot; verti solet. Cf. Novas Domus apud {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neehuus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Birsinam)|Nova Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuenkirchen'' Latino &quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot; verti solet. Cf. [[Nova Ecclesia (Liebenburgum)|Novam Ecclesiam Liebenburgensem]] apud [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2262/NOB%20X%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Goslar.pdf?utm ''NOB X Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Goslar''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [[Nova Ecclesia (Rugia)|Novam Ecclesiam in Rugia]] apud Fabricii (anno 1862) ''Urkunden zur Geschichte des Fürstenthums Rügen unter den eingebornen Fürsten''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Anclamum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope [[Anclamum]] apud Eggert (anno 1970) ''Geschichte Pommerns: Vol. 1. Bis zum Westfälischen Frieden''; [[Nova Ecclesia (prope Brandenburgum Novum)|Novam Ecclesiam]] prope Brandenburgum Novum apud ''Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 9); et Novam Ecclesiam Pomeranam apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birsina]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Ecclesia-Vorda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Ecclesia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen-Vörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken-Vörden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Exclusa Harlingana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;exclusa&gt;Vocabulum et suffixum [[lingua Saxonica|Saxonicum]] ''(-)Siel'' Theodisco vocabulum ''Schleuse'' respondet, ut iam Adelungus in ''Grammatisch-kritischem Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart'' s. v. ''Schleuse'' testatur: &quot;Im Niederdeutschen wird eine Schleuse ... ein Siel ... [vocatur]&quot;; ipsum autem Theodiscum ''Schleuse'' Latine &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. redditur, nam Adelungus ibidem ''Schleuse'' inter mediae Latinitatis vocabula &quot;exclusa&quot;, &quot;inclusura&quot;, &quot;conclusio&quot;, &quot;sclusa&quot;, &quot;clusa&quot; refert, et ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' quoque ''Schleuse'' = &quot;exclusa, -ae&quot; f. tradit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harlinganus-a-um&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-harlinger-'' Latino &quot;harlinganus-a-um&quot; vertitur. Quo de Latino gentilicio, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3275/Altharlingersiel.pdf?utm Heinze, A. (2015). ''Altharlingersiel''. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Bibliothek/Ortsdatenbank], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) claustrum Harlinganum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuharlingersiel''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeharlingersiel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Indago (Circulus terrae Cellensis)|Nova Indago]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nienhagen&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Nienhagen'' &quot;Nova Indago&quot; latinizari solet. Cf. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_WfU-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''&quot;Meklenburgisches Urkundenbuch / 4 1297-1300 ; Nachträge und Register zu Band I - IV''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Nienhagen, A. Doberan, Kspl. Lichtenhagen, 13 NO Rostock, Nigenhaghen, Noua Indago, Nygenhaghen (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nienhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Leha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Neulehe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Lu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-altes-land/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1274 als ''Nova Lu'' belegt (...) Landesgemeinde Altes Land (1361 eigenes Siegel, Umschrift: ''Sigillum communitates veteris terrae'') (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Vetus Terra|Vetere Terra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Lu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vetus Terra&quot;&gt;Theodisce ''Altes Land''.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neekark'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Palus Campensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;campensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum interfixum ''-kamper-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;campensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad vocabulum &quot;campus-i&quot; (Theodisce ''Kamp'') refertur. Revera, [https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum lexemate ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neukamperfehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeikamperfehn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Scona Mora]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scona Mora&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.holtgast-urlaub.de/cgi-bin/hvv/index.pl?gid=&amp;id=&amp;mid=40&amp;utm ''Die Benediktinerzeit''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der Visiator fand um 1290 im Kloster &quot;Scona Mora&quot; (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neuschoo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeschoo'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nova Urbs (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Urbs]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nienburg/Weser''; [[Saxonice]] ''Näinborg'' seu ''Nienborg'' seu ''Neenborg'' seu ''Negenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Frigidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Colnrade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Kollenroad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Burgium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling VII 2026&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neubörger''; [[Saxonice]] ''Naiboorger'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Wulmstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-torpium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-torf'' et ''-torp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-torpium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ebbestorpium]] apud Jaitner, K. (Ed.) (1985). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Ebstorf (Lüneburger Urkundenbuch, 14. Abteilung)''. Lax Verlag; [[Ermelstorpium]] apud Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli; [[Gottorpium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neu Wulmstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vosshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Circulus Osnabrugae)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NyenkerkenII&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005190401_01/_bij005190401_01_0009.php?utm ''dbnl''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Item curtis in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Osnabrugae|Circulo Osnabrugae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Osnabrück&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nienkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nyenkerken (Haduloha)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-land-hadeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Haduloha (commune generale)|Haduloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-9396.pdf?utm ''Westfälische Geschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) &quot;Haduloha ... - hoc enim loco nomen, ubi oceanus Saxoniam alluit (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Land Hadeln'')&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberndorfium (Osta)|Oberndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oberndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öberndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-felda&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-feld(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-felda-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Falufelda]], [[Frauenfelda]], [[Heresfelda]], [[Hirutfelda]], [[Ilfelda]], [[Mansfelda]], [[Salfelda]], [[Sualafelda]], [[Alfelda]], [[Alsfelda]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernholz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Obernholt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obernkircha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Obernkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öwernkerken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ochtersum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ochtersum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Odenhus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Osloß'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oderquatum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oderquatum&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum terminationibus ''-at'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-atum-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-at''' : -''atum'' (...)&quot;. Hoc casu, latinizantia suffixa formae antiquae huius toponymi &quot;Oderquat&quot; applicantur; quo de toponymo, vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Zeitschrift_des_Historischen_Vereins_f%C3%BCr_Niedersachsen_%28IA_zeitschriftdeshi1889hist%29.pdf?utm ''Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Cadenberghe, Oppele, Oderquat (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oederquart'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Odishemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Odisheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Godshem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oen (Saxonia Inferior)|Oen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB XV&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''de dotali manso ecclesie Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de curia Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de domo Bernhardi Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) um 1150 ''in Toń'' (Urb. Werden I S. 234 Z. 19) 1188-1331 (A. 1331) ''in parrochia On'' (Philippi/Bannier, Güterverzeichnis S. 420) 1213 ''in parochia On'' (Niesert, Urkundensammlung IV Nr. 48 S. 188) 1263 ''de domo Herewici de One'' (WUB III Nr. 706 S. 366) 1282-1306 (A. Mitte 16. Jh.) ''curtem dictam Runhoff in parochia On'' (...) ''in parrochia On'' (...) ''domum des Doven in parochia Oen'' (...) ''curtem dictam Ruvenhoff, Cortehus in parochia On'' (...) ''in parochia Oen'' (Bruns, LB Steinfurt Nr. K53 S. 58) 1367 ''in parrochia, in qua et legione dictis Oen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ohne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oesinga Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-inga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ing'' et ''-ingen'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-inga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Huninga]], [[Ihilinga]], [[Incinga]], [[Isininga]], [[Lauginga]], [[Leichlinga]], [[Liuchinga]], [[Liutmuntinga]], [[Lollinga]], [[Machtolvinga]], [[Mecchinga]], [[Memminga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Oesingen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Oesingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oetza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nieder&quot;&gt;Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;inferior-ius&quot; vertitur. V.gr., cf. [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniam Inferiorem]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oetzen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ötzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ohrum]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ohrum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ohrn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldenburg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ooldenbuurich''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ollnborg'' seu ''Ollenbörg'' seu ''Ollenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorfium (Luya)|Oldendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorfium&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Oldendorf'' in Latinam &quot;Oldendorfium&quot; verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10932874?p=378&amp;cq=ad&amp;lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Partis III Liber XXXIII''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Ergo comperto, Vrangelium coactis ad Oldendorfium copijs (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olndörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oldendorpe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldendorpe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/oldendorf-landkreis-stade/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Hermannus, rector ecclesie in Oldendorpe'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Stadae|Circulo Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Landkreis Stade&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Olendörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osta (Saxonia Inferior)|Osta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osten-oste/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Otto, rector ecclesie in Osta'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osterbroke]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterbroke&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osterbruch/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia in Osterbroke'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osterbruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Osterbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ostereistadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stadt&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-stadt'' et ''-stedt'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stadium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Arnstadium]], [[Bernstadium]], [[Berolstadium]], [[Carolostadium]], [[Hermannostadium]], [[Darmstadium]], [[Freistadium]], [[Eisenstadium]], [[Fraustadium]], [[Harpstadium]], [[Helmstadium]], [[Altstadium]], [[Auerstadium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ostereistedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oostereis'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Osteroda ad Harthicos montes|Osteroda ad Harthicos Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterode am Harz&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.geonames.org/advanced-search.html?q=Goettingen ''www.geonames.org''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Osterode am Harz Osteroda ad Harthicos montes (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Osterode am Harz''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ostroe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottenstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-stein&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-stein'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-stenium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Leostenium]], [[Ravenstenium]], [[Richenstenium]], [[Alienstenium]], [[Gastenium]], [[Crybenstenium]], [[Dachstenium]], [[Eberstenium]], [[Falcostenium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ottenstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otter]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Otter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ottersberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ottersberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Otterbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ovelgönne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Övelgönn'' seu ''Övelgünn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ovenhagium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlegel 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Auhagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oytha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Oyten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eiten'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Padingbüttel]]
* [[Palus Hagensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Hagensis&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/13172/ Theodiscum toponymicum suffixum ''-marsch'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus paludis&quot; vertitur] et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Hagensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Haga (Saxonia Inferior)|Hagam]] refertur, Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Hager-'' vertitur. Quo de gentilicio et toponymo, vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3191/Hage.pdf?utm ''Historische Ortsdatenbank für Ostfriesland''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Erscheinung trat der Ort als „curatus Hagensis“ im Jahr 1400. Spätere Bezeichnungen waren „Haga“ (um 1409)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hagermarsch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Hilcae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilkenbrook&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Hilkenbrook'', quamquam hodiernum est, syntagmate ''Palus Hilcae'' Latine verti potest. Nomen Germanicum ''Hilcke'', variatio nominis Theodisci ''Hilken-'', apud Stark ad formam Latinam &quot;Hilca-ae&quot; refertur, quae saeculo XII testata est (''Monumenta Garsensia'', n. 37; ''Monumenta Boica'' I, 27): Stark, F. (1866), ''Die Kosenamen der Germanen'', p. 318. Brook, i. e. bruoh «Sumpf, sumpfiges Gelände», Latine &quot;palus, paludis&quot; reddi potest. Itaque, anthroponomycum praefixum ''Hilken-'' ad nomen ''Hilca'' relatum et suffixum ''brook'' per vocabulum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; redditum, ''Hilkenbrook'' interpretari licet &quot;Palus Hilcae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hilkenbrook'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Regis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Regis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/rex?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum praefixum genetivo casu ''Königs-'' Latino genetivo &quot;regis&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Königsmoor'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-rhauder-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Rhaudensis-e&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ostrhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aastrauderfeen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Ōsterfēn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Papenburg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Parsau]]
* [[Pattensen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pegestorf]]
* [[Pennigsehl]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Pennigsähle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Petrimons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Perizonius 1758&quot;&gt;Perizonius, J. (1758). ''Compendium historiarum antiquissimarum, civilium et ecclesiasticarum, usque ad seculum decimum octavum: Cum appendice de ducatu Westphaliae et comitatu Petrimontano''. Ex officina Wetsteniana.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Pyrmont''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bad Puurmont'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pohle]]
* [[Pollhagen]]
* [[Pons Cobbanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Leuckfeld 1714&quot;&gt;Leuckfeld, J. G. (1714). ''Antiquitates Blankenburgenses, oder Historische Beschreibung derer vormals berühmten Grafen von Blankenburg, nebst dazugehörigen diplomatibus und Chartis''. Gottfried Freytag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Coppenbrügge'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Poynum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Peine''; [[Saxonice]] ''Paane''; [[Lingua Theodisca alta recens|Protoneoaltotheodisce]] ''Peina'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Praefectura Neohusana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grupen II 1742&quot;&gt;Grupen, C. U. (1742). ''Disceptationes Forenses cum Observationibus Juris: De originibus et iurisdictione praefecturarum ditionis Brunsvicensis (Caput de Praefectura Neohusana)'' (Vol. II). Hannoverae: Förster.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Amt Neuhaus'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Vitulorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Calberlah'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prezelle]]
* [[Prinzhöfte]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Quakenbrück]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quendorf]]
* [[Querenhorst]]
* [[Quernheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Räbke]]
* [[Radbruch]]
* [[Raddestorf]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rastörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rastdorf]]
* [[Rastede]]
* [[Rätzlingen (Niedersachsen)|Rätzlingen]]
* [[Rechtsupweg]]
* [[Reeßum]]
* [[Regesbostel]]
* [[Rehburg-Loccum]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rehborg-Locken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rehden]]
* [[Rehlingen]]
* [[Reinstorf]]
* [[Remlingen (Niedersachsen)|Remlingen]]
* [[Renkenberge]]
* [[Rennau]]
* [[Reppenstedt]]
* [[Rethem (Aller)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rhade]]
* [[Rhauderfehn]]
* [[Rhede (Ems)]]
* [[Rhumspringe]]
* [[Ribbesbüttel]]
* [[Riede (Landkreis Verden)|Riede]]
* [[Rieste]]
* [[Ringe]]
* [[Ringstedt]]
* [[Rinteln]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ritterhude]]
* [[Rodenberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodewald]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rowohle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rohßen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roklum]]
* [[Rollshausen]]
* [[Römstedt]]
* [[Ronnenberg]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ronnenbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rosche]]
* [[Rosdorf]]
* [[Rosengarten (Landkreis Harburg)|Rosengarten]]
* [[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotenburgum ad Wemmam&quot;&gt;De Latino toponymico syntagmate &quot;[[Rotenburgum ad Wemmam]]&quot; -ad quod Latinum gentilicium &quot;Rotenburgensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}} et {{Hofmannus}}. De hydronymo &quot;[[Wemma]]&quot;, etiam vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Rotenburg''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Rotenburg an der Wümme''; [[Saxonice]] ''Rodenborg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rötgesbüttel]]
* [[Rüdershausen]]
* [[Rühen]]
* [[Rullstorf]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Sachsenhagen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sagterlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BOV 2013&quot;&gt;Bischöfliches Offizialat Vechta (2013). ''Findbuch des Offizialatsarchivs Vechta: Altes Archiv (Abteilung A: Saterlandia, Kirchliche Unterlagen, Akte A 8: „Informatio de Sagterlandia“ aus dem Jahre 1710)''. Vechtae, in Germania: Bischöfliches Offizialat.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Saterland''; quoque [[Theodisce]] ''Sagterland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Seelterlound'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salis Cancellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Salzgitter''; [[Saxonice]] ''Soltgitter'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzbergen]]
* [[Salzdetfordium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcard 1805&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Salzdetfurth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Salzhausen]]
* [[Salzhemmendorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Samern]]
* [[Sandbostel]]
* [[Sande (Frisia)|Sande]]
* [[Sanctae Mariae Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Mariental'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sarstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sassenburg]]
* [[Sathsa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Sachsa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sauensiek]]
* [[Schapen]]
* [[Scharnebeck]]
* [[Scheden]]
* [[Scheeßel]]
* [[Schellerten]]
* [[Schiffdorf]]
* [[Schladen-Werla]]
* [[Schnackenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schnega]]
* [[Schneverdingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schola Dei]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Ihlow''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ihl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scholen]]
* [[Schönewörde]]
* [[Schöningen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöppenstedt]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schortens]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schüttorf]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwaförden]]
* [[Schwanewede]]
* [[Schwarme]]	
* [[Schwarmstedt]]
* [[Schweindorf]]
* [[Schweringen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Swering'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schwerinsdorf]]
* [[Schwienau]]
* [[Schwülper]]
* [[Seeburg (Niedersachsen)|Seeburg]]
* [[Seedorf (bei Zeven)|Seedorf]]
* [[Seelze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seesen]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seevetal]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seggebruch]]
* [[Sehlde]]
* [[Sehlem (Niedersachsen)|Sehlem]]
* [[Sehnde]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Seinje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Selsingen]]
* [[Semmenstedt]]
* [[Seulingen]]
* [[Sibbesse]]
* [[Sickte]]
* [[Siedenburg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)|Silva Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Osterwald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wauld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sittensen]]
* [[Soderstorf]]
* [[Sögel]]	
* [[Söhlde]]
* [[Söllingen (Niedersachsen)|Söllingen]]
* [[Soltau]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soltendieck]]
* [[Sottrum]]
* [[Spahnharrenstätte]]
* [[Spella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Spella&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.emsland.com/la/tour/emsland-route-395-km?utm ''www.esland.com''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) A Spella ad Rhenum: circiter XVI km (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Spelle'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spiekeroog]]
* [[Sprakensehl]]
* [[Springe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Stade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stood'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stadlandia]]&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Iustus Wynkelman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WvgaAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=statlandia+saxonia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ysl9JI4L06&amp;sig=2y6x3I38sU3-RcrP0HtnSkUxssI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIwqiv-NWMxgIVQgmSCh2CZwDj#v=onepage&amp;q=statlandia%20saxonia&amp;f=false ''Notitia historico-politica veteris Saxo-Westphaliae finitimarumque regionum,''] 1667:277.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Stadland'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staffhorst]]
* [[Staufenberg]]
* [[Stavern]]
* [[Stedesdorf]]
* [[Steimbke]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Steembke'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Steinau (Niedersachsen)|Steinau]]
* [[Steinfeld (Oldenburg)]]
* [[Steinhorst (Niedersachsen)|Steinhorst]]
* [[Steinkirchen (Altes Land)|Steinkirchen]]
* [[Stelle]]
* [[Stemmen (Landkreis Rotenburg)|Stemmen]]
* [[Stemne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stemne&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordstemmen/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''novem iugera sitam Stemne'' (...) ''novem iugeribus in Nortstempne'' (...) ''capellam in northstemne'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordstemmen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stemshorn]]
* [[Steyerberg]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Staarbarg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stinstedt]]
* [[Stöckse]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stöckse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stoetze]]
* [[Stolzenau]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Stoltnaa'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stuhr]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Südbrookmerland]]
* [[Suderburg]]
* [[Südergellersen]]
* [[Südheide]]
* [[Sudwalde]]
* [[Suhlendorf]]
* [[Sulingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Süpplingen]]
* [[Süpplingenburg]]
* [[Süstedt]]
* [[Sustrum]]
* [[Surwold]]
* [[Suthfeld]]
* [[Syke]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tappenbeck]]
* [[Tarmstedt]]
* [[Tespe]]
* [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Eofrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thransfellensis Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dransfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thedinghausen]]
* [[Theodolfestorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Asseburg 1855&quot;&gt;Asseburg, J. von der. (1855). ''Urkundenbuch des Geschlechts von der Asseburg (Vol. 1)''. Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dedelstorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomasburg]]
* [[Thorpum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorpum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardDorfinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-7111.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Dörpen''', 9. Jh., bei Aschendorf nördlich Meppens, F2-1090 THURP (Dorf) Dorfa (7), Thorpum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Dörpen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thuine]]
* [[Tiddische]]
* [[Tiste]]
* [[Toppenstedt]]
* [[Tostedt]]
* [[Tosterglope]]
* [[Trebel]]
* [[Triburi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Philippi &amp; Bar 1892&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Drebber'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tülau]]
* [[Twieflingen]]
* [[Twilpstede Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Twilpstede Maius&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B76-2/NOB%20VII%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20Helmstedt%20und%20der%20Stadt%20Wolfsburg.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori'' (...) 1311 ''Twilpstede Maiori et Minori'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Twülpstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Twülpstidde'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Twist (Emsland)|Twist]]
* [[Twistringen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Uchte]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Uchte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uehrde]]
* [[Uelsen]]
* [[Uetze]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulsena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]]  et [[Saxonice]] ''Uelzen''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Ülz’n'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ummern]]
* [[Undeloh]]
* [[Upgant-Schott]]
* [[Uplengen]]
* [[Urlaha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Vide [https://oerrel.feuerwehr-munster.de/---orla---die-kleine-oertze-.html ''Freiwillige Feuerwehr Oerre''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) „Vrlaha“ als das Kirchdorf „Oerel“ (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Oerel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Uslar]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Utarp]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vahlberg]]
* [[Vahlbruch]]
* [[Vahlde]]
* [[Vallis Ambrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambra&quot;&gt;Latino de toponymo &quot;Ambra&quot; (Theodisce ''Emmer''), vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Tal?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum vocabulum ''T(h)al'' aut Theodiscum suffixum ''-t(h)al'' Latino vocabulo &quot;vallis-is&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Emmerthal''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emmerdaal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Augae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH 1988&quot;&gt;Societas Latina Hannoverana (1988). ''Fasciculi geographici et historici: De parvis provinciis ditionis Hannoveranae et Schaumburgensis''. Hannoverae: Typis Exscripsit Libraria Scripturarum.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Auetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Claustra-Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Conring 1730&quot;&gt;Conring, H. (1730). ''De Antiquitatibus Academicis Dissertationes Septem''. Officina Smeinkiana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Clausthal-Zellerfeld''; [[Supraharthice]] ''Clasthol-Zallerfall'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Mimedensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vallis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimedensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum hydronymicum praefixum ''Nieme-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Mimedensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad flumen Mimede seu Mymede (Theodisce ''Nieme'') refertur. Quo de Latino hydronymo, vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-001S-0000-0023-9B74-6/NOB%20IV%20Die%20Ortsnamen%20des%20Landkreises%20G%C3%B6ttingen.pdf?utm ''NOB IV Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Göttingen''] {{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''riuum, qui teutonice Mimede vocatur'' (...) ''riuum, qui toutonice Mymede vocatur'' (...) ''flumine Mimede'' (...) ''riuum, qui Mymede vocatur''  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Niemetal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varel]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Varrel]]
* [[Vastorf]]
* [[Vechelde]]
* [[Velpke]]
* [[Veltheim (Ohe)]]
* [[Vetha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Vechta''; [[Saxonice]] ''Vechte'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Via Paludis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Via Paludis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum nominale praefixum ''Moor-'' Latino substantivo casu genetivo &quot;paludis&quot; (f.)] et [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Weg?wb=gross&amp;nr=2 Theodiscum nominale suffixum ''-weg'' Latino nomine &quot;via-ae&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moorweg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Adelaidis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ALF 2016&quot;&gt;Academia Latinitati Fovendae (2016). ''Commentarii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae: De novis parochiis et communibus Saxoniae Inferioris textus'' (Vol. XXIV). Romae: Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Adelheidsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Vetus Hassicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vicus Vetus Hassicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GM/06/Hessisch_Oldendorf.html?utm ''www.fallingrain''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Other (Latin) names: Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Vicus Vetus Hassicus,Hessisch-Oldendorf,Hessisch-Oldendorf''' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Hessisch Oldendorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eolendörpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vierden]]
* [[Vierhöfen]]
* [[Vildhusia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmannus&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wildeshausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wilshusen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Cremilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Cremlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vintlum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintlum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/schneverdingen-peter-und-paul/?utm ''Schneverdingen, Peter und Paul''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''capella in honorem sancti Anthonii in villa Vintlo parrochie Snewerdinge'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Fintel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Visbek]]
* [[Visselhövede]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vögelsen]]
* [[Vollersode]]
* [[Voltlage]]
* [[Vorda Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Bremervörde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bremervöör'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vordorf]]
* [[Vorwerk (Niedersachsen)|Vorwerk]]
* [[Vrees]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Waake]]
* [[Waddeweitz]]
* [[Wagenfeld]]
* [[Wagenhoff]]
* [[Wahrenholz]]
* [[Walchum]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wallenhorst]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wallmoden]]
* [[Walsrode]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wangelnstedt]]
* [[Wangerland]]
* [[Wangerooge]]
* [[Wanna]]
* [[Warberg]]
* [[Wardenburg]]
* [[Warmsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warmsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Warpe]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Warpe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wasbüttel]]
* [[Wathlingen]]
* [[Wedemark]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weener]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weenzen]]
* [[Wehrbleck]]
* [[Welle]]
* [[Wendeburg]]
* [[Wendisch Evern]]
* [[Wennigsen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wenngessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wenzendorf]]
* [[Werdum]]
* [[Werlte]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Werpeloh]]
* [[Wesendorf]]
* [[Weste (Niedersachsen)|Weste]]
* [[Westergellersen]]
* [[Westerholt]]
* [[Westertimke]]
* [[Westerwalsede]]
* [[Westfeld (Niedersachsen)|Westfeld]]
* [[Westoverledingen]]
* [[Wetschen]]
* [[Wettrup]]
* [[Weyhausen]]
* [[Weyhe]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wiedensahl]] &lt;small&gt;[[oppidum]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiefelstede]]
* [[Wielen]]
* [[Wienhausen]]
* [[Wiesmoor]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietmarschen]]
* [[Wietze]]
* [[Wietzen]] &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wietzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wietzendorf]]
* [[Wilhelmshaven]] &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wilstedt]]
* [[Wilsum]]
* [[Wingst]]
* [[Winkelsett]]
* [[Winnigstedt]]
* [[Winsen (Aller)]] 
* [[Winsenia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Büttner&quot;&gt;Büttner, D. S. (1710). ''Rudera Diluvii Testes, i.e. Zeichnung und Abbildung derer Columnarum Sceletonum''. Gottfried Zimmermann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Luya]]m&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Winsen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winzenburg]]
* [[Wippingen]]
* [[Wirdum]]
* [[Wischhafen]]
* [[Wistedt]]
* [[Witmundia]]&lt;ref&gt;E.g., [[Ioannes Luyts|Ioannis Luyts]] ''Introductio ad Geographiam novam et veterem'', Ultraiecti 1692, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_o0YP3-9VTMC&amp;pg=PA281&amp;dq=Witmundia&amp;hl=ru&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjShLT7vdDrAhVJw4sKHZLLCokQ6AEwAnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=Witmundia&amp;f=false p. 281].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]] et [[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circuli terrae]] [[caput (urbs)|caput]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wittmund'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittingen]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wittmar]]
* [[Wittorf]]
* [[Wohnste]]
* [[Wolfsburgum]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide nomini arcis: Samuel Pufendorfus, ''Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri XXVI'' {{Google Books|lV1PAAAAcAAJ|pag. 457 et 475}}, ''Nova Acta Eruditorum'' {{Google Books|eGFlITDJFSMC|pag. 487}}, Lipsiae, anno 1756, ac ''Itininerarium Thomae Carve, Tipperariensis'' ([https://archive.org/details/itinerariumthom00kerngoog/page/n182 pag. 108]).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[Index circulorum Germanicorum|circulus urbanus]] et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Wolfsburg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wulfsborg''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Wolfsbuurich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wollbrandshausen]]
* [[Wollershausen]]
* [[Wölpinghausen]]
* [[Wolsdorf]]
* [[Woltersdorf (Wendland)|Woltersdorf]]
* [[Woltershausen]]
* [[Worde]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Worde&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/grossenwoerden/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Hinricus rector ecclesie in Worde'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Großenwörden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Grootweurn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Worpswede]]
* [[Wremen]]
* [[Wrestedt]]
* [[Wriedel]]
* [[Wulfsen]]
* [[Wulften ad Harthicos montes]]
* [[Wunstorf]] &lt;small&gt;commune sui iuris et [[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wunsdörp'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]]
* [[Wustrow (Saxonia Inferior)]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Y ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ylsede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ylsede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kleinilsede.hier-im-netz.de/historis.htm ''Historisches über Klein Ilsede''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) minori ylsede (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Ilsede''; [[Saxonice]] ''Ilse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Yppenerdhe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Yppenerdhe&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gross-ippener.de/gemeinde/geschichte.html?utm ''Groß Ippene''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Parrochia Yppenerdhe (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] ''Groß Ippener''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Ippner'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ysinibutle]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ysinibutle&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.arcinsys.niedersachsen.de/arcinsys/showArchivalDescriptionDetails?archivalDescriptionId=5905372&amp;utm ''Arcinsys''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Isenbüttel, Kr. Gifhorn (Ysinibutle, Ysenebutle) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Isenbüttel'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zernien]]
* [[Zetel]]
* [[Zeven]] &lt;small&gt;[[urbs]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Zorge]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Grand'Combe-Châteleu</title>
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    <id>216292</id>
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      <text bytes="939" sha1="3wl4n409fqacs24fdtnm9jz7iypvd8d" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Grand_Combe_Chateleu.jpg |thumb|250 px|Grand'Combe-Châteleu: despectus in vicum]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 25285.png|thumb|left|250px|Grand'Combe-Châteleu: communis tabula]]
''' Grand'Combe-Châteleu''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 1'369 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Dubis (praefectura Franciae)|Dubis]] in regione [[Liber Comitatus (regio Franciae)|Libero Comitatu]].
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Dubis|Indicem communium praefecturae Dubis]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Grand'Combe-Châteleu|Grand'Combe-Châteleu}}
* [http://www.grandcombechateleu.fr/ Grand'Combe-Châteleu pagina interretialis] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{INSEE commune|25285|de=Grand'Combe-Châteleu}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Dubis]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Dubis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gulielmus Byrd II</title>
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      <text bytes="5290" sha1="648i3xks55bwds037uobr4u6vhsnut1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:William Byrd II.jpg|thumb|Gulielmus Byrd II anno aetatis suae 50.]] 
[[Fasciculus:William Byrd's Camp November 1728 Historic Marker Henry County Virginia.JPG|thumb|Signum historicum castrorum Gulielmi Byrd per expeditionem ad mensurandos fines in [[Comitatus Henry (Virginia)|Comitatu Henry]] [[Virginia]]e, [[1728]].]]

'''Gulielmus Byrd II''' ([[28 Martii]] [[1674]]—[[26 Augusti]] [[1744]]) fuit [[plantarium in Meridie Americano|plantarius]] et [[auctor]] [[Comitatus Urbis Caroli]]&lt;!--Charles City County--&gt; [[Virginia]]e. Conditor [[Ricmondia]]e habetur.

Sua [[vita]] proprietates [[optimates|optimatum]]&lt;!--gentry--&gt; [[colonia|colonicorum]] [[America Britannica|Britannicorum]] et [[identitas|identitatis]] [[America]]nae emergentis monstravit. Sua [[educatio]] [[res classicae|res classicas]], tirocinium cum procuratoribus [[negotium|negotii]] Londiniensibus, et studia [[lex|legitima]] comprehendit. [[Causidicus]] factus, publicus Virginiae procurator diutine meruit, [[Londinium|Londinii]] praecipue situs, ubi crescenti [[gubernator regalis|gubernatorum regalium]] potestati adversatus est. Socius [[Regalis Societas Londini|Societatis Regalis]] [[vaccinatio]]nem [[variolae|variolarum]] suasit.&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia Virginia, [https://web.archive.org/web/20191114222122/https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Byrd_William_1674-1744%7CWilliam Byrd (1674–1744)]. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, Charlottesville, Virginia. Colonial History editor, John Kolp, instructor of U.S. History at Augustana College, Illinois, and former professor of history, U.S. Naval Academy.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Virginiam reditus, fundum auxit, legatus [[House of Burgesses]] electus est, et in [[Concilium Gubernatoris Virginiae|Concilio Gubernatoris Virginiae]] meruit, etiam concilium civitatis appellatum, ab [[1709]] usque ad [[mors|mortem]] anno [[1744]]. [[Militia]]s [[comitatus]] [[tribunus militum]] imperavit, et [[expeditio]]nes [[mensura]]e secundum fines Virginiae et [[Carolina Septentrionalis|Carolinae]] et in Colle Septentrionali duxit. Inter sua ausa fuerunt colonia [[Helvetia|Helvetica]] in montana Virginiae meridioccidentalis [[regio]]ne et fodinae [[ferrum|ferri]] in [[Germanna]] et [[Fredericksburgum (Virginia)|Fredericksburgi]] institutae.&lt;ref&gt;''Encyclopedia Virginia,'' &quot;William Byrd (1674–1744).&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Byrd II, William. [[1929]]. ''Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina.'' Raleigh Carolinae Septentrionalis: North Carolina Historical Commission.
*Byrd II, William. [[1941]]. ''The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709–1712.'' The Dietz Press.
*Byrd II, William. [[2009]]. The History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina: The Secret History of the Line. In ''The Heath Anthology of American Literature: Volume A : Beginnings to 1800.'' Ed. 6, ed.  Paul Lauter, Richard Yarborough, John Alberti, Mary Pat Brady, Jackson Bryer. Bostoniae: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company. ISBN 0618897992.
*Harrison, Mrs. Burton. [[1891]]. [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABP2287-0042-40 Colonel William Byrd of Westover, Virginia.] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''The Century'' 42 (2, Iunius): 163–179.
*Katheder, Thomas. [[2011]]. ''Provenance of William Byrd's Copy of Britannia Illustrata: Byrd’s London Bookseller Identified.'' &lt;!--August 29--&gt;. [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1919240 Abstractum.]
*Marambaud, Pierre. [[1970]]. William Byrd of Westover: Cavalier, Diarist, and Chronicler. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' 78(2): 144–183. JSTOR 4247559.
*Treckel, Paula A. [[1997]]. &quot;The Empire of My Heart&quot;: The Marriage of William Byrd II and Lucy Parke Byrd. ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' 105(2):125–156. JSTOR 4249635.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235916/http://virtualology.com/apwilliambyrd/ Biographia,] virtualology.com (sub patre)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140710193607/http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Byrd_William_1674-1744 William Byrd II,] www.encyclopediavirginia.org (''Encyclopedia Virginia'')
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=7532012 William Byrd II,] www.findagrave.com (Find-A-Grave)
*[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&amp;UID=680 William Byrd (2),] www.litencyc.com (''The Literary Encyclopedia'')

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byrd, Gulielmus II}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1674]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1744]]
[[Categoria:Anglicani]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Causidici]]
[[Categoria:Ephemeridographi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Virginiae]]
[[Categoria:Libri autobiographici]]&lt;!-- Also: American diarists--&gt;
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]&lt;!--
[[Category:People educated at Felsted School]]
[[Category:Virginia colonial people]]
[[Category:Writers from Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Charles City County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Byrd family of Virginia|William Byrd 02]]
[[Category:American colonial writers]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]][[Category:American planters]]
[[Category:Libraries in British North America]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cerelianum</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Campanile Diocesi Milano Ceriano Laghetto.JPG|thumb|Cerelianum]]
'''Cerelianum'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140627120622/http://www.provincia.mb.it/comuni/Ceriano_Laghetto.html www.provincia.mb.it]&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Cerelianum|i|n}} seu '''Cerlianum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.it/books?id=eodYAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=it&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Memorie spettanti alla storia, al governo ed alla descrizione della città, e della campagna di Milano, ne' secoli bassi, Volume 9 (Google eBook) conte Giorgio Giulini, Stamperia di G. Bianchi, 1760]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini&lt;/ref&gt; {{victio|Cerlianum|i|n}} (alia nomina&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140627120622/http://www.provincia.mb.it/comuni/Ceriano_Laghetto.html www.provincia.mb.it]&lt;/ref&gt;: ''Cerollianum, Cerellianum, Cerlianum in Plebi Seviso'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Ceriano Laghetto|Ceriano Laghetto]]'') est [[oppidum]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 6&amp;thinsp;400 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Langobardia]] et in [[Provincia Modiciensis et Brigantina|Provincia Modiciensi et Brigantina]] situm. Incolae ''Cerelianenses'' appellantur.

== Insigne ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|''[[Municipium Italiae]]''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Geographia ==
* [[Brigantia (Italia)|Brigantia]] (''terra''),

== Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio ==
== Municipia finitima ==

{{NexInt}}
* [[Langobardia]] (''regio''),
* [[Provincia Modiciensis et Brigantina]],
* [[Brigantia (Italia)|Brigantia]] (''terra''),
* [[Modicia]] (''urbs''),
* [[Municipium Italiae]].

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190719015558/http://www.ceriano-laghetto.org/ Situs publicus]
{{CommuniaCat|Ceriano Laghetto|Cerelianum}}

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Map of comune of Ceriano Laghetto (province of Monza and Brianza, region Lombardy, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Provincia Modiciensi et Brigantina.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Modiciae et Brigantiae]]
[[Categoria:Municipia in Brigantia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Otter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fasciculus:Otter_Gemeindemittelpunkt.jpg|thumb|left|Centrum communis Otteris.]]
[[Fasciculus:Otter_Dorfladen_Schuenhoff.jpg|thumb|left|Taberna Schünhoff Ottere.]]
'''Otter''' ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Otter'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Harburgensis|Circuli Harburgensis]]. Otter etiam pars communis generalis [[Tostedt (commune generale)|Tostedt]] est. Ad Otterem commune etiam vici [[Todtshorna Maior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-horna&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-h(o)orn(e)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-horna-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Berghorna]], [[Horna]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  (Theodisce ''Groß Todtshorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Groot Todtshoorn''), [[Todtshorna Minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-horna&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Klein Todtshorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lütt Todtshoorn''), [[Otter (caput communis)|Otter]] (Theodisce et [[Saxonice]] ''Otter'') atque [[Palus Otterensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moor&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Moor?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino vocabulo &quot;palus-udis&quot; vertitur].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Otter-&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymicum praefixum ''Otter-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Otterensis-e&quot; vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce et Saxonice ''Ottermoor'') pertinet.

== Historia ==
Otter commune primo anno [[1319]] in actis descriptum olim pars [[Ducatus Luneburgensis]] fuit. Anno [[1705]] ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Annis a [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] Otter pars Saxoniae Inferioris erat et ab anno [[1972]] pars [[Tostedt (commune generale)|Tostedt]] communis generalis est. Eodem anno vicus Todtshorna&lt;ref name=&quot;-horna&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Todtshorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Todtshoorn'') cum Ottere coniunctus est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Otter (Lower Saxony)|Otterem}}
* [http://www.otter.de/ www.otter.de]
* [http://www.tostedt.de/buergerservice/samtgemeinde/mitgliedsgemeinden/otter/ Pagina communis generalis Tostedt de vico Ottere]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in BRA.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis]]
'''Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;De Latinā toponymiā, vide: Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Wesermarsch''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Wesermarsch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Wersermasch''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1933]] conditus est et ad annum [[1946]] ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Liberam Civitatem Oldenburgensem]] pertinuit et deinde ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]] est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Circulus anno [[1933]] nomine &quot;magistratus Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis&quot; conditus est et ab anno [[1939]] &quot;Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis&quot; nominatus est. Anno [[1946]]  cum toto civitate Oldenburgensi ad Saxoniam Inferiorem transiit. Anno [[1938]] et [[1974]] numerus communium in circulo alteratus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt hodie communia huius circuli:

* [[Alisni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Elsfleth'') urbs (9054)
* [[Borna Castra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Berne'') (6832 incolae)
* [[Brachia (Germania)|Brachia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Brake''; [[Saxonice]] ''Braak'' seu ''Broak''), sedes administrationis (14.983)
* [[Butiadinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen II 1876&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; Bippen, W. von. (Ed.) (1876). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 2. 1301–1350''. D. Ed. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Butjadingen'') (6184)
* [[Iatha (Saxonia Inferior)|Iatha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Iatha&quot;&gt;Commune nomen e flumine cepit. Quo de flumine, vide [https://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf?utm ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'' Petri Lucusaltiani]{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Jade'', f ''Iatha, ae'', f [WPD: Jade (Fluss) (24.11.2019); a.1314: Jatha]  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Jade''; [[Saxonice]] ''Jaad'') (5773)
* [[Lemwerdera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüthning 1926&quot;&gt;Rüthning, G. (Ed.) (1926). ''Oldenburger Urkundenbuch''. Gerhard Stalling.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Lemwerder'') (6915)
* [[Nordenhamia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ham&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-ham'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-hamia-ae&quot; aut &quot;hamium-i&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ham''' : -''hamia,'' -''hamium'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nordenham''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (26.262)
* [[Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ovelgönne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Övelgönn'' seu ''Övelgünn'') (5379)
* [[Stadlandia]] (Germanice ''Stadland'') (7449)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Wesermarsch|Circulum terrae Paludis Visurgensis}}
* [http://www.landkreis-wesermarsch.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alluvionis Visurgensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1933]]</text>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ovelgönne]] ad [[Ovelgonna]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:St.-Anna-Kirche_in_Großenmeer.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctae Annae in vico Großenmeer]]
'''Ovelgönne''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis|Circuli Alluvionis Visurgensis]]. Ad Ovelgönne commune et vici Großenmeer, Oldenbrok atque Strückhausen pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1514]] comes Oldenburgensis hic castellum ''övel gönne'' exstruxit, ut ager contra [[Frisia|Frisios]] defenderet. Annis [[1667]] - [[1773]] pars [[Dania]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1918]] Oldenburgum res publica facta est. Anno [[1933]] Ovelgönne pars novi [[Circulus Alluvionis Visurgensis|Circuli Alluvionis Visurgensis]] facta est et ager communis vicis Golzwarden et Strückhausen auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1974]] vicus Oldenbrok pars communis Ovelgönne factus est.

== Cives clari ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Fridericus Cassebohm|Fridericus Georgius Carolus Cassebohm]] (1872 - 1951), vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]
 
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [http://www.ovelgoenne.de/ www.ovelgoenne.de]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1514]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:St.-Anna-Kirche_in_Großenmeer.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctae Annae in vico Großenmeer.]]
'''Ovelgonna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ovelgönne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Övelgönn'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]]. Ad Ovelgonnam commune et vici [[Mare Maius (Ovelgonna)|Mare Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meer&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Meer?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-meer'' Latino nomine &quot;mare-is&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenmeer''), [[Ovelgonna (caput communis)|Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Ovelgönne''), [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;&gt;Nomen Theodiscum ''Oldenbrok'' interpretari possumus &quot;Palus Vetus&quot;. Primum elementum ''Olden-'' cum Theodisco ''alt'' («vetus») congruit, quod Latine &quot;vetus, veteris&quot; redditur; secundum elementum ''-brok'', cognatum vocabulis regionalibus ''Brook'' et ''Bruch'', locum palustrem vel terram uliginosam significat, unde Latinum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; aptum est. Quibus de vocibus, vide: Lloyd, A. L., Lühr, R., &amp; Springer, O. (1998). ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', II, s. v. &quot;bruoh&quot;. Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. Digitales Wörterbuch Niederdeutsch, s. v. &quot;Brook&quot;. ''Dictionarium latino-germanicum'', s. v. &quot;palus&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok''),  atque [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1514]] comes Oldenburgensis hic castellum ''övel gönne'' exstruxit, ut ager contra [[Frisia|Frisios]] defenderet. Annis [[1667]] - [[1773]] pars [[Dania]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1918]] Oldenburgum res publica facta est. Anno [[1933]] Ovelgonna pars novi [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]] facta est et ager communis vicis [[Golzwarda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Golzwarden'') et [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1974]] vicus [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok'') pars communis Ovelgonnae factus est.

== Cives clari ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Fridericus Cassebohm|Fridericus Georgius Carolus Cassebohm]] (1872 - 1951), vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;
 
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ovelgönne|Ovelgonnam}}
* [http://www.ovelgoenne.de/ www.ovelgoenne.de]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1514]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:St.-Anna-Kirche_in_Großenmeer.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctae Annae in vico [[Mare Maius (Ovelgonna)|Mari Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meer&quot;&gt;.]]
'''Ovelgonna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ovelgönne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Övelgönn'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]]. Ad Ovelgonnam commune et vici [[Mare Maius (Ovelgonna)|Mare Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meer&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Meer?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-meer'' Latino nomine &quot;mare-is&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenmeer''), [[Ovelgonna (caput communis)|Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Ovelgönne''), [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;&gt;Nomen Theodiscum ''Oldenbrok'' interpretari possumus &quot;Palus Vetus&quot;. Primum elementum ''Olden-'' cum Theodisco ''alt'' («vetus») congruit, quod Latine &quot;vetus, veteris&quot; redditur; secundum elementum ''-brok'', cognatum vocabulis regionalibus ''Brook'' et ''Bruch'', locum palustrem vel terram uliginosam significat, unde Latinum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; aptum est. Quibus de vocibus, vide: Lloyd, A. L., Lühr, R., &amp; Springer, O. (1998). ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', II, s. v. &quot;bruoh&quot;. Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. Digitales Wörterbuch Niederdeutsch, s. v. &quot;Brook&quot;. ''Dictionarium latino-germanicum'', s. v. &quot;palus&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok''),  atque [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1514]] comes Oldenburgensis hic castellum ''övel gönne'' exstruxit, ut ager contra [[Frisia|Frisios]] defenderet. Annis [[1667]] - [[1773]] pars [[Dania]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1918]] Oldenburgum res publica facta est. Anno [[1933]] Ovelgonna pars novi [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]] facta est et ager communis vicis [[Golzwarda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Golzwarden'') et [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1974]] vicus [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok'') pars communis Ovelgonnae factus est.

== Cives clari ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Fridericus Cassebohm|Fridericus Georgius Carolus Cassebohm]] (1872 - 1951), vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;
 
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ovelgönne|Ovelgonnam}}
* [http://www.ovelgoenne.de/ www.ovelgoenne.de]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1514]]</text>
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    <revision>
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[[Fasciculus:St.-Anna-Kirche_in_Großenmeer.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctae Annae in vico [[Mare Maius (Ovelgonna)|Mari Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meer&quot;/&gt;.]]
'''Ovelgonna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ovelgönne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Övelgönn'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]]. Ad Ovelgonnam commune et vici [[Mare Maius (Ovelgonna)|Mare Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meer&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Meer?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-meer'' Latino nomine &quot;mare-is&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenmeer''), [[Ovelgonna (caput communis)|Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Ovelgönne''), [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;&gt;Nomen Theodiscum ''Oldenbrok'' interpretari possumus &quot;Palus Vetus&quot;. Primum elementum ''Olden-'' cum Theodisco ''alt'' («vetus») congruit, quod Latine &quot;vetus, veteris&quot; redditur; secundum elementum ''-brok'', cognatum vocabulis regionalibus ''Brook'' et ''Bruch'', locum palustrem vel terram uliginosam significat, unde Latinum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; aptum est. Quibus de vocibus, vide: Lloyd, A. L., Lühr, R., &amp; Springer, O. (1998). ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', II, s. v. &quot;bruoh&quot;. Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. Digitales Wörterbuch Niederdeutsch, s. v. &quot;Brook&quot;. ''Dictionarium latino-germanicum'', s. v. &quot;palus&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok''),  atque [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1514]] comes Oldenburgensis hic castellum ''övel gönne'' exstruxit, ut ager contra [[Frisia|Frisios]] defenderet. Annis [[1667]] - [[1773]] pars [[Dania]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1918]] Oldenburgum res publica facta est. Anno [[1933]] Ovelgonna pars novi [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]] facta est et ager communis vicis [[Golzwarda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Golzwarden'') et [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1974]] vicus [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok'') pars communis Ovelgonnae factus est.

== Cives clari ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Fridericus Cassebohm|Fridericus Georgius Carolus Cassebohm]] (1872 - 1951), vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;
 
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ovelgönne|Ovelgonnam}}
* [http://www.ovelgoenne.de/ www.ovelgoenne.de]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1514]]</text>
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[[Fasciculus:St.-Anna-Kirche_in_Großenmeer.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctae Annae in vico [[Mare Maius (Ovelgonna)|Mari Maiore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meer&quot;/&gt;.]]
'''Ovelgonna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ovelgönne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Övelgönn'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]]. Ad Ovelgonnam commune et vici [[Mare Maius (Ovelgonna)|Mare Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meer&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Meer?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-meer'' Latino nomine &quot;mare-is&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenmeer''), [[Ovelgonna (caput communis)|Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Ovelgönne''), [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;&gt;Nomen Theodiscum ''Oldenbrok'' interpretari possumus &quot;Palus Vetus&quot;. Primum elementum ''Olden-'' cum Theodisco ''alt'' («vetus») congruit, quod Latine &quot;vetus, veteris&quot; redditur; secundum elementum ''-brok'', cognatum vocabulis regionalibus ''Brook'' et ''Bruch'', locum palustrem vel terram uliginosam significat, unde Latinum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; aptum est. Quibus de vocibus, vide: Lloyd, A. L., Lühr, R., &amp; Springer, O. (1998). ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', II, s. v. &quot;bruoh&quot;. Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. Digitales Wörterbuch Niederdeutsch, s. v. &quot;Brook&quot;. ''Dictionarium latino-germanicum'', s. v. &quot;palus&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok''),  atque [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1514]] comes Oldenburgensis hic castellum ''övel gönne'' exstruxit, ut ager contra [[Frisia|Frisios]] defenderet. Annis [[1667]] - [[1773]] pars [[Dania]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1918]] Oldenburgum res publica facta est. Anno [[1933]] Ovelgonna pars novi [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]] facta est et ager communis vicis [[Golzwarda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Golzwarden'') et [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1974]] vicus [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok'') pars communis Ovelgonnae factus est.

== Cives clari ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Fridericus Cassebohm|Fridericus Georgius Carolus Cassebohm]] (1872 - 1951), vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;
 
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ovelgönne|Ovelgonnam}}
* [http://www.ovelgoenne.de/ www.ovelgoenne.de]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1514]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4181" sha1="lft8szv40uf22x7dcunntfadc0edeq9" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:St.-Anna-Kirche_in_Großenmeer.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctae Annae in vico [[Mare Maius (Ovelgonna)|Mari Maiore]].]]
'''Ovelgonna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ovelgönne''; [[Saxonice]] ''Övelgönn'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]]. Ad Ovelgonnam commune et vici [[Mare Maius (Ovelgonna)|Mare Maius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meer&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Meer?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum suffixum ''-meer'' Latino nomine &quot;mare-is&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Großenmeer''), [[Ovelgonna (caput communis)|Ovelgonna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Ovelgönne''), [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;&gt;Nomen Theodiscum ''Oldenbrok'' interpretari possumus &quot;Palus Vetus&quot;. Primum elementum ''Olden-'' cum Theodisco ''alt'' («vetus») congruit, quod Latine &quot;vetus, veteris&quot; redditur; secundum elementum ''-brok'', cognatum vocabulis regionalibus ''Brook'' et ''Bruch'', locum palustrem vel terram uliginosam significat, unde Latinum &quot;palus, paludis&quot; aptum est. Quibus de vocibus, vide: Lloyd, A. L., Lühr, R., &amp; Springer, O. (1998). ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen'', II, s. v. &quot;bruoh&quot;. Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. Digitales Wörterbuch Niederdeutsch, s. v. &quot;Brook&quot;. ''Dictionarium latino-germanicum'', s. v. &quot;palus&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok''),  atque [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Anno [[1514]] comes Oldenburgensis hic castellum ''övel gönne'' exstruxit, ut ager contra [[Frisia|Frisios]] defenderet. Annis [[1667]] - [[1773]] pars [[Dania]]e fuit. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Ducatus Oldenburgensis|Magnum Ducatum Oldenburgensem]] pertinuit. Anno [[1918]] Oldenburgum res publica facta est. Anno [[1933]] Ovelgonna pars novi [[Circulus terrae Paludis Visurgensis|Circuli terrae Paludis Visurgensis]] facta est et ager communis vicis [[Golzwarda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Golzwarden'') et [[Struckhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Strückhausen'') auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinet. Anno [[1974]] vicus [[Palus Vetus (Ovelgonna)|Palus Vetus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Vetus&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Oldenbrok'') pars communis Ovelgonnae factus est.

== Cives clari ==
=== Nati ===
* [[Fridericus Cassebohm|Fridericus Georgius Carolus Cassebohm]] (1872 - 1951), vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;
 
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ovelgönne|Ovelgonnam}}
* [http://www.ovelgoenne.de/ www.ovelgoenne.de]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1514]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Lerensis</title>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="8533" sha1="b0iaf48jtplqwje5mmdhbg0iql8rdaz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in LER.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Lerensi]]
'''Circulus Lerensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Lerensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Leer'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Lerensis-e&quot; ad [[Leri|Leros]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Leer''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Lier''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Leri]] est.

== Historia ==
Ager circuli ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus et anno [[1932]] circulo dissoluto Weener auctus est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Lerensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Borkna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Borkum''; [[lingua Frisica|Frisice]] ''Boarkum''; quoque [[Saxonice]] ''Börkum'') urbs (5175 incolae)
* [[Bunda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Deiter&quot;&gt;Deiter, H. (1881). Oldeborchs, Pastoris zu Bunda in Reiderland, kleine ostfriesische Chronicke, betreffend die Jahre 1558 bis 1605. ''Jahrbuch de Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Bunde''; [[Saxonice]] ''Bunn'') (7566)
* [[Gemmegum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemmegum&quot;&gt;Vide ''Giminghem - der alte Name von Jemgum'' Gerhardi Kronsweide; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Mittelalterliche urkundliche und einige neuzeitliche Nennungen von Jemgum''' (...) Gemmegum (Urkunde in lateinisch) (...) Gommegum (lat.) (...) Gemghum (lat.) (...) Gemmyngum (lat.) (...) Jemgum (Ubbo Emmius, lat.) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jemgum'') (3597)
* [[Leri]] (33.891, caput circuli)
* [[Moormerlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Moormerland''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Moormerlound'') (sedes administrationis [[Palus Warsingana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Palus Warsingana&quot;&gt;Theodiscum anthroponymicum praefixum casu genetivo ''Warsings-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;Warsinganus-a-um&quot; et [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; -Theodisce ''Warsingsfehn''-, 22.667)
* [[Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-rhauder-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Rhaudensis-e&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ostrhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aastrauderfeen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Ōsterfēn'') (10.750)
* [[Rhauderfehn]] (sedes: Westrhauderfehn, 17.162)
* [[Uplengen]] (sedes: Remels, 11.503)
* [[Weener]], oppidum (15.430)
* [[Westoverledingen]] (sedes: Ihrhove, 20.036)

* [[Hasla (commune generale)|Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') commune generale (10.595)
** [[Brincama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedländer 1878&quot;&gt;Friedländer, E. (Ed.) (1878). ''Ostfriesisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. (Jahre 787–1470)''. [[Emda]]e: Haynel.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Brinkum'') (700)
** [[Firrel]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Firrel'') (816)
** [[Hasla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hasla&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/hesel/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Der früheste schriftliche Beleg für den Ort findet sich als ''Hasla'' in einem Urbar der Abtei Werden, das sich auf das 10. Jh. datieren lässt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hesel'') (sedes administrationis, 4520)
** [[Holtlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Holtland'') (2260)
** [[Nova Palus Campensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum aut praefixum ''Neu(-)'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;campensis&quot;&gt;Theodiscum interfixum ''-kamper-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;campensis-e&quot; vertitur, quod ad vocabulum &quot;campus-i&quot; (Theodisce ''Kamp'') refertur. Revera, [https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum lexemate ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Neukamperfehn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neeikamperfehn'') (1594)
** [[Schwerinsdorf]] (705)

* [[Iummium (commune generale)|Iummium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egger 1977&quot;&gt;Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum (Officium Libri Catholici)''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Jümme'') commune generale (6420)
** [[Filsum]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Filsum'') sedes administraionis (2094)
** [[Nordtmor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordtmor&quot;&gt;Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio &quot;Nordtmorensis-e&quot;. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nortmoor/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''Nordtmorensis: Hermannus Gueneranus'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Nortmoor'') (1653)
** [[Teuderium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Detern''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Tjootern''; [[Saxonice|Orientalifrisicosaxonice]] ''Däitern'') oppidum (2673)

* Ager ad commune non pertinens:
** [[Lütje Hörn]] insula inhabitata

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Leer|circulum Lerensem}}
[http://www.landkreis-leer.de Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lerensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis</title>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ostrhauderfehn]] ad [[Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Potshausen, Sankt Martinkirche foto3 2010-05-16 14.30.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia in vico Potshausen]]
[[Fasciculus:Idafehn Windmühle.JPG|thumb|left|Molina vici Idafehn]]
'''Ostrhauderfehn''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad Ostrhauderfehn vici Ostrhauderfehn (6459 incolae), Holterfehn (1716), Idafehn (1500), Langholt (591), Potshausen (398) atque Holtermoor (249) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Saeculo 13 [[commenda]] Langholt primo in actis descriptum est, anno [[1319]] Potshausen nomine ''Pophteshusen''. Tum regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Ostrhauderfehn ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Die [[19 Aprilis]] [[1769]] quinque mercatores a rege [[Fridericus II (rex Borussiae)|Friderico II]] Borussiae impetraverunt, ut sibi palus magnum cederentur, quod seccarent. Hic fuit dies primus vici Ostrhauderfehn. Qui vicus ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Ostrhauderfehn [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] traditum est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Ostrhauderfehn regio ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] vici regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in Ostrhauderfehn novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1970]] vicus Holtermoor sua sponte ad Ostrhauderfehn accessit, anno [[1973]] Potshausen et magna ex parte Langholt secuti sunt atque [[1974]] Idafehn vicus pars communis factus est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostrhauderfehn.de/2084.php ostrhauderfehn.de]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat}}
* [http://www.ostrhauderfehn.de Pagina officialis communis Ostrhauderfehn]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1769]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3995683</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
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      <text bytes="4262" sha1="6n3po0mwfmr5fuv8ydepon3rnhdfdtx" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Potshausen, Sankt Martinkirche foto3 2010-05-16 14.30.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Potshusae.]]
[[Fasciculus:Idafehn Windmühle.JPG|thumb|left|Molina pagi Paludis Idae.]]
'''Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium interfixum ''-rhauder-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Rhaudensis-e&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;&gt;[https://www.koeblergerhard.de/germanistischewoerterbuecher/altsaechsischeswoerterbuch/asF.pdf Theodiscum suffixum ''-fehn'' Latino nomine &quot;palus paludis&quot; (f.)]  vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ostrhauderfehn''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Aastrauderfeen''; [[lingua Saxonica|Eofrisosaxonice]] ''Ōsterfēn'') est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et pars [[Circulus Lerensis|Circuli Lerensis]] est. Ad Paludem Rhaudensem Orientalem pagi [[Langholtum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langholtum&quot;&gt;Vide [https://bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/dateiarchiv/3153/Langholt.pdf?utm ''bibliothek.ostfriesischelandschaft.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) hominum vero sedes illic Langholto coenobio excepto (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Langholt'') (591), [[Palus Holtensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Holter-&quot;&gt;Theodiscum gentilicium praefixum ''Holter-'' Latino gentilicio &quot;Holtensis-e&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Holterfehn'') (1716), [[Palus Idae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ida-&quot;&gt;Theodiscum anthroponymicum praefixum ''Holter-'' Latino anthroponymo casu genetivo &quot;[[Ida|Idae]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Idafehn'') (1500), [[Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis (caput communis)|Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-rhauder-&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-fehn&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Ostrhauderfehn'') (6459 incolae), [[Potshusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Potshausen'') (398) atque [[Uligo Holtensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Holter-&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;-moor&quot;&gt;[https://www.latin-is-simple.com/de/vocabulary/noun/16839/?utm Theodiscum suffixum ''-moor'' Latino nomine &quot;uligo uliginis&quot; (f.)] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Holtermoor'') (249) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Saeculo 13 [[commenda]] Langholtum primo in actis descriptum est, anno [[1319]] Potshusa nomine ''Pophteshusen''. Tum regio pars [[Frisia orientalis|Frisiae Orientalis]] fuit. Annis [[1744]] - [[1806]] Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Die [[19 Aprilis]] [[1769]] quinque mercatores a rege [[Fridericus II (rex Borussiae)|Friderico II]] Borussiae impetraverunt, ut sibi palus magnum cederentur, quod seccarent. Hic fuit dies primus pagi Paludis Rhaudensis Orientalis. Qui pagus ab anno 1806 deinde ad [[Nederlandia]]m, annis [[1810]] ad [[1813]] ad [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1815]] Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regno Hannoverano]] tradita est, quod anno [[1866]] a Borussia occupatum est. Ab anno [[1885]] Paludis Rhaudensis Orientalis regio ad circulum Lerensem pertinet et ab anno [[1946]] pagi regionis ad Saxoniam Inferiorem pertinent. Post [[Bellum mundanum secundum|Bellum Mundanum Secundum]] multi homines ex oriente Germaniae fugati in Paludem Rhaudensem Orientalem novam patriam invenerunt. Anno [[1970]] pagus [[Uligo Holtensis]] sua sponte ad Paludem Rhaudensem Orientalem accessit, anno [[1973]] Potshusa et magna pars Langholti secutae sunt atque [[1974]] Palus Idae pagus pars communis factus est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ostrhauderfehn.de/2084.php ostrhauderfehn.de]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ostrhauderfehn|Paludem Rhaudensem Orientalem}}
* [http://www.ostrhauderfehn.de Pagina officialis communis Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Frisia orientalis]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1769]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pierrelaye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>251040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995634</id>
      <parentid>3921798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T17:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="925" sha1="73kw6h8dywembxdbe90xnpkeuabnz5o" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Pierrelaye_Mairie.JPG |thumb|250 px|Pierrelaye: [[curia municipalis]]]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 95488.png|250 px|left|thumb|Pierrelaye: communis tabula]]

''' Pierrelaye''' est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 8'218 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vallis Esiae|Valle Esiae]] in regione [[Insula Franciae (regio Franciae)|Insula Franciae]].

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Vallis Esiae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Pierrelaye|Pierrelaye}}

* {{INSEE commune|95488|de=Pierrelaye}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=26817 De hoc communi apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160627181514/http://www.ville-pierrelaye.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vallis Oesiae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vallis Oesiae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>3995674</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="10847" sha1="a4fpepzwnqwmzotvgjlsus32gk47esg" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in NOH.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo in comitatu Binethensi]]
'''Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus in Comitatũ Binethensi&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum syntagma &quot;in Comitatũ Binethensi&quot; Theodiscum ''Grafschaft Bentheim'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Grafskup Bentheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Groafschup Bentem''), nunc pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus est et ad annum [[1945]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit et deinde ab anno [[1946]] ad Saxoniam Inferiorem. Caput circuli urbs [[Northorna]] est.

== Historia ==
Comitatus Binethensis anno [[1015]] primo in actis descriptum est. Ab anno [[1815]] ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1885]] circulus conditus est. Post [[Secundum Bellum Mundanum]] [[Nederlandia]] agrum circuli reparationis causa postulavit neque tamen multum adipisci potuit&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44435312.html Der Spiegel die 1 Ianuarii 1949]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Annis [[1974]], [[1977]] atque [[1978]] fines circuli paulum mutatae sunt.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt 25 communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Binethemum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Bad Bentheim''), urbs (15.104 incolae)
* [[Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn''), urbs et caput circuli (52.579)
* [[Wietmarschen]] (11.765)

* [[Emmelkampus (commune generale)|Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.altreformiert.de/beuker/geschichte/grafschaft-bentheim/ERK-GRAFSCH_Classis_1625-1705_Prot_-_Plasger_2021_gjb.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com ''Protokolle der Classis der reformierten Prediger der Grafschaft Bentheim 1625–1705''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Domino Bernhardus Tinneken Pastorum Emmelkampum (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp'') commune generale (14.428)
** [[Emmelkampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Emmelkampus&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emlichheim''; [[Saxonice]] et [[Batavice]] ''Emmelkamp''), sedes administrationis (7.288)
** [[Hoogstede]] (2.883)
** [[Lare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lare&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim'']{{Nexus deficit|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''LAAR''' (Gem. Laar, Samtgem. Emlichheim) 1232 (A. 14. Jh.) ''totum Lare cum ecclesia'' (Gesta Episc. Traiect. S. 424 Z. 51) 1312 (Transs. 1332; A.) ''sex domos [...] de Lare'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Laar''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loar'') (2.176)
** [[Ringe]] (2.081)

* [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') commune generale (13.896)
** [[Aszi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573)
** [[Georgsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280)
** [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'') (1.059)
** [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbs et sedes administrationis (9813)
** [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)|Silva Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osterwald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wauld'') (1.171)

* [[Schüttorf (commune generale)|Schüttdorf]] commune generale (15.388)
** [[Engda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Engden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Engn'') (432)
** [[Isterberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] ''Isterberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Isterbarg'') (581)
** [[Oen (Saxonia Inferior)|Oen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB XV&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''de dotali manso ecclesie Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de curia Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) 1110 (A. 14. Jh.) ''de domo Bernhardi Oen'' (Niesert, Beiträge I Nr. 83 S. 258) um 1150 ''in Toń'' (Urb. Werden I S. 234 Z. 19) 1188-1331 (A. 1331) ''in parrochia On'' (Philippi/Bannier, Güterverzeichnis S. 420) 1213 ''in parochia On'' (Niesert, Urkundensammlung IV Nr. 48 S. 188) 1263 ''de domo Herewici de One'' (WUB III Nr. 706 S. 366) 1282-1306 (A. Mitte 16. Jh.) ''curtem dictam Runhoff in parochia On'' (...) ''in parrochia On'' (...) ''domum des Doven in parochia Oen'' (...) ''curtem dictam Ruvenhoff, Cortehus in parochia On'' (...) ''in parochia Oen'' (Bruns, LB Steinfurt Nr. K53 S. 58) 1367 ''in parrochia, in qua et legione dictis Oen'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Ohne'') (572)
** [[Quendorf]] (548)
** [[Samern]] (745)
** [[Schüttorf]], oppidum et sedes administrationis (12.510)

* [[Uelsen (commune generale)|Uelsen]] commune generale (11.169)
** [[Geteloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-loha&quot;&gt;Germanica praesentia aut antiqua toponyma cum suffixis ''-loh(e)'' et ''-lo'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-loha-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ascloha]], [[Buohloha]], [[Eiloha]], [[Hadaloha]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Getelo''; [[Saxonice]] ''Getel'') (550)
** [[Golencampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;campus-i&quot;&gt;[https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/articles/80250/en?utm Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-kamp'' seu ''-kampf'' seu ''-camp'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-campus-i&quot;], quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Gölenkamp''; [[Saxonice]] ''Göllenkamp'') (588)
** [[Halla (Comitatus Binethensis)|Halla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Halla prope Neuenhusam&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Halle'' plerumque toponymo &quot;Halla-ae&quot; latinizatur. Qua de latinizatione, vide complures Hallae apud [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Halle'') (663)
** [[Itterbecca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ecca&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-ec(k)'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ecca-ae&quot; seu &quot;-eca-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-ec, -eck''' : -''ecca'', -''ēca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Itterbeck'') (1.760)
** [[Uelsen]], sedes administrationis (5.468)
** [[Wielen]] (551)
** [[Wilsum]] (1.589)

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim|circulum in comitatu Binethensi}}
[http://www.grafschaft-bentheim.de Pagina officialis]


{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binethensis comitatus circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neuenhusa (commune generale)</title>
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[[Fasciculus:2013-neuenhaus-hausambuergerpark.jpg|thumb|left|Iudicium Neuenhusanum anno 1973 aedificatum.]]
'''Neuenhusa'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus'') est commune generale [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] in [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circulo in Comitatu Binethensi]].

== Historia ==
Die [[1 Martii]] [[1974]] Neuenhusa commune generale constitutum est. E communibus [[Aszi]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermann&quot;&gt;Hermann Abels: ''Die Ortsnamen des Emslandes in ihrer sprachlichen und kulturgeschichtlichen Bedeutung''. S. 27f.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Esche'') (573 incolae), [[Georgsdorfium|Georgsdorfio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') (1.280), [[Laga (Saxonia Inferior)|Laga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lage''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loage'') (1.059), [[Neuenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenhuus''), urbe et sede administrationis, (9813) atque [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)|Silva Orientali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osterwald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wauld'') (1.171) constat.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Neuenhaus|Neuenhusam}}
* [http://www.neuenhaus.de Pagina communis generalis Neuenhusae (Theodisce)]

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia generalia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1974]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Northorna</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Nordhorn_Ev.ref.Kirche_Am_Markt.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Luderi.]]
[[Fasciculus:Ehemaliges Rathaus Nordhorn3.JPG|thumb|left|Curia vetus urbis Northornae.]]
'''Northorna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Nordhorn''; [[Saxonice]] ''Nothoorn'' seu ''Notthoarn'' seu ''Netthoarn'' seu ''Noordhoorn'') est urbs [[Germania|Germanicus]] in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e sita atque [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Ad urbem et vici [[Bymalta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB XV&quot;&gt;Vide [https://rep.adw-goe.de/bitstream/handle/11858/3014/NOB%20XV%20Grafschaft%20Bentheim.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=1&amp;utm ''NOB XV Grafschaft Bentheim''] {{Nexus deficit|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''decimam totius ville Bymalte'' (...) ''Adolfus de Brantelghete'' (...) '' de Hersebrůca'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bimolten'') (251 incolae), [[Bookholtia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-holtia-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-holz'' seu ''-holt'' seu ''-hout'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-holtia-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, quamquam [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''] solum dicit &quot;(...) -holz : -''holtia'' (...)&quot;, situs interretialis [https://www.etymonline.com/word/hilt ''Etymonline''] &quot;Old English ''holt'' &quot;woods, forest, grove, thicket,&quot; common in place names, from Proto-Germanic *''hultam-'' (source also of Old Frisian, Old Norse, Middle Dutch ''holt'', Dutch ''hout'', German ''Holz'' &quot;a wood, wood as timber&quot;)&quot; aseverat. Ergo, quia suffixa ''-holt'' et ''-hout'' variationes suffixi ''-holz'' sunt, omnia haec suffixa etiam verti Latine suffixo &quot;-holtia-ae&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Bookholt'') (685), [[Brantelghete]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB XV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Brandlecht'') (921), [[Hersebruca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NOB XV&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Hestrup'') (295), [[Hesepa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hesepe'') (281), [[Hohenkorba (Northorna)|Hohenkorba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenkörben'') (107), [[Klausheida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Klausheide'') (1.469) atque [[Northorna (caput urbis)|Northorna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Nordhorn'') (49.394) pertinent.

== Historia ==
Circa annum [[800]] Ludgerus episcopus primam ecclesiam urbis aedificavit, anno [[900]] Northorna primo in actis descripta est&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nordhorn.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=58 Historia oppidi in pagina officiali Northornae]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1160]] Northorna ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit et usque ad annum [[1753]] mansit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes Northornae cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] Northorna ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo, Northornae pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat. Anno [[1945]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannici]] magistratus, qui hanc partem Germaniae occupaverunt, caput circuli Northornae transtulerunt, quod in media parte regionis situm est. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] vici supra dicti ad Northornam adiuncti sunt. Ab anno [[2011]] Thomas Berling ([[SPD]]) magister civium electus est.

==Religio==
22,5% Northornensium [[Catholicismus|catholici]] sunt, 19,4% [[Ecclesiae Reformatae|reformati]], 13,8% [[Lutheranismus|lutherani]], 1,7% antiqui-reformati. Aliis Northornensibus religio non est.

== Cives clari ==
*Bernhard Rawe (*1864, † 1950), possessor societatis textilis, cives honoratus civitatis Northornae.
* Bernhard Brink (*1952), cantor.
* [[Maria-Ludovica Dött]] (*1953), rerum politicarum perita factionis [[CDU]].
* Albert Stegemann (*1976), agricola et politicus fractionis [[CDU]].

== [[Coniunctio communium|Communia coniuncta]] ==
{| 
|[[Fasciculus:Flag of Netherlands.svg|20px|Nederlandia]]||[[Covordia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Batavice]] ''Coevorden''), ex anno [[1963]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Flag of France.svg|20px|Francia]]|| [[Monasterium Villare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francice]] ''Montivilliers''), ex anno [[1963]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Flag of Germany.svg |20px| Germania]]|| [[Reichenbachium Variscorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huldreich 1705&quot;&gt;Huldreich, J. B. (1705). ''Miscellanea Tigurina: exhibentia eruditorum potissimum Tigurinorum elogia, ephemerides, et elenchos''. Typis Bodmerianis.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Reichenbach im Vogtland''; [[Linguae Sorabicae|Suprasorabice]] ''Reichenbach''; [[Varisce]] ''Reignbach''), ex anno [[1989]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Flag of Poland.svg|20px|Polonia]]|| [[Mariaeburgum (Polonia)|Mariaeburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; ([[Polonice]] ''Malbork''), ex anno [[1995]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italia]]|| [[Reate]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], ''[[De re rustica (Varro)|Rust.]]'' 3.1.6; [[Livius]] 25.7; [[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinius]], ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 3.109.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italice]] ''Rieti''), ex anno [[2010]]
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Nordhorn|Northornam}}
* [http://www.nordhorn.de/ Oppidi Northornae situs interretialis] {{Ling|Theodisce}}
* [http://www.vvv-nordhorn.de/ Rei periegeticae situs interretialis] {{Ling|Theodisce}}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita saeculo 8]]</text>
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    <title>Georgsdorfium</title>
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{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Georgsdorf_Windmühle.JPG|thumb|left|Molae ventis Georgsdorfenses.]]
'''Georgsdorfium'''&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Georgsdorf'') est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Georgsdorfium est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]].

== Historia ==
Anno [[1655]] Ioannes Picardt pastor reformatus coloniam in palude exstruxit, cui primo nomen Ernstdorfium&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;/&gt; (Theodisce ''Ernstdorf''), deinde, ut conditor honoraretur, Piccardia&lt;ref name=&quot;-ia-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixo ''-ie'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Turbia]], [[Vermeria]], [[Alteia]], [[Airdria]], [[Augustadia]], [[Curbavia]], [[Normannia]], [[Picardia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Piccardie'') nominata est. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Anno [[1760]] colonia in partes duas divisa est: Piccardia Antiqua&lt;ref name=&quot;-ia-ae&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alt&quot;&gt;Theodiscum adiectivum ''Alte'' [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/antiquus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latino adiectivo &quot;antiquus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Alte Piccardie'') -nunc ad [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)|Silvam Orientalem]] commune pertinens- et Piccardia Nova&lt;ref name=&quot;-ia-ae&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neu&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Neu?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Theodiscum adiectivum ''Neu'' Latino adiectivo &quot;novus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Neue Piccardie'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160220145728/http://www.reformiert-georgsdorf.de/ Pagina communitatis Reformatae Georgsdorf]&lt;/ref&gt;. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Georgsdorfium pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Anno [[1862]] [[Georgius V (rex Hannoverae)|Georgius V]] rex Hannoverae vico novam ecclesiam donavit. Incolae gratia adducti coloniae novum nomen Georgsdorfium (scilicet &quot;Vicus Georgii&quot;) dederunt. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Georgsdorfium ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Georgsdorfium cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] coniunxit. Anno [[2007]] Ioannes Scholten (CDU) novus magister civium electus est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Georgsdorf|Georgsdorfium}}
* [http://www.neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=181&amp;topmenu=179 Pagina communis generalis Neuenhusae]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1760]]</text>
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    <title>Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)</title>
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      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Osterwald]] ad [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
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'''Osterwald''' est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Osterwald est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]]. Ad commune etiam vici Alte Piccardie et Hohenkörben pertinent.

== Historia ==
Saeculo 14 Osterwald primo in actis descriptum est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826204213/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=184&amp;topmenu=179 neuenhaus.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo Osterwald pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Osterwald ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Osterwald cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] coniunxit atque vicos supra dictis ad se adiunxit. Anno [[2011]] Ioannes Diekjakobs iterum magister civium electus est.

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826215239/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=180&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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'''Silva Orientalis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osterwald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wauld'') est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Silva Orientalis est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]]. Ad commune etiam vici [[Hohenkorba (Silva Orientalis)|Hohenkorba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenkörben''), [[Piccardia Antiqua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ia-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixo ''-ie'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Turbia]], [[Vermeria]], [[Alteia]], [[Airdria]], [[Augustadia]], [[Curbavia]], [[Normannia]], [[Picardia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alt&quot;&gt;Theodiscum adiectivum ''Alte'' [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/antiquus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latino adiectivo &quot;antiquus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Alte Piccardie'') atque [[Silva Orientalis (caput communis)|Silva Orientalis]] (Theodisce ''Osterwald'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Saeculo 14 Silva Orientalis primo in actis descripta est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826204213/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=184&amp;topmenu=179 neuenhaus.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo, Silva Orientalis pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Silva Orientalis ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Silva Orientalis cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] coniunxit atque vicos supra dictis ad se adiunxit. Anno [[2011]] Ioannes Diekjakobs iterum magister civium electus est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Osterwald|Silvam Orientalem}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826215239/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=180&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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'''Silva Orientalis'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osterwald''; [[Saxonice]] ''Wauld'') est commune in [[Saxonia Inferior]]e situm atque pars [[Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi|Circuli in Comitatu Binethensis]]. Silva Orientalis est praeterea pars communis generalis [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusae]]. Ad commune etiam vici [[Hohenkorba (Silva Orientalis)|Hohenkorba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Hohenkörben''), [[Piccardia Antiqua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ia-ae&quot;&gt;Toponyma cum suffixo ''-ie'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-ia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Turbia]], [[Vermeria]], [[Alteia]], [[Airdria]], [[Augustadia]], [[Curbavia]], [[Normannia]], [[Picardia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alt&quot;&gt;Theodiscum adiectivum ''Alte'' [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/antiquus?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latino adiectivo &quot;antiquus-a-um&quot;] vertitur.&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Alte Piccardie'') atque [[Silva Orientalis (caput communis)|Silva Orientalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&amp;nr=1 Latinum substantivum &quot;silva-ae&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-wald''] vertit.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orientalis&quot;&gt;[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/orientalis?wb=gross&amp;nr=3 Theodiscum praefixum ''Ost(er)-'' Latino adiectivo &quot;orientalis-e&quot; vertitur.]&lt;/ref&gt; (Theodisce ''Osterwald'') pertinent.

== Historia ==
Saeculo 14 Silva Orientalis primo in actis descripta est&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160826204213/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=184&amp;topmenu=179 neuenhaus.de]&lt;/ref&gt;. Regio usque ad annum [[1753]] ad comitatum Binethensem pertinuit, cum Friedericus Carolus comes eam cum toto comitatu [[Ducatus Brunsvicensis et Luneburgensis|Electori Hannoverae]] pigno dedit. Ab anno [[1806]] regio ad [[Magnus Ducatus Montensis|Magnum Ducatum Montensem]] pertinuit. [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleone]] imperatore victo, Silva Orientalis pars [[Regnum Hannoveranum|Regni Hannoverani]] fuit. Regnum Hannoveranum autem anno [[1866]] a [[Borussia]] occupatum est. Anno [[1885]] Circulus in Comitatu Binethensi conditus est, cuius caput tum [[Aquae Benthemiae|Benthemia]] erat et ad quem Silva Orientalis ad hunc diem pertinet. Ab anno [[1946]] Circulus Binethensis pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Numerus incolarum tum multis hominibus auctus est, qui e Germania Orientali fugati erant. Anno [[1974]] Silva Orientalis cum aliis communibus se ad commune generale [[Neuenhusa (commune generale)|Neuenhusam]] coniunxit atque vicos supra dictis ad se adiunxit. Anno [[2011]] Ioannes Diekjakobs iterum magister civium electus est.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Osterwald|Silvam Orientalem}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160826215239/http://neuenhaus.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=180&amp;topmenu=179 www.neuenhaus.de - Pagina communis generalis]

[[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fonofos</title>
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      <text bytes="1442" sha1="8tlsbxonkfg9qqu9hy7ysnhjrlwygkm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Fonofos Structural Formula V1.svg|thumb|Fonofos, [[chemia|chemicum]] ''O''-Ethyl ''S''-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioatum rite descriptum, [[liquidum]] [[flavus|flavum]] [[odor]]e [[aroma]]tico praeditum.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0292.html ''Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards''] (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
'''Fonofos'''&lt;ref&gt;Etiam Dyfonate, Dyphonate, et Fonophos in [[commercium|commercio]] appellatus.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[insecticida]] [[organothiophosphas|organothiophosphaticus]], qui plerumque [[maizum|maizo]] adhibetur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/fonofos.html Fonofos] (situs interretialis Alani Wood).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=extoxnet&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023534/http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/fonofos-ext.html &quot;Fonofos: Pesticide Information Profile&quot;] (Extension Toxicology Network).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Venenum|Venenatissimus]] est,&lt;ref name=extoxnet/&gt; qua pro causa inter [[index materiarum periculosissimarum|materias periculosissimas]] perscribitur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ehs.uark.edu/DocumentPages/ExtremelyHazardousChemicals.pdf &quot;Appendix: A List of Extremely Hazardous Chemicals&quot;] (Facilities Management, Office of Environmental Health &amp; Safety, University of Arkansas).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{chem-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Inhibitores acetylcholinesterasis]]
[[Categoria:Insecticidae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Cuxhavensis</title>
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      <text bytes="11873" sha1="lpip8en93b2cnosgun13omwy1915xax" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in CUX.svg|300px|right|Communia in circulo Cuxhavensi]]
'''Circulus Cuxhavensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Cuxhavensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cuxhaven'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cuxhavia]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cuxhavensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Cuxhaven''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Cuxhaven''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Cuxhoben''), pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1977]] conditus est et circulis pristinis Hadeln et Wesermünde atque urbe [[Cuxhavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; conditus est.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager circuli partim ad [[Ducatus Bremensis|Ducatum Bremensem]] pertinet, cum urbs [[Cuxhavia]] pars [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]] fuit. Anno [[1715]] Ducatus Bremensem ad Ducatum Electoralem Brunsvicum-Luneburgensem transiit. Anno [[1803]] cum toto Ducato a copiis [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Francicis]] occupatum est. Ab anno [[1810]] ad [[1813]] pars [[Primum Imperium Francicum|Imperii Francici]] erat. Tum ad [[Regnum Hannoveranum]], ab anno [[1866]] ad [[Borussia]]m pertinuit. Anno [[1937]] etiam [[Cuxhavia]] urbs pars Borussiae facta est. Ab anno [[1946]] totus ager circuli futuri pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. Anno [[1977]] circulus conditus est.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad communia generalia coniuncti sunt:

* [[Beverstedum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Köbler 2016&quot;&gt;Köbler, G. (2016). ''Orte in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Wikiling-Zier. [[Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Beverstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Beverst'') (13.503 incolae)
* [[Cuxhavia]], caput circuli (48.264)
* [[Geestlandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-landia&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-land'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-landia-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amelandia]], [[Bevelandia Australis]], [[Bevelandia Septentrionalis]], [[Bolandia]], [[Iutlandia]], [[Curlandia]], [[Estlandia]], [[Finlandia]], [[Flevolandia]], [[Friedlandia]], [[Islandia]], [[Gothlandia]], [[Hollandia]], [[Ingermanlandia]], [[Isalandia]] [[Lalandia]], [[Langelandia]], [[Oehtlandia]] [[Olandia]], [[Sallandia]], [[Samlandia]] [[Zelandia]], [[Selandia]] [[Fotlandia]], [[Wermelandia]] [[Withlandia]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Geestland'') commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (30.936)
* [[Haga Bremensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KleinGrosse&quot;&gt;De interpretatione toponymica adiectivorum Germanicorum &quot;Klein&quot; et &quot;Gross&quot; per Latina &quot;Minor-us&quot; et &quot;Maior-ius&quot;, vide: Casemir, K., Ohainski, U., &amp; Udolph, J. (2018). ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Helmstedt und der Stadt Wolfsburg (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch, Teil VII)''. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Latinum gentilicium &quot;Bremensis-e&quot; Theodiscum syntagma ''im Bremischen'' vertit.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hagen im Bremischen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Hagen'') (10.991)
* [[Lacstidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacstidi&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/media/filer_public/ef/48/ef48ff64-c0e3-4be5-906f-7d8f27fdba18/ndw_39__scheuermann_der_often.pdf?utm ''Mundart Kommission''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''in locis quorum hec sunt nomina, Lacstidi, Romlo, Dudanebutli'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Loxstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Lox'') (15.980)
* [[Schiffdorf]] (14.095)
* [[Wurster Nordseeküste]] (16.965)

* [[Districtus Lamestede (commune generale)|Districtus Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Börde&quot;&gt;Theodiscum vocabulum ''Börde'' Latino &quot;districtus-us&quot; vertitur. Qua de correspondentia, vide [https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/61948/pg61948-images.html?utm ''Mittelniederdeutsches Handwörterbuch''], ubi dicitur &quot; (...) '''borde'', ''f. (eig. districtus judicii temporalis; dann überh.:) Bezirk, Landschaft (Börde)'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Börde Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'') commune generale (6052)
** [[Ermelstorpium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pratje 1759&quot;&gt;Pratje, J. H. (1759). ''Historische Nachrichten von den ehemaligen vicedominis in ditione Bremensi:...''. Stadae: Typis H. C. Götheli.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Armstorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Armsdörp'') (646)
** [[Hollnsethum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-ethum&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-eth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-ethum-i&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Bechtsriethum]], [[Maitenbethum]] ac [[Wiesethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index communium Bavariae|indice communium Bavariae]]; et [[Gransebiethum]] apud Vicipaediae Latinae articulum de [[Index Communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris|indice communium Megapolis et Pomeraniae Citerioris]].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hollnseth'') (898)
** [[Lamestede]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamestede&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/lamstedt/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''parochia Lamestede'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Lamstedt''; [[Saxonice]] ''Loomst'') (sedes administrationis) (3349)
** [[Mittelstenaha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-e&quot;&gt;Germanica et Romanica (praecipue Francica) toponyma cum suffixo ''-e'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-e''' : -''a'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; (601)
** [[Stinstedt]] (558)

* [[Haduloha (commune generale)|Haduloha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haduloha&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-9396.pdf?utm ''Westfälische Geschichte''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) &quot;Haduloha ... - hoc enim loco nomen, ubi oceanus Saxoniam alluit (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Land Hadeln'') commune generale (27.128)
** [[Attendorium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Otterndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oterndörp'' seu ''Otterndörp''), urbs, sedes administrationis (7230)
** [[Belumum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mushard 1764&quot;&gt;Mushard, M. (1764). ''Palaeogentilismus Bremensis: Monumenta ac veterum tumuli in ducatibus Bremensi et Verdensi''. Typis Andreae Vandenhoeck.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Belum''; [[Saxonice]] ''Belen'') (838)
** [[Bulcova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ehmck &amp; Bippen 1873&quot;&gt;Ehmck, D. R., &amp; von Bippen, W. (Ed.) (1873). ''Bremisches Urkundenbuch: Band 1. Urkunden bis zum Jahre 1300''. C. Schünemann.&lt;/ref&gt;  ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Bülkau'') (884)
** [[Ihlienverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-verda-ae&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-worth'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-verda-ae&quot;. Qua de latinizatione, vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/441536698/1983-Stearn-Botanical-Latin-pesquisavel-pdf ''Botanical Latin''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''-worth''' : -''verda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ihlienworth''; [[Saxonice]] ''Helmworth'') (1588)
** [[Mons Catonis (Saxonia Inferior)|Mons Catonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meiborn III 1688&quot;&gt;Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: I. Historicos Germanicos, II. Historiam Helmstadensem, III. Dissertationes de utriusque Saxoniae''. Typis Georgii Wolffgangi Hammii; et: Meibom, H. (1688). ''Rerum Germanicarum Tomi III: Dissertationen und historische Chroniken des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg''. Typis Georgii Wolffii.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Cadenberge''; [[Saxonice]] ''Cuddeldutt'' seu ''Kumbarg'') (4126)
** [[Nortleda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nortleda&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/nordleda/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''] , ubi dicitur &quot;(...) urkundlich erstmals 1312 als ''Nortleda'' belegt (...) ''Marquardus de Nortleda'' (...) ''Thidericus rector ecclesie in Nortleda'' (...) ''rector parochialis ecclesia in Nortleda'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Nordleda''; [[Saxonice]] ''De Lee'' seu ''Lee'') (1084)
** [[Nova Domus (Saxonia Inferior)|Nova Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nova Domus&quot;&gt;Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhaus'' Latino &quot;Nova Domum&quot; verti solet. Cf. Novas Domus apud {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuhaus''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neehuus''), oppidum (1186)
** [[Nyenkerken (Haduloha)|Nyenkerken]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyenkerken&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/neuenkirchen-land-hadeln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''rector parrochialis ecclesie in Nyenkerken'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Neuenkirchen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Neenkarken'') (1378)
** [[Oberndorfium (Osta)|Oberndorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-dorf&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixo ''-dorf'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-dorfium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ensdorfium]], [[Burgdorfium]], [[Altdorfium]], [[Oberndorfium]], [[Rebdorfium]], [[Schenckendorfium]], [[Wilhelmersdorfium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oberndorf''; [[Saxonice]] ''Öberndörp'') (1359)
** [[Odishemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-hemium&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-he(i)m'' et ''-hjem'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-hemium-i&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Ingelhemium]], [[Eboreshemium]], [[Arnhemium]], [[Oppenhemium]], [[Forchemium]], [[Gerineshemium]], [[Benthemium]], [[Buxhemium]], [[Dronthemium]], [[Enshemium]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Odisheim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Godshem'') (497)
** [[Osterbroke]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterbroke&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osterbruch/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''ecclesia in Osterbroke'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osterbruch''; [[Saxonice]] ''Osterbrook'') (520)
** [[Steinau]] (845)
** [[Wanna]] (2179)
** [[Wingst]] (3414)

* [[Hemmoor (commune generale)|Hemmor]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor'') commune generale (14.189)
** [[Hechthusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Hechthausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Heckthusen'') (3500)
** [[Hemmoor]] ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Hemmoor''), urbs et sedes administrationis (8861)
** [[Osta (Saxonia Inferior)|Osta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Osta&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/osten-oste/ ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) ''dominus Otto, rector ecclesie in Osta'' (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Osten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Oosten'') (1828)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Cuxhaven|Circulum Cuxhavensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-cuxhaven.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuxhavensis circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1977]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Circulus Fardensis</title>
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      <text bytes="5143" sha1="leuux6uv77ozgwjatjn1805m397ehbf" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in VER.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Communia in circulo Fardensi.]]
'''Circulus terrae Fardensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Fardensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Verden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Fardensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Fardium]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Verden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Veern''), est pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager huius circuli post [[Bellum triginta annorum]] anno [[1648]] finitum pars [[Suecia]]e factus est. Tum anno [[1714]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] translatus est. Anno [[1801]] copiae [[Borussia]]e invaserunt. Annis [[1810]] - [[1814]] [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] eam regionem usurpavit. Anno [[1814]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] hanc regionem suscepit. Tum anno [[1866]] [[Borussia]] regnum Hannoveranum subegit et circulus Fardensis pars huius civitatis factus est. Anno [[1946]] tota regio pars Saxoniae Inferioris facta est. Anno [[1972]] et [[2006]] circulus Fardensis fines hodiernas accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad commune generale coniuncti sunt:

* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (31.156 incolae)
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'') (8993)
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern''), urbs et caput circuli (26.997)
* [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langwedel&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'') [[oppidum]] (14.414)
* [[Lintlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lintlo&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')&lt;/small&gt; (10.132)
* [[Ottersberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ottersberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Otterbarg'') oppidum (12.443)
* [[Oyten]] (15.604)


* [[Thedinghausen (commune generale)|Thedinghausen]] commune generale (14.906)
** [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'') (2856)
** [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'') (1504)
** [[Riede]] (2742)
** [[Thedinghausen]], sedes administrationis (7804)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Verden|Circulum Fardensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-verden.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vechta circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
      <sha1>leuux6uv77ozgwjatjn1805m397ehbf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995740</id>
      <parentid>3995705</parentid>
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        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="5231" sha1="2iohpdisg2faqzmlru0rr0f23hwnkek" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}

[[Fasciculus:Municipalities in VER.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Communia in circulo Fardensi.]]
'''Circulus terrae Fardensis'''&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Fardensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Verden'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino gentilicio &quot;Fardensis-e&quot;, quod ad [[Fardium]] refertur, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Landkreis Verden''; [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Loundkring Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Landkreis Veern''), est pars [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]], anno [[1885]] conditus.

== De rebus gestis ==
Ager huius circuli post [[Bellum triginta annorum]] anno [[1648]] finitum pars [[Suecia]]e factus est. Tum anno [[1714]] ad [[Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi|Electoratum Brunsvici-Luneburgi]] translatus est. Anno [[1801]] copiae [[Borussia]]e invaserunt. Annis [[1810]] - [[1814]] [[Primum Imperium Francicum]] eam regionem usurpavit. Anno [[1814]] [[Regnum Hannoveranum]] hanc regionem suscepit. Tum anno [[1866]] [[Borussia]] regnum Hannoveranum subegit et circulus Fardensis pars huius civitatis factus est. Anno [[1946]] tota regio pars Saxoniae Inferioris facta est. Anno [[1972]] et [[2006]] circulus Fardensis fines hodiernas accepit.

== Communia circuli ==
Haec sunt communia huius circuli, quae partim ad commune generale coniuncti sunt:

* [[Acheimum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Grote III 1877&quot;&gt;Grote, H. (1877). ''Münzstudien: Geschichte der älteren Münzen und Urkunden des Bisthums Verden'' (Vol. VIII). Hannoverae: Hahn’sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Achim''; [[Saxonice]] ''Achem''), commune sui iuris et [[urbs]] (31.156 incolae)
* [[Dorverda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-a&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum terminatione ''-en'' plerumque latinizari solent addita terminatione latinizata &quot;-a-ae&quot;, quamquam huius terminationis variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Stolpa]], [[Dresda]] apud articulum Vicipaedia de [https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_urbium_et_communium_Saxoniae indice urbium et communium Saxoniae]; et Ala, [[Amma]], [[Brema]], [[Salancema]], Wisa, [[Groninga]], [[Toringa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Dörverden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Dörbern'' seu ''Dörb'' seu ''Dörveern'') (8993)
* [[Fardium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[lingua Frisica|Sagterlandice]] ''Verden''; [[Saxonice]] ''Veern''), urbs et caput circuli (26.997)
* [[Langwedel (Saxonia Inferior)|Langwedel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Langwedel&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardLaurinderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161207-1612.htm?utm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) '''Langwedel''', 13. Jh., bei Verden, Donb351, (Flecken in dem Landkreis Verden,) rund15000 Einwohner, (apud bzw. ad castrum) Langwedel (1220)  (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] et [[Saxonice]] ''Langwedel'') [[oppidum]] (14.414)
* [[Lintlo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lintlo&quot;&gt;Vide [https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/kirchlinteln/?utm ''Kirchengemeindelexikon''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Urkundlich ist das Dorf erstmals 1123 als ''Lintlo'' belegt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Kirchlinteln''; [[Saxonice]] ''Karklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinteln'' seu ''Kerklinneln'')&lt;/small&gt; (10.132)
* [[Ottersberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-berga&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-berg'' aut ''-berge'' aut ''-bergen'' aut ''-berghe'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-berga-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Amberga]], [[Annaberga]], [[Arensberga]], [[Asschaberga]], [[Bamberga]], [[Berga]], [[Blancoberga]], [[Bobbinberga]], [[Brunsberga]], [[Cassonberga]], [[Coloberga]], [[Eversberga]], [[Freiberga]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Ottersberg''; [[Saxonice]] ''Otterbarg'') oppidum (12.443)
* [[Oytha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Oyten''; [[Saxonice]] ''Eiten'') (15.604)


* [[Thedinghausen (commune generale)|Thedinghausen]] commune generale (14.906)
** [[Blenderum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brosius 1993&quot;&gt;Brosius, D. (1993). ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Loccum'' (Vol. 1). Wallstein Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Blender''; [[Saxonice]] ''Blenner'') (2856)
** [[Emtinghusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;-husa&quot;&gt;Germanica toponyma cum suffixis ''-haus(en)'' plerumque latinizari solent addito suffixo latinizato &quot;-husa-ae&quot;, quamquam huius suffixi variantes inveniri possunt. Exempli gratiā: [[Petrishusa]], [[Sachsenhusa]], [[Sangerhusa]], [[Sunthusa]], [[Ahusa]], [[Bebenhusa]], [[Buozolteshusa]], [[Chuzenhusa]], [[Husa]], [[Francohusa]], [[Gisinhusa]], [[Harthusa]], [[Hilpertohusa]] apud {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Theodisce]] ''Emtinghausen''; [[Saxonice]] ''Emhusen'') (1504)
** [[Riede]] (2742)
** [[Thedinghausen]], sedes administrationis (7804)

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index circulorum et liberarum urbium Saxoniae Inferioris]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{commonscat|Landkreis Verden|Circulum Fardensem}}
* [http://www.landkreis-verden.de/ Pagina officialis]

{{Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vechta circulus}}
[[Categoria:Circuli terrae Saxoniae Inferioris]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1885]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Codices Aztecorum</title>
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      <text bytes="2455" sha1="rg7f7jk3ve5ykuyr803ysoonu269wcc" xml:space="preserve">Hic habes indicem '''codicum Aztecorum''' usque hodie servatorum. Sub rubrica annorum ''a.'' = ante, ''c.'' = circa, ''p.'' = post.
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|annus
!''Agnomen''
!''Titulus''
!''Auctor''
|-
|1521 c.
|[[Codex Borbonicus]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.famsi.org/research/graz/borbonicus/thumbs_0.html Editio]&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|1521 p.
|[[Codex Boturini]]
|''Tira de la peregrinación''
|
|-
|1528 p.
|''[[Anales de Tlatelolco]]''
|
|
|-
|1530 c.
|[[Tonalamatl Aubin]]
|
|
|-
|1530 c.
|[[Matricula tributorum]]
|
|
|-
|1542 a.
|[[Codex Xolotl]]
|
|
|-
|1542 a.
|[[Codex Mendoza]]
|
|
|-
|1550 c.
|[[Codex Chimalpopoca]]
|
|
|-
|1550 c.
|[[Codex Magliabechianus Mexicanus|Codex Magliabechianus]]
|''The Book of the Life of the Ancient Mexicans''
|
|-
|1550 c.
|[[Rotula Seldeniana]]
|
|
|-
|1550 c.
|[[Codex en Cruz]]
|
|
|-
|1550 c.
|[[Codex Tudela]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250125170504/https://ceres.mcu.es/pages/ResultSearch?txtSimpleSearch=C%F3dice%3Cb%3E%20Tudela%20%3C/b%3Eo%3Cb%3E%20del%20Museo%20%3C/b%3Ede%20Am%E9rica&amp;simpleSearch=0&amp;hipertextSearch=1&amp;search=simple&amp;MuseumsSearch=&amp;MuseumsRolSearch=11&amp;listaMuseos=null Editio: ad &quot;ampliar imagen&quot; imprime]&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|1550 c.
|[[Tabula Sigüenza]]
|''Mapa de Sigüenza''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170712025840/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/3247/ Editio]&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|1550 c.
|[[Codex Vaticanus A Mexicanus|Codex Vaticanus A]] seu Ríos
|
|Petrus de los Ríos
|-
|1550 c.
|[[Codex Telleriano-Remensis]]
|
|
|-
|1552
|[[Libellus de medicinalibus Indorum herbis|Codex Badianus]]
|''[[Libellus de medicinalibus Indorum herbis]]''
|[[Martinus de la Cruz]], [[Ioannes Badianus]]
|-
|1564
|[[Codex Totomixtlahuaca]]
|
|
|-
|1581
|[[Codex Duran]]
|''Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y islas de Tierra Firme''
|[[Didacus Duran]]
|-
|1590 a.
|[[Codex Florentinus]]
|''Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España''
|[[Bernardinus de Sahagun]]
|-
|1600 c.
|[[Codex Azcatitlan]]
|
|
|-
|1607
|[[Codex Aubin]]
|
|[[Didacus Duran]]?
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Manuel Carrera Stampa, &quot;[http://www.historicas.unam.mx/publicaciones/revistas/nahuatl/pdf/ecn05/069.pdf Códices, mapas y lienzos acerca de la cultura Náhuatl]&quot; in ''Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl'' (1963?)

[[Categoria:Codices Mesoamericani|-]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Navatlacae|-]]
[[Categoria:Azteci]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Hispanicae|-]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iosephus Wresinski</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>276604</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-19T17:48:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de societate &quot;ATD Quart monde&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1161" sha1="166n9lnxhcrtndnxinvvg1x00tuxlle" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:Joseph Wresinski Visite Val d'Oise.jpg|thumb|Iosephus Wrensinski et pueri.]]
[[Fasciculus:17 octobre 1987 Je témoigne de vous.jpeg|thumb|Iosephus Wresinski acroasin die 17 Octobris 1987 habet.]]
'''Iosephus Wresinski''' (natus [[Andecavis]] die [[12 Februarii]] [[1917]]; mortuus [[Surisna]]e die [[14 Februarii]] [[1988]]) fuit [[sacerdos]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicus]] et [[iurum humanorum defensor|activista iurum humanorum]] [[Francia|Francicus]].

Natus in familia [[immigratio]]nis,{{dubsig}} ad [[paupertas|paupetatem]] allevandum conatus est, et anno 1957 [[societas non lucrativa|societatem non lucrativam]] ''[[ATD Quart monde]]'' quasi [[Communitas Emmaüs]] creavit, et die [[17 Octobris]] 1987 cogitationem [[Dies internationalis paupertati abolendae]] declaravit apud [[Palatium de Chaillot]] [[Lutetia]]e.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Allevatio paupertatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://viaf.org/viaf/56617856 De Iosephu Wresinski]
*[http://www.atd-quartmonde.org Situs ''ATD Quart monde'']

{{Lifetime|1917|1988|Wresinski, Iosephus}}
[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Paupertas]]
[[Categoria:Sacerdotes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cypriniformes</title>
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      <text bytes="12606" sha1="9kgs1js238k77lhj7zd9y58bsle4b68" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox 
| name = Cyprinidae
| fossil_range = [[Palaeocaenum|Paleocaeno]] ad recens
| image = Karper 59326.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Cyprinus carpio]]'' ([[Cyprinidae]]: [[Cyprininae]])
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| subclassis = [[Neopterygii]]
| infraclassis = [[Teleostei]]
| superordo = [[Ostariophysi]]
| ordo = '''Cypriniformes'''
| authority = [[Petrus Bleeker|Bleeker]], [[1859]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Familia]]e&lt;ref name=FBO&gt;{{FishBase order | order = Cypriniformes| month = December | year = 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision = 
[[Balitoridae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Barbucca|Barbuccidae]]&lt;ref&gt;Kottelat 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Botiidae]]&lt;ref&gt;Kottelat 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Catostomidae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Cobitidae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Cyprinidae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Ellopostomatidae]]&lt;ref&gt;Kottelat 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Gastromyzontidae]]&lt;ref&gt;Kottelat 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Gyrinocheilidae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Nemacheilidae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Psilorhynchidae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Serpenticobitidae]]&lt;ref&gt;Kottelat 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Vaillantellidae]]&lt;ref&gt;Kottelat 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
et vide commentarium
}}
[[Fasciculus:Steinbeisser 001.jpg|thumb|''[[Cobitis taenia]].'']]
[[Fasciculus:Nemac fasci 080519 9380 ckoep.jpg|thumb|''[[Nemacheilus chrysolaimos]].''&lt;!--Closely related to true loaches, like these, they have barbels.--&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Chinese algae eater.jpg|thumb|''[[Gyrinocheilus aymonieri]].''&lt;!--a sucking loach, is distant from other &quot;loaches&quot;.--&gt;]]
[[Fasciculus:Erimyzon sucetta.jpg|thumb|''[[Erimyzon sucetta]].'']]
[[Fasciculus:Thicktail Chub.jpg|thumb|''[[Gila crassicauda]]'' ex [[1960]] fere per totum [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] [[exstinctio|exstincta]] est.]]
[[Fasciculus:Epalzeorhynchos bicolor.jpg|thumb|Pauci ''[[Epalzeorhynchos bicolor|Epalzeorhynchi bicolores]]'' in locis incultis hodie manent.]]
'''Cypriniformes''' sunt [[ordo (taxinomia)|ordo]] [[Actinopterygii|Actinopterygiorum]], inter quem insigniter sunt [[Cyprinidae]] et [[Cobitoidea]]. Cui ordini sunt undecim aut duodecim [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]], plus quam 400 [[genus (taxinomia)|genera]], et plus quam 4250 [[species]], nonnullis speciebus novis quotannis descriptis, ac generibus quidem novis saepe agnitis.&lt;ref name=FBO/&gt;&lt;ref name=CoF&gt;Eschmeyer et Fong 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Diversissimi in [[Asia]] meridio-orientali adsunt, atque ab [[Australia]] et [[America Australis|America Australi]] omnino absunt.&lt;ref name=Nelson&gt;Nelson 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Veterrimus [[piscis]] inter cypriniformes, 112 annos natus, est ''[[Ictiobus cyprinellus]]'' Americae Septentrionalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lackmann|first=Alec R.|last2=Andrews|first2=Allen H.|last3=Butler|first3=Malcolm G.|last4=Bielak-Lackmann|first4=Ewelina S.|last5=Clark|first5=Mark E.|date=2019-05-23|title=Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-019-0452-0.epdf?author_access_token=VjQRlXH41L-cjNA12h44YtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0NEjK8hDZff8EGRexxq55ZFUJUsqRL88UlxjwZhtQZih2A5Yrj6cwm6-y76Yd-vFdZr3QXscclgdMrVKP1KP8qQ1y2ffiDT2bf79zDojZPdnQ==|journal=Communications Biology|language=En|volume=2|issue=1|pages=197|doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0|pmid=31149641|pmc=6533251|issn=2399-3642}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Artissime cognati vivi sunt [[Characiformes]], [[Gymnotiformes]] (''[[Electrophorus electricus]]'' et [[Gymnotiformes]]), et [[Siluriformes]].&lt;ref&gt;Saitoh ''et al.'' (2003), Briggs (2005)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Systematica==
* '''Superfamilia Cyprinoidei'''
**'''Superfamilia Cyprinoidea'''
*** Familia [[Cyprinidae]] &lt;small&gt;Bonaparte, 1840&lt;/small&gt;
***Familia [[Psilorhynchidae]] &lt;small&gt;[[Sunder Lal Hora|Hora]], 1926&lt;/small&gt;
* '''Superfamilia Cobitoidei'''
** '''Superfamilia Catostomoidea'''
*** Familia [[Catostomidae]] &lt;small&gt;Agassiz 1850&lt;/small&gt;
** '''Superfamilia Gyrinocheiloidea'''
*** Familia [[Gyrinocheilidae]] &lt;small&gt;Gill 1905&lt;/small&gt;
** '''Superfamilia Cobitoidea'''
*** Familia [[Barbuccidae]] &lt;small&gt;Kottelat 2012&lt;/small&gt;
*** Familia [[Serpenticobitidae]] &lt;small&gt;Kottelat 2012&lt;/small&gt;
*** Familia [[Botiidae]] &lt;small&gt;Berg 1940&lt;/small&gt;
*** Familia [[Vaillantellidae]] &lt;small&gt;Nalbant &amp; Bănărescu 1977&lt;/small&gt;
*** Familia [[Cobitidae]] &lt;small&gt;Swainson 1838&lt;/small&gt;
*** Familia [[Balitoridae]] &lt;small&gt;Swainson 1839&lt;/small&gt;
*** Familia [[Gastromyzontidae]] &lt;small&gt;Fowler 1905&lt;/small&gt;
*** Familia [[Ellopostomatidae]] &lt;small&gt;Bohlen &amp; Šlechtová 2009&lt;/small&gt;
*** Familia [[Nemacheilidae]] &lt;small&gt;Regan 1911&lt;/small&gt;

===Phylogenia===
Phylogenia cypriniformium in aliquot operibus conditur&lt;ref name=&quot;slech&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|pmid=17433724|year=2007|last1=Slechtová|first1=V.|title=Families of Cobitoidea (Teleostei; Cypriniformes) as revealed from nuclear genetic data and the position of the mysterious genera Barbucca, Psilorhynchus, Serpenticobitis and Vaillantella|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2007-09_44_3/page/1358|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=44|issue=3|pages=1358–65|last2=Bohlen|first2=J.|last3=Tan|first3=H. H.|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.019}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chen&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02398.x|pmid=20738682|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Cobitoidea (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) revisited: Position of enigmatic loach ''Ellopostomaresolved'' with six nuclear genes|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_2009-12_75_9/page/2197|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=75|issue=9|pages=2197–2208|year=2009|last1=Chen|first1=W.-J.|last2=Lheknim|first2=V.|last3=Mayden|first3=R. L.}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bohlen&quot;&gt;Jörg Bohlen, Vendula Šlechtová: ''Phylogenetic position of the fish genus ''Ellopostoma'' (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) using molecular genetic data.'' Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. Bd.&amp;nbsp;20, Nr.&amp;nbsp;2, 2009, S.&amp;nbsp;157-162 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072138/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief20_2_05.pdf PDF]; 1,8 MB).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite website |last1 = Mikko Haaramo |year =  |title=Cobitoidei – loach-like cypriniforms |website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive |issue=  |accessdate= 2013-10-26 |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/cypriniformes/cobitoidei.html}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=638796#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Cyprinoidea|website=www.itis.gov|access-date=2019-07-26}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:300px;
|label1=Cypriniformes
|1={{clade
  |label1=Cyprinoidei
  |1={{clade
    |label1=Cyprinoidea
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Cyprinidae]]
      |2=[[Psilorhynchidae]]
    }}
  }}
  |label2=Cobitoidei
  |2={{clade
    |label1=Catostomoidea
    |1=[[Catostomidae]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=Gyrinocheiloidea
      |1=[[Gyrinocheilidae]]
      |label2=[[Cobitoidea]]
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Botiidae]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Vaillantellidae]]
          |2={{clade
            |1=[[Cobitidae]]
            |2={{clade
              |1=[[Balitoridae]]
              |2={{clade
                |1=[[Ellopostomatidae]]
                |2=[[Nemacheilidae]]
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

Species cypriniformium [[exstinctio|exstinctae]] per totum [[tellus|orbem terrarum]] sunt:&lt;ref name =iucn2007&gt;IUCN (2007)&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Acanthobrama hulensis]]''
*''[[Alburnus akili]]''
*''[[Barbus microbarbis]]''
*''[[Chasmistes muriei]]''
*''[[Chondrostoma scodrense]]''
*''[[Cyprinus yilongensis]]''
*''[[Evarra bustamantei]]''
*''[[Evarra eigenmanni]]''
*''[[Evarra tlahuacensis]]''
*''[[Gila crassicauda]]''
*''[[Lepidomeda altivelis]]''
*''[[Moxostoma lacerum]]''
*''[[Notropis aulidion]]''
*''[[Notropis orca]]''
*''[[Notropis saladonis]]''
*''[[Pogonichthys ciscoides]]''
*''[[Rhinichthys deaconi]]''
*''[[Stypodon signifer]]''
* ''[[Telestes ukliva]]''

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Briggs, John C. [[2005]]. &quot;The biogeography of otophysan fishes (Ostariophysi: Otophysi): a new appraisal.&quot; ''Journal of Biogeography'' 32 (2): 287–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01170.x.
*Eschmeyer, W. N., et J. D. Fong. [[2015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100207100716/http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp#Cyprinidae Species by family/subfamily.] ''Catalog of Fishes.'' California Academy of Sciences.
*FishBase. [[2004]]a.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511171951/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=126 &quot;Family Balitoridae - River loaches. Version of 2004-NOV-22.&quot;] Situs accessus 2007-03-05.
*FishBase. [[2004]]b. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023855/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=125 &quot;Family Catostomidae - Suckers. Version of 2004-NOV-22.&quot;] Situs accessus 2007-03-05.
*FishBase. [[2004]]c. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511172839/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=127 &quot;Family Cobitidae - Loaches. Version of 2004-NOV-22.&quot;] Situs accessus 2007-03-05.
*FishBase. [[2004]]d. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080710085449/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=122 &quot;Family Cyprinidae - Minnows or carps. Version of 2004-NOV-22.&quot;] Situs accessus 2007-03-05.
*FishBase. [[2004]]e.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035034/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=123 &quot;Family Gyrinocheilidae - Algae eaters. Version of 2004-NOV-22.&quot;] Situs accessus 2007-03-05.
*FishBase. [[2004]]f.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930141429/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=124 &quot;Family Psilorhynchidae - Mountain carps. Version of 2004-NOV-22.&quot;] Situs accessus 2007-03-05.
*FishBase. [[2005]].  [https://web.archive.org/web/20081016043421/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Cypriniformes &quot;Order Summary for Cypriniformes. Version of 2005-FEB-15.&quot;] Situs accessus 2007-03-05.
*Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC). [[2006]]. [http://floridafisheries.com/Fishes/non-native.html &quot;Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes.&quot;] Situs accessus 2007-03-05.
*Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (GSMFC). [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818063036/http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet2.php?toc_id=183 &quot;Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). Version of 2005-08-03.&quot;] Situs accessus 2007-05-03.
*He, Shunping, Xun Gub, Richard L. Maydee, Wei-Jen Chen, Kevin W. Conway, et Yiyu Chen. [[2008]]. &quot;Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Psilorhynchus (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome.&quot; ''Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution'' 47: 419–25. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.012.
*Helfman, G., B. Collette, et D. Facey. [[1997]]. ''The Diversity of Fishes.'' Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-86542-256-7.
*International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). [[2007]]. [www.iucnredlist.org ''2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.'']
*Kottelat, M. [[2012]]. &quot; Conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei).&quot; ''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,'' Suppl. No. 26: 1–199.
*Nelson, Joseph S. [[2006]]. ''Fishes of the World.'' Novi Eboraci: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7/
*Orlov, Alexei, et Pascualita Sa-a. [[2007]].  [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153641/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=47843&amp;genusname=Tribolodon&amp;speciesname=brandtii &quot;''Tribolodon brandtii.''&quot;] ''Fish Base.''
*Saitoh, Kenji, Masaki Miya, Jun G. Inoue, Naoya B. Ishiguro, et Mutsuminame Nishida. [[2003]]. &quot;Mitochondrial Genomics of Ostariophysan Fishes: Perspectives on Phylogeny and Biogeography.&quot; ''Journal of Molecular Evolution'' 56 (4): 464–72. doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2417-y PMID 12664166.
*Wieser, Wolfgang, et al., eds. [[1992]]. ''Environmental biology of European cyprinids: papers from the workshop on &quot;The environmental biology of cyprinids&quot; held at the University of Salzburg, Austria, in September 1989.'' Dordrecht et Bostoniaa: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0792314840.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Cypriniformes|Cypriniformes}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406040007/http://bio.slu.edu/mayden/cypriniformes/home.html Cypriniformes.] ''Tree of Life.''

[[Category:Cypriniformes|*]]
[[Categoria:Pisces Africae]]
[[Categoria:Pisces Mediae Americae]]
[[Categoria:Pisces Americae Septentrionalis]]
[[Categoria:Pisces Asiae]]
[[Categoria:Pisces Europae]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Ray-finned fish orders]]
[[Category:Ostariophysi]]
[[Category:Extant Paleocene first appearances]]--&gt;
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
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    <title>Mons in cordibus (Vide)</title>
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&quot;Cor montis 'seriei a MMXX Turcorum dirigi in [[comoedia]] series Jahia Samanci.

== Content ==
Taner, et Romadzani Veysel sunt cognati III. Et Gedelli vivere. Est enim mons est in civitate Gedelli. Sic dicitur &quot;cor montis&quot;. Hic ab amore qui patitur, et in rotulis de monte cadit.

Mortuus est pater cito coriarium. Et patres Veysal Ramadan et in alia manu, aliquid quod de se queri, ut non cum ratione, et loqui inter se instrumenta communicationis in abscondito. Condere statuunt consobrinis in plano. Id vocat in aircraft scriptor Taner cum fabrum. Sed elit fabrum manet in via. Ut primum vident et cogitant fabrum sodales elit fabrum et ea in foedere nullam. Sed vertit ex esse et non esse architectus fabrum. In hoc tempore invenit Taner Diley, quem dilexit eum cum pueritia, ut sodales fectum. Istud quod paucos post sequitur alia.

== De serie ==
Ventilata fuerunt in serie TRT I XVII Octobris, MMXX. Secundum quod movet ad Mustaffa Çiftçi est scriptor fabulas inedita.

== In roles ==
* Director: Jahia Samancı
* [[Scriptor|Auctor]] abit operis, intraverunt Mustafa Çiftçi
* Scriptwriter: Asaph Ali Elmas Mustaffa Becit
* Producentis: Ferhat Eşsiz
* Bark Atan - Taner
* Gülsim Ali - Dilek
* Ecem Özkaya - Zahida
* Sancar Ferdi - Dolmuşçu
* Ali Dushenkalkar
* Erdal Cindoruk
* Gülhan Tekin
* Feyza Işık - Döndü
* Ege Aydan
* Eser Eyüboğlu
* Cihat Süvarioğlu - Ramazan
* Semih Ertürk - Veysel
* Nazli Pinar Kaya
* Shebnem Dilligil
* Yavuz Sepetçi
* Nuri Gökaşan
* Sevimli Hüseyin
* Çiğdem Aygun - Keriman

== References ==
[https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-gonul-dagi-dizisi-oyunculari-kimler-ne-zaman-baslayacak-41630994/1 Quis est mimos et mimas in in &quot;cor montis 'satus series, et quod series erit?] &quot;Huriyet&quot; Octobris VIII, MMXX

[[Categoria:Series televisificae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1826" sha1="sqaj033b1owgxk5j129xoqaacqfu413" xml:space="preserve">{{Pagina non annexa}}
&quot;Cor montis 'seriei a MMXX Turcorum dirigi in [[comoedia]] series Jahia Samanci.

== Content ==
Taner, et Romadzani Veysel sunt cognati III. Et Gedelli vivere. Est enim mons est in civitate Gedelli. Sic dicitur &quot;cor montis&quot;. Hic ab amore qui patitur, et in rotulis de monte cadit.

Mortuus est pater cito coriarium. Et patres Veysal Ramadan et in alia manu, aliquid quod de se queri, ut non cum ratione, et loqui inter se instrumenta communicationis in abscondito. Condere statuunt consobrinis in plano. Id vocat in aircraft scriptor Taner cum fabrum. Sed elit fabrum manet in via. Ut primum vident et cogitant fabrum sodales elit fabrum et ea in foedere nullam. Sed vertit ex esse et non esse architectus fabrum. In hoc tempore invenit Taner Diley, quem dilexit eum cum pueritia, ut sodales fectum. Istud quod paucos post sequitur alia.

== De serie ==
Ventilata fuerunt in serie TRT I XVII Octobris, MMXX. Secundum quod movet ad Mustaffa Çiftçi est scriptor fabulas inedita.

== In roles ==
* Director: Jahia Samancı
* [[Scriptor|Auctor]] abit operis, intraverunt Mustafa Çiftçi
* Scriptwriter: Asaph Ali Elmas Mustaffa Becit
* Producentis: Ferhat Eşsiz
* Bark Atan - Taner
* Gülsim Ali - Dilek
* Ecem Özkaya - Zahida
* Sancar Ferdi - Dolmuşçu
* Ali Dushenkalkar
* Erdal Cindoruk
* Gülhan Tekin
* Feyza Işık - Döndü
* Ege Aydan
* Eser Eyüboğlu
* Cihat Süvarioğlu - Ramazan
* Semih Ertürk - Veysel
* Nazli Pinar Kaya
* Shebnem Dilligil
* Yavuz Sepetçi
* Nuri Gökaşan
* Sevimli Hüseyin
* Çiğdem Aygun - Keriman

== References ==
* [https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-gonul-dagi-dizisi-oyunculari-kimler-ne-zaman-baslayacak-41630994/1 Quis est mimos et mimas in in &quot;cor montis 'satus series, et quod series erit?] &quot;Huriyet&quot; Octobris VIII, MMXX

[[Categoria:Series televisificae]]</text>
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{{verba latinizanda|&quot;Cor montis 'seriei a 2020Turcorum dirigi in [[comoedia]] series Jahia Samanci.}}

== Content{{dubsig}} ==
Taner, et Romadzani Veysel sunt cognati {{verba latinizanda|III. Et Gedelli vivere. Est enim mons est in civitate Gedelli. Sic dicitur &quot;cor montis&quot;. Hic ab amore qui patitur, et in rotulis de monte cadit.}}0

{{verba latinizanda|Mortuus est pater cito coriarium. Et patres Veysal Ramadan et in alia manu, aliquid quod de se queri, ut non cum ratione, et loqui inter se instrumenta communicationis in abscondito. Condere statuunt consobrinis in plano. Id vocat in aircraft scriptor Taner cum fabrum. Sed elit fabrum manet in via. Ut primum vident et cogitant fabrum sodales elit fabrum et ea in foedere nullam. Sed vertit ex esse et non esse architectus fabrum. In hoc tempore invenit Taner Diley, quem dilexit eum cum pueritia, ut sodales fectum. Istud quod paucos post sequitur alia.}}

== De serie ==
Ventilata{{dubsig}} fuerunt in serie TRT{{dubsig}} I 17 Octobris, 2020. {{verba latinizanda|Secundum quod movet ad Mustaffa Çiftçi est scriptor fabulas inedita.}}

== In roles{{dubsig}} ==
* Director: Jahia Samancı
* {verba latinizanda|[[Scriptor|Auctor]] abit operis, intraverunt Mustafa Çiftçi}}
* Scriptwriter: Asaph Ali Elmas Mustaffa Becit
* Producentis: Ferhat Eşsiz
* Bark Atan - Taner
* Gülsim Ali - Dilek
* Ecem Özkaya - Zahida
* Sancar Ferdi - Dolmuşçu
* Ali Dushenkalkar
* Erdal Cindoruk
* Gülhan Tekin
* Feyza Işık - Döndü
* Ege Aydan
* Eser Eyüboğlu
* Cihat Süvarioğlu - Ramazan
* Semih Ertürk - Veysel
* Nazli Pinar Kaya
* Shebnem Dilligil
* Yavuz Sepetçi
* Nuri Gökaşan
* Sevimli Hüseyin
* Çiğdem Aygun - Keriman

== References{{dubsig}} ==
* [https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-gonul-dagi-dizisi-oyunculari-kimler-ne-zaman-baslayacak-41630994/1 Quis est mimos et mimas in in &quot;cor montis 'satus series, et quod series erit?] &quot;Huriyet&quot; Octobris VIII, MMXX

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  <page>
    <title>Georgius Jones</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Grave of George Jones Woodlawn Cemetery Nashville TN 2013-07-20 006.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Sepulcrum]] Georgii Jones Nasburgi in Tennesia.]]
'''Georgius Jones''' (natus ''George Glenn Jones'' [[Saratoga (Texia)|Saratogae]] in [[Texia]] die [[12 Septembris]] [[1931]]; mortuus [[Nasburgum|Nasburgi]] in [[Tennesia]] die [[26 Aprilis]] [[2013]]) fuit [[musicus]], [[cantor]], et [[compositor carminum]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. [[Vox|Voce]] distincta, locutione significante, permultis [[phonodiscus|phonodiscis]] populo gratissimis innotuit, inter quos &quot;[[He Stopped Loving Her Today]],&quot; eius [[carmen]] familiarissimum. [[Senex]] maximus [[musica rustica|musicae rusticae]] cantor vivus saepe existimabatur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/jones_george/bio.jhtml |title=About George Jones |website=Country Music Television |access-date=9 Octobris 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218114302/http://www.cmt.com/artists/george-jones/biography/ |archive-date=18 Februari 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Allmusic Biography&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/george-jones-mn0000944310/biography |title=George Jones Biography |first=Stephen Thomas |last=Erlewine |website=AllMusic |access-date=10 Aprilis 2012}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Classiarius in [[Corpus Classiarium Civitatum Foederatarum|Corpore Classiarium Civitatum Foederatarum]] ab anno [[1951]] ad annum [[1953]], solum autem [[Iosephopolis (California)|Iosephopoli]] in California collocatus, meruit.&lt;ref&gt;Erlewine 2003: 387.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Jones, George, cum Tom Carter. [[1997]]. ''I Lived to Tell it All.'' Dell Publishing. ISBN 0-440-22373-3.
* Kienzle, Richard. [[2016]]. ''The grand tour: the life and music of George Jones.'' Novi Eboraci: Dey St., impressio William Morrow Publishers. ISBN 9780062309914, ISBN 0062309919.
* Dawidoff, Nicholas. [[1998]]. ''In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music.'' Vintage Books. ISBN 0-375-70082-X.
* Malone, Bill C. [[1985]]. ''Country Music USA.'' Austinopoli: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71096-8.
* Whitburn, Joel. [[2008]]. ''Hot country songs: Billboard 1944 to 2008.'' Ed. septima. Menomonee Falls Visconsiniae: Record Research. ISBN 9780898201772, ISBN 0898201772.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ioannes Cash|Ioannulus Cash]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|George Jones (musician)|Georgium Jones}}
{{wikiquote|George Jones|Georgium Jones}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060402193232/http://banditrecords.com/ Situs interretialis Bandit Records proprius.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160102114600/http://www.georgejones.com/ Situs interretialis Georgi Jones proprius.]

{{Lifetime|1931|2013|Jones, Georgius}}
[[Categoria:Acceptores Insignis Artium Nationalis Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Baptistae]]
[[Categoria:Cantores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Citharistae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Classiarii Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Texiae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urbanus Dubois</title>
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{{res|Urbanus Dubois}}, vulgo plene ''Urbain François Dubois'' ([[Tresia]]e die [[26 Maii]] [[1818]] natus; [[Nicaea (Francia)|Nicaea]]e mortuus die [[14 Martii]] [[1901]]) fuit coquus et scriptor de re culinaria. Cum collaboratore [[Aemilius Bernard|Aemilio Bernard]] ''La Cuisine classique'' anno [[1856]] edidit: hi praeter omnes alios [[servitium Russicum (gastronomia)|servitium Russicum]] loco [[servitium Francicum (gastronomia)|Francici]] in [[Francia]] institui suaserunt. Praeceptum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vitulina stilo Orlov|vitulinae stilo Orlov|fr|qid=Q3555157}}, in [[Russia]] praesertim usitatum, primus dedit. Pater fuit [[Felix Dubois|Felicis Dubois]] diurnarii et exploratoris.

[[Fasciculus:Veal Orloff 4.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vitulina Orloff||fr|qid=Q3555157}} modo hodierno parata]]
In oppido natali educatus est iuxta presbyterum qui linguas Francogallicam Latinamque docuit. Ibidem mox artem culinariam didicit apud patruum Ioannem Dubois cauponarium denuo celebrem qui olim Napoleoni exsuli [[Elba]]e et [[insula Sanctae Helenae|S. Helenae]] coquus meruerat. Deinde Lutetiae apud [[Iacobus de Rothschild|Iacobum de Rothschild]] (ubi antea [[Maria Antonius Carême|Carême]], his annis Ludovicus Haas merebat) et in tribus popinis operam dedit, videlicet ''[[Café Tortoni]]'', ''[[Café Anglais]]'', ''[[Le Rocher de Cancale]]''. Deinde in [[Russia]] apud Uruski camerlengum imperatorium coquus merebat. His annis cum [[Aemilius Bernard|Aemilio Bernard]], qui et ipse in Russia laborabat, librum capitalem ''La Cuisine classique'' composuit. 

Mox coquinam gessit apud principem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexius Theodori f. Orlov|Alexium Theodori f. Orlov|ru|qid=Q957733}}, cui dicavit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vitulina Orloff|vitulinam Orloff|fr|qid=Q3555157}}, ferculum a se inventum. Principe Orlov anno [[1862]] mortuo, Dubois post duos annos coquus iuxta [[Gulielmus I (imperator Germaniae)|Gulielmum I]] [[Borussia]]e regem factus est. Id officium cum collaboratore Bernard, qui ibi iam operam dabat, aequis temporibus partiebat. Editio tertia ''La Cuisine classique'' regi Gulielmo reginaeque [[Augusta (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)|Augusta]]e ab ambobus dicata est. 

Breve temporis spatium ab [[1870]], [[Bellum Germano-Francicum|bello Germano-Francico]] saeviente, Dubois in patriam reditus est. His annis solus plura opera scripta suscepit tam Anglice quam Francogallice, videlicet ''The Household Cookery-book'' et ''Nouvelle Cuisine bourgeoise'' familiis modestioribus destinatum, ''Cuisine de tous les pays'' et ''Cosmopolitan Cookery'' de arte coquinaria Europaea sicut ipse observaverat, ''Artistic Cookery'' et ''Cuisine artistique'' ubi stilum ornatum a Carême perfectum renovavit.  

== Scripta ==
* 1856 (cum [[Aemilius Bernard|Emile Bernard]]) : ''La Cuisine classique: études pratiques, raisonnées et démonstratives de l'école française appliquée au service à la russe''. Lutetiae [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pBo-AAAAcAAJ Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1868 : ''Cuisine de tous les pays: études cosmopolites'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65442310 3a ed. 1872] [https://archive.org/details/b21525808 7a ed. 1899]
* 1870 : ''Artistic Cookery: a practical system suited for the use of the nobility and gentry and for public entertainments''. Londinii: Longmans Green {{Google Books|tGcKAQAAMAAJ}}
* 1870 : ''Cosmopolitan Cookery: popular studies''. Londinii: Longmans Green [https://archive.org/details/b28131241 Textus]
* 1871 : ''The Household Cookery-book: practical and elementary methods''. Londinii: Longmans Green [https://archive.org/details/b28095820 versio Anglica 1871] 
* 1872-1874 : ''Cuisine artistique: études de l'école moderne'' [https://archive.org/details/cuisineartistiqu01dubo vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/cuisineartistiqu02dubo vol. 2] 
* ante 1876 : ''École des cuisinières: méthodes élémentaires, économiques: cuisine, pâtisserie, office'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65490239 2a ed. 1876] [https://archive.org/details/ecoledescuisinie00dubo 13a ed. 1890]
* 1878 : ''Nouvelle Cuisine bourgeoise pour la ville et pour la campagne'' [https://archive.org/details/b28078792 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1883 : ''Grand Livre des pâtissiers et des confiseurs'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1061729 pars 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k106173p pars 2]
* ante 1893 : ''La Cuisine d'aujourd'hui: école des jeunes cuisiniers: service des déjeuners, service des diners'' [https://archive.org/details/lacuisinedaujour00dubo 3a ed. 1893]
* ante 1894 : ''La pâtisserie d'aujourd'hui: école des jeunes pâtissiers'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3412588h 2a ed. 1894]

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;Dubois (Urbain)&quot; in Joseph Favre, ''Dictionnaire universel de cuisine pratique'' (2a ed. 1905) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57317645/f304 vol. 2 p. 741]
* &quot;Dubois (Urbain)&quot; in Georges Vicaire, ''Bibliographie gastronomique'' (Lutetiae: Rouquette, 1890) [https://archive.org/details/b21779442/page/290/mode/1up coll. 289-291] apud ''Internet Archive''

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210830193041/https://www.cuisine-lucullus.com/histoire-de-la-cuisine/12-les-personnages/637-dubois-urbain Dubois-Urbain]&quot; apud ''La Confrérie des Amis de Lucullus'' (fons principalis textus nostri)
* &quot;[https://chefsimon.com/articles/litterature-urbain-dubois Dubois (Urbain)]&quot; apud ''Chef Simon''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubois, Urbanus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1818]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1901]]
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[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
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[[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]]</text>
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    <title>Ioannes Bellaius (cardinalis)</title>
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[[file:JeanDuBellay.jpg|thumb|Ioannes cardinalis Bellaius (''Jean cardinal du Bellay'')]]
[[File:Le Mans (72) Cathédrale Saint-Julien - Intérieur - Chœur - Armes cardinalices - 02.jpg|thumb|signa episcopi Cenomanensis]]
'''Ioannes Bellaius''' (Francogallice: ''Jean du Bellay''; natus [[1492]] aut [[1498]] in burgo Glatigny apud [[Souday]], mortuus die [[16 Februarii]] [[1560]] [[Roma]]e) [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] Francicus et praelatus - ex anno 1535 autem [[cardinalis]] - [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] fuit. 
== Vita==
Nobili genere natus et frater Gulielmi de Langey (qui imperatorem [[carolus V|Carolum V]] debellabat) vir doctissimus, commodus, ingenue educatus fuit. Insuper versus Latinos pangebat.

Fratre mediatore mox ad aulam regis [[franciscus I (rex Francorum)|Francisci I]] admissus est; anno 1524 permissione papali speciali&lt;ref&gt; Salvador Miranda:  ([https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1535.htm#Dubellay &quot;The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; episcopus [[Baiona]]e creatus est. Mense Februario consecratus est, fortasse Romae. Anno 1530 consiliarius regius et biennio post episcopus [[lutetia|Parisiensis]] declaratus est. 

Quo anno Bellaius, quippe qui humanistam [[gulielmus Budaeus|Gulielmum Budaeum]] magni aestimaret, cum aliis [[Collegium Franciae|Collegium trium linguarum]] et ''Collegium regiorum lectorum'' condidit. Namque [[Sorbona]]e theologi humanismo adversarii omnia studia Graeca et Hebraica rem [[haeresis|haeretica]]m esse dixerunt.

Annis inter 1527 et 1534 saepius ad regem [[Henricus VIII (rex Angliae)|Henricum VIII]] missus est, qui et Franciam et imperatorem adulabat. Anno 1534 Bellaius Romam iit ut pontifici maximo studium Henrici de matrimonio obrogando referret. Bellaium Romam iter facientem [[Franciscus Rabelaesus]] comitari solebat: quem Bellaius [[lugdunum|Lugduni]] cognoverat et servitio suo (tamquam medicum et elegantiarum arbitrum) aggregaverat. Die 21 Maii 1535 Romae presbyter cardinalis nominatus est. 

Annis 1536 et 1537 defensionem Parisiorum contra impetum exercitus imperialis parabat et anno 1538 regem Franciscum secutus est, qui [[aquae Mortuae|Aquis Mortuis]] cum Carolo imperatore colloqueretur. Bellaius, cum [[Reformatio|reformatores]] plures bene novisset, cum principibus Germanicis [[smalcaldia|Smalcaldico in foedere]] unitis tractabat: namque isti protestantici imperialem vim valde debilitare potuerunt.

Annis 1541, 1544 et 1546 a rege episcopatibus [[augustoritum|Lemovicensi]], [[Burdigala|Burdigalensi]] et [[cenomanum|Cenomanensi]] honoratus est quae munera in absentia videlicet implebat.

Francisco rege defuncto non iam ita agere potuit. Rex novus [[Henricus II (rex Franciae)|Henricus II]] eum iterum Romam misit ubi 1549 papam [[iulius III|Iulium III]] elegit.&lt;ref&gt;Eodem anno Romae [[Sciomachia ab Ioanne Bellaio anno 1549 celebrata|sciomachiam]] in filii regii nativitatem celebrari iussit.&lt;/ref&gt;  Anno 1553 in urbe aeterna erat cum [[ioachimus Bellaius|Ioachimo Bellaio]] poeta. Anno 1555 vel bis in conclavibus de papa eligenda erat; nonnulli volebant Bellaium ipsum papam fieri [[marcellus II|Marcello II]] mortuo. Sed ex anno 1556 regi Henrico in odium venit et in Italia versari maluit.

== Opera ==
* Epistulae, 1529– (cf. infra sub rubrica editionum recentiorum:  ''Correspondance...'').
* ''Francisci primi Francorum regis Epistola apologetica,.'' 1542.
* ''Poemata.'' 1546.

== Editiones recentiores ==
* ''Correspondance du Cardinal Jean Du Bellay. I. 1529–1535.'' Edidit Rémy Scheurer. Klincksieck, Lutetiae 1969.
* ''Correspondance du Cardinal Jean Du Bellay. II. 1535–1536.'' Edidit Rémy Scheurer. Klincksieck, Lutetiae 1973.
* ''Jean du Bellay: Poemata.'' Edidit et convertit Geneviève Demerson una cum Richard Cooper. Société des textes français modernes, Lutetiae 2007, ISBN 978-2-86503-279-2.
* ''Correspondance du Cardinal Jean Du Bellay. III. 1537–1547.'' Ediderunt Rémy Scheurer et Loris Petris, cum David Amherdt et Isabelle Chariatte. Société de l'histoire de France, Lutetiae 2008, ISBN 978-2-35407-111-0.
* ''Correspondance du Cardinal Jean Du Bellay. IV. 1547–1548.'' Ediderunt Rémy Scheurer, Loris Petris et David Amherdt, una cum Nathalie Guillod. Société de l'histoire de France, Lutetiae 2011, ISBN 978-2-35407-135-6.
* ''Correspondance du Cardinal Jean Du Bellay. V. 1549–1550.'' Ediderunt Rémy Scheurer, Loris Petris et David Amherdt, una cum Nathalie Guillod. Société de l'histoire de France, Lutetiae 2012, ISBN 978-2-35407-137-0.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Commonscat|Jean du Bellay|Ioannem Bellaium}} 
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{CathHierBishop|bellay|Bellaius}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|saeculo 15|1560|Bellaius, Ioannes}}
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    <title>Thecla</title>
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      <text bytes="1366" sha1="hq2y4yf6qpymk26fjtxnizkkqcspwnm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Barcelona Cathedral Interior - St. Thecla - 1486.jpg|thumb|Sancta Thecla in [[Ecclesia Cathedralis Sanctae Crucis et Sanctae Eulaliae|Ecclesia cathedrali Barcinonensi]]]]
'''Thecla''' ([[Graece]] Θέκλα) est sancta Christiana, [[aequalis apostolis]], apostoli [[Paulus Tarsensis|Pauli]] discipula, cuius vita solum in ''[[Acta Pauli et Theclae|Actis Pauli et Theclae]]'' [[Novi Testamenti apocrypha|apocryphis]] descripta est.

==Vita==

[[Iconium|Iconii]] in familia nobili nata, Thamyridi iuveni sponsa erat, sed praedictis apostoli Pauli confisa nuptias abnegavit; Thamyris rectori urbis rettulerat, qui Paulum vinculis dedit, Theclam matre eius admonente in rogo incendi iussit. Sed imber flammam extinxit, bestiae ferae Theclae non solum pepercerunt, sed etiam eam defendebant, et dimissa a rectore mirato est. Mater Theclae etiam Chrisriana facta est. Thecla diu [[Seleucia ad Tigrim|Seleuciae]] vixit, ubi annos nonaginta nata a sacerdotibus paganis persecuta in monte modo mirabili absconsdita est.

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes biographici}}
* [https://archive.org/details/actaapostolorvm01tiscgoog/page/235/mode/1up ''Acta Pauli et Theclae''] in ''Actis apostolorum apocryphis'' {{ling|Graece}}

{{sanctus-stipula}}

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    <title>Formula:Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae</title>
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      <text bytes="934" sha1="2l0it8wkjww27e6qkvmax8c2q8qp5e9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{2|}}}
	|{{#iferror:{{#time:c|{{{2|}}}}}
		|{{Error|Error: Tempus “{{{2}}}” non est bene scriptum.}}
		|{{Capsa lateralis
			| imago = Imbalanced justice scale silhouette.svg
			| ancora = {{petitio/ancora|{{#time:YmdHis|{{{2}}}}}}}
			| pigmentum = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
			| color = var(--border-color-option-yellow, #ab7f2a)
			| 1 = Haec est disputatio petitoria Vicipaedi{{#if:{{{1|}}}
				|ae quae ad formulam {{Fn|{{{1}}}}} attinet, die {{#time:[[j xg]] [[Y]]|{{{2}}}|la}} paginae additam
				|ae
			}}.
		}}
	}}
	|{{Capsa lateralis
		| imago = Imbalanced justice scale silhouette.svg
		| pigmentum = var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
		| color = var(--border-color-option-yellow, #ab7f2a)
		| 1 = Haec est disputatio petitoria Vicipaedi{{#if:{{{1|}}}|ae quae ad formulam {{Fn|{{{1}}}}} attinet|ae}}.
	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2l0it8wkjww27e6qkvmax8c2q8qp5e9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eugenius Delcroix</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>310224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995723</id>
      <parentid>3964977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:48:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>139091</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>3995723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3296" sha1="1uodlkyktqrh5shugjczp3vb1o25u1w" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Eugenius A. Delcroix}}, praenomine vulgari ''Eugene'' (anno [[1891]] natus; mortuus anno [[1967]]) fuit photographus. [[Nova Aurelia|Novae Aureliae]] habitavit ibidemque laboravit. Partim Novae Aureliae educatus est sed partim {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Insula Grandis|Insula Grandi|en|qid=Q1542628}} ubi mater magistra scholarum meruit. Anno [[1914]] Amatam Bienvenu in matrimonium duxit. Photographus effigierum meruit iuxta societates ''C. Bennette Moore Studio'' et ''Anthony H. Hitchler'' et interdum iussu societatum commercialium imagines ad divulgandum fecit, sed praecipue ob despectus &quot;molles&quot; architecturae antiquioris Neo-Aurelianensis celebrabatur. Alibi nunquam operam dedit, sed imagines eius Neo-Aurelianenses alibi nonnumquam exponebantur.

Florilegium imaginum architecturalium Novae Aureliae anno [[1938]] divulgari iussit, praefatione historici [[Stanley Clisby Arthur]] munitum; eodem anno aliquae imagines ab eo factae in libellis ''Pencil Points'' editae sunt.

Negativa photographica semper vitrea fecit. Collectio negativorum vitreorum plus quam quinque milia post mortem eius ad Collectum Novae Aureliae Historicum a nepote Ioël Jurgens et nepte Maria Ludovica La Noue data est.

== Bibliographia ==
* Necrologia in ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'' (11 Aprilis 1967)
* &quot;[https://usmodernist.org/PA/PP-1938-04.pdf A portfolio of 16 photographic studies by Eugene A. Delcroix of New Orleans and its environs]&quot; in ''Pencil Points'' (1938 no. 4) pp. 205–219
* [[Stanley Clisby Arthur]], ed., ''[https://archive.org/details/patios00delc/ Patios, stairways and iron-lace balconies of old New Orleans: a series of photographs by Eugene A. Delcroix]''. Novae Aureliae: Harmanson, 1938
* John H. Lawrence, &quot;[https://www.hnoc.org/sites/default/files/quarterly/Quarterly_1992_39_Summer.pdf Eugene Delcroix, master of the soft-focus lens]&quot; in  ''Historic New Orleans Collection Quarterly'' vol. 10 no. 3 (1992) p. 9
* John H. Lawrence, Jude Solomo et al., &quot;[https://www.hnoc.org/sites/default/files/quarterly/Quarterly_1994_45_Winter.pdf Through a Lens Softly: The Photographs of Eugene Delcroix]&quot; in ''Historic New Orleans Collection Quarterly'' (1994 no. 12) p. 2 sqq.

== Nexus externi ==
; Collectus publici
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220419233540/https://louisianadigitallibrary.org/islandora/object/hnoc-delcroix:collection Eugene A. Delcroix Photograph Collection]&quot; apud ''Louisiana Digital Library''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231227142250/https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/13306/eugene-a-delcroix/objects Eugene A. Delcroix]&quot; apud ''Museum of Fine Arts, Houston''
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231227142248/https://collections.lacma.org/node/161247 Eugene Delcroix]&quot; apud ''LACMA''

; Varia
* &quot;[https://mirrorwithamemory.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/eugene-a-delcroix-new-orleans-photographer/ Eugene A. Delcroix, New Orleans Photographer]&quot; apud ''Mirror with a Memory''
* &quot;[https://www.instagram.com/p/CGKuGcRArUt/ A Eugene A. Delcroix Photograph]&quot; apud ''Instagram''
* [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/83357286/marie-delcroix Marie Mandin Delcroix] (mater photographi) apud ''Find a grave''

[[Categoria:Photographi Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1891]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1967]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Novae Aureliae]]</text>
      <sha1>1uodlkyktqrh5shugjczp3vb1o25u1w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modulus:Params/harenarium</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>311169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995679</id>
      <parentid>3995560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T21:15:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Experimentum</comment>
      <origin>3995679</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="91377" sha1="a0upn11rso0gk2pqktkomsihfphcyn7" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


	---                                        ---
	---     PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT                ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Abstract utilities ]]--
	----------------------------


-- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers)
local function zero_padded (str)
	return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str)
end


-- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting)
local function natural_sort (var1, var2)
	return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) &lt; var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded)
end


-- Return a copy or a reference to a table
local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly)
	if refonly then return src end
	local newtab = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end
	return newtab
end


-- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest`
local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len)
	local idx = 1
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1
		if idx &gt; len then break end
	end
	return dest
end


-- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left
local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len)
	local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt;= idx then
			if key &gt; tmp then cache[key - len] = val end
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = 1 - idx
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = idx - 1
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys
local function get_sorted_key_list (tbl, sort_fn)
	local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 1, 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then nums[nn], nn = key, nn + 1
		else words[nw], nw = key, nw + 1 end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	table.sort(words, sort_fn)
	return nums, words, nn - 1, nw - 1
end


-- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number
local function get_param_name (par_str)
	local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end
	return tonumber(ret)
end


-- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and
-- always parsing numeric strings as numbers
local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey)
	local realkey = get_param_name(dkey)
	if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end
end


	--[[ Public strings ]]--
	------------------------


-- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local mkeywords = {
	['or'] = 0,
	pattern = 1,
	plain = 2,
	strict = 3
}


-- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local sortfunctions = {
	alphabetically = false,
	naturally = natural_sort
}


-- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers
-- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
--[[

Meanings of the columns:

  col[1] = Loop type (0-3)
  col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3)
  col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback
  col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name
  col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value
  col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]`
  col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]`

A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`)

]]--
local mapping_styles = {
	names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 },
	values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 },
	values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 },
	names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 },
	names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 },
	names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 },
	values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 },
	blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 }
}


-- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local memoryslots = {
	h = 'header',
	f = 'footer',
	i = 'itersep',
	l = 'lastsep',
	n = 'ifngiven',
	p = 'pairsep',
	s = 'oxfordsep'
}


-- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier
local trim_parse_opts = {
	trim_none = { false, false },
	trim_positional = { false, true },
	trim_named = { true, false },
	trim_all = { true, true }
}


-- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local isep_parse_opts = {
	splitter_pattern = false,
	splitter_string = true
}


-- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local psep_parse_opts = {
	setter_pattern = false,
	setter_string = true
}


-- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier
local position_references = {
	add_nothing = 0,
	add_smallest_number = 1,
	add_last_of_sequence = 2,
	add_largest_number = 3
}


-- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier
local a_modes = {
	transfer = 0,
	clone = 1,
	rename = 2,
	copy = 3,
	sacrifice = 4,
	provide = 5,
	spare = 7
}


-- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`,
-- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue`
-- `without_sorting`


	--[[ Private constants ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`)
local modulename = 'Module:Params'


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the
-- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if 
-- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own
-- (modified) copy available
local refparams = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	combining = true,
	combining_by_calling = true,
	combining_values = true,
	concat_and_call = true,
	concat_and_invoke = true,
	concat_and_magic = true,
	count = true,
	grouping_by_calling = true,
	mixing_names_and_values = true,
	keeping_at_most = true,
	renaming_by_mixing = true,
	renaming_to_sequence = true,
	renaming_to_uppercase = true,
	renaming_to_lowercase = true,
	shifting = true,
	splicing = true,
	value_of = true,
	with_name_matching = true
}


-- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we
-- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its
-- optimal value at Module talk:Params)
local maxfill = 1024


-- The private table of functions
local library = {}


-- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position
local static_iface = {}


	--[[ Private functions ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Create a new context
local function context_new (child_frame, first_fn_name)
	local main_frame, tpipe = child_frame:getParent(), { first_fn_name }
	for key, val in pairs(child_frame.args) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then tpipe[key + 1] = val
		else tpipe[key] = val end
	end
	return {
		frame = main_frame,
		pipe = tpipe,
		oparams = main_frame.args,
		firstposonly = static_iface,
		iterfunc = pairs,
		fnpos = 1,
		sorttype = 0,
		n_parents = 0,
		n_children = 0,
		n_available = maxfill
	}
end


-- Move to the next action within the user-given list
local function context_iterate (ctx, next_fn_pos, trimmed_fname)
	local fname = trimmed_fname or ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos] and
		ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
	if library[fname] == nil then
		if ctx.firstposonly[fname] == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0)
		else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. fname ..
			'’ directive can only appear in first position', 0)
		end
	end
	ctx.fnpos = next_fn_pos
	return library[fname]
end


-- Main loop
local function main_loop (ctx, start_with)
	local fn = start_with
	repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn
	if ctx.n_parents &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end
	if ctx.n_children &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end
end


-- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table
local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, offs)
	local cmd
	if opts[offs] == nil then return offs - 1 end
	cmd = opts[offs]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/'):match'^/*(.*[^/])'
	if cmd == nil then return offs end
	local vname, chr
	local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), offs + 1
	for idx = 1, #cmd do
		chr = cmd:byte(idx)
		if chr == sep then
			for key, val in ipairs(amap) do
				dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil
			end
			argc = argc + 1
		else
			vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)]
			if vname == nil then error(modulename ..
				', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end
			table.insert(amap, vname)
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end
	return argc
end


-- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children`
local function new_substack (ctx)
	local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {}
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
	return newparams
end


-- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or
-- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil`
local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg)
	local trarg
	if raw_arg ~= nil then trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if trarg == nil then return nil, 1, false, nil end
	if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, nil end
	local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg]
	if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end
	return tmp or nil, 2, true, nil
end


-- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|
-- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]`
local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params)
	local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2
	local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {}
	while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do
		tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1])
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3
--[[
		elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2
]]--
		elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 2])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[get_param_name(src[pin + 1])], pin =
				tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3
		else break end
	end
	local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil)
	for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end
	if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end
	tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin])
	if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then
		if tmp1 &lt; 0 then tmp1 = -1 end
		tmp2 = append_after - pin
		for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end
		pin = pin + tmp1 + 1
	end
	if tnamed ~= nil then
		for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return tbl, pin, tnew, mem
end


-- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*`
-- class of modifiers
local function load_callback_opts (src, start_from, default_style, params)
	local style, shf
	local tmp = src[start_from + 1]
	if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, start_from - 1
	else shf = start_from end
	local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5]
	tmp = style[6]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			karg = tonumber(karg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[7]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			varg = tonumber(varg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[1]
	local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf,
		n_exist, params)
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 2 end
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 1 end
	return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem
end


-- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of
-- modifiers
local function load_replace_args (opts, offs, whoami)
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end
	local tn, flg
	local ptn, repl, nmax, argc =
		opts[offs + 1], opts[offs + 2], tonumber(opts[offs + 3]), 3
	if nmax ~= nil then argc = 4
	elseif opts[offs + 3] ~= nil then
		tn = opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tn == nil then argc = 4 end
	end
	if tn == nil and opts[offs + argc] ~= nil then
		tn = opts[offs + argc]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	if tn ~= nil then
		flg = mkeywords[tn]
		if flg ~= nil then tn = nil end
	end
	if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end
	return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, offs + argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax &lt; 1) or
		(flg == 3 and ptn == repl), tn
end


-- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers
local function load_pattern_args (opts, offs, whoami)
	local tn, kwid
	local ptns, arg, state, nptns, idx = {}, opts[offs + 1], 0, 0, offs + 2
	while arg ~= nil do
		if state == 0 then
			nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1
			ptns[nptns] = { arg, false, false }
		else
			tn = arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			kwid = tn ~= nil and mkeywords[tn] or nil
			if kwid == nil or (state &gt; 0 and kwid &gt; 0) then break
			else
				state = kwid
				if state &gt; 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end
				if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end
			end
		end
		arg, idx = opts[idx], idx + 1
	end
	if state == 0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end
	return ptns, nptns, idx - 1, kwid == nil and tn or nil
end


-- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and
-- `evaluating` modifiers
local function load_parse_opts (opts, offs, isp, psp)
	local tn, tmp
	local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain =
		{ true, true, true }, 3, offs, true, false, true, true
	repeat
		noptslots, tn = noptslots - 1, opts[argc]
		if tn ~= nil then tn = tn:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
		if tn == nil then break end
		if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			tmp = trim_parse_opts[tn]
			trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil
		elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tn],
				opts[argc], nil
		elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tn],
				opts[argc], nil
		else break end
		argc = argc + 1
		tn = nil
	until noptslots &lt; 1
	return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc, tn
end


-- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table
local value_maps = {
	[0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end
	end,
	[1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end
}


-- Private table for `map_names()`
local name_thieves = {
	[0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end
}


-- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table
local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn)
	local cache = {}
	name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric
-- suffixes in its keys
local function make_groups (src)
	-- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable!
	local prefix, gid
	local groups = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		-- `key` must only be a string or a number...
		if type(key) == 'string' then
			prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$'
			gid = tonumber(gid) or ''
		else prefix, gid = '', key end
		if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end
		if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			prefix = tonumber(prefix)
			if prefix &lt; 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end
		end
		groups[gid][prefix] = val
	end
	return groups
end


-- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and
-- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length
local function parse_placeholder_string (target)
	local skel, canvas, idx, s_pos, e_pos =
		{}, {}, 1, 1, string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false)
	while e_pos ~= nil do
		canvas[idx], skel[idx + 1] =
			target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1),
			target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@'
		idx, s_pos = idx + 2, e_pos + 2
		e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false)
	end
	if (s_pos &gt; target:len()) then idx = idx - 1
	else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end
	return skel, canvas, idx
end


-- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`,
-- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`)
local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru)
	local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2
	local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1
	if isp == nil or isp == '' then
		if psp == nil or psp == '' then
			if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else tbl[idx] = str end
			return
		end
		spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else val = str end
		else
			key = get_param_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = str:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
		return
	end
	if psp == nil or psp == '' then
		repeat
			pos1 = pos3 + 1
			pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
			val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1
		until pos2 == nil
		return
	end
	repeat
		pos1 = pos3 + 1
		pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
		val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
		spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_param_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = val:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
	until pos2 == nil
	return
end


-- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering`
local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len == 0 then
		local stack = new_substack(ctx)
		for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end
		return len == nil and 1 or 2
	end
	if len &lt; 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' ..
		whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len)
	return 2
end


-- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values`
local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	local stack = ctx.children[currsnap]
	for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do
		if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end
	end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
end


-- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values`
local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function
	-- MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local argc
	local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {}
	local sortfn, ivar0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[offs + 2])
	if ivar0 == 2 then
		tmp = opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	ivar0 = ivar0 + offs
	if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then
		ivar0 = ivar0 + 1
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1)
		set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami)
	else
		if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 end
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1)
	end
	if argc &lt; ivar0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end
	if next(tbl) == nil then
		if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params =
			{ [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = vars.ifngiven }
		elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end
		return argc + 1
	end
	local cache, len
	if do_sort then
		local words
		cache, words, len, tmp = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end
		len = len + tmp
	else
		cache, len = {}, 1
		for key in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = key, len + 1 end
		len = len - 1
	end
	local pmap, nss, kvs, pps =
		{}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or ''
	for idx = 1, len do
		tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps
		pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs)
		nss = nss + 2
	end
	tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep
	if tmp ~= nil and nss &gt; 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp
	elseif nss &gt; 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then
		pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep
	end
	pmap[1] = vars.header or ''
	if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end
	ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = table.concat(pmap) }
	return argc + 1
end


-- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric
-- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options
-- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters
local function concat_params (ctx, offs)
	local tbl, retval, cache, nmax = ctx.params, {}, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if key &lt; 1 then cache[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; offs then cache[key - offs] = val end
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		else cache[key] = val end
	end
	nmax = nmax - offs
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		-- We need only the sequence
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end
	else
		if ctx.subset == -1 then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				retval[key + nmax] = val
			else retval[key] = val end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do retval[key] = val end
	return retval
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this
-- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function flush_params (ctx, fn)
	local tmp
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
	elseif ctx.subset == 1 then
		if ctx.pins == nil then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
			return
		end
		tmp = {}
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end
		tbl = tmp
	end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = marker
			end
		end
		if ctx.subset == 1 then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
				if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
			end
			return
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw =
			get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
			for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
			return
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
		tbl[key] = nil
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
	end
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value
-- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_seq)
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_oth)
		return
	end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
		return
	end
	local tseq = {}
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local tmp
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker
			elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = nil
			end
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw =
			get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do
				fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]])
			end
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do
			if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then
				fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]])
			else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		end
		if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do
				fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]])
			end
		end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do
		if val ~= true then
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
end


-- Finalize and return a concatenated list
local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize)
	if len &gt; 0 then
		local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep
		if tmp ~= nil and len &gt; modsize * 2 then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp
		elseif len &gt; modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep
		end
		lst[1] = ctx.header or ''
		if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end
		ctx.text = table.concat(lst)
	else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
end


	---                                        ---
	---     PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT                 ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Modifiers ]]--
	-------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to
library.sequential = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to
library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to
library.all_sorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to
library.reassorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 2
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter
--            name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to
library.pinned_until = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end
	local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr
	local sntl, idx = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2
	if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then
		bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0
		ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr
	else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end
	while opts[offs + idx] ~= nil do
		tmp = opts[offs + idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if tmp == sntl then
			if idx == 2 then error(modulename ..
				', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end
			ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2
			return context_iterate(ctx, offs + idx + 1)
		end
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tmp = tonumber(tmp)
		end
		if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename ..
			', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end
		curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1
	end
	error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to
library.setting = function (ctx)
	local new_offs = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos + 1)
	if new_offs - ctx.fnpos &lt; 2 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, new_offs + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to
library.scoring = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs, retval = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 0
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local tn
	for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if opts[offs + 2] ~= nil then tn = opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tn == 'in_substack' then
		new_substack(ctx)[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] =
			tostring(retval)
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
	end
	ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval)
	return tn == 'here' and context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) or
		context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to
library.squeezing = function (ctx)
	local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			newlen = newlen + 1
			indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil
		end
	end
	table.sort(indices)
	for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to
library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx)
	local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums =
		ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1
	if newval == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmax == nil then
				if key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
				nmax = key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
			tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1
		end
	end
	if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin &gt; nnums then
		ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax
		if ctx.n_available &lt; 0 then error(modulename ..
			', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end
		for idx = nmin, nmax do tbl[idx] = newval end
		for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to
library.clearing = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to
library.cutting = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local len = #tbl
	if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
	if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
	local tot = lcut + rcut
	if tot &gt; 0 then
		local cache = {}
		if tot &gt;= len then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
			tot = len
		else
			for idx = len - rcut + 1, len do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = 1, lcut do tbl[idx] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				if key &gt; len then cache[key - tot] = val
				else cache[key - lcut] = val end
				tbl[key] = nil
			end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to
library.cropping = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local nmin, nmax
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	if nmin ~= nil then
		local len = nmax - nmin + 1
		if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
		if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
		if lcut + rcut - len &gt; -1 then
			for key in pairs(tbl) do
				if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end
			end
		elseif lcut + rcut &gt; 0 then
			for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1
			if lshift &gt; 0 then
				for idx = lshift + 1, nmax do
					tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] =
						tbl[idx], nil
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.purging = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local idx = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &lt; 1 then
		len = len + table.maxn(tbl)
		if idx &gt; len then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		len = len - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.backpurging = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local last = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local idx
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &gt; 0 then idx = last - len + 1
	else
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or
				key &lt; idx) then idx = key end
		end
		if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		idx = idx - len
		if last &lt; idx then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		len = last - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to
library.shifting = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then
		error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end
	local tbl = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val
		else tbl[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to
library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local shift = #tbl + 1
	if shift &lt; 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end
	local tmp = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[shift - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local nmax, nmin
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp
	local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 1
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			cache[nsize], nsize = key, nsize + 1
		end
	end
	table.sort(cache)
	for idx = math.floor((nsize - 1) / 2), 1, -1 do
		tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ]
		tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ]
		tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] = tmp
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to
library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx)
	local tn, sortfn
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then tn = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tn ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[tn] end
	if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn)
	else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil`
	if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment|
--            [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to
library.splicing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp2, argc, pos, refp
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp1 = opts[offs + 1]
	if tmp1 ~= nil then
		tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1)
		if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then
			pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4,
				tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if tmp2 ~= nil then
				refp = position_references[tmp2]
				if refp == nil then error(modulename ..
					', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end
			else refp = 0 end
		else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, offs + 3, 0 end
	else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, 0 end
	if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end
	local insn = tonumber(opts[argc])
	if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn &lt; 1) then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end
	if refp == 2 then
		for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end
		refp = 0
	end
	tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil
	if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' then
				if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key
				elseif key &lt; tmp1 then tmp1 = key
				elseif key &gt; tmp2 then tmp2 = key end
			end
		end
	end
	if tmp2 == nil then len = 0
	elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2
	elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end
	if len &gt; 0 and pos + len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len)
	elseif len &lt; 0 and pos - len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len)
	else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end
	ctx.params = tbl
	if insn == nil or insn &lt; 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	tmp1 = argc - offs - pos + 1
	for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[offs + key + tmp1] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to
library.imposing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end
	ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = opts[offs + 2]
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to
library.providing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end
	local key = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = opts[offs + 2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to
library.reassigning = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end
	local tn, mode, argc
	local src = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	local val = tbl[src]
	if opts[offs + 3] ~= nil then tn = opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tn ~= nil then mode = a_modes[tn] end
	if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, offs + 3
	else argc, tn = offs + 4, nil end
	if val == nil and mode &gt; 1 then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
	end
	local dest = get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])
	local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil
	if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end
	if tmp or mode &lt; 4 then tbl[dest] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to
library.discarding = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil then
		ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = nil
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local key = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end
	if len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end
	for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to
library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to
library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_name_matching = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp, ptn
	local tbl, newparams, opts, offs = ctx.params, {}, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_name_matching')
	for idx = 1, nptns do
		ptn = targets[idx]
		if ptn[3] then
			tmp = ptn[1]
			if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
				tmp = tonumber(tmp)
			end
			newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp]
		else
			for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
				if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
					newparams[key] = val
				end
			end
		end
	end
	ctx.params = newparams
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_name_not_matching')
	if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then
		local tmp = targets[1][1]
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil
		else tbl[tmp] = nil end
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
	end
	local yesmatch, ptn
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_value_matching = function (ctx)
	local nomatch, ptn
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_value_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		nomatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val == ptn[1] then
					nomatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				nomatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local yesmatch, ptn
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_value_not_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to
library.trimming_values = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = margs }
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'mapping_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local tbl, mix = ctx.params, opts[offs + 1]
	if mix == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to
library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache, len
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local sortfn, argc, do_sort, tn = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if do_sort then
		local words, wl
		cache, words, len, wl = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end
		for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end
	else
		cache, len = {}, 1
		for _, val in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = val, len + 1 end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = rargs }
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of
--            additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument
--            N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'renaming_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		ptn = get_param_name(ptn)
		local val = tbl[ptn]
		if val ~= nil then
			tbl[ptn], tbl[get_param_name(repl)] = nil, val
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		local cache = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache,
				tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax))
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local mix = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]
	if mix == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local cache = {}
	mix = mix:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if mix == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = val
		end
	else
		local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val
				else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			cache[get_param_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template
--            name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp, argc, tbl, mem =
		load_child_opts(opts, offs + 2, 0, ctx.params)
	local gargs = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &lt; 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val
		else gargs[key] = val end
	end
	tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local groups = make_groups(tbl)
	for gid, group in pairs(groups) do
		for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args = gid, group
		groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end
	ctx.params = groups
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.parsing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=')
	parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep,
		pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim
--            flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter
--            setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.reinterpreting = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=')
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	local str = tbl[tmp]
	if str ~= nil then
		tbl[tmp] = nil
		parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
			trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.evaluating = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, repos, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '!', ':')
	if opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then
		remove_numeric_keys(opts, offs, repos - offs)
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs, tn)
	end
	local new_opts, cache = {}, {}
	parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep,
		pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	local shift = #cache + offs - repos + 1
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; offs then new_opts[key] = val
		elseif key &gt;= repos then new_opts[key + shift] = val end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; 1 then new_opts[key] = val
		else new_opts[key + offs] = val end
	end
	ctx.pipe = new_opts
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to
library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end
	local tmp
	local cache, mix_k, mix_v =
		{}, opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', opts[offs + 2]
	if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = val
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = tostring(key)
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end
	else
		local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k)
		local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			tmp = tostring(key)
			for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do
				if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val
				else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end
			end
			for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do
				if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val
				else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end
			end
			cache[get_param_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] =
				table.concat(cnv_v)
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end,
		'combining'
	))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return val end,
		'combining_values'
	))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
			title = tname,
			args = ctx.params
		}
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new
--            parameter name|pipe to
library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 3] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 3])] =
			tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 4)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] =
			ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params)
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.snapshotting = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos +
		make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.remembering = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos +
		make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to
library.entering_substack = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs, ncurrparent =
		ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, ctx.n_parents + 1
	local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl }
	else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent
	if tn == 'new' then
		ctx.params = {}
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	if currsnap &gt; 0 then
		ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children =
			ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1
	else
		local newparams = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
		ctx.params = newparams
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to
library.pulling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end
	local tmp = ctx.n_parents
	local parent = tmp &lt; 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp]
	tmp = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to
library.recalling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to
--[[
library.finding = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	local parent
	for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do
		parent = ctx.parents[idx]
		if parent[arg] ~= nil then
			ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg]
			return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
		end
	end
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
--[[
library.picking = function (ctx)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	if ctx.n_parents &lt; 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len)
	else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to
library.detaching_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘detaching_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to
library.dropping_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘dropping_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to
library.leaving_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘leaving_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to
library.merging_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil,
		ncurrparent - 1
	for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to
library.flushing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to
library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx)
	set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing')
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


	--[[ Functions ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|count
library.count = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local retval = 0
	for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end
	ctx.text = retval
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]|
--            [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value
--            n]|[...]
library.concat_and_call = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
		title = tname,
		args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 1)
	}
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend
--            1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            item n=value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{
		title = 'Module:' .. mname,
		args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 2)
	})
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend
--            2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=
--            value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic,
		concat_params(ctx, offs + 1))
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name
library.value_of = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local val
	local key = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
		key = tonumber(key)
		val = ctx.params[key]
		-- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in
		-- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable)
		if val ~= nil and (
			ctx.subset ~= -1 or key &gt; #ctx.params or key &lt; 1
		) and (
			ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key &lt;= #ctx.params and key &gt; 0)
		) then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val ..
				(ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	else
		val = ctx.params[key]
		if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header
			or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	end
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list
library.list = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss =
			pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_values
library.list_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us
	local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names
library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	mixed_flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4
		end,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext
library.for_each = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, pps, txt =
		{}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] or ''
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]|
--            [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local cargs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1)
	local model, ret, nss, ccs =
		{ title = tname, args = cargs }, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append
--            1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|
--            [named param n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs }
	local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs =
		require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		iargs[1], iargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs, cargs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '',
		copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs)

	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local cargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs)
	local model = { title = tname, args = cargs }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs + 1)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs }
	local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs =
		require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		iargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]|
--            [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            param n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local cargs, ret, nss, ccs =
		copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs), {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local bargs, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then bargs[key] = val
		elseif key &gt; offs then bargs[key - offs - 1] = val
		elseif key &lt; 1 then bargs[key - 1] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params)
	flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group)
		for key, val in pairs(bargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs,
			nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


	--[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|new|pipe to
static_iface.new = function (child_frame)
	local ctx = context_new(child_frame, 'new')
	ctx.params = {}
	main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 2))
	return ctx.text
end


	--[[ First-position-only functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|self
static_iface.self = function (child_frame)
	return child_frame:getParent():getTitle()
end


	--[[ Public metatable of functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


return setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function (_, query)
		local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
			': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
		local func = static_iface[fname]
		if func ~= nil then return func end
		func = library[fname]
		if func == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
		return function (child_frame)
			local ctx = context_new(child_frame, fname)
			ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams,
				refparams[fname])
			main_loop(ctx, func)
			return ctx.text
		end
	end
})</text>
      <sha1>a0upn11rso0gk2pqktkomsihfphcyn7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995682</id>
      <parentid>3995679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T21:46:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995682</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="91302" sha1="hpuq90r8ayxoz4lpwcmcoogrydox6q4" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


	---                                        ---
	---     PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT                ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Abstract utilities ]]--
	----------------------------


-- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers)
local function zero_padded (str)
	return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str)
end


-- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting)
local function natural_sort (var1, var2)
	return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) &lt; var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded)
end


-- Return a copy or a reference to a table
local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly)
	if refonly then return src end
	local newtab = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end
	return newtab
end


-- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest`
local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len)
	local idx = 1
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1
		if idx &gt; len then break end
	end
	return dest
end


-- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left
local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len)
	local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt;= idx then
			if key &gt; tmp then cache[key - len] = val end
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = 1 - idx
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = idx - 1
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys
local function get_sorted_key_list (tbl, sort_fn)
	local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 1, 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then nums[nn], nn = key, nn + 1
		else words[nw], nw = key, nw + 1 end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	table.sort(words, sort_fn)
	return nums, words, nn - 1, nw - 1
end


-- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number
local function get_param_name (par_str)
	local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end
	return tonumber(ret)
end


-- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and
-- always parsing numeric strings as numbers
local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey)
	local realkey = get_param_name(dkey)
	if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end
end


	--[[ Public strings ]]--
	------------------------


-- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local mkeywords = {
	['or'] = 0,
	pattern = 1,
	plain = 2,
	strict = 3
}


-- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local sortfunctions = {
	alphabetically = false,
	naturally = natural_sort
}


-- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers
-- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
--[[

Meanings of the columns:

  col[1] = Loop type (0-3)
  col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3)
  col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback
  col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name
  col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value
  col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]`
  col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]`

A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`)

]]--
local mapping_styles = {
	names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 },
	values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 },
	values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 },
	names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 },
	names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 },
	names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 },
	values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 },
	blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 }
}


-- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local memoryslots = {
	h = 'header',
	f = 'footer',
	i = 'itersep',
	l = 'lastsep',
	n = 'ifngiven',
	p = 'pairsep',
	s = 'oxfordsep'
}


-- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier
local trim_parse_opts = {
	trim_none = { false, false },
	trim_positional = { false, true },
	trim_named = { true, false },
	trim_all = { true, true }
}


-- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local isep_parse_opts = {
	splitter_pattern = false,
	splitter_string = true
}


-- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local psep_parse_opts = {
	setter_pattern = false,
	setter_string = true
}


-- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier
local position_references = {
	add_nothing = 0,
	add_smallest_number = 1,
	add_last_of_sequence = 2,
	add_largest_number = 3
}


-- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier
local a_modes = {
	transfer = 0,
	clone = 1,
	rename = 2,
	copy = 3,
	sacrifice = 4,
	provide = 5,
	spare = 7
}


-- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`,
-- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue`
-- `without_sorting`


	--[[ Private constants ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`)
local modulename = 'Module:Params'


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the
-- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if 
-- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own
-- (modified) copy available
local refparams = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	combining = true,
	combining_by_calling = true,
	combining_values = true,
	concat_and_call = true,
	concat_and_invoke = true,
	concat_and_magic = true,
	count = true,
	grouping_by_calling = true,
	mixing_names_and_values = true,
	keeping_at_most = true,
	renaming_by_mixing = true,
	renaming_to_sequence = true,
	renaming_to_uppercase = true,
	renaming_to_lowercase = true,
	shifting = true,
	splicing = true,
	value_of = true,
	with_name_matching = true
}


-- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we
-- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its
-- optimal value at Module talk:Params)
local maxfill = 1024


-- The private table of functions
local library = {}


-- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position
local static_iface = {}


	--[[ Private functions ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Create a new context
local function context_new (child_frame, first_fn_name)
	local main_frame, tpipe = child_frame:getParent(), { first_fn_name }
	for key, val in pairs(child_frame.args) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then tpipe[key + 1] = val
		else tpipe[key] = val end
	end
	return {
		frame = main_frame,
		pipe = tpipe,
		oparams = main_frame.args,
		firstposonly = static_iface,
		iterfunc = pairs,
		fnpos = 1,
		sorttype = 0,
		n_parents = 0,
		n_children = 0,
		n_available = maxfill
	}
end


-- Move to the next action within the user-given list
local function context_iterate (ctx, next_fn_pos, trimmed_fname)
	local fname = trimmed_fname or ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos] and
		ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
	if library[fname] == nil then
		if ctx.firstposonly[fname] == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0)
		else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. fname ..
			'’ directive can only appear in first position', 0)
		end
	end
	ctx.fnpos = next_fn_pos
	return library[fname]
end


-- Main loop
local function main_loop (ctx, start_with)
	local fn = start_with
	repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn
	if ctx.n_parents &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end
	if ctx.n_children &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end
end


-- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table
local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, offs)
	local cmd
	if opts[offs] == nil then return offs - 1 end
	cmd = opts[offs]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/'):match'^/*(.*[^/])'
	if cmd == nil then return offs end
	local vname, chr
	local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), offs + 1
	for idx = 1, #cmd do
		chr = cmd:byte(idx)
		if chr == sep then
			for key, val in ipairs(amap) do
				dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil
			end
			argc = argc + 1
		else
			vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)]
			if vname == nil then error(modulename ..
				', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end
			table.insert(amap, vname)
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end
	return argc
end


-- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children`
local function new_substack (ctx)
	local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {}
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
	return newparams
end


-- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or
-- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil`
local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg)
	local trarg
	if raw_arg ~= nil then trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if trarg == nil then return nil, 1, false, nil end
	if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, nil end
	local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg]
	if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end
	return tmp or nil, 2, true, nil
end


-- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|
-- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]`
local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params)
	local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2
	local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {}
	while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do
		tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1])
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3
--[[
		elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2
]]--
		elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 2])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[get_param_name(src[pin + 1])], pin =
				tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3
		else break end
	end
	local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil)
	for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end
	if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end
	tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin])
	if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then
		if tmp1 &lt; 0 then tmp1 = -1 end
		tmp2 = append_after - pin
		for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end
		pin = pin + tmp1 + 1
	end
	if tnamed ~= nil then
		for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return tbl, pin, tnew, mem
end


-- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*`
-- class of modifiers
local function load_callback_opts (src, start_from, default_style, params)
	local style, shf
	local tmp = src[start_from + 1]
	if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, start_from - 1
	else shf = start_from end
	local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5]
	tmp = style[6]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			karg = tonumber(karg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[7]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			varg = tonumber(varg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[1]
	local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf,
		n_exist, params)
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 2 end
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 1 end
	return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem
end


-- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of
-- modifiers
local function load_replace_args (opts, offs, whoami)
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end
	local tn, flg
	local ptn, repl, nmax, argc =
		opts[offs + 1], opts[offs + 2], tonumber(opts[offs + 3]), 3
	if nmax ~= nil then argc = 4
	elseif opts[offs + 3] ~= nil then
		tn = opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tn == nil then argc = 4 end
	end
	if tn == nil and opts[offs + argc] ~= nil then
		tn = opts[offs + argc]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	if tn ~= nil then
		flg = mkeywords[tn]
		if flg ~= nil then tn = nil end
	end
	if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end
	return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, offs + argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax &lt; 1) or
		(flg == 3 and ptn == repl), tn
end


-- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers
local function load_pattern_args (opts, offs, whoami)
	local tn, kwid
	local ptns, arg, state, nptns, idx = {}, opts[offs + 1], 0, 0, offs + 2
	while arg ~= nil do
		if state == 0 then
			nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1
			ptns[nptns] = { arg, false, false }
		else
			tn = arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			kwid = tn and mkeywords[tn]
			if kwid == nil or (state &gt; 0 and kwid &gt; 0) then break
			else
				state = kwid
				if state &gt; 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end
				if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end
			end
		end
		arg, idx = opts[idx], idx + 1
	end
	if state == 0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end
	return ptns, nptns, idx - 1, kwid == nil and tn or nil
end


-- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and
-- `evaluating` modifiers
local function load_parse_opts (opts, offs, isp, psp)
	local tn, tmp
	local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain =
		{ true, true, true }, 3, offs, true, false, true, true
	repeat
		noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc]
		tn = tmp and tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tn == nil then break end
		if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			tmp = trim_parse_opts[tn]
			trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil
		elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tn],
				opts[argc], nil
		elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tn],
				opts[argc], nil
		else break end
		argc, tn = argc + 1, nil
	until noptslots &lt; 1
	return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc, tn
end


-- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table
local value_maps = {
	[0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end
	end,
	[1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end
}


-- Private table for `map_names()`
local name_thieves = {
	[0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end
}


-- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table
local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn)
	local cache = {}
	name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric
-- suffixes in its keys
local function make_groups (src)
	-- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable!
	local prefix, gid
	local groups = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		-- `key` must only be a string or a number...
		if type(key) == 'string' then
			prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$'
			gid = tonumber(gid) or ''
		else prefix, gid = '', key end
		if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end
		if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			prefix = tonumber(prefix)
			if prefix &lt; 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end
		end
		groups[gid][prefix] = val
	end
	return groups
end


-- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and
-- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length
local function parse_placeholder_string (target)
	local skel, canvas, idx, s_pos, e_pos =
		{}, {}, 1, 1, string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false)
	while e_pos ~= nil do
		canvas[idx], skel[idx + 1] =
			target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1),
			target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@'
		idx, s_pos = idx + 2, e_pos + 2
		e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false)
	end
	if (s_pos &gt; target:len()) then idx = idx - 1
	else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end
	return skel, canvas, idx
end


-- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`,
-- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`)
local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru)
	local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2
	local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1
	if isp == nil or isp == '' then
		if psp == nil or psp == '' then
			if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else tbl[idx] = str end
			return
		end
		spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else val = str end
		else
			key = get_param_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = str:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
		return
	end
	if psp == nil or psp == '' then
		repeat
			pos1 = pos3 + 1
			pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
			val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1
		until pos2 == nil
		return
	end
	repeat
		pos1 = pos3 + 1
		pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
		val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
		spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_param_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = val:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
	until pos2 == nil
	return
end


-- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering`
local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len == 0 then
		local stack = new_substack(ctx)
		for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end
		return len == nil and 1 or 2
	end
	if len &lt; 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' ..
		whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len)
	return 2
end


-- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values`
local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	local stack = ctx.children[currsnap]
	for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do
		if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end
	end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
end


-- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values`
local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function
	-- MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local argc
	local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {}
	local sortfn, ivar0, dosort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[offs + 2])
	if ivar0 == 2 then
		tmp = opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	ivar0 = ivar0 + offs
	if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then
		ivar0 = ivar0 + 1
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1)
		set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami)
	else
		if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 end
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1)
	end
	if argc &lt; ivar0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end
	if next(tbl) == nil then
		if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params =
			{ [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = vars.ifngiven }
		elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end
		return argc + 1
	end
	local cache, len
	if dosort then
		local words
		cache, words, len, tmp = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end
		len = len + tmp
	else
		cache, len = {}, 1
		for key in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = key, len + 1 end
		len = len - 1
	end
	local pmap, nss, kvs, pps =
		{}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or ''
	for idx = 1, len do
		tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps
		pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs)
		nss = nss + 2
	end
	tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep
	if tmp ~= nil and nss &gt; 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp
	elseif nss &gt; 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then
		pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep
	end
	pmap[1] = vars.header or ''
	if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end
	ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = table.concat(pmap) }
	return argc + 1
end


-- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric
-- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options
-- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters
local function concat_params (ctx, offs)
	local tbl, retval, cache, nmax = ctx.params, {}, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if key &lt; 1 then cache[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; offs then cache[key - offs] = val end
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		else cache[key] = val end
	end
	nmax = nmax - offs
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		-- We need only the sequence
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end
	else
		if ctx.subset == -1 then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				retval[key + nmax] = val
			else retval[key] = val end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do retval[key] = val end
	return retval
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this
-- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function flush_params (ctx, fn)
	local tmp
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
	elseif ctx.subset == 1 then
		if ctx.pins == nil then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
			return
		end
		tmp = {}
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end
		tbl = tmp
	end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = marker
			end
		end
		if ctx.subset == 1 then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
				if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
			end
			return
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw =
			get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
			for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
			return
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
		tbl[key] = nil
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
	end
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value
-- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_seq)
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_oth)
		return
	end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
		return
	end
	local tseq = {}
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local tmp
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker
			elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = nil
			end
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw =
			get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do
				fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]])
			end
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do
			if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then
				fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]])
			else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		end
		if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do
				fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]])
			end
		end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do
		if val ~= true then
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
end


-- Finalize and return a concatenated list
local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize)
	if len &gt; 0 then
		local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep
		if tmp ~= nil and len &gt; modsize * 2 then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp
		elseif len &gt; modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep
		end
		lst[1] = ctx.header or ''
		if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end
		ctx.text = table.concat(lst)
	else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
end


	---                                        ---
	---     PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT                 ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Modifiers ]]--
	-------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to
library.sequential = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to
library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to
library.all_sorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to
library.reassorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 2
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter
--            name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to
library.pinned_until = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end
	local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr
	local sntl, idx = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2
	if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then
		bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0
		ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr
	else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end
	while opts[offs + idx] ~= nil do
		tmp = opts[offs + idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if tmp == sntl then
			if idx == 2 then error(modulename ..
				', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end
			ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2
			return context_iterate(ctx, offs + idx + 1)
		end
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tmp = tonumber(tmp)
		end
		if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename ..
			', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end
		curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1
	end
	error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to
library.setting = function (ctx)
	local new_offs = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos + 1)
	if new_offs - ctx.fnpos &lt; 2 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, new_offs + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to
library.scoring = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs, retval = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 0
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	local tn = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tn == 'in_substack' then
		new_substack(ctx)[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] =
			tostring(retval)
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
	end
	ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval)
	return tn == 'here' and context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) or
		context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to
library.squeezing = function (ctx)
	local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			newlen = newlen + 1
			indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil
		end
	end
	table.sort(indices)
	for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to
library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx)
	local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums =
		ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1
	if newval == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmax == nil then
				if key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
				nmax = key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
			tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1
		end
	end
	if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin &gt; nnums then
		ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax
		if ctx.n_available &lt; 0 then error(modulename ..
			', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end
		for idx = nmin, nmax do tbl[idx] = newval end
		for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to
library.clearing = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to
library.cutting = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local len = #tbl
	if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
	if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
	local tot = lcut + rcut
	if tot &gt; 0 then
		local cache = {}
		if tot &gt;= len then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
			tot = len
		else
			for idx = len - rcut + 1, len do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = 1, lcut do tbl[idx] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				if key &gt; len then cache[key - tot] = val
				else cache[key - lcut] = val end
				tbl[key] = nil
			end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to
library.cropping = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local nmin, nmax
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	if nmin ~= nil then
		local len = nmax - nmin + 1
		if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
		if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
		if lcut + rcut - len &gt; -1 then
			for key in pairs(tbl) do
				if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end
			end
		elseif lcut + rcut &gt; 0 then
			for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1
			if lshift &gt; 0 then
				for idx = lshift + 1, nmax do
					tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] =
						tbl[idx], nil
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.purging = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local idx = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &lt; 1 then
		len = len + table.maxn(tbl)
		if idx &gt; len then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		len = len - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.backpurging = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local last = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local idx
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &gt; 0 then idx = last - len + 1
	else
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or
				key &lt; idx) then idx = key end
		end
		if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		idx = idx - len
		if last &lt; idx then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		len = last - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to
library.shifting = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then
		error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end
	local tbl = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val
		else tbl[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to
library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local shift = #tbl + 1
	if shift &lt; 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end
	local tmp = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[shift - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local nmax, nmin
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp
	local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 1
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			cache[nsize], nsize = key, nsize + 1
		end
	end
	table.sort(cache)
	for idx = math.floor((nsize - 1) / 2), 1, -1 do
		tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ]
		tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ]
		tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] = tmp
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to
library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx)
	local sortfn
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tn ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[tn] end
	if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn)
	else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil`
	if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment|
--            [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to
library.splicing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp2, argc, pos, refp
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp1 = opts[offs + 1]
	if tmp1 ~= nil then
		tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1)
		if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then
			pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4,
				tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if tmp2 ~= nil then
				refp = position_references[tmp2]
				if refp == nil then error(modulename ..
					', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end
			else refp = 0 end
		else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, offs + 3, 0 end
	else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, 0 end
	if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end
	local insn = tonumber(opts[argc])
	if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn &lt; 1) then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end
	if refp == 2 then
		for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end
		refp = 0
	end
	tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil
	if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' then
				if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key
				elseif key &lt; tmp1 then tmp1 = key
				elseif key &gt; tmp2 then tmp2 = key end
			end
		end
	end
	if tmp2 == nil then len = 0
	elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2
	elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end
	if len &gt; 0 and pos + len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len)
	elseif len &lt; 0 and pos - len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len)
	else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end
	ctx.params = tbl
	if insn == nil or insn &lt; 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	tmp1 = argc - offs - pos + 1
	for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[offs + key + tmp1] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to
library.imposing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end
	ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = opts[offs + 2]
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to
library.providing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end
	local key = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = opts[offs + 2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to
library.reassigning = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end
	local mode, argc
	local src, tn = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]),
		opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	local val = tbl[src]
	if tn ~= nil then mode = a_modes[tn] end
	if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, offs + 3
	else argc, tn = offs + 4, nil end
	if val == nil and mode &gt; 1 then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
	end
	local dest = get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])
	local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil
	if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end
	if tmp or mode &lt; 4 then tbl[dest] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to
library.discarding = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil then
		ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = nil
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local key = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end
	if len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end
	for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to
library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to
library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_name_matching = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp, ptn
	local tbl, newparams, opts, offs = ctx.params, {}, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_name_matching')
	for idx = 1, nptns do
		ptn = targets[idx]
		if ptn[3] then
			tmp = ptn[1]
			if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
				tmp = tonumber(tmp)
			end
			newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp]
		else
			for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
				if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
					newparams[key] = val
				end
			end
		end
	end
	ctx.params = newparams
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_name_not_matching')
	if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then
		local tmp = targets[1][1]
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil
		else tbl[tmp] = nil end
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
	end
	local yesmatch, ptn
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_value_matching = function (ctx)
	local nomatch, ptn
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_value_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		nomatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val == ptn[1] then
					nomatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				nomatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local yesmatch, ptn
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_value_not_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to
library.trimming_values = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = margs }
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'mapping_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local tbl, mix = ctx.params, opts[offs + 1]
	if mix == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to
library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache, len
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local sortfn, argc, dosort, tn = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if dosort then
		local words, wl
		cache, words, len, wl = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end
		for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end
	else
		cache, len = {}, 1
		for _, val in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = val, len + 1 end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = rargs }
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of
--            additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument
--            N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'renaming_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		ptn = get_param_name(ptn)
		local val = tbl[ptn]
		if val ~= nil then
			tbl[ptn], tbl[get_param_name(repl)] = nil, val
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		local cache = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache,
				tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax))
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local mix = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]
	if mix == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local cache = {}
	mix = mix:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if mix == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = val
		end
	else
		local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val
				else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			cache[get_param_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template
--            name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp, argc, tbl, mem =
		load_child_opts(opts, offs + 2, 0, ctx.params)
	local gargs = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &lt; 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val
		else gargs[key] = val end
	end
	tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local groups = make_groups(tbl)
	for gid, group in pairs(groups) do
		for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args = gid, group
		groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end
	ctx.params = groups
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.parsing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=')
	parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep,
		pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim
--            flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter
--            setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.reinterpreting = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=')
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	local str = tbl[tmp]
	if str ~= nil then
		tbl[tmp] = nil
		parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
			trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.evaluating = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, repos, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '!', ':')
	if opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then
		remove_numeric_keys(opts, offs, repos - offs)
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs, tn)
	end
	local new_opts, cache = {}, {}
	parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep,
		pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	local shift = #cache + offs - repos + 1
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; offs then new_opts[key] = val
		elseif key &gt;= repos then new_opts[key + shift] = val end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; 1 then new_opts[key] = val
		else new_opts[key + offs] = val end
	end
	ctx.pipe = new_opts
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to
library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end
	local tmp
	local cache, mix_k, mix_v =
		{}, opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', opts[offs + 2]
	if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = val
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = tostring(key)
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end
	else
		local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k)
		local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			tmp = tostring(key)
			for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do
				if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val
				else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end
			end
			for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do
				if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val
				else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end
			end
			cache[get_param_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] =
				table.concat(cnv_v)
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end,
		'combining'
	))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return val end,
		'combining_values'
	))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
			title = tname,
			args = ctx.params
		}
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new
--            parameter name|pipe to
library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 3] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 3])] =
			tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 4)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] =
			ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params)
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.snapshotting = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos +
		make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.remembering = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos +
		make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to
library.entering_substack = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs, ncurrparent =
		ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, ctx.n_parents + 1
	local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl }
	else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent
	if tn == 'new' then
		ctx.params = {}
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	if currsnap &gt; 0 then
		ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children =
			ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1
	else
		local newparams = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
		ctx.params = newparams
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to
library.pulling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end
	local tmp = ctx.n_parents
	local parent = tmp &lt; 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp]
	tmp = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to
library.recalling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to
--[[
library.finding = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	local parent
	for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do
		parent = ctx.parents[idx]
		if parent[arg] ~= nil then
			ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg]
			return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
		end
	end
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
--[[
library.picking = function (ctx)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	if ctx.n_parents &lt; 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len)
	else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to
library.detaching_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘detaching_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to
library.dropping_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘dropping_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to
library.leaving_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘leaving_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to
library.merging_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil,
		ncurrparent - 1
	for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to
library.flushing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to
library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx)
	set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing')
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


	--[[ Functions ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|count
library.count = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local retval = 0
	for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end
	ctx.text = retval
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]|
--            [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value
--            n]|[...]
library.concat_and_call = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
		title = tname,
		args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 1)
	}
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend
--            1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            item n=value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{
		title = 'Module:' .. mname,
		args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 2)
	})
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend
--            2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=
--            value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic,
		concat_params(ctx, offs + 1))
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name
library.value_of = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local val
	local key = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
		key = tonumber(key)
		val = ctx.params[key]
		-- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in
		-- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable)
		if val ~= nil and (
			ctx.subset ~= -1 or key &gt; #ctx.params or key &lt; 1
		) and (
			ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key &lt;= #ctx.params and key &gt; 0)
		) then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val ..
				(ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	else
		val = ctx.params[key]
		if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header
			or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	end
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list
library.list = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss =
			pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_values
library.list_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us
	local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names
library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	mixed_flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4
		end,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext
library.for_each = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, pps, txt =
		{}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] or ''
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]|
--            [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local cargs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1)
	local model, ret, nss, ccs =
		{ title = tname, args = cargs }, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append
--            1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|
--            [named param n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs }
	local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs =
		require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		iargs[1], iargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs, cargs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '',
		copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs)

	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local cargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs)
	local model = { title = tname, args = cargs }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs + 1)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs }
	local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs =
		require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		iargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]|
--            [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            param n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local cargs, ret, nss, ccs =
		copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs), {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local bargs, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then bargs[key] = val
		elseif key &gt; offs then bargs[key - offs - 1] = val
		elseif key &lt; 1 then bargs[key - 1] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params)
	flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group)
		for key, val in pairs(bargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs,
			nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


	--[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|new|pipe to
static_iface.new = function (child_frame)
	local ctx = context_new(child_frame, 'new')
	ctx.params = {}
	main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 2))
	return ctx.text
end


	--[[ First-position-only functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|self
static_iface.self = function (child_frame)
	return child_frame:getParent():getTitle()
end


	--[[ Public metatable of functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


return setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function (_, query)
		local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
			': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
		local func = static_iface[fname]
		if func ~= nil then return func end
		func = library[fname]
		if func == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
		return function (child_frame)
			local ctx = context_new(child_frame, fname)
			ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams,
				refparams[fname])
			main_loop(ctx, func)
			return ctx.text
		end
	end
})</text>
      <sha1>hpuq90r8ayxoz4lpwcmcoogrydox6q4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Capsa notionis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>311625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995686</id>
      <parentid>3977552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:08:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Vicitextus concors|Vicitextus concors]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3995686</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3629" sha1="6dhoi301wcclgd04lrojni6sammhfyz" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores
	| r3830092 = Formula:Monitus de harenario usoris
	| Textus planus
}}
{{Formula in multis paginis adhibita}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Metaformula quoque|Formulae monituum nuntiorumque}}
{{Vicitextus concors
	| Capsa notionis
	| Capsa disputationis
}}

Utere hac formula ut notionem ostendas.

== De usu ==

'''Codex manuscriptus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa notionis|imago=Example.svg|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Capsa notionis|imago=Example.svg|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}

{{ast}}

'''Codex manuscriptus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa notionis|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Capsa notionis|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}

== De parametris ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula notionem ostendit.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Contenta&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nuntius in capsa ostendendus&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.&quot;
		},
		&quot;ancora&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ancora&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Ancora capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem-ipsum&quot;
		},
		&quot;latitudo&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Latitudo&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Latitudo capsae (elige unum ex sequentibus adiectivis: ‘maxima’, ‘commoda’, ‘magna’, ‘idonea’, ‘parva’, ‘minima’)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;minima&quot;
		},
		&quot;color&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Color&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color marginis sinistri capsae (nullus margo ostendetur si hoc argumentum datur vacuum)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#cccccc&quot;
		},
		&quot;pigmentum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pigmentum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color ipsius capsae (CSS: ‘background-color’) – argumentum ignorabitur si ‘|trama=’ datur&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#f6e4e4&quot;
		},
		&quot;trama&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Trama&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Trama capsae (CSS: ‘background’)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;linear-gradient(0.25turn, #3f87a6, #ebf8e1, #f69d3c)&quot;
		},
		&quot;atramentum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Atramentum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color textūs (CSS: ‘color’)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;var(--color-base, #202122)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#f00&quot;
		},
		&quot;imago&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Imago&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Imago capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Example.svg&quot;
		},
		&quot;pittacium&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pittacium&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Parametrum ‘alt=’ (ignorabitur si ‘|imago=’ abest)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum&quot;
		},
		&quot;iconicitas&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Iconicitas&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Dimensiones imaginis (argumento omisso ‘50x50px’ legetur)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;x30px&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Capsa annuntiationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa lateralis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa disputationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa documentationis}}
* {{Fn|Capsa monitus}}
* {{Fn|Capsa paginae}}
* {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}
* {{Fn|Metacapsa tabellaria}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae capsarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6dhoi301wcclgd04lrojni6sammhfyz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Capsa disputationis</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>312485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995688</id>
      <parentid>3989739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:10:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>-clear: both;</comment>
      <origin>3995688</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="836" sha1="e3zwoj4isuvn533y9l8kg3aat6m91g7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; width: {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#switch:{{{latitudo|}}}|maxima=100%|parva=50%|magna=75%|commoda=auto|minima=auto; max-width: 50%|#default=auto; max-width: 75%}}; margin: 1em auto; background-color: #ffe6ac; border: 1px solid #f4aaa8; border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 8px 8px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); font-size: .95em;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{ancora|}}}|&quot; id=&quot;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;anchorencode:{{{ancora}}}}}}}|&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{imago|}}}|&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 1em .55em 1em 1.5em; box-sizing: content-box; width: 50px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Imago:{{{imago}}}|50x50px|center]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 1em 1.5em 1em .55em;&quot;&gt;|&lt;td style=&quot;padding: .25em 1.5em;&quot;&gt;}}
{{{1|}}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>e3zwoj4isuvn533y9l8kg3aat6m91g7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995691</id>
      <parentid>3995688</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:22:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Item ut {{[[Formula:Capsa notionis|Capsa notionis]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3995691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1694" sha1="q10024oudv8mgy3ggey3jh9l34gw09d" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;box-sizing: border-bo{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{color|/}}}
	| x; border: 1px solid {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{color|}}}
		| {{{color}}}
		| var(--border-color-option-yellow, #ab7f2a)
	}}
	| x
}}; width: {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#switch:{{{latitudo|}}}
	| maxima = 100%
	| parva = 50%
	| magna = 75%
	| commoda = auto
	| minima = auto; max-width: 50%
	| #default=auto; max-width: 75%
}}; {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{trama|}}}
	| background: {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Textus planus|{{{trama}}}}}
	| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{pigmentum|}}}
		| background-color: {{{pigmentum}}}
		| background-color: var(--background-color-content-removed, #ffe49c)
	}}
}}; color: inheri{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{atramentum|/}}}
	| t; colo{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{atramentum|}}}
		| r: {{{atramentum}}}
		| r: var(--color-base, #202122)
	}}
	| t
}}; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 1.5em auto; border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 8px 8px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); font-size: .95em;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{ancora|}}}
	| &quot; id=&quot;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;anchorencode:{{{ancora}}}}}&quot;
	| &quot;
}}&gt;&lt;tr&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{imago|}}}
	| &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75em .5em .75em 1em; box-sizing: content-box; background: transparent; width: 50px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Imago:{{{imago}}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{iconicitas|}}}
		| {{{iconicitas}}}
		| 50x50px
	}}|center{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{pittacium|}}}
		| {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}alt={{!}}{{{pittacium}}}
	}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75em 1em .75em .5em;&quot;
	| &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75em 1em;&quot;
}}&gt;
{{{1|}}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>q10024oudv8mgy3ggey3jh9l34gw09d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Capsa disputationis/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>312486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995687</id>
      <parentid>3989752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Vicitextus concors|Vicitextus concors]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3995687</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2355" sha1="d1r1g445xo4z1o6vned0fehmemvf7fs" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores
	| r3912437 = Formula:Adumbratio
}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Metaformula quoque
	| Formulae disputationis
	| Formulae monituum nuntiorumque
}}
{{Vicitextus concors
	| Capsa notionis
	| Capsa disputationis
}}

Utere hac formula ut nuntium in pagina disputationis ostendas.

== De usu ==

'''Codex manuscriptus (''in paginis disputationum tantum''):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa disputationis|imago=Example.svg|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Capsa disputationis|imago=Example.svg|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}

{{ast}}

'''Codex manuscriptus (''in paginis disputationum tantum''):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa disputationis|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Capsa disputationis|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula nuntium in pagina disputationis ostendit.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Nuntius&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nuntius in capsa ostendendus&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.&quot;
		},
		&quot;ancora&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ancora&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Ancora capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem-ipsum&quot;
		},
		&quot;imago&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Imago&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Imago capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Example.svg&quot;
		},
		&quot;latitudo&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Latitudo&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Latitudo capsae (scribe unum ex sequentibus adiectivis: ‘maxima’, ‘commoda’, ‘magna’, ‘idonea’, ‘parva’, ‘minima’)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;minima&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Capsa annuntiationis}}
* {{fn|Capsa notionis}}
* {{fn|Capsa lateralis}}
* {{fn|Capsa documentationis}}
* {{fn|Capsa monitus}}
* {{Fn|Capsa paginae}}
* {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}
* {{Fn|Metacapsa tabellaria}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae capsarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d1r1g445xo4z1o6vned0fehmemvf7fs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995692</id>
      <parentid>3995687</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:23:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De argumentis */ Documentationem redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3995692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3728" sha1="9mlfmct27m6az12a0xgo0rasy1xq2j0" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula in nuntiis systematis adhibita|custodes=usores
	| r3912437 = Formula:Adumbratio
}}
{{Formula substituibilis|...}}
{{Metaformula quoque
	| Formulae disputationis
	| Formulae monituum nuntiorumque
}}
{{Vicitextus concors
	| Capsa notionis
	| Capsa disputationis
}}

Utere hac formula ut nuntium in pagina disputationis ostendas.

== De usu ==

'''Codex manuscriptus (''in paginis disputationum tantum''):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa disputationis|imago=Example.svg|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Capsa disputationis|imago=Example.svg|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}

{{ast}}

'''Codex manuscriptus (''in paginis disputationum tantum''):'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Capsa disputationis|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Effectus:'''

{{Capsa disputationis|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.}}

== De parametris ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula notionem ostendit.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Contenta&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nuntius in capsa ostendendus&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;content&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.&quot;
		},
		&quot;ancora&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Ancora&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Ancora capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem-ipsum&quot;
		},
		&quot;latitudo&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Latitudo&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Latitudo capsae (elige unum ex sequentibus adiectivis: ‘maxima’, ‘commoda’, ‘magna’, ‘idonea’, ‘parva’, ‘minima’)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;minima&quot;
		},
		&quot;color&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Color&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color marginis sinistri capsae (nullus margo ostendetur si hoc argumentum datur vacuum)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#cccccc&quot;
		},
		&quot;pigmentum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pigmentum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color ipsius capsae (CSS: ‘background-color’) – argumentum ignorabitur si ‘|trama=’ datur&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#f6e4e4&quot;
		},
		&quot;trama&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Trama&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Trama capsae (CSS: ‘background’)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;linear-gradient(0.25turn, #3f87a6, #ebf8e1, #f69d3c)&quot;
		},
		&quot;atramentum&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Atramentum&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Color textūs (CSS: ‘color’)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;default&quot;: &quot;var(--color-base, #202122)&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;#f00&quot;
		},
		&quot;imago&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Imago&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Imago capsae&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Example.svg&quot;
		},
		&quot;pittacium&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pittacium&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Parametrum ‘alt=’ (ignorabitur si ‘|imago=’ abest)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum&quot;
		},
		&quot;iconicitas&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Iconicitas&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Dimensiones imaginis (argumento omisso ‘50x50px’ legetur)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;x30px&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* {{Fn|Capsa annuntiationis}}
* {{fn|Capsa notionis}}
* {{fn|Capsa lateralis}}
* {{fn|Capsa documentationis}}
* {{fn|Capsa monitus}}
* {{Fn|Capsa paginae}}
* {{Fn|Capsa tabellaria}}
* {{Fn|Metacapsa tabellaria}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae administrationis Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae capsarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9mlfmct27m6az12a0xgo0rasy1xq2j0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus/Harenarium</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>313004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995609</id>
      <parentid>3971993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T14:44:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1494" sha1="mpcuok22mqah7rkum5jwqvbr4l2zfsu" xml:space="preserve">[https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_ergebnis.php]
[https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_url.php?s_sprache=en&amp;p_publication=InscrIt-13-02,+00017]
{{CIL|12|236}}
{{AE|2007|00312}} {{AE|1979|00648}} {{AE|1922|00088}}
[https://www.webtran.fr/latin/]
{{CIL|6|501}} {{CIL|15|692}} {{CIL|15|693}} {{CIL|15|694}} {{CIL|15|695}} {{CIL|15|696}} {{CIL|15|697}} {{CIL|15|698}} {{CIL|15|699}} {{CIL|12|5678}}
{{AE|2018|325}} {{CIL|13|5384}}  {{CIL|13|80}} {{CIL|1|1503}} 
{{AE|2018|325}}
{{CIL|6|988}} {{CIL|6|989}} {{CIL|6|990}} 
{{CIL|2|5041}} {{CIL|9|5564}} {{CIL|6|1304}}
[https://www.webtran.fr/latin/]
{{CIL|2|1964}} 
{{CIL|13|5380}} {{CIL|13|5381}} {{CIL|13|5384}} 
{{CIL|13|5368}} {{CIL|13|5366}}  {{CIL|13|5371}}  {{CIL|13|5373}}  {{CIL|13|5375}} 
 {{CIL|10|408}}  {{CIL|15|554}}
{{CIL|15|1087}} {{CIL|15|1024}} 
{{In usu}}  CIL VI 28774 {{CIL|6|28774}}
53}}   1s{{2}}
{{CIL|1|593}}  {{AE|1986|333}} {{AE|1934|158}} {{AE|1984|45}} {{AE|1983|32}}
[[Fasciculus:Archaic L.svg|thumb]]
habet et in religionibus locum ad expiandas suffitu domos. sentitur vis eius et in aquis ferventibus, neque alia res facilius accenditur, quo apparet ignium vim magnam ei inesse. fulmina, fulgura quoque sulpuris odorem habent, ac lux ipsa eorum sulpurea est.
}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|«Εἴπας 'Ἥλιε χαῖρε'
Κλεόμβροτος Ὡμβρακιώτης

ἥλατ΄ἀφ΄ὑψηλοῦ

τείχεος εἰς Ἀίδην,

{{chem|31|15|PO|4|3-}}   {{simbolo|{{simbolo|
[[Fasciculus:Archaic L.svg|thumb]]
|10}}|10}}</text>
      <sha1>mpcuok22mqah7rkum5jwqvbr4l2zfsu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Capsa tabellaria/styles.css</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>314021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995724</id>
      <parentid>3995453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:49:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+‘position: relative’</comment>
      <origin>3995724</origin>
      <model>sanitized-css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="1454" sha1="sa6y1iqhjjp66caef1nnlhxyc37rdxe" xml:space="preserve">table.capsatab {
	float: right;
	clear: right;
	border: 1px solid #eaecf0;
	background-color: rgba(0, 32, 255, .03);
	margin: .25em 0 1em 1em;
	padding: .3em .25em;
	max-width: 22em;
	font-size: .88em;
	border-radius: 1em;
	box-shadow: 8px 8px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
	color: var(--color-base, #202122);
}

table.capsatab caption {
	font-weight: bold;
	text-align: center;
}

table.capsatab table caption {
	font-weight: unset;
	text-align: unset;
}

table.capsatab th, table.capsatab td {
	margin: 0;
	vertical-align: top;
	box-sizing: border-box;
	position: relative;
}

table.capsatab th {
	min-width: 8.8em;
	padding: .1em .25em .1em .1em;
	text-align: right;
}

table.capsatab td {
	min-width: 11em;
	padding: .1em .1em .1em .25em;
	text-align: left;
}

table.capsatab table th,
table.capsatab table td {
	margin: unset;
	vertical-align: unset;
	box-sizing: unset;
	min-width: unset;
	padding: unset;
	text-align: unset;
}

table.capsatab th:only-child, table.capsatab td:only-child {
	text-align: center;
	min-width: 0;
}

table.capsatab th:only-child {
	background-color: rgba(13, 0, 186, .073);
	border-radius: 1em;
	padding: .15em .5em;
}

table.capsatab td:only-child {
	padding: .1em;
}

table.capsatab table th:only-child, table.capsatab table td:only-child {
	text-align: unset;
	min-width: unset;
	background-color: unset;
	padding: unset;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {

	table.capsatab {
		float: none;
		margin: .25em auto 1em auto;
	}

}</text>
      <sha1>sa6y1iqhjjp66caef1nnlhxyc37rdxe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995746</id>
      <parentid>3995724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T01:15:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995746</origin>
      <model>sanitized-css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="1454" sha1="pv7bc6eh17row6mx7uip5ie9ghzis43" xml:space="preserve">table.capsatab {
	float: right;
	clear: right;
	border: 1px solid #eaecf0;
	background-color: rgba(0, 32, 255, .03);
	margin: .25em 0 1em 1em;
	padding: .3em .25em;
	max-width: 22em;
	font-size: .88em;
	border-radius: 1em;
	box-shadow: 8px 8px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
	color: var(--color-base, #202122);
	position: relative;
}

table.capsatab caption {
	font-weight: bold;
	text-align: center;
}

table.capsatab table caption {
	font-weight: unset;
	text-align: unset;
}

table.capsatab th, table.capsatab td {
	margin: 0;
	vertical-align: top;
	box-sizing: border-box;
}

table.capsatab th {
	min-width: 8.8em;
	padding: .1em .25em .1em .1em;
	text-align: right;
}

table.capsatab td {
	min-width: 11em;
	padding: .1em .1em .1em .25em;
	text-align: left;
}

table.capsatab table th,
table.capsatab table td {
	margin: unset;
	vertical-align: unset;
	box-sizing: unset;
	min-width: unset;
	padding: unset;
	text-align: unset;
}

table.capsatab th:only-child, table.capsatab td:only-child {
	text-align: center;
	min-width: 0;
}

table.capsatab th:only-child {
	background-color: rgba(13, 0, 186, .073);
	border-radius: 1em;
	padding: .15em .5em;
}

table.capsatab td:only-child {
	padding: .1em;
}

table.capsatab table th:only-child, table.capsatab table td:only-child {
	text-align: unset;
	min-width: unset;
	background-color: unset;
	padding: unset;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {

	table.capsatab {
		float: none;
		margin: .25em auto 1em auto;
	}

}</text>
      <sha1>pv7bc6eh17row6mx7uip5ie9ghzis43</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Pippobuono/Harenarium</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>319751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995781</id>
      <parentid>3994880</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:43:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dioecesis Venetensis */ progressus</comment>
      <origin>3995781</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13683" sha1="dr5suj0ffjyc1t1fi0de33z7snd97lc" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= Formulae episcopi =
{{Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Tolosani}}
{{Capsa navigationis
|formula = Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Tolosani
|titulus = Episcopi et Archiepiscopi [[Archidioecesis Tolosana|Tolosani]]
|imago   = [[Fasciculus:Coat of Arms of archdiocese of Toulouse.png|125px]]
|super= &lt;small&gt;Episcopi usque ad saeculum XIV, postea archiepiscopi. Concordatus a 1801 ad 1905.&lt;/small&gt;.
|grex1=Episcopi
|index1=[[Saturninus (martyr Tolosanus)|Sanctus Saturninus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 250)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Rhodanius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Rhodanius]] &lt;small&gt;(350-356)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Hilarius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Hilarius]] &lt;small&gt;(saec. IV)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Sylvius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Sylvius]] &lt;small&gt;(saec. IV exeunte)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Exsuperius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Exsuperius]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 405/411)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Heraclianus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Heraclianus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 506)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Magnulfus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Magnulfus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 585)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Wiligisilus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Wiligisilus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 614/627)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Erembertus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Erembertus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 660/670)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Germerius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Germerius]] &lt;small&gt;(-691)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Arricho (episcopus Tolosanus)|Arricho]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 785/788)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Mancio (episcopus Tolosanus)|Mancio]] &lt;small&gt;(saeculo VIII exeunte)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Samuel (episcopus Tolosanus)|Samuel]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 844)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Salomon (episcopus Tolosanus)|Salomon]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 857)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Helisachar (episcopus Tolosanus)|Helisachar]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 861/863)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Bernardus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Bernardus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 883/886)&lt;/small&gt; • Armandus &lt;small&gt;(903-925)&lt;/small&gt; • Hugo I &lt;small&gt;(926-972)&lt;/small&gt; • Atto &lt;small&gt;(973-974)&lt;/small&gt; • Isolus &lt;small&gt;(974-986)&lt;/small&gt; • Attus &lt;small&gt;(990-1000)&lt;/small&gt; • Raimundus &lt;small&gt;(1004-1010)&lt;/small&gt; • Petrus Rogerius &lt;small&gt;(1018-1031)&lt;/small&gt; • Arnaldus &lt;small&gt;(1031-1035)&lt;/small&gt; • Bernardus &lt;small&gt;(1035-1040)&lt;/small&gt; • Hugo II &lt;small&gt;(1041-1044)&lt;/small&gt; • Arnaldus &lt;small&gt;(1045-1059)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Durandus de Bretonno]] &lt;small&gt;(1059-1070)&lt;/small&gt; • Izarn &lt;small&gt;(1071-1105)&lt;/small&gt; • Amelius Raimundus du Puy &lt;small&gt;(1105-1139)&lt;/small&gt; • Raimundus de Lautrec &lt;small&gt;(1140-1163)&lt;/small&gt; • Bernardus Bonhomme &lt;small&gt;(1163-1164)&lt;/small&gt; • Gerardus de Labarthe &lt;small&gt;(1164-1170)&lt;/small&gt; • Hugo III &lt;small&gt;(1170-1175)&lt;/small&gt; • Bertrandus de Villemur &lt;small&gt;(1175-1178)&lt;/small&gt; • Gausselinus &lt;small&gt;(1178-1178)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Fulcrandus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Fulcrandus]] &lt;small&gt; (1179-1200)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Raimundus de Rabastens]] &lt;small&gt;(1203-1206)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Fulco Tolosanus]] &lt;small&gt;(1206-1231) &lt;/small&gt; • [[Raimundus de Falgario]] &lt;small&gt;(1232-1270)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Bertrandus de l'Isle-Jourdain]] &lt;small&gt;(1270-1286)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Hugo Mascaron]] &lt;small&gt;(1286-1296)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ludovicus Andecavensis|Sanctus Ludovicus Andecavensis]] &lt;small&gt;(1296-1297)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Arnaldus Rogerius de Comminges]] &lt;small&gt;(1297-1298)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Capella]] &lt;small&gt;(1298-1305, eo anno cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Galliardus de Preyssac]] &lt;small&gt;(1305-1317)&lt;/small&gt; |grex2=Archiepiscopi
|index2= [[Ioannes Raimundus de Comminges]] &lt;small&gt;(1318-1327, eo anno cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Guillelmus de Laudun]] &lt;small&gt;(1327-1345)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Raimundus de Canillac]] &lt;small&gt;(1346-1350, eo anno cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Stephanus Aldobrandi]] &lt;small&gt;(1350-1361)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Galfridus de Vayroles]] &lt;small&gt;(1361-1376)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes de Cardailhac]] &lt;small&gt;(1378-1390)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Conzié]] &lt;small&gt;(1390-1391)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Saint Martial]] &lt;small&gt;(1391-1401)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Vitalis de Castelmourou]] &lt;small&gt;(1401-1410)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Dominicus de Flourence]] &lt;small&gt;(1410-1422)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Dionysius du Moulin]] &lt;small&gt;(1423-1439)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus du Moulin]] &lt;small&gt;(1439-1451)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Bernardus du Rosier]] &lt;small&gt;(1452-1475)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Lyon]] &lt;small&gt;(1475-1491)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Hector de Bourbon]] &lt;small&gt;(1491-1502)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes de Longueville]] &lt;small&gt;(1503-1533, cardinalis anno [[1533]]&lt;/small&gt; • [[Gabriel de Gramont]] &lt;small&gt;(1533-1534, cardinalis a [[1530]])&lt;/small&gt; • [[Odet de Coligny]] &lt;small&gt;(administrator archiepiscopatus et cardinalis, 1534-1550)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Antonius Sanguin de Meudon]] &lt;small&gt;(1551-1559, cardinalis a 1539)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Robertus de Lenoncourt|Robertus II de Lenoncourt]] &lt;small&gt;(1560-1562, cardinalis a 1538)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Georgius de Armaniaco]] &lt;small&gt;(1562-1583, cardinalis a 1544)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Paulus de Foix]] &lt;small&gt;(1583-1584)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Joyeuse]] &lt;small&gt;(1588-1614, cardinalis a 1583)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ludovicus de Nogaret de La Valette d'Épernon]] &lt;small&gt;(1614-1628, cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Carolus de Montchal]] &lt;small&gt;(1628-1651)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Marca]] &lt;small&gt;(1654-1662)&lt;/small&gt; •  [[Carolus Franciscus d'Anglure de Bourlemont]] &lt;small&gt;(1664-1669)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Bonzi]] &lt;small&gt;(1672-1673, cardinalis a 1672)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Iosephus de Montpezat de Carbon]] &lt;small&gt;(1675-1687)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes Baptista Michael Colbert de Villacerf]] &lt;small&gt;(1693-1710)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Renatus Franciscus de Beauvau|Renatus Franciscus de Beauvau Du Rivau]] &lt;small&gt;(1714-1721)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Henricus de Nesmond]] &lt;small&gt;(1722-1727)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes Ludovicus Des Balbes de Berton de Crillon]] &lt;small&gt;(1727-1739)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon]] &lt;small&gt;(1740-1753, cardinalis a 1771)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Crussol d'Uzès|Franciscus de Crussol d'Uzès d'Amboise]] &lt;small&gt;(1753-1758)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Arthurus Ricardus Dillon]] &lt;small&gt;(1758-1762)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Stephanus Carolus de Loménie de Brienne]] &lt;small&gt;(1763-1788)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Fontanges]] &lt;small&gt;(1788-1801)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Claudius Franciscus Marie Primat]] &lt;small&gt;(1802-1816)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Bovet]] &lt;small&gt;(1817-1820)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Anna Antonius Iulius de Clermont-Tonnerre]] &lt;small&gt;(1820-1830, cardinalis a 1822)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Paulus Theresia David d'Astros]] &lt;small&gt;(1830-1851, cardinalis a 1850)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes Maria Mioland]] &lt;small&gt;(1851-1859)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Florianus Iulius Felix Desprez]] &lt;small&gt;(1859-1895, cardinalis a 1879)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus Desiratus Mathieu]] &lt;small&gt;(1896-1899, cardinalis a 1899, mortuus 1908)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes Augustinus Germain]] &lt;small&gt;(1899-1928)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Iulius Geraldus Saliège]] &lt;small&gt;(1928-1956, cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Gabriel Maria Garrone]] &lt;small&gt;(1956-1966, cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ludovicus Ioannes Fredericus Guyot]] &lt;small&gt;(1966-1978, cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Andreas Collini]] &lt;small&gt;(1978-1996)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Aemilius Marcus]] &lt;small&gt;(1996-2006)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Robertus Le Gall]] &lt;small&gt;(2006-2001)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Guido de Kerimel]] &lt;small&gt;(2021-)&lt;/small&gt;
|sub=&lt;small&gt;fontes : {{CathHierDiocese|toulou|Archidioecesis Tolosana}}, [[Episcopi et archiepiscopi Tolosani]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;no wiki&gt;[[:Categoria:Episcopi Tolosani|!]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Episcopi et archiepiscopi Tolosani]]

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Sancti ==
== Toponyma ==

=== Francia ===

=== Italia ===

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Venetensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Venetensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Vannes}}) est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Dariorigum|Veneti]] est. Dioecesis, [[saeculum 5|saeculo quinto]] condita,&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor1=A. Chédevile|auctor2= H. Guillotel|titulus=La Bretagne des saints et des rois|locus=Rennes|annus=1984| pagina= 114}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[1801]] cum territorio [[Morbihanum| praefecturae Morbihani]] congruit et a [[1859]] suffraganea [[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]] est.

== Ecclesia cathedralis ==
[[Fasciculus:Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Vannes-2253.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Sancto Petro dicata, [[Dariorigum|Dariorigi]] (seu in Venetis) sita est.
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.vannes.catholique.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Vannes|Dioecesem Venetensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|vann|Dioecesis Venetensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Venetensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3995786</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* Dioecesis Venetensis */ Valleguidonensis</comment>
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      <text bytes="13713" sha1="0o87er5cwp7uqiv1fxyqtpiivb1lum4" xml:space="preserve">= Utilia =
== Ad civitates ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes geographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ad homines ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{CathHierBishop|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Archiepiscopi Friburgenses}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Fontes biographici}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

= Formulae episcopi =
{{Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Tolosani}}
{{Capsa navigationis
|formula = Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Tolosani
|titulus = Episcopi et Archiepiscopi [[Archidioecesis Tolosana|Tolosani]]
|imago   = [[Fasciculus:Coat of Arms of archdiocese of Toulouse.png|125px]]
|super= &lt;small&gt;Episcopi usque ad saeculum XIV, postea archiepiscopi. Concordatus a 1801 ad 1905.&lt;/small&gt;.
|grex1=Episcopi
|index1=[[Saturninus (martyr Tolosanus)|Sanctus Saturninus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 250)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Rhodanius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Rhodanius]] &lt;small&gt;(350-356)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Hilarius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Hilarius]] &lt;small&gt;(saec. IV)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Sylvius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Sylvius]] &lt;small&gt;(saec. IV exeunte)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Exsuperius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Exsuperius]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 405/411)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Heraclianus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Heraclianus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 506)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Magnulfus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Magnulfus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 585)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Wiligisilus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Wiligisilus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 614/627)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Erembertus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Erembertus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 660/670)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Germerius (episcopus Tolosanus)|Sanctus Germerius]] &lt;small&gt;(-691)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Arricho (episcopus Tolosanus)|Arricho]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 785/788)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Mancio (episcopus Tolosanus)|Mancio]] &lt;small&gt;(saeculo VIII exeunte)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Samuel (episcopus Tolosanus)|Samuel]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 844)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Salomon (episcopus Tolosanus)|Salomon]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 857)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Helisachar (episcopus Tolosanus)|Helisachar]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 861/863)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Bernardus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Bernardus]] &lt;small&gt;(c. 883/886)&lt;/small&gt; • Armandus &lt;small&gt;(903-925)&lt;/small&gt; • Hugo I &lt;small&gt;(926-972)&lt;/small&gt; • Atto &lt;small&gt;(973-974)&lt;/small&gt; • Isolus &lt;small&gt;(974-986)&lt;/small&gt; • Attus &lt;small&gt;(990-1000)&lt;/small&gt; • Raimundus &lt;small&gt;(1004-1010)&lt;/small&gt; • Petrus Rogerius &lt;small&gt;(1018-1031)&lt;/small&gt; • Arnaldus &lt;small&gt;(1031-1035)&lt;/small&gt; • Bernardus &lt;small&gt;(1035-1040)&lt;/small&gt; • Hugo II &lt;small&gt;(1041-1044)&lt;/small&gt; • Arnaldus &lt;small&gt;(1045-1059)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Durandus de Bretonno]] &lt;small&gt;(1059-1070)&lt;/small&gt; • Izarn &lt;small&gt;(1071-1105)&lt;/small&gt; • Amelius Raimundus du Puy &lt;small&gt;(1105-1139)&lt;/small&gt; • Raimundus de Lautrec &lt;small&gt;(1140-1163)&lt;/small&gt; • Bernardus Bonhomme &lt;small&gt;(1163-1164)&lt;/small&gt; • Gerardus de Labarthe &lt;small&gt;(1164-1170)&lt;/small&gt; • Hugo III &lt;small&gt;(1170-1175)&lt;/small&gt; • Bertrandus de Villemur &lt;small&gt;(1175-1178)&lt;/small&gt; • Gausselinus &lt;small&gt;(1178-1178)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Fulcrandus (episcopus Tolosanus)|Fulcrandus]] &lt;small&gt; (1179-1200)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Raimundus de Rabastens]] &lt;small&gt;(1203-1206)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Fulco Tolosanus]] &lt;small&gt;(1206-1231) &lt;/small&gt; • [[Raimundus de Falgario]] &lt;small&gt;(1232-1270)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Bertrandus de l'Isle-Jourdain]] &lt;small&gt;(1270-1286)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Hugo Mascaron]] &lt;small&gt;(1286-1296)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ludovicus Andecavensis|Sanctus Ludovicus Andecavensis]] &lt;small&gt;(1296-1297)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Arnaldus Rogerius de Comminges]] &lt;small&gt;(1297-1298)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Capella]] &lt;small&gt;(1298-1305, eo anno cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Galliardus de Preyssac]] &lt;small&gt;(1305-1317)&lt;/small&gt; |grex2=Archiepiscopi
|index2= [[Ioannes Raimundus de Comminges]] &lt;small&gt;(1318-1327, eo anno cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Guillelmus de Laudun]] &lt;small&gt;(1327-1345)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Raimundus de Canillac]] &lt;small&gt;(1346-1350, eo anno cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Stephanus Aldobrandi]] &lt;small&gt;(1350-1361)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Galfridus de Vayroles]] &lt;small&gt;(1361-1376)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes de Cardailhac]] &lt;small&gt;(1378-1390)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Conzié]] &lt;small&gt;(1390-1391)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Saint Martial]] &lt;small&gt;(1391-1401)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Vitalis de Castelmourou]] &lt;small&gt;(1401-1410)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Dominicus de Flourence]] &lt;small&gt;(1410-1422)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Dionysius du Moulin]] &lt;small&gt;(1423-1439)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus du Moulin]] &lt;small&gt;(1439-1451)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Bernardus du Rosier]] &lt;small&gt;(1452-1475)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Lyon]] &lt;small&gt;(1475-1491)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Hector de Bourbon]] &lt;small&gt;(1491-1502)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes de Longueville]] &lt;small&gt;(1503-1533, cardinalis anno [[1533]]&lt;/small&gt; • [[Gabriel de Gramont]] &lt;small&gt;(1533-1534, cardinalis a [[1530]])&lt;/small&gt; • [[Odet de Coligny]] &lt;small&gt;(administrator archiepiscopatus et cardinalis, 1534-1550)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Antonius Sanguin de Meudon]] &lt;small&gt;(1551-1559, cardinalis a 1539)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Robertus de Lenoncourt|Robertus II de Lenoncourt]] &lt;small&gt;(1560-1562, cardinalis a 1538)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Georgius de Armaniaco]] &lt;small&gt;(1562-1583, cardinalis a 1544)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Paulus de Foix]] &lt;small&gt;(1583-1584)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Joyeuse]] &lt;small&gt;(1588-1614, cardinalis a 1583)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ludovicus de Nogaret de La Valette d'Épernon]] &lt;small&gt;(1614-1628, cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Carolus de Montchal]] &lt;small&gt;(1628-1651)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Marca]] &lt;small&gt;(1654-1662)&lt;/small&gt; •  [[Carolus Franciscus d'Anglure de Bourlemont]] &lt;small&gt;(1664-1669)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Petrus de Bonzi]] &lt;small&gt;(1672-1673, cardinalis a 1672)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Iosephus de Montpezat de Carbon]] &lt;small&gt;(1675-1687)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes Baptista Michael Colbert de Villacerf]] &lt;small&gt;(1693-1710)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Renatus Franciscus de Beauvau|Renatus Franciscus de Beauvau Du Rivau]] &lt;small&gt;(1714-1721)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Henricus de Nesmond]] &lt;small&gt;(1722-1727)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes Ludovicus Des Balbes de Berton de Crillon]] &lt;small&gt;(1727-1739)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon]] &lt;small&gt;(1740-1753, cardinalis a 1771)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Crussol d'Uzès|Franciscus de Crussol d'Uzès d'Amboise]] &lt;small&gt;(1753-1758)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Arthurus Ricardus Dillon]] &lt;small&gt;(1758-1762)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Stephanus Carolus de Loménie de Brienne]] &lt;small&gt;(1763-1788)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Fontanges]] &lt;small&gt;(1788-1801)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Claudius Franciscus Marie Primat]] &lt;small&gt;(1802-1816)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus de Bovet]] &lt;small&gt;(1817-1820)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Anna Antonius Iulius de Clermont-Tonnerre]] &lt;small&gt;(1820-1830, cardinalis a 1822)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Paulus Theresia David d'Astros]] &lt;small&gt;(1830-1851, cardinalis a 1850)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes Maria Mioland]] &lt;small&gt;(1851-1859)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Florianus Iulius Felix Desprez]] &lt;small&gt;(1859-1895, cardinalis a 1879)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Franciscus Desiratus Mathieu]] &lt;small&gt;(1896-1899, cardinalis a 1899, mortuus 1908)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ioannes Augustinus Germain]] &lt;small&gt;(1899-1928)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Iulius Geraldus Saliège]] &lt;small&gt;(1928-1956, cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Gabriel Maria Garrone]] &lt;small&gt;(1956-1966, cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Ludovicus Ioannes Fredericus Guyot]] &lt;small&gt;(1966-1978, cardinalis)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Andreas Collini]] &lt;small&gt;(1978-1996)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Aemilius Marcus]] &lt;small&gt;(1996-2006)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Robertus Le Gall]] &lt;small&gt;(2006-2001)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Guido de Kerimel]] &lt;small&gt;(2021-)&lt;/small&gt;
|sub=&lt;small&gt;fontes : {{CathHierDiocese|toulou|Archidioecesis Tolosana}}, [[Episcopi et archiepiscopi Tolosani]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;no wiki&gt;[[:Categoria:Episcopi Tolosani|!]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Episcopi et archiepiscopi Tolosani]]

= [[Sanctus Iulianus]] =
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{discretiva}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Sancti ==
== Toponyma ==

=== Francia ===

=== Italia ===

== Notae et Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[:Categoria:Sancti|Iulianus]]

= [[Dioecesis Valleguidonensis]] =
{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Valleguidonensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Laval}}) est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Dariorigum|Veneti]] est. Dioecesis, [[saeculum 5|saeculo quinto]] condita,&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor1=A. Chédevile|auctor2= H. Guillotel|titulus=La Bretagne des saints et des rois|locus=Rennes|annus=1984| pagina= 114}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[1801]] cum territorio [[Morbihanum| praefecturae Morbihani]] congruit et a [[1859]] suffraganea [[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]] est.

== Ecclesia cathedralis ==
[[Fasciculus:Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Vannes-2253.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Sancto Petro dicata, [[Dariorigum|Dariorigi]] (seu in Venetis) sita est.
== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.vannes.catholique.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Vannes|Dioecesem Vemalleguidonens}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|laval|Dioecesis Valleguidonensis}}

&lt;!--{{RC-stipula}}--&gt;
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[:Categoria:Dioecesis Valleguidonensis]]

= Ad formulam =
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae}}
{{Capsa navigationis
| titulus = [[dioecesis|Dioeceses]] et ''archidioeceses'' [[ecclesia Catholica Romana|catholicae]] [[Polonia]]e
| formula = Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Poloniae
| Imago = [[Fasciculus:CatholicDiocesesPoland2004.svg|100px|Dioeceses Poloniae]]
| corpus = ''[[Archidioecesis Bialostocensis|Bialostocensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Bielscensis-Zyviecensis|Bielscensis-Zyviecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Bydgostiensis|Bydgostiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Calissiensis|Calissiensis]] . [[Dioecesis Coslinensis-Colubregana|Coslinensis-Colubregana]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Cracoviensis|Cracoviensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Czestochoviensis|Czestochoviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Drohiczinensis|Drohiczinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Elbingensis|Elbingensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gedanensis|Gedanensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Glivicensis|Glivicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Gnesnensis|Gnesnensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Katovicensis|Katovicensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Kielcensis|Kielcensis]] . [[Dioecesis Legnicensis|Legnicensis]] . [[Dioecesis Liccanensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lodziensis|Lodziensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Lomzensis|Lomzensis]] . [[Dioecesis Lovicensis|Lovicensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Lublinensis|Lublinensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Opoliensis|Opoliensis]] . [[Dioecesis Pelplinensis|Pelplinensis]] . [[Dioecesis Plocensis|Plocensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Posnaniensis|Posnaniensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Premisliensis Latinorum|Premisliensis Latinorum]]'' . [[Dioecesis Radomensis|Radomensis]] . [[Dioecesis Rzeszoviensis|Rzeszoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sandomiriensis|Sandomiriensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Sedinensis-Caminensis|Sedinensis-Caminensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Siedlecensis|Siedlecensis]] . [[Dioecesis Sosnoviensis|Sosnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Suidniciensis|Suidniciensis]] . [[Dioecesis Tarnoviensis|Tarnoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Thoruniensis|Thoruniensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Varmiensis|Varmiensis]]'' . ''[[Archidioecesis Varsaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Varsaviensis-Pragensis]] . [[Dioecesis Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis|Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis]] . [[Dioecesis Vladislaviensis|Vladislaviensis]] . ''[[Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis]]'' . [[Dioecesis Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis|Zamosciensis-Lubaczoviensis]] . [[Ordinariatus Militaris Poloniae]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae]]

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Formulae Poloniam spectantes]]
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Polonia|!]]
[[Categoria:Formulae navigationis hierarchiae Catholicae]]--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= [[Wendelinus (Sanctus)]] =
Wendelinus (Theodisce Wendelin) est sanctus [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], die [[21 Octobris]] veneratus, qui in [[Religio Christiana|Christianisatione]] [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]] et praesertim septentrionalis [[Saravia]]e participavit. Persona virtuosa, popularis et agricola, originis [[Scotia|Scoticae]] vel [[Hibernia|Hibernicae]], nobilis et divitis stirpis, nihilominus [[eremita]], [[peregrinus]], agricola, pastor, deinde [[monachus]] factus est, antequam munus abbatis [[Abbatia Theulegii|Abbatiae]] [[Theulegium|Theulegii]] occupavit. Sanctus Wendelinus patronus pastorum, segetum et pecorum, et postea omnium animalium domesticorum (vaccarum, gallinorum, canum, felium, etc.) est.

cf fr.wikipedia 

Secundum fabulam, Sanctus Vandalinus filius erat Frochardi et Evelinae regiorum coniugum Scotorum. Iuvenis, coronam et voluptates mundi repudiavit et Deo in paupertate et obscuritate servire constituit. Romam aliaque loca peregrinationis ut peregrinus visitavit, deinde aliquamdiu ut eremita in regione Westrich Episcopatus Trevirensis vixit, domino manerii serviens, primum ut subulcus, deinde ut pastor boum, et denique ut pastor ovium. Postea, abbas Monasterii Tholey electus et a Severino Episcopo Trevirensi anno 517 consecratus est. Anno 607 mortuus est et prope casam ubi antea ut eremita vixerat sepultus est. Oppidum Sancti Wendel ibi conditum est propter multas peregrinationes saeculi XIV. In calendariis, Sanctus Wendelinus diebus XX, XXI, vel XXII Octobris celebratur. Patronus pastorum et gregum veneratur. Vitae antiquissimae quas Bollandistis notae sunt ad saeculum XV pertinent. Utrum fundamentum historicum habeant vehementer dubium est.

== Fontes ==
Acta Sanctorum. Oct. T. IX, p. 342–351. – Stadler, Heiligen- Lex. V, 776. – (Stramberg,) Rhein. Antiquarius, 2. Abth., 2. Bd., S. 481 bis 491.

cf. ADB:Wendelinus der Heilige de.wikisource.org

&lt;!--{{lifetime|554|617|Wendelinus}}--&gt;
[[:Categoria:Sanctus catholicus]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-43 */ nova pars</comment>
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      <text bytes="251566" sha1="n2ktf46e80ho2appyjinsyw0sflrrv0" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;nowiki /&gt;[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]][[Categoria:Fora Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{Capsa paginae|1=
Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet.

Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]].
}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-03&lt;/span&gt; ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.

'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;
;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:
* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:
# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-05&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-06&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-08&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-10&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-11&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-12&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-16&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:18, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-17&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:59, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 00:58, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-18&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30458046 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:42, 4 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 11 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:21, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-22&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:51, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now in the 2026 U4C election&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Maii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month.
* The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed &quot;Community&quot; tab and a personalized &quot;For You&quot; tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 1 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/&quot;Which came first?&quot; Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's &quot;On This Day&quot; content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-cite&amp;language=en&amp;action_source=search&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__HIDDENCAT__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The function signature for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945]
* '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product &amp; Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:29, 8 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use &lt;code&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from thumbnail previews, or &lt;code&gt;class=noviewer&lt;/code&gt; excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. 
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class=&quot;wikitable&quot;|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-sort-order=&quot;desc&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page.
* Wikis that wish to replace the &quot;indefinitely&quot; button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change.
* The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited.
* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4).
* Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:48, 15 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902]
* Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to &quot;require CAPTCHA verification&quot; will begin to also affect users with the &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595]
* Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox].
* The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:04, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|disputatio]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Legal &amp; Safety Contacts'''

Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to &quot;Create account&quot; and &quot;Log in&quot; actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220]
* After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292]
* An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;-prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:47, 29 Iunii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;src&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute and SVG in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;srcset&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute.
* The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13:56, 6 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30773578 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis.
* The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778]
* To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:10, 13 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, &quot;media-limit-reached&quot;, will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:45, 21 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}
You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:24, 24 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-31&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:48, 27 Iulii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-32&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:45, 3 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 10 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:02, 17 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 24 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:52, 31 Augusti 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:43, 7 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-38&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:30, 14 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. 
You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&amp;task=view&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

* You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}.
* If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

* Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. 

'''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges ==
''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)''

Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.&lt;br/&gt;
We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader).

We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.&lt;br/&gt;
Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis.
[[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of &quot;Language Link&quot; edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]]

The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why?
Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. 

Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]]

Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:16, 22 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-39&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:55, 27 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-40&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013]
* Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769]
* An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058]

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]].
* Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Draft:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section.
* New magic words &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].  For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual.
* On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:48, 28 Septembris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-41&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:51, 5 Octobris 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist ==
''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)''

Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary.

The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the  Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].&lt;br/&gt;
Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes.

Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]])  sent via [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 09:28, 9 Octobris 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-42&lt;/span&gt; ==
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&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Starting October 13, wikis can change the default pattern for [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]] (currently &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). They will be able to use human-readable, content-based reference names that are more helpful to contributors using the source editor (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller2026-1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). VisualEditor reference name patterns can be defined using MediaWiki system messages, JSON, templates and modules ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|more information]]). Admins can enable these changes via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|community configuration]]. This is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to English Wikipedia on October 14 and to remaining Wikimedia Foundation wikis by end of October (likely October 21). The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. This is a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-standing community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304]

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] will be removing the list view of the Watchlist and defaulting everyone to the changelog view. Previously, there were two versions of how the Watchlist is shown to mobile web users: the list view, where editors could see watched articles in a list format, and the changelog view, where editors could see changes to watched articles in a log format, controlled by a user's Advanced Mobile Control settings. This has created issues for code-base maintenance: two different displays means two sets of code to manage. By defaulting to the changelog view, we are simplifying the codebase and avoiding the likelihood of missing bugs.
* The Wikipedia Android app is testing a way to listen to article introductions in the “For you” feed. A text-to-speech model reads the existing article text aloud without rewriting it or adding any content. The 30-day experiment will begin in the Wikipedia Beta app during the third week of September, then move to the regular Wikipedia Android app in October for a limited group of eligible users. A small portion of app users (those with English feeds and at least one topic interest) will have access to the feature. This experiment is part of broader efforts to give app readers options in how they consume content in order to deepen engagement and user retention. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Learn more]] and [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|share feedback]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighting]] was [[phab:T288161|enabled]] by default for all logged out and newly registered users on the English Wikipedia on September 14. With no signs of adverse effects, the same change is being proposed to be made globally across all wikis in a few weeks. If you have concerns or feedback, or if your wiki would like to opt out, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|please see the help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077]
* [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Wikidata mobile statement editing]] of all datatypes will be officially launched on October 13, when it will be removed from Wikidata [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] and become available to all editors. Users can [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|report bugs and share feedback]].
* Last week, language link changes were removed from [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] feeds on Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote and Wiktionary. As no adverse effects have been observed, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] plans to roll out this change globally to all Wikipedias. This is scheduled for October 13 at 07:00 UTC, after which editors will no longer see when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or ask to opt out their wiki on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where accidentally touching the graph while scrolling on the Pageviews tool on mobile could unintentionally zoom in has now been fixed. Click-and-drag zoom is now disabled on touch devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There are three major changes coming to dumps: the legacy content dumps [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/E6D5EU4PMSTSOI2J7A46HJ3YW2W554CS/ deprecated in January 2026] will now be sunset, the replacement [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Content_File_Exports MediaWiki Content File Exports] will be delayed to implement a “safety buffer”, and they are now also available as 7zip-compressed files. Users will need to switch the URL they download their dump from. For more information, timeline and migration instructions, see [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legacy_content_dumps_sunset Legacy content dumps sunset].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation discovered unauthorized activity by OpenAI agents on Wikimedia projects, including edits to wikis, attempts to exploit a public note-taking tool, and heavy automated traffic. [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|Read the blog post on Diff]] for more details about the activity and the Foundation’s response.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon! We’ll be meeting in lovely Tirana, Albania for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] from April 9–11, 2027. Scholarship and staff sponsorship applications are currently being [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ accepted through Pretix] and will close on October 30, 2026. General registration will open in January 2027.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-43&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To measure the impact of incorporating some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#November 2025: Ideas and feedback|community-requested features]] on logged-out reader retention, a test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing|Image Carousel]] will be pushed to logged-out readers. With the Image Carousel feature, readers browse community-uploaded images, selected by editors as relevant to specific articles. The test starts on November 20.
* An experimental notice will be pushed to 0.5% of logged-out mobile readers who come to English Wikipedia from Google, asking them to add Wikipedia as a [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/preferred-sources/ Google Preferred Source]. The test is to see if this notice increases reader retention and encourages people who use Google Search to visit Wikipedia more often. It will run from October 15–29 and will be assessed for its impact on retention and referrals.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[quarry:|Quarry]] returned an “Access denied” error when users tried to run SQL queries, preventing queries from running normally, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440966]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Cog-icon-grey.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Due to a long-standing bug, applications that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For_Developers|OAuth 2]] client credentials flow to act on their owners’ behalf are treated as if they are logged out. This will be fixed for new applications registered on or after Monday, October 19. Some affected applications need to re-register. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420297]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A proposal to hold the Wikimedia Hackathon every three years, with regional hackathons in between, [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|has been shared]]. It explores making the event more accessible to technical communities in different regions. Share your feedback on the proposal’s [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|talk page]] before November 6.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
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      <sha1>n2ktf46e80ho2appyjinsyw0sflrrv0</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ecce torpet probitas</title>
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      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lres|Ecce torpet probitas}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero III reperitur. Hoc opus, de morum corruptela et de virtutum interitu lamentatur, praecipue avaritiam saeculi reprehendens.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Ecce torpet probitas,
virtus sepelitur;
fit iam parca largitas,
parcitas largitur;
verum dicit falsitas,
veritas mentitur.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et ad res illicitas
licite recedunt.

{{@*@.|2.}}Regnat avaritia,
regnant et avari;
mente quivis anxia
nititur ditari,
cum sit summa gloria
censu gloriari.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et ad prava quelibet
impie recedunt.

{{@*@.|3.}}Multum habet oneris
do das dedi dare;
verbum hoc pre ceteris
norunt ignorare
divites, quos poteris
mari comparare.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et in rerum numeris
numeros excedunt.

{{@*@.|4.}}Cunctis est equaliter
insita cupido;
perit fides turpiter,
nullus fidus fido,
nec Iunoni Iupiter
nec Enee Dido.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et ad mala devia
licite recedunt.

{{@*@.|5.}}Si recte discernere
velis, non est vita,
quod sic vivit temere
gens hec imperita;
non est enim vivere,
si quis vivit ita.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et fidem in opere
quolibet excedunt.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo{{@*@.|1.}}html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Carmini argumentum est vehemens vituperatio contra ethicam dissolutionem. Auctor queritur probitatem torpere et virtutem quasi sepultam esse. Dominatur in mundo avaritia, quae radix omnium malorum habetur. Veritas in mendacium vertitur et iura passim violantur. Notabilis est satira contra divites, qui verbum &quot;dare&quot; coniugare nesciunt et mari insatiabili comparantur.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
In hoc carmine, quod [[Gualterus de Castellione]] circa annum [[1170]] composuit, argumentum de ''tristitia temporis'' tractatur. Auctor deplorat christianas virtutes prorsus evanuisse in societate quae, caritate posthabita, ad solam divitiarum cupiditatem inclinatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-233-234&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 233-234.&lt;/ref&gt;

Textus peculiarem usum praebet metaphorarum e re grammatica sumptarum, sicut patet in ludo verborum circa verbum &quot;dandi&quot;. Hic loquendi modus, iam aetate [[Antiquitas Posterior|antiquitatis posterioris]] ortus, in litteris Latinis medii aevi et in scholis late diffusus est (ut videri licet etiam in carmine 219, 8).&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-233-234&quot; /&gt;

Imago divitum mari comparatorum ex traditione biblica hauritur, ubi coalescunt sententiae [[Liber Ecclesiastes|Ecclesiastae]]: primum enim dicitur omnia flumina in mare intrare nec tamen mare redundare (1, 7), deinde avarum numquam pecunia satiari (5, 9). Talis similitudo saeculo XIII pervulgata erat, sicut demonstrant ''Distinctiones monasticae et morales'', ubi cor avari mari adaequatur quia utrumque expleri nequit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-233-234&quot; /&gt;

Deinde prophetae [[Ieremias|Hieremiae]] verba resonant (7, 28) ad designandam fidem quae periit et de ore hominum ablata est. Ad hanc rerum conversionem demonstrandam, Gualterus ad schema rhetoricum quod [[Adynaton]] dicitur confugit, asseverans nec [[Iuppiter]] [[Iuno|Iunoni]] amplius fidem servare. Hoc in loco auctor non ad mythographorum fabulas de Iovis amoribus illicitis respicit, sed ad illam [[Martianus Capella|Martiani Capellae]] figuram ''Iovis uxorii'', qui custos et exemplar habetur coniugalis foederis.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-233-234&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
[[Carmina Burana]] tria, cuius initium est ''Ecce torpet probitas'', in pluribus codicibus manu scriptis servantur, inter quos praecipue [[Bayerische Staatsbibliothek|Monacensis]] Clm 4660, Cantabrigiensis Ff.1.17.1, Oxoniensis Bodleianus Add. a 44 et Audomarensis 351 numerantur. Ex parte palaeographica, haec [[Cantio|canzone]] strofica cum repercussione (vulgo ''refrain'') diversas praebet lectiones notationis quae evolutionem graphiae musicae saeculi XIII testantur. In codice Cantabrigiensi (C), folia quae carmen continent olim contigua fuisse videntur, ubi notatio amensuralis, ut in editione Gillingham demonstratur, cursum melodiae lineis carentem vel rudi modo dispositam sequitur. Investigatio paleographica in ultimo versu strophae, scilicet ''Veritas mentitur'', discrepantiam altitudinis prodit; conicitur enim hunc versum tertia superiore parte scriptum esse, quod structuram melodicam typi αββ suggerit. Haec dispositio graphica, licet insolita, mutationem vel expansionem melodiae praeexistentis indicare potest, ubi ductus calami in membranis ad usum practicum cantorum accommodatur. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/003ecce.html |title=Ecce torpet probitas, cb 3 |last1=Rossi |first1=F. |work=Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica |publisher=Examen apium |accessdate=29 Aprilis 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insuper, differentiae inter codices non solum ad textum verborum pertinent, sed etiam ad dispositionem neumarum in seriebus syllabicis. Dum codex Monacensis (B) lectionem &quot;vincit&quot; pro &quot;dicit&quot; praebet, fontes musici sicut Lipphardt et Scharler diversas interpretationes rhythmicas ex eadem rudi graphia extraxerunt, inter quas systemata mensurata et amensurata confligunt. Refrain in codice Oxoniensi (O) variabilitatem palaeographicam maxime ostendit, quia textus repercussionis ad unamquamque stropham mutatur, scribae igitur necesse fuit spatia musicae apte disponere ut novis verbis locus daretur. Hae varietates scriptionis demonstrant quomodo praxis canendi et traditio manu scripta in eodem corpore carminum saeculo XIII ineunte coaluerint. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/003ecce.html |title=Ecce torpet probitas, cb 3 |last1=Rossi |first1=F. |work=Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica |publisher=Examen apium |accessdate=29 Aprilis 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
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{{lores|Ecce torpet probitas}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero III reperitur. Hoc opus, de morum corruptela et de virtutum interitu lamentatur, praecipue avaritiam saeculi reprehendens.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Ecce torpet probitas,
virtus sepelitur;
fit iam parca largitas,
parcitas largitur;
verum dicit falsitas,
veritas mentitur.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et ad res illicitas
licite recedunt.

{{@*@.|2.}}Regnat avaritia,
regnant et avari;
mente quivis anxia
nititur ditari,
cum sit summa gloria
censu gloriari.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et ad prava quelibet
impie recedunt.

{{@*@.|3.}}Multum habet oneris
do das dedi dare;
verbum hoc pre ceteris
norunt ignorare
divites, quos poteris
mari comparare.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et in rerum numeris
numeros excedunt.

{{@*@.|4.}}Cunctis est equaliter
insita cupido;
perit fides turpiter,
nullus fidus fido,
nec Iunoni Iupiter
nec Enee Dido.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et ad mala devia
licite recedunt.

{{@*@.|5.}}Si recte discernere
velis, non est vita,
quod sic vivit temere
gens hec imperita;
non est enim vivere,
si quis vivit ita.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Omnes iura ledunt
et fidem in opere
quolibet excedunt.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo{{@*@.|1.}}html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Carmini argumentum est vehemens vituperatio contra ethicam dissolutionem. Auctor queritur probitatem torpere et virtutem quasi sepultam esse. Dominatur in mundo avaritia, quae radix omnium malorum habetur. Veritas in mendacium vertitur et iura passim violantur. Notabilis est satira contra divites, qui verbum &quot;dare&quot; coniugare nesciunt et mari insatiabili comparantur.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
In hoc carmine, quod [[Gualterus de Castellione]] circa annum [[1170]] composuit, argumentum de ''tristitia temporis'' tractatur. Auctor deplorat christianas virtutes prorsus evanuisse in societate quae, caritate posthabita, ad solam divitiarum cupiditatem inclinatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-233-234&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 233-234.&lt;/ref&gt;

Textus peculiarem usum praebet metaphorarum e re grammatica sumptarum, sicut patet in ludo verborum circa verbum &quot;dandi&quot;. Hic loquendi modus, iam aetate [[Antiquitas Posterior|antiquitatis posterioris]] ortus, in litteris Latinis medii aevi et in scholis late diffusus est (ut videri licet etiam in carmine 219, 8).&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-233-234&quot; /&gt;

Imago divitum mari comparatorum ex traditione biblica hauritur, ubi coalescunt sententiae [[Liber Ecclesiastes|Ecclesiastae]]: primum enim dicitur omnia flumina in mare intrare nec tamen mare redundare (1, 7), deinde avarum numquam pecunia satiari (5, 9). Talis similitudo saeculo XIII pervulgata erat, sicut demonstrant ''Distinctiones monasticae et morales'', ubi cor avari mari adaequatur quia utrumque expleri nequit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-233-234&quot; /&gt;

Deinde prophetae [[Ieremias|Hieremiae]] verba resonant (7, 28) ad designandam fidem quae periit et de ore hominum ablata est. Ad hanc rerum conversionem demonstrandam, Gualterus ad schema rhetoricum quod [[Adynaton]] dicitur confugit, asseverans nec [[Iuppiter]] [[Iuno|Iunoni]] amplius fidem servare. Hoc in loco auctor non ad mythographorum fabulas de Iovis amoribus illicitis respicit, sed ad illam [[Martianus Capella|Martiani Capellae]] figuram ''Iovis uxorii'', qui custos et exemplar habetur coniugalis foederis.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-233-234&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
[[Carmina Burana]] tria, cuius initium est ''Ecce torpet probitas'', in pluribus codicibus manu scriptis servantur, inter quos praecipue [[Bayerische Staatsbibliothek|Monacensis]] Clm 4660, Cantabrigiensis Ff.1.17.1, Oxoniensis Bodleianus Add. a 44 et Audomarensis 351 numerantur. Ex parte palaeographica, haec [[Cantio|canzone]] strofica cum repercussione (vulgo ''refrain'') diversas praebet lectiones notationis quae evolutionem graphiae musicae saeculi XIII testantur. In codice Cantabrigiensi (C), folia quae carmen continent olim contigua fuisse videntur, ubi notatio amensuralis, ut in editione Gillingham demonstratur, cursum melodiae lineis carentem vel rudi modo dispositam sequitur. Investigatio paleographica in ultimo versu strophae, scilicet ''Veritas mentitur'', discrepantiam altitudinis prodit; conicitur enim hunc versum tertia superiore parte scriptum esse, quod structuram melodicam typi αββ suggerit. Haec dispositio graphica, licet insolita, mutationem vel expansionem melodiae praeexistentis indicare potest, ubi ductus calami in membranis ad usum practicum cantorum accommodatur. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/003ecce.html |title=Ecce torpet probitas, cb 3 |last1=Rossi |first1=F. |work=Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica |publisher=Examen apium |accessdate=29 Aprilis 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insuper, differentiae inter codices non solum ad textum verborum pertinent, sed etiam ad dispositionem neumarum in seriebus syllabicis. Dum codex Monacensis (B) lectionem &quot;vincit&quot; pro &quot;dicit&quot; praebet, fontes musici sicut Lipphardt et Scharler diversas interpretationes rhythmicas ex eadem rudi graphia extraxerunt, inter quas systemata mensurata et amensurata confligunt. Refrain in codice Oxoniensi (O) variabilitatem palaeographicam maxime ostendit, quia textus repercussionis ad unamquamque stropham mutatur, scribae igitur necesse fuit spatia musicae apte disponere ut novis verbis locus daretur. Hae varietates scriptionis demonstrant quomodo praxis canendi et traditio manu scripta in eodem corpore carminum saeculo XIII ineunte coaluerint. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/003ecce.html |title=Ecce torpet probitas, cb 3 |last1=Rossi |first1=F. |work=Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica |publisher=Examen apium |accessdate=29 Aprilis 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="4441" sha1="05iqc0s4zmar6bp5mhygqf1zkt2k3jb" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lres|Flete flenda}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero V reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|

{{@*@.|1.}}Flete
Flenda
perhorrete
perhorrenda
lugete
lugenda
pavete
pavenda
dolete
dolenda!

{{@*@.|2.}}Etates
Currunt
anni
labuntur
vitium
remanet
peccata
crescunt
tyranni
statuuntur.

{{@*@.|3.}}Virtus
Cessat
ecclesia
calcatur
clerus
ambit
Mammon
regnat
simonia
dominatur.

{{@*@.|4.}}Pontifices
Errant
reges
turbantur
proceres
turbant
sacraria
sordent
leges
violantur.

{{@*@.|5.}}Abbas
Inflatur
possessa
vastat
prebendam
minuit
contio
declamitat
fessa
astat.

{{@*@.|6.}}Militibus
Gaudet
laude
inescatur
monachos
horret
mundalia
colit
fraude
insidiatur.

{{@*@.|7.}}Subiecti
Dissiliunt
stulti
gaudent
gnari
merent
contemptus
attollitur
inulti
audent.

{{@*@.|8.}}Ordo
Languet
pudicitia
sordescit
pietas
refugit
doctrina
rarescit
sophia
hebescit.

{{@*@.|9.}}Insons
Plectitur
pupillus
artatur
humilis
teritur
viduata
premitur
pusillus
spoliatur.

{{@*@.|10.}}Ingenuus
Servit
servus
honoratur
parasitus
tonat
scurra
imperitat
protervus
domniatur.

{{@*@.|11.}}Elluo
Prestat
periurus
ditatur
raptor
viget
fallax
excellit
Epicurus
decoratur.

{{@*@.|12.}}Delicie
Enervant
fastus
turget
inimicitie
exercentur
tumor
furit
astus
urget.

{{@*@.|13.}}Blandimenta
Suadent
mine
adduntur
rabies
sevit
usura
tractatur
rapine
aguntur.

{{@*@.|14.}}Idcirco
Cedimur
pesti
incidimus
detrimentum
patimur
grave
languescimus
mesti
imus.
 

{{@*@.|15.}}Aër
Tabet
languores
adaugentur
incendia
consumunt
mucro
sevit
timores
habentur.
 

{{@*@.|16.}}Aurum
Fallit
censores
falluntur
pravi
presunt
iusti
desunt
meliores
rapiuntur.

{{@*@.|17.}}Giraldus
Prefuit
mores
ornavit
deflendus
ruit
ovile
orbavit
dolores
cumulavit.

{{@*@.|18.}}Omnipotens
Audi
penis
tollatur
hostis
fugiat
paradisus
pateat
amenis
foveatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, brevibus et concisis [[metrum (poësis)|metris]] compositum, est lamentatio morum quae [[corruptio|corruptionem]] generalem [[Societas humana|societatis]] [[Medium aevum|mediaevalis]] depingit. Auctor auditorem invitat ad fletum et pavorem, quia mundus in peius ruit: dum anni labuntur, peccata crescunt et [[Tyrannis|tyranni]] potestatem occupant. [[Ecclesia]] ipsa videtur conculcata, dum [[clerus]] ambitione ducitur et [[simonia]] ubique dominatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Scriptor per singulos gradūs [[Hierarchia|hierarchiae]] percurrit, denuntians [[Pontifex (religio)|pontifices]] errantes, reges turbatos, et [[abbas|abbates]] superbiā inflatos qui opes ecclesiae vastant. In hoc mundo inverso, virtutes sicut pudicitia, [[pietas]], et [[Sophia (sapientia)|sophia]] obsolescunt, dum vitia vigent. Ordo socialis pariter confunditur: ingenui serviunt, servi honorantur, et parasiti in aulis imperitant. Iustitia deest, et divitiae (aurum) ipsos [[censor|censores]] corrumpunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In fine carminis, mentio cuiusdam Giraldi oppetitur, cuius mors dolores cumulavit et [[ovis|ovile]] orbum reliquit, quod ad certum eventum historicum alludere videtur. Carmen [[Preces|precatione]] ad Deum Omnipotentem clauditur, ut poenas tollat, hostes fuget, et fidelibus aditum ad [[Paradisus (mythologia Iudaica)|paradisum]] patefaciat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lores|Flete flenda}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero V reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|

{{@*@.|1.}}Flete
Flenda
perhorrete
perhorrenda
lugete
lugenda
pavete
pavenda
dolete
dolenda!

{{@*@.|2.}}Etates
Currunt
anni
labuntur
vitium
remanet
peccata
crescunt
tyranni
statuuntur.

{{@*@.|3.}}Virtus
Cessat
ecclesia
calcatur
clerus
ambit
Mammon
regnat
simonia
dominatur.

{{@*@.|4.}}Pontifices
Errant
reges
turbantur
proceres
turbant
sacraria
sordent
leges
violantur.

{{@*@.|5.}}Abbas
Inflatur
possessa
vastat
prebendam
minuit
contio
declamitat
fessa
astat.

{{@*@.|6.}}Militibus
Gaudet
laude
inescatur
monachos
horret
mundalia
colit
fraude
insidiatur.

{{@*@.|7.}}Subiecti
Dissiliunt
stulti
gaudent
gnari
merent
contemptus
attollitur
inulti
audent.

{{@*@.|8.}}Ordo
Languet
pudicitia
sordescit
pietas
refugit
doctrina
rarescit
sophia
hebescit.

{{@*@.|9.}}Insons
Plectitur
pupillus
artatur
humilis
teritur
viduata
premitur
pusillus
spoliatur.

{{@*@.|10.}}Ingenuus
Servit
servus
honoratur
parasitus
tonat
scurra
imperitat
protervus
domniatur.

{{@*@.|11.}}Elluo
Prestat
periurus
ditatur
raptor
viget
fallax
excellit
Epicurus
decoratur.

{{@*@.|12.}}Delicie
Enervant
fastus
turget
inimicitie
exercentur
tumor
furit
astus
urget.

{{@*@.|13.}}Blandimenta
Suadent
mine
adduntur
rabies
sevit
usura
tractatur
rapine
aguntur.

{{@*@.|14.}}Idcirco
Cedimur
pesti
incidimus
detrimentum
patimur
grave
languescimus
mesti
imus.
 

{{@*@.|15.}}Aër
Tabet
languores
adaugentur
incendia
consumunt
mucro
sevit
timores
habentur.
 

{{@*@.|16.}}Aurum
Fallit
censores
falluntur
pravi
presunt
iusti
desunt
meliores
rapiuntur.

{{@*@.|17.}}Giraldus
Prefuit
mores
ornavit
deflendus
ruit
ovile
orbavit
dolores
cumulavit.

{{@*@.|18.}}Omnipotens
Audi
penis
tollatur
hostis
fugiat
paradisus
pateat
amenis
foveatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, brevibus et concisis [[metrum (poësis)|metris]] compositum, est lamentatio morum quae [[corruptio|corruptionem]] generalem [[Societas humana|societatis]] [[Medium aevum|mediaevalis]] depingit. Auctor auditorem invitat ad fletum et pavorem, quia mundus in peius ruit: dum anni labuntur, peccata crescunt et [[Tyrannis|tyranni]] potestatem occupant. [[Ecclesia]] ipsa videtur conculcata, dum [[clerus]] ambitione ducitur et [[simonia]] ubique dominatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Scriptor per singulos gradūs [[Hierarchia|hierarchiae]] percurrit, denuntians [[Pontifex (religio)|pontifices]] errantes, reges turbatos, et [[abbas|abbates]] superbiā inflatos qui opes ecclesiae vastant. In hoc mundo inverso, virtutes sicut pudicitia, [[pietas]], et [[Sophia (sapientia)|sophia]] obsolescunt, dum vitia vigent. Ordo socialis pariter confunditur: ingenui serviunt, servi honorantur, et parasiti in aulis imperitant. Iustitia deest, et divitiae (aurum) ipsos [[censor|censores]] corrumpunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In fine carminis, mentio cuiusdam Giraldi oppetitur, cuius mors dolores cumulavit et [[ovis|ovile]] orbum reliquit, quod ad certum eventum historicum alludere videtur. Carmen [[Preces|precatione]] ad Deum Omnipotentem clauditur, ut poenas tollat, hostes fuget, et fidelibus aditum ad [[Paradisus (mythologia Iudaica)|paradisum]] patefaciat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|./appendicula Vicidatorum]]}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3683" sha1="axl7mh1ul8ts97fsoqm8tdi9n6o2zjr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>axl7mh1ul8ts97fsoqm8tdi9n6o2zjr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995716</id>
      <parentid>3995714</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:34:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995716</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4138" sha1="a91p18b72z60376msj2pdhb43jl7fem" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0 .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/div&gt;
		}}

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>a91p18b72z60376msj2pdhb43jl7fem</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995717</id>
      <parentid>3995716</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:35:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995717</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4022" sha1="300r566vcoyk8otbbmfs5jgd7b7g225" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0 .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/div&gt;
		}}

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>300r566vcoyk8otbbmfs5jgd7b7g225</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995718</id>
      <parentid>3995717</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:36:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995718</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4155" sha1="6jr73c687pie8zzrfpp22hlu9qo9gwy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		}}

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6jr73c687pie8zzrfpp22hlu9qo9gwy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995719</id>
      <parentid>3995718</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:37:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995719</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4115" sha1="nr40pmuqk2vtzmo84ejdzxnchmh3wgw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		}}

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nr40pmuqk2vtzmo84ejdzxnchmh3wgw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995725</id>
      <parentid>3995719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:51:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>De imagine</comment>
      <origin>3995725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4252" sha1="aqsng048igbz8m0fhvu5g6d39q7oj6c" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = {{#if:{{{imago|}}}||&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P18}}&lt;/span&gt;}}[[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		}}

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aqsng048igbz8m0fhvu5g6d39q7oj6c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995729</id>
      <parentid>3995725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4622" sha1="qvghhz1k1i1e4585x129kutbk4xgbo3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = {{#if:{{{imago|}}}||&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P18}}&lt;/span&gt;}}[[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}&lt;/sup&gt;
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| &lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}&lt;/sup&gt;
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| &lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}&lt;/sup&gt;
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		}}&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qvghhz1k1i1e4585x129kutbk4xgbo3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995732</id>
      <parentid>3995729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T01:01:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4105" sha1="qlx7rl0cwu2zwpqdfghcg8hadb3mrx4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = {{#if:{{{imago|}}}||&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P18}}&lt;/span&gt;}}[[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}&lt;/sup&gt;
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}&lt;br /&gt;←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}&lt;br /&gt;[[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qlx7rl0cwu2zwpqdfghcg8hadb3mrx4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995734</id>
      <parentid>3995732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T01:03:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4590" sha1="oqopgqpsyt4u00fbna4hzvebb308kko" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = {{#if:{{{imago|}}}||&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P18}}&lt;/span&gt;}}[[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}&lt;/sup&gt;
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		}}&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 0.9em; margin: 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oqopgqpsyt4u00fbna4hzvebb308kko</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995736</id>
      <parentid>3995734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T01:03:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4583" sha1="b7im60uuz6yr5k228du09jceyhlbjs0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = {{#if:{{{imago|}}}||&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P18}}&lt;/span&gt;}}[[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}&lt;/sup&gt;
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		}}&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 0.9em; margin: 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b7im60uuz6yr5k228du09jceyhlbjs0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995742</id>
      <parentid>3995736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T01:11:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4593" sha1="9rb5yp6jsgbsb3f31w17name0wi6kyc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = {{#if:{{{imago|}}}||&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P18}}&lt;/span&gt;}}[[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}&lt;/sup&gt;
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0 0 -.5em 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		}}&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 0.9em; margin: 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9rb5yp6jsgbsb3f31w17name0wi6kyc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995744</id>
      <parentid>3995742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T01:13:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4632" sha1="a7ayhwlznqjpl8lgqft5pwmyj9y0vty" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{imago|}}}||&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P18}}&lt;/span&gt;}}[[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}&lt;/sup&gt;
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0 0 -.5em 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		}}&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 0.9em; margin: 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995745</id>
      <parentid>3995744</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T01:13:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3995745</origin>
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      <text bytes="4630" sha1="ro8sb72raohv8jbsgfsr3bcsukf48jo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione

	| 1 =

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{titulus|}}}|| }}
	| imago ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{imago|}}}|| }}
	| descriptio ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{descriptio|}}}|| }}
	| categoria ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{categoria|}}}|| }}
	| numerus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{numerus|}}}|| }}
	| auctor ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{auctor|}}}|| }}
	| argumenta ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{argumenta|}}}|| }}
	| tempus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{tempus|}}}|| }}
	| lingua ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{lingua|}}}|| }}
	| contextus ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{contextus|}}}|| }}
	| praecedens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{praecedens|}}}|| }}
	| sequens ={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Sin secus verbatim|{{{sequens|}}}|| }}
}}

	| 2 = {{Metacapsa tabellaria

		| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{titulus|}}}|{{{titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

		| si 2 = {{{imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}
		| res 2 = &lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{imago|}}}||&lt;sup style=&quot;position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P18}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}[[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{imago|}}}|{{{imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;

		| si 3 = {{{categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}
		| caput 3 = Categoria
		| res 3 = {{#if:{{{categoria|}}}|{{{categoria}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P136}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P136}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 4 = {{{numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}
		| caput 4 = Numerus
		| res 4 = {{#if:{{{numerus|}}}|{{{numerus}}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1545}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 5 = {{{auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}
		| caput 5 = Auctor
		| res 5 = {{#if:{{{auctor|}}}
			| {{{auctor}}}
			| {{#switch:x{{lc:{{#property:P50}}}}
				| xunknown | xunknown value | ignotus = Ignotus
				| x =
				| #default = [[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P50}}}}]]
			}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P50}}&lt;/sup&gt;
		}}

		| si 6 = {{{argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}
		| caput 6 = Argumenta
		| res 6 = {{#if:{{{argumenta|}}}|{{{argumenta}}}|{{#invoke:vicidata|proprietas|Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series|P921}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P921}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 7 = {{{tempus|}}}{{#property:P571}}
		| caput 7 = Tempus
		| res 7 = {{#if:{{{tempus|}}}|{{{tempus}}}|{{#property:P571}}&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P571}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 8 = {{{lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}
		| caput 8 = Lingua
		| res 8 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|{{{lingua}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P407}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P407}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 9 = {{{contextus|}}}{{#property:P1433}}
		| caput 9 = Contextus
		| res 9 = {{#if:{{{contextus|}}}|{{{contextus}}}|[[{{ucfirst:{{#property:P1433}}}}]]&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .1em;&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P1433}}&lt;/sup&gt;}}

		| si 10 = {{{praecedens|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{sequens|}}}{{#property:P156}}
		| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|+}}}}{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}||{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|+}}}}
			| &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0 0 -.5em 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P155}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
				|
				| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
					| {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum|P156}}
				}}
			}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		}}&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 0.9em; margin: 0; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-right: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{praecedens|}}}
			| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{{praecedens}}}]]
			| {{#if:{{#property:P155}}
				| ←&amp;nbsp;[[{{#property:P155}}]]
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left: .15em;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{sequens|}}}
			| [[{{{sequens}}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			| {{#if:{{#property:P156}}
				| [[{{#property:P156}}]]&amp;nbsp;→
			}}
		}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

	}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Carmen Carminum Buranorum/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>324332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995720</id>
      <parentid>3971428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Subformulae auxiliariae */</comment>
      <origin>3995720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4190" sha1="aq2c8eowl624pxpv54z0og8e8u0ibqg" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Lua|Modulus:Vicidata}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad res gestas et indicia carminum e manuscripto ''Carminum Buranorum'' depromptorum breviter demonstranda. '''Formula [[Vicidata|Vicidatis]] utitur:''' si argumentum relinquitur vacuum, mechanema indicia e Vicidatis sponte extrahit.

== De usu ==
Ecce exemplum quomodo formula in paginis appareat:

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus = O Fortuna
	| imago = CarminaBurana wheel.jpg
	| descriptio = Rota Fortunae in Codice Burano picta.
	| categoria = Carmina moralia et satirica
	| numerus = 17
	| auctor = Ignotus
	| argumenta = De varietate fortunae
	| tempus = Saeculum XIII
	| lingua = [[Latinitas medii aevi|Lingua Latina mediaevalis]]
	| contextus = [[Codex Buranus]]
	| praecedens = Fortune plango vulnera
	| sequens = O Fortuna levis
}}

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus = O Fortuna
	| imago = CarminaBurana wheel.jpg
	| descriptio = Rota Fortunae in Codice Burano picta.
	| categoria = Carmina moralia et satirica
	| numerus = 17
	| auctor = Ignotus
	| argumenta = De varietate fortunae
	| tempus = Saeculum XIII
	| lingua = [[Latinitas medii aevi|Lingua Latina mediaevalis]]
	| contextus = [[Codex Buranus]]
	| praecedens = Fortune plango vulnera
	| sequens = O Fortuna levis
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== De syntaxi vacua ===
Potes hoc volumen exscribere et in paginam carminis inserere:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== De syntaxi vacua in pagina ostenta ===
Quum indicia posterius addi possint, suademus ut argumenta vacua semper ostendantur. In [[Auxilium:Substitutio|substitutione]] adhibita (&lt;code&gt;{{subst:...}}&lt;/code&gt;), haec formula omnia argumenta divulgat.

'''Vicitextus manu scriptus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{subst:Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| descriptio = Textus originalis ''O Fortuna'', a ''[[Carmina Burana|Carminis Buranis]]'' ortus. “Fortunae rota” in Codice Burano picta
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Vicitextus divulgatus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio = Textus originalis ''O Fortuna'', a ''[[Carmina Burana|Carminis Buranis]]'' ortus. “Fortunae rota” in Codice Burano picta
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{Ast}}

'''Vicitextus manu scriptus:'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{subst:Carmen Carminum Buranorum}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

'''Vicitextus divulgatus:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== De argumentis et de Vicidatis ==
{{Formula indicia e Vicidatis reperiens|P18|P50|P136|P155|P156|P407|P571|P921|P1433|P1545}}

Si argumentum non scribis, formula has proprietates ex Vicidatis petet:

; {{para|titulus}}
: P1476 (titulus operis).
; {{para|imago}}
: P18 (imago).
; {{para|categoria}}
: P136 (genus litterarium).
; {{para|numerus}}
: P1545 (numerus in serie). Nota: Formula praefixum &quot;CB&quot; addit si ex Vicidatis venit.
; {{para|auctor}}
: P50 (auctor).
; {{para|argumenta}}
: P921 (argumentum primarium).
; {{para|tempus}}
: P571 (tempus creationis).
; {{para|lingua}}
: P407 (lingua operis).
; {{para|contextus}}
: P1433 (opus in quo invenitur).
; {{para|praecedens}} / {{para|sequens}}
: P155 et P156 (nexus ad res vicinas).

== Subformulae auxiliariae ==
* {{relfn|Formula:Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series}}
* {{relfn|Formula:Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aq2c8eowl624pxpv54z0og8e8u0ibqg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nulli beneficium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324387</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995797</id>
      <parentid>3971591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T11:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
      <origin>3995797</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3580" sha1="335a8cnnc01vc4dk7uje6cez82vxry2" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lores|Nulli beneficium}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1a.}}Nulli beneficium
iuste penitudinis
amputatur,
nulli maius vitium
quam ingratitudinis
imputatur.
ergo, presul confitens,
esto vere penitens,
quia nil confessio
lavat, cui contritio
denegatur.

{{@*@.|1b.}}Si confessus fueris
ore, fit confessio
ad salutem,
corde si contereris;
animi contritio
dat virtutem,
ut salutem habeas;
ut virtutem teneas,
relictis prioribus
tuam orna moribus
iuventutem.

{{@*@.|2a.}}Virtute, non sanguine
decet niti;
sub honorum culmine
corde miti
foveas innoxium;
reprime flagitium
superbi et impii;
supremi iudicii
memor iuste iudica,
predicans non claudica.

{{@*@.|2b.}}Tuum sit contemnere
contemnentes
et fovere munere
nil habentes.
relevato debiles
et exaltes bumiles.
in te sit humilitas,
cui mixta sit gravitas,
ut lene corripias
et serene lenias.

{{@*@.|3a.}}Cui magis committitur,
ab eo plus exigitur.
quid Domino retribuis
pro tot, que tibi tribuit,
quod lac et lanam eruis
gregis, cuius constituit
te pastorem?
sed cave ne, cum venerit,
te districte tunc conterat
ut raptorem!
districtus iudex aderit;
nunc sustinens considerat
peccatorem.

{{@*@.|3b.}}Cum subiectis ne pereas,
exempla prava timeas
in subiectos transfundere;
nam quanto gradus altior
cum graviori pendere,
tanto labenti gravior
lapsus datur.
ne desperes, si criminis
in latens precipitium
pes labatur,
nam iuste penitudinis
nemini beneficium
amputatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen morale et pareneticum ad quendam praelatum seu episcopum (''praesul'') dirigitur, ut eum ad veram paenitentiam et ad officia pastoralis curae recte implenda hortetur. Auctor primum momentum contritionis cordis extollit, sine qua externa confessio ore facta inanis habetur, et gravitatem ingratitudinis erga Deum admonet.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

In sectionibus sequentibus, carmen virtutes morales pastoris describit: niti debet virtute potius quam nobilitate sanguinis, humiles fovere, superbos reprimere et iuste iudicare. Denique severitas divini iudicii commemoratur, ubi pastor rationem reddere debet de grege sibi commisso, ne non pastor sed raptor inveniatur, quia lapsus ab alto gradu gravior semper habetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*    {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>In huius mundi patria</title>
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{{lores|In huius mundi patria}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XXXIX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}In huius mundi patria
regnat idolatria;
ubique sunt venalia
dona spiritalia.
custodes sunt raptores
atque lupi pastores,
principes et reges
subverterunt leges.
hac incerta domo
insanit omnis homo.
sed ista cum vento
transibunt in momento.

{{@*@.|2.}}Lia placet lipposa,
sed Rachel flet formosa,
que diu manens sterilis
ob immanitatem sceleris
generat anicilla;
nam Raab ancilla
navem mundi mersit,
discordia dispersit
mortis seminaria,
et mundi luminaria
luminant obscure;
pauci vivunt secure.

{{@*@.|3.}}Doctores apostolici
et iudices katholici
quidam colunt Albinum
et diligunt Rufinum,
cessant iudicare
et student devorare
gregem sibi commissum;
hi cadunt in abyssum.
si cecus ducit cecum,
in fossam cadit secum.
hi tales subsannantur
et infra castra cremantur.

{{@*@.|4.}}Episcopi cornuti
conticuere muti,
ad predam sunt parati
et indecenter coronati;
pro virga ferunt lanceam,
pro infula galeam,
clipeum pro stola
- hec mortis erit mola -,
loricam pro alba
- hec occasio calva -,
pellem pro humerali
pro ritu seculari.

{{@*@.|5.}}Sicut fortes incedunt
et a Deo discedunt,
ut leones feroces
et ut aquile veloces,
ut apri frendentes
exacuere dentes,
linguas ut serpentes
pugnare non valentes,
mundo consentientes
et tempus redimentes,
quia dies sunt mali,
iure imperiali.

{{@*@.|6.}}Principes et abbates
ceterique vates,
ceteri doctores
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
iura deposuerunt,
canones ac decreta.
sicut scripsit propheta,
Deum exacerbaverunt
et Sanctum Israel blasphemaverunt.

{{@*@.|7.}}Monachi sunt nigri
et in regula sunt pigri,
bene cucullati
et male coronati.
quidam sunt cani
et sensibus profani.
quidam sunt fratres
et verentur ut patres.
dicuntur Norpertini
et non Augustini.
in cano vestimento
novo gaudent invento.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione moralium et satiricorum comprehensum, acerrimam criticam contra corruptionem ecclesiae et societatis saecularis saeculi XII exhibet. Auctor deplorat [[simonia|simoniam]], ubi dona spiritualia venalia facta sunt, et mores praelatorum qui, vice pastorum, lupi rapaces facti sunt, leges divinas humanasque subvertentes.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

In textu personae biblicae (ut Lia, [[Rachel]], et Raab) [[Allegoria|allegorice]] adhibentur ad statum mundi deflendis modis describendum. Notabilis est satira contra episcopos qui, habitum militarem pro ecclesiastico sumentes (lanceam pro virga, galeam pro infula), officia sacra neglegunt. Etiam monachi, nominatim Norpertini, de pigritia et mundanis novitatibus reprehenduntur, dum totus mundus in ruinam et [[chaos]] morale vergere videtur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen opus mixtum videtur, quod argumenta moralia cum dicacitate [[Satura|satyrica]] coniungit, dum monasticam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vanitas|vanitatis|en|qid=Q1321250}} memoriam cum clerici urbani querelis de prava ecclesiae condicione permiscet.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 134, 135.&lt;/ref&gt; Auctor acriter [[Simonia|simoniam]] et praelatorum vitia perstringit: episcopos enim “lupos pastores” nominat, qui munera ecclesiastica in mercaturam vertunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p-135&quot;&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 135.&lt;/ref&gt;

Textus non modo monastica [[Memento mori|fati inevitabilis]] admonitione distat ([[In huius mundi domo|CB 39a]]), sed etiam accurata praecepta de [[Missa|sacro ritu]] digne celebrando praebet, quibus sacerdos ad cordis munditiam hortatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-pp-135-137&quot;&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 135, 137.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Metaphora]] “mundi inversi” et [[ironia]] utitur ut demonstret quomodo pecuniae cultus veras virtutes subverterit.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p-135&quot; /&gt; Personae biblicae pariter invocantur: [[Rachel]], quae scelera deflet, et [[Rahab]], discordiae index, quibus perturbatio ordinis idealis significatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-pp-135-137&quot; /&gt; Denique carmen mentem [[Goliardia|clerici pauperis et severi]] refert, qui potentium casum deplorat et in ipso [[Imperium Romanum Sacrum|imperii]] dominatu causam moralis dissolutionis agnoscit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 137, 138.&lt;/ref&gt;

Scriptor, variis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Adynaton|adynatis|en|qid=Q380217}} adhibitis atque sententiis e [[Biblia Sacra|Scripturis Sacris]] depromptis, plenam corruptionem institutorum spiritualium demonstrare conatur. Haec depravatio praecipue ab avaritia summorum ecclesiasticorum oriri videtur, qui, mandatorum evangelicorum obliti, ad terrena vitia prorsus convertuntur. Carmen, quod paulo post annum MCXX compositum esse videtur, argumenta polemica redolet quae propria erant libellorum tempore [[Controversia de investitura|controversiae de investitura]] scriptorum. Mundus ipse [[Idololatria|idololatriae]] ditioni subicitur, quae ex aviditate nascitur, sicut [[Paulus Tarsensis|Apostolus]] in [[Epistula ad Ephesios|Epistula ad Ephesios]] (V, 5) admonet. In hac temporaria christiani sede, omnia puncto temporis evanescunt, quod argumentum a verbis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iob (propheta)|Iob|en|qid=Q179962}} (XXXVII, 21) de luce repente nubibus obscurata repetitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp244-246&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 244–246.&lt;/ref&gt;

In textu personae biblicae sicut [[Lia]] et [[Rachel]] inducuntur, quarum nomina tamquam exempla adynatorum in operibus moralibus ac satiricis saepe recurrunt. Quamvis Rachelis fecunditas in [[Liber Genesis|Libro Genesis]] (XXX, 22) memoretur, auctor de “immani scelere” loquitur, cuius vis non usquequaque liquet. Porro figura [[Rahab]], meretricis quae nuntios [[Iosue (persona Biblica)|Iosue]] in urbe [[Hiericus|Hiericho]] texit (Ios. II), hic sensu allegorico adhibetur. Si olim Rahab fideri et Ecclesiae symbolum exstitit, nunc scriptor per eam demonstrat quomodo christiana societas tota in peius ruerit. Denique Ecclesia in “speluncam latronum” mutata describitur, ubi [[Iesus]] iterum cathedras vendentium columbas evertere debere videtur, sicut in [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelio secundum Matthaeum]] (XXI, 12-13) et [[Evangelium secundum Marcum|Marcum]] narratur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp244-246&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lores|Roma, tue mentis oblita sanitate}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Roma, tue mentis oblita sanitate
desipis, cum resipis cordis tarditate.
lampas caret oleo, male sed mercatur,
sponsus + ut cum venerit, salus obumbratur,
pietas nec audit superne civitatis,
foris dum inclamitat vox calamitatis.

{{@*@.|2.}}O sedes apostolica,
que vix latet, katholica,
convertere! convertere!
iam mundus languet opere.

{{@*@.|3.}}Perit lex,
manet fex,
bibit grex
virus hoc letale;
pastor cedit,
lupus redit,
morsu ledit
permale.

{{@*@.|4.}}Claudicat ecclesia patribus orbata,
sternitur iustitia capite truncata.
princeps tenebrarum se sentit gloriari
orbis fluxa, miseri student quem sectari.

{{@*@.|5.}}Ludit ad interitum rerum coniectura
quodam vili scemate, docet ut natura.
basem rei publice, sortem senatorum
machina corrodit presentium malorum,
de qua, † sed diviguit, stirpe solidatur,
cuius et propagine solium letatur.

{{@*@.|6.}}O decus exaltabile,
saluti collaudabile
complectere! complectere!
iam languet mundus opere.

{{@*@.|7.}}Sed cum sis
plena vis,
cedat lis,
vitia premantur,
orbe leto,
tristi spreto
iure freto
pellantur!

{{@*@.|8.}}Aruit spes estuans diuturnitate,
secula iam pereunt imbecillitate,
ordo principatus est mente discrepata
volvitur † in serie mundo non piata.
falso quoque veritas convincitur augurio,
nec altus est in Israel fidem dans centurio.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione moralium et [[Satura|satiricorum]] comprehensum, acerrimam invectivam contra corruptionem moralem et [[Spiritualitas|spiritualem]] urbis [[Roma|Romae]] et [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] exhibet. Auctor [[Sancta Sedes|Sedem Apostolicam]] hortatur ut convertatur, deplorans statum [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae]] ubi lex perit, iustitia sternitur, et pastores cedunt dum lupi (id est vitia vel mali rectores) gregem delacerant. Per [[Metaphora|metaphoras]] biblicas, sicut illam virginum fatuarum quarum lampades oleo carent, periculum damnationis et finem mundi propter hominum nequitiam imminere demonstratur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot; /&gt;

In carmine non solum ecclesiastica sed etiam politica condicio tangitur, cum mentio fiat de ruina basis rei publicae et de malis quae solium corrodunt. Textus desinit cum tristi lamentatione de veritate amissa et de absentia fidei, asserens ne in [[Israël]] quidem inveniri [[centurio]] qui fidem servet, quod ad generalem mundi senectutem et imbecillitatem refertur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen querelam exhibet de corruptione Ecclesiae Romanaeque Curiae deteriore condicione.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p-153&quot;&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 153.&lt;/ref&gt; Argumentum, sermonem [[Biblia|biblicum]] redolens, quasi &quot;vox clamantis in deserto&quot; [[Roma|Romam]] ad paenitentiam adhortatur&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p-153&quot; /&gt; Auctor dolet in Ecclesia nil nisi faeces remansisse, eandemque a Patribus quasi orbatam esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p-153&quot; /&gt; Propter acrem iudicium mundique contemptum, hoc carmen cum litteris [[Monachus|monasticis]] de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Contemptus mundi|contemptu mundi|en|qid=Q5165044}} comparari potest, quamvis in sylloge [[Saeculum|saeculari]] conservatum sit.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p-153&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
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{{lores|Roma tenens morem}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De ammonitione prelatorum 33-45
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo4.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|I.}}Roma, tenens morem nondum satiata priorem
Donas donanti, parcis tibi participanti;
Sed miser immunis censetur, eum quia punis.
«Accipe» «sume» «cape» tria sunt gratissima pape;
«Nil do» «nil presto» nequeunt succurrere mesto.
Non est Romanis cure legatus inanis.
Si dederis marcas et eis impleveris arcas,
Pena solveris, quacumque ligatus haberis.
Ergo non nosco, quamvis cognoscere posco,
In quo papalis res distet et imperialis:
Rex capit argentum, marcarum milia centum;
Et facit illud idem paparum curia pridem.
Rex capit audenter, sed domnus papa latenter.
Ergo pari pena rapientes sic aliena
Condemnabuntur, quia Simonis acta secuntur.

{{@*@.|II.}}Curia Romana non curat ovem sine lana.

{{@*@.|III.}}Roma manus rodit, quos rodere non valet, odit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen ad numerum XLV pertinet et in sectione [[Satira|satirica]] codicis positum est, ubi auctor avaritiam [[Curia Romana|Curiae Romanae]] acriter reprehendit. Textus exprimit opinionem goliardicam secundum quam [[Roma]] solum divites recipit et beneficia ecclesiastica nummis vendit, dum pauperes vel &quot;immunes&quot; a gratia excluduntur. Auctor praeterea comparationem instituit inter potestatem papalem et imperialem, arguens utrumque dominum pecuniam rapere, licet alter audenter et alter latenter hoc faciat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

In fine carminis, mentio fit de [[Simonia|simonia]], id est vitio emendi vendendique res spirituales, et poena divina rapacibus minatur. Breves versus finales (II et III) proverbii modo explicant Curiam non curare &quot;ovem sine lana&quot; (id est hominem sine pecunia) et Romam eos odisse quos corrumpere non valet.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-ammonitione-prelatorum-33-45&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hic cantus acrem reprehensionem in cupiditatem corruptionemque Curiae Romanae intendit, ubi auctor singulari modo pontificem imperatoremque comparat. Utraque potestas maxima eodem vitio avaritiae innectitur et manifestae simoniae arguitur, qua re ordo moralis prorsus evertitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi-2006-p253-p254&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 253—254.&lt;/ref&gt;

Argumentum praecipue verba evangelica secundum Lucam (VI, 38) &quot;Date, et vobis dabitur&quot; per parodiam invertit, ut praeceptum caritatis in nudum commercium commutetur. Quae corruptio sacrorum mentes ad scelus [[Simon Magus|Simonis Magi]] revocat, prout in [[Actus Apostolorum|Actibus Apostolorum]] (VIII, 18-24) narratur, atque in aliis carminibus huius corporis litterarii simili vi damnatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi-2006-p253-p254&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Crucifigat omnes</title>
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{{lores|Crucifigat omnes}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLVII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Crucifigat omnes
Domini crux altera,
nova Christi vulnera!
arbor salutifera
perditur; sepulcrum
gens evertit extera
violente; {{hsep|1}}plena gente
sola sedet civitas;
agni fedus {{hsep|1}}rapit hedus;
plorat dotes perditas
sponsa Sion; immolatur
Ananias; incurvatur
cornu David; flagellatur
mundus;
ab iniustis abdicatur,
per quem iuste iudicatur
mundus.

{{@*@.|2.}}O quam dignos luctus!
exulat rex omnium,
baculus fidelium
sustinet opprobrium
gentis infidelis;
cedit parti gentium
pars totalis; {{hsep|1}}iam regalis
in luto et latere
elaborat {{hsep|1}}tellus, plorat
Moysen fatiscere.
homo, Dei miserere!
fili, patris ius tuere!
in incerto certum quere,
ducis
ducum dona promerere
et lucrare lucem vere
lucis!

{{@*@.|3.}}Quisquis es signatus
fidei charactere,
fidem factis assere,
rugientes contere
catulos leonum,
miserans intuere
corde tristi {{hsep|1}}damnum Christi!
longus Cedar incola,
surge, vide, {{hsep|1}}ne de fide
reproberis frivola!
suda martyr in agone
spe mercedis et corone!
derelicta Babylone
pugna
pro celesti regione,
aqua vite! te compone
pugna!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione morali et satirica servatum, est hortatio vehemens ad [[Expeditio sacra|expeditionem sacram]] suscipiendam post cladem [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymitanam]]. Auctor queritur de amissione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sanctum Sepulcrum|Sancti Sepulcri|it|qid=Q3463426}} et de oppressione [[Sion|Sionis]], [[Allegoria|allegoriis]] biblicis utens ad condicionem [[Terra Sancta|Terrae Sanctae]] a gentibus exteris occupatae deplorandam.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot; /&gt;

In partibus sequentibus, carmen fideles incitat ut fidem suam non verbis sed factis et armis probent, [[Cruce signati|signum crucis]] sumentes. Mundus depingitur in magno discrimine positus, ubi christiani tanquam milites Christi contra “catulos leonum” pugnare debent, spem ponentes in mercede caelesti et corona [[Martyr|martyrii]], relicta mundi “Babylone” ut pro caelesti regione decertent.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
In hac investigatione, elementa musica carminis per [[palaeographia|artem palaeographicam]] subtiliter examinantur. Constat hunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|conductus|conductum|en|qid=Q846748}} musicam mutuavisse ex ultima cauda versūs cuiusdam antiquioris carminis, scilicet {{Op|Quod promisit}}, quod per artem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|contrafactum|contrafacti|en|qid=Q1783270}} evenit. Investigatio fontium multas varietates praebet: codex Clm 4660 (ca. 1230) unam tantum lyricam cum quinque strophis exhibet, dum codices W1 et F (Laurentianus) compositiones ad tres vel duas voces referunt. In codice S (HB I 95), notatio invenitur adiastematica, quae evolutionem [[Notatio musica|graphiae musicae]] in [[saeculum 13|saeculo XIII]] demonstrat. Paleographica discretio inter textum et musicam indicat carmen {{Op|Mundum renovavit}} verisimiliter fuisse archetypum primarium, propter nexum inter thema incarnationis et structuram metricam rimae. Praeterea, observatio temporis dupli in versu “sponsa Sion; immolatur”, quae in codicibus W2 et H (Las Huelgas) videri potest, momentum habet ad rhythmum priscum recte interpretandum, separando phrases musicas a contextu metrico stricto.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb47&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Crucifigat omnes, CB 47
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| domus editoria = Examen Apium
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/047crucifigat.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Analysim paleographicam sustinent varii codices per Europam sparsi, qui diversis modis notationem tradunt. Codex W1 (Guelf. 628) et codex T (Ma) interpretationes polyphonicas continent, ubi ligaturae et dispositio vocum rationem musicam [[saeculum 13|saeculi XIII]] illustrant. Codex R (Rawl. poet. C 510) titulum {{Op|De effectu crucifixionis Jesu Christi}} praebet, dum codex J (Jesus College) diversum triplum in notatione sua servat. Haec varietas fontium sinit palaeographos intellegere quomodo eadem melodia per diversas scholas (sicut [[Schola Nostrae Dominae|illam Parisiensem]]) diffusa sit et quomodo scriptores medii aevi signis musicis usi sint ad nexum inter verbum et sonum firmandum.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb47&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Curritur ad vocem</title>
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{{lores|Curritur ad vocem}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XLVIIa reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Curritur ad vocem
nummi vel ad sonitum;
hec est vox ad placitum.
omnes ultra debitum,
ut exempla docent,
nitimur in vetitum.
disce morem et errorem,
fac et tu similiter!
hac in vita nichil vita,
vive sic, non aliter!
cleri vivas ad mensuram,
qui pro censu dat censuram.
quando iacis in capturam
rete,
messem vides iam maturam;
et tu saltem per usuram
mete!

{{@*@.|2.}}Si quis in hoc artem
populo non noverit,
per quam mundus vixerit,
omnia cum viderit,
eligat hanc partem
aut nichil decreverit:
quod vis, aude dolo, fraude,
mos gerendus Thaidi.
mundo gere morem, vere
nil vitandum credidi.
legi nichil sit astrictum,
iuri nichil sit addictum!
sanciatur hoc edictum
tibi.
ubi virtus est delictum,
Deo nichil est relictum
ibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione moralium et [[Satura|satiricorum]] digestum, acerbam criticam contra cupiditatem et corruptelam socialis ordinis exprimit. Auctor modum vivendi describit ubi pecunia (nummus) omnia regit et ubi homines, spretis legibus divinis et humanis, in vetitum nituntur. Per [[Ironia|ironiam]], poeta lectorem hortatur ut hunc mundanum errorem sequatur, dolis et fraude utatur, atque [[Thaïs (meretrix Atheniensis)|Thaidis]] (personae [[Meretricium|meretriciae]]) morem gerat, cum in tali societate virtus ipsa vitium habeatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum praecipue in corruptionem cleri intendit, qui “pro censu dat censuram,” indicans quomodo potestas [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] ad quaestum pecuniarium detorta sit. Carmen sic mundum depingit ubi, excluso Deo et iustitia, sola utilitas et usura dominantur, finem moralem totius societatis denuntians.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hic cantus [[Thema (litterae)|thema]] quod dicitur “triumphus nummi” retractat, sub specie ironicae cohortationis ad avaritiam colendam, mundi pravos mores atque praecipue cleri vitia sequendo. Poeta mundanam nequitiam describit, sed tantum in versu extremo impietatem talis vitae palam denuntiat.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p254&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 254.&lt;/ref&gt;

In carmine plures loci biblici et classici in [[Parodia|parodiam]] vertuntur. Sententia de [[Curia Romana]], quae “oves sine lana” non vult, late percrebruit usque ad aetatem [[Reformatio|Reformationis]]. Auctor praeterea ad versus [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidii]] alludit, praesertim ad illum: “Nitimur in vetitum semper cupimusque negata”  &lt;ref&gt;{{Op|[[Amores (Ovidius)|Amores]]}} (III, 4, 17)&lt;/ref&gt;. Etiam evangelicus locus secundum [[Evangelium secundum Lucam|Lucam]] (V, 4) de retibus laxandis hic ad captandam pecuniam detorquetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p254&quot; /&gt;

Ironia mox ad {{Op|[[Ars amatoria|Artem amatoriam]]}} spectat, cum initium illius operis (“Si quis in hoc artem populo non novit amandi”) ad novum contextum satiricum flectatur. Mentionem quoque invenimus [[Thais (meretrix)|Thaidis]], cuius nomen e [[Comoedia|comoediis]] [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentii]] et carminibus Ovidianis haustum est; quae figura hic velut symbolum luxuriae et lasciviae apparet, sicut in aliis carminibus huius collectionis fieri solet.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p254&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imperator rex Grecorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324428</id>
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        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
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{{lores|Imperator rex Grecorum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIa reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De cruce signatis 46–55
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Imperator rex Grecorum,
minas spernens paganorum,
auro sumpto thesaurorum
parat sumptus armatorum.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Ayos
o theos athanathos,
ysma sather yschyros!
miserere kyrios,
salva tuos famulos!

Almaricus miles fortis,
rex communis nostre sortis,
in Egypto fractis portis
Turcos stravit dire mortis.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Ayos
o theos athanathos,
ysma sather yschyros!
miserere kyrios,
salva tuos famulos!

Omnis ergo Christianus
ad Egyptum tendat manus!
semper ibi degat sanus,
destruatur rex paganus!

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Ayos
o theos athanathos,
ysma sather yschyros!
miserere kyrios,
salva tuos famulos!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in numerum carminum moralium et [[Satura|satiricorum]] insertum, res gestas in [[Expeditio sacra|expeditionibus sacris]] celebrat, praesertim ad [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] spectantes. Textus conatūs [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperatoris Graecorum]] et regis [[Amalricus I (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Amalarici I Hierosolymitani]] contra hostes {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Sarraceni|paganos|en|qid=Q105763}} et [[Turcae|Turcos]] laudat. Carmen est simul carmen bellicum et oratio religiosa, quod ex crebra repetitione [[dactylus|dactyli]] [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeci]] in [[versus intercalaris|versibus intercalaribus]] patet, ad divinum auxilium pro exercitu christiano invocandum.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

Argumentum praecipuum est exhortatio ad omnes christianos ut arma capiant utque ad partes orientales tendant ad regem paganum destruendum. Versūs intercalares, qui verbis graecis utuntur (velut “Ayos o theos”, {{*ie}} [[Trishagion]]), peculiarem colorem [[Liturgia|liturgicum]] exoticumque textui conferunt, victoriam militarem cum salute [[Spiritualitas|spirituali]] coniungentes.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-cruce-signatis-46-55&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nomen a solemnibus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324429</id>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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{{lores|Nomen a solemnibus}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De correctione hominum 26–28
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo5.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Nomen a solemnibus trahit Solemniacum;
solemnizent igitur omnes preter monachum,
qui sibi virilia resecavit, Serracum;
illum hinc excipimus quasi demoniacum;
ipse solus lugeat reus apud Eacum!

Exultemus et cantemus canticum victorie,
et clamemus quas debemus laudes regi glorie,
qui salvavit urbem David a paganis hodie!

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Festum agitur,
dies recolitur,
in qua Dagon frangitur,
et Amalec vincitur,
natus Agar pellitur,
Ierusalem eripitur
et Christianis redditur;
diem colamus igitur!

Hec urbs nobilissima prima regem habuit,
in hac urbe maxima Domino complacuit,
in hac propter hominem crucifigi voluit,
hic super apostolos Spiritus intonuit.

Urbs insignis, ad quam ignis venit annis singulis,
quo monstratur, quod amatur omnibus in seculis,
honoranda, frequentanda regibus et populis!

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Festum agitur,
dies recolitur,
in qua Dagon frangitur,
et Amalec vincitur,
natus Agar pellitur,
Ierusalem eripitur
et Christianis redditur;
diem colamus igitur!

Urbs sacrata celitus, adamata superis,
legis tabernaculum, templum arche federis,
hospitale pauperum et asylum miseris!
non timebis aliquod, dum in ea manseris.

Tanta lucis claritate superatur sol et luna,
tanta vicit sanctitate omnes urbes hec urbs una;
non elegit frustra locum Gebuseus Areuna.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Festum agitur,
dies recolitur,
in qua Dagon frangitur,
et Amalec vincitur,
natus Agar pellitur,
Ierusalem eripitur
et Christianis redditur;
diem colamus igitur!&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est hymnus [[Triumphus|triumphalis]] qui liberationem [[Ierusalem]] et victoriam Christianorum celebrat, praesertim ad menses [[Cruciata|cruciatarum]] spectans. Textus incipit cum lusu verborum de oppido Solemniaco et [[Ironia|ironica]] exclusione [[Monachus|monachi]] cuiusdam a laetitia communi, sed mox in fervidam celebrationem religiosam vertitur. Per victorias [[Typologia (Biblia)|typologicas]] veteris testamenti, velut casum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dagon||en|qid=Q623065}} et expugnationem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Amalecitae|Amalec|en|qid=Q16010675}}, auctor reditum Urbis Sanctae ad fidem Christianam canit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

In strophis sequentibus, urbs [[Hierosolyma|Ierusalem]] laudatur quasi locus incarnationis, passionis, et missionis [[Spiritus Sanctus|Spiritus Sancti]], atque quasi asylum et hospitale miserorum. Carmen sanctitatem loci supra omnes alias urbes mundi extollit, etiam figuras biblicas quales [[Iebusaei|Areuna Iebusaeum]] commemorans ad nexum inter historiam sacram et praesens gaudium confirmandum.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
Structura musica carminis, quae in [[codex|codicibus]] manu scriptis servatur, indolem [[Litaniae Sanctorum|litanicam]] et psalmodicam praebet, ubi repetitio phrasium [[Melodia|melodicarum]] antiquitatem compositionis demonstrat. In codice [[Bibliotheca publica Bavarica|Monacensi]] (Clm 4660) et in codicibus Parisiensibus (Latin 3549 et Latin 3719), notatio [[Palaeographia|paleographica]] rationem bipartitam strophae ostendit, in qua secunda pars ut responsorium ([[versus intercalaris|versūs intercalares]]) adhibetur. Analysis melodica initium cuiusdam intonationis salmodicae{{dubsig}} patefacit, quod ex recombinatione acclamationum antiquiorum ortum esse videtur. In manuscripto Parisiensi (P), variatio paleographica notatur in versu primo, ubi pro nota ''la'' invenitur ''si'' plicatum vel simplex, et in secundo versu ubi pro intervallo ''do-mi fa'' legitur ''re-do mi'', quod levissimas mutationes in traditione exaranda indicat.&lt;ref name=&quot;bianchini-nomen-a-solemnibus-cb-52&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Bianchini
	| nomen auctoris = Michele
	| titulus = Nomen a solemnibus (CB 52)
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| domus editoria = Examen Apium
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/052nomen.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ad [[Rhythmus|rhythmum]] quod attinet, scansio metrica quattuor [[Ictus (metricus)|ictūs]] praebet, quamquam initia sectionum ''alpha'' et ''beta'' inter se similia videntur. In parte autem [[Responsorium Graduale|responsorii]] (gamma), ductus melodiae sursum spectans ({{barbarice|lingua=it|in levare}}) suggeritur non solum a positione tonicae, sed praecipue a nota ''sol'', quae momentum rhythmicum validius ({{barbarice|lingua=it|in battere}}) habet et circa quam tota melodia volvitur. Haec dispositio [[Neuma|neumatica]] et structuralis, quae inter indolem amensuralem{{dubsig}} et litanicam vacillat, confirmat carmen inter formas [[Liturgia|paraliturgicas]] antiquissimas ponendum esse, ubi scriptura musica munere mnemoneutico et declamatorio fungitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;bianchini-nomen-a-solemnibus-cb-52&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ianus annum circinat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>64423</id>
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{{lores|Ianus annum circinat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Ianus annum circinat,
ver estatem nuntiat
calcat Phebus ungula,
dum in Taurum flectitur,
Arietis repagula.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{@*@.|2.}}Procul sint omnia
tristia!
dulcia
gaudia
sollemnizent Veneris gymnasia!
decet iocundari,
quos militare contigit
Dioneo lari.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{@*@.|3.}}Dum alumnus Palladis
Cytheree scolam
introissem, inter multas
bene cultas
vidi unam solam
facie
Tyndaridi
ac Veneri
secundam,
plenam elegantie
et magis pudibundam.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor cuncta superat,
Amor dura terebrat.

{{@*@.|4.}}Differentem omnibus
amo differenter.
novus ignis in me furit
et adurit
indeficienter.
nulla magis nobilis,
habilis,
pulchra vel amabilis,
nulla minus mobilis,
instabilis,
infronita reperitur
vel fide mutabilis.
eius letum vivere
est meum delectari.
diligi si merear,
hoc meum est beari.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.

{{@*@.|5.}}Parce, puer, puero!
fave, Venus, tenero,
ignem movens,
ignem fovens,
ne mori sit, quod vixero,
nec sit ut Daphnes Phebo,
cui me ipsum dedo!
olim tiro Palladis
nunc tuo iuri cedo.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Vincit Amor omnia,
regit Amor omnia.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est primum in sectione amatoria codicis et transitionem temporum celebrat, a mense [[Ianus|Iani]] usque ad veris adventum, cum sol in [[Taurus (constellatio)|signum Tauri]] ingreditur. Poeta mythologicis imaginibus ita utitur ([[Phoebus|Phoebo]], [[Venus (dea)|Venere]], [[Pallas Athene|Pallade]]) ut experientiam describat [[Goliardia|goliardi]] qui, olim studiis deditus, nunc militia amoris capitur. Argumentum praecipue circa invictam potentiam [[Cupido (discretiva)|Cupidinis]] et pulchritudinem cuiusdam puellae vertitur quae Veneri ipsi comparatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

Modus rhythmicus et usus resonantiae (velut in versu “Amor cuncta superat”) usitatissimus est [[poësis]] clericorum vagantium, qua sacrum et profanum, studium et voluptas iuvenilis inter se miscentur. Carmen precibus ad Venerem et puerum Cupidinem directis finitur, ut amantis passioni faveant, studiis palladiis pro iure dioneo reiectis.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, elato stilo compositum, elementis [[Astronomia|astronomicis]] ac mythologicis exornatur ad amorem celebrandum. Prima stropha per elaboratam [[Metaphora|metaphoram]] adventum verni temporis describit: Sol enim [[Aries (constellatio)|Arietis]] fines perrumpit, quod argumentum auctor ex [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidii]] ''[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphoseon]]'' libris haurit, ubi Phoebi equi repagula pulsant. Haec astronomica descriptio non solum temporis mutationem indicat, sed scenam praeparat ad amorem canendum, qui ritu paene sollemni inducitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt;

Argumentum praecipuum in [[Thema (litterae)|themate]] ''militiae amoris'' vertitur, quod cum goliardico more litterarum studii deserendi coniungitur. Cum aestas appropinquat, discipuli Palladis artes neglegunt ut Veneris imperio obsequantur. Hic transitus e vita contemplativa ad activam amatoriamque per poeticas imagines exprimitur, ubi tristitia depellitur et gaudium verno tempore ortum dominatur. In carmine clarum resonat [[versus intercalaris]] (Francogallice ''refrain''), quod celeberrimum [[Vergilius|Vergilii]] versum ex ''[[Bucolica|Bucolicis]]'' sumptum (''Omnia vincit Amor'') aemulatur, amorem quasi vim invictam universi ostendens.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p261&quot; /&gt;

Militia ipsa, quae in secunda parte Carminum Buranorum saepius occurrit, ex Christiana notione ''militiae Christi'' ad profanos usūs flectitur, Ovidianam sententiam sequens, qua amor species quaedam servitii militaris habetur. In extrema parte carminis, invocatio ad Venerem et Cupidinem intenditur, ubi mythologicae figurae, sicut [[Daphne (mythologia)|Daphne]] a Phoebo amata et in [[laurus|laurum]] mutata, adhibentur ad impetum desiderii et difficultates amantium demonstrandas. Ita carmen traditionem classicam cum sensibilitate mediaevali commiscet, feminam laudans et deorum auxilium ad cordis vulnera sananda implorans.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p262&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 262.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iam ver oritur</title>
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        <id>64423</id>
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{{lores|Iam ver oritur}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LVIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Iam ver oritur.
veris flore variata
tellus redimitur.
excitat in gaudium
cor concentus avium
voce relativa
Iovem salutantium.
in his philomena
Tereum reiterat
et iam fatum
antiquatum
querule retractat.
sed dum fatis obicit
Itym perditum,
merula
choraulica
carmina
coaptat.

{{@*@.|2.}}Istis insultantibus
casibus
fatalibus
in choree speciem
res reciprocatur.
his autem conciliis
noster adest Iupiter
cum sua Iunone,
Cupido cum Dione,
post hos Argus stellifer
et Narcissus floriger
Orphëusque plectriger,
Faunus quoque corniger.

{{@*@.|3.}}Inter hec sollemnia
communia
alterno motu laterum
lascive iactant corpora
collata
nunc occurrens,
nunc procurrens
contio pennata:

{{@*@.|4.}}Mergus aquaticus,
aquila munificus,
bubo noctivagus,
cygnus flumineus,
phenix unica,
perdix lethargica,
hirundo domestica,
columba turtisona,
upupa galigera,
anser sagax,
vultur edax,
psitacus gelboicus,
miluus gyrovagus,
alaudula garrula,
ciconia rostrisona.

{{@*@.|5.}}His et consimilibus
paria
sunt gaudia;
demulcet enim omnia
hec concors consonantia.

{{@*@.|6.}}Tempus est letitie.
nostro tempore
vernant flores
in pratis virentibus,
et suis rebus
decus auget Phebus
in nostris finibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen celebrationem [[ver]]is effundit, ubi natura reviviscens per varietatem avium et deorum antiquorum describitur. Poëta initium sumit a reditu veris et concentu avium, inter quas [[Philomela|Philomena]] et merula memorantur, ad statum laetitiae mundi depingendum.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

In secunda parte, textus ad [[Mythologia|mythologiam]] convertitur, ubi dii sicut [[Iuppiter]], [[Iuno]], et [[Amor (deus)|Cupido]], una cum [[heros|heroibus]] et personis quales [[Narcissus (mythologia)|Narcissus]] et [[Orpheus]], in quadam chorea universali conveniunt. Enumeratio avium in quarta stropha ([[vultur]]is, [[aquila]]e, [[phoenix|phoenicis]], et aliarum) non solum scientiam naturalem illius aevi ostendit, sed etiam harmonicam totius creationis consonantiam celebrat, quod est proprium genus poësis [[Goliardia|goliardicae]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lores|Ecce, chorus virginum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LIX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Ecce, chorus virginum,
tempore vernali,
dum solis incendium
radios equali
moderatur ordine,
nubilo semoto
fronde pausa tilie
Cypridis in voto!

{{@*@.|Refl.}}Cypridis in voto
fronde pausa tilie,
Cypridis in voto!

{{@*@.|2.}}In hac valle florida
floreus flagratus,
inter septa lilia
locus purpuratus.
dum garritus merule
dulciter alludit,
philomena carnmine
dulcia concludit.

{{@*@.|Refl.}}Cypridis in voto
fronde pausa tilie,
Cypridis in voto!

{{@*@.|3.}}Acies virginea
redimita flore –
quis enarret talia!
quantoque decore
prenitent ad liquidum
Veneris occulta!
Dido necis meritum
proferat inulta.

{{@*@.|Refl.}}Cypridis in voto
fronde pausa tilie,
Cypridis in voto!

{{@*@.|4.}}Per florenta nemorum
me fortuna vexit.
arcum Cupidineum
vernula retexit.
quam inter Veneream
diligo cohortem,
langueo, dum videam
libiti consortem.

{{@*@.|Refl.}}Cypridis in voto
fronde pausa tilie,
Cypridis in voto.

{{@*@.|5.}}Questio per singulas
oritur: honesta
potiorque dignitas
casta vel incesta?
Flora, consors Phyllidis,
est sententiata:
«caste non est similis
turpiter amata.»

{{@*@.|Refl.}}Cypridis in voto
fronde pausa tilie,
Cypridis in voto!

{{@*@.|6.}}Iuno, Pallas, Dione,
Cytherea dura
affirmant interprete
Flore verbi iura:
«flagrabit felicius
nectare mellito
castam amans potius
quam in ‹infinito›.»

{{@*@.|Refl.}}Cypridis in voto
fronde pausa tilie,
Cypridis in voto!

{{@*@.|7.}}Iura grata refero
puellarum ludis.
Vigeant in prospero
pudice futuris!
actibus emeritas
nulla salutaris,
contingat iocunditas
† spes adulta caris!

{{@*@.|Refl.}}Cypridis in voto
fronde pausa tilie,
Cypridis in voto!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria digestum, reditum [[ver]]is et choreas virginum sub [[tilia]] celebrat, argumentis mythologicis et [[Allegoria|allegoricis]] ornatum. Poeta scenam pastoralem depingit ubi [[Philomela|Philomena]] (luscinia) cantat et [[Venus (dea)|Venus]] (Cypris) dominatur, dum quaestio moralis de natura amoris inter castitatem et libidinem movetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

In secunda parte textūs, auctor iudicium de dignitate amoris inducit, ubi deae mythologicae sicut [[Iuno]], [[Minerva|Pallas]] et [[Venus|Dione]] per vocem [[Flora (dea)|Florae]] sententiam ferunt. Carmen concluditur laude amoris casti et pudici, qui felicius flagrare dicitur quam amor infinitus seu inordinatus, more [[Goliardia|goliardico]] qui elementa classica cum disputationibus scholasticis commiscet.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lores|Captus amore gravi}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1a.}}Captus amore gravi
me parem rebar avi
fede revincte lari,
que procul ethra videt
nec modulando silet,
inde perire libet.

{{@*@.|1b.}}. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
psallere, virgo, pridem,
non semper hec ibidem,
quam scrutabundus amor
notarat et amaror.
hinc ortus ille clamor.

{{@*@.|2a.}}Est bilis amarissima,
qualem gignit Sardonia,

{{@*@.|2b.}}In incentivo Veneris
eiusque miri generis

{{@*@.|2c.}}Militiam proponere,
non posse votum solvere.

{{@*@.|2d.}}Hec, ecce, virgo inclita,
tibi notabis edita:

{{@*@.|3.}}Amor instillat, quare
te, virgo, salutare
velim; sed onus grave
videris acerbare,

{{@*@.|4.}}Dum affligis immeritum,
grave ferens imperium,
vilipendens obloquium,
me minans in interitum,
fidem promittens alteri,
contradicendo Cypridi.

{{@*@.|5a.}}Ecce querimonia,
quam genuit amor;
me misit in suspiria
Venereus favor.

{{@*@.|5b.}}Cuncta sprevi virginum
ego tripudia,
te volens michi iungere.
modo diludia

{{@*@.|5c.}}Quesivique gratiam;
sed iam alterius
captas benivolentiam;
quo nil deterius

{{@*@.|6a.}}Queo fari.
nec solari
me curat Glycerium;

{{@*@.|6b.}}Me fastidit
et allidit,
estimans inglorium.

{{@*@.|6c.}}Bella gero
cum severo
Cypridis ob meritum.

{{@*@.|7a.}}Dum mens unam te recolit
famaque nefas comperit,
pupilla fletum protulit;
iam expedit,
ut vera loquamur.

{{@*@.|7b.}}Amaveram pre ceteris
te, sed amici veteris
es iam oblita; superis
vel inferis
ream te criminamur?

{{@*@.|8a.}}Dolor, fletus,
ire, metus
tremebundis artubus
simul incubuere.

{{@*@.|8b.}}Pre dolore
verso more
canticum conticuit;
nil restat nisi flere.

{{@*@.|8c.}}Sorte dira
pendet lyra,
spreta luget. Atropos
filum cessavit nere.

{{@*@.|9.}}Me mergis hic,
cum sis illic;
nutando sic
non stabis hic.

{{@*@.|10.}}Sed lubrica contagia
te gaudes insectari;
prostibulum patibulo
iam meruit piari.
en, oro te per superos:
tibi ames obnoxios;
reclude secretarios,
quos nil iuvat amari!

{{@*@.|11.}}Si lethargum vite
insectabor lite,
† hanc colis rite,
† et ego te
in soliloquiorum
carmine canebam,
te unam sapiebam,
idque iustum rebar;
sed nichil audis horum.

{{@*@.|12.}}Michi te subdideras
et amore iunxeras
fallentis vite semitas,
et te ita subverteras,
ut redimam me vivere
presumptuosa temere
amores vi transponeres,
ut cor meum contereres.

{{@*@.|13a.}}Usque quo te perferam,
quam premit emulatio?

{{@*@.|13b.}}Ut quid agis perperam,
o dira simulatio?

{{@*@.|14a.}}Ex fraudibus alternis
et ignominia
cur emula superbis,
bifrons, ingloria?

{{@*@.|14b.}}Cum federa discerpis,
o preceps nimia,
te funditus evertis
ceu Bachanaria.

{{@*@.|15.}}Si balbi more veritus
nil ausim fari penitus,
† obnixeram emeritus,
quem captat hic interitus.

{{@*@.|16.}}O Cypris alma, conspice
tue clientem opere
penamque nobis exime,
quam patimur indebite!
tu lamiam interripe
eiusque rixas opprime!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen ad sectionem amatoriam pertinet et querimoniam amantis de puella infideli exprimit, quae veteris amoris oblita ad alium animum flexit. Poëta varios affectūs describit, inter quos dolor, fletus, et ira prominent, etiam numina mythologica, velut [[Aphrodite|Cypridem]], [[Venus (dea)|Venerem]], et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Atropos|Atropon|en|qid=Q753294}}, ita invocans ut auxilium ferant vel fati crudelitatem significent. Textus, multis strophis compositus, non solum de amoris amaritudine loquitur, sed etiam de perfidia et simulatione feminae, quam auctor “lamiam” et “bifrontem” appellat.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

In hoc opere, [[Goliardia|goliardica]] elocutio [[Ars rhetorica|rhetoricam]] classicam cum affectibus vehementioribus miscet, ubi amans se captum et prope interitum esse profitetur. Querela precibus ad [[Aphrodite|Cypridem]] directis ita desinit, ut amantis poenam eximat et puellae insolentiam tandem comprimat.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
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{{lores|Cupido mentem gyrat}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXa reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Cupido mentem gyrat
telumque minans vibrat,
Favonius aspirat
nectar, quo venas inflat

{{@*@.|2.}}Medullitus; id teneris
pergratum est in feminis,
quas alit affabilitas
atque cordis simplicitas.

{{@*@.|3a.}}Semel, opto, basia
michi quod offerat,
quam sorte de infantia
Natura venustat.

{{@*@.|3b.}}Post hanc nulla complacet,
quam sic assumpserim,
cum potius amabiles
te propter spreverim.

{{@*@.|4a.}}Iam odorus
noster torus
demoratur; inscia

{{@*@.|4b.}}Es optata,
sed vocata
non occurris, intima.

{{@*@.|5a.}}Gaude, proles regia,
que vite privilegia
gestas! ecce Venerea
collegia
per te floruerunt.

{{@*@.|5b.}}Si iam detur optio,
tuo quod utar osculo
et membris in crepuscolo
sub otio,
aspera non erunt.

{{@*@.|6a.}}Matutini sideris
iubar preis,
et lilium
rosaque periere.

{{@*@.|6b.}}Micat ebur dentium
per labium,
ut Sirium
credat quis enitere.

{{@*@.|7.}}Si Menalus fatidicus
virginibus
michi det omne fari,
Etna, mons occiduus,
Ponto ferat minas prius,
quam desinat, virgo, tuus
honor laudari.

{{@*@.|8.}}Amores ergo fidibus
canendi sunt his rudibus,
cibentur ut his fructibus:
stipendium erit Venus,

{{@*@.|9.}}Furores quando lenit
Venus, que corda ferit.
incitamentum Veneris
fastidium est ceteris.
quod laudis michi titulum
clarumque det obsequium!

{{@*@.|10.}}Intemerata virginum,
serena respice
et generosa supplicis
iam vota perfice!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, quod ad sectionem amatoriam pertinet, de virtute [[Cupido|Cupidinis]] et de pulchritudine puellae canit. [[Poëta]] describit quomodo deus amoris animum vulneret et quomodo [[Zephyrus|Favonius]], ventus [[ver|vernalis]], venas ardore impleat. In versibus multa elogia de formositate virginis inveniuntur, quae “proles regia” appellatur et cuius dentes sicut [[ebur]] vel stella [[Sirius]] micant.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

Argumentum ad delectationes amandi et ad desiderium osculorum spectat, ubi natura et mythologia (velut mons [[Aetna]] et [[Venus (dea)|Venus]]) adhibentur ad vigorem affectūs demonstrandum. Carmen denique precationem ad virginem ita continet ut vota supplicantis perficiat, item ut mos est in traditione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Litterae Latinae mediaevales|lyricae medii aevi|it|qid=Q1361756}} amatoriae.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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	| titulus =
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{{lores|Siquem Pieridum ditavit contio}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1a.}}Siquem Pieridum ditavit contio,
nulli Teïorum aptetur otio
par Phebi cithare
sum in verno nectare.

{{@*@.|1b.}}Cui pre cunctis virginum obedio,
† vita me potest alere vel mortis tedio.
† sed decus hoc intimum
mavult potissimum.

{{@*@.|1c.}}Terminum vidit brume desolatio;
gaudent funditus in florum exordio,
qui norunt Cypridem,
plaudentes eidem.

{{@*@.|1d.}}Nunquam tanti cordis fui, pro Iupiter!
de spe Venerea, opinor; iugiter
me vita fertilis
alit et spes habilis.

{{@*@.|2a.}}Me risu linea
regit virginea;
nunc ergo tinea
meroris pellitur,
dolor avellitur,
tremor percellitur.

{{@*@.|2b.}}Cui tanta claritas
ac mira caritas,
fecunda largitas
semper et undique
arrident utique,
hanc opto denique.

{{@*@.|3.}}Ne miretur ducis tante
quis sublimitatem,
que me verbi vi prestante
doctum reddit plus quam ante,
stillans largitatem!

{{@*@.|4a.}}O decora
super ora
belli Absalonis
et non talis,
ut mortalis
sis conditionis!

{{@*@.|4b.}}Michi soli,
virgo, noli
esse refragata!
queso finem,
ut reclinem
a re desperata.

{{@*@.|5.}}Tuum prestolor nuntium:
dele merorem conscium,
mundani decus iubaris,
o verecunda Tyndaris!

{{@*@.|6a.}}Apollo mire vinctus est
Peneide respecta;
sic meus amor tinctus est
re veteri deiecta.

{{@*@.|6b.}}Magnetem verum iterat
virgo mire perfecta,
attractu crebro superat
me gratia directa.

{{@*@.|6c.}}Miranda de Priamide
rememorantur gesta,
qui militavit floride;
sed squalent mea festa.

{{@*@.|7.}}Florenti desolatio
non esset conturbatio;
sed mea plus tremit ratio,
† quam Dionea sit dilatio.
quid facio?

{{@*@.|8a.}}Gratia,
solacia
donato menti languide,
mea dos,
amorum flos,
morigerata vivide!

{{@*@.|8b.}}Amantum lis,
te, quicquid vis,
da laudi bene placide!
nil tibi par,
electe lar
letitie fervide.

{{@*@.|9a.}}Te visa primitus
exarsi penitus;
proinde gemitus
durat perenniter.
tu deme leniter
illatum duriter!

{{@*@.|9b.}}† Hec est dira sors,
nec durior est mors.
num mee vite sors
stat ritu prospero?
quam soli confero,
repugnat tenero!

{{@*@.|10.}}Huic me corde flagrante
nosco intricatum,
cuius nutu me versante
et ad votum conspirante
me fero beatum.

{{@*@.|11a.}}Aptiorem,
dulciorem
nollem reperire,
quam elegi,
mee legi
si dat subvenire.

{{@*@.|11b.}}Plus amarem,
plus optarem
sui verbi dona,
quam si mundi
† vi iocundi
fungerer corona.

{{@*@.|12.}}. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

{{@*@.|13a.}}Sed primum exaltandus est
risus clarificatus,
a quo Iovis secundus est,
michi significatus.

{{@*@.|13b.}}Effectum si non invenit,
ut me velit amare,
pie rogo, quod convenit:
me queat tolerare.

{{@*@.|13c.}}Sed si nos, Discordia,
tuo more disponis,
mutabo iam primordia
mee professionis.

{{@*@.|14.}}Ergo, nitidior sidere,
respice, si me vis vivere!
nam flores constat emergere;
tuo me solatum federe
da ludere!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est longa et elaborata [[poësis]] amatoria, in qua poëta dotes amatae celebrat et suum [[dolor]]em ob [[amor]]em exprimit. Textus invocatione ad [[Musae|Pierides]] et [[Apollo|Phoebum]] incipit, artem poëticam cum [[ver]]no tempore et nectare amoris connectens, more [[Goliardia|goliardico]] usitato.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum per varias strophas procedit, ubi auctor pulchritudinem virginis cum figuris [[Mythologia|mythologicis]] et biblicis comparat, velut [[Absalon|Absalone]], [[Helena|Tyndaride]], et [[Daphne (mythologia)|Peneide]]. Poëta inter spem et desperationem (“desolatio”) vacillat, auxilium a [[Venus (dea)|Cypride]] vel gratia amatae petens, ut tristitia pellatur. Structura [[Metrum (poësis)|metrica]] est varia et ingeniosa, multas mutationes [[Rhythmus|rhythmicas]] praebens quae ad usum musicum in recitatione spectare videntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen amatorium, licet nonnumquam repetitionibus abundet, argumentum praecipuum de praestantia amatae erga amantem evolvit. Secundum morem litterarum finis amoris, amanti necesse est dominam colere eique oboedire, quae vicissim risu, nutu vel superbia animum amantis afficere potest. Haec experientia amatoria non solum affectus movet, sed, item ut in doctrina amoris comitis usitatum est, rem evadit ad nobilitationem [[Spiritualitas|spiritualem]] assequendam. In amatae praestantia describenda, poëta elementis utitur tum ex mundo [[Feudalismus|feudali]] sumptis, sicut appellatione “dax” (quae vocabulo Proventiali “midons” respondet), tum ex traditione religiosa, ut patet in vocibus “mira caritas” et “largitas” vel in ipsius mulieris condicione paene superhumana.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p262-263&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 262–263.&lt;/ref&gt;

In prooemio, invocatio [[Musae (deae)|Musarum]], Iovis et [[Mnemosyne|Mnemosynes]] filiarum, munus poëticae inspirationis extollit. Auctor praeterea ad poëtas [[Poësis lyrica|lyricos]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Teos|Teios|en|qid=Q17586}} alludit, quorum exemplar est [[Anacreon]], quem iam [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus|Horatius]] et [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidius]] amorum cantorem celebraverunt. Spes amantis, de qua in textu agitur, ad illud obsequium refertur quo vir dominae servit, exspectans ut suum ministerium ab ea accipiatur. Pulchritudo mulieris insuper per comparationes illustres effertur: ea namque formosior dicitur [[Absalon|Absalone]], cuius venustas in [[Liber II Samuelis|Libro Secundo Samuelis]] laudatur, atque ipsa [[Helena]] Troiana, quae per totum [[Medium aevum]] symbolum pulchritudinis habebatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p262-263&quot; /&gt;

Mythologicae figurae qualis [[Daphne]] carmen complent, dum imago risūs dominae, qui animum serenat, ex auctoritate [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilii]] et [[Martianus Capella|Martiani Capellae]] trahitur, ubi risus Iovis caelum tempestatesque tranquillat. Denique poëta asseverat suum statum animi ex dominae voluntate pendere: si amor mutuus evaderet, carminis initium ipsi esset mutandum, quum gaudium primum declaratum cum dolore praesenti pugnaturum esset.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p262-263&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lores|Dum Diane vitrea}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Dum Diane vitrea
sero lampas oritur
et a fratris rosea
luce dum succenditur,
dulcis aura zephyri
spirans omnes etheri
nubes tollit;
sic emollit
vis chordarum pectora
et immutat
cor, quod nutat
ad amoris pignora.

{{@*@.|2.}}Letum iubar Hesperi
gratiorem
dat humorem
roris soporiferi
mortalium generi.

{{@*@.|3.}}O quam felix est antidotum soporis,
quod curarum tempestates sedat et doloris!
dum surrepit clausis oculorum poris,
ipsum gaudio equiperat dulcedini amoris.

{{@*@.|4.}}Morphëus in mentem
trahit impellentem
ventum lenem segetes maturas,
murmura rivorum per harenas puras,
circulares ambitus molendinorum,
qui furantur somno lumen oculorum.

{{@*@.|5.}}Post blanda Veneris commercia
lassatur cerebri substantia.
hinc caligant mira novitate
oculi nantes in palpebrarum rate.
hei, quam felix transitus amoris ad soporem,
sed suavior regressus ad amorem!

{{@*@.|6.}}Ex alvo leta fumus evaporat,
qui capitis tres cellulas irrorat;
hic infumat oculos
ad soporem pendulos
et palpebras sua fumositate
replet, ne visus exspatietur late.
unde ligant oculos virtutes animales,
que sunt magis vise ministeriales.

{{@*@.|7.}}Fronde sub arboris amena,
dum querens canit philomena,
suave est quiescere,
suavius ludere
in gramine
cum virgine
speciosa.
si variarum
odor herbarum
spiraverit,
si dederit
torum rosa,
dulciter soporis alimonia
post Veneris defessa commercia
captatur,
dum lassis instillatur.

{{@*@.|8.}}O in quantis
animus amantis
variatur vacillantis!
ut vaga ratis per equora,
dum caret ancora,
fluctuat inter spem metumque dubia
sic Veneris militia.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, inter pulcherrima carmina amatoria numeratum, de nocte, somno, et amore canit, cum mundus naturae cum affectibus humanis commiscetur. Poëta ortum lunae ([[Diana|Dianae]]) et gratum soporem describit qui post lassitudinem amoris oculos claudit, [[Physiologia|physiologiam]] [[Medium aevum|mediaevalem]] de fumo cerebri et cellulis capitis commemorans.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

In secunda parte, carmen ad sphaeram voluptatis vertitur, ubi requies sub arbore cum virgine et cantus [[Philomela|philomenae]] laudantur. Denique, instabilitas animi amantis rati sine [[ancora]] comparatur, quae in mari dubio fluctuat, quod [[Thema (litterae)|thema]] est frequentissimum in poësi [[Goliardia|goliardica]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, inter celeberrima litterarum Latinarum [[medium aevum|medii aevi]] habitum, vires somni recreatrices subtili stilo extollit. Ob structuram [[Rhythmus|rhythmicam]] et argumentum, docti viri hoc opus nonnumquam [[Petrus Abaelardus|Petro Abaelardo]] adtribuere, eique similem paraphrasim in carmine {{comp|CXCVII|“Centensimo nonagensimo septimo”}} invenimus. Textus per multiplices [[Figura dicendi|figuras rhetoricas]] explicatur, inter quas imago “lampadis Dianae” eminet, quae ad [[luna]]m a radiis [[sol]]aribus collustratam spectat. Haec [[metaphora]] [[Lucretius|Lucretianum]] illud de sole “rosea lampade lucente” memorat. Mythologicae rationes [[Diana]]m et [[Apollo|Apollinem]], solem scilicet, ut fratres e [[Iuppiter|Iove]] et [[Latona]] genitos exhibent, unde lunae lumen a fraterna luce pendere dicitur. Sub noctis adventum, stella [[Venus (planeta)|Veneris]] nomine Vesperi inducitur, dum somnus ipse gradatim in ocellos obrepit. Quae descriptio [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidianum]] colorem sapit, qui in {{Op|[[Fasti (Ovidius)|Fastis]]}} de blanda quiete furtim victis ocellis obrepente cecinit. Denique [[Somnus (deus)|Morpheus]] invocatur, somniorum deus in {{Op|[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphosibus]]}} descriptus, ut quietis humanae moderator et interpres.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 263.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Olim sudor Herculis</title>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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{{lores|Olim sudor Herculis}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1a.}}Olim sudor Herculis,
monstra late conterens,
pestes orbis auferens,
claris longe titulis
enituit;
sed tandem defloruit
fama prius celebris,
cecis clausa tenebris,
Ioles illecebris
Alcide captivato.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor fame meritum
deflorat,
amans tempus perditum
non plorat,
sed temere
diffluere
sub Venere
laborat.

{{@*@.|1b.}}Hydra damno capitum
facta locupletior,
omni peste sevior,
reddere sollicitum
non potuit,
quem puella domuit.
iugo cessit Veneris
vir, qui maior superis
celum tulit humeris
Atlante fatigato.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor fame meritum
deflorat,
amans tempus perditum
non plorat,
sed temere
diffluere
sub Venere
laborat.

{{@*@.|2a.}}Caco tristis halitus
et flammarum vomitus
vel fuga Nesso duplici
non profuit;
Geryon Hesperius
ianitorque Stygius,
uterque forma triplici
non terruit,
quem captivum tenuit
risu puella simplici.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor fame meritum
deflorat,
amans tempus perditum
non plorat,
sed temere
diffluere
sub Venere
laborat.

{{@*@.|2b.}}Jugo cessit tenero,
somno qui letifero
horti custodem divitis
implicuit,
frontis Acheloie
cornu dedit Copie,
apro, leone domitis
enituit,
Thraces equos imbuit
cruenti cede hospitis.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor fame meritum
deflorat,
amans tempus perditum
non plorat,
sed temere
diffluere
sub Venere
laborat.

{{@*@.|3a.}}Antei Libyci
luctam sustinuit,
casus sophistici
fraudes cohibuit,
cadere dum vetuit;
sed qui sic explicuit
lucte nodosos nexus,
vincitur et vincitur,
dum labitur
magna Iovis soboles
ad Ioles
amplexus.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor fame meritum
deflorat,
amans tempus perditum
non plorat,
sed temere
diffluere
sub Venere
laborat.

{{@*@.|3b.}}Tantis floruerat
laborum titulis,
quem blandis carcerat
puella vinculis.
et dum lambit osculis,
nectar huic labellulis
Venereum propinat;
vir solutus otiis
Venereis
laborum memoriam
et gloriam
inclinat.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor fame meritum
deflorat,
amans tempus perditum
non plorat,
sed temere
diffluere
sub Venere
laborat.

{{@*@.|4a.}}Sed Alcide fortior
aggredior
pugnam contra Venerem.
ut superem
hanc, fugio;
in hoc enim prelio
fugiendo fortius
et melius
pugnatur,
sicque Venus vincitur:
dum fugitur,
fugatur.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor fame meritum
deflorat,
amans tempus perditum
non plorat,
sed temere
diffluere
sub Venere
laborat.

{{@*@.|4b.}}Dulces nodos Veneris
et carceris
blandi seras resero,
de cetero
ad alia
dum traducor studia.
o Lycori, valeas
et voveas,
quod vovi:
ab amore spiritum
sollicitum
removi.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Amor fame meritum
deflorat,
amans tempus perditum
non plorat,
sed temere
diffluere
sub Venere
laborat.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] adscriptum, exemplum praeclarum est poësis [[Goliardia|goliardicae]] ubi [[mythologia]] classica cum argumentis eroticis miscetur. Per seriem [[Labores Herculis|laborum]] [[Hercules|Herculis]] (sicut clades [[Hydra Lernaea|Hydrae]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cacus|Caci|en|qid=Q754686}}, et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Geryon|Geryonis|en|qid=Q86805}}), poëta demonstrat quomodo [[heros]] invictus, qui caelum umeris sustinuit, tandem ab amore [[Iole|Ioles]] domitus sit. Carmen [[Allegoria|allegorice]] docet [[Venus (dea)|Venerem]] fortissimos viros vincere posse, famam eorum obscurantem.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

In parte finali, poëta modum proponit quo haec servitus vitari possit: non vi, sed fuga (“dum fugitur, fugatur”), concludens cum vale dicto ad Lycoridem et reditu ad studia severiora. Structura [[Metrum (poësis)|metrica]] cum strophis et [[Versus intercalaris|responsorio]] (''refrain'') ad usum musicum et [[Rhythmus|rhythmicum]] spectat, memoriam gloriamque laborum carnali voluptate vinci ostendens.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
Analysim [[Palaeographia|paleographicam]] carminis—quod est sequentia sive conductus in quattuor paribus stropharum cum carmine intercalari distributus—fontes manu scripti varii et praestantissimi praebent. Inter codices maximi momenti enumerantur Codex Buranus ([[Bibliotheca publica Bavarica]], Clm 4660), codex [[Cantabrigia|Cantabrigiensis]] (Corpus Christi College, Ff.1.17.1), necnon codex [[Florentia|Florentinu]]s (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Pluteus 29.1), qui hoc carmen cum notis musicis servant. Ex parte graphica, [[melodia]] eandem structuram pro binis strophis sequitur, dum carmen intercalare post unamquamque stropham repetitur. [[Notatio musica|Notatio]] in his libris manu scriptis, praesertim in codice Florentino et Cantabrigiensi, systema [[Neuma|neumularum]] exhibet quae cursum melodiae regunt. Inest huic carmini motus quidam qui plerumque binarius sive [[Trochaeus|trochaicus]] videtur, ubi neumae binis sonis compositae, sicut clives, saepissime in [[Ictus (metricus)|ictibus]] fortioribus rhythmicis collocantur. Distinctio quaedam in tertia stropha animadvertitur, ubi quattuor versus priores structuram ternariam praebent, contra reliquam textus partem quae nuclei quattuor [[syllaba|syllabarum]] sequitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-63&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Olim sudor Herculis (cb 63)
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| domus editoria = Examen apium
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/063olim.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Investigatio melismatum in hoc conductu momentum habet, sicut in melismate introductorio patet, quod est elementum palaeographicum densum et ad interpretationem rhythmicam necessarium. Quamvis melodiae quattuor stropharum inter se structuras recurrentes non plane demonstrent, macrostructurae internae ex congruentia inter textum poëticum et notationem musicam oriuntur. Haec elementa palaeographica non solum altitudinem sonorum, sed etiam pondus syllabarum et modum prolationis indicant, item ut in studiis de [[notatio musica|notatione]] [[Schola Nostrae Dominae|Nostrae Dominae]] vel in fragmentis Oxoniensibus (Bodleian Library, Auct.6Q.3.17) observari potest, ubi fragmenta amensuralia vel modalia diversas traditiones exscribendi testantur. Insuper [[glossa]]e marginales, ut illa in codice B reperta, nexum inter disciplinam moralem et usum musicum in contextu clericali [[saeculum 13|saeculi XIII]] sublineant.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-63&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Quocumque more motu</title>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
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{{lores|Quocumque more motu}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flow-root&quot;&gt;
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Quocumque more motu volvuntur tempora,
eadem fretus eucrasi pulso tympana.

{{@*@.|2a.}}Seu Philogeus in imis moretur,
aut Euricteus solito vernali femine rubens notetur,
vel dum coruscus Acteon estivo lumine repletur,
sive Lampas radians autumni copia ditetur:
ab uno semper numine michi salus debetur.

{{@*@.|2b.}}Brevi spectata Basythea immisit,
quod expectata tempore tanto Euryale tandem subrisit.
sola Euphrosyne strictrici emula fautrix michi sit,
cui Dione nudula per quandam dulciter arrisit!
nam allotheta cecinit hoc carmen, quod promisit.

{{@*@.|3a.}}Cypris barbata gaudeat occultu
iam renovata maturo tumultu!
virgo dudum femine habitum mentita,
nec fallit in virgine Veneris perita.
nomine pudico palliat Venereum libamen,
provida, ne palam ebulliat experte rei famen.
devirginata tamen non horruit, cum iteravit nature luctamen.

{{@*@.|3b.}}Fautor sis, Paris, Veneris agonis!
Venus, fruaris amplexibus Adonis!
myrtum libans Indicam fanis Citheronis
testem ponam pedicam mee conditionis.
Delio liberior immobili non superor cohorte.
spes lassam rem impulit, dum nobili fruar tori consorte.
nec admittetur forte; nam intra seram militavi virginalis porte.

{{@*@.|4a.}}Pallerem, nisi me veteri miranda decore virgo probaret;
{{@*@.|4b.}}Marcerem, nisi spe Veneri fuscata timore me stimularet.

{{@*@.|5a.}}Inclita res ita cognita, perdita dat michi fata; namque rogavi,
{{@*@.|5b.}}Cui pia basia, dulcia, suavia, congeminata multiplicavi.

{{@*@.|6a.}}Hac bibo pocula vite, hoc decus est michi mite,
{{@*@.|6b.}}Que satis est michi culta, obvia secula multa.

{{@*@.|7a.}}Sat modo mature sum confessus eam;
{{@*@.|7b.}}† Claudit opus dure, dum complector eam.

{{@*@.|8a.}}Gratia letitie iure cupita,
{{@*@.|8b.}}Moribus et facie tam redimita,

{{@*@.|9a.}}Flosculo presignis, dote leporis,
{{@*@.|9b.}}Foveat me signis dulcis amoris!

{{@*@.|10a.}}Hoc memor corde serva, quod te mea Minerva
nunc prudens, nunc proterva multiformis hactenus declarat harmonia:
prosa, versu, satira psallens et rhythmachia
te per orbem intonat scolaris symphonia.

{{@*@.|10b.}}Siquis versat, quod verso, amans et e converso
corde nichil diverso petat, optet, supplicet, ut duret amor meus,
ego vicem replicans non ero fraudis reus,
ut tali freto federe sit annus iubileus!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est compositio [[Metrum (poësis)|polymetrica]] et perdocta, in qua poëta firmitatem animi sui contra varietates temporum et fortunam mutabilem declarat. Per multas [[allegoria|allegorias]] [[Mythologia|mythologicas]], quae ad quattuor anni tempora et ad figuras sicut [[Venus (dea)|Venerem]], [[Paris (heros)|Paridem]], et [[Adonis|Adonidem]] spectant, auctor gaudium amoris celebrat fontem salutis et vitae. Textus praecipue ob usum [[Terminus technicus|terminorum technicorum]] et Graecismorum eminet (velut “eucrasia”, “allotheta”, “rhythmachia”), qui doctrinam [[Scholastica (philosophia)|scholasticam]] et artem poëticam [[Goliardia|goliardicam]] demonstrant.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

In ultima parte, carmen se ipsum definit “scholarem symphoniam”, ubi [[Minerva]] (sapientia) et Venus (amor) in unum conveniunt. Poëta invocat communionem spiritūs inter amantes, sperans foedus amoris, annis [[Iubilaeus|iubilaeis]] comparandum, perpetuum fore, dum artem suam poëticam per orbem diffundit.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen doctum argumenta de temporis cursu, rerum vicissitudine et amore erotico tractat.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p-120&quot;&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 120.&lt;/ref&gt; Textus magni momenti habetur ad historiam litterarum investigandam, cum definitionem formalem “[[Satura|saturae]]” praebeat, quae genus mixtum seu [[prosimetrum]] intellegitur. In extrema parte operis, “scholarium chorus” Venerem celebrat “multiformi harmoniā” usus, quae [[prosa|prosam]], metrum et saturam confundit (“prosa, versu, satira psallens et rhythmachia”).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 120–121.&lt;/ref&gt; Opus culturam [[Clerus|clericalem]] illius aetatis refert, qua Minerva (sapientia) et Venus (amor) sicut duo cardines existimabantur, inter quos vita {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|doctus|litterati|en|qid=Q58968}} in mundo sublunari versabatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p-120&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A globo veteri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324464</id>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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{{lores|A globo veteri}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXVII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1a.}}A globo veteri
cum rerum faciem
traxissent superi
mundique seriem
prudens explicuit
et texuit
Natura,
iam preconceperat,
quod fuerat
factura.

{{@*@.|1b.}}Que causas machine
mundane suscitans,
de nostra virgine
iam dudum cogitans
Plus hanc excoluit,
plus prebuit
honoris,
dans privilegium
et pretium
laboris.

{{@*@.|2a.}}In hac pre ceteris
totius operis
Nature lucet opera.
tot munera
nulli favoris contulit,
sed extulit
hanc ultra cetera.

{{@*@.|2b.}}Et, que puellulis
avara singulis
solet partiri singula:
huic sedula
impendit copiosius
et plenius
forme munuscula.

{{@*@.|3a.}}Nature studio
longe venustata,
contendit lilio
rugis non crispata
frons nivea.
simplices siderea
luce micant ocelli.

{{@*@.|3b.}}Omnes amantium
trahit in se visus,
spondens remedium
verecunda risus
lascivia.
arcus supercilia
discriminant gemelli.

{{@*@.|4a.}}Ab utriusque luminis
confinio
moderati libraminis
iudicio
naris eminentia
producitur venuste
quadam temperantia:
nec nimis erigitur
nec premitur
iniuste.

{{@*@.|4b.}}Allicit verbis dulcibus
et osculis,
castigate tumentibus
labellulis,
roseo nectareus
odor infusus ori.
pariter eburneus
sedet ordo dentium
par nivium
candori.

{{@*@.|5a.}}Certant nivi, micant lene
pectus, mentum, colla, gene;
sed, ne candore nimio
evanescant in pallorem,
precastigat hunc candorem
rosam maritans lilio
prudentior Natura,
ut ex his fiat aptior
et gratior
mixtura.

{{@*@.|5b.}}Rapit michi me Coronis,
privilegiata donis
et Gratiarum flosculis.
nam Natura, dulcioris
alimenta dans erroris,
dum in stuporem populis
hanc omnibus ostendit,
in risu blando retia
Veneria
tetendit.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] attributum, de creatione [[puella]]e perfectae (nomine Coronis&lt;ref&gt;In mythologia Graeca inter alias Coronis fuit nomen [[Gratiae|Gratiarum]] matris.&lt;/ref&gt;) narrat, quam [[natura]] ipsa summo studio ex globosa mundi origine formavit. [[Poëta]] singulas [[corpus|corporis]] carissimae virginis partes, sicut frontem, [[oculus|oculos]], [[nares]], et [[dens|dentes]], eleganti stilo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|cosmographia|cosmographico|en|qid=Q631942}} describit, modum ostendens quo [[numen|divina prudentia]] omnia dona [[pulchritudo|pulchritudinis]] in hanc unam [[mulier]]em contulerit.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

In contextu litterario, carmen argumenta [[philosophia|philosophica]] de [[vis|vi]] creativa {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Mater Natura|Naturae|en|qid=Q1402540}} cum verbis [[amor|amatoriis]] coniungit, ubi puella non solum amata, sed summum [[cosmogonia|creationis mundanae]] opus videatur. [[Venus (dea)|Venus]] denique per risum puellae insidias amantibus parat, quas carmen ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|erotismus|ardorem amoris|en|qid=Q3519050}} et ad [[goliardus|goliardicam iocunditatem]] plene reducit.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
Analysim [[Palaeographia|palaeographicam]] carminis fontes manuscripti tres praecipue praebent: Codex Buranus (B), codex Arundel 384 (A) et codex Laurentianus (F, Pluteus 29.1). In codice Laurentiano, hoc carmen in folio 446v reperitur, quamquam stropha ultima caret; hic codex, qui inter maximos fontes musicae saeculi XIII numeratur, [[Notatio musica|notationem musicam]] per totum versum folii extendit, sed lacuna in fine fasciculi decimi suspicionem de deperditis foliis movet. Econtra, Codex Buranus (B), licet musicis notis careat, spatia vacua pro melismatis vocalizandis (exempli gratia in versibus i.1/5 et ii.2/6) reliquit, quod usum canendi et structuram melismaticam in mente scriptoris fuisse demonstrat. Haec spatia in codice F cum notis musicis congruunt, ubi melismata densiora in primis partibus stropharum exarata sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-a-globo-veteri-cb-67&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = A globo veteri (cb 67)
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| lingua = it
	| domus editoria = Examen apium
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/067aglobo.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Structura musica huius sequentiae super alternationem stropharum (a et b) aedificatur, ubi eadem [[melodia]] pro binis strophis repetitur. Investigatio rhythmica ostendit totum brano secundum andante binarium procedere, quod ex congruentia inter accentus tonicos textus et positiones notationis videri potest. [[Accentus (poësis)|Accentus]] fortes, qui in finibus [[Rima (poësis)|rimatis]] inveniuntur, craticulae [[Rhythmus|rhythmicae]] fundamentum constituunt, ubi distantia inter hos [[Ictus (metricus)|ictus]] numquam quattuor [[Syllaba|syllabis]] minor aut octo maior invenitur. Haec regularitas sinit unitates rhythmicas (quasi mensuras) quattuor syllabarum agnosci, quae parallelismos inter varias frases melodicas efficiunt. Notatio in codice F, quamvis non mensuralis secundum artem posteriorem, per ductum [[Neuma|neumularum]] et dispositionem melismatum hunc rhythmum [[trochaeus|trochaicum]] sublineat, praesertim in versibus longioribus ubi pondus syllabarum cum motu melodiae cohaeret.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-a-globo-veteri-cb-67&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saturni sidus lividum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324465</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995816</id>
      <parentid>3991455</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T11:46:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3171" sha1="nh4l5s3zxvbykxvai1l22vyktezashq" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
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{{lores|Saturni sidus lividum}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXVIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Saturni sidus lividum Mercurio micante
fugatur ab Apolline Risum Iovis nudante;
redit ab exilio ver coma rutilante.

{{@*@.|2.}}Cantu nemus avium
lascivia canentium
suave delinitur,
fronde redimitur;
vernant spine floribus
micantibus,
signantibus
Venerem, quia spina pungit, flos blanditur.

{{@*@.|3.}}Mater Venus subditis amori
dulcia
stipendia
copia
largiri delectatur uberiori.

{{@*@.|4.}}Dulcis aura Zephyri
spirans ab occidente
Iovis favet sideri
alacriori mente,
Aquilonem carceri
Eolo nolente
deputans; sic ceteri
glaciales spiritus diffugiunt repente.
redit calor etheri,
dum caligo nubium rarescit Sole Taurum tenente.

{{@*@.|5.}}Sic beati spes, halitus fiagrans oris tenelli,
dum acclinat basium,
scindit nubem omnium
curarum; sed avelli
nescit, ni congressio sit arcani medica duelli.

{{@*@.|6.}}Felix hora huius duelli,
cui contingit nectar adunare melli!
quam felix unio,
cuius suavitatis poculo
sopiuntur sensus et ocelli!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, quod ad sectionem amatoriam pertinet, reditum [[ver]]is cum [[Mythologia|mythologicis]] et [[Astrologia|astrologicis]] imaginibus celebrat. [[Poëta]] describit quomodo frigus [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturni]] et hiemis ab [[Apollo|Apolline]] (sole) fugetur, dum natura refloret et aves rursus canunt. [[Metaphora]] spinae et floris adhibetur ad naturam duplicem Veneris indicandam, quae simul pungit et blanditur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

In secunda parte, carmen ad sphaeram humanam et eroticam transit, ubi aura [[Zephyrus|Zephyri]] et calor solis in [[Taurus (astrologia)|signo Tauri]] amantes fovent. Ultimae strophae momentum coniunctionis amatoriae efferunt, quod quasi dulce “[[duellum]]” describitur, ubi oscula et unio corporum curas mentis delent et sensūs in beatitudine sopiunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>nh4l5s3zxvbykxvai1l22vyktezashq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Estas in exilium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995817</id>
      <parentid>3991478</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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{{lores|Estas in exilium}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXIX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Estas in exilium
iam peregrinatur,
leto nemus avium
cantu viduatur,
pallet viror frondium,
campus defloratur.
exaruit,
quod floruit,
quia felicem statum nemoris
vis frigoris
sinistra denudavit
et ethera silentio
turbavit,
exilio
dum aves relegavit.

{{@*@.|2.}}Sed amorem,
qui calorem
nutrit, nulla vis frigoris valet attenuare,
sed ea riformare
studet, que corruperat brume torpor. amare
crucior,
morior
vulnere, quo glorior.
eia, si me sanare
uno vellet osculo,
que cor felici iaculo
gaudet vulnerare!

{{@*@.|3.}}Lasciva, blandi risus,
omnes in se trahit visus.
labia
Veneria
tumentia
—sed castigate—dant errorem
leniorem,
dum dulcorem
instillant, favum mellis, osculando,
ut me mortalem negem aliquando.
leta frons tam nivea,
lux oculorum aurea,
cesaries subrubea,
manus vincentes lilia
me trahunt in suspiria.
rideo,
cum video
cuncta tam elegantia,
tam regia,
tam suavia,
tam dulcia.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen ad secundam sectionem codicis, scilicet ad carmina amatoria, pertinet et argumentum tractat transitūs a [[aestas|tempore aestivo]] ad [[hiems|hiemem]]. Poëta describit naturam quae, adventu frigoris, vigore et avium cantu privatur, metaphora exilii utens ad declinationem mundi naturalis significandam.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

Attamen, contra rigorem hiemis, auctor vires Amoris extollit, qui solus calorem in corde fovere potest. In parte finali, carmen in laudem pulchritudinis mulieris vertitur, ubi singulae partes corporis (labia, frons, oculi, manus) subtili stilo celebrantur, usque ad statum exstasis ubi amans se mortalem esse negat.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen singulari proprietate distinguitur, quum exordium a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|bruma||en|qid=Q207932}} sumat ut deinde invictam Amoris vim per omnia tempora rerumque condiciones efferat. Hiems enim inducitur non finis, sed [[scena]], qua rursus potentia cupiditatis eluceat. Tertia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha||en|qid=Q207804}} in laudem amatae tota vertitur, quae secundum rationem litterariam illorum carminum, quae vulgo “plazer” dicuntur, exornatur. Similis hiemalis descriptio, quae argumentum introducit, etiam in [[Sevit aure spiritus|carmine octogesimo tertio]] inveniri potest.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Poëta se vulnere mori profitetur, cuius tamen plaga ei gloriae est. Haec conditio amantis, quae spiritualem auctoris dignitatem constituit, saepe cum mortis angore comparatur, ut paradoxon doloris delectatissimi exprimatur. Ita passio carnalis in experientiam paene mysticam vertitur, ubi cruciatus et triumphus idem valere videntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p265&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Estatis florigero tempore</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324467</id>
    <revision>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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{{lores|Estatis florigero tempore}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 56–70
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Estatis florigero tempore
sub umbrosa residens arbore,
avibus canentibus in nemore,
sibilante serotino frigore,
mee Thisbes adoptato fruebar eloquio,
colloquens de Veneris blandissimo commercio.

{{@*@.|2.}}Eius vultus,
forma, cultus
pre puellis,
ut sol stellis,
sic prelucet.
o inducet
hanc nostra ratio,
ut dignetur suo nos beare consortio?

{{@*@.|3.}}Nil ergo restat satius,
quam cecam mentis flammam denudare diffusius.
audaces fortuna iuvat penitus.
his ergo sit introitus:

{{@*@.|4a.}}«Ignem cecum sub pectore
longo depasco tempore,
qui vires miro robore
toto diffundit corpore.

{{@*@.|4b.}}Quem tu sola, percipere
si vis, potes extinguere,
. . meum semivivere
felici ligans federe.»

{{@*@.|4c.}}«Amoris spes est dubia,
aut verax aut contraria.
amanti necessaria
virtutis est constantia.

{{@*@.|5a.}}Pre ceteris virtutibus est patientia
amoris famulantia.

{{@*@.|5b.}}Sed et ignem, qui discurrit per precordia,
fax extinguat alia!

{{@*@.|5c.}}Noster amor non furtiva, non fragilia
amplexatur gaudia.»

{{@*@.|6a.}}«Ignis, quo crucior,
immo quo glorior,
ignis est invisibilis.

{{@*@.|6b.}}Si non extinguitur,
a qua succenditur,
manet inextinguibilis.

{{@*@.|7a.}}Est ergo tuo munere
me mori vel me vivere.

{{@*@.|7b.}}«Quid refert pro re pendula
vite pati pericula?

{{@*@.|8a.}}Est pater, est mater,
est frater, qui quater
die me pro te corripiunt,

{{@*@.|8b.}}Et vetulas per cellulas
et iuvenes per speculas
deputantes nos custodiunt;

{{@*@.|9.}}Argumque centioculum
plus tremo quam patibulum.

{{@*@.|10.}}Est ergo dignum
virum benignum
vitare signum,
unde malignum
murmur cursitat per populum.»

{{@*@.|11a.}}«Times in vanum!
tam est arcanum,
quod nec Vulcanum
curo cum sophisticis catenis.

{{@*@.|11b.}}Stilbontis more
Letheo rore
Argum sopore
premam, oculis clausis centenis.»

{{@*@.|12a.}}«In trutina mentis dubia
fluctuant contraria
lascivus amor et pudicitia.

{{@*@.|12b.}}† Sed eligo, quod video:
collum iugo prebeo,
ad iugum tamen suave transeo.»

{{@*@.|13.}}«Non bene dixeris
iugum secretum Veneris,
quo nil liberius,
nil dulcius, nil melius.

{{@*@.|14a.}}O quam dulcia
sunt hec gaudia!
Veneris furta sunt pia.

{{@*@.|14b.}}Ergo propera
ad hec munera!
carent laude dona sera.»

{{@*@.|15.}}«Dulcissime!
totam subdo tibi me.»&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria [[codex|codicis]] positum, est [[dialogus]] inter amatorem et [[puella]]m, quem [[poëta]] incipit sub arbore [[ver]]na more {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|topos|topico|en|qid=Q15177520}} ''loci amoeni''. Ipse caecum [[amor]]is [[ignis|ignem]] describit et auxilium puellae invocat, dum illa [[periculum|pericula]] et custodes (patrem, matrem, centoculum [[Argus (gigas)|Argum]]) timet, denique inter pudicitiam et lasciviam dubitans ad amorem vincendum concedit.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum carminis certamen inter [[ratio|rationem]] et passionem explicat, ubi amator audaciam laudat et puellam ad gaudia [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] invitans omnes difficultates superat. In fine, puella se totam amanti dedit, quod significat victoriam amoris super [[metus|metum]] socialem et severitatem familiarem, stilo [[Goliardia|goliardico]] pleno proprium.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-56-70&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen inter elegantissima colloquia amatoria poësis Latinae medii aevi numeratur, in quo praecepta [[psychologia]]e amoris comiter expressa inveniuntur. Argumentum exspectationem gaudii erotici tractat, dum amantem monet ut constans ac virtute praeditus maneat. Affectus interior hic videtur medium nobilitationis animi, sed simul necessitas servandi silentii extollitur, ut invidia et malevolentia aliorum vitentur. Nomina [[persona]]rum, velut Thisbe, ex traditione [[Ovidius|Ovidiana]] sumuntur, quae fabulam tragicam [[Pyramus et Thisbe|Pyrami et Thisbes]] in {{Op|[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphosibus]]}} narratam revocant.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p266&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 266.&lt;/ref&gt;

Locus communis “caeci ignis”, quo regina [[Dido]] in {{Op|[[Aeneis|Aeneide]]}} [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergiliana]] ardet, hic quoque adhibetur ad vim amoris occultam describendam. Auctor praeterea auctoritatem classicam sequitur affirmans [[Fortuna (dea)|Fortunam]] audaces iuvare, sicut in poësi Vergiliana et Ovidiana legitur. Spes autem amantis res incerta manet, secundum illud principium litterarum antiquarum, quo [[Venus (dea)|Venus]] dubia et instabilis praesentatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p266&quot; /&gt;

Secundum praecepta amoris comiter dicti, nimia voluptas amorem ipsum corrumpere potest, sicut [[Andreas Capellanus|Andreas Cappellanus]] in libro {{Op|[[De amore (Andreas Capellanus)|De amore]]}} explicat. Desiderium ergo, nisi ab ipsa puella quae id excitavit exstinguatur, perpetuum manet; quae imago ex [[Litterae mysticae|litteris mysticis]] trahitur, ubi desiderium divinum nonnisi in Deo quiescit. In textu apparet etiam admonitio familiarium, praesertim matris et patris, qui puellam custodiunt ne in pericula erotica incidat.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp266-267&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 266–267.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ad secretum servandum, poëta mythum [[Argus (gigas)|Argi]] memorat, monstri centum oculis praediti, et artem [[Vulcanus (deus)|Vulcani]], qui [[Mars (deus)|Martem]] et Venerem rete aeneo cepit. Amator se “novum [[Mercurius (deus)|Mercurium]]” praebet, qui soporem afferre scit item ut aqua [[Lethe|Lethes]] fluminis, quae apud [[Vergilius|Vergilium]] et [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidium]] [[somnus|somnum]] inducit. Denique, [[scriptor]] verbis [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelii secundum Matthaeum]] utitur ad “iugum suave” amoris describendum, dum “furta Veneris” secundum stilum Ovidianum memorat.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p267&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 267.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Axe Phebus aureo</title>
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{{lores|Axe Phebus aureo}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1a.}}Axe Phebus aureo
celsiora lustrat
et nitore roseo
radios illustrat.

{{@*@.|1b.}}Venustata Cybele
facie florente
florem nato Semele
dat Phebo favente.

{{@*@.|2a.}}Aurarum suavium
gratia iuvante
sonat nemus avium
voce modulante.

{{@*@.|2b.}}Philomena querule
Terea retractat,
dum canendo merule
carmina coaptat.

{{@*@.|3a.}}Iam Dionea
leta chorea
sedulo resonat cantibus horum,

{{@*@.|3b.}}Iamque Dione
iocis, agone
relevat, cruciat corda suorum.

{{@*@.|4a.}}Me quoque subtrahit illa sopori
invigilareque cogit amori.

{{@*@.|4b.}}Tela Cupidinis aurea gesto,
igne cremantia corda molesto.

{{@*@.|5a.}}Quod michi datur,
expaveo,
quodque negatur,
hoc aveo
mente severa.

{{@*@.|5b.}}Que michi cedit,
hanc caveo;
que non obedit,
huic faveo
sumque re vera

{{@*@.|6.}}Infelix, seu peream
seu relever per eam.
que cupit, hanc fugio,
que fugit, hanc cupio;
plus renuo debitum,
plus feror in vetitum;
plus licet illibitum,
plus libet illicitum.

{{@*@.|7a.}}O metuenda
Dione decreta!
o fugienda
venena secreta,
fraude verenda
doloque repleta,

{{@*@.|7b.}}Docta furoris
in estu punire,
quos dat amoris
amara subire,
plena livoris
urentis et ire!

{{@*@.|8a.}}Hinc michi metus
abundat,
hinc ora fletus
inundat,

{{@*@.|8b.}}Hinc michi pallor
in ore
est, quia fallor
amore.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria codicis repertum, descriptione mundi renovati incipit, ubi [[Sol (deus)|Phebus]], [[Cybele]] et [[Philomela]] (“Philomena”) reditum [[ver]]is et pulchritudinem naturae celebrant. Poëta autem hunc splendorem cum angore animi sui comparat, quia telis [[Cupido|Cupidinis]] percussus vigilare cogitur eique somnus eripitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum carminis ad [[Paradoxum|paradoxa]] amoris spectat, ubi amator ea quae sibi dantur expavet et ea quae negantur avet, in statu infelici inter desiderium et fugam positus. Dea [[Venus (dea)|Dione]] (Venus) quasi potestas metuenda apparet, quae amantibus non solum gaudia sed etiam venena, iram et pallorem affert, naturam contradictoriam passionis humanae more [[Goliardia|goliardico]] demonstrans.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, inter subtilissima totius sylloges quoad [[Psychologia|psychologiam]] spectat, exordio naturali late diffuso atque erudito incipit. Auctor aestus invicti amoris nunquamque satiati ita depingit, qui cruciatus tantus est, ut nonnulli [[philologia|philologi]] carmen [[Petrus Abaelardus|Petro Abaelardo]] tribuere voluerint. Primis duabus strophis, renovatio vernalis per peritissimam [[Metaphora|metaphoram]] canitur, ubi Cybele, dea telluris, cum [[Bacchus|Baccho]], [[Semele|Semeles]] filio, et Phoebo, mundi lumine, coniungitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p268&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 268.&lt;/ref&gt;

Argumentum mythologicum deinde per querelam Philomelae explicatur, quae [[Tereus|Tereo]] regi nefas admissum luget. Poëta enim ad fabulam Terei, [[Thracia|Thraciae]] regis, recurrit, qui cum Philomelae sorori, [[Procne]] nomine, vim intulisset, ultionem uxoris pessimam expertus est. Dii autem, scelere perterriti, omnes in aves commutaverunt, prout [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidius]] in libris {{Op|[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphoseon]]}} enarrat.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p268&quot; /&gt;

Insuper Cupido inducitur, qui aureis iaculis corda hominum ita transfigit ut amorem indomabilem suscitet, sicut in poësi Ovidiana legimus, ubi sagittae aureae amorem accendunt, plumbeae autem extinguunt. Ultimis denique strophis auctor argumentum ab Ovidii {{Op|[[Amores (Ovidius)|Amoribus]]}} repetit: id quod licet ingratum videtur, dum id quod non licet acrius urit. Sic poëta id quod se sequitur fugit, ut id quod fugit ipse sequitur, naturam amantis paradoxam his versibus plane ostendens.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p268&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
In [[Notatio musica|notatione]] carminis {{Op|Axe Phebus aureo}}, quod in [[Codex Buranus|Codice Burano]] (B) et codice Ebroicensi (E) servatur, elementa [[Palaeographia|palaeographica]] momentum peculiare ad intellegendam rationem inter textum et musicam habent. Analysis palaeographica patefacit quomodo mensura metrica, praesertim usus [[Dactylus|dactylicus]] in strophiis repertus, formam [[neuma|neumarum]] et earum exsecutionem in manuscriptis afficiat. Investigatio accentuum musicorum in hoc carmine demonstrat nexum criticum inter sonum et [[Orthographia|orthographiam]]: item ut apparet in prima stropha, variatio scripturae inter nomina propria ''Cybele'' et ''Semele'' (quae in codice B ut ''scibiles'' et ''similes'' exarantur) non est error fortuitus, sed effectus mutationis accentus a musica impositae. Palaeographia musica docet accentum verbalem proparoxytonum in his carminibus saepe ita flecti ut [[Ictus (metricus)|ictui]] [[Melodia|melodico]] obtemperet, quod adduxit scriptores [[medium aevum|medii aevi]] ad formas [[Phonetica|phoneticas]] notiores scribendas.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-axe-phebus-aureo-cb-71&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Axe Phebus aureo (CB 71)
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| lingua = it
	| domus editoria = Examen apium
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/071axephebus.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Structura melica in his fontibus, licet in codice B non semper plena lineis instructa sit, per distributionem [[Syllaba|syllabicam]] et [[ligatura|ligaturas]] cognoscitur. In strophis ubi versus dactylici (òooòo) praevalent, dispositio neumarum cursum [[Rhythmus|rhythmicum]] sustinet qui motum [[Saltatio|saltatorium]] vel choream Dionaeam, in textu memoratam, imitatur. Haec investigatio palaeographica non solum ad altitudinem tonorum spectat, sed ad graphicam repraesentatiónem durationis et accentūs, ubi ductus calami in manuscriptis antiquis intentionem rhythmicam auctoris servat. In carmine CB 71, congruentia inter metrum et musicam tam valida est ut ipsa palaeographia codicis sit quaedam clavis ad rectam lectionem [[Philologia|philologicam]] textūs restituendam, praesertim in partibus ubi sonus vocis formam scriptam vicit.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-axe-phebus-aureo-cb-71&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Grates ago Veneri</title>
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        <id>64423</id>
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{{lores|Grates ago Veneri}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1a.}}Grates ago Veneri,
que prosperi
michi risus numine
de virgine
mea gratum
et optatum
contulit tropheum.

{{@*@.|1b.}}Dudum militaveram,
nec poteram
hoc frui stipendio;
nunc sentio
me beari,
serenari
vultum Dioneum.

{{@*@.|2a.}}Visu, colloquio,
contactu, basio
frui virgo dederat;
sed aberat
linea posterior
et melior
amori.
quam nisi transiero,
de cetero
sunt, que dantur alia,
materia
furori.

{{@*@.|2b.}}Ad metam propero.
sed fletu tenero
mea me sollicitat,
dum dubitat
solvere virguncula
repagula
pudoris.
flentis bibo lacrimas
dulcissimas;
sic me plus inebrio,
plus haurio
fervoris.

{{@*@.|3a.}}Delibuta lacrimis
oscula plus sapiunt,
blandimentis intimis
mentem plus alliciunt.
ergo magis capior,
et acrior
vis flamme recalescit.
sed dolor Coronidis
se tumidis
exerit singultibus
nec precibus
mitescit.

{{@*@.|3b.}}Preces addo precibus
basiaque basiis;
fletus illa fletibus,
iurgia conviciis,
meque cernit oculo
nunc emulo,
nunc quasi supplicanti;
nam nunc lite dimicat,
nunc supplicat;
dumque prece blandior,
fit surdior
precanti.

{{@*@.|4a.}}Vim nimis audax infero.
hec ungue sevit aspero,
comas vellit,
vim repellit
strenua,
sese plicat
et intricat
genua,
ne ianua
pudoris resolvatur.

{{@*@.|4b.}}Sed tandem ultra milito,
triumphum do proposito.
per amplexus
firmo nexus,
brachia
eius ligo,
pressa figo
basia;
sic regia
Diones reseratur.

{{@*@.|5a.}}Res utrique placuit,
et me minus arguit
mitior amasia,
dans basia
mellita

{{@*@.|5b.}}Et subridens tremulis
semiclausis oculis,
veluti sub anxio
suspirio
sopita.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, sectioni amatoriae attributum et [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] adscriptum, victoriam eroticam amantis celebrat, qui post longam “militiam” tandem ad optatum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tropaeum|trophaeum|en|qid=Q381165}} pervenit. Poëta gradūs amoris (visum, colloquium, contactum, basium) describit, sed ultimam metam (lineam posteriorem) appetit, quae sola furorem sedare potest.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;/&gt;

Narratio per certamen [[Drama (fictio)|dramaticum]] procedit, quo puella, pudore mota, fletu et resistentia physica amantem repellit, usque ad victoriam finalem ubi vis amantis superat et res utrique placet. In fine, puella mitior facta gaudia [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] cum amasio participat, quod argumentum est creberrimum in poësi [[Goliardia|goliardica]] eroticis [[Metaphora|metaphoris]] referta.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;/&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, Petro Blesensi attributum, argumentum caritatis flagrantis atque eroticae tractat, ubi auctor locum communem militiae amoris evolvit, rationem pugnae [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] et [[caro|carnalis]] unā cum [[Ianus annum circinat|carmine LVI]] repetens. Poëta progressum amatoris per gradūs quinque amoris describit, quos iam [[Aelius Donatus]] in commentario ad [[Publius Terentius Afer|Terentii]] {{Op|[[Eunuchus (Terentius)|Eunuchum]]}} definierat: visum, allocutionem, tactum, osculum et denique coitum. Quae doctrina, in litteris medii aevi creberrima, hic ad experientiam lyricam redigitur, ubi puella amatori copiam sui primum per aspectum facit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p268&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 268.&lt;/ref&gt;

In secunda {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha||en|qid=Q207804}}, imago lacrimarum puellae a poëta bibitarum non solum ad affectum profundum pertinet, sed aperte memoriam [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidianam]] revocat. Hic locus enim cum {{Op|[[Tristia|Tristibus]]}} conferri potest, ubi Naso lacrimas in vultum cadentes una cum verbis fidis bibere se narrat. Ita Petrus Blesensis traditionem [[elegia|elegiacam]] classicam cum sensibilitate [[saeculum 12|XII saeculi]] coniungit, sermonem [[dactylus|dactylicum]] in formam [[Rhythmus|rhythmicam]] versūs transponens.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p268&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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	| sequens =
}}

{{lores|Clauso Cronos et serato}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti (probabiliter a [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] compositi), quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1a.}}Clauso Cronos et serato
carcere ver exit,
risu Iovis reserato
faciem detexit.

{{@*@.|1b.}}Coma celum rutilante
Cynthius emundat
et terrena mediante
aere fecundat.

{{@*@.|2a.}}Purpurato flore prato
ver tenet primatum,
ex argenti renitenti
specie renatum.

{{@*@.|2b.}}Iam odora Rheam Flora
chlamyde vestivit,
que ridenti et florenti
specie lascivit.

{{@*@.|3a.}}Vernant veris ad amena
thyma, rose, lilia.

{{@*@.|3b.}}His alludit philomena,
merops et luscinia.

{{@*@.|4a.}}Satyros hoc excitat
et Dryadum choreas,
redivivis incitat
hoc ignibus Napeas.

{{@*@.|4b.}}Hoc Cupido concitus,
hoc amor innovatur,
hoc ego sollicitus,
hoc michi me furatur.

{{@*@.|5.}}Ignem alo tacitum,
amo, nec ad placitum,
ut qui contra libitum
cupio prohibitum.
votis Venus meritum
rite facit irritum,
trudit in interitum,
quem rebar emeritum.

{{@*@.|6a.}}Si quis amans per amare mereri posset amari,
posset Amor michi velle mederi dando beari.

{{@*@.|6b.}}Quot faciles michi cerno medelas posse parari,
tot steriles ibi perdo querelas absque levari.

{{@*@.|7a.}}Imminet exitus igne vigente,
morte medullitus ossa tenente.

{{@*@.|7b.}}Quod caro predicat hec macilenta
hoc sibi vendicat usque perempta.

{{@*@.|8a.}}Dum mala sentio, summa malorum,
pectora saucia, plena furorum,
pellere semina nitor amorum.

{{@*@.|8b.}}Ast Venus artibus usa nefandis,
dum bene palliat aspera blandis,
unguibus attrahit omnia pandis.

{{@*@.|9.}}Parce dato pia, Cypris, agone,
et quia vincimur, arma repone,
et quibus es Venus, esto Dione!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, [[Petrus Blesensis|Petro Blesensi]] attributum, celeberrima descriptione veris incipit, ubi [[Saturnus (deus)|Saturnus]] ([[Cronos]]) ex carcere dimittitur et natura sub risu [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] reflorescit. Poëta hymnum verno tempore canit, [[Flora (dea)|Floram]], [[Rhea|Rheam]] et varias ditiones mythologicas invocans, velut [[Satyrus|Satyros]] et [[Dryades]], quae ad renovationem mundi concurrunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Attamen, post descriptionem [[Locus amoenus|loci amoeni]], argumentum ad cruciatum amantis vertitur, qui ignem tacitum fovet et a [[Venus (dea)|Venere]] punitur. Poëta de vanitate querelarum amatoriarum et de potentia Cupidinis dolet, denique deam precatur ut parcat victo et ex crudeli Venere in mitiorem Dionem mutetur, stilo eleganti et docto usus.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
In analysi [[Palaeographia|palaeographica]] sequentiae Latinae quae in tribus codicibus manu scriptis servatur, codex Sangallensis (Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 383) primas partes tenet utpote unicus fons qui plenam [[Notatio musica|notationem musicam]] praebet. Haec sequentia, e novem sectionibus musicis constans, singulare exemplum praebet evolutionis rhythmicae intra idem schema graphicum: observatur enim transitus a rhythmo binario, qui sectiones primas (i-vi) regit, ad rhythmum ternarium in sectionibus ultimis (viii-ix), per sectionem mediam (vii) quae formam hybridam exhibet. Palaeographia neumularum in codice G varietates quasdam in repetitionibus ostendit, sicut usum clivis pro simplici virga in secunda executione tertiae sectionis, vel mutationes punctuales in altitudine sonorum (ut in sectionibus v et vi), quae fortasse libertatem interpretativam scriptoris vel usum loci demonstrant.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-73&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Clauso Cronos (CB 73)
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| lingua = it
	| domus editoria = Examen apium
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/073clauso.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Structura {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha|strophica|en|qid=Q207804}}, secundum notationem musicam examinata, nonnumquam a divisionibus textus quas editores philologi proposuerunt discrepat. Exempli gratia, repetitio eiusdem melodiae in sectionibus viii et viii/a, ubi argumentum de senectute et morte tractatur, apud investigatores dubitationem movet haene strophae postea ad archetypum adiectae sint. Notatio amensurata, quae in codicibus B (München, Clm 4660) et P (Paris, Lat. 1139) partim deest vel tantum per lineas indicatur, in codice Sangallensi accuratius describitur, sinens musicologos hodiernos de rationibus modalibus (praesertim de modo primo et tertio) disputare. Insuper, absentia melismatis alleluiatici originalis facit ut haec sequentia magis ad genus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|conductus|conductūs|en|qid=Q846748}} appropinquet, ubi syllabica [[contrapunctus|puncti contra punctum ratio]] praevalet, nisi in paucis locis ubi pes vel virga cum parvis variantibus in manuscripto G exarata inveniuntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-73&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>lzavfs4wazg2y2p5v5bsv2etr3luhle</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Letabundus rediit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995821</id>
      <parentid>3993379</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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{{lores|Letabundus rediit}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti , quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXIV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Letabundus rediit
[[avis|avium]] concentus,
ver iocundum prodiit;
gaudeat [[iuventus]],
nova ferens gaudia!
modo vernant omnia;
[[Phoebus|Phebus]] serenatur;
redolens temperiem
novo [[flos|flore]] faciem
Flora renovatur.

{{@*@.|2.}}Risu Iovis pellitur
torpor [[hiems|hiemalis]],
altius extollitur
cursus [[aestas|estivalis]]
[[sol]]is, beneficio
. . . . . . . . . .
recipit teporem.
sic ad instar temporis
nostri [[Venus (dea)|Venus]] pectoris
reficit ardorem.

{{@*@.|3.}}Estum vitant Dryades
colle sub umbroso;
prodeunt {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Oreades||en|qid=Q242663}}
cetu glorioso;
[[Satyri|Satyrorum]] contio
psallit cum tripudio
Tempe per amena;
his alludens concinit,
cum iocundi meminit
[[ver]]is, philomena.

{{@*@.|4.}}Estas ab exilio
redit exoptata,
picto ridet gremio
[[tellus]] purpurata.
miti cum susurrio
suo domicilio
[[gryllus]] delectatur.
hoc canoro, iubilo,
multiformi sibilo
nemus gloriatur.

{{@*@.|5.}}Applaudamus igitur
rerum novitati!
felix, qui diligitur
voti compos grati,
dono letus Veneris,
cuius ara teneris
floribus [[odor]]at.
miser e contrario,
qui sublato bravio
sine [[spes|spe]] laborat.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
[[Poëma]] ex quinque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha|strophis|en|qid=Q207804}} constat. Prima parte [[poëta]] reditum avium concentus et [[ver]]is iucunditatem describit: sol serenior fit et [[Flora (dea)|Flora]], dea florum, terram novis floribus ornat. Secunda strophe [[hiems|hiemis]] torporem risu [[Iuppiter|Iovis]] fugatum esse narrat, dum solis cursus [[aestas|aestivus]] altius attollitur; simili modo [[Venus (dea)|Venus]] in pectoribus hominum ardorem amoris instaurat. Tertia strophe [[nympha]]s—[[Dryades]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Oreades||en|qid=Q242663}}—ac [[Satyri|Satyros]] in locis amoenis ([[Tempe (vallis)|Tempe]]) choreas agentes fingit, quibus [[Philomela|philomena]], id est luscinia, veris memor cantu suo concinit. Quarta strophe aestatem diu exspectatam redisse gaudet: tellus floribus variis renidet, [[grillus]] domicilio suo delectatur, et nemus vocibus avium variis personat. Ultima strophe, more sententiae moralis, ad res novas amplectendas hortatur: felicem esse eum qui [[amor]]e mutuo fruatur et Veneris dono gaudeat, miserum autem eum qui, praemio amisso, sine spe laboret.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>f598utrwaxzk982rrqk7gmvh6ijzbqb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Omittamus studia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995822</id>
      <parentid>3993608</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
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{{lores|Omittamus studia}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Omittamus studia,
dulce est desipere,
et carpamus dulcia
iuventutis tenere!
res est apra senectuti
seriis intendere,
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Velox etas preterit
studio detenta,
lascivire suggerit
tenera iuventa.

{{@*@.|2.}}Ver etatis labitur,
hiems nostra properat,
vita damnum patitur,
cura carnem macerat.
sanguis aret, hebet pectus,
minuuntur gaudia,
nos deterret iam senectus
morborum familia.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Velox etas preterit
studio detenta,
lascivire suggerit
tenera iuventa.

{{@*@.|3.}}Imitemur superos!
digna est sententia,
et amoris teneros
iam venantur retia.
voto nostro serviamus!
mos est iste numinum.
ad plateas descendamus
et choreas virginum!

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Velox etas preterit
studio detenta,
lascivire suggerit
tenera iuventa.

{{@*@.|4.}}Ibi, que fit facilis,
est videndi copia,
ibi fulget mobilis
membrorum lascivia.
dum puelle se movendo
gestibus lasciviunt,
asto videns, et videndo
me michi subripiunt.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Velox etas preterit
studio detenta,
lascivire suggerit
tenera iuventa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen est exhortatio celebris ad vitam iucundam, qua poëta suadet ut studia deserantur ad gaudia iuventutis mox periturae carpanda. Auctor pondus senectutis morborumque timentem inducit, quapropter ad choreas et ludos puellarum spectandos lectores invitat, vitam divinam imitari cupiens.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum carminis locum communem {{Op|[[Carpe diem]]}} sequitur, ubi velocitas temporis praeteriti cum studio nimio comparatur; lascivia membrorum et aspectus virginum vires iuventutis nutriunt, contra frigus et curas senectutis futurae certantes.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen, licet simplici specie videatur, argumentis goliardicis studiosisque propriis abundat, quae ex auctoribus classicis late hauriuntur. Otii delectatio, quae in textu celebratur, iam apud [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus|Horatium]] invenitur, qui in carminibus suis dulcedinem desipiendi in loco extollit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p268&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 268.&lt;/ref&gt;

Iuventutis imago tamquam vita verna non solum in hoc carmine (atque in [[Omnia sol temperat|carmine CXXXVI]]) sed etiam apud poëtas antiquos occurrit; [[Gaius Valerius Catullus|Catullus]] enim de aetate florida quae [[ver]] ageret cecinit, dum [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidius]] in {{Op|[[Metamorphoses (Ovidius)|Metamorphosibus]]}} de brevi veris aetate scripsit. Contra senectutis incommoda carmen languorem corporis et sanguinis gelidi opponit, quae imagines a [[Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis|Iuvenale]] et Horatio repetuntur, ubi senes morbis circumventi et calore vitali orbati describuntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p269&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, p. 269.&lt;/ref&gt;

Divina incitamenta ad amorem et voluptatem ad traditionem ethnicam pertinent, qua dii pagani amoris cupidi fingebantur, sicut etiam in [[Amor habet superos|carmine LXXXVIII]] legimus. Amor ipse per venationis metaphoram explicatur: retia amatoria, quae in [[Tempus transit gelidum|carmine CLIII]] rursus inveniuntur, ab Ovidio in {{Op|[[Ars amatoria|Arte amatoria]]}} derivant, ubi amans venatori comparatur qui cervis casses tendit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p269&quot; /&gt;

Choreae in plateis cum puellis peractae hortationem Horatianam sequuntur, ne iuvenes dulces amores neve saltationes spernant, dum canities morosa abest. Denique facilis puellarum copia, quae in textu memoratur, praeceptum Ovidianum admonet, secundum quod oculis apta puella diligenter quaerenda est.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-p269&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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    <title>Dum caupona verterem</title>
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        <id>64423</id>
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{{lores|Dum caupona verterem}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71-87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Dum caupona verterem vino debachatus,
secus templum Veneris eram hospitatus.
solus ibam, prospere vestibus ornatus,
plenum ferens loculum ad sinistrum latus.

{{@*@.|2.}}Almi templi ianua servabatur plene;
ingredi non poteram, ut optavi bene.
intus erat sonitus dulcis cantilene;
estimabam, plurime quod essent Sirene.

{{@*@.|3.}}Cum custode ianue parum requievi;
erat virgo nobilis, pulchra, statu brevi.
secum dans colloquia in sermone levi
tandem desiderium intrandi explevi.

{{@*@.|4.}}In ingressu ianue sedens invitatus
ab hac pulchra virgine sum interrogatus:
«unde es, o iuvenis, hucce applicatus?»
cui dixi: «domina, vestri comitatus.»

{{@*@.|5.}}«Que est causa, dicito, huc tui adventus?
qualis ad hec litora appulit te ventus?
duxit te necessitas et tua iuventus?»
dixi: «necessario venio detentus.

{{@*@.|6.}}Intus et exterius asto vulneratus
a sagitta Veneris; ex quo fui natus,
telum fero pectore nondum medicatus.
cursu veni tacito, quo sim liberatus.

{{@*@.|7.}}Incessanter rogo te, virgo tu beata,
ut hec verba Veneri nunties legata.»
ipsa, mota precibus, fortiter rogata,
nuntiavit Veneri verba destinata:

{{@*@.|8.}}«Secretorum omnium salus o divina,
que es dulcis prepotens amoris regina,
egrum quendam iuvenem tua medicina
procurare studeas, obsecro, festina!»

{{@*@.|9.}}Iussu sacre Veneris ductus in conclavi,
cernens eius speciem fortiter expavi.
flexis tandem genibus ipsam salutavi,
«salve,» dicens, «inclita Venus, quam optavi!»

{{@*@.|10.}}«Quis es,» inquit, «iuvenis, qui tam bene faris?
quid venisti, dicito! quomodo vocaris?
es tu forte iuvenis ille dictus Paris?
ista de quo retulit, cur sic infirmaris?»

{{@*@.|11.}}«Venus clementissima, felix creatura,
cerno, quod preterita noscis et futura.
ipse sum miserrimus, res iam peritura,
quem sanare poteris tua levi cura.»

{{@*@.|12.}}«Bene»,» inquit, «veneris, noster o dilecte
iuvenis! Aptissime sodes nostre secte.
si tu das denarios monete electe,
dabitur consilium salutis perfecte.»

{{@*@.|13.}}«Ecce,» dixi, «loculus extat nummis plenus.
totum quippe tribuam tibi, sacra Venus.
si tu das consilium, ut sat sim serenus,
tuum in perpetuum venerabor genus.»

{{@*@.|14.}}Ambo iunctis manibus ivimus mature,
ubi stabant plurime belle creature.
omnes erant similes, unius nature
et unius habitus atque vestiture.

{{@*@.|15.}}Nobis propinquantibus omnes surrexere.
quas ut salutavimus, responsum dedere:
«bene vos veneritis! velitis sedere!»
Venus inquit: «aliud volumus explere.»

{{@*@.|16.}}Innuens his omnibus iubet ire cito.
pariter remansimus in loco munito
solis quiescentibus; strato redimito
plura pertractavimus sermone polito.

{{@*@.|17.}}Exuit se vestibus genitrix Amoris,
carnes ut ostenderet nivei decoris.
sternens eam lectulo fere decem horis
mitigavi rabiem febrici doloris.

{{@*@.|18.}}Postmodum transivimus ire balneatum
in hortanum balneum Iovi consecratum.
huius aqua balnei me sensi purgatum
omnibus languoribus beneque piatum.

{{@*@.|19.}}Ultra modum debilis, balneo afflictus,
fame validissima steteram astrictus.
versus contra Venerem «quasi derelictus,»
dixi «vellem edere, siquis inest victus!»

{{@*@.|20.}}Perdices et anseres ducte sunt coquine,
plura volatilia, grues et galline;
pro placentis ductus est modius farine.
preparatis omnibus pransus sum festine.

{{@*@.|21.}}Tribus, reor, mensibus secum sum moratus,
plenum ferens loculum fui vir ornatus;
recedens a Venere sum nunc allevatus
nummis atque vestibus; sum sic pauperatus.

{{@*@.|22.}}Terreat vos, iuvenes, istud quod auditis!
dum sagittam Veneris penes vos sentitis,
mei este memores! vos, quocumque itis,
liberi poteritis esse, si velitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen de iuvene narrat qui, postquam in [[popina]] bibit, templum [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] ita visitat ut remedium amoris inveniat. Ibi deam ipsam convenit et, postquam pecuniam (denarios) se daturum promisit, cum ea voluptates carnales per tres menses communicat, laute cenans et balneis fruens.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot; /&gt;

In fine, poëta de periculis luxuriae et de amissione bonorum lectores monet. Nam iuvenis, olim dives et bene vestitus, omnibus nummis spoliatus templum relinquit. Argumentum est satira goliardica de natura mercenaria amoris et de iuvenum stultitia qui in tabernis et lupanaribus rem familiarem consumunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-correctione-hominum-26-28&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hic cantus speciem vafrae irrisionis moris illius praebet quem “stylus curialis” dicitur; nam quamvis elatum ac perpolitum dicendi modum servet, tamen eroticam experientiam ad res futiles et corporeas deicere videtur. Amor enim hic non ex animi elatione, sed ex ebrietate bacchica exoritur et in lupanari demum expletur. Ita prorsus evertuntur praecepta de amore puro atque monita [[Andreas Capellanus|Andreae Capellani]], qui in libris {{Op|[[De amore (Andreas Capellanus)|De amore]]}} scriptis mercennarium amorem vitandum esse docuerat, asseverans verum amorem sola cordis affectione procedere nec ullo pretio aut argento comparari posse. Poëta contra foetidam meretricum consuetudinem, quam Capellanus damnaverat scelestam, in ludum ac voluptatem convertit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-269-271&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 269–271.&lt;/ref&gt;

Scriptor, dum se ad “templum Amoris” conferre dicit, locum iucundum ac vitae plenum verbis [[hyperbaton]] effert, parodiam agens illius itineris ad regnum Amoris quod in litteris curialibus saepe describitur. Hic autem impetus non animi nobilitate, sed effrenata libidine regitur, qua re aliud praeceptum Capellani vertitur, scilicet abundantiam voluptatis amori obstare. Sagitta Veneris, quae iam in infantia pectus transfixit, non est signum diuturni doloris aut celati vulneris, sicut in [[poësis|poësi]] populari erga nobiles mulieres usitatum erat, sed instrumentum parodicum ad carnalem ardorem significandum.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-269-271&quot; /&gt;

In precibus ad “virginem beatam” directis, auctor imagines ex cultu Mariano et carminibus curialibus depromptas usurpat, eas tamen ad usum eroticum et corporeum demergens. Narratio deinde per enumerationem rerum iucundarum procedit, quae technica “placer” vocatur, usque ad balnea in hortis habita. Denique, cum “ficta Venus” omnem pecuniam exhauserit, carmen monita biblica Ecclesiastici et Proverbiorum de pernicie meretricum cum [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidiana]] sententia commiscet, qua paupertas dicitur amorem pascere non posse. Admonitio finalis, ad iuvenes directa atque inter seriam et derisoriam ambigens, totius carminis naturam parodicam plane confirmat.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-269-271&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Si linguis angelicis</title>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lores|Si linguis angelicis}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXVII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Si linguis angelicis loquar et humanis,
non valeret exprimi palma, nec in annis,
per quam recte preferor cunctis Christianis,
tamen invidentibus emulis profanis.

{{@*@.|2.}}Pange, lingua, igitur causas et causatum!
nomen tamen domine serva palliatum,
ut non sit in populo illud divulgatum,
quod secretum gentibus extat et celatum.

{{@*@.|3.}}In virgulto florido stabam et ameno,
vertens hec in pectore: «quid facturus ero?
dubito, quod semina in harena sero;
mundi florem diligens ecce iam despero.

{{@*@.|4.}}Si despero, merito nullus admiretur;
nam per quandam vetulam rosa prohibetur,
ut non amet aliquem atque non ametur.
quam Pluto subripere, flagito, dignetur!»

{{@*@.|5.}}Cumque meo animo verterem predicta,
optans, anum raperet fulminis sagitta,
ecce, retrospiciens sata post relicta,
audias, quid viderim, dum morarer ita:

{{@*@.|6.}}Vidi florem floridum, vidi florum florem,
vidi rosam Madii cunctis pulchriorem,
vidi stellam splendidam, cunctis clariorem,
per quam ego degeram lapsus in amorem.

{{@*@.|7.}}Cum vidissem itaque, quod semper optavi,
tunc ineffabiliter mecum exultavi,
surgensque velociter ad hanc properavi,
hisque retro poplite flexo salutavi:

{{@*@.|8.}}«Ave, formosissima, gemma pretiosa,
ave, decus virginum, virgo gloriosa,
ave, lumen luminum, ave, mundi rosa,
Blanziflour et Helena, Venus generosa!»

{{@*@.|9.}}Tunc respondit inquiens stella matutina:
«ille, qui terrestria regit et divina,
dans in herba violas et rosas in spina,
tibi salus, gloria sit et medicina!»

{{@*@.|10.}}Cui dixi: «dulcissima! cor michi fatetur,
quod meus fert animus, ut per te salvetur.
nam a quodam didici, sicut perhibetur,
quod ille, qui percutit, melius medetur.»

{{@*@.|11.}}«Mea sic ledentia iam fuisse tela
dicis? nego; sed tamen posita querela
vulnus atque vulneris causas nunc revela,
ut te sanem postmodum gracili medela!»

{{@*@.|12.}}«Vulnera cur detegam, que sunt manifesta?
estas quinta periit, properat en sexta,
quod te in tripudio quadam die festa
vidi; cunctis speculum eras et fenestra.

{{@*@.|13.}}Cum vidissem itaque, cepi tunc mirari,
dicens: «ecce mulier digna venerari!
hec excedit virgines cunctas absque pari,
hec est clara facie, hec est vultus clari!»

{{@*@.|14.}}Visus tuus splendidus erat et amenus,
tamquam aer lucidus nitens et serenus;
unde dixi sepius: «Deus, Deus meus!
estne illa Helena vel est dea Venus?»

{{@*@.|15.}}Aurea mirifice coma dependebat,
tamquam massa nivea gula candescebat,
pectus erat gracile; cunctis innuebat,
quod super aromata cuncta redolebat.

{{@*@.|16.}}In iocunda facie stelle radiabant,
eboris materiam dentes vendicabant,
plus, quam dicam, speciem membra geminabant:
quidni, si hec omnium mentem alligabant?

{{@*@.|17.}}Forma tua fulgida tunc me catenavit,
michi mentem, animum et cor immutavit.
tibi loqui spiritus ilico speravit;
posse spem veruntamen numquam roboravit.

{{@*@.|18.}}Ergo meus animus recte vulneratur.
ecce, vita graviter michi novercatur.
quis umquam, quis aliquo tantum molestatur,
quam qui sperat aliquid et spe defraudatur?

{{@*@.|19.}}Telum semper pectore clausum portitavi,
milies et milies inde suspiravi,
dicens: «rerum conditor, quid in te peccavi?
omnium amantium pondera portavi.

{{@*@.|20.}}Fugit a me bibere, cibus et dormire,
medicinam nequeo malis invenire.
Christe, non me desinas taliter perire,
sed dignare misero digne subvenire!»

{{@*@.|21.}}Has et plures numero pertuli iacturas,
nec ullum solacium munit meas curas,
ni quod sepe sepius per noctes obscuras
per imaginarias tecum sum figuras.

{{@*@.|22.}}Rosa, videns igitur, quam sim vulneratus,
quot et quantos tulerim per te cruciatus,
dicens «placet!» itaque fac, ut sim sanatus,
per te sim incolumis et vivificatus!

{{@*@.|23.}}Quod quidem si feceris, in te gloriabor,
tamquam cedrus Libani florens exaltabor.
sed si, quod non vereor, in te defraudabor,
patiar naufragium vet periclitabor.»

{{@*@.|24.}}Inquit rosa fulgida: «multa subportasti,
nec ignota penitus michi revelasti.
sed que pro te tulerim, numquam somniasti;
plura sunt, que sustuli, quam que recitasti.

{{@*@.|25.}}Sed omitto penitus recitationem,
volens talem sumere satisfactionem,
que prestabit gaudium et sanationem
et medelam conferet melle dulciorem.

{{@*@.|26.}}Dicas ergo, iuvenis, quod in mente geris!
an argentum postulas, per quod tu diteris,
pretioso lapide an quod tu orneris?
nam si esse poterit, dabo, quicquid queris.»

{{@*@.|27.}}«Non est id, quod postulo, lapis nec argentum,
immo prebens omnibus maius nutrimentum,
dans impossibilibus facilem eventum
et quod mestis gaudium donat luculentum.»

{{@*@.|28.}}«Quicquid velis, talia nequeo prescire;
tuis tamen precibus opto consentire.
ergo, quicquid habeo, sedulus inquire,
sumens, si, quod appetis, potes invenire!»

{{@*@.|29.}}Quid plus? collo virginis brachia iactavi,
mille dedi basia, mille reportavi,
atque sepe sepius dicens affirmavi:
«certe, certe istud est id, quod anhelavi!»

{{@*@.|30.}}Quis ignorat, amodo cuncta que secuntur?
dolor et suspiria procul repelluntur,
paradisi gaudia nobis inducuntur,
cuncteque delicie simul apponuntur.

{{@*@.|31.}}Hic amplexus gaudium est centuplicatum,
hic mecum et domine pullulat optatum,
hic amantum bravium est a me portatum,
hic est meum igitur nomen exaltatum.

{{@*@.|32.}}Quisquis amat, itaque mei recordetur
nec diffidat illico, licet amaretur!
illi nempe aliqua dies ostendetur,
qua penarum gloriam post adipiscetur.

{{@*@.|33.}}Ex amaris equidem grata generantur,
non sine laboribus maxima parantur,
dulce mel qui appetunt, sepe stimulantur;
sperent ergo melius, qui plus amarantur!»&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, inter clarissima carmina amatoria numeratum, est prolixa narratio ubi poëta, stilo hymnorum ecclesiasticorum ad amorem profanum converso, de palma amoris sui gloriatur. Auctor, a verbis [[Paulus Tarsensis|Apostoli]] initium sumens, amatam suam quasi visionem divinam describit, cum [[Helena]] et [[Venus (dea)|Venere]] eam comparans, et auxilium contra vetulam custodem implorat.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum carminis dialogum inter amatorem et “rosam” (puellam) exhibet, ubi post longas querelas de vulneribus amoris et patientia praeterita, amantes denique in amplexu iucundo iunguntur. Poëta exhortatione ad omnes amantes concludit ut in laboribus perseverent, quia post amara tandem gaudia centuplicata et quasi paradisiaca inveniuntur, more goliardico carnis delicias celebrante.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen inter subtilissima specimina poësis aulicae numeratur, in quo sensus interior per elocutionem perpolitam exprimitur, quae traditionem classicam ac christianam cum usibus coaevis coniungit. Narratio speciem visionis praebet in [[locus amoenus|loco amoeno]] evolutae, ubi auctor pulchritudine mulieris percutitur. Laudatio puellae praecipue in symbolismo lucis vertitur, quae in doctrina christiana allegoria [[Virgo Maria|Beatae Virginis]] habetur; hinc poëta epitheta mariana saepe ad amicam transfert, sicut “exi, verique claris” vel “lucido ogni luce”, quae hymnum {{Op|[[Ave Regina caelorum]]}} resonant. Etiam appellatio “Venus generosa” ad expressionem mysticam ''Virginis generosae'' referre videtur, sicut “stella matutina” cultum marialem redolet. Haec dependentia poësis latinae medii aevi a formis religiosis laicizatis indolem clerico-vagantem auctorum plane demonstrat.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-272-273&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt;

In exordio carminis auctor verba [[Paulus Tarsensis|Apostoli Pauli]] ex {{Op|[[Epistula I ad Corinthios|Epistula prima ad Corinthios]]}} (XIII, 1) ita depromit ut caritatem divinam in amorem humanum convertat. Elocutio “experere sermo lingua” initia hymnorum sacrorum sequitur, inter quos celeberrimus est {{Op|[[Pange lingua]]}} [[Venantius Fortunatus|Venantii Fortunati]]. Secundum praecepta curialia et traditionem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|trobador|trobadorum|en|qid=Q186370}}, nomen amatae siletur, nam amor tantum secreto servato vigere potest. Metaphorae autem quibus poëta utitur ex auctoribus antiquis sumuntur: imago seminum in harenis iactorum ad [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidium]] ({{Op|[[Heroides]]}}, V, 115) remittit, dum rosa, allegoria mulieris usitatissima, in litteris medii aevi late diffusa est. Nomen “Blanziflor” (Biancofiore) ad fabulas de {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Floire et Blancheflor||en|qid=Q2270201}}}} pertinet, quae postea videri possunt in operibus [[Iohannes Boccacius|Iohannis Boccacii]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-272-273&quot; /&gt;

Symptomatologia amoris in carmine per notiones medicas et biblicas describitur. Conceptio amoris ut aegritudinis, quae “dulci medicina” eget, ex antiquitate repetitur et per opera [[Avicenna]]e in medium aevum transfunditur. Descriptio physica mulieris, quae ut “speculum” et “fenestra” definitur, ex terminologia mystica procedit, ubi speculum est imago lucis divinae relucentis. Poëta insuper textum {{Op|[[Canticum Canticorum|Canticorum Canticorum]]}} (IV, 9) imitatur cum de corde vulnerato loquitur, necnon comoediam [[saeculum 12|saeculi XII]] titulo {{Op|[[Pamphilus de amore|Pamphilus]]}}, ubi telum sub pectore infixum fertur. Denique elevatio spiritualis amantis, qui amore vires recipit, cum firmitate cedri Libani comparatur, quod est schema biblicum ex {{Op|[[Liber Sirach|Ecclesiastico]]}} (XXIV, 17) excerptum.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-272-273&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>toujvv0vxh0wht0pe180a8f2mj2f62r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Anni novi rediit novitas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324486</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>3994668</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]|style=margin-right: .5em;|...}} → {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|@*@.]]|...}}</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3006" sha1="sn215y60dcewk7f96yj9vcvz7d8zl5k" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
	| titulus =
	| imago =
	| descriptio =
	| categoria =
	| numerus =
	| auctor =
	| argumenta =
	| tempus =
	| lingua =
	| contextus =
	| praecedens =
	| sequens =
}}

{{lores|Anni novi rediit novitas}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXVIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Anni novi rediit novitas,
hiemis cedit asperitas,
breves dies prolongantur,
elementa temperantur
subintrante Ianuario.
mens estu languet vario
propter puellam, quam diligo.

{{@*@.|2.}}Prudens est multumque formosa,
pulchrior lilio vel rosa;
gracili coartatur statura,
prestantior omni creatura;
placet plus Francie regina.
michi mors est iam vicina,
nisi sanet me flos de spina.

{{@*@.|3.}}Venus me telo vulneravit
aureo, quod cor penetravit,
Cupido faces instillavit,
Amor amorem inspiravit
iuvencule, pro qua volo mori.
non iungar cariori,
licet accrescat dolor dolori.

{{@*@.|4.}}Illius captus sum amore,
cuius flos adhuc est in flore.
dulcis fit labor in hoc labore,
osculum si sumat os ab ore.
non tactu sanabor labiorum,
nisi cor unum fiat duorum
et idem velle. vale, flos florum!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;/&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria codicis positum, renovationem naturae mense [[Ianuarius|Ianuario]] cum statu intimi amatoris comparat, qui amore puellae formosae languet. Poëta puellam describit lilio vel rosā pulchriorem et reginā Franciae praestantiorem, asserens se moriturum esse nisi ab hoc “flore de spina” sanetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;/&gt;

Argumentum mythologica numina invocat, scilicet [[Venus (dea)|Venerem]] et [[Cupido|Cupidinem]], qui cor auctoris vulneraverunt et ignem passionis incenderunt. In fine, amator unitatem perfectam duorum cordium et voluntatum exoptat, desiderium unionis [[Spiritualitas|spiritualis]] et [[caro|carnalis]] sub gratulationis formula “vale, flos florum” exprimens, quae est propria [[poësis]] lyricae [[medium aevum|medii aevi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;/&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lores|Estivali sub fervore}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXIX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Estivali sub fervore,
quando cuncta sunt in flore,
totus eram in ardore.
sub olive me decore,
estu fessum et sudore,
detinebat mora.

{{@*@.|2.}}Erat arbor hec in prato
quovis flore picturato,
herba, fonte, situ grato,
sed et umbra, flatu dato.
stilo non pinxisset [[Plato]]
loca gratiora.

{{@*@.|3.}}Subest fons vivacis vene,
adest cantus [[Philomela|philomene]]
Naiadumque cantilene.
paradisus hic est pene;
non sunt loca, scio plene,
his iocundiora.

{{@*@.|4.}}Hic dum placet delectari
delectatque iocundari
et ab estu relevari,
cerno forma singolari
pastorellam sine pari
colligentem mora.

{{@*@.|5.}}In amorem vise cedo;
fecit [[Venus (dea)|Venus]] hoc, ut credo.
«ades!» inquam, «non sum predo,
nichil tollo, nichil ledo.
me meaque tibi dedo,
pulchrior quam [[Flora (dea)|Flora]]!»

{{@*@.|6.}}Que respondit verbo brevi:
«ludos viri non assuevi.
sunt parentes michi sevi;
mater longioris evi
irascetur pro re levi.
parce nunc in hora!»&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria codicis servatum, speciem {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Pastorella|pastorellae|en|qid=Q2634688}} praebet, ubi poëta sub umbra olivae in loco amoenissimo (quem etiam [[Plato]] pingere non potuisset) quiescit. Ibi videt puellam [[morus|mōra]] colligentem, cuius amore auxilio [[Venus (dea)|Veneris]] statim capitur, sed pastorella ob severitatem parentum suorum adventum viri formidat.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum carminis occursum inter [[Clerus|clericum]] et rusticam puellam effingit, ubi naturae pulchritudo cum fontibus et [[Naiades|Naiadum]] cantibus fere [[Paradisus (mythologia Iudaica)|paradisum terrestrem]] creat. In fine carminis, puella blanditiis amatoris castitatem et metum matris opponit, quod est argumentum frequens in [[poësis|poësi]] [[Goliardia|goliardica]] illius aevi.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen ad genus sic dictae “pastorellae” pertinet, cuius structura in duas partes dividitur: primum ampla descriptio loci amoeni praebetur ({{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stropha|strophae|en|qid=Q207804}} I–III), deinde narratio congressūs cum puella sequitur (strophae IV–VI). In exordio, auctor naturam idillicam depingit quae Platonis mentione nobilitatur. Hic locus illam [[scena]]m repetere videtur a [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicerone]] in libro {{Op|[[De oratore]]}} (I, 28) descriptam, ubi auctor Romanus Platonici dialogi {{Op|[[Phaedrus (Plato)|Phaedri]]}} (230 B) memoriam recolit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-273-274&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 273–274.&lt;/ref&gt;

In secunda parte, argumentum amatorium secundum praecepta amoris comitis palescit. Nam secundum illius aetatis theoriam, amor in animo ex sola visione mulieris oritur, sicut [[Andreas Capellanus]] in tractatu {{Op|[[De amore (Andreas Capellanus)|De amore]]}} (III, 1) asseverat, amorem definiens ardorem innatum quae ex visione procedit. Figura [[Flora (dea)|Florae]] quoque invocatur, quae ut antiqua verna deitas (secundum [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovidii]] {{Op|[[Fasti (Ovidius)|Fastos]]}}, V, 195–274) totum [[scenarium]] mythologica dignitate exornat.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-273-274&quot; /&gt;

Sermo puellae et petentis verbis ambiguis ac eroticis distinguitur, praesertim ubi de ludo agitur. Puella enim confitetur se ludis virilibus non assuescere, quod clare ad rem veneream spectat. Difficultates autem domesticas affert, severe a parentibus se custodiri affirmans. Quoad hanc lectionem, philologi hodierni formam “ero” (id est heri vel domini) plerumque praeferunt pro “Suevi”, quae in editionibus antiquioribus inveniebatur; hoc argumentum de severitate propinquorum in carminibus Buranis saepe recurrit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-273-274&quot; /&gt;

Ad extremum, carmen vim illatam attingit. Puella ne sibi violentia adhibeatur precatur, sed haec condicio cum moribus classium socialium illius temporis cohaeret. Andreas Capellanus ipse, in fine sui tractatus, explicat nobiles viros impune vi uti posse erga mulieres humilis condicionis, sicut “villanellas”, si laudibus neglectis opportunitas se praebeat. Quae vis in litteris mediaevalibus saepe non scelus, sed consuetudo ordinis socialis describitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp-273-274&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lores|Estivali gaudio}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXX reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1a.}}Estivali gaudio
tellus renovatur,
militandi studio
Venus excitatur.
gaudet chorus iuvenum,
dum turba frequens avium
garritu modulatur.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Quanta sunt gaudia
amanti et amato,
sine fellis macula
dilecte sociato!
iam revernant omnia
nobis delectabilia,
hiems eradicatur.

{{@*@.|1b.}}Ornantur prata floribus
varii coloris,
quorum delectatio
causa fit amoris.
gaudet chorus iuvenum,
dum turba frequens avium
garritu modulatur.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Quanta sunt gaudia
amanti et amato,
sine fellis macula
dilecte sociato!
iam revernant omnia
nobis delectabilia,
hiems eradicatur.

{{@*@.|2a.}}In calore vivido
nunc reformantur omnia,
hiemali tedio
que viluere languida.
tellus ferens gramina
decoratur floribus,
et vestiuntur nemora
frondosis arboribus.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Quanta sunt gaudia
amanti et amato,
sine fellis macula
dilecte sociato!
iam revernant omnia
nobis delectabilia,
hiems eradicatur.

{{@*@.|2b.}}Amorum officiis
hec arrident tempora,
geminatis sociis
restaurantur federa.
festa colit Veneris
puellaris curia,
propinat Amor teneris
amaris miscens dulcia.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Quanta sunt gaudia
amanti et amato,
sine fellis macula
dilecte sociato!
iam revernant omnia
nobis delectabilia,
hiems eradicatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria codicis servatum, renovationem mundi tempore aestivo celebrat, ubi terra, prata, et nemora post hiemis taedium rursus florescunt. Poëta naturam quasi scenam describit ubi [[Venus (dea)|Venus]] excitatur et chorus iuvenum gaudet, avium cantu comitante, secundum morem [[Latinitas medii aevi|litterarum goliardicarum]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum carminis in gaudio amantium vertitur, qui sine malitia vel “felle” sub potestate [[Amor (deus)|Amoris]] in unum coniunguntur. In fine, textus exprimit quomodo temporis amoenitas foedera amicitiae et veneris restauret, dulcia amaris in curia puellari miscens, dum hiems funditus eradicatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lores|Solis iubar nituit}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXXI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|1.}}Solis iubar nituit,
nuntians in mundum,
quod nobis emicuit
tempus letabundum.
ver, quod nunc apparuit,
dans solum fecundum,
salutari meruit
per carmen iocundum.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|(Refl.)}}Ergo nostra contio
psallat cum tripudio
dulci melodia!

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Fugiente penitus
hiemis algore
spirat ether tacitus
estu gratiore.
discendente celitus
salutari rore
fecundatur funditus
tellus ex humore.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|(Refl.)}}Ergo nostra contio
psallat cum tripudio
dulci melodia!

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|3.}}Sol extinctus fuerat,
modo renitescit;
frigus invaluerat,
sed modo tepescit;
nix, que nos obruerat,
ex estu liquescit;
qui prius aruerat,
campus revirescit.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|(Refl.)}}Ergo nostra contio
psallat cum tripudio
dulci melodia!

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|4.}}Philomena stridula
voce modulatur;
floridum alaudula
tempus salutatur.
anus, licet vetula,
mire petulatur;
lascivit iuvencula,
cum sic recreatur.

{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|(Refl.)}}Ergo nostra contio
psallat cum tripudio
dulci melodia!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria codicis servatum, est hymnus vernalis qui reditum solis et finem [[hiems|hiemis]] celebrat. [[Poëta]] describit quomodo natura, prius frigore obruta, nunc rore caelesti et aestu foveatur, agris revirescentibus et nivibus liquescentibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum ad laetitiam communem spectat, ubi non solum aves ut [[Luscinia|philomena]] et alaudula canunt, sed etiam homines, a vetulis usque ad iuvenculas, lascivia et gaudio recreantur. Carmen crebro intercalari ({{barbarice|lingua=fr|refrain}}) clauditur, quod sodales ad psallendum et tripudiandum invitat, vigorem vitalem [[Ver|veris]] efferens.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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        <id>64423</id>
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{{lores|Solis iubar nituit}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero LXXXI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina amatoria 71–87
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cam2.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
{{@*@.|1.}}Solis iubar nituit,
nuntians in mundum,
quod nobis emicuit
tempus letabundum.
ver, quod nunc apparuit,
dans solum fecundum,
salutari meruit
per carmen iocundum.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Ergo nostra contio
psallat cum tripudio
dulci melodia!

{{@*@.|2.}}Fugiente penitus
hiemis algore
spirat ether tacitus
estu gratiore.
discendente celitus
salutari rore
fecundatur funditus
tellus ex humore.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Ergo nostra contio
psallat cum tripudio
dulci melodia!

{{@*@.|3.}}Sol extinctus fuerat,
modo renitescit;
frigus invaluerat,
sed modo tepescit;
nix, que nos obruerat,
ex estu liquescit;
qui prius aruerat,
campus revirescit.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Ergo nostra contio
psallat cum tripudio
dulci melodia!

{{@*@.|4.}}Philomena stridula
voce modulatur;
floridum alaudula
tempus salutatur.
anus, licet vetula,
mire petulatur;
lascivit iuvencula,
cum sic recreatur.

{{@*@.|(Refl.)}}Ergo nostra contio
psallat cum tripudio
dulci melodia!&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione amatoria codicis servatum, est hymnus vernalis qui reditum solis et finem [[hiems|hiemis]] celebrat. [[Poëta]] describit quomodo natura, prius frigore obruta, nunc rore caelesti et aestu foveatur, agris revirescentibus et nivibus liquescentibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum ad laetitiam communem spectat, ubi non solum aves ut [[Luscinia|philomena]] et alaudula canunt, sed etiam homines, a vetulis usque ad iuvenculas, lascivia et gaudio recreantur. Carmen crebro intercalari ({{barbarice|lingua=fr|refrain}}) clauditur, quod sodales ad psallendum et tripudiandum invitat, vigorem vitalem [[Ver|veris]] efferens.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-amatoria-71-87&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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	| sequens =
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{{lores|In taberna quando sumus}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardus|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero CXCVI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-potoria-187-200&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Carmina potoria 187–200
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cpo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|

{{@*@.|1.}}In taberna quando sumus,
non curamus, quid sit humus,
sed ad ludum properamus,
cui semper insudamus.
quid agatur in taberna,
ubi nummus est pincerna,
hoc est opus, ut queratur,
sed quid loquar, audiatur.

{{@*@.|2.}}Quidam ludunt, quidam bibunt,
quidam indiscrete vivunt.
sed in ludo qui morantur,
ex his quidam denudantur;
quidam ibi vestiuntur,
quidam saccis induuntur.
ibi nullus timet mortem,
sed pro Baccho mittunt sortem.

{{@*@.|3.}}Primo pro nummata vini;
ex hac bibunt libertini.
semel bibunt pro captivis,
post hec bibunt ter pro vivis,
quater pro Christianis cunctis,
quinquies pro fidelibus defunctis,
sexies pro sororibus vanis,
septies pro militibus silvanis.

{{@*@.|4.}}Octies pro fratribus perversis,
novies pro monachis dispersis,
decies pro navigantibus,
undecies pro discordantibus,
duodecies pro penitentibus,
tredecies pro iter agentibus.
tam pro papa quam pro rege
bibunt omnes sine lege.

{{@*@.|5.}}Bibit hera, bibit herus,
bibit miles, bibit clerus,
bibit ille, bibit illa,
bibit servus cum ancilla,
bibit velox, bibit piger,
bibit albus, bibit niger,
bibit constans, bibit vagus,
bibit rudis, bibit magus,

{{@*@.|6.}}Bibit pauper et egrotus,
bibit exul et ignotus,
bibit puer, bibit canus,
bibit presul et decanus,
bibit soror, bibit frater,
bibit anus, bibit mater,
bibit ista, bibit ille,
bibunt centum, bibunt mille.

{{@*@.|7.}}Parum durant sex nummate,
† ubi ipsi immoderate
bibunt omnes sine meta,
quamvis bibant mente leta.
sic nos rodunt omnes gentes,
et sic erimus egentes.
qui nos rodunt, confundantur
et cum iustis non scribantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-potoria-187-200&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, in sectione potoria codicis positum, est celeberrima celebratio vitae goliardicae, quae laudes ebrietatis, ludi alearum, et aequalitatis socialis in taberna canit. Textus seriem rhythmicam potationum enumerat, ubi homines omnis statūs—a papa ad regem, a monacho ad militem—sine distinctione bibunt. Auctor satiram contra mundi curas et ordinem socialem dirigit, momentum praesens et hilarem paupertatem praeferens. In fine, carmen maledictionem contra cos qui vitam potatorum vituperant profert, affirmans in taberna omnes homines ante Bacchum aequales esse.&lt;ref name=&quot;carmina-potoria-187-200&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Hoc carmen, inter celeberrima atque praestantissima totius collectaneae numeratum,&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p19&quot;&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; vitam potatorum cultumque [[Bacchus|Bacchi]] modo parodico ac chorali extollit. Per ironiam auctor hierarchias tam sociales quam ecclesiasticas subvertit: in taberna enim omnes, nullo ordinis discrimine servato, compotant. Ibi [[Papa|pontifices]], [[Rex|reges]], clerici et laici una simul bibunt, ut omnes dignitates in quadam profana communione exaequentur.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p19&quot; /&gt; Carmen stilo impigro et numeris rhythmicis exstat, quae ad audientes delectandos et praesentis vitae gaudia celebranda summopere idonea videntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;lehtonen-1995-p19&quot; /&gt; Textus autem subtili argumentorum religiosorum parodia contextus videtur, qua res sacrae ad conspectum mundanum et corporeum demittuntur. In primis, commemoratio eorum qui saccis induuntur non ad paenitentiam sed ad ludum refertur, praeceptis biblicis mutatis in quibus saccus luctus signum habetur, sicut in [[libri Regum|libris Regum]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iona (propheta)|Ionae prophetae|en|qid=Q2468262}} legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp303-304&quot;&gt;{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 303–304.&lt;/ref&gt;

Structura stropharum, ubi series potionum enumeratur, ad liturgiam Ecclesiae perspicue spectat. Investigatores nonnulli arbitrantur hic parodiam orationis fidelium Feriae Sextae in Parasceve fieri, ubi pro variis ordinibus clericorum ac laicorum supplicatur. Verisimilius tamen est auctorem ad Missas votivas et diversas orationes Missalis Romani respicere. Ita potationes pro itinerantibus, pro defunctis, pro salute viventium vel etiam pro inimicis institutae, liturgicas celebrationes pro iisdem coetibus factas rident.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp303-304&quot; /&gt;

Forma rhythmica stropharum sequentium, ubi potantium catalogus longissimus texitur, similitudinem mirabilem cum sequentia “[[Lauda Sion]]” sancti [[Thomas Aquinas|Thomae Aquinatis]] exhibet. Quamvis haec sequentia anno [[1264]] scripta sit, ergo post carmen Buranum, usus verborum similis est in describenda communione, quae hic eucharistica, illic bacchica apparet. Insuper hi versūs in aliis cantibus saecularibus inveniuntur, ubi universitas bibentium, a servo usque ad abbatem, nullo excepto, communitatem tabernariam constituit.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp303-304&quot; /&gt;

Denique carmen ad finem vergit cum exsecratione eorum qui ebrietatem vituperant. Hic quoque sermo biblicus usurpatur, nominatim [[Psalmus 68|Psalmus LXVIII]], ut qui honestatem colunt a libro viventium deleantur. Ita parodia perficitur, cum iusti et peccatores locos inter se commutent secundum mores goliardicos.&lt;ref name=&quot;rossi-2006-pp303-304&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio palaeographica musica ==
Carminis potatorii, cuius initium est {{Op|In taberna quando sumus}} (CB 196), fons primarius est Codex Buranus (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4660, f. 87v), ubi textus sine notis musicis traditur. Nihilominus, investigatio palaeographica alios fontes adhibet ad structuram rhythmicam et melodicam recuperandam, sicut fragmenta in codice Wittingau (Státní Archiv, A 7) servata. Ex parte metrica, carmen strophis septem constat, quae versibus octosyllabis rhythmicis (trochaicis) compositae sunt, rima simplici (aa bb cc dd) ligatis. Hic cursus rhythmicus, in palaeographia musicae saecularis [[saeculum 13|saeculi XIII]] usitatissimus, motum vivacem et fere percussivum praebet, qui cum argumento goliardico plane congruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-196&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = In taberna quando sumus (CB 196)
	| contextus = Carmina Burana: ricerche sulla musica
	| domus editoria = Examen apium
	| url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/196intaberna.html
	| tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-30
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quoad restitutionem musicam, musicologi saepissime rationem “contrafacti” sequuntur. Quum in Codice Burano melodia desit, interpretatio moderna (praesertim illa a Renato Clemencic anno [[1974]] proposita) adaptatione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|conductus|conductūs|en|qid=Q846748}} cuiusdam nititur, titulus est ''Congaudentes celebremus'', qui in Dramate Danielis (codex Egerton 2615, f. 103v) invenitur. Haec melodia, in [[modus (musica)|systemate modali]] primae quintae (alpha et alpha primum) constructa, structuram repetitivi generis praebet quae versibus carminis potatorii quadrat. Comparatio cum aliis carminibus analysim paleographicam adiuvat, velut {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Iam lucis orto sidere||d|qid=Q28061588}}}} vel hymnis liturgicis, ubi formulae melodicae similes apparent. Haec translatio a sacro ad profanum, ubi melodia religiosa ad usum tabernae flectitur, est proprium exemplar parodiae musicae [[medium aevum|medii aevi]], quae in fontibus manuscriptis late investigatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;examen-apium-cb-196&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Rossi, 2006
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen redactoris = Rossi
		| nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius
		| titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte
		| annus = 2006
		| annus primae editionis = 1989
		| editio = 8
		| locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]]
		| domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani
		| isbn = 88-452-5307-4
		| lingua = it
	}}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Carmina Burana (Orff)]]</text>
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{{Compendia formulae|@*@}}

Haec formula textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) ostendit. Hic perutilis est casu signorum typographicorum ({{*eg}} numerationes, glypha typographica, et cetera).

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nota typographica|Gallia}} est omnis divisa in partes tres.&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nota typographica|Gallia}} est omnis divisa in partes tres.
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Lorem ipsum.&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{Nota typographica|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Lorem ipsum.

== De argumentis ==

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			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Tessera linguae&quot;,
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			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;en-GB&quot;
		}
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}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|@*@}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}
{{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Nota typographica/styles.css}}
{{Lua|Modulus:Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|@*@}}

Haec formula textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) ostendit. Hic perutilis est casu signorum typographicorum ({{*eg}} numerationes, glypha typographica, et cetera).

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{@*@|Gallia}} est omnis divisa in partes tres.&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{@*@|Gallia}} est omnis divisa in partes tres.
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{@*@|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Lorem ipsum.&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{@*@|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Lorem ipsum.

== De argumentis ==

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			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;2.&quot;
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			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem-ipsum&quot;
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			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
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			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;en-GB&quot;
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== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|@*@}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
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{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}
{{Hic TemplateStyles adhibentur|Formula:Nota typographica/styles.css}}
{{Lua|Modulus:Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|@*@}}

Haec formula textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) ostendit. Hic perutilis est casu signorum typographicorum ({{*eg}} numerationes, glypha typographica, et cetera).

== De usu ==
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{@*@|Gallia}} est omnis divisa in partes tres.&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{@*@|Gallia}} est omnis divisa in partes tres.
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{@*@|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Lorem ipsum.&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ {{@*@|style=margin-right: .5em;|2.}}Lorem ipsum.

== De argumentis ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Haec formula textum impalpabilem ostendit.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Nota&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Nota typographica ostendenda&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;2.&quot;
		},
		&quot;annotatio&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Annotatio&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘title’&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;Lorem ipsum&quot;
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			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;lorem-ipsum&quot;
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		&quot;class&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Classis HTML&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘class’&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;emph&quot;
		},
		&quot;style&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;CSS&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Attributio HTML ‘style’&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold;&quot;
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			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;en-GB&quot;
		}
	}
}&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== Synonyma ==
* {{Fn|@*@}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]
* {{Fn|Nota typographica media}}
* {{Fn|Nota typographica sinistra}}
* {{Fn|Nota typographica dextra}}

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[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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	---                                        ---
	---     PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT                ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Abstract utilities ]]--
	----------------------------


-- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers)
local function zero_padded (str)
	return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str)
end


-- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting)
local function natural_sort (var1, var2)
	return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) &lt; var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded)
end


-- Return a copy or a reference to a table
local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly)
	if refonly then return src end
	local newtab = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end
	return newtab
end


-- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest`
local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len)
	local idx = 1
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1
		if idx &gt; len then break end
	end
	return dest
end


-- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left
local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len)
	local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt;= idx then
			if key &gt; tmp then cache[key - len] = val end
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = 1 - idx
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = idx - 1
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys
local function get_sorted_key_list (tbl, sort_fn)
	local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 1, 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then nums[nn], nn = key, nn + 1
		else words[nw], nw = key, nw + 1 end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	table.sort(words, sort_fn)
	return nums, words, nn - 1, nw - 1
end


-- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number
local function get_param_name (par_str)
	local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end
	return tonumber(ret)
end


-- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and
-- always parsing numeric strings as numbers
local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey)
	local realkey = get_param_name(dkey)
	if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end
end


	--[[ Public strings ]]--
	------------------------


-- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local mkeywords = {
	['or'] = 0,
	pattern = 1,
	plain = 2,
	strict = 3
}


-- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local sortfunctions = {
	alphabetically = false,
	naturally = natural_sort
}


-- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers
-- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
--[[

Meanings of the columns:

  col[1] = Loop type (0-3)
  col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3)
  col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback
  col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name
  col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value
  col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]`
  col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]`

A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`)

]]--
local mapping_styles = {
	names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 },
	values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 },
	values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 },
	names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 },
	names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 },
	names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 },
	values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 },
	blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 }
}


-- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local memoryslots = {
	h = 'header',
	f = 'footer',
	i = 'itersep',
	l = 'lastsep',
	n = 'ifngiven',
	p = 'pairsep',
	s = 'oxfordsep'
}


-- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier
local trim_parse_opts = {
	trim_none = { false, false },
	trim_positional = { false, true },
	trim_named = { true, false },
	trim_all = { true, true }
}


-- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local isep_parse_opts = {
	splitter_pattern = false,
	splitter_string = true
}


-- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local psep_parse_opts = {
	setter_pattern = false,
	setter_string = true
}


-- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier
local position_references = {
	add_nothing = 0,
	add_smallest_number = 1,
	add_last_of_sequence = 2,
	add_largest_number = 3
}


-- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier
local a_modes = {
	transfer = 0,
	clone = 1,
	rename = 2,
	copy = 3,
	sacrifice = 4,
	provide = 5,
	spare = 7
}


-- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`,
-- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue`
-- `without_sorting`


	--[[ Private constants ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`)
local modulename = 'Module:Params'


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the
-- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if 
-- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own
-- (modified) copy available
local refparams = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	combining = true,
	combining_by_calling = true,
	combining_values = true,
	concat_and_call = true,
	concat_and_invoke = true,
	concat_and_magic = true,
	count = true,
	grouping_by_calling = true,
	mixing_names_and_values = true,
	keeping_at_most = true,
	renaming_by_mixing = true,
	renaming_to_sequence = true,
	renaming_to_uppercase = true,
	renaming_to_lowercase = true,
	shifting = true,
	splicing = true,
	value_of = true,
	with_name_matching = true
}


-- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we
-- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its
-- optimal value at Module talk:Params)
local maxfill = 1024


-- The private table of functions
local library = {}


-- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position
local static_iface = {}


	--[[ Private functions ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Create a new context
local function context_new (child_frame, first_fn_name)
	local main_frame, tpipe = child_frame:getParent(), { first_fn_name }
	for key, val in pairs(child_frame.args) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then tpipe[key + 1] = val
		else tpipe[key] = val end
	end
	return {
		frame = main_frame,
		pipe = tpipe,
		oparams = main_frame.args,
		firstposonly = static_iface,
		iterfunc = pairs,
		fnpos = 1,
		sorttype = 0,
		n_parents = 0,
		n_children = 0,
		n_available = maxfill
	}
end


-- Move to the next action within the user-given list
local function context_iterate (ctx, next_fn_pos, trimmed_fname)
	local fname = trimmed_fname or ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos] and
		ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
	if library[fname] == nil then
		if ctx.firstposonly[fname] == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0)
		else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. fname ..
			'’ directive can only appear in first position', 0)
		end
	end
	ctx.fnpos = next_fn_pos
	return library[fname]
end


-- Main loop
local function main_loop (ctx, start_with)
	local fn = start_with
	repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn
	if ctx.n_parents &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end
	if ctx.n_children &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end
end


-- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table
local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, offs)
	local cmd
	if opts[offs] == nil then return offs - 1 end
	cmd = opts[offs]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/'):match'^/*(.*[^/])'
	if cmd == nil then return offs end
	local vname, chr
	local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), offs + 1
	for idx = 1, #cmd do
		chr = cmd:byte(idx)
		if chr == sep then
			for key, val in ipairs(amap) do
				dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil
			end
			argc = argc + 1
		else
			vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)]
			if vname == nil then error(modulename ..
				', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end
			table.insert(amap, vname)
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end
	return argc
end


-- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children`
local function new_substack (ctx)
	local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {}
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
	return newparams
end


-- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or
-- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil`
local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg)
	local trarg
	if raw_arg ~= nil then trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if trarg == nil then return nil, 1, false, nil end
	if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, nil end
	local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg]
	if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end
	return tmp or nil, 2, true, nil
end


-- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|
-- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]`
local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params)
	local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2
	local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {}
	while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do
		tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1])
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3
--[[
		elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2
]]--
		elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 2])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[get_param_name(src[pin + 1])], pin =
				tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3
		else break end
	end
	local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil)
	for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end
	if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end
	tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin])
	if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then
		if tmp1 &lt; 0 then tmp1 = -1 end
		tmp2 = append_after - pin
		for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end
		pin = pin + tmp1 + 1
	end
	if tnamed ~= nil then
		for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return tbl, pin, tnew, mem
end


-- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*`
-- class of modifiers
local function load_callback_opts (src, start_from, default_style, params)
	local style, shf
	local tmp = src[start_from + 1]
	if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, start_from - 1
	else shf = start_from end
	local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5]
	tmp = style[6]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			karg = tonumber(karg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[7]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			varg = tonumber(varg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[1]
	local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf,
		n_exist, params)
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 2 end
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 1 end
	return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem
end


-- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of
-- modifiers
local function load_replace_args (opts, offs, whoami)
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end
	local tn, flg
	local ptn, repl, nmax, argc =
		opts[offs + 1], opts[offs + 2], tonumber(opts[offs + 3]), 3
	if nmax ~= nil then argc = 4
	elseif opts[offs + 3] ~= nil then
		tn = opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tn == nil then argc = 4 end
	end
	if tn == nil and opts[offs + argc] ~= nil then
		tn = opts[offs + argc]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	if tn ~= nil then
		flg = mkeywords[tn]
		if flg ~= nil then tn = nil end
	end
	if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end
	return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, offs + argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax &lt; 1) or
		(flg == 3 and ptn == repl), tn
end


-- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers
local function load_pattern_args (opts, offs, whoami)
	local tn, kwid
	local ptns, arg, state, nptns, idx = {}, opts[offs + 1], 0, 0, offs + 2
	while arg ~= nil do
		if state == 0 then
			nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1
			ptns[nptns] = { arg, false, false }
		else
			tn = arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			kwid = tn and mkeywords[tn]
			if kwid == nil or (state &gt; 0 and kwid &gt; 0) then break
			else
				state = kwid
				if state &gt; 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end
				if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end
			end
		end
		arg, idx = opts[idx], idx + 1
	end
	if state == 0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end
	return ptns, nptns, idx - 1, kwid == nil and tn or nil
end


-- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and
-- `evaluating` modifiers
local function load_parse_opts (opts, offs, isp, psp)
	local tn, tmp
	local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain =
		{ true, true, true }, 3, offs, true, false, true, true
	repeat
		noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc]
		tn = tmp and tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tn == nil then break end
		if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			tmp = trim_parse_opts[tn]
			trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil
		elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tn],
				opts[argc], nil
		elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tn],
				opts[argc], nil
		else break end
		argc, tn = argc + 1, nil
	until noptslots &lt; 1
	return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc, tn
end


-- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table
local value_maps = {
	[0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end
	end,
	[1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end
}


-- Private table for `map_names()`
local name_thieves = {
	[0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end
}


-- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table
local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn)
	local cache = {}
	name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric
-- suffixes in its keys
local function make_groups (src)
	-- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable!
	local prefix, gid
	local groups = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		-- `key` must only be a string or a number...
		if type(key) == 'string' then
			prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$'
			gid = tonumber(gid) or ''
		else prefix, gid = '', key end
		if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end
		if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			prefix = tonumber(prefix)
			if prefix &lt; 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end
		end
		groups[gid][prefix] = val
	end
	return groups
end


-- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and
-- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length
local function parse_placeholder_string (target)
	local skel, canvas, idx, s_pos, e_pos =
		{}, {}, 1, 1, string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false)
	while e_pos ~= nil do
		canvas[idx], skel[idx + 1] =
			target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1),
			target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@'
		idx, s_pos = idx + 2, e_pos + 2
		e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false)
	end
	if (s_pos &gt; target:len()) then idx = idx - 1
	else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end
	return skel, canvas, idx
end


-- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`,
-- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`)
local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru)
	local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2
	local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1
	if isp == nil or isp == '' then
		if psp == nil or psp == '' then
			if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else tbl[idx] = str end
			return
		end
		spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else val = str end
		else
			key = get_param_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = str:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
		return
	end
	if psp == nil or psp == '' then
		repeat
			pos1 = pos3 + 1
			pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
			val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1
		until pos2 == nil
		return
	end
	repeat
		pos1 = pos3 + 1
		pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
		val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
		spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_param_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = val:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
	until pos2 == nil
	return
end


-- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering`
local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len == 0 then
		local stack = new_substack(ctx)
		for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end
		return len == nil and 1 or 2
	end
	if len &lt; 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' ..
		whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len)
	return 2
end


-- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values`
local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	local stack = ctx.children[currsnap]
	for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do
		if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end
	end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
end


-- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values`
local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function
	-- MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local argc
	local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {}
	local sortfn, ivar0, dosort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[offs + 2])
	if ivar0 == 2 then
		tmp = opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	ivar0 = ivar0 + offs
	if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then
		ivar0 = ivar0 + 1
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1)
		set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami)
	else
		if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 end
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1)
	end
	if argc &lt; ivar0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end
	if next(tbl) == nil then
		if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params =
			{ [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = vars.ifngiven }
		elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end
		return argc + 1
	end
	local cache, len
	if dosort then
		local words
		cache, words, len, tmp = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end
		len = len + tmp
	else
		cache, len = {}, 1
		for key in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = key, len + 1 end
		len = len - 1
	end
	local pmap, nss, kvs, pps =
		{}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or ''
	for idx = 1, len do
		tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps
		pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs)
		nss = nss + 2
	end
	tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep
	if tmp ~= nil and nss &gt; 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp
	elseif nss &gt; 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then
		pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep
	end
	pmap[1] = vars.header or ''
	if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end
	ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = table.concat(pmap) }
	return argc + 1
end


-- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric
-- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options
-- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters
local function concat_params (ctx, offs)
	local tbl, retval, cache, nmax = ctx.params, {}, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if key &lt; 1 then cache[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; offs then cache[key - offs] = val end
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		else cache[key] = val end
	end
	nmax = nmax - offs
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		-- We need only the sequence
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end
	else
		if ctx.subset == -1 then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				retval[key + nmax] = val
			else retval[key] = val end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do retval[key] = val end
	return retval
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this
-- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function flush_params (ctx, fn)
	local tmp
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
	elseif ctx.subset == 1 then
		if ctx.pins == nil then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
			return
		end
		tmp = {}
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end
		tbl = tmp
	end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = marker
			end
		end
		if ctx.subset == 1 then
			for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
				if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
			end
			return
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw =
			get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
			for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
			return
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
		tbl[key] = nil
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end
	end
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value
-- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_seq)
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_oth)
		return
	end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
		return
	end
	local tseq = {}
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end
	if ctx.pins ~= nil then
		local tmp
		local marker = ctx.sorttype &lt; 1 or nil
		for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do
			tmp = ctx.pins[idx]
			if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker
			elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then
				fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp])
				tbl[tmp] = nil
			end
		end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw =
			get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do
				fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]])
			end
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do
			if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then
				fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]])
			else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		end
		if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do
				fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]])
			end
		end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do
		if val ~= true then
			fn_seq(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
end


-- Finalize and return a concatenated list
local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize)
	if len &gt; 0 then
		local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep
		if tmp ~= nil and len &gt; modsize * 2 then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp
		elseif len &gt; modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep
		end
		lst[1] = ctx.header or ''
		if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end
		ctx.text = table.concat(lst)
	else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
end


	---                                        ---
	---     PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT                 ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Modifiers ]]--
	-------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to
library.sequential = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to
library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to
library.all_sorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to
library.reassorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 2
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter
--            name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to
library.pinned_until = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end
	local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr
	local sntl, idx = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2
	if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then
		bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0
		ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr
	else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end
	while opts[offs + idx] ~= nil do
		tmp = opts[offs + idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if tmp == sntl then
			if idx == 2 then error(modulename ..
				', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end
			ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2
			return context_iterate(ctx, offs + idx + 1)
		end
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tmp = tonumber(tmp)
		end
		if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename ..
			', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end
		curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1
	end
	error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to
library.setting = function (ctx)
	local new_offs = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos + 1)
	if new_offs - ctx.fnpos &lt; 2 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, new_offs + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to
library.scoring = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs, retval = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 0
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	local tn = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tn == 'in_substack' then
		new_substack(ctx)[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] =
			tostring(retval)
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
	end
	ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval)
	return tn == 'here' and context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) or
		context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to
library.squeezing = function (ctx)
	local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			newlen = newlen + 1
			indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil
		end
	end
	table.sort(indices)
	for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to
library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx)
	local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums =
		ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1
	if newval == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmax == nil then
				if key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
				nmax = key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
			tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1
		end
	end
	if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin &gt; nnums then
		ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax
		if ctx.n_available &lt; 0 then error(modulename ..
			', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end
		for idx = nmin, nmax do tbl[idx] = newval end
		for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to
library.clearing = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to
library.cutting = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local len = #tbl
	if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
	if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
	local tot = lcut + rcut
	if tot &gt; 0 then
		local cache = {}
		if tot &gt;= len then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
			tot = len
		else
			for idx = len - rcut + 1, len do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = 1, lcut do tbl[idx] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				if key &gt; len then cache[key - tot] = val
				else cache[key - lcut] = val end
				tbl[key] = nil
			end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to
library.cropping = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local nmin, nmax
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	if nmin ~= nil then
		local len = nmax - nmin + 1
		if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
		if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
		if lcut + rcut - len &gt; -1 then
			for key in pairs(tbl) do
				if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end
			end
		elseif lcut + rcut &gt; 0 then
			for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1
			if lshift &gt; 0 then
				for idx = lshift + 1, nmax do
					tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] =
						tbl[idx], nil
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.purging = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local idx = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &lt; 1 then
		len = len + table.maxn(tbl)
		if idx &gt; len then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		len = len - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.backpurging = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local last = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local idx
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &gt; 0 then idx = last - len + 1
	else
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or
				key &lt; idx) then idx = key end
		end
		if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		idx = idx - len
		if last &lt; idx then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end
		len = last - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to
library.shifting = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then
		error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end
	local tbl = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val
		else tbl[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to
library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local shift = #tbl + 1
	if shift &lt; 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end
	local tmp = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[shift - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local nmax, nmin
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp
	local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 1
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			cache[nsize], nsize = key, nsize + 1
		end
	end
	table.sort(cache)
	for idx = math.floor((nsize - 1) / 2), 1, -1 do
		tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ]
		tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ]
		tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] = tmp
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to
library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx)
	local sortfn
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tn ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[tn] end
	if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn)
	else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil`
	if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment|
--            [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to
library.splicing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp2, argc, pos, refp
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp1 = opts[offs + 1]
	if tmp1 ~= nil then
		tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1)
		if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then
			pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4,
				tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if tmp2 ~= nil then
				refp = position_references[tmp2]
				if refp == nil then error(modulename ..
					', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end
			else refp = 0 end
		else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, offs + 3, 0 end
	else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, 0 end
	if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end
	local insn = tonumber(opts[argc])
	if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn &lt; 1) then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end
	if refp == 2 then
		for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end
		refp = 0
	end
	tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil
	if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' then
				if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key
				elseif key &lt; tmp1 then tmp1 = key
				elseif key &gt; tmp2 then tmp2 = key end
			end
		end
	end
	if tmp2 == nil then len = 0
	elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2
	elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end
	if len &gt; 0 and pos + len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len)
	elseif len &lt; 0 and pos - len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len)
	else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end
	ctx.params = tbl
	if insn == nil or insn &lt; 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	tmp1 = argc - offs - pos + 1
	for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[offs + key + tmp1] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to
library.imposing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end
	ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = opts[offs + 2]
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to
library.providing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end
	local key = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = opts[offs + 2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to
library.reassigning = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end
	local mode, argc
	local src, tn = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]),
		opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	local val = tbl[src]
	if tn ~= nil then mode = a_modes[tn] end
	if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, offs + 3
	else argc, tn = offs + 4, nil end
	if val == nil and mode &gt; 1 then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
	end
	local dest = get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])
	local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil
	if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end
	if tmp or mode &lt; 4 then tbl[dest] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to
library.discarding = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2])
	if len == nil then
		ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = nil
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local key = tonumber(opts[offs + 1])
	if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end
	if len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end
	for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to
library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to
library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_name_matching = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp, ptn
	local tbl, newparams, opts, offs = ctx.params, {}, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_name_matching')
	for idx = 1, nptns do
		ptn = targets[idx]
		if ptn[3] then
			tmp = ptn[1]
			if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
				tmp = tonumber(tmp)
			end
			newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp]
		else
			for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
				if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
					newparams[key] = val
				end
			end
		end
	end
	ctx.params = newparams
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_name_not_matching')
	if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then
		local tmp = targets[1][1]
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil
		else tbl[tmp] = nil end
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
	end
	local yesmatch, ptn
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]|
--            [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_value_matching = function (ctx)
	local nomatch, ptn
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_value_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		nomatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val == ptn[1] then
					nomatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				nomatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|
--            [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local yesmatch, ptn
	local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs,
		'with_value_not_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to
library.trimming_values = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = margs }
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only,
			ctx.params)
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'mapping_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local tbl, mix = ctx.params, opts[offs + 1]
	if mix == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to
library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache, len
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local sortfn, argc, dosort, tn = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if dosort then
		local words, wl
		cache, words, len, wl = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end
		for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end
	else
		cache, len = {}, 1
		for _, val in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = val, len + 1 end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = rargs }
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of
--            additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument
--            N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only,
			ctx.params)
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'renaming_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		ptn = get_param_name(ptn)
		local val = tbl[ptn]
		if val ~= nil then
			tbl[ptn], tbl[get_param_name(repl)] = nil, val
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		local cache = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache,
				tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax))
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local mix = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]
	if mix == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local cache = {}
	mix = mix:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if mix == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = val
		end
	else
		local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val
				else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			cache[get_param_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template
--            name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp, argc, tbl, mem =
		load_child_opts(opts, offs + 2, 0, ctx.params)
	local gargs = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &lt; 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val
		else gargs[key] = val end
	end
	tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local groups = make_groups(tbl)
	for gid, group in pairs(groups) do
		for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args = gid, group
		groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end
	ctx.params = groups
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.parsing = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=')
	parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep,
		pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim
--            flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter
--            setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.reinterpreting = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=')
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	local str = tbl[tmp]
	if str ~= nil then
		tbl[tmp] = nil
		parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
			trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.evaluating = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, repos, tn =
		load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '!', ':')
	if opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then
		remove_numeric_keys(opts, offs, repos - offs)
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs, tn)
	end
	local new_opts, cache = {}, {}
	parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep,
		pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	local shift = #cache + offs - repos + 1
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; offs then new_opts[key] = val
		elseif key &gt;= repos then new_opts[key + shift] = val end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; 1 then new_opts[key] = val
		else new_opts[key + offs] = val end
	end
	ctx.pipe = new_opts
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to
library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end
	local tmp
	local cache, mix_k, mix_v =
		{}, opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', opts[offs + 2]
	if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = val
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_param_name(val)] = tostring(key)
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end
	else
		local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k)
		local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			tmp = tostring(key)
			for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do
				if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val
				else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end
			end
			for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do
				if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val
				else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end
			end
			cache[get_param_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] =
				table.concat(cnv_v)
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end,
		'combining'
	))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return val end,
		'combining_values'
	))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
			title = tname,
			args = ctx.params
		}
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new
--            parameter name|pipe to
library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 3] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 3])] =
			tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 4)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] =
			ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params)
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.snapshotting = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos +
		make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.remembering = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos +
		make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to
library.entering_substack = function (ctx)
	local tbl, opts, offs, ncurrparent =
		ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, ctx.n_parents + 1
	local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl }
	else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent
	if tn == 'new' then
		ctx.params = {}
		return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
	end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	if currsnap &gt; 0 then
		ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children =
			ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1
	else
		local newparams = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
		ctx.params = newparams
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to
library.pulling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end
	local tmp = ctx.n_parents
	local parent = tmp &lt; 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp]
	tmp = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to
library.recalling = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to
--[[
library.finding = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])
	local parent
	for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do
		parent = ctx.parents[idx]
		if parent[arg] ~= nil then
			ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg]
			return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
		end
	end
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
--[[
library.picking = function (ctx)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	if ctx.n_parents &lt; 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len)
	else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to
library.detaching_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘detaching_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to
library.dropping_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘dropping_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to
library.leaving_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘leaving_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to
library.merging_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil,
		ncurrparent - 1
	for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to
library.flushing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to
library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx)
	set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing')
	return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1)
end


	--[[ Functions ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|count
library.count = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local retval = 0
	for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end
	ctx.text = retval
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]|
--            [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value
--            n]|[...]
library.concat_and_call = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
		title = tname,
		args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 1)
	}
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend
--            1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            item n=value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{
		title = 'Module:' .. mname,
		args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 2)
	})
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend
--            2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=
--            value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic,
		concat_params(ctx, offs + 1))
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name
library.value_of = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local val
	local key = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
		key = tonumber(key)
		val = ctx.params[key]
		-- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in
		-- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable)
		if val ~= nil and (
			ctx.subset ~= -1 or key &gt; #ctx.params or key &lt; 1
		) and (
			ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key &lt;= #ctx.params and key &gt; 0)
		) then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val ..
				(ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	else
		val = ctx.params[key]
		if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header
			or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	end
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list
library.list = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss =
			pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_values
library.list_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us
	local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names
library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	mixed_flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4
		end,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext
library.for_each = function (ctx)
	local ret, nss, pps, txt =
		{}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] or ''
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]|
--            [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local cargs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1)
	local model, ret, nss, ccs =
		{ title = tname, args = cargs }, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append
--            1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|
--            [named param n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs }
	local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs =
		require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		iargs[1], iargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs, cargs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '',
		copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs)

	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local cargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs)
	local model = { title = tname, args = cargs }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs + 1)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs }
	local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs =
		require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		iargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]|
--            [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            param n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local cargs, ret, nss, ccs =
		copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs), {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos
	local tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local bargs, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then bargs[key] = val
		elseif key &gt; offs then bargs[key - offs - 1] = val
		elseif key &lt; 1 then bargs[key - 1] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params)
	flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group)
		for key, val in pairs(bargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs,
			nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


	--[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|new|pipe to
static_iface.new = function (child_frame)
	local ctx = context_new(child_frame, 'new')
	ctx.params = {}
	main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 2))
	return ctx.text
end


	--[[ First-position-only functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|self
static_iface.self = function (child_frame)
	return child_frame:getParent():getTitle()
end


	--[[ Public metatable of functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


return setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function (_, query)
		local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
			': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
		local func = static_iface[fname]
		if func ~= nil then return func end
		func = library[fname]
		if func == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
		return function (child_frame)
			local ctx = context_new(child_frame, fname)
			ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams,
				refparams[fname])
			main_loop(ctx, func)
			return ctx.text
		end
	end
})</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Carmen Carminum Buranorum/series</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>326610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995722</id>
      <parentid>3970578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:42:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Documentatio formulae machinariae|Documentatio formulae machinariae]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3995722</origin>
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      <text bytes="328" sha1="1sywx0qq9ggfr9ll1qpooutfh6cnsie" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
	sequential|
	excluding_non-numeric_names|
	trimming_values|
	with_value_not_matching||strict|
	mapping_by_magic|ucfirst|
	squeezing|
	setting|i|, |
	for_each|[[$@]]}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio formulae machinariae|contenta={{Lua|Modulus:Params}}}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iacobus Noel Adams</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995762</id>
      <parentid>3993689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T08:42:04Z</timestamp>
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        <id>139091</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="6130" sha1="aaxeg6vm6iylso9gg32wu8icy4qa38s" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
'''Iacobus''' (vulgo ''Jim'') '''Noel Adams''' [[Academia Britannica|FBA]], [[Academia Artium Humanitatum Australiana|FAHA]], [[Academia Europaea|MAE]], [[Ordo Imperii Brittanici|CBE]] ([[24 Septembris]] [[1943]] natus; [[11 Octobris]] [[2021]] mortuus) fuit [[philologa Latina|philologiae Latinae]] [[philogia linguarum Romanicarum|linguarumque Romanicarum]] peritus [[Australia|Australianus]].

==De vita==
[[Parens|Parentes]] Beryl (nata Chant) et Ioannes (vulgo ''Jack'') Georgius fuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;[[Alanna Nobbs]], &quot;James Adams CBE FBA FAHA: 1943-2021,&quot; Australian Academy of the Humanities, 12 Octobris 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20261009201902/https://humanities.org.au/our-community/james-adams-cbe-fba-faha-1943-2021/.&lt;/ref&gt; Latinista doctissimus et illustrissimus ducebatur; ecce verba Iacobi Clackson et Galfridi Horrocks: ”solus beneficium maius comprehensionibus nostris [[lingua Latina|linguae Latinae]] quibuscumque sodalibus societatis academicae fecit,”&lt;ref&gt;[[Jacobus Clackson]] et [[Galfridus Horrocks]], ''The Blackwell History of the Latin Language'' (Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell; Oxoniis et Sussexia Occidentalis, 2011), 237: &quot;he has single-handedly made a greater contribution to our understanding of the [Latin] language than any other member of the scholarly community.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; similiter David Langslow: ”utvidetur maximus aetatis eius Latinista, fortasse omnium aetatum.”&lt;ref&gt;[[David Langslow]], &quot;In memoriam James Noel Adams CBE FBA (1943-2021), ''The Journal of Classics Teaching'' 23 (2022): 184: &quot;probably the greatest Latinist of his time, perhaps of any time.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Curriculum vitae ==
[[Discipulus]] in Lane Cove Public School, deinde in North Sydney Boy’s High School, postea in [[Universitas Sidneiensis|Universitate Sidneiensi]], ubi studia Latina magna cum laude perfecit. Postremo in [[Collegium Aenei Nasi Oxoniensis|Collegio Aenei Nasi Oxoniensi]] [[Philosophiae doctor|doctor philosophiae]] anno [[1970]] factus est.

Post duos annos in [[Collegium Christi Cantabrigiensis|Collegio Christi Cantabrigiensi]] ab anno [[1972]] ad annum [[1995]] in [[Universitas Mancuniensis|Universitate Mancuniensi]] laborabat. [[Negotium|Negotia]] fecit in [[Collegium Sancti Iohannis Baptistae Oxoniensis|Collegio Sancti Iohannis Baptistae Oxoniensi]] (1994-1995), in [[Universitas Redingensis|Universitate Redingensi]] (1995-1997), et in [[Collegium Omnium Animarum (Oxonia)|Collegio Omnium Animarum Oxoniensi]] (1998-2010), cuius collegii ex anno [[2010]] [[emeritus]] erat.

Opera Adamsiana imprimis de lingua Latina vulgata, artificia, locali{{dubsig}} sunt. Decem libros, centum fere symbolas scripsit, et quattuor volumina cum collegis edidit.

== Honores ==
Electus socius [[Academia Britannica|Academiae Brittanicae]] anno 1992, 2009 anno [[Medalia Kenyon|Medaliam Kenyon]] accepit. Socius honorandus [[Academia Artium Humanitatum Australiana|Academiae Artium Humanitatum Australianae]] anno 2002, sodalis [[Academia Europaea|Academiae Europaea]] anno 2007, socius honorandus [[Collegium Aenei Nasi Oxoniensis|Collegii Aenei Nasi Oxoniensi]] anno 2012 electus, anno 2015 dux [[Ordo Imperii Brittanici|Ordinis Imperii Brittanici]] nominatus est.

Ab anno 1995 usque ad annum 2010 praeses negotii magni [[Academia Britannica|Academiae Brittanicae]] ''[[Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources]]'' erat. Anno 2013 gratia libri, cui titulus ''Social Variation and the Latin Language'' est, cum iudicato PROSE pro lingua et linguistica coronatus est.&lt;ref&gt;Association of American Publishers, &quot;2013 Award Winners | PROSE Awards,&quot; https://proseawards.com/winners/2013-award-winners/.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera selectae ==
* ''The Text and Language of a Vulgar Chronicle. (Anonymus Valesianus II)'' (= Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement 36). University of London, Institute of Classical Studies, London 1976, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-900587-33-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''The Vulgar Latin of the Letters of Claudius Terentianus (P. Mich. VIII. 467-72)'' (= Publications of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Manchester. Band 23). Manchester University Press, Manchester 1977, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7190-1289-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''The Latin Sexual Vocabulary''. Duckworth, London 1982, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7156-1648-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [Translatio linguae Italianae: ''Il vocabolario del sesso a Roma. Analisi del linguaggio sessuale nella latinità''. Traduzione italiana di Maria Laetitia Riccio Coletti ed Enrico Riccio. Argo, Lecce 1996, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 88-86211-63-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.]
* ''Wackernagel’s Law and the Placement of the Copula esse in Classical Latin'' (= Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society. Supplement 18). Cambridge Philological Society, Cambridge 1994, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-906014-17-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''Pelagonius and Latin Veterinary Terminology in the Roman Empire'' (= Studies in Ancient Medicine. Band 11). Brill, Leiden 1995, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 90-04-10281-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''Bilingualism and the Latin Language''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-81771-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC–AD 600''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-521-88149-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''Social Variation and the Latin Language''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-88614-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''An Anthology of Informal Latin, 200 BC–AD 900''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-108-72997-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''Early and Late Latin. Continuity or Change?'' (cum Nigel Vincent editor). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-107-13225-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* ''Asyndeton and its Interpretation in Latin Literature''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2021, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-108-83785-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Anni vitae|1943|2021|Adams, Iacobus Noel}}
[[Categoria:Academici Australiae]]
[[Categoria:Academici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Sidneiensis]]
[[Categoria:Philologi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Professores linguae Latinae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Britanniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neuron coniferum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995638</id>
      <parentid>3994295</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T18:27:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De proprietatibus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6080" sha1="b0fquywqsdrk2yutlhnyn9g10spixc9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]]
[[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]]
'''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt.

== De proprietatibus ==
Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia).

Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad visionem nocturnam  parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm)
et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)&lt;ref&gt;Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).&lt;/ref&gt;, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intentionis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. Nam   conus ipse nihil aliud facit quam photones a se captos summare cuiuscumque longitudinis: cerebrum deinde coniectura colorem definit secundum conorum species excitatas et magnitudinem excitationis. 

Quattuor pigmenta in quattuor speciebus conorum apud multa animalia inveniuntur quae quadrichromata dicuntur ([[squamata]], [[aves]], [[crocodilia]]). Pleraque [[mammalia]] tamen (praeter simios) dichromata sunt.

== De morphologia neuri coniferi ==
Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet:
*segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei  pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]].
*segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent.
* corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur
*sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Vadim Y. Arshavsky, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]&quot;, ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728
*David J. Calkins, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]&quot; et caput 14: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]&quot;.
* Masahiro Kono, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]&quot;, in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476
*Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]&quot;, m/s Médecine Sciences,  2015: 828 - 830
*Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302
*Edward N Pugh, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376
*C. Salesse, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250
* Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant
* [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&amp;afi=33&amp;is=9257&amp;il=fr&amp;l=fr_FR&amp;isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS]
[[Categoria:Oculus]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* De proprietatibus */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6090" sha1="njqd3pp6gzzn435l0lxc8pkctm6arg4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Retina-diagram.svg|thumb|Structurae nervosae retinae adumbratio: conus unus in medio, octo neura bacillifera ex utroque latere.]]
[[Fasciculus:Cone cell eng.svg|thumb|Structura morphologica coni]]
'''Neuron coniferum''' vel brevius '''conus'''&lt;ref&gt;Fons nominum Latinorum apud [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/anatomische-strukturen/zapfen-133722636#from=1 IMAIOS]&lt;/ref&gt; est alterum e duobus generibus [[neura sensoria retinalia|photoreceptoriorum]] in [[Retina (anatomia)|retina]] [[Vertebrata|vertebratorum]] inventis. Haec duo genera sunt [[Neuron bacilliferum|neura bacillifera]] et neura conifera. Quae genera non tantum morphologia ut nomina indicant (bacilla segmentum externum longum et bacilliforme habent, coni segmentum externum brevius et conicum) sed etiam multis aliis proprietatibus inter se differunt.

== De proprietatibus ==
Neura bacillifera multo plura sunt quam conifera sed non isdem locis in retina disposita: coni in peripheria rari sunt, in fovea (retina centrali) stipantur et in centrali fovea soli sunt. Praeterea si multa bacilla in unam [[Neuron ganglionare multipolare|cellulam ganglionarem]] convergunt, econtra unicuique cono saepe respondet unum neuron ganglionare: ita fit ut cum lux in foveam incidit tum visio acutissima et facultas punctorum vicinorum discriminandorum maxima sit. Multa lux tamen conis necessaria est quia paucis [[photon|photonibus]] non excitantur. In obscuritate munere suo fungi desinunt atque tum bacillis videmus (scotopia).

Coni ad visionem diurnam et acutam et coloratam aptati sunt, bacilla autem ad visionem nocturnam  parvamque lucem in tenebris percipiendam. Nam unum [[Pigmentum (biologia)|pigmentum]] (rhodopsinam) habent neura bacillifera nec [[Color|colores]] percipiunt sed tantumodo [[Griseus|grisei]] coloris varietates. Econtra coni unum e tribus pigmentis praebere possunt: distinguuntur enim coni caerulei qui [[Longitudo undae|longitudines undarum]] circa 420 [[Nanometrum|nm]] captant a conis viridibus (circa 530 nm)
et conis rubris (circa 560 nm) vel exactius appellantur coni B ('''b'''revis longitudo)&lt;ref&gt;Qui a nostris amicis Anglice loquentibus coni S dicuntur (short = brevis).&lt;/ref&gt;, coni M ('''m'''edia longitudo), coni L ('''l'''onga). Ita visio humana trichromatica dicitur. Nam alii colores e mixtura signorum intentionis variae plurium conorum conficiuntur. Nam   conus ipse nihil aliud facit quam photones a se captos summare cuiuscumque longitudinis: cerebrum deinde coniectura colorem definit secundum conorum species excitatas et magnitudinem excitationis. 

Quattuor pigmenta in quattuor speciebus conorum apud multa animalia inveniuntur quae quadrichromata dicuntur ([[squamata]], [[aves]], [[crocodilia]]). Pleraque [[mammalia]] tamen (praeter [[simia|simias]]) dichromata sunt.

== De morphologia neuri coniferi ==
Neuron coniferum in plures partes dividi solet:
*segmentum externum cuius extremitas in [[Stratum pigmentosum retinae|stratum pigmentosum retinae]] partim mergitur, ubi sunt sacculi membranei  pigmenta ut [[Proteina|proteinas]] transmembraneas praebentes. Isti sacculi sunt invaginationes membranae ipsius segmenti. Ibi fit [[Phototransductio|phototransductio]].
*segmentum internum a cilio connectente cum segmento externo connexum. Ibi inveniuntur [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriae]] quae energiam [[Metabolismus|metabolismo]] cellulari et synthesi novorum sacculorum praebent.
* corpus cellulare (soma) et nucleus cum segmento interno directe connectuntur
*sequuntur fibra interna et processus qui [[Synapsis chemica|synapsin]] cum [[neuron bipolare|neuro bipolari]] facit

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Vadim Y. Arshavsky, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224008261 Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones]&quot;, ''Current Biology'', 2024: R726-R728
*David J. Calkins, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946200000264 Seeing with S cones]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2001: 255-287
*''Handbook of Clinical Neurology''. Volumen 217: ''Retina Structure, Function, and Genetics'', Elsevier, 2026 imprimis caput 7: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000111 Retinal cell types: Rod and cone photoreceptors]&quot; et caput 14: &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/handbook/abs/pii/B9780443221934000135 Phototransduction in vertebrate rod and cone cells]&quot;.
* Masahiro Kono, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/S1877117315001040 Cone Health and Retinoids]&quot;, in ''Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science'', 2015: 465-476
*Thierry Léveillard, Alain Van Dorsselaer et José-Alain Sahel. &quot;[https://www.medecinesciences.org/fr/articles/medsci/full_html/2015/10/medsci20153110p828/medsci20153110p828.html Altruisme dans la rétine : les bâtonnets nourrissent les cônes]&quot;, m/s Médecine Sciences,  2015: 828 - 830
*Debarshi Mustafi, Andreas H. Engel, Krzysztof Palczewski. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946209000330 Structure of cone photoreceptors]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2009: 289-302
*Edward N Pugh, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301004925 Rods Are Rods and Cones Cones, and (Never) the Twain Shall Meet]&quot;, ''Neuron'', 2001: 375-376
*C. Salesse, &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0181551217300591 Physiologie du signal visuel rétinien : de la phototransduction jusqu’au cycle visuel]&quot;, ''Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie'', 2017: 239-250
* Jin-Shan Wang, Vladimir J. Kefalov. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350946210000753 The Cone-specific visual cycle]&quot;, ''Progress in Retinal and Eye Research'', 2011: 115-128

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cone_cell neuron coniferum] spectant
* [https://www.imaios.com/de/e-anatomy/kopf-und-hals/auge?ul=true#mic=eye-illustrations&amp;afi=33&amp;is=9257&amp;il=fr&amp;l=fr_FR&amp;isf=true Imago apud IMAIOS]
[[Categoria:Oculus]]</text>
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    <title>Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus</title>
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      <text bytes="6386" sha1="ezovhay8igcluxx2d1sopucxzsszj0a" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus}} fuit [[Senatus Romanus|senator Romanus]] [[saeculum 1 a.C.n.||primi saeculi a.C.n.]], qui [[Consul|consulatum]] cum [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger|Valerio Messalla]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] gessit. E clientibus [[Pompeius|Pompei]] erat. In consulatu [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Publium Clodium]] [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|sacrilegii]] convictum tuebatur quocirca [[Cicero]] in [[Epistulae ad Atticum|epistulis ad amicum Titum Pomponium]] nulli verbo contumelioso adversus eum pepercit. In [[philosophia]], adsectator [[Peripatetici|Peripateticae doctrinae]] fuit.

== De origine et educatione ==
E nobili [[gens Calpurnia|gente Calpurniorum Pisonum]] ortus a Marco quodam Pupio adoptatus est&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro domo sua'' 13&lt;/ref&gt;, quod ipsum nomen revelat. Frater ei fuit Gaius Calpurnius Piso consul anno 67 a.C.n. quem sententiam primum rogabat cum consul senatui praesidebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discipulus fuit [[Lucius Licinius Crassus|Lucii Licinii Crassi]] oratoris atque peripatetici philosophi Staseae Neapolitani. Condiscipulus Ciceronis atque etiam repetitor (nam aliquanto maior natu erat) fuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 240 et 310. [[Quintus Asconius Pedianus|Asconius]] ad ''In Pisonem'' 62&lt;/ref&gt; qui postea eum quinto libro ''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum|de Finibus]]'' induxit doctrinae moralis peripateticorum explanandae causa.

== De cursu honorum ==
* Anno [[83 a.C.n.|83]] [[quaestor]] fuit tum cum [[populares]] dominabantur. Mox tamen  ad exercitum [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 a.C.n.)|Scipionis]] consulis cui sorte obtigisset non profectus ad [[Sylla|Syllanos]] transfugit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Orationes Verrinae|In Verrem]]'' II.1.37.&lt;/ref&gt;. Postea etiam Anniam, quae [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] uxor fuerat, repudiavit&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.41.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* anno incerto in aedilitate petenda repulsam rettulit&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''[[Pro Plancio]]'' 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
* circa [[72 a.C.n.]] [[praetor]] fuit et ex praetura [[proconsul]] in Hispania [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metello Pio]] successisse videtur
* [[69 a.C.n.]] de Hispania ob victoriam non alioqui notam [[Triumphus|triumphavit]]. [[ Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 58 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso]], consul [[58 a.C.n.|58 a.c.n.]] eius nimiam triumphi cupidinem irridere solebat&lt;ref&gt;[[Quintus Asconius Pedianus|Asconius]], ad ''In Pisonem'' 62&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Inter [[67 a.C.n.|67]] et 63 a.C.n. legatus Gnaei Pompei fuit. In bello adversus [[Pirata|piratas]] [[Propontis]] et ostium [[Pontus Euxinus|Ponti Euxini]] ei mandata sunt (67)&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt;. Adhuc memoratur in [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymae obsessione]]&lt;ref&gt; [[Flavius Iosephus]], ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitates Iuadaicae]]'' 14.59 et ''[[De bello Iudaico|Bellum Iudaicum]]'' 1.144.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[62 a.C.n.]] consulatum petebat. Huius consulatus tam cupidus erat Pompeius (sperabat enim ratam a senatu fore consule adiuvante novam ordinationem Orientis a se factam) ut differenda [[comitia |comitia consularia]] rogaverit ita ut ipse candidato praesens adesset, quod tamen a [[Cato minor|Catone]] ceterisque [[optimates|optimatibus]] ei negatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''Cato minor'' 30.1-3 et ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' 44.1. Econtra [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.44 adfirmare videtur comitia revera postposita esse.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[61 a.C.n.]] consul fuit cum Messalla Nigro. Tum ita aperte Publium Clodium in scandalo pollutorum [[Sacra Bonae Deae|Bonae Deae sacrorum]] una cum [[Tribunus plebis|tribuno plebis]] [[Quintus Fufius Calenus|Fufio Caleno]] tuebatur ut rogationem a consulibus (hoc est ab ipso) ex senatusconsulto promulgatam impugnarit. Cicero indignans de eo scribebat: ''Piso amicitia P. Clodi ductus operam dat ut ea rogatio quam ipse fert et fert ex s.c. et de religione antiquetur''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3. Cf ibidem I.14.5.&lt;/ref&gt;. Postquam vero Clodius a iudicibus [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinii Crassi]] pecunia corruptis contra manifestam rei veritatem absolutus est ita indignati sunt omnes optimates ut M. Pupius Piso nullam [[Provincia Romana|provinciam]] post consulatum obtinuerit ([[Syria (provincia Romana)|Syriam]] speraverat) nec ullum alium honorem. Praeterea res a Pompeio sibi mandatas non peragere potuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.16.8.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Fortasse operae pretium est nonnulla verba contumeliosa a Cicerone in consulem Pupium Pisonem invecta hic referre. Ita dicitur ''parvo animo et pravo tamen ... facie magis quam facetiis ridiculus, nihil agens cum republica... a quo nihil speres boni rei publicae, quia non vult, nihil speres mali, quia non audet''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et in alia epistula: ''uno vitio minus vitiosus, quod iners, quod somni plenus, quod imperitus, quod apraktotatos sed voluntate ita kachektes, ut Pompeium post illam contionem, in qua ab eo senatus laudatus est, odisse coeperit. Itaque mirum in modum omnes a se bonos alienavit. Neque id magis amicitia Clodi adductus fecit quam studio perditarum rerum atque partium''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.14.6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ac postremo: ''consul autem ille deterioris histrionis similis''...&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.16.12.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Praecipui fontes ==
* [[Asconius]], ad ''In Pisonem'' 62. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html]
* Cicero, libro primo [[Epistulae ad Atticum|Epistularum ad Atticum]] 13-14 et 16
** libro quinto ''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum|de Finibus]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Erich S. Gruen, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010571 Pompey and the Pisones]&quot;, ''California Studies in Classical Antiquity'', 1988: 155-170
*Francis X. Ryan, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436377 M. Pupius Piso and &quot;Consulares&quot; in 61 B.C.]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 1995: 255-256 
*Gilles Sauron, &quot;Un interlocuteur du ” De finibus ” à Oplontis (Torre Annunziata) : M. Pupius Piso&quot;, ''Revue des études latines'', 1995: 92-114

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== De origine et educatione ==
E nobili [[gens Calpurnia|gente Calpurniorum Pisonum]] ortus a Marco quodam Pupio adoptatus est&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''Pro domo sua'' 13&lt;/ref&gt;, quod ipsum nomen revelat. Frater ei fuit Gaius Calpurnius Piso consul anno 67 a.C.n. quem sententiam primum rogabat cum consul senatui praesidebat&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discipulus fuit [[Lucius Licinius Crassus|Lucii Licinii Crassi]] oratoris atque peripatetici philosophi Staseae Neapolitani. Condiscipulus Ciceronis atque etiam repetitor (nam aliquanto maior natu erat) fuit&lt;ref&gt;[[Cicero]], ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 240 et 310. [[Quintus Asconius Pedianus|Asconius]] ad ''In Pisonem'' 62&lt;/ref&gt; qui postea eum quinto libro ''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum|de Finibus]]'' induxit doctrinae moralis peripateticorum explanandae causa.

== De cursu honorum ==
* Anno [[83 a.C.n.|83]] [[quaestor]] fuit tum cum [[populares]] dominabantur. Mox tamen  ad exercitum [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 a.C.n.)|Scipionis]] consulis cui sorte obtigisset non profectus ad [[Sylla|Syllanos]] transfugit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Orationes Verrinae|In Verrem]]'' II.1.37.&lt;/ref&gt;. Postea etiam Anniam, quae [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinnae]] uxor fuerat, repudiavit&lt;ref&gt;[[Velleius Paterculus]] II.41.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* anno incerto in aedilitate petenda repulsam rettulit&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''[[Pro Plancio]]'' 21.&lt;/ref&gt;
* circa [[72 a.C.n.]] [[praetor]] fuit et ex praetura [[proconsul]] in Hispania [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius|Metello Pio]] successisse videtur
* [[69 a.C.n.]] de Hispania ob victoriam non alioqui notam [[Triumphus|triumphavit]]. [[ Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 58 a.C.n.)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso]], consul [[58 a.C.n.|58 a.c.n.]] eius nimiam triumphi cupidinem irridere solebat&lt;ref&gt;[[Quintus Asconius Pedianus|Asconius]], ad ''In Pisonem'' 62&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Inter [[67 a.C.n.|67]] et 63 a.C.n. legatus Gnaei Pompei fuit. In bello adversus [[Pirata|piratas]] [[Propontis]] et ostium [[Pontus Euxinus|Ponti Euxini]] ei mandata sunt (67)&lt;ref&gt;[[Appianus Alexandrinus|Appianus]], ''Mithridatica'' 95.&lt;/ref&gt;. Adhuc memoratur in [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymae obsessione]]&lt;ref&gt; [[Flavius Iosephus]], ''[[Antiquitates Iudaicae|Antiquitates Iuadaicae]]'' 14.59 et ''[[De bello Iudaico|Bellum Iudaicum]]'' 1.144.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[62 a.C.n.]] consulatum petebat. Huius consulatus tam cupidus erat Pompeius (sperabat enim ratam a senatu fore consule adiuvante novam ordinationem Orientis a se factam) ut differenda [[comitia |comitia consularia]] rogaverit ita ut ipse candidato praesens adesset, quod tamen a [[Cato minor|Catone]] ceterisque [[optimates|optimatibus]] ei negatum est&lt;ref&gt;[[Plutarchus]], ''Cato minor'' 30.1-3 et ''[[Vita Pompei (Plutarchus)|Pompeius]]'' 44.1. Econtra [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] XXXVII.44 adfirmare videtur comitia revera postposita esse.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[61 a.C.n.]] consul fuit cum Messalla Nigro. Tum ita aperte Publium Clodium in scandalo pollutorum [[Sacra Bonae Deae|Bonae Deae sacrorum]] una cum [[Tribunus plebis|tribuno plebis]] [[Quintus Fufius Calenus|Fufio Caleno]] tuebatur ut rogationem a consulibus (hoc est ab ipso) ex senatusconsulto promulgatam impugnarit. Cicero indignans de eo scribebat: ''Piso amicitia P. Clodi ductus operam dat ut ea rogatio quam ipse fert et fert ex s.c. et de religione antiquetur''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3. Cf ibidem I.14.5.&lt;/ref&gt;. Postquam vero Clodius a iudicibus [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (triumvir)|M. Licinii Crassi]] pecunia corruptis contra manifestam rei veritatem absolutus est ita indignati sunt omnes optimates ut M. Pupius Piso nullam [[Provincia Romana|provinciam]] post consulatum obtinuerit ([[Syria (provincia Romana)|Syriam]] speraverat) nec ullum alium honorem. Praeterea res a Pompeio sibi mandatas non peragere potuit&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.16.8.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Fortasse operae pretium est nonnulla verba contumeliosa a Cicerone in consulem Pupium Pisonem invecta hic referre. Ita dicitur ''parvo animo et pravo tamen ... facie magis quam facetiis ridiculus, nihil agens cum republica... a quo nihil speres boni rei publicae, quia non vult, nihil speres mali, quia non audet''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.2.&lt;/ref&gt;. Et in alia epistula: ''uno vitio minus vitiosus, quod iners, quod somni plenus, quod imperitus, quod apraktotatos sed voluntate ita kachektes, ut Pompeium post illam contionem, in qua ab eo senatus laudatus est, odisse coeperit. Itaque mirum in modum omnes a se bonos alienavit. Neque id magis amicitia Clodi adductus fecit quam studio perditarum rerum atque partium''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.14.6.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ac postremo: ''consul autem ille deterioris histrionis similis''...&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.16.12.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Praecipui fontes ==
* [[Asconius]], ad ''In Pisonem'' 62. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html]
* Cicero, libro primo [[Epistulae ad Atticum|Epistularum ad Atticum]] 13-14 et 16
** libro quinto ''[[De finibus bonorum et malorum|de Finibus]]''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Erich S. Gruen, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010571 Pompey and the Pisones]&quot;, ''California Studies in Classical Antiquity'', 1988: 155-170
*Francis X. Ryan, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436377 M. Pupius Piso and &quot;Consulares&quot; in 61 B.C.]&quot;, ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', 1995: 255-256 
*Gilles Sauron, &quot;Un interlocuteur du ” De finibus ” à Oplontis (Torre Annunziata) : M. Pupius Piso&quot;, ''Revue des études latines'', 1995: 92-114

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    <title>Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger</title>
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      <text bytes="770" sha1="1qiqduvyayt5egt4ji4ga6olfnnm35v" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

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      <text bytes="1037" sha1="9ax4x5f9y807dio2c8bqllj9syo5s2k" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo dintinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

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      <text bytes="1066" sha1="g46lv2epb9fpf2ofc6fzds6k74yrfkt" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo dintinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

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      <text bytes="1225" sha1="nucq84g8wnp33e801hs68slca7yz3cv" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo dintinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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      <text bytes="1493" sha1="riu0y9okf2xv2mwvhl5473dcfqxr9i8" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis tribunus plebis, quaestor, praetor urbanus (64 a.C.n.). Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et novum cursum inchoavit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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      <text bytes="1568" sha1="mienksfcsh6742e7f4bvntj6s795xgz" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus plebis]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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      <text bytes="1569" sha1="odcchevwrh5234zvvuz7o0y5w7x765s" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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      <text bytes="1855" sha1="rb1us39dig8zlhy7p3yttywwo8leegv" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consu cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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      <text bytes="1856" sha1="3j62u6jc7pm7dj7vfhrnq3djp0o1y40" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1928" sha1="1rj53tuench49nwmltbernmpcciwr2f" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;Ad Atticum I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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      <text bytes="2059" sha1="flmvhez5jccux9iqmiq26bxu3yef81f" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
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      <text bytes="2106" sha1="jmddan6290rzyh11ok9uaroxcxepdsc" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
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      <text bytes="2297" sha1="qlazi7habxpj57xgn3thyvrd9xvl7xz" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2390" sha1="eefqan6k0h5bht1pfcur9m1r681y1i5" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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      <text bytes="2417" sha1="r1pyjkodatodqtxhsh8v20beb92r8km" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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      <text bytes="2596" sha1="8nkgjr731c89of9st1j7k8tx9jnrsbn" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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[[Categoria:Consules]]
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      <text bytes="2652" sha1="f5gob67at4a6kyphdz2x4a1jz89gux6" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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      <text bytes="2782" sha1="2v45z0y5a7i38eha4voh3sek7h6junl" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Ter [[interrex]] fuit (verisimiliter 55, 53, 52) illis annis cum [[comitia]] consularia turbata republica haberi non potuerant.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2903" sha1="7xs9lktq4hhx1azpdcefujt3v08jw9w" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Ter [[interrex]] fuit (verisimiliter 55, 53, 52) illis annis cum [[comitia]] consularia turbata republica haberi non potuerant.

Anno [[46 a.C.n.]] Cicero eum ut mortuum in ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Bruto]]''&lt;ref&gt;Par. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; suo honorifice memorabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
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[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Ter [[interrex]] fuit (verisimiliter 55, 53, 52) illis annis cum [[comitia]] consularia turbata republica haberi non potuerant.

Anno [[46 a.C.n.]] Cicero eum ut mortuum in ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Bruto]]''&lt;ref&gt;Par. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; suo honorifice memorabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


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[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Ter [[interrex]] fuit (verisimiliter 55, 53, 52) illis annis cum [[comitia]] consularia turbata republica haberi non potuerant.

Anno [[46 a.C.n.]] Cicero eum ut mortuum in ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Bruto]]''&lt;ref&gt;Par. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; suo honorifice memorabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Ter [[interrex]] fuit (verisimiliter 55, 53, 52) illis annis cum [[comitia]] consularia turbata republica haberi non potuerant.

Anno [[46 a.C.n.]] Cicero eum ut mortuum in ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Bruto]]''&lt;ref&gt;Par. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; suo honorifice memorabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
** ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 246
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De gente ==
Nobilissima familia Valeriorum Messallarum, Marci filius Mani nepos, Messalla Niger duos claros filios habuit; [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 31 a.C.n.)|Messalla Covinum]] et Messallam Potitum.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Ter [[interrex]] fuit (verisimiliter 55, 53, 52) illis annis cum [[comitia]] consularia turbata republica haberi non potuerant.

Anno [[46 a.C.n.]] Cicero eum ut mortuum in ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Bruto]]''&lt;ref&gt;Par. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; suo honorifice memorabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
** ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 246
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De gente ==
Nobilissima familia Valeriorum Messallarum, Marci filius Mani nepos, Messalla Niger duos claros filios habuit: [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 31 a.C.n.)|Messallam Covinum]] et Messallam Potitum.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum Vatia Isaurico censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Ter [[interrex]] fuit (verisimiliter 55, 53, 52) illis annis cum [[comitia]] consularia turbata republica haberi non potuerant.

Anno [[46 a.C.n.]] Cicero eum ut mortuum in ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Bruto]]''&lt;ref&gt;Par. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; suo honorifice memorabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
** ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 246
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De gente ==
Nobilissima familia Valeriorum Messallarum, Marci filius Mani nepos, Messalla Niger duos claros filios habuit: [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 31 a.C.n.)|Messallam Covinum]] et Messallam Potitum.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Vatia Isaurico]] censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Ter [[interrex]] fuit (verisimiliter 55, 53, 52) illis annis cum [[comitia]] consularia turbata republica haberi non potuerant.

Anno [[46 a.C.n.]] Cicero eum ut mortuum in ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Bruto]]''&lt;ref&gt;Par. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; suo honorifice memorabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
** ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 246
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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{{res|Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger}} (natus circa [[104 a.C.n.]], mortuus ante [[46 a.C.n.]]) fuit [[senator Romanus]] qui [[consul|consulatum]] anno [[61 a.C.n.]] una cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio Pisone]] gessit ac deinde usque ad [[censor|censuram]] pervenit. Nec inter [[optimates]] nec inter [[populares]] numerari potest.

== De gente ==
Nobilissima familia Valeriorum Messallarum, Marci filius Mani nepos, Messalla Niger duos claros filios habuit: [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 31 a.C.n.)|Messallam Covinum]] et Messallam Potitum.

== De cursu honorum ==
Messalla Niger (ita appellatus ut a Messalla Rufo distinguatur) fuit [[pontifex]], fortasse a [[Sylla]] in collegium adlectus. Anno [[80 a.C.n.|80]] Ciceronem adiuvit in Sexto Roscio Amerino defendendo&lt;ref&gt;''[[Pro Roscio Amerino]]'' 149&lt;/ref&gt;. Eius posterior cursus per inscriptionem notus est: bis [[tribunus militum]], [[quaestor]], [[praetor|praetor urbanus]] ([[64 a.C.n.]])&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|3826}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anno [[70 a.C.n.]] a censoribus ignota de causa nota perstrictus erat&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9.&lt;/ref&gt; (e senatu expulsus?) et [[ cursus honorum|novum cursum]] inchoare debuit.
* Anno 61 consul cum [[Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus|Marco Pupio]] ad severitatem erga Publium Clodium hortabatur&lt;ref&gt;''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|Ad Atticum]]'' I.13.3: ''Messalla vehementer adhuc agit severe''.&lt;/ref&gt; in scandalo [[Sacra Bonae Deae (62 a.C.n.)|pollutorum Bonae Deae sacrorum]]. Itaque bonus consul cum a ceteris [[Optimates|optimatibus]] tum a Cicerone iudicabatur: ''et in me perhonorificus et partium studiosus ac defensor bonarum''&lt;ref&gt;''Ad Atticum'' I.13.2&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Anno 59 ''quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis iudicandis'' ex lege agraria consulis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Gai Iulii Caesaris]] designatus est, hoc est popularium consiliorumparticeps fuit.
* Anno 55 cum [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Vatia Isaurico]] censor fuit&lt;ref&gt;{{CIL|6|31540e}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tum praecipue de [[Tiberis]] inundationibus cavit.
* Anno 54 defendit [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (iunior)|Marcum Aemilium Scaurum]] una cum Clodio, Cicerone, Hortensio etc.&lt;ref&gt;[[Asconius]], ad ''Pro M. Scauro'', argumentum. [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/asconius.html Textus] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Ter [[interrex]] fuit (verisimiliter 55, 53, 52) illis annis cum [[comitia]] consularia turbata republica haberi non potuerant.

Anno [[46 a.C.n.]] Cicero eum ut mortuum in ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Bruto]]''&lt;ref&gt;Par. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; suo honorifice memorabat.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fontes ==
*{{CIL|6|3826}} {{CIL|6|31540e}}
*[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' I.13
** ''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'' 246
*[[Valerius Maximus]] II.9.9

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Richard J. Evans, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591849 A note on the consuls from 69 to 60 a.C.n.]&quot;, ''Acta Classica'', 1988: 97-105 

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Valerius_266 Valerius 266] apud [[Paulys Real-Enzyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]


{{Lifetime|saeculo 2 a.C.n.|saeculo 1 a.C.n.|Valerius Messalla Niger, Marcus}}
[[Categoria:Censores]]
[[Categoria:Consules]]
[[Categoria:Gens Valeria|Messalla Niger, Marcus]]
[[Categoria:Senatores]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2853" sha1="o0b0rg34qww0ppgzps6f2u8r70pstws" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae 
|nomen = Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon 
|titulus = 
|munus = [[archiepiscopus]] Remensis 
|imago =WP Charles-Antoine de la Roche-Aymon.jpg
|descriptio = Alexander Roslin pixit anno 1769.
|latitudo imaginis = 240 px 
|promulgatus = [[16 Decembris]] [[1771]] 
|a papa =[[Clemens XIV|Clemente XIV]]
|natus =  [[17 Februarii]] [[1696]]
|ordinatus = 
|consacratus = [[5 Augusti]] [[1725]]
|episcopus = [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]]
|mortuus =  [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]
|vexillum = Blason Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon(complet).svg
|va = 
|ch = roay
|cr = 
}}
'''Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon''' (Francogallice ''Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aymon'', natus in oppido [[Mainsat]] die [[17 Februarii]] [[1697]]; mortuus [[Lutetia]]e die [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]) fuit archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Remensis|Remensis]], et cardinalis ab anno 1771.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierBishop|roay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuit etiam [[Magnus Eleemosynarius Franciae]].

== Biographia ==
Nominatus episcopus auxiliarius [[Dioecesis Lemovicencis|Lemovicensis]] die [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]], consecratus die [[5 Augusti]] eiusdem anni, postea episcopus [[Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis|Tarbiensis]] (1729-1740), archiepiscopus [[Episcopi et archiepiscopi Tolosani|Tolosanus]] (1740-1752),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=Les Évêques et les Archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801|locus= Paris et Mamers|annus =1891|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/384/mode/2up?|
pagina=385}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; archiepiscopus [[Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis|Narbonensis]] (1752-1762),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=Les Évêques et les Archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801|locus= Paris et Mamers|annus =1891|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/252/mode/2up?q=Narbonne|pagina=253}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; et tandem archiepiscopus Remensis fuit. 

Anno [[1760]], Magnus Ellemosynarius Franciae creatus est, et postea sacramenta sodalibus Domus Regiae administravit. Sic [[Ludovicus XVI|Ludovicum XVI]] baptizavit (die [[18 Octobris]] [[1761]]), matrimonium eius benedixit (die [[16 Maii]] [[1770]]). Ultima sacramenta [[Ludovicus XV|Ludovico XV]] ministravit. Deinde Ludovicum XVI ut rex (die [[11 Iunii]] [[1775]]) consecravit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aymon|Carolum Antonium de La Roche-Aymon}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
*{{CathHierBishop|roay}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{RC-stipula}}
{{Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Tolosani}}

{{Lifetime|1697|1777|La Roche-Aymon, Carolus Antonius de}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Tarbienses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Tolosani]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Narbonenses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Remenses]]
[[Categoria:Cardinales]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2853" sha1="5rzojyhk7k9jmyurz90n7z87tq51cc0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae 
|nomen = Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon 
|titulus = 
|munus = [[archiepiscopus]] Remensis 
|imago =WP Charles-Antoine de la Roche-Aymon.jpg
|descriptio = Alexander Roslin pixit anno 1769.
|latitudo imaginis = 240 px 
|promulgatus = [[16 Decembris]] [[1771]] 
|a papa =[[Clemens XIV|Clemente XIV]]
|natus =  [[17 Februarii]] [[1696]]
|ordinatus = 
|consacratus = [[5 Augusti]] [[1725]]
|episcopus = [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]]
|mortuus =  [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]
|vexillum = Blason Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon(complet).svg
|va = 
|ch = roay
|cr = 
}}
'''Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon''' (Francogallice ''Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aymon'', natus in oppido [[Mainsat]] die [[17 Februarii]] [[1697]]; mortuus [[Lutetia]]e die [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]) fuit archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Remensis|Remensis]], et cardinalis ab anno 1771.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierBishop|roay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuit etiam [[Magnus Eleemosynarius Franciae]].

== Biographia ==
Nominatus episcopus auxiliarius [[Dioecesis Lemovicencis|Lemovicensis]] die [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]], consecratus die [[5 Augusti]] eiusdem anni, postea episcopus [[Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis|Tarbiensis]] (1729-1740), archiepiscopus [[Episcopi et archiepiscopi Tolosani|Tolosanus]] (1740-1752),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=Les Évêques et les Archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801|locus= Paris et Mamers|annus =1891|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/384/mode/2up?|
pagina=385}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; archiepiscopus [[Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis|Narbonensis]] (1752-1762),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=Les Évêques et les Archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801|locus= Paris et Mamers|annus =1891|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/252/mode/2up?q=Narbonne|pagina=253}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; et tandem archiepiscopus Remensis fuit. 

Anno [[1760]], Magnus Ellemosynarius Franciae creatus est, et postea sacramenta sodalibus Domus Regiae administravit. Sic [[Ludovicus XVI|Ludovicum XVI]] baptizavit (die [[18 Octobris]] [[1761]]), matrimonium eius benedixit (die [[16 Maii]] [[1770]]). Ultima sacramenta [[Ludovicus XV|Ludovico XV]] ministravit. Deinde Ludovicum XVI ut rex (die [[11 Iunii]] [[1775]]) consecravit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon|Carolum Antonium de La Roche-Aymon}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
*{{CathHierBishop|roay}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{RC-stipula}}
{{Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Tolosani}}

{{Lifetime|1697|1777|La Roche-Aymon, Carolus Antonius de}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Tarbienses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Tolosani]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Narbonenses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Remenses]]
[[Categoria:Cardinales]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2876" sha1="cvbk5k048yl0j0qj3pmcwflferqvk32" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae 
|nomen = Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon 
|titulus = 
|munus = [[archiepiscopus]] Remensis 
|imago =WP Charles-Antoine de la Roche-Aymon.jpg
|descriptio = Alexander Roslin pixit anno 1769.
|latitudo imaginis = 240 px 
|promulgatus = [[16 Decembris]] [[1771]] 
|a papa =[[Clemens XIV|Clemente XIV]]
|natus =  [[17 Februarii]] [[1697]]
|ordinatus = 
|consacratus = [[5 Augusti]] [[1725]]
|episcopus = [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]]
|mortuus =  [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]
|vexillum = Blason Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon(complet).svg
|va = 
|ch = roay
|cr = 
}}
'''Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon''' (Francogallice ''Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aymon'', natus in oppido [[Magenciacum (Crosa)|Magenciaci]] die [[17 Februarii]] [[1697]]; mortuus [[Lutetia]]e die [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]) fuit archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Remensis|Remensis]], et cardinalis ab anno 1771.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierBishop|roay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuit etiam [[Magnus Eleemosynarius Franciae]].

== Biographia ==
Nominatus episcopus auxiliarius [[Dioecesis Lemovicencis|Lemovicensis]] die [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]], consecratus die [[5 Augusti]] eiusdem anni, postea episcopus [[Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis|Tarbiensis]] (1729-1740), archiepiscopus [[Episcopi et archiepiscopi Tolosani|Tolosanus]] (1740-1752),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=Les Évêques et les Archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801|locus= Paris et Mamers|annus =1891|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/384/mode/2up?|
pagina=385}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; archiepiscopus [[Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis|Narbonensis]] (1752-1762),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=Les Évêques et les Archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801|locus= Paris et Mamers|annus =1891|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/252/mode/2up?q=Narbonne|pagina=253}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; et tandem archiepiscopus Remensis fuit. 

Anno [[1760]], Magnus Ellemosynarius Franciae creatus est, et postea sacramenta sodalibus Domus Regiae administravit. Sic [[Ludovicus XVI|Ludovicum XVI]] baptizavit (die [[18 Octobris]] [[1761]]), matrimonium eius benedixit (die [[16 Maii]] [[1770]]). Ultima sacramenta [[Ludovicus XV|Ludovico XV]] ministravit. Deinde Ludovicum XVI ut rex (die [[11 Iunii]] [[1775]]) consecravit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon|Carolum Antonium de La Roche-Aymon}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
*{{CathHierBishop|roay}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{RC-stipula}}
{{Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Tolosani}}

{{Lifetime|1697|1777|La Roche-Aymon, Carolus Antonius de}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Tarbienses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Tolosani]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Narbonenses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Remenses]]
[[Categoria:Cardinales]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2876" sha1="d7fzuef9zmq71x99nc0i8fc315b78q0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae 
|nomen = Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon 
|titulus = 
|munus = [[archiepiscopus]] Remensis 
|imago =WP Charles-Antoine de la Roche-Aymon.jpg
|descriptio = Alexander Roslin pixit anno 1769.
|latitudo imaginis = 240 px 
|promulgatus = [[16 Decembris]] [[1771]] 
|a papa =[[Clemens XIV|Clemente XIV]]
|natus =  [[17 Februarii]] [[1697]]
|ordinatus = 
|consacratus = [[5 Augusti]] [[1725]]
|episcopus = [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]]
|mortuus =  [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]
|vexillum = Blason Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon(complet).svg
|va = 
|ch = roay
|cr = 
}}
'''Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon''' (Francogallice ''Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aymon'', natus in oppido [[Magenciacum (Crosa)|Magenciaci]] die [[17 Februarii]] [[1697]]; mortuus [[Lutetia]]e die [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]) fuit archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Remensis|Remensis]], et cardinalis ab anno 1771.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierBishop|roay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuit etiam [[Magnus Eleemosynarius Franciae]].

== Biographia ==
Nominatus episcopus auxiliarius [[Dioecesis Lemovicencis|Lemovicensis]] die [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]], consecratus die [[5 Augusti]] eiusdem anni, postea episcopus [[Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis|Tarbiensis]] (1729-1740), archiepiscopus [[Episcopi et archiepiscopi Tolosani|Tolosanus]] (1740-1752),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=Les Évêques et les Archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801|locus= Paris et Mamers|annus =1891|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/384/mode/2up?|
pagina=385}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; archiepiscopus [[Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis|Narbonensis]] (1752-1762),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=Les Évêques et les Archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801|locus= Paris et Mamers|annus =1891|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/252/mode/2up?q=Narbonne|pagina=253}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; et tandem archiepiscopus Remensis fuit. 

Anno [[1760]], Magnus Eleemosynarius Franciae creatus est, et postea sacramenta sodalibus Domus Regiae administravit. Sic [[Ludovicus XVI|Ludovicum XVI]] baptizavit (die [[18 Octobris]] [[1761]]), matrimonium eius benedixit (die [[16 Maii]] [[1770]]). Ultima sacramenta [[Ludovicus XV|Ludovico XV]] ministravit. Deinde Ludovicum XVI ut rex (die [[11 Iunii]] [[1775]]) consecravit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon|Carolum Antonium de La Roche-Aymon}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
*{{CathHierBishop|roay}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{RC-stipula}}
{{Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Tolosani}}

{{Lifetime|1697|1777|La Roche-Aymon, Carolus Antonius de}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Tarbienses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Tolosani]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Narbonenses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Remenses]]
[[Categoria:Cardinales]]</text>
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        <id>54500</id>
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      <text bytes="3453" sha1="8gvxz66hpcy4m7j59mnse8q9ma6ecnw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{Cardinalis Ecclesiae Catholicae 
|nomen = Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon 
|titulus = 
|munus = [[archiepiscopus]] Remensis 
|imago =WP Charles-Antoine de la Roche-Aymon.jpg
|descriptio = Alexander Roslin pixit anno 1769.
|latitudo imaginis = 240 px 
|promulgatus = [[16 Decembris]] [[1771]] 
|a papa =[[Clemens XIV|Clemente XIV]]
|natus =  [[17 Februarii]] [[1697]]
|ordinatus = 
|consacratus = [[5 Augusti]] [[1725]]
|episcopus = [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]]
|mortuus =  [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]
|vexillum = Blason Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon(complet).svg
|va = 
|ch = roay
|cr = 
}}
'''Carolus Antonius de La Roche-Aymon''' (Francogallice ''Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aymon'', natus in oppido [[Magenciacum (Crosa)|Magenciaci]] die [[17 Februarii]] [[1697]]; mortuus [[Lutetia]]e die [[27 Octobris]] [[1777]]) fuit archiepiscopus [[Archidioecesis Remensis|Remensis]], et cardinalis ab anno 1771.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathHierBishop|roay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuit etiam [[Magnus Eleemosynarius Franciae]].

== Biographia ==
Nominatus episcopus auxiliarius [[Dioecesis Lemovicencis|Lemovicensis]] die [[11 Iunii]] [[1725]], consecratus die [[5 Augusti]] eiusdem anni, postea episcopus [[Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis|Tarbiensis]] (1729-1740),&lt;ref name=Tarbes&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=Les Évêques et les Archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801|locus= Paris et Mamers|annus =1891|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/90/mode/2up?|pagina=91}} {{ling|Francogallice}}.&lt;/ref&gt; archiepiscopus [[Episcopi et archiepiscopi Tolosani|Tolosanus]] (1740-1752),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=(op.cit.)|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/384/mode/2up?|
pagina=385}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; archiepiscopus [[Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis|Narbonensis]] (1752-1762),&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=(op.cit.)|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/252/mode/2up?|pagina=253}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; et tandem archiepiscopus Remensis fuit.&lt;ref name=Reims&gt;{{opus|auctor=Armand Jean|titulus=(op.cit.)|url=https://archive.org/details/lesvquesetlesar00jeangoog/page/306/mode/2up?|pagina=307}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ascensio eius a sede in sedem usque ad honores curtis regalis in ridiculum tractus est: &quot;Saltibus magis quam doctrina et virtute memorandus&quot;.&lt;ref name=Tarbes /&gt;

Anno [[1760]], Magnus Eleemosynarius Franciae creatus est, et postea sacramenta sodalibus Domus Regiae administravit. Sic [[Ludovicus XVI|Ludovicum XVI]] baptizavit (die [[18 Octobris]] [[1761]]), matrimonium eius benedixit (die [[16 Maii]] [[1770]]). Ultima sacramenta [[Ludovicus XV|Ludovico XV]] ministravit&lt;ref name=Reims /&gt;. Deinde Ludovicum XVI ut rex (die [[11 Iunii]] [[1775]]) consecravit.&lt;ref name=Reims /&gt;

In [[Abbatia Sancti Germani a Pratis]], die 27 Octobris 1777, ut decanus episcoporum Francicorum, mortuus est.&lt;ref name=Reims /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon|Carolum Antonium de La Roche-Aymon}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
*{{CathHierBishop|roay}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{RC-stipula}}
{{Episcopi et Archiepiscopi Tolosani}}

{{Lifetime|1697|1777|La Roche-Aymon, Carolus Antonius de}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Episcopi Tarbienses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Tolosani]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Narbonenses]]
[[Categoria:Archiepiscopi Remenses]]
[[Categoria:Cardinales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ATD Quart monde</title>
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Marie-Aleth Grard - ATD Quart Monde.jpg|thumb|Maria Aleth Grard apud ARD Quart monde]] '''ATD Quart monde''' (ATD&lt;ref&gt;[[Abbreviatio]] quae [[Francogallice]]: ''Aide à toute détresse'' (&quot;auxilium ad omnem discrimen) vel ''Agir tous pour la dignité'' (&quot;pro dignitate omnia agere&quot;) signat.&lt;/ref&gt; quartus mundus&lt;ref&gt;&quot;quartus mundus&quot; mundum [[paupertas|pauperiter]] quam mundo tertio, id est [[civitas provectibilis]]&lt;/ref&gt;) est organizatio re publica...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1393" sha1="36oy61atzw62or44a9i97he6a8616fg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Marie-Aleth Grard - ATD Quart Monde.jpg|thumb|Maria Aleth Grard apud ARD Quart monde]]
'''ATD Quart monde''' (ATD&lt;ref&gt;[[Abbreviatio]] quae [[Francogallice]]: ''Aide à toute détresse'' (&quot;auxilium ad omnem discrimen) vel ''Agir tous pour la dignité'' (&quot;pro dignitate omnia agere&quot;) signat.&lt;/ref&gt; quartus mundus&lt;ref&gt;&quot;quartus mundus&quot; mundum [[paupertas|pauperiter]] quam mundo tertio, id est [[civitas provectibilis]]&lt;/ref&gt;) est [[organizatio re publica vacans]] condita anno [[1957]] [[Nucenum Magnum|Nuceni Magni]] ab [[Iosephus Wresinski|Iosepho Wrestiski]] ad [[mitigatio paupertatis|paupertatem mitigandum]] et [[dignitas|dignitatem humanam]] protegendum contra [[exclusio socialis|exclusionem socialem]] et [[solidaritas|solidaritatem]] pro mundo meliore postulat.

Hodie organizatio ATD Quart monde in [[Pierrelaye]] sedet et satum observatorium ad [[Nationes Unitae]], [[Ordo internationalis a laboribus|Orfinem internationalem a laborem]] et [Consilium Europae]]. Et anno [[1992]], [[Dies internationalis paupertati abolendae]] ab hac organizatione decreta est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.atd-quartmonde.org Stus publicus] ([[Francogallice]])
*[https://www.atd-forthworld.org Situs publicus] ([[Anglice]])

[[Categoria:Paupertas]]
[[Categoria:Societates internationales]]
[[Categoria:Societates pacis fautores]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1957]]</text>
      <sha1>36oy61atzw62or44a9i97he6a8616fg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995664</id>
      <parentid>3995632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T19:48:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3995664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1410" sha1="9u219unwsnagf3kard7vtr6kxjqgwge" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus:Marie-Aleth Grard - ATD Quart Monde.jpg|thumb|Maria Aleth Grard apud ARD Quart monde]]
'''ATD Quart monde''' (ATD&lt;ref&gt;[[Abbreviatio]] quae [[Francogallice]]: ''Aide à toute détresse'' (&quot;auxilium ad omnem discrimen) vel ''Agir tous pour la dignité'' (&quot;pro dignitate omnia agere&quot;) signat.&lt;/ref&gt; quartus mundus&lt;ref&gt;&quot;quartus mundus&quot; mundum [[paupertas|pauperiter]] quam mundo tertio, id est [[civitas provectibilis]]&lt;/ref&gt;) est [[organizatio re publica vacans]] condita anno [[1957]] [[Nucenum Magnum|Nuceni Magni]] ab [[Iosephus Wresinski|Iosepho Wrestiski]] ad [[mitigatio paupertatis|paupertatem mitigandum]] et [[dignitas|dignitatem humanam]] protegendum contra [[exclusio socialis|exclusionem socialem]] et [[solidaritas|solidaritatem]] pro mundo meliore postulat.

Hodie organizatio ATD Quart monde in [[Pierrelaye]] sedet et satum observatorium ad [[Nationes Unitae]], [[Ordo internationalis a laboribus|Orfinem internationalem a laborem]] et [Consilium Europae]]. Et anno [[1992]], [[Dies internationalis paupertati abolendae]] ab hac organizatione decreta est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.atd-quartmonde.org Stus publicus] ([[Francogallice]])
*[https://www.atd-forthworld.org Situs publicus] ([[Anglice]])

[[Categoria:Condita 1957]]
[[Categoria:Paupertas]]
[[Categoria:Societates internationales]]
[[Categoria:Societates pacis fautores]]</text>
      <sha1>9u219unwsnagf3kard7vtr6kxjqgwge</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mainsat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329496</id>
    <redirect title="Magenciacum (Crosa)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995646</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T19:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pippobuono movit paginam [[Mainsat]] ad [[Magenciacum (Crosa)]]: nomen latinum attestatur in Graesse</comment>
      <origin>3995646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="bjitphjacatpwtexuu647d7sa9jhkty" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Magenciacum (Crosa)]]</text>
      <sha1>bjitphjacatpwtexuu647d7sa9jhkty</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moissat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329497</id>
    <redirect title="Magenciacum (Mons Dumae)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995650</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T19:16:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pippobuono movit paginam [[Moissat]] ad [[Magenciacum (Mons Dumae)]]: nomen latinum attestatur in Graesse</comment>
      <origin>3995650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="6k4u4rgjuties84b1jqqovr4c5s8tt5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Magenciacum (Mons Dumae)]]</text>
      <sha1>6k4u4rgjuties84b1jqqovr4c5s8tt5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Magenciacum (discretiva)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995651</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T19:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>discretiva</comment>
      <origin>3995651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="280" sha1="8j10jfbhi3pp6ydepf7g2dsgge7nsl4" xml:space="preserve">{{discretiva}}
'''Magenciacum''' potest significare:

* '''[[Magenciacum (Crosa)|Magenciacum]]''': commune Francicum [[Crosa (praefectura Franciae)|praefecturae Crosae]];
* '''[[Magenciacum (Mons Dumae)|Magenciacum]]''': commune Francicum [[Mons Dumae|praefecturae Montis Dumae]].</text>
      <sha1>8j10jfbhi3pp6ydepf7g2dsgge7nsl4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Episcopi Tarbienses</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995657</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T19:33:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio</comment>
      <origin>3995657</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="184" sha1="7bvza2alqtwi48bph90ogoea3uja978" xml:space="preserve">{{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}}

[[Categoria:Episcopi Franciae|Tarbienses]]
[[Categoria:Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis]]
[[Categoria:Pyrenaei superiores]]</text>
      <sha1>7bvza2alqtwi48bph90ogoea3uja978</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995710</id>
      <parentid>3995657</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:16:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:CommuniaCat|CommuniaCat]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3995710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="248" sha1="fexj5rsuwsday4aa0kr2tcwkik3nlsu" xml:space="preserve">{{CommuniaCat|Bishops of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarbes}}
{{Homines hac in categoria secundum annum ultimum vitae}}

[[Categoria:Episcopi Franciae|Tarbienses]]
[[Categoria:Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis]]
[[Categoria:Pyrenaei superiores]]</text>
      <sha1>fexj5rsuwsday4aa0kr2tcwkik3nlsu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osterwald</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329500</id>
    <redirect title="Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995661</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T19:38:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Osterwald]] ad [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3995661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42" sha1="beh39yiqhsxsli7tfwnnijphz50oeev" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Silva Orientalis (Neuenhusa)]]</text>
      <sha1>beh39yiqhsxsli7tfwnnijphz50oeev</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ostrhauderfehn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329501</id>
    <redirect title="Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995678</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T20:45:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ostrhauderfehn]] ad [[Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3995678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41" sha1="dxkjj9tyb0967ah3i5ikmc0nrzm7pji" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Palus Rhaudensis Orientalis]]</text>
      <sha1>dxkjj9tyb0967ah3i5ikmc0nrzm7pji</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ottenstein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329502</id>
    <redirect title="Ottenstenium" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995690</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T22:13:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ottenstein]] ad [[Ottenstenium]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3995690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" sha1="abqf6leuhgfr2rxckuf9w1pt5se40v2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ottenstenium]]</text>
      <sha1>abqf6leuhgfr2rxckuf9w1pt5se40v2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ovelgönne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329503</id>
    <redirect title="Ovelgonna" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995707</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Ovelgönne]] ad [[Ovelgonna]]: Nomen Latinum vel Latinizatum inventum. Vide notam</comment>
      <origin>3995707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23" sha1="cpubh1zw6gsyufxwbiu3nlhk86f54pu" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ovelgonna]]</text>
      <sha1>cpubh1zw6gsyufxwbiu3nlhk86f54pu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Carmen Carminum Buranorum/appendicula Vicidatorum</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995713</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:26:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3995713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="316" sha1="cew64hr7tes5891od4w7vmaoamxiiwz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;margin-left: .05em;&quot;&gt;[[Imago:Wikidata.svg|14px|link=:d:{{Tessera Vicidatorum}}#{{{1}}}|alt=Notitia apud Vicidata reperta ({{{1}}})|Notitia apud Vicidata reperta ([[:d:{{Tessera Vicidatorum}}#{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]])]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio formulae machinariae}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cew64hr7tes5891od4w7vmaoamxiiwz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995728</id>
      <parentid>3995713</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>-&lt;sup&gt;...&lt;/sup&gt;</comment>
      <origin>3995728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="277" sha1="0rmi4gefhnjfcgzaluu8mkd6lqq6u9p" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Imago:Wikidata.svg|14px|link=:d:{{Tessera Vicidatorum}}#{{{1}}}|alt=Notitia apud Vicidata reperta ({{{1}}})|Notitia apud Vicidata reperta ([[:d:{{Tessera Vicidatorum}}#{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]])]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio formulae machinariae}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0rmi4gefhnjfcgzaluu8mkd6lqq6u9p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>O fortuna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329505</id>
    <redirect title="O Fortuna" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995726</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T00:52:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem creavi</comment>
      <origin>3995726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23" sha1="r5vuvtwwd17clhzdcxymqgiaj82dtvq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[O Fortuna]]</text>
      <sha1>r5vuvtwwd17clhzdcxymqgiaj82dtvq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:@*@</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329506</id>
    <redirect title="Formula:Nota typographica" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995765</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T09:57:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem ad formulam {{[[Formula:Nota typographica|Nota typographica]]}} creavi</comment>
      <origin>3995765</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="d3bq8yo9nrpkkv2n8ns75va2cw0y0yg" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Nota typographica]]</text>
      <sha1>d3bq8yo9nrpkkv2n8ns75va2cw0y0yg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nota typographica media</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995769</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:25:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3995769</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="634" sha1="oi2df7wg1iqhul63bau5jm7nsfvaqek" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione
	| 1 = {{Nota typographica{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
		imposing|style|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:x|margin: 0 {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{1|}}}}}|
		setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}|
		all_sorted|
		list_maybe_with_names
	}}}}
	| 2 = {{Nota typographica|{{{1|}}}|ancora={{{ancora|}}}|annotatio={{{annotatio|}}}|class={{{class|}}}|lingua={{{lingua|}}}|style=margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|proprietas=distributa}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oi2df7wg1iqhul63bau5jm7nsfvaqek</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995770</id>
      <parentid>3995769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:26:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995770</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="638" sha1="g435jzbpvhtqklh2w27ojz7zo3e6y4h" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione
	| 1 = {{Nota typographica{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
		imposing|style|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:x|margin: 0 {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}}}|
		setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}|
		all_sorted|
		list_maybe_with_names
	}}}}
	| 2 = {{Nota typographica|{{{1|}}}|ancora={{{ancora|}}}|annotatio={{{annotatio|}}}|class={{{class|}}}|lingua={{{lingua|}}}|style=margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|proprietas=distributa}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g435jzbpvhtqklh2w27ojz7zo3e6y4h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nota typographica sinistra</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995772</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3995772</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="660" sha1="j3vqas7cwjr3cz82onm935z97sao0cm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione
	| 1 = {{Nota typographica{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
		imposing|style|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:x|margin: 0 {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}} 0 0; {{{style|}}}}}|
		setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}|
		all_sorted|
		list_maybe_with_names
	}}}}
	| 2 = {{Nota typographica|{{{1|}}}|ancora={{{ancora|}}}|annotatio={{{annotatio|}}}|class={{{class|}}}|lingua={{{lingua|}}}|style=margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}} 0 0; {{{style|}}}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|Formula:Nota typographica media/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j3vqas7cwjr3cz82onm935z97sao0cm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nota typographica dextra</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995773</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:29:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3995773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="660" sha1="rlcmhqegq7v8fqsk3trq1oyiz07heg9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione
	| 1 = {{Nota typographica{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
		imposing|style|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:x|margin: 0 0 0 {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}}}|
		setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}|
		all_sorted|
		list_maybe_with_names
	}}}}
	| 2 = {{Nota typographica|{{{1|}}}|ancora={{{ancora|}}}|annotatio={{{annotatio|}}}|class={{{class|}}}|lingua={{{lingua|}}}|style=margin: 0 0 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|Formula:Nota typographica media/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rlcmhqegq7v8fqsk3trq1oyiz07heg9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995778</id>
      <parentid>3995773</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:33:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:Nota typographica dextera]] ad [[Formula:Nota typographica dextra]] praeter redirectionem: Fortasse nomen melius</comment>
      <origin>3995773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="660" sha1="rlcmhqegq7v8fqsk3trq1oyiz07heg9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;Si in substitutione
	| 1 = {{Nota typographica{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#invoke:params|
		imposing|style|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:x|margin: 0 0 0 {{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}}}|
		setting|hi/p|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;!}}|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude /&gt;=}}|
		all_sorted|
		list_maybe_with_names
	}}}}
	| 2 = {{Nota typographica|{{{1|}}}|ancora={{{ancora|}}}|annotatio={{{annotatio|}}}|class={{{class|}}}|lingua={{{lingua|}}}|style=margin: 0 0 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio|Formula:Nota typographica media/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rlcmhqegq7v8fqsk3trq1oyiz07heg9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:.@*@</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329511</id>
    <redirect title="Formula:Nota typographica dextra" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995775</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:31:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem ad formulam {{[[Formula:Nota typographica dextera|Nota typographica dextera]]}} creavi</comment>
      <origin>3995775</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" sha1="nrww3uqmhesdk59k8u5om5xfoiap2xk" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Nota typographica dextera]]</text>
      <sha1>nrww3uqmhesdk59k8u5om5xfoiap2xk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995780</id>
      <parentid>3995775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Duplam redirectionem correxi</comment>
      <origin>3995780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46" sha1="dhc7hynye3eoj7gvpxdf7y0i7vzxfsy" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Nota typographica dextra]]</text>
      <sha1>dhc7hynye3eoj7gvpxdf7y0i7vzxfsy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:@*@.</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329512</id>
    <redirect title="Formula:Nota typographica sinistra" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995776</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:32:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem ad formulam {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|Nota typographica sinistra]]}} creavi</comment>
      <origin>3995776</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="934wwgn8u9dg1q7vo3pj90tv7okqfvi" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra]]</text>
      <sha1>934wwgn8u9dg1q7vo3pj90tv7okqfvi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:.@*@.</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329513</id>
    <redirect title="Formula:Nota typographica media" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995777</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:32:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem ad formulam {{[[Formula:Nota typographica media|Nota typographica media]]}} creavi</comment>
      <origin>3995777</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="m6a0d1yenx2jshfuco7qwsvg8g1s2v2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Nota typographica media]]</text>
      <sha1>m6a0d1yenx2jshfuco7qwsvg8g1s2v2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nota typographica dextera</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329514</id>
    <redirect title="Formula:Nota typographica dextra" />
    <revision>
      <id>3995779</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:33:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Formula:Nota typographica dextera]] ad [[Formula:Nota typographica dextra]] praeter redirectionem: Fortasse nomen melius</comment>
      <origin>3995779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46" sha1="dhc7hynye3eoj7gvpxdf7y0i7vzxfsy" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Formula:Nota typographica dextra]]</text>
      <sha1>dhc7hynye3eoj7gvpxdf7y0i7vzxfsy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dioecesis Venetensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>329515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995782</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:44:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio e francica documentatione</comment>
      <origin>3995782</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1288" sha1="h7r9xwq7r1jnui7y1qmboqgqlgz0vvn" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} 
{{res|Dioecesis Venetensis}} ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|lingua=fr|Diocèse de Vannes}}) est [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latinae]] in [[Francia]] sita, cuius sedes [[Dariorigum|Veneti]] est. Dioecesis, [[saeculum 5|saeculo quinto]] condita,&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor1=A. Chédevile|auctor2= H. Guillotel|titulus=La Bretagne des saints et des rois|locus=Rennes|annus=1984| pagina= 114}} {{ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[1801]] cum territorio [[Morbihanum| praefecturae Morbihani]] congruit et a [[1859]] suffraganea [[Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]] est.

== Ecclesia cathedralis ==
[[Fasciculus:Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Vannes-2253.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Ecclesia cathedralis [[Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]
[[Ecclesia cathedralis]] Sancto Petro dicata, [[Dariorigum|Dariorigi]] (seu in Venetis) sita est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
* {{Opus|url=https://www.vannes.catholique.fr/|titulus=Situs officialis}} {{ling|Francogallice}}
{{CommuniaCat|Roman Catholic Diocese of Vannes|Dioecesem Venetensem}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{CathHierDiocese|vann|Dioecesis Venetensis}}

{{RC-stipula}}
{{Dioeceses archidioeceses catholicae Franciae}}
[[Categoria:Dioecesis Venetensis]]</text>
      <sha1>h7r9xwq7r1jnui7y1qmboqgqlgz0vvn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Dioecesis Venetensis</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>329516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995783</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:46:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>attributio</comment>
      <origin>3995783</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46" sha1="tj4rs97iccfh5h0frclp4xima0e0vcn" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Diocèse de Vannes|240543798}}</text>
      <sha1>tj4rs97iccfh5h0frclp4xima0e0vcn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Dioecesis Venetensis</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995784</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:49:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio</comment>
      <origin>3995784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="133" sha1="kdey2dvo3fcu63bzm12kogtiancyye7" xml:space="preserve">
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Francia|Venetensis]]
[[Categoria:Morbihanum]]
[[Categoria:Archidioecesis Rhedonensis]]</text>
      <sha1>kdey2dvo3fcu63bzm12kogtiancyye7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Dioecesis Ambianensis</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995785</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:52:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio</comment>
      <origin>3995785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150" sha1="qmxnpft7ijncuh0o1akwth47ycbxyfg" xml:space="preserve">
[[Categoria:Dioeceses Ecclesiae Catholicae in Francia|Ambianensis]]
[[Categoria:Sumina (praefectura Franciae)]]
[[Categoria:Archidioecesis Remensis]]</text>
      <sha1>qmxnpft7ijncuh0o1akwth47ycbxyfg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Nota typographica media/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>329519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3995787</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:58:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3995787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2957" sha1="t4etpik7v9iuhvr7vci6klutheon6v3" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}

Formulae {{Fn|Nota typographica media}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{.@*@.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, {{Fn|Nota typographica sinistra}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{@*@.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, et {{Fn|Nota typographica dextra}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{.@*@}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; sunt viae breves ad hunc vicitextum scribendum: &lt;code&gt;{{Fnp|Nota typographica|style{{=}}margin-right: .5em;|...}}&lt;/code&gt;.

== De usu ==
=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica media|Nota typographica media]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|.@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''in medium versum''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica media|Nota typographica sinistra]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}} 0 0; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''ad initium versūs''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica dextra|Nota typographica dextra]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 0 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''ad finem versūs''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

==== Synonyma ====
* {{Fn|Nota typographica dextera}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]
* {{Fn|Nota typographica}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t4etpik7v9iuhvr7vci6klutheon6v3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995788</id>
      <parentid>3995787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T10:58:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3995788</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2960" sha1="jsreewn1vjmx3248bxdg9fmdxb9r91f" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}

Formulae {{Fn|Nota typographica media}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{.@*@.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, {{Fn|Nota typographica sinistra}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{@*@.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, et {{Fn|Nota typographica dextra}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{.@*@}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; sunt viae breves ad hunc vicitextum scribendum: &lt;code&gt;{{Fnp|Nota typographica|style{{=}}margin-right: .5em;|...}}&lt;/code&gt;.

== De usu ==
=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica media|Nota typographica media]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|.@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''in medium versum''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|Nota typographica sinistra]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}} 0 0; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''ad initium versūs''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica dextra|Nota typographica dextra]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 0 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''ad finem versūs''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

==== Synonyma ====
* {{Fn|Nota typographica dextera}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]
* {{Fn|Nota typographica}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jsreewn1vjmx3248bxdg9fmdxb9r91f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3995796</id>
      <parentid>3995788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T11:06:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3995796</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2960" sha1="51gfoiafr89tjhhhe9z18x18j3ldgn5" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}

Formulae {{Fn|Nota typographica media}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{.@*@.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, {{Fn|Nota typographica sinistra}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{@*@.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, et {{Fn|Nota typographica dextra}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{.@*@}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; sunt viae breves ad hunc vicitextum scribendum: &lt;code&gt;{{Fnp|Nota typographica|style{{=}}margin-right: .5em;|...}}&lt;/code&gt;.

== De usu ==
=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica media|Nota typographica media]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|.@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''in medium versum''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|Nota typographica sinistra]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}} 0 0; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''ad initium versūs''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica dextra|Nota typographica dextra]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 0 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|.@*@}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''ad finem versūs''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

==== Synonyma ====
* {{Fn|Nota typographica dextera}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]
* {{Fn|Nota typographica}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3995830</id>
      <parentid>3995796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T11:51:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <text bytes="2976" sha1="glgmf2vl8erlf31kges58mdexyfwj96" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}
{{Formula numquam substituenda|...}}

Formulae {{Fn|Nota typographica media}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{.@*@.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, {{Fn|Nota typographica sinistra}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{@*@.}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, et {{Fn|Nota typographica dextra}} seu &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;{{.@*@}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; sunt viae breves ad hunc vicitextum (vel similem alium) scribendum: &lt;code&gt;{{Fnp|Nota typographica|style{{=}}margin: 0 .5em;|...}}&lt;/code&gt;.

== De usu ==
=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica media|Nota typographica media]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|.@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''in medium versum''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica sinistra|Nota typographica sinistra]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}} 0 0; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|@*@.}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''ad initium versūs''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{@*@.|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

=== {{[[Formula:Nota typographica dextra|Nota typographica dextra]]}} ===
{{Formula delegata|Nota typographica
	| procurata = style -&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;margin: 0 0 0 {{#if:{{{sp|}}}|{{{sp}}}|.5em}}; {{{style|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
{{Lua|Params}}
{{Compendia formulae|.@*@}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad textum impalpabilem ({{*ie}} qui per [[mus (computatralis)|murem computatralem]] seligi non potest) '''ad finem versūs''' inserendum.

* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@|Lorem ipsum}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@|Lorem ipsum}}YYY
* &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;XXX{{.@*@|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
*: ↳ XXX{{.@*@|Lorem ipsum|sp=2em}}YYY

==== Synonyma ====
* {{Fn|Nota typographica dextera}}

== Ulteriora si cupis ==
* [[:Categoria:Formulae typographicae]]
* {{Fn|Nota typographica}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
&lt;!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --&gt;
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae intra versum accommodandae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae typographicae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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