Lexicon philosophicum

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    <title>Lexicon philosophicum</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T03:38:09Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="20746" sha1="nxunc522ibxe6x46zkzux1z1c2rs1zb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;max-width:58em;margin:0 auto;padding:1.4em 1.6em;font-family:-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#faf8f2);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.25em;line-height:1.05;color:#a86a3d;letter-spacing:0.02em;&quot;&gt;Lexicon philosophicum&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);margin-top:0.3em;&quot;&gt;Vocabula philosophica Latina, additis Graecorum nominibus&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:3px;background:#c08552;margin:0.85em 0 0 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.9em 0 1.3em 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;[[#A|A]] · [[#B|B]] · [[#C|C]] · [[#D|D]] · [[#E|E]] · [[#F|F]] · [[#G|G]] · [[#H|H]] · [[#I|I]] · [[#L|L]] · [[#M|M]] · [[#N|N]] · [[#O|O]] · [[#P|P]] · [[#Q|Q]] · [[#R|R]] · [[#S|S]] · [[#T|T]] · [[#V|V]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;A&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|A priori]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abductio|Abductio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abstractio|Abstractio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|Accidens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συμβεβηκός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Alienatio|Alienatio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anarchismus|Anarchismus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anima|Anima]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ψυχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|Animus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Appetitus|Appetitus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρμή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Assensio|Assensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συγκατάθεσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;B&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Beatitudo|Beatitudo]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εὐδαιμονία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|Bonum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀγαθόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;C&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|Causa]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἰτία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|Cognitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γνῶσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Comprehensio|Comprehensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κατάληψις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cupiditas|Cupiditas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιθυμία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;D&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Decorum|Decorum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρέπον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Definitio|Definitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρισμός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;θεός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Dialectica|Dialectica]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;διαλεκτική&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;E&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Elementum|Elementum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;στοιχεῖον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Empirismus|Empirismus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐμπειρία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Epistemologia|Epistemologia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|Essentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;οὐσία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;F&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Fatum|Fatum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἱμαρμένη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Finis|Finis]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τέλος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|Forma]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μορφή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;G&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|Genus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γένος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;H&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Honestum|Honestum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καλόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;I&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|Idea]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἰδέα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|Individuum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἄτομον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|Iudicium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κρίσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iustitia|Iustitia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δικαιοσύνη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;L&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Locus|Locus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τόπος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;M&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Materia|Materia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὕλη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|Memoria]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μνήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|Mens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;νοῦς&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Motus|Motus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κίνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|Mundus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κόσμος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;N&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Natura]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φύσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|Necessitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀνάγκη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|Notio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἔννοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;O&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Officium|Officium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθῆκον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Opinio|Opinio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δόξα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;P&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Perturbatio|Perturbatio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πάθος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Praeposita|Praeposita]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;προηγμένα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Principium|Principium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Probabile|Probabile]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πιθανόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Providentia|Providentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρόνοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Prudentia|Prudentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φρόνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;Q&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;Q&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|Qualitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποιότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Quantitas|Quantitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποσότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;R&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|Ratio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;λόγος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;S&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sapientia|Sapientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;σοφία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Scientia|Scientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|Sensus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἴσθησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|Species]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἶδος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|Substantia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὑπόστασις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;T&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Tempus|Tempus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;χρόνος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;V&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 0.4em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Veritas|Veritas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀλήθεια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Virtus|Virtus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρετή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Visum|Visum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φαντασία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|Universale]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθόλου&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|Voluntas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;βούλησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluptas|Voluptas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἡδονή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:1.3em;padding-top:0.6em;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;LIX vocabula&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum|*]]
[[fr:Dictionnaire de philosophie]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10823</id>
      <parentid>10820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T04:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PandaMystique</username>
        <id>2967</id>
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      <text bytes="20886" sha1="l10jmp737qgrskyny76p5nx3fzo21j1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;max-width:58em;margin:0 auto;padding:1.4em 1.6em;font-family:-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#faf8f2);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.25em;line-height:1.05;color:#a86a3d;letter-spacing:0.02em;&quot;&gt;Lexicon philosophicum&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);margin-top:0.3em;&quot;&gt;Vocabula philosophica Latina, additis Graecorum nominibus&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:3px;background:#c08552;margin:0.85em 0 0 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.9em 0 1.3em 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;[[#A|A]] · [[#B|B]] · [[#C|C]] · [[#D|D]] · [[#E|E]] · [[#F|F]] · [[#G|G]] · [[#H|H]] · [[#I|I]] · [[#L|L]] · [[#M|M]] · [[#N|N]] · [[#O|O]] · [[#P|P]] · [[#Q|Q]] · [[#R|R]] · [[#S|S]] · [[#T|T]] · [[#V|V]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;A&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|A priori]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abductio|Abductio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abstractio|Abstractio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|Accidens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συμβεβηκός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Alienatio|Alienatio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anarchismus|Anarchismus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anima|Anima]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ψυχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|Animus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Appetitus|Appetitus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρμή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Assensio|Assensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συγκατάθεσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Attributum|Attributum]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;B&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Beatitudo|Beatitudo]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εὐδαιμονία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|Bonum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀγαθόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;C&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|Causa]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἰτία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|Cognitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γνῶσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Comprehensio|Comprehensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κατάληψις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cupiditas|Cupiditas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιθυμία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;D&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Decorum|Decorum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρέπον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Definitio|Definitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρισμός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;θεός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Dialectica|Dialectica]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;διαλεκτική&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;E&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Elementum|Elementum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;στοιχεῖον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Empirismus|Empirismus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐμπειρία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Epistemologia|Epistemologia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|Essentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;οὐσία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;F&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Fatum|Fatum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἱμαρμένη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Finis|Finis]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τέλος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|Forma]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μορφή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;G&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|Genus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γένος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;H&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Honestum|Honestum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καλόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;I&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|Idea]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἰδέα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|Individuum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἄτομον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|Iudicium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κρίσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iustitia|Iustitia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δικαιοσύνη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;L&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Locus|Locus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τόπος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;M&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Materia|Materia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὕλη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|Memoria]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μνήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|Mens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;νοῦς&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Motus|Motus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κίνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|Mundus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κόσμος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;N&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Natura]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φύσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|Necessitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀνάγκη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|Notio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἔννοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;O&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Officium|Officium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθῆκον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Opinio|Opinio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δόξα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;P&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Perturbatio|Perturbatio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πάθος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Praeposita|Praeposita]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;προηγμένα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Principium|Principium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Probabile|Probabile]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πιθανόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Providentia|Providentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρόνοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Prudentia|Prudentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φρόνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;Q&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;Q&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|Qualitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποιότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Quantitas|Quantitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποσότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;R&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|Ratio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;λόγος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;S&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sapientia|Sapientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;σοφία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Scientia|Scientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|Sensus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἴσθησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|Species]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἶδος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|Substantia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὑπόστασις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;T&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Tempus|Tempus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;χρόνος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;V&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 0.4em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Veritas|Veritas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀλήθεια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Virtus|Virtus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρετή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Visum|Visum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φαντασία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|Universale]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθόλου&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|Voluntas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;βούλησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluptas|Voluptas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἡδονή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:1.3em;padding-top:0.6em;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;LIX vocabula&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum|*]]
[[fr:Dictionnaire de philosophie]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10824</id>
      <parentid>10823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T04:21:47Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="20885" sha1="35gnapmtyaicpf51d4iqdg43tfecpa5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;max-width:58em;margin:0 auto;padding:1.4em 1.6em;font-family:-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#faf8f2);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.25em;line-height:1.05;color:#a86a3d;letter-spacing:0.02em;&quot;&gt;Lexicon philosophicum&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);margin-top:0.3em;&quot;&gt;Vocabula philosophica Latina, additis Graecorum nominibus&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:3px;background:#c08552;margin:0.85em 0 0 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.9em 0 1.3em 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;[[#A|A]] · [[#B|B]] · [[#C|C]] · [[#D|D]] · [[#E|E]] · [[#F|F]] · [[#G|G]] · [[#H|H]] · [[#I|I]] · [[#L|L]] · [[#M|M]] · [[#N|N]] · [[#O|O]] · [[#P|P]] · [[#Q|Q]] · [[#R|R]] · [[#S|S]] · [[#T|T]] · [[#V|V]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;A&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|A priori]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abductio|Abductio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abstractio|Abstractio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|Accidens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συμβεβηκός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Alienatio|Alienatio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anarchismus|Anarchismus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anima|Anima]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ψυχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|Animus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Appetitus|Appetitus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρμή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Assensio|Assensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συγκατάθεσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Attributum|Attributum]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;B&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Beatitudo|Beatitudo]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εὐδαιμονία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|Bonum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀγαθόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;C&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|Causa]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἰτία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|Cognitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γνῶσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Comprehensio|Comprehensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κατάληψις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cupiditas|Cupiditas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιθυμία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;D&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Decorum|Decorum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρέπον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Definitio|Definitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρισμός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;θεός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Dialectica|Dialectica]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;διαλεκτική&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;E&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Elementum|Elementum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;στοιχεῖον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Empirismus|Empirismus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐμπειρία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Epistemologia|Epistemologia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|Essentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;οὐσία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;F&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Fatum|Fatum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἱμαρμένη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Finis|Finis]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τέλος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|Forma]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μορφή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;G&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|Genus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γένος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;H&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Honestum|Honestum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καλόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;I&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|Idea]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἰδέα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|Individuum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἄτομον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|Iudicium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κρίσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iustitia|Iustitia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δικαιοσύνη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;L&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Locus|Locus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τόπος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;M&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Materia|Materia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὕλη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|Memoria]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μνήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|Mens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;νοῦς&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Motus|Motus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κίνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|Mundus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κόσμος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;N&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Natura]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φύσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|Necessitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀνάγκη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|Notio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἔννοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;O&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Officium|Officium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθῆκον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Opinio|Opinio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δόξα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;P&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Perturbatio|Perturbatio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πάθος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Praeposita|Praeposita]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;προηγμένα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Principium|Principium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Probabile|Probabile]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πιθανόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Providentia|Providentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρόνοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Prudentia|Prudentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φρόνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;Q&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;Q&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|Qualitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποιότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Quantitas|Quantitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποσότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;R&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|Ratio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;λόγος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;S&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sapientia|Sapientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;σοφία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Scientia|Scientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|Sensus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἴσθησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|Species]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἶδος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|Substantia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὑπόστασις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;T&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Tempus|Tempus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;χρόνος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;V&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 0.4em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Veritas|Veritas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀλήθεια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Virtus|Virtus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρετή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Visum|Visum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φαντασία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|Universale]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθόλου&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|Voluntas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;βούλησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluptas|Voluptas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἡδονή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:1.3em;padding-top:0.6em;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;LIX vocabula&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum|*]]
[[fr:Dictionnaire de philosophie]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10826</id>
      <parentid>10824</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T05:16:44Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2967</id>
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      <text bytes="20886" sha1="cc8s80gvhpopgjjgf2wqixa6nf7em95" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;max-width:58em;margin:0 auto;padding:1.4em 1.6em;font-family:-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#faf8f2);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.25em;line-height:1.05;color:#a86a3d;letter-spacing:0.02em;&quot;&gt;Lexicon philosophicum&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);margin-top:0.3em;&quot;&gt;Vocabula philosophica Latina, additis Graecorum nominibus&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:3px;background:#c08552;margin:0.85em 0 0 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.9em 0 1.3em 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;[[#A|A]] · [[#B|B]] · [[#C|C]] · [[#D|D]] · [[#E|E]] · [[#F|F]] · [[#G|G]] · [[#H|H]] · [[#I|I]] · [[#L|L]] · [[#M|M]] · [[#N|N]] · [[#O|O]] · [[#P|P]] · [[#Q|Q]] · [[#R|R]] · [[#S|S]] · [[#T|T]] · [[#V|V]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;A&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|A priori]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abductio|Abductio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abstractio|Abstractio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|Accidens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συμβεβηκός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Alienatio|Alienatio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anarchismus|Anarchismus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anima|Anima]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ψυχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|Animus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Appetitus|Appetitus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρμή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Assensio|Assensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συγκατάθεσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Attributum|Attributum]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;B&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Beatitudo|Beatitudo]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εὐδαιμονία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|Bonum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀγαθόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;C&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|Causa]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἰτία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|Cognitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γνῶσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Comprehensio|Comprehensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κατάληψις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cupiditas|Cupiditas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιθυμία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;D&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Decorum|Decorum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρέπον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Definitio|Definitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρισμός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;θεός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Dialectica|Dialectica]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;διαλεκτική&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;E&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Elementum|Elementum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;στοιχεῖον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Empirismus|Empirismus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐμπειρία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Epistemologia|Epistemologia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|Essentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;οὐσία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;F&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Fatum|Fatum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἱμαρμένη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Finis|Finis]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τέλος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|Forma]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μορφή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;G&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|Genus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γένος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;H&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Honestum|Honestum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καλόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;I&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|Idea]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἰδέα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|Individuum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἄτομον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|Iudicium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κρίσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iustitia|Iustitia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δικαιοσύνη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;L&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Locus|Locus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τόπος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;M&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Materia|Materia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὕλη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|Memoria]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μνήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|Mens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;νοῦς&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Motus|Motus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κίνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|Mundus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κόσμος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;N&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Natura]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φύσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|Necessitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀνάγκη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|Notio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἔννοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;O&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Officium|Officium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθῆκον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Opinio|Opinio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δόξα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;P&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Perturbatio|Perturbatio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πάθος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Praeposita|Praeposita]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;προηγμένα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Principium|Principium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Probabile|Probabile]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πιθανόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Providentia|Providentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρόνοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Prudentia|Prudentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φρόνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;Q&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;Q&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|Qualitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποιότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Quantitas|Quantitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποσότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;R&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|Ratio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;λόγος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;S&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sapientia|Sapientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;σοφία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Scientia|Scientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|Sensus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἴσθησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|Species]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἶδος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|Substantia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὑπόστασις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;T&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Tempus|Tempus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;χρόνος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;V&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 0.4em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Veritas|Veritas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀλήθεια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Virtus|Virtus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρετή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Visum|Visum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φαντασία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|Universale]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθόλου&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|Voluntas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;βούλησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluptas|Voluptas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἡδονή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:1.3em;padding-top:0.6em;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;LIX vocabula&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum|*]]
[[fr:Dictionnaire de philosophie]]</text>
      <sha1>cc8s80gvhpopgjjgf2wqixa6nf7em95</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>10827</id>
      <parentid>10826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T05:21:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PandaMystique</username>
        <id>2967</id>
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      <origin>10827</origin>
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      <text bytes="21140" sha1="8xxxm7b80jrpsa3tyihogdgylk925dr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;max-width:58em;margin:0 auto;padding:1.4em 1.6em;font-family:-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#faf8f2);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.25em;line-height:1.05;color:#a86a3d;letter-spacing:0.02em;&quot;&gt;Lexicon philosophicum&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);margin-top:0.3em;&quot;&gt;Vocabula philosophica Latina, additis Graecorum nominibus&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:3px;background:#c08552;margin:0.85em 0 0 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.9em 0 1.3em 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;[[#A|A]] · [[#B|B]] · [[#C|C]] · [[#D|D]] · [[#E|E]] · [[#F|F]] · [[#G|G]] · [[#H|H]] · [[#I|I]] · [[#L|L]] · [[#M|M]] · [[#N|N]] · [[#O|O]] · [[#P|P]] · [[#Q|Q]] · [[#R|R]] · [[#S|S]] · [[#T|T]] · [[#V|V]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;A&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|A priori]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abductio|Abductio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abstractio|Abstractio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|Accidens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συμβεβηκός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Alienatio|Alienatio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anarchismus|Anarchismus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anima|Anima]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ψυχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|Animus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Appetitus|Appetitus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρμή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Assensio|Assensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συγκατάθεσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Attributum|Attributum]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;B&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Beatitudo|Beatitudo]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εὐδαιμονία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|Bonum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀγαθόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;C&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|Causa]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἰτία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|Cognitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γνῶσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Comprehensio|Comprehensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κατάληψις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Conscientia|Conscientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συνείδησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cupiditas|Cupiditas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιθυμία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;D&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Decorum|Decorum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρέπον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Definitio|Definitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρισμός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;θεός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Dialectica|Dialectica]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;διαλεκτική&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;E&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Elementum|Elementum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;στοιχεῖον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Empirismus|Empirismus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐμπειρία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Epistemologia|Epistemologia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|Essentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;οὐσία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;F&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Fatum|Fatum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἱμαρμένη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Finis|Finis]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τέλος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|Forma]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μορφή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;G&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|Genus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γένος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;H&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Honestum|Honestum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καλόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;I&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|Idea]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἰδέα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|Individuum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἄτομον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|Iudicium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κρίσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iustitia|Iustitia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δικαιοσύνη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;L&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Locus|Locus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τόπος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;M&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Materia|Materia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὕλη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|Memoria]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μνήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|Mens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;νοῦς&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Motus|Motus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κίνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|Mundus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κόσμος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;N&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Natura]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φύσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|Necessitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀνάγκη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|Notio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἔννοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;O&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Officium|Officium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθῆκον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Opinio|Opinio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δόξα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;P&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Perturbatio|Perturbatio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πάθος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Praeposita|Praeposita]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;προηγμένα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Principium|Principium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Probabile|Probabile]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πιθανόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Providentia|Providentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρόνοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Prudentia|Prudentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φρόνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;Q&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;Q&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|Qualitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποιότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Quantitas|Quantitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποσότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;R&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|Ratio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;λόγος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;S&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sapientia|Sapientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;σοφία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Scientia|Scientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|Sensus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἴσθησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|Species]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἶδος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|Substantia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὑπόστασις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;T&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Tempus|Tempus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;χρόνος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;V&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 0.4em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Veritas|Veritas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀλήθεια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Virtus|Virtus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρετή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Visum|Visum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φαντασία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|Universale]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθόλου&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|Voluntas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;βούλησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluptas|Voluptas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἡδονή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:1.3em;padding-top:0.6em;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;LIX vocabula&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum|*]]
[[fr:Dictionnaire de philosophie]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>10829</id>
      <parentid>10827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T06:19:23Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="21290" sha1="n6ncesjxftvwlk26k84w4n19m8i5sow" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;max-width:58em;margin:0 auto;padding:1.4em 1.6em;font-family:-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#faf8f2);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.25em;line-height:1.05;color:#a86a3d;letter-spacing:0.02em;&quot;&gt;Lexicon philosophicum&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);margin-top:0.3em;&quot;&gt;Vocabula philosophica Latina, additis Graecorum nominibus&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:3px;background:#c08552;margin:0.85em 0 0 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.9em 0 1.3em 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);&quot;&gt;[[#A|A]] · [[#B|B]] · [[#C|C]] · [[#D|D]] · [[#E|E]] · [[#F|F]] · [[#G|G]] · [[#H|H]] · [[#I|I]] · [[#L|L]] · [[#M|M]] · [[#N|N]] · [[#O|O]] · [[#P|P]] · [[#Q|Q]] · [[#R|R]] · [[#S|S]] · [[#T|T]] · [[#V|V]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;A&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|A priori]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abductio|Abductio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abstractio|Abstractio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|Accidens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συμβεβηκός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Alienatio|Alienatio]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anarchismus|Anarchismus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anima|Anima]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ψυχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|Animus]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Appetitus|Appetitus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρμή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Assensio|Assensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συγκατάθεσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Attributum|Attributum]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;B&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Beatitudo|Beatitudo]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εὐδαιμονία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|Bonum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀγαθόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;C&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|Causa]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἰτία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|Cognitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γνῶσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Comprehensio|Comprehensio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κατάληψις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Conscientia|Conscientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;συνείδησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cupiditas|Cupiditas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιθυμία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;D&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Decorum|Decorum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρέπον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Definitio|Definitio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὁρισμός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;θεός&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Dialectica|Dialectica]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;διαλεκτική&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;E&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Elementum|Elementum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;στοιχεῖον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Empirismus|Empirismus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐμπειρία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Epistemologia|Epistemologia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|Essentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;οὐσία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;F&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Fatum|Fatum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἱμαρμένη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Finis|Finis]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τέλος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|Forma]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μορφή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;G&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|Genus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;γένος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;H&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Honestum|Honestum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καλόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;I&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|Idea]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἰδέα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|Individuum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἄτομον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Intentionalitas|Intentionalitas]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|Iudicium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κρίσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iustitia|Iustitia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δικαιοσύνη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;L&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Locus|Locus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;τόπος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;M&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Materia|Materia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὕλη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|Memoria]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;μνήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|Mens]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;νοῦς&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Motus|Motus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κίνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|Mundus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;κόσμος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;N&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Natura]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φύσις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|Necessitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀνάγκη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|Notio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἔννοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;O&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Officium|Officium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθῆκον&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Opinio|Opinio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;δόξα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;P&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Perturbatio|Perturbatio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πάθος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Praeposita|Praeposita]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;προηγμένα&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Principium|Principium]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρχή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Probabile|Probabile]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πιθανόν&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Providentia|Providentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;πρόνοια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Prudentia|Prudentia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φρόνησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;Q&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;Q&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|Qualitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποιότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Quantitas|Quantitas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ποσότης&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;R&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|Ratio]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;λόγος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;S&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sapientia|Sapientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;σοφία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Scientia|Scientia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἐπιστήμη&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|Sensus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;αἴσθησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|Species]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;εἶδος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|Substantia]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ὑπόστασις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;T&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.1em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Tempus|Tempus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;χρόνος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;V&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0 0.4em 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Veritas|Veritas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀλήθεια&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Virtus|Virtus]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἀρετή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Visum|Visum]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;φαντασία&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|Universale]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;καθόλου&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|Voluntas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;βούλησις&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;&quot;&gt;[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluptas|Voluptas]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;&quot;&gt;ἡδονή&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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[[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum|*]]
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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Lexicon|Alienatio}} ==※ Alienatio ※== '''Alienatio''', ut hodie a philosophis usurpatur, eum statum vel eam mutationem significat qua aliquid homini proprium ab eo seiungitur eique alienum, externum, immo etiam infestum redditur. Ita dici solet homo alienari a fructu laboris sui, a natura sua, ab aliis hominibus, vel a se ipso, cum ea quae sua sunt velut aliena et adversa contra eum stare incipiunt.  Vocabulum ipsum bonae est Latinitatis, a verbo alienand...'</comment>
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==※ Alienatio ※==
'''Alienatio''', ut hodie a philosophis usurpatur, eum statum vel eam mutationem significat qua aliquid homini proprium ab eo seiungitur eique alienum, externum, immo etiam infestum redditur. Ita dici solet homo alienari a fructu laboris sui, a natura sua, ab aliis hominibus, vel a se ipso, cum ea quae sua sunt velut aliena et adversa contra eum stare incipiunt.

Vocabulum ipsum bonae est Latinitatis, a verbo alienandi ductum, quod est rem suam alterius facere. Apud antiquos autem tres potissimum sensus habuit. Primum proprietatis translationem significabat, cum quis rem suam in alterius ius transferret, unde apud iurisconsultos « alienatio fundi ». Deinde animorum disiunctionem, cum amicitia vel benevolentia solveretur, ut apud Ciceronem « alienationes amicorum ». Tertio [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|mentis]] aberrationem ac rationis amissionem, unde apud medicos, velut apud Celsum, « alienatio mentis ». Sensus tamen ille philosophicus, de quo hic agitur, recens est neque antiquitati notus. Notio enim ipsa saeculo undevicesimo apud Germanos exculta est, vocabulis ''Entfremdung'' et ''Entäußerung'' significata, ab Hegel, Feuerbach et praesertim Marx; vetus autem illud nomen « alienatio » in linguis recentioribus et in Latinitate doctorum ad eam reddendam atque enarrandam usurpatum est.

Res tamen ipsa, id est animi a se vel a Deo vel a mundo seiunctio, iam apud veteres quodam modo adumbrata erat. Sic nonnulli Gnostici animam in hunc mundum tamquam in exsilium delapsam et a vera sua sede alienam esse fingebant; sic Plotinus animam, dum a principio suo avertitur et circa corpora versatur, a se ipsa quodam modo seiungi docebat; sic denique Augustinus animam a [[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deo]] aversam in « regione dissimilitudinis » longe a vero bono suo errare dicebat. In notionem autem propriam et accuratam haec res non nisi recentiore aetate evasit.

== Historia philosophica notionis ==

=== Hegel ===

Hegel alienationem (''Entfremdung'') momentum quoddam esse docuit in ipsa Spiritus evolutione necessarium. Spiritus enim, ut ad se ipsum perveniat et se cognoscat, prius se in aliud exteriusque ponere debet, quod ille ''Entäußerung'', id est sui quasi effusionem, vocat: ita se in [[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|naturam]], in opera, in instituta humana effundit. Quae tamen sui exterior positio nondum per se mala est neque alienatio proprie dicenda; tunc enim demum proprie oritur alienatio, cum id quod Spiritus ipse produxit ei tamquam aliena et infesta potestas obsistit. Sed Spiritus tandem id quod alienum videbatur ut se ipsum agnoscit, atque hoc modo alienationem superat et ad se redit. Est igitur apud eum alienatio et necessaria et in fine tollenda. Iam in ''Phaenomenologia Spiritus'' conscientiam illam « infelicem » descripserat, quae propriam essentiam in transcendens quoddam reiciens, a se ipsa abalienata, divisa manet. In eodem praeterea opere dialecticam illam « domini et servi » exposuit, in qua servus, dum res laborando format atque in eis se ipsum imprimit, paulatim ad sui conscientiam pervenit: quae meditatio posterioribus de labore disputationibus semen quoddam praebuit; quod tamen Marx, rebus oeconomicis perscrutatis, multum immutavit.&lt;ref&gt;Hegel, ''Phänomenologie des Geistes'' (1807), de conscientia infelici et de Spiritu a se alienato.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Feuerbach ===

Ludwig Feuerbach hanc notionem ad religionem transtulit. Deum enim ait nihil aliud esse quam ipsam generis humani [[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|naturam]] (rationem, [[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|voluntatem]], amorem) in ens quoddam infinitum et a se separatum proiectam. Homo igitur optima sua in Deum confert, seque ipsum pauperem et inopem reddit, dum imagini suae servit. Religio itaque est hominis a se ipso alienatio; quae ut tollatur, homo ea quae in Deum contulerat sibi tamquam propria revocare debet. Ita theologia in doctrinam de homine vertitur.&lt;ref&gt;Feuerbach, Ludwig, ''Das Wesen des Christentums'' (1841).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Marx ===

Karl Marx, Feuerbach secutus sed ad res oeconomicas et sociales conversus, de « labore alienato » (''entfremdete Arbeit'') in commentariis anni millesimi octingentesimi quadragesimi quarti disseruit. In iis enim rerum condicionibus quibus labor dominio privato subicitur, quadruplici modo operarium alienari docuit.

Primum a fructu operis sui: quod enim operarius producit, non ipsius, sed alterius fit, eique tamquam res aliena et potentior opponitur; quo plura facit, eo ipse pauperior evadit. Deinde ab ipsa operandi actione: labor enim ei non voluntarius, sed coactus et molestus est, in quo se non exercet sed amittit, ita ut extra laborem demum apud se esse videatur. Tertio a natura illa generis humani (''Gattungswesen'') sibi propria: nam quod hominem proprie hominem facit, libera scilicet et conscia operandi vis, ad solum vitae sustentandae instrumentum redigitur. Postremo ab aliis hominibus: cum enim hominum societas in dominandi certandique rationes solvitur, homo homini alienus fit. Hic autem Feuerbachii illud schema ad rem oeconomicam translatum cernitur: ut enim ille homo quo plura Deo tribuit eo sibi pauperior fit, ita hic operarius quo plura producit eo egentior evadit.

Distinguendum tamen Marx censuit inter obiectivationem illam, qua homo se in opere suo externo exprimit atque velut in rem obiectivam transfert (quam Germani ''Vergegenständlichung'' appellant) quaeque humana et perpetua est, et alienationem, quae eius corrupta tantum forma est sub certis rerum condicionibus orta. Huius autem alienationis radicem in privata rerum earum proprietate quibus bona gignuntur, et in laboris divisione posuit; quare eam non nisi sublata privata proprietate tolli posse censuit, cum homo ea quae alienaverat sibi rursus vindicaret atque ad se ipsum rediret. Notandum tamen hos commentarios diu ineditos mansisse nec nisi anno millesimo nongentesimo tricesimo secundo in lucem prolatos esse. In operibus autem maturioribus, ut in ''Capitale'', Marx minus de alienatione, magis de mercium fetichismo deque operariorum oppressione locutus est, quamquam res ipsa non plane evanuit.&lt;ref&gt;Marx, Karl, ''Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844'' (editi anno 1932); de mercium fetichismo cf. ''Das Kapital'' I (1867), cap. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrinae recentiores ==

Postquam commentarii illi anni 1844 in lucem prolati sunt, notio alienationis per totum saeculum vicesimum maxime floruit.

Georg Lukács iam ante eorum editionem cognatam notionem « reificationis » (''Verdinglichung'') excoluerat: cum scilicet relationes inter homines speciem rerum induunt, et quae humana et socialia sunt velut res naturales atque immutabiles apparent; quae notio cum Marxiana doctrina de mercium fetichismo arte cohaeret.&lt;ref&gt;Lukács, Georg, ''Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein'' (1923).&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophi deinde Francofurtenses, ut Adorno et Marcuse, alienationem in societate technica et mercatoria ratione gubernata investigaverunt.

Philosophi praeterea qui de exsistentia disputant alienationem latius acceperunt, non iam oeconomicam tantum, sed ipsius vitae humanae condicionem: hominem scilicet a se ipso, ab aliis, a mundo seiunctum, in vita non propria versantem. Heidegger enim hanc condicionem non propriam (''Uneigentlichkeit'') descripsit, in qua homo, in ''das Man'' (id est in vulgus illud anonymum) dilapsus, a se ipso avertitur et in cotidiana rerum cura velut cadit (''Verfallen''). Sartre autem alienationem praecipue in mala illa fide (''mauvaise foi''), qua homo libertatem suam sibi ipse celat, atque in alterius aspectu posuit, quo quis in obiectum ab alio conversus se sibi alienum experitur.

Orta est etiam acris disputatio inter eos qui in iuvenis Marx scriptis, alienatione plenis, veram eius mentem agnoscebant, et eos qui, ut Louis Althusser, inter iuvenem et maturum Marx discidium quoddam interpositum esse contendebant, notionemque alienationis in scientia maturiore proprium locum non habere.&lt;ref&gt;Althusser, Louis, ''Pour Marx'' (1965).&lt;/ref&gt; Apud sociologos denique alienatio in plures species distributa est, ut impotentiae, sensus inanis, solitudinis, atque a se ipso abalienationis; quae cum anomia illa, de qua Émile Durkheim egerat, saepe comparatur.&lt;ref&gt;De his speciebus cf. Seeman, Melvin, « On the Meaning of Alienation », ''American Sociological Review'', vol. 24, 1959, p. 783-791.&lt;/ref&gt; Late praeterea per illud saeculum hoc vocabulum pervulgatum est, ita ut non philosophorum tantum, sed criticorum etiam societatis ac vitae communis propria vox fieret; quod nonnulli, ut Paul Tillich, etiam ad theologiam de homine a vero suo esse seiuncto rettulerunt.

== Quaestiones philosophicae ==

Prima et gravissima quaestio est utrum alienatio cum ipsa obiectivatione necessario coniuncta sit. Homo enim, ut quidquam efficiat, se semper in opus aliquod externum effundere debet; quaeritur ergo num omnis talis exteriorum rerum effectio per se alienet, ut Hegel fere voluit, qui tamen eam in fine tolli posse docuit, an potius alienatio non ex ipsa rerum effectione, sed ex certis tantum condicionibus historicis et socialibus oriatur, ut Marx voluit. Hoc enim interest utrum alienatio condicio sit humana perpetua, an mutabilis et aliquando superanda.

Altera quaestio est num alienatio aliquam hominis naturam praesupponat, a qua quis alienetur. Si enim dicitur hominem a se ipso vel a natura sua seiungi, videtur dari debere natura quaedam vera et propria, ad quam tamquam ad normam ipsa alienatio referatur. Hoc autem nonnulli, qui omnem fixam humanam [[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|essentiam]] negant, in dubium vocaverunt.

Disputatur praeterea de continuitate inter doctrinam Marx iuvenis et doctrinam Marx maturioris, et utrum alienationis notio in scientia sociali servanda an reicienda sit.

Notandum denique notionem alienationis esse non descriptivam tantum, sed etiam iudicantem: cum enim aliquid alienatum dicimus, simul significamus statum quendam meliorem et non alienatum, ad quem id comparamus; unde merito quaeritur unde haec ipsa norma petenda sit.

Restat de vocabuli ambiguitate cautio: cum « alienatio » modo proprietatis translationem aut [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|mentis]] aberrationem sensu antiquo, modo illam ''Entfremdung'' sensu recenti designet, ne quis hos sensus inter se confundat.

== Notae ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

=== Fontes antiqui ===

* Cicero, ''Laelius de amicitia'' 76; ''Topica''
* Celsus, ''De medicina'' III, 18
* Plotinus, ''Enneades'' IV, 8
* Augustinus, ''Confessiones'' VII, 10

=== Fontes recentiores ===

* Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, ''Phänomenologie des Geistes'' (1807)
* Feuerbach, Ludwig, ''Das Wesen des Christentums'' (1841)
* Marx, Karl, ''Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844'' (editi 1932); ''Das Kapital'' I (1867)
* Fromm, Erich, ''The Sane Society'' (1955)
* Lukács, Georg, ''Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein'' (1923)
* Marcuse, Herbert, ''Der eindimensionale Mensch'' (1964)
* Althusser, Louis, ''Pour Marx'' (1965)
* Lefebvre, Henri, ''Critique de la vie quotidienne'' (1947)
* Debord, Guy, ''La société du spectacle'' (1967)

=== Studia recentiora ===

* Schacht, Richard, ''Alienation'', Garden City, Doubleday, 1970
* Mészáros, István, ''Marx's Theory of Alienation'', Londinii, Merlin Press, 1970
* Ollman, Bertell, ''Alienation. Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society'', Cantabrigiae, Cambridge University Press, 1971
* Hardimon, Michael O., ''Hegel's Social Philosophy. The Project of Reconciliation'', Cantabrigiae, Cambridge University Press, 1994
* Honneth, Axel, ''Verdinglichung. Eine anerkennungstheoretische Studie'', Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 2005
* Sayers, Sean, ''Marx and Alienation. Essays on Hegelian Themes'', Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011
* Jaeggi, Rahel, ''Alienation'', Novi Eboraci, Columbia University Press, 2014

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      <text bytes="12023" sha1="rq2qp0rft8u67m2r4o28b2p1zxxep2f" xml:space="preserve">{{Lexicon|Alienatio}}
==※ Alienatio ※==
'''Alienatio''', ut hodie a philosophis usurpatur, eum statum vel eam mutationem significat qua aliquid homini proprium ab eo seiungitur eique alienum, externum, immo etiam infestum redditur. Ita dici solet homo alienari a fructu laboris sui, a natura sua, ab aliis hominibus, vel a se ipso, cum ea quae sua sunt velut aliena et adversa contra eum stare incipiunt.

Vocabulum ipsum bonae est Latinitatis, a verbo alienare ductum, quod significat rem suam alterius facere. Apud antiquos autem tres potissimum sensus habuit. Primum proprietatis translationem significabat, cum quis rem suam in alterius ius transferret, unde apud iurisconsultos « alienatio fundi ». Deinde animorum disiunctionem, cum amicitia vel benevolentia solveretur, ut apud Ciceronem « alienationes amicorum ». Tertio [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|mentis]] aberrationem ac rationis amissionem, unde apud medicos, velut apud Celsum, « alienatio mentis ». Sensus tamen philosophicus, de quo hic agitur, recens est neque antiquis notus. Notio enim ipsa saeculo undevicesimo apud Germanos exculta est, vocabulis ''Entfremdung'' et ''Entäußerung'' significata, ab Hegel, Feuerbach et praesertim Marx; vetus autem illud nomen « alienatio » in linguis recentioribus et in Latinitate doctorum ad eam reddendam atque enarrandam usurpatum est.

Res tamen ipsa, id est animi a se vel a Deo vel a mundo seiunctio, iam apud veteres quodam modo adumbrata erat. Sic nonnulli Gnostici animam in hunc mundum tamquam in exsilium delapsam et a vera sua sede alienam esse putabant; sic Plotinus animam, dum a principio suo avertitur et circa corpora versatur, a se ipsa quodam modo seiungi docebat; sic denique Augustinus animam a [[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deo]] aversam in « regione dissimilitudinis » longe a vero bono suo errare dicebat. In notionem autem propriam et accuratam haec res non nisi recentiore aetate evasit.

== Historia philosophica notionis ==

=== Hegel ===

Hegel alienationem (''Entfremdung'') momentum quoddam esse docuit in ipsa Spiritus evolutione necessarium. Spiritus enim, ut ad se ipsum perveniat et se cognoscat, prius se in aliud exteriusque ponere debet, quod ille ''Entäußerung'', id est sui quasi effusionem, vocat: ita se in [[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|naturam]], in opera, in instituta humana effundit. Quae tamen sui exterior positio nondum per se mala est neque alienatio proprie dicenda; tunc enim demum proprie oritur alienatio, cum id quod Spiritus ipse produxit ei tamquam aliena et infesta potestas obsistit. Sed Spiritus tandem id quod alienum videbatur ut se ipsum agnoscit, atque hoc modo alienationem superat et ad se redit. Est igitur apud eum alienatio et necessaria et in fine tollenda. Iam in ''Phaenomenologia Spiritus'' conscientiam illam « infelicem » descripserat, quae propriam essentiam in transcendens quoddam reiciens, a se ipsa abalienata, divisa manet. In eodem praeterea opere dialecticam illam « domini et servi » exposuit, in qua servus, dum res laborando format atque in eis se ipsum imprimit, paulatim ad sui conscientiam pervenit: quae meditatio posterioribus de labore disputationibus semen quoddam praebuit; quod tamen Marx, rebus oeconomicis perscrutatis, multum immutavit.&lt;ref&gt;Hegel, ''Phänomenologie des Geistes'' (1807), de conscientia infelici et de Spiritu a se alienato.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Feuerbach ===

Ludwig Feuerbach hanc notionem ad religionem transtulit. Deum enim ait nihil aliud esse quam ipsam generis humani [[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|naturam]] (rationem, [[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|voluntatem]], amorem) in ens quoddam infinitum et a se separatum proiectam. Homo igitur optima sua in Deum confert, seque ipsum pauperem et inopem reddit, dum imagini suae servit. Religio itaque est hominis a se ipso alienatio; quae ut tollatur, homo ea quae in Deum contulerat sibi tamquam propria revocare debet. Ita theologia in doctrinam de homine vertitur.&lt;ref&gt;Feuerbach, Ludwig, ''Das Wesen des Christentums'' (1841).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Marx ===

Karl Marx, Feuerbach secutus sed ad res oeconomicas et sociales conversus, de « labore alienato » (''entfremdete Arbeit'') in manuscriptis oeconomico-philosophicis anni 1844 disseruit. In iis enim rerum condicionibus quibus labor dominio privato subicitur, quadruplici modo operarium alienari docuit.

Primum a fructu operis sui: quod enim operarius producit, non ipsius, sed alterius fit, eique tamquam res aliena et potentior opponitur; quo plura facit, eo ipse pauperior evadit. Deinde ab ipsa operandi actione: labor enim ei non voluntarius, sed coactus et molestus est, in quo se non exercet sed amittit, ita ut extra laborem demum apud se esse videatur. Tertio a natura illa generis humani (''Gattungswesen'') sibi propria: nam quod hominem proprie hominem facit, libera scilicet et conscia operandi vis, ad solum vitae sustentandae instrumentum redigitur. Postremo ab aliis hominibus: cum enim hominum societas in dominandi certandique rationes solvitur, homo homini alienus fit. Hic autem Feuerbachii illud schema ad rem oeconomicam translatum cernitur: ut enim ille homo quo plura Deo tribuit eo sibi pauperior fit, ita hic operarius quo plura producit eo egentior evadit.

Distinguendum tamen Marx censuit inter obiectivationem illam, qua homo se in opere suo externo exprimit atque velut in rem obiectivam transfert (quam Germani ''Vergegenständlichung'' appellant) quaeque humana et perpetua est, et alienationem, quae eius corrupta tantum forma est sub certis rerum condicionibus orta. Huius autem alienationis radicem in privata earum rerum proprietate quibus bona producuntur, et in laboris divisione posuit; quare eam non nisi sublata privata proprietate tolli posse censuit, cum homo ea quae alienaverat sibi rursus vindicaret atque ad se ipsum rediret. Notandum tamen hos commentarios diu ineditos mansisse nec nisi anno 1932 in lucem prolatos esse. In operibus autem maturioribus, ut in ''Capitale'', Marx minus de alienatione, magis de fetichismo mercium deque operariorum oppressione locutus est, quamquam res ipsa non plane evanuit.&lt;ref&gt;Marx, Karl, ''Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844'' (editi anno 1932); de mercium fetichismo cf. ''Das Kapital'' I (1867), cap. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrinae recentiores ==

Postquam commentarii illi anni 1844 in lucem prolati sunt, notio alienationis per totum saeculum vicesimum maxime floruit.

Georg Lukács iam ante eorum editionem cognatam notionem « reificationis » (''Verdinglichung'') excoluerat: cum scilicet relationes inter homines speciem rerum induunt, et quae humana et socialia sunt velut res naturales atque immutabiles apparent; quae notio cum Marxiana doctrina de fetichismo mercium arte cohaeret.&lt;ref&gt;Lukács, Georg, ''Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein'' (1923).&lt;/ref&gt; Philosophi deinde Francofurtenses, ut Adorno et Marcuse, alienationem in societate technica et mercatoria ratione gubernata investigaverunt.

Philosophi praeterea qui de exsistentia disputant alienationem latius acceperunt, non iam oeconomicam tantum, sed ipsius vitae humanae condicionem: hominem scilicet a se ipso, ab aliis, a mundo seiunctum, in vita non propria versantem. Heidegger enim hanc condicionem non propriam (''Uneigentlichkeit'') descripsit, in qua homo, in ''das Man'' (id est in vulgus illud anonymum) dilapsus, a se ipso avertitur et in cotidiana rerum cura demergitur (''Verfallen''). Sartre autem alienationem praecipue in mala illa fide (''mauvaise foi''), qua homo libertatem suam sibi ipse celat, atque in alterius aspectu posuit, quo quis in obiectum ab alio conversus se sibi alienum experitur.

Orta est etiam acris disputatio inter eos qui in iuvenis Marx scriptis, alienatione plenis, veram eius mentem agnoscebant, et eos qui, ut Louis Althusser, inter iuvenem et maturum Marx discidium quoddam intercedere contendebant, notionemque alienationis in scientia maturiore proprium locum non habere.&lt;ref&gt;Althusser, Louis, ''Pour Marx'' (1965).&lt;/ref&gt; Apud sociologos denique alienatio in plures species distributa est, ut impotentiae, sensus inanis, solitudinis, atque a se ipso abalienationis; quae cum anomia illa, de qua Émile Durkheim egerat, saepe comparatur.&lt;ref&gt;De his speciebus cf. Seeman, Melvin, « On the Meaning of Alienation », ''American Sociological Review'', vol. 24, 1959, p. 783-791.&lt;/ref&gt; Late praeterea per illud saeculum hoc vocabulum pervulgatum est, ita ut non philosophorum tantum, sed criticorum etiam societatis ac vitae communis propria vox fieret; quod nonnulli, ut Paul Tillich, etiam ad theologiam de homine a vero suo esse seiuncto rettulerunt.

== Quaestiones philosophicae ==

Prima et gravissima quaestio est utrum alienatio cum ipsa obiectivatione necessario coniuncta sit. Homo enim, ut quidquam efficiat, se semper in opus aliquod externum effundere debet; quaeritur ergo num omnis talis exteriorum rerum effectio per se alienet, ut Hegel fere voluit, qui tamen eam in fine tolli posse docuit, an potius alienatio non ex ipsa rerum effectione, sed ex certis tantum condicionibus historicis et socialibus oriatur, ut Marx voluit. Hoc enim interest utrum alienatio condicio sit humana perpetua, an mutabilis et aliquando superanda.

Altera quaestio est num alienatio aliquam hominis naturam praesupponat, a qua quis alienetur. Si enim dicitur hominem a se ipso vel a natura sua seiungi, videtur dari debere natura quaedam vera et propria, ad quam tamquam ad normam ipsa alienatio referatur. Hoc autem nonnulli, qui omnem fixam humanam [[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|essentiam]] negant, in dubium vocaverunt.

Disputatur praeterea de continuitate inter doctrinam Marx iuvenis et doctrinam Marx maturioris, et utrum alienationis notio in scientia sociali servanda an reicienda sit.

Notandum denique notionem alienationis esse non descriptivam tantum, sed etiam iudicantem: cum enim aliquid alienatum dicimus, simul significamus statum quendam meliorem et non alienatum, ad quem id comparamus; unde merito quaeritur unde haec ipsa norma petenda sit.

Restat de vocabuli ambiguitate cautio: cum « alienatio » modo proprietatis translationem aut [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|mentis]] aberrationem sensu antiquo, modo illam ''Entfremdung'' sensu recenti designet, ne quis hos sensus inter se confundat.

== Notae ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

=== Fontes antiqui ===

* Cicero, ''Laelius de amicitia'' 76; ''Topica''
* Celsus, ''De medicina'' III, 18
* Plotinus, ''Enneades'' IV, 8
* Augustinus, ''Confessiones'' VII, 10

=== Fontes recentiores ===

* Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, ''Phänomenologie des Geistes'' (1807)
* Feuerbach, Ludwig, ''Das Wesen des Christentums'' (1841)
* Marx, Karl, ''Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844'' (editi 1932); ''Das Kapital'' I (1867)
* Lukács, Georg, ''Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein'' (1923)
* Lefebvre, Henri, ''Critique de la vie quotidienne'' (1947)
* Fromm, Erich, ''The Sane Society'' (1955)
* Marcuse, Herbert, ''Der eindimensionale Mensch'' (1964)
* Althusser, Louis, ''Pour Marx'' (1965)
* Debord, Guy, ''La société du spectacle'' (1967)

=== Studia recentiora ===

* Schacht, Richard, ''Alienation'', Garden City, Doubleday, 1970
* Mészáros, István, ''Marx's Theory of Alienation'', Londinii, Merlin Press, 1970
* Ollman, Bertell, ''Alienation. Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society'', Cantabrigiae, Cambridge University Press, 1971
* Hardimon, Michael O., ''Hegel's Social Philosophy. The Project of Reconciliation'', Cantabrigiae, Cambridge University Press, 1994
* Honneth, Axel, ''Verdinglichung. Eine anerkennungstheoretische Studie'', Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 2005
* Sayers, Sean, ''Marx and Alienation. Essays on Hegelian Themes'', Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011
* Jaeggi, Rahel, ''Alienation'', Novi Eboraci, Columbia University Press, 2014

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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Lexicon|Attributum}} ==※ Attributum ※== '''Attributum''' est id quod alicui subiecto tribuitur sive de eo praedicatur; pressius autem in metaphysica ea proprietas dicitur quae ad essentiam substantiae pertinet eamque quodam modo constituit aut exprimit, ut cum de Dei attributis vel de attributis substantiae loquimur.  Vocabulum a verbo « attribuere » ductum est, quod est alicui aliquid tribuere vel assignare. Apud antiquos in re rhetorica praecipue usur...'</comment>
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==※ Attributum ※==
'''Attributum''' est id quod alicui subiecto tribuitur sive de eo praedicatur; pressius autem in metaphysica ea proprietas dicitur quae ad essentiam substantiae pertinet eamque quodam modo constituit aut exprimit, ut cum de Dei attributis vel de attributis substantiae loquimur.

Vocabulum a verbo « attribuere » ductum est, quod est alicui aliquid tribuere vel assignare. Apud antiquos in re rhetorica praecipue usurpabatur: Cicero enim « attributa » vocat ea quae personis negotiisve adiuncta sunt et ad argumenta invenienda valent.&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''De inventione'' I, 24-28, de attributis personae et negotii.&lt;/ref&gt; Sensus autem ille proprie philosophicus et metaphysicus, quo attributum substantiae vel Deo tribuitur, apud scholasticos et recentiores elaboratus est, quamquam ipsa praedicandi notio, id est aliquid de aliquo dicere, iam antiquissima erat.

== Historia philosophica notionis ==

=== Sensus logicus: quod de subiecto praedicatur ===

Latissimo sensu attributum est quidquid de aliqua re vere affirmatur: ut cum dicimus hominem esse rationalem aut nivem esse albam, « rationale » et « album » illius rei attributa sunt. Hoc sensu attributum praedicato fere respondet. Iuxta enim veterem categoriarum doctrinam, praedicamenta ipsa diversos significant modos quibus aliquid de subiecto dici vel in subiecto esse potest: substantia enim primum locum tenet, utpote subiectum ultimum cui cetera (qualitas, quantitas, relatio, locus, tempus ceteraque) tribuuntur; quae tamen non omnia eodem modo nec eodem sensu attributa dici possunt.&lt;ref&gt;Aristoteles, ''Categoriae'' 4; cf. ''Topica'' I, 9.&lt;/ref&gt; Latissime autem sumptum attributum aequivocum quodam modo est: nam et illud proprium, quod rei per se ac necessario inest, et [[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|accidens]], quod ei tantum contingenter accidit, et ipsa rei [[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|qualitas]], omnia haec attributa sunt, utpote quae de subiecto praedicentur. Interest tamen utrum attributum aliquod rei essentiale sit an accidentale, hoc est utrum ad id quod res est necessario pertineat necne; estque praeterea, ut supra dictum est, sensus quidam pressior, quo attributum proprie id significat quod ipsam substantiae essentiam exprimit. Inter ea quae essentialiter de re praedicantur praecipua sunt [[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|genus]] et differentia, quibus res definitur (ut « animal » et « rationale » in homine); alia vero aut propria sunt, quae rem necessario consequuntur, aut mera accidentia.

=== Attributa Dei ===

Maxime autem de [[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Dei]] attributis a philosophis et theologis disputatum est. Deo enim multa tribui solent: omnipotentia, omniscientia, bonitas, aeternitas, immensitas, simplicitas. At cum Deus simplicissimus habeatur neque ullam in se partium compositionem admittat, oritur quaestio quomodo tot tamque diversa attributa in uno eodemque simplicissimo Deo consistere possint.

Ad hanc quaestionem alii, ut Thomas Aquinas, docuerunt haec attributa non re ipsa in Deo distingui, sed propter mentis nostrae infirmitatem, quae unam illam divinam perfectionem nisi per plura nomina et notiones concipere non potest. Eadem praeterea non univoce, sed per analogiam Deo et rebus creatis tribui: cum enim Deum « bonum » aut « sapientem » dicimus, neque eodem prorsus modo quo de hominibus, neque omnino diverso, sed proportione quadam id enuntiamus. Alii vero, ut Ioannes Duns Scotus, formalem quandam inter attributa distinctionem, ante omne mentis opus in re ipsa fundatam, posuerunt.&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Duns Scotus, ''Ordinatio'' I, d. 8, de distinctione formali.&lt;/ref&gt; Multi denique, Dionysio illo Areopagita (qui dicitur) auctore, Deum praesertim per remotionem cognosci docuerunt, id est imperfectiones ab eo removendo, quae via negationis dicitur. Tres autem fere viae traduntur quibus de Deo recte loquimur: per causalitatem, cum ex rebus creatis ad Deum tamquam ad causam ascendimus; per negationem, cum ab eo quidquid imperfectionis est removemus; per eminentiam denique, cum id quod in creaturis bonum est Deo modo longe altiore tribuimus.&lt;ref&gt;De his viis cf. Ps.-Dionysius Areopagita, ''De divinis nominibus'' et ''Theologia mystica''; Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 13 (de nominibus divinis) et q. 3 (de Dei simplicitate).&lt;/ref&gt; Qui autem simplicitatem maxime tuentur, singula attributa cum ipsa Dei essentia et inter se re ipsa identificant: idem enim esse in Deo sapientiam quod potentiam, idem bonitatem quod exsistentiam, contendunt. Quod cum multis difficile videatur, alii malunt attributa aliquo modo distingui, dummodo Dei unitas et simplicitas salva maneat. Recentiores quoque, ut Cartesius et Leibnitius, Deum ut ens summe perfectum omnes perfectiones eminenter in se continere docuerunt.

=== Substantia, attributum, modus ===

Aetate recentiore notio attributi cum doctrina de [[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|substantia]] artius etiam coniuncta est. Cartesius cuique substantiae creatae, vel potius cuique generi substantiae creatae, unum tribuit attributum praecipuum, quod eius naturam constituit: corporeae quidem substantiae extensionem, cogitanti vero cogitationem. Cetera omnia, quae « modos » appellat, hoc attributo nituntur neque sine eo intellegi possunt: figura enim et motus extensionem, voluntas et iudicium cogitationem praesupponunt.&lt;ref&gt;Descartes, ''Principia philosophiae'' I (1644), artt. 51-53.&lt;/ref&gt;

Spinoza autem hanc notionem longius provexit. Attributum enim ita definit: id quod intellectus de substantia percipit tamquam eius [[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|essentiam]] constituens.&lt;ref&gt;Spinoza, ''Ethica'' I (1677), def. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; Cum autem unam solam substantiam statuat, quam Deum sive [[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Naturam]] vocat, eam infinita attributa habere docet, quorum tamen nos homines duo tantum cognoscimus, cogitationem et extensionem. Una igitur eademque res, modo sub attributo cogitationis, modo sub attributo extensionis spectata, diversimode exprimitur; unde illud Spinozae effatum: « ordo et connexio idearum idem est ac ordo et connexio rerum »; et hinc mens corpusque non duae res, sed una eademque res duobus attributis expressa habentur. Quo fit ut illa quaestio Cartesiana, quonam pacto mens et corpus, res prorsus diversae, inter se agere possint, apud Spinozam plane evanescat: non enim duae sunt res quae agant, sed una eademque res sub diversis attributis spectata.

== Doctrinae recentiores ==

Post Spinozam de attributis acriter quaesitum est, praesertim utrum ea rem ipsam, qualis in se est, vere exprimant, an potius solum modum significent quo intellectus noster substantiam concipit. Quae quaestio totam de mente et corpore disputationem attingit.

Recentiore autem aetate vocabulum « attributi » fere idem valet ac « proprietas » vel « praedicatum »: in logica enim et metaphysica attributum est id quod de aliquo vere praedicari potest. In philosophia tamen hodierna diligentius distingui solet inter praedicatum, quod ad sermonem pertinet, et proprietatem, quae rei ipsi tribuitur; vocabulum autem attributi utrumque sensum interdum complectitur. Disputatur tum num attributis communibus aliquid in ipsa rerum natura respondeat, sive universale quoddam sive singularis qualitas, an sola nomina sint quibus res inter se similes complectimur. Quae quaestio cum vetere illa de [[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|universalibus]] arte cohaeret. Quaeritur enim et quo pacto unum idemque attributum a pluribus rebus simul haberi possit, et an attributa ipsa praeter res quae ea habent ullo modo exsistant.

== Quaestiones philosophicae ==

Prima quaestio est utrum attributa in rebus reapse distinguantur an sola mente nostra. Quod praesertim de Deo agitatur: si enim summe simplex est, eius attributa non possunt esse res in eo diversae; sed tum quaeritur quo pacto vere et non frustra de eo tam multa praedicentur.

Altera est de nexu attributi cum [[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|essentia]] et accidente: quaenam scilicet attributa ad ipsam rei naturam pertineant, quaenam extrinsecus tantum adsint.

Tertia de ipsa substantia: utrum substantia aliquid sit praeter sua attributa, an per attributum sola cognoscatur. Cartesius enim substantiam creatam per attributum eius praecipuum cognosci docuit; Spinoza autem attributum ipsum essentiam substantiae, prout ab intellectu percipitur, constituere censuit. Hinc enim quaeritur an substantia, attributis detractis, quidquam adhuc cogitari possit. Quod cum vix fieri posse videretur, Locke substratum illud, quod attributa sustinet, non quidem sustulit, sed obscurum et per se incognitum esse affirmavit, « nescio quid » appellans cui qualitates insint.&lt;ref&gt;Locke, John, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' (1690), II, xxiii, 2.&lt;/ref&gt;

Quarta, quae Spinozae propria est: utrum infinita illa attributa veras et inter se diversas essentias constituant, an unam eandemque essentiam variis modis ab intellectu conceptam.

Restat de vocabuli usu cautio: cum « attributum » modo late quidvis praedicatum, modo pressius proprietatem essentialem substantiae aut Dei designet, ne quis hos sensus inter se confundat.

== Notae ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

=== Fontes antiqui ===

* Cicero, ''De inventione'' I, 24-28
* Aristoteles, ''Categoriae''; ''Topica'' I
* Porphyrius, ''Isagoge''
* Ps.-Dionysius Areopagita, ''De divinis nominibus''; ''Theologia mystica''

=== Fontes recentiores ===

* Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, qq. 3-13; ''Quaestiones disputatae de potentia'' q. 7
* Ioannes Duns Scotus, ''Ordinatio'' I
* Suárez, Francisco, ''Disputationes metaphysicae'' (1597), disp. VII et XXX
* Descartes, René, ''Principia philosophiae'' I (1644), artt. 51-56
* Spinoza, Benedictus de, ''Ethica'' I (1677), def. 4-6, prop. 10 schol., prop. 14; II, prop. 7 schol.
* Locke, John, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' (1690), II, xxiii

=== Studia recentiora ===

* Wolfson, Harry Austryn, ''The Philosophy of Spinoza'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), Harvard University Press, 1934
* Gueroult, Martial, ''Spinoza'', 2 voll., Lutetiae, Aubier, 1968-1974
* Bennett, Jonathan, ''A Study of Spinoza's Ethics'', Indianapolis, Hackett, 1984
* Hughes, Christopher, ''On a Complex Theory of a Simple God'', Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1989
* Rozemond, Marleen, ''Descartes's Dualism'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), Harvard University Press, 1998
* Della Rocca, Michael, ''Spinoza'', Londinii et Novi Eboraci, Routledge, 2008

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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Lexicon|Conscientia}} ==※ Conscientia ※== '''Conscientia''' duobus praecipue sensibus a philosophis usurpatur. Priore, eoque antiquiore, significat illam animi vim qua homo de actionum suarum honestate vel turpitudine intus iudicat, seque ipse vel approbat vel reprehendit: quae conscientia moralis dici solet. Posteriore autem, recentiore, significat immediatam illam sui notitiam qua [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|mens]] actus suos, sensus, cogitationes perc...'</comment>
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==※ Conscientia ※==
'''Conscientia''' duobus praecipue sensibus a philosophis usurpatur. Priore, eoque antiquiore, significat illam animi vim qua homo de actionum suarum honestate vel turpitudine intus iudicat, seque ipse vel approbat vel reprehendit: quae conscientia moralis dici solet. Posteriore autem, recentiore, significat immediatam illam sui notitiam qua [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|mens]] actus suos, sensus, cogitationes percipit, dum scilicet non solum aliquid sentit aut cogitat, sed se sentire aut cogitare simul advertit.

Vocabulum a verbo « conscire » ductum est, quod est una cum alio vel secum ipso aliquid scire. Hinc illa duplex significatio orta est: nam conscientia primum erat alicuius rei cum altero communis notitia, unde « conscius » sceleris dicitur qui id una cum reo novit; deinde et praecipue secum ipso facti sui notitia, maxime in re morali. Sensus autem ille alter, psychologicus, quo conscientia idem fere valet ac sui ipsius perceptio, recentior est, apud Cartesium praeparatus, apud Locke clarius expressus, quamquam ex eadem radice secum sciendi natus.

== Historia philosophica notionis ==

=== Antiquitas: conscientia moralis ===

Apud antiquos conscientia non statim illam quam hodie cogitamus facultatem moralem significabat. Saepe enim erat communis cum altero notitia, immo sceleris consortium, unde « conscius » etiam de complice dicitur; saepe autem, praesertim cum genetivo adiuncto (ut « conscientia scelerum »), ipsius culpae notitiam ac remorsum animi denotabat. Ex hoc fonte sensus ille proprie moralis paulatim manavit, quem Graeci voce συνείδησις expresserant. Hunc Romani graviter excoluerunt: Cicero conscientiam tamquam testem intimum et iudicem habuit, cuius approbatio omni hominum laude pluris esset; Seneca sacrum quendam spiritum intra nos sedere docuit, [[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|bonorum]] malorumque nostrorum observatorem; Stoici praesertim conscientiam tamquam forum quoddam internum tractaverunt, in quo se quisque cotidie iudicet. Bona igitur conscientia praemium ipsa sui, mala vero supplicium censebatur, etiam ubi nullus alius testis adesset; quin etiam mala conscientia describebatur ut quae scelestos etiam latentes intus torqueret ac sine ullo carnifice puniret.&lt;ref&gt;Cicero, ''Tusculanae disputationes'' II, 26; ''Pro Cluentio'' 159. Seneca, ''Epistulae morales'' 41, 1; 43, 5.&lt;/ref&gt; Magnum praeterea ad posteros momentum habuit Pauli apostoli usus, qui συνείδησιν tamquam testem qui hominem vel accuset vel defendat saepe nominat; unde apud Christianos conscientiae, tamquam divinam quandam legem in animo testanti, magna auctoritas tributa est. Augustinus deinde interioritatem animi mire excoluit: in interiore enim homine veritatem habitare docuit, animumque per memoriam in se ipsum redeuntem coram Deo conscientiam suam scrutari.

=== Media aetas: synderesis et conscientia ===

Scholastici in re morali duo inter se distinxerunt, synderesim et conscientiam. Synderesis enim habitus quidam est menti insitus (quem nonnulli scintillam conscientiae appellant), quo prima illa actionum principia (ut bonum esse faciendum, malum vitandum) sine ulla deliberatione tenemus; conscientia vero ipsius [[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|rationis]] actus est, quo haec principia ad singulas actiones applicamus, hanc rem hic et nunc faciendam aut vitandam esse [[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|iudicantes]]. Quaesitum est praeterea de conscientia errante. Docuit enim Thomas Aquinas contra conscientiam agere semper malum esse; conscientiam vero errantem sequi tum demum a culpa excusare, cum error ex ignorantia invincibili nec culpabili oriatur; si autem ignorantia vinci potuit, hominem erroris ipsius reum manere.&lt;ref&gt;Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 79, aa. 12-13; I-II, q. 19, aa. 5-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aetas recentior: conscientia psychologica ===

Aetate recentiore vocabulum novum prorsus sensum induit. Cartesius enim, etsi vocabulo ipso conscientiae raro usus est (vix nisi semel in ''Principiis philosophiae''), mentem tamen ita definivit ut eius natura tota in cogitando posita esset; cogitare autem est non solum aliquid percipere, sed eius perceptionis sibi conscium esse: ita mens sibi ipsi per se perspicua fit. Hinc conscientia significare coepit immediatam illam sui notitiam quae omnem cogitationem comitatur. Quare nihil in mente esse posse statuit cuius ipsa non sit sibi conscia, estque animus sibi ipsi, quod ad praesentes status attinet, prorsus perspicuus. Ex qua doctrina, etsi nondum vocabulo expressa, sensus ille psychologicus recentior facile postea natus est.

Locke autem hunc sensum et clarius expressit et longius provexit. Conscientiam, quam Anglice ''consciousness'' dixit, eam esse statuit qua quis percipit quae in animo suo agantur; eandemque personae identitatem constituere docuit. Non enim eadem [[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|substantia]] nec idem corpus, sed eadem conscientia, per [[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|memoriam]] usque ad praeterita pertinens, eandem facit [[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|personam]]: quatenus enim quis actionum praeteritarum sibi conscius est, eatenus idem ipse manet.&lt;ref&gt;Locke, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' II, xxvii (de identitate personae); cf. II, i.&lt;/ref&gt; Quod exemplo illustravit: si enim principis animus, suarum rerum memor, in sutoris corpus transiret, eandem personam cum principe, non cum sutore, mansuram esse. Aliud igitur esse hominem, idem scilicet animal vivens certa vitae continuatione servatum; aliud personam, eandem scilicet conscientiam; aliud denique substantiam.

Leibnitius deinde inter nudam perceptionem et apperceptionem, id est perceptionis ipsius conscientiam, distinxit, multasque in nobis dari perceptiones adeo exiguas docuit ut earum conscii non simus. Kantius denique ad transcendentalem illam apperceptionis unitatem pervenit: « cogito » scilicet illud quod omnes meas repraesentationes comitari potest, sine quo nulla mihi experientia in unum coniungi posset.&lt;ref&gt;Leibniz, ''Monadologie'' (1714), §§ 14, 23-24; ''Nouveaux essais'' II, 1. Kant, ''Critica rationis purae'' (1781/1787), de apperceptionis unitate (B 131-132).&lt;/ref&gt; Quae tamen apperceptio non idem est ac interior ille sensus quo nosmet ipsos ut obiecta in tempore experimur, sed formalis quaedam et [[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|a priori]] sui ipsius conscientia, omnis cognitionis condicio.

== Doctrinae recentiores ==

Saeculo vicesimo de conscientia, sensu illo psychologico, acerrime disputatum est. Husserl eam semper intentionalem esse docuit, id est semper alicuius rei conscientiam: numquam enim simpliciter conscii sumus, sed semper huius vel illius rei. Quare phaenomenologi, remoto interim omni de rerum exsistentia iudicio, ipsas conscientiae structuras, prout in ea apparent, accurate describere studuerunt. In philosophia autem mentis quaestio illa exorta est quae merito « ardua » vocatur: cur omnino aliquid sit quod sentire vel experiri dicamur, et quare cerebri status quidam ea ipsa experiendi qualitate, qua colorem videmus aut dolorem patimur, comitentur. Alii enim, ut Dennett, conscientiam per functiones cognitivas, cerebri operationibus innixas, explicari posse contendunt; alii, ut Chalmers, aliquid in ea inesse quod sic explicari nequeat.&lt;ref&gt;Husserl, ''Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie'' (1913). Nagel, Thomas, « What Is It Like to Be a Bat? » (1974). Chalmers, David, ''The Conscious Mind'' (1996).&lt;/ref&gt; Distinguunt praeterea conscientiam illam « phaenomenalem », id est ipsam experiendi qualitatem, ab illa « accessibili », id est statu in quo notitia ad rationes reddendas, ad deliberandum et ad loquendum praesto est; atque illud potissimum « explicandi intervallum » premit, quod inter status cerebri descriptos et ipsam experientiam interiacere videtur.&lt;ref&gt;De hac distinctione cf. Block, Ned, « On a Confusion about a Function of Consciousness », ''Behavioral and Brain Sciences'', vol. 18, 1995, p. 227-247.&lt;/ref&gt;

Manet praeterea sensus ille moralis, de quo in ethicis adhuc quaeritur: utrum conscientia hominibus ingenita an institutione comparata sit, utrum [[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|rationis]] an potius [[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|sensus]] cuiusdam opus, et quatenus ei semper parendum sit. De qua re recentiores varie senserunt: Hobbes quidem conscientiae nomen suspectum habuit, quod homines opinionibus suis privatis hoc gravi vocabulo imposito contra civitatis auctoritatem saepe niterentur; Butler contra conscientiam supremam in homine auctoritatem esse statuit; alii ad sensum quendam moralem eam rettulerunt; Freud denique « super-ego » illud descripsit, quo praecepta parentum atque societatis interius recepta hominem regant et iudicent.&lt;ref&gt;Butler, Joseph, ''Fifteen Sermons'' (1726), serm. 1-3. Freud, Sigmund, ''Das Ich und das Es'' (1923).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Quaestiones philosophicae ==

Prima quaestio de ipsis duobus sensibus est: utrum conscientia moralis et conscientia psychologica re cohaereant, eadem scilicet radice « secum sciendi » iunctae, an potius vocabulo tantum communi, non re, conveniant. Cavendum enim ne quis, quod de altera dicitur, ad alteram temere transferat.

Altera, de conscientia morali: utrum homini ingenita sit an usu et disciplina parata; utrum semper vera an etiam errare possit; utrum [[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|rationis]] sit, quae bonum a malo discernit, an sensus cuiusdam interioris. Et si errare potest, quaeritur an ei nihilominus parendum sit.

Tertia, de conscientia psychologica: quid tandem sit, et an ex rebus corporeis, id est ex cerebro, plene explicari possit, an aliquid in ea maneat quod nulla rerum corporearum descriptione exhauriatur. Quaeritur item an conscientia semper alicuius rei sit, et quomodo unitas illa sui in tam multis et variis perceptionibus servetur.

Quarta, quae a Locke pendet: utrum persona ipsa conscientia memoriaque constituatur, ita ut eadem sit persona quatenus factorum praeteritorum sibi conscia manet; quod si verum est, sequuntur de personae identitate per tempus servanda non leves difficultates.

Restat denique quaestio quibus entibus conscientia tribui possit: utrum bestiae, utrum machinae, conscientiae aliquo modo participes haberi possint.

== Notae ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

=== Fontes antiqui ===

* Cicero, ''Tusculanae disputationes'' II; ''Pro Cluentio'' 159; ''De officiis'' III
* Seneca, ''Epistulae morales'' 41; 43; 97
* Augustinus, ''Confessiones'' X; ''De Trinitate'' X-XIV

=== Fontes recentiores ===

* Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 79; I-II, q. 19
* Descartes, René, ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' (1641); ''Principia philosophiae'' I (1644)
* Hobbes, Thomas, ''Leviathan'' (1651), cap. 7 et 29
* Locke, John, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' (1690), II, xxvii
* Butler, Joseph, ''Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel'' (1726)
* Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, ''Monadologie'' (1714); ''Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain'' (1765)
* Kant, Immanuel, ''Kritik der reinen Vernunft'' (1781/1787)
* Husserl, Edmund, ''Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie'' (1913)
* Freud, Sigmund, ''Das Ich und das Es'' (1923)

=== Studia recentiora ===

* Potts, Timothy C., ''Conscience in Medieval Philosophy'', Cantabrigiae, Cambridge University Press, 1980
* Thiel, Udo, ''The Early Modern Subject. Self-Consciousness and Personal Identity from Descartes to Hume'', Oxonii, Oxford University Press, 2011
* Nagel, Thomas, ''Mortal Questions'', Cantabrigiae, Cambridge University Press, 1979
* Dennett, Daniel C., ''Consciousness Explained'', Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1991
* Chalmers, David J., ''The Conscious Mind. In Search of a Fundamental Theory'', Oxonii, Oxford University Press, 1996
* Block, Ned, ''Consciousness, Function, and Representation. Collected Papers'', vol. I, Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), MIT Press, 2007
* Levine, Joseph, ''Purple Haze. The Puzzle of Consciousness'', Oxonii, Oxford University Press, 2001
* Lewis, Clive Staples, ''Studies in Words'', Cantabrigiae, Cambridge University Press, 1960 (cap. de vocibus « conscience » et « conscious »)

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      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Lexicon|Intentionalitas}} ==※ Intentionalitas ※== '''Intentionalitas''' ea [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|mentis]] proprietas est qua actus eius (ut cogitationes, opiniones, cupiditates, perceptiones) ad obiectum aliquod diriguntur sive de aliqua re sunt: cum enim cogitamus, aliquid cogitamus; cum cupimus, aliquid cupimus; cum credimus, aliquid esse credimus. Haec igitur in obiectum directio, sive illud « de aliquo esse », intentionalitas appellatur.  Voc...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="11248" sha1="8gwy382ft4pbbmi6ke9c8qy2dk179cy" xml:space="preserve">{{Lexicon|Intentionalitas}}
==※ Intentionalitas ※==
'''Intentionalitas''' ea [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|mentis]] proprietas est qua actus eius (ut cogitationes, opiniones, cupiditates, perceptiones) ad obiectum aliquod diriguntur sive de aliqua re sunt: cum enim cogitamus, aliquid cogitamus; cum cupimus, aliquid cupimus; cum credimus, aliquid esse credimus. Haec igitur in obiectum directio, sive illud « de aliquo esse », intentionalitas appellatur.

Vocabulum e voce scholastica « intentio » ductum est, ipsa vero vox « intentio » a verbo « intendere », quod est animum in aliquid tendere vel dirigere. Apud antiquos « intentio » varia significabat: contentionem quandam vel tensionem, animi in rem attentionem, in re forensi etiam actoris postulationem. Scholastici autem vocem ad rem cognoscendam transtulerunt, ut infra dicetur. « Intentionalitas » denique, vocabulum abstractum, iam apud nonnullos scholasticos posteriores occurrit (ut apud Hervaeum Natalem, Petrum Aureolum, Stephanum de Rieti), recentioribus autem maxime usitatum est qui hanc mentis ad obiecta directionem velut propriam mentis notam habuerunt. Cavendum tamen ne haec intentionalitas, id est rerum « de quibus » cogitamus respectus, cum vulgari illa « intentione », quae propositum agendi significat, confundatur: aliud enim est aliquid mente attingere, aliud aliquid efficere velle.

== Historia philosophica notionis ==

=== Origo: intentio apud scholasticos ===

Radix quidem rei iam apud Aristotelem inest, qui animam sentientem aut intellegentem rerum [[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|formas]] sine materia recipere, atque ita res quodammodo fieri, docuit. Inter scholasticos deinde « intentio » technicum quoddam vocabulum factum est, per philosophos Arabes, praesertim Avicennam et Averroem, saeculo duodecimo in Latinum sermonem illatum. Vox enim « intentio » Arabicum illud vocabulum reddidit quo sensus aut res intellecta significabatur: id scilicet quo mens rem aliquam attingit, sive similitudinem quandam rei in mente, qua haec ad illam dirigitur, designabat. Distinguebant porro intentiones primas, id est [[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|notiones]] rerum ipsarum (ut « homo », « animal »), ab intentionibus secundis, id est notionibus de notionibus, quae in logica versantur (ut « genus », « [[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|species]] »). Sic intentio media quodam modo erat inter mentem et rem cognitam: non enim rem ipsam secundum esse materiale in mente habemus, sed speciem vel intentionem qua res cognoscitur.&lt;ref&gt;Avicenna, ''Liber de anima'' I-II; Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 85, aa. 1-2; ''De veritate'' q. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Distinguebant insuper id quo [[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|cognoscimus]] (speciem scilicet vel intentionem in mente impressam) ab eo quod cognoscimus (re ipsa extra mentem): qua in re difficultas illa latebat, num mens rem ipsam an solam eius intentionem attingat. Quam ob causam quidam postea, ut Ockham, intentionem non rem quandam a mente diversam, sed ipsum intellegendi actum esse maluerunt. Quae omnis doctrina saeculo decimo tertio maxime adolevit, ineunte autem decimo quarto propriis etiam tractatibus exculta est.

=== Brentano: nota mentis ===

Saeculo undevicesimo Franz Brentano vocabulum illud scholasticum ad psychologiam revocavit. Omne enim mentis phaenomenon eo distingui statuit, quod obiectum aliquod in se ipso intentionaliter contineat seu in obiectum tendat: nulla enim est cogitatio quae non alicuius sit, nulla cupiditas quae non aliquid appetat. Hanc « intentionalem obiecti in actu inexsistentiam » (quam Germanice « intentionale Inexistenz » dixit) propriam esse mentis notam docuit; non enim de non-exsistentia simpliciter, sed de modo quo obiectum actui inest, hic agitur, id est de insita quadam obiecti in actu praesentia. Ea autem nota res mentales a corporeis discernuntur: corpora enim in nullum obiectum hoc modo diriguntur. Inde intentionalitas velut signum [[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|animi]] habita est.&lt;ref&gt;Brentano, Franz, ''Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt'' (1874), lib. II, cap. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Disputatum est tamen quale illud obiectum sit quod actui « inest »: utrum res quaedam in mente sola immanens, an res ipsa externa prout intenditur. Quod ipse Brentano postea, ad « res » solas philosophiam revocans, aliter explicare conatus est.

=== Husserl et phaenomenologia ===

Brentani discipulus Husserl intentionalitatem in ipsum philosophiae fundamentum erexit. [[Lexicon philosophicum/Conscientia|Conscientiam]] enim semper alicuius rei conscientiam esse docuit, atque in quovis actu intentionali duo distinxit: ipsam scilicet actus formam (quam νόησιν vocat) et id quod per eum intenditur, prout intenditur (quod νόημα appellat). Quaesivit praeterea quomodo obiecta varia mentis actibus constituantur ac sensum accipiant. Distinxit insuper actum ipsum, eius contentum, et obiectum quod intenditur. Noema autem non simpliciter imago quaedam mentalis est, sed obiectum ipsum prout intenditur, sive sensus ille obiectalis quo res in actu nobis datur. Ita ex intentionalitatis analysi tota fere phaenomenologia profecta est.&lt;ref&gt;Husserl, ''Logische Untersuchungen'' (1900-1901), V; ''Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie'' (1913), §§ 84-90.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrinae recentiores ==

In philosophia mentis recentiore quaestio illa exorta est, quomodo status corporei, ut cerebri, de rebus esse vel ad eas dirigi possint: id enim quod corporeum est non videtur ex se de alio quidquam significare. Quare alii intentionalitatem ex rebus naturalibus, id est ex [[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|causarum]] nexu vel ex informationis transmissione, explicare conati sunt; alii eam nulla tali ratione reduci posse putaverunt. Atque illi quidem variis viis usi sunt: alii enim signum de re esse putant quod ab ea certo causarum ordine pendeat, alii quod ad eam significandam naturae quasi munere ordinetur.&lt;ref&gt;De intentionalitate naturae rationibus explicanda cf. Dretske, Fred, ''Knowledge and the Flow of Information'' (1981); Millikan, Ruth, ''Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories'' (1984).&lt;/ref&gt;

John Searle intentionalitatem propriam, qualis menti per se inest, ab ea quae mutuata est distinxit: verba enim et signa et machinae non nisi mutuato, id est ab hominibus accepto, sensu de rebus sunt; sola mens intentionalitatem ex se ipsa habet. Quod argumento illo « cubiculi Sinici » illustravit: posse scilicet quempiam signa Sinica secundum regulas tractare neque tamen quidquam intellegere; unde solam signorum tractationem ad sensum et intentionalitatem non sufficere.&lt;ref&gt;Searle, John, « Minds, Brains, and Programs », ''Behavioral and Brain Sciences'', vol. 3, 1980, p. 417-424.&lt;/ref&gt; Daniel Dennett contra intentionalitatem non tam rem in se quam habitum quendam interpretandi esse contendit, quo res aliquas, tamquam credentes et appetentes, commodius explicamus.&lt;ref&gt;Searle, John, ''Intentionality. An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind'' (1983). Dennett, Daniel, ''The Intentional Stance'' (1987). Dretske, Fred, ''Knowledge and the Flow of Information'' (1981).&lt;/ref&gt;

Notandum praeterea est enuntiata intentionalia peculiari quadam difficultate logica laborare. Etsi enim stella matutina eadem est ac stella vespertina (Venus scilicet utraque), tamen qui credit stellam matutinam conspici non ideo credit stellam vespertinam conspici, si easdem esse ignorat. Hac in re, quam « referentiae opacitatem » vocant, multum versati sunt recentiores, ut Chisholm, Quine, Fodor.&lt;ref&gt;De contextibus intentionalibus et referentiae opacitate cf. Chisholm, Roderick, ''Perceiving'' (1957); Quine, Willard V. O., ''Word and Object'' (1960); Fodor, Jerry, ''Psychosemantics'' (1987).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Quaestiones philosophicae ==

Prima quaestio de ipso obiecto intentionali est. Cum enim de re aliqua cogitamus quae non est (ut de monte aureo vel de hippogrypho), tamen cogitatio nostra alicuius est; quaeritur ergo quale sit illud obiectum, quod neque plane exsistit neque plane nihil est. Quam difficultatem nonnulli, ut Meinong, peculiari quadam obiectorum doctrina solvere conati sunt.

Altera, utrum intentionalitas vere sit nota mentis propria, ita ut omnis et solus animi actus de aliquo sit. Sunt enim qui dubitent num dolores aut sensus quidam, etsi mentales, de re ulla proprie sint; alii contra omnem prorsus animi statum intentionalem esse contendunt. Cum hac quaestione illa cohaeret, utrum omnis actus intentionalis conscius sit, et vicissim utrum omnis conscientia in obiectum aliquod tendat.

Tertia, an intentionalitas ex rebus mere corporeis et naturalibus explicari possit, an aliquid in ea maneat quod nulla rerum corporearum descriptione exhauriatur. Quae quaestio cum tota de mente et corpore disputatione cohaeret.

Quarta, quae a Searle proposita est: utrum detur intentionalitas propria et originalis, qualem solam mens habeat, a qua signorum et machinarum intentionalitas, ut mutuata, pendeat.

Restat de vocabulo cautio: cum « intentio » modo propositum agendi, modo, technice, mentis in obiectum directionem significet, ne quis hos sensus inter se permisceat; intentionalitas enim, de qua hic agitur, omnem mentis ad obiecta tendentiam, non solam [[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|voluntatem]], complectitur.

== Notae ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==

=== Fontes antiqui et medii aevi ===

* Aristoteles, ''De anima'' II, 12 (424a17-24) et III
* Avicenna, ''Liber de anima'' I-II
* Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 85; ''Quaestiones disputatae de veritate'' q. 1
* Gulielmus de Ockham, ''Summa logicae'' I, 12

=== Fontes recentiores ===

* Brentano, Franz, ''Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt'' (1874)
* Husserl, Edmund, ''Logische Untersuchungen'' (1900-1901); ''Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie'' (1913)
* Chisholm, Roderick M., ''Perceiving. A Philosophical Study'' (1957)
* Quine, Willard Van Orman, ''Word and Object'' (1960)
* Dretske, Fred, ''Knowledge and the Flow of Information'' (1981)
* Millikan, Ruth, ''Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories'' (1984)
* Searle, John, ''Intentionality. An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind'' (1983)
* Dennett, Daniel, ''The Intentional Stance'' (1987)
* Fodor, Jerry, ''Psychosemantics'' (1987)

=== Studia recentiora ===

* Smith, David Woodruff, et McIntyre, Ronald, ''Husserl and Intentionality'', Dordraci, Reidel, 1982
* Perler, Dominik, ''Theorien der Intentionalität im Mittelalter'', Francofurti ad Moenum, Klostermann, 2002
* Moran, Dermot, ''Introduction to Phenomenology'', Londinii et Novi Eboraci, Routledge, 2000
* Jacquette, Dale (cur.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Brentano'', Cantabrigiae, Cambridge University Press, 2004
* Crane, Tim, ''The Objects of Thought'', Oxonii, Oxford University Press, 2013
* Sorabji, Richard, « From Aristotle to Brentano. The Development of the Concept of Intentionality », in ''Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy'', vol. supplem., 1991
* Spiegelberg, Herbert, ''The Phenomenological Movement. A Historical Introduction'', Hagae Comitis, Nijhoff, 1960

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