Vicilibri lawikibooks https://la.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicilibri Disputatio Vicilibrorum Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 3607 10831 10829 2026-06-23T03:32:17Z PandaMystique 2967 10831 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="max-width:58em;margin:0 auto;padding:1.4em 1.6em;font-family:-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#faf8f2);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);"> <div style="font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.25em;line-height:1.05;color:#a86a3d;letter-spacing:0.02em;">Lexicon philosophicum</div> <div style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);margin-top:0.3em;">Vocabula philosophica Latina, additis Graecorum nominibus</div> <div style="height:3px;background:#c08552;margin:0.85em 0 0 0;"></div> <div style="margin:0.9em 0 1.3em 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);">[[#A|A]] · [[#B|B]] · [[#C|C]] · [[#D|D]] · [[#E|E]] · [[#F|F]] · [[#G|G]] · [[#H|H]] · [[#I|I]] · [[#L|L]] · [[#M|M]] · [[#N|N]] · [[#O|O]] · [[#P|P]] · [[#Q|Q]] · [[#R|R]] · [[#S|S]] · [[#T|T]] · [[#V|V]]</div> <div id="A" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">A</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|A priori]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abductio|Abductio]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abstractio|Abstractio]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|Accidens]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">συμβεβηκός</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Alienatio|Alienatio]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anarchismus|Anarchismus]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anima|Anima]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ψυχή</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|Animus]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Appetitus|Appetitus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ὁρμή</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Assensio|Assensio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">συγκατάθεσις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Attributum|Attributum]]</span> </div> <div id="B" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">B</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Beatitudo|Beatitudo]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">εὐδαιμονία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|Bonum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀγαθόν</span></span> </div> <div id="C" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">C</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|Causa]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">αἰτία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|Cognitio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">γνῶσις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Comprehensio|Comprehensio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">κατάληψις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Conscientia|Conscientia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">συνείδησις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cupiditas|Cupiditas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἐπιθυμία</span></span> </div> <div id="D" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">D</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Decorum|Decorum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">πρέπον</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Definitio|Definitio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ὁρισμός</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">θεός</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Dialectica|Dialectica]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">διαλεκτική</span></span> </div> <div id="E" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">E</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Elementum|Elementum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">στοιχεῖον</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Empirismus|Empirismus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἐμπειρία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Epistemologia|Epistemologia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἐπιστήμη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|Essentia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">οὐσία</span></span> </div> <div id="F" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">F</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Fatum|Fatum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">εἱμαρμένη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Finis|Finis]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">τέλος</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|Forma]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">μορφή</span></span> </div> <div id="G" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">G</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|Genus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">γένος</span></span> </div> <div id="H" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">H</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Honestum|Honestum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">καλόν</span></span> </div> <div id="I" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">I</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|Idea]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἰδέα</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|Individuum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἄτομον</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Intentionalitas|Intentionalitas]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|Iudicium]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">κρίσις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iustitia|Iustitia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">δικαιοσύνη</span></span> </div> <div id="L" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">L</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Locus|Locus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">τόπος</span></span> </div> <div id="M" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">M</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Materia|Materia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ὕλη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|Memoria]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">μνήμη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|Mens]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">νοῦς</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Motus|Motus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">κίνησις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|Mundus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">κόσμος</span></span> </div> <div id="N" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">N</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Natura]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">φύσις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|Necessitas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀνάγκη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|Notio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἔννοια</span></span> </div> <div id="O" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">O</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Officium|Officium]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">καθῆκον</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Opinio|Opinio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">δόξα</span></span> </div> <div id="P" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">P</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Perturbatio|Perturbatio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">πάθος</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Praeposita|Praeposita]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">προηγμένα</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Principium|Principium]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀρχή</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Probabile|Probabile]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">πιθανόν</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Providentia|Providentia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">πρόνοια</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Prudentia|Prudentia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">φρόνησις</span></span> </div> <div id="Q" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">Q</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|Qualitas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ποιότης</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Quantitas|Quantitas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ποσότης</span></span> </div> <div id="R" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">R</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|Ratio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">λόγος</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Repraesentatio|Repraesentatio]]</span> </div> <div id="S" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">S</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sapientia|Sapientia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">σοφία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Scientia|Scientia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἐπιστήμη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|Sensus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">αἴσθησις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|Species]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">εἶδος</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|Substantia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ὑπόστασις</span></span> </div> <div id="T" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">T</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Tempus|Tempus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">χρόνος</span></span> </div> <div id="V" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">V</div> <div style="margin:0 0 0.4em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Veritas|Veritas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀλήθεια</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Virtus|Virtus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀρετή</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Visum|Visum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">φαντασία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|Universale]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">καθόλου</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|Voluntas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">βούλησις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluptas|Voluptas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἡδονή</span></span> </div> <div style="margin-top:1.3em;padding-top:0.6em;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);">LIX vocabula</div> </div> [[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum|*]] [[fr:Dictionnaire de philosophie]] 28gjc6ndkysxpr9maiix29casit61py 10835 10831 2026-06-23T05:14:05Z PandaMystique 2967 10835 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="max-width:58em;margin:0 auto;padding:1.4em 1.6em;font-family:-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#faf8f2);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);"> <div style="font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.25em;line-height:1.05;color:#a86a3d;letter-spacing:0.02em;">Lexicon philosophicum</div> <div style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);margin-top:0.3em;">Vocabula philosophica Latina, additis Graecorum nominibus</div> <div style="height:3px;background:#c08552;margin:0.85em 0 0 0;"></div> <div style="margin:0.9em 0 1.3em 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);">[[#A|A]] · [[#B|B]] · [[#C|C]] · [[#D|D]] · [[#E|E]] · [[#F|F]] · [[#G|G]] · [[#H|H]] · [[#I|I]] · [[#L|L]] · [[#M|M]] · [[#N|N]] · [[#O|O]] · [[#P|P]] · [[#Q|Q]] · [[#R|R]] · [[#S|S]] · [[#T|T]] · [[#V|V]]</div> <div id="A" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">A</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/A priori|A priori]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abductio|Abductio]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Abstractio|Abstractio]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Accidens|Accidens]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">συμβεβηκός</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Alienatio|Alienatio]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anarchismus|Anarchismus]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Anima|Anima]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ψυχή</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Animus|Animus]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Appetitus|Appetitus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ὁρμή</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Assensio|Assensio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">συγκατάθεσις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Attributum|Attributum]]</span> </div> <div id="B" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">B</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Beatitudo|Beatitudo]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">εὐδαιμονία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Bonum|Bonum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀγαθόν</span></span> </div> <div id="C" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">C</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Causa|Causa]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">αἰτία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|Cognitio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">γνῶσις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Comprehensio|Comprehensio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">κατάληψις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Conscientia|Conscientia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">συνείδησις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Cupiditas|Cupiditas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἐπιθυμία</span></span> </div> <div id="D" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">D</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Decorum|Decorum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">πρέπον</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Definitio|Definitio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ὁρισμός</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Deus|Deus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">θεός</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Dialectica|Dialectica]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">διαλεκτική</span></span> </div> <div id="E" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">E</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Elementum|Elementum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">στοιχεῖον</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Empirismus|Empirismus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἐμπειρία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Epistemologia|Epistemologia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἐπιστήμη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Essentia|Essentia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">οὐσία</span></span> </div> <div id="F" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">F</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Fatum|Fatum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">εἱμαρμένη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Finis|Finis]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">τέλος</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Forma|Forma]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">μορφή</span></span> </div> <div id="G" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">G</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Genus|Genus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">γένος</span></span> </div> <div id="H" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">H</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Honestum|Honestum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">καλόν</span></span> </div> <div id="I" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">I</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|Idea]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἰδέα</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Individuum|Individuum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἄτομον</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Intentionalitas|Intentionalitas]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iudicium|Iudicium]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">κρίσις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Iustitia|Iustitia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">δικαιοσύνη</span></span> </div> <div id="L" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">L</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Locus|Locus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">τόπος</span></span> </div> <div id="M" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">M</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Materia|Materia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ὕλη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Memoria|Memoria]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">μνήμη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|Mens]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">νοῦς</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Motus|Motus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">κίνησις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Mundus|Mundus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">κόσμος</span></span> </div> <div id="N" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">N</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Natura|Natura]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">φύσις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Necessitas|Necessitas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀνάγκη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|Notio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἔννοια</span></span> </div> <div id="O" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">O</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Officium|Officium]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">καθῆκον</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Opinio|Opinio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">δόξα</span></span> </div> <div id="P" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">P</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Perturbatio|Perturbatio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">πάθος</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Praeposita|Praeposita]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">προηγμένα</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Principium|Principium]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀρχή</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Probabile|Probabile]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">πιθανόν</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Providentia|Providentia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">πρόνοια</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Prudentia|Prudentia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">φρόνησις</span></span> </div> <div id="Q" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">Q</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualia|Qualia]]</span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Qualitas|Qualitas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ποιότης</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Quantitas|Quantitas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ποσότης</span></span> </div> <div id="R" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">R</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Ratio|Ratio]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">λόγος</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Repraesentatio|Repraesentatio]]</span> </div> <div id="S" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">S</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sapientia|Sapientia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">σοφία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Scientia|Scientia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἐπιστήμη</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Sensus|Sensus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">αἴσθησις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|Species]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">εἶδος</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|Substantia]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ὑπόστασις</span></span> </div> <div id="T" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">T</div> <div style="margin:0 0 1.1em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Tempus|Tempus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">χρόνος</span></span> </div> <div id="V" style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:1.45em;color:#a86a3d;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);padding-bottom:0.12em;margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0;">V</div> <div style="margin:0 0 0.4em 0;"> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Veritas|Veritas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀλήθεια</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Virtus|Virtus]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἀρετή</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Visum|Visum]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">φαντασία</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Universale|Universale]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">καθόλου</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluntas|Voluntas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">βούλησις</span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;width:15em;vertical-align:top;margin:0 0 0.3em 0;">[[Lexicon philosophicum/Voluptas|Voluptas]] <span style="color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-style:italic;font-size:0.92em;">ἡδονή</span></span> </div> <div style="margin-top:1.3em;padding-top:0.6em;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#d8d3c8);font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);">LIX vocabula</div> </div> [[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum|*]] [[fr:Dictionnaire de philosophie]] qoaav1mqxer0xqciisfdmxurm89mmsi 0 3630 10832 2026-06-23T03:49:17Z PandaMystique 2967 Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Lexicon|Repraesentatio}} ==※ Repraesentatio ※== '''Repraesentatio''' in philosophia mentis is [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|animi]] status dicitur qui rem aliquam vel rerum statum menti praesentem facit, id est qui aliquid sibi extra positum significat ac refert. Per repraesentationes enim mens res, etiam absentes vel ne exsistentes quidem, cogitare ac percipere potest: ipsae quasi vehicula sunt cogitationis, quae contentum aliquod gerunt, prout hoc vel il...' 10832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lexicon|Repraesentatio}} ==※ Repraesentatio ※== '''Repraesentatio''' in philosophia mentis is [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|animi]] status dicitur qui rem aliquam vel rerum statum menti praesentem facit, id est qui aliquid sibi extra positum significat ac refert. Per repraesentationes enim mens res, etiam absentes vel ne exsistentes quidem, cogitare ac percipere potest: ipsae quasi vehicula sunt cogitationis, quae contentum aliquod gerunt, prout hoc vel illud, vere aut falso, exhibent. Vocabulum a verbo « repraesentare » ductum est, quod proprie est aliquid praesens reddere, ante oculos ponere, vel statim perficere; unde et « repraesentare pecuniam » apud iureconsultos est pecuniam in praesenti numerare, et apud rhetores « repraesentatio » est rei alicuius tam viva descriptio ut paene oculis subiciatur. Hic autem sensus, quo repraesentatio aliquid aliud vicarie significat ac menti refert, apud scholasticos atque recentiores praecipue enucleatus est. Cavendum porro ne haec animi repraesentatio cum politica illa, qua quis aliorum vices in re publica gerit, aut cum scaenica vel pictoria, qua res arte effingitur, confundatur: de eo enim hic agitur quod in mente rem aliquam refert. == Historia philosophica notionis == === Origo: repraesentatio in cognitione === Iam Aristoteles in libro de interpretatione docuit voces signa esse earum affectionum quae in animo sunt, has autem rerum similitudines: ita inter res et verba media quaedam in animo similitudo ponitur. Augustinus quoque signum id esse docuit quod, praeter speciem quam sensibus ingerit, aliud quiddam in cognitionem adducit; quo in genere et verba et res ipsae numerari possunt.<ref>Augustinus, ''De doctrina christiana'' II, 1-2; ''De magistro''.</ref> Quod scholastici ad cognitionis doctrinam transtulerunt: [[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|species]] enim illa, qua mens rem intellegit, rei similitudo est eamque menti repraesentat; signum item id repraesentat cuius est signum. Repraesentare ergo proprie est aliquid alterius vice menti exhibere. Distinguebant porro signa naturalia, quae natura sua aliquid significant (ut fumus ignem), a signis ad placitum institutis (ut verba); speciem autem inter signa naturalia rettulerunt, utpote quae ex re ipsa oriatur eamque referat. Quidam praeterea, ut Ockham, conceptum ipsum mentis naturale quoddam rei signum esse statuerunt. Quae doctrina cum ea de [[Lexicon philosophicum/Intentionalitas|intentionalitate]] arte cohaeret: nam eadem fere res et intentio dici potest, qua mens in obiectum dirigitur, et repraesentatio, qua obiectum menti praesens redditur.<ref>Aristoteles, ''De interpretatione'' 1 (16a3-8); Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 85, a. 2.</ref> === Via idearum: aetas recentior === Aetate recentiore haec doctrina in illam « idearum viam » evasit, qua Cartesius et Locke usi sunt. Mens enim, ut putabant, non res ipsas extra se positas immediate percipit, sed proprias [[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|ideas]], quae res illas repraesentant; ideae igitur tamquam imagines aut signa rerum in animo habentur. Cartesius praeterea ideis « realitatem obiectivam » tribuit, id est contentum illud ipsum quod repraesentant. Hinc autem grave illud dubium ortum est, quod « idearum velum » appellari solet: si enim non nisi nostras repraesentationes attingimus, quomodo constare potest eas rebus ipsis respondere? Quam difficultatem Berkeley eo vertit ut rem ipsam a perceptione independentem omnino tolleret (esse enim est percipi), Humius vero ut de rerum exteriorum cognitione dubitaret.<ref>Cartesius, ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' III; Locke, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' II, viii et IV; Berkeley, ''A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'' (1710).</ref> Inter ipsos autem recentiores de natura idearum acriter disputatum est: Malebranche enim ideas tamquam res quasdam ab animo distinctas, immo in Deo conspectas, posuit; Arnauld contra eas nihil aliud esse contendit quam ipsius mentis modificationes, quibus haec res percipit. Postea Reid totam illam idearum doctrinam impugnavit, quod, dum repraesentationes inter mentem et res interponeret, ad rerum exteriorum dubitationem duceret; quare ipsam mentem res immediate percipere maluit.<ref>Malebranche, ''De la recherche de la vérité'' (1674), III; Arnauld, ''Des vraies et des fausses idées'' (1683); Reid, ''An Inquiry into the Human Mind'' (1764).</ref> === Repraesentatio apud Kantium === Kantius vocabulum « repraesentatio » (Germanice ''Vorstellung'') ut genus quoddam summum adhibuit, quo omnes prorsus animi contentus comprehenduntur. Has enim repraesentationes in species distribuit, quas velut gradus quosdam disposuit: a sensationibus et perceptionibus per intuitus atque notiones usque ad ideas rationis. In hac autem repraesentationum serie eas quae cum conscientia coniunctae sunt (perceptiones) ab obscurioribus distinxit, intuitusque, qui singularia immediate attingunt, a [[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|notionibus]], quae per notas communes res repraesentant. Sic tota fere [[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|cognitio]] in repraesentationibus earumque ordine consistit; res autem, prout in se est, ultra omnem repraesentationem manet. Omnes praeterea repraesentationes uni illi « ego cogito » subici posse oportere docuit, quo solo in unam experientiam coniungantur.<ref>Kantius, ''Critica rationis purae'', A320/B376-377; B131-132.</ref> == Doctrinae recentiores == In philosophia mentis cognitionisque scientia recentiore repraesentationis notio media est. Plerique enim mentem ita operari putant ut repraesentationes quasdam internas, quae statibus rerum respondeant, tractet ac transformet; quae sententia « repraesentativa mentis doctrina » appellatur; unde Fodor « mentis linguam » quandam finxit, in qua cogitationes velut signa secundum regulas componantur. Alii phaenomenalem ipsam experientiae qualitatem ex eius contentu repraesentativo explicare conati sunt (ut Dretske, Tye): nihil enim in experientia inesse contendunt praeter id quod ipsa de rebus repraesentat. Quibus tamen alii obiciunt fieri posse ut experientiae idem, ut videtur, repraesentantes qualitate tamen phaenomenali inter se differant (quod argumento « spectri inversi » illustrari solet); distinguunt etiam ipsum repraesentationis vehiculum, statum scilicet ut cerebri, ab eo quod per illud repraesentatur. Oritur autem hic difficultas illa « falsae repraesentationis »: quomodo enim fieri potest ut repraesentatio rem aliter ac est exhibeat, immo ut id repraesentet quod omnino non est? Quam ad difficultatem solvendam eaedem fere viae temptantur quae in [[Lexicon philosophicum/Conscientia|conscientiae]] et intentionalitatis natura explicanda, scilicet per causarum nexum, per informationis transmissionem, per naturae munus.<ref>Fodor, Jerry, ''The Language of Thought'' (1975). Dretske, Fred, ''Naturalizing the Mind'' (1995). Tye, Michael, ''Ten Problems of Consciousness'' (1995).</ref> == Quaestiones philosophicae == Prima quaestio est, an res ipsas immediate percipiamus, an solas earum repraesentationes; et utrum repraesentatio velum quoddam inter mentem et mundum interponat, an potius ipsum medium sit quo mundus nobis innotescit. Altera de falsa repraesentatione, quae supra attacta est. In qua difficultas latet quae omnem de repraesentationis natura doctrinam premit: cum enim signum aliquod et de eo cuius vere signum est, et de eo quod perperam significat, dici possit, quaeritur unde haec eius rectitudo aut error pendeat. Tertia, an phaenomenalis experientiae qualitas tota in contentu repraesentativo posita sit, an aliquid in ea supersit (ut illa quae « qualia » vocant) quod nulla repraesentatione exhauriatur. Quarta, an repraesentatio, id est unius rei pro alia vicaria significatio, ex solis rebus naturalibus oriri possit, an aliquid sit quod talem explicationem effugiat. Quaeritur praeterea quali forma repraesentationes constent: utrum linguae cuiusdam more, ex signis discretis secundum regulas compositis, an potius imaginum vel mapparum instar, quae rem continua quadam similitudine referant. Restat denique quaestio de repraesentationis et intentionalitatis necessitudine: cum enim eadem fere notio utraque voce significari videatur, quaeritur utra prior sit, et an mentis in obiectum directio per repraesentationem, an contra repraesentatio per illam directionem, explicanda sit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == === Fontes antiqui et medii aevi === * Aristoteles, ''De interpretatione'' 1; ''De anima'' III * Augustinus, ''De doctrina christiana'' II; ''De magistro'' * Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 85, a. 2; ''Quaestiones disputatae de veritate'' q. 2 === Fontes recentiores === * Cartesius, ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' (1641), III * Malebranche, Nicolas, ''De la recherche de la vérité'' (1674) * Arnauld, Antoine, ''Des vraies et des fausses idées'' (1683) * Locke, John, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' (1690), II et IV * Berkeley, George, ''A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'' (1710) * Reid, Thomas, ''An Inquiry into the Human Mind'' (1764) * Kantius, ''Critica rationis purae'' (1781), A320/B376 * Fodor, Jerry, ''The Language of Thought'' (1975) * Dretske, Fred, ''Naturalizing the Mind'' (1995) * Tye, Michael, ''Ten Problems of Consciousness'' (1995) === Studia recentiora === * Yolton, John W., ''Perceptual Acquaintance from Descartes to Reid'', Oxonii, Blackwell, 1984 * Cummins, Robert, ''Representations, Targets, and Attitudes'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), MIT Press, 1996 * Crane, Tim, ''The Mechanical Mind. A Philosophical Introduction to Minds, Machines and Mental Representation'', Londinii, Routledge, 1995 * Lagerlund, Henrik (cur.), ''Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy'', Aldershoti, Ashgate, 2007 {{#invoke:Mise en page|confortable|largeur=normal}} {{#invoke:Sous-Page|sousPage|taille préfixe=0.7em|taille titre=120%|italique=non}} [[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Repraesentatio}} 0snt6ihbbezetya9gqj1xhxzx5eg3kx 10833 10832 2026-06-23T05:00:58Z PandaMystique 2967 10833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lexicon|Repraesentatio}} ==※ Repraesentatio ※== '''Repraesentatio''' in philosophia mentis status [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|animi]] dicitur qui rem aliquam vel statum rerum menti praesentem facit, id est qui aliquid, sive praesens sive absens, menti refert. Per repraesentationes enim mens res, etiam absentes vel ne exsistentes quidem, cogitare ac percipere potest: ipsae quasi vehicula sunt cogitationis, quae contentum aliquod gerunt, prout hoc vel illud, vere aut falso, exhibent. Vocabulum a verbo « repraesentare » ductum est, quod proprie est aliquid praesens reddere, ante oculos ponere, vel statim perficere; unde et « repraesentare pecuniam » apud iureconsultos est pecuniam in praesenti numerare, et apud rhetores « repraesentatio » est rei alicuius tam viva descriptio ut paene oculis subiciatur. Hic autem sensus, quo repraesentatio aliquid aliud vicaria ratione significat ac menti refert, apud scholasticos atque recentiores praecipue enucleatus est. Cavendum porro ne haec animi repraesentatio cum politica illa, qua quis aliorum vices in re publica gerit, aut cum scaenica vel pictoria, qua res arte effingitur, confundatur: de eo enim hic agitur quod in mente rem aliquam refert. == Historia philosophica notionis == === Origo: repraesentatio in cognitione === Iam Aristoteles in libro de interpretatione docuit voces signa esse earum affectionum quae in animo sunt, has autem rerum similitudines: ita inter res et verba media quaedam in animo similitudo ponitur. Augustinus quoque signum id esse docuit quod, praeter speciem quam sensibus ingerit, aliud quiddam in cognitionem adducit; quo in genere et verba et res ipsae numerari possunt.<ref>Augustinus, ''De doctrina christiana'' II, 1-2; ''De magistro''.</ref> Quod scholastici ad cognitionis doctrinam transtulerunt: [[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|species]] enim illa, qua mens rem intellegit, rei similitudo est eamque menti repraesentat; signum item id repraesentat cuius est signum. Repraesentare ergo proprie est aliquid alterius vice menti exhibere. Distinguebant porro signa naturalia, quae natura sua aliquid significant (ut fumus ignem), a signis ad placitum institutis (ut verba); nonnulli species vel conceptus ad signa naturalia rettulerunt; apud Thomam tamen species intelligibilis non est id quod primo intellegitur, sed id quo intellectus rem intellegit. Quidam praeterea, ut Ockham, conceptum ipsum mentis naturale quoddam rei signum esse statuerunt. Hoc autem vocabulum, post ''De anima'' Avicennae Latine versum, paulatim increbuit, et medio saeculo decimo tertio in cognitionis doctrina principem locum obtinuit. Praecipue vero Duns Scotus inter id quod repraesentat et id quod repraesentatur acriter distinxit, atque obiecto in mente cognito « esse obiectivum » tribuit, id est eum praesentiae modum quo res menti adest non secundum esse reale sive subiectivum, sed secundum esse obiectivum. Quam quaestionem deinde Henricus de Gandavo, Ockham, Buridanus aliique varie tractaverunt.<ref>Duns Scotus, ''Ordinatio'' I, d. 3; Gulielmus de Ockham, ''Summa logicae'' I, 12; Ioannes Buridanus, ''Quaestiones in Aristotelis De anima'' III.</ref> Quae doctrina cum ea de [[Lexicon philosophicum/Intentionalitas|intentionalitate]] saepe coincidit, ita ut quod uno respectu « repraesentatio » dicitur, alio « intentio » appellari possit; latius tamen vox « intentio » patet, quippe quae et voluntatis actum et animi attentionem et relationem et formam intellegibilem significet.<ref>Aristoteles, ''De interpretatione'' 1 (16a3-8); Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 85, a. 2.</ref> === Via idearum: aetas recentior === Aetate recentiore haec doctrina in illam « idearum viam » evasit, qua Cartesius et Locke usi sunt. Mens enim, ut putabant, non res ipsas extra se positas immediate percipit, sed proprias [[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|ideas]], quae res illas repraesentant. Aliter tamen apud singulos: nam Cartesio idea non imago quaedam est, sed cogitationis modus cui « realitas obiectiva » inest, id est contentum illud ipsum quod repraesentat; Locke autem ideam immediatum intellectus obiectum esse statuit. Hinc autem grave illud dubium ortum est, quod « idearum velum » appellari solet: si enim non nisi nostras repraesentationes attingimus, quomodo constare potest eas rebus ipsis respondere? Quam difficultatem Berkeley eo vertit ut [[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|substantiam]] materialem a mente et perceptione independentem negaret (esse enim est percipi), non autem mentes ipsas aut Deum; Humius vero ut de rerum exteriorum cognitione dubitaret.<ref>Cartesius, ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' III; Locke, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' II, viii et IV; Berkeley, ''A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'' (1710).</ref> Inter ipsos autem recentiores de natura idearum acriter disputatum est: Malebranche enim ideas tamquam res quasdam ab animo distinctas, immo in Deo conspectas, posuit; Arnauld contra eas nihil aliud esse contendit quam ipsius mentis modificationes, quibus haec res percipit. Postea Reid totam illam idearum doctrinam impugnavit, quod, dum repraesentationes inter mentem et res interponeret, ad rerum exteriorum dubitationem duceret; quare ipsam mentem res immediate percipere maluit.<ref>Malebranche, ''De la recherche de la vérité'' (1674), III; Arnauld, ''Des vraies et des fausses idées'' (1683); Reid, ''An Inquiry into the Human Mind'' (1764).</ref> === Repraesentatio apud Kantium === Kantius vocabulum « repraesentatio » (Germanice ''Vorstellung'') ut genus quoddam summum adhibuit, quo omnia prorsus animi contenta comprehenduntur. Has enim repraesentationes velut per gradus disposuit: infima est repraesentatio sine conscientia; perceptio autem repraesentatio cum conscientia coniuncta, quae vel ad solum subiectum refertur (sensatio) vel ad obiectum (cognitio); cognitio rursus aut singularis et immediata est (intuitus) aut generalis et per notas mediata (conceptus, qui, si purus est et ab intellectu oritur, proprie [[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|notio]] dicitur); inter conceptus denique idea rationis eminet, quae omnem experientiam excedit. Sic tota fere [[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|cognitio]] in repraesentationibus earumque ordine consistit; res autem, prout in se est, ultra omnem repraesentationem manet. Omnes praeterea repraesentationes uni illi « ego cogito » subici posse oportere docuit, quo solo in unam experientiam coniungantur.<ref>Kantius, ''Critica rationis purae'', A320/B376-377; B131-132.</ref> == Doctrinae recentiores == In philosophia mentis et in scientiis cognitionis recentioribus repraesentationis notio media est. Multi enim philosophi et scientiae cognitionis cultores mentem ita operari putant ut repraesentationes quasdam internas, quae statibus rerum respondeant, tractet ac transformet; quae sententia, pressius dicta, « repraesentativa mentis doctrina » appellatur, quamquam repraesentationibus in psychologia uti licet quin tota haec doctrina suscipiatur; unde Fodor « mentis linguam » quandam finxit, in qua cogitationes velut signa secundum regulas componantur. Alii phaenomenalem ipsam experientiae qualitatem ex eius contentu repraesentativo explicare conati sunt (ut Dretske, Tye): nihil enim in experientia inesse contendunt praeter id quod ipsa de rebus repraesentat. Quibus tamen alii obiciunt fieri posse ut experientiae idem, ut videtur, repraesentantes qualitate tamen phaenomenali inter se differant (quod argumento « spectri inversi » illustrari solet); distinguunt etiam ipsum repraesentationis vehiculum, velut statum cerebri, ab eo quod per illud repraesentatur. Oritur autem hic difficultas illa « falsae repraesentationis »: quomodo enim fieri potest ut repraesentatio rem aliter ac est exhibeat, immo ut id repraesentet quod omnino non est? Quam ad difficultatem solvendam eaedem fere viae temptantur quae in [[Lexicon philosophicum/Conscientia|conscientiae]] et intentionalitatis natura explicanda, scilicet per causarum nexum, per informationis transmissionem, per munus naturale; qua in postrema via, quam « teleosemanticam » vocant, falsa repraesentatio est status qui munere suo naturali fungi non potest.<ref>Fodor, Jerry, ''The Language of Thought'' (1975). Dretske, Fred, ''Naturalizing the Mind'' (1995). Tye, Michael, ''Ten Problems of Consciousness'' (1995).</ref> == Quaestiones philosophicae == Prima quaestio est, an res ipsas immediate percipiamus, an solas earum repraesentationes; et utrum repraesentatio velum quoddam inter mentem et mundum interponat, an potius ipsum medium sit quo mundus nobis innotescit. Altera de falsa repraesentatione, quae supra attacta est. In qua difficultas latet quae omnem de repraesentationis natura doctrinam premit: cum enim signum aliquod et de eo cuius vere signum est, et de eo quod perperam significat, dici possit, quaeritur unde haec eius rectitudo aut error pendeat. Tertia, an phaenomenalis experientiae qualitas tota in contentu repraesentativo posita sit, an aliquid in ea supersit (ut illa quae « qualia » vocantur) quod nulla repraesentatione exhauriatur. Quarta, an repraesentatio, id est unius rei pro alia vicaria significatio, ex solis rebus naturalibus oriri possit, an aliquid sit quod talem explicationem effugiat. Quaeritur praeterea quali forma repraesentationes constent: utrum linguae cuiusdam more, ex signis discretis secundum regulas compositis, an potius imaginum vel mapparum instar, quae rem continua quadam similitudine referant. Restat denique quaestio de repraesentationis et intentionalitatis necessitudine: cum enim hae duae notiones saepe inter se cohaereant atque partim coincidant, quaeritur utra prior sit, et an mentis in obiectum directio per repraesentationem, an contra repraesentatio per illam directionem, explicanda sit. == Notae == {{références|colonnes=2}} == Bibliographia == === Fontes antiqui et medii aevi === * Aristoteles, ''De interpretatione'' 1; ''De anima'' III * Augustinus, ''De doctrina christiana'' II; ''De magistro'' * Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 85, a. 2; ''Quaestiones disputatae de veritate'' q. 2 === Fontes recentiores === * Cartesius, ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' (1641), III * Malebranche, Nicolas, ''De la recherche de la vérité'' (1674) * Arnauld, Antoine, ''Des vraies et des fausses idées'' (1683) * Locke, John, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' (1690), II et IV * Berkeley, George, ''A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'' (1710) * Reid, Thomas, ''An Inquiry into the Human Mind'' (1764) * Kantius, ''Critica rationis purae'' (1781), A320/B376 * Fodor, Jerry, ''The Language of Thought'' (1975) * Fodor, Jerry, ''Psychosemantics'' (1987) * Dretske, Fred, ''Naturalizing the Mind'' (1995) * Millikan, Ruth, ''Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories'' (1984) * Tye, Michael, ''Ten Problems of Consciousness'' (1995) * Putnam, Hilary, « The Meaning of 'Meaning' » (1975) * Burge, Tyler, « Individualism and the Mental » (1979) === Studia recentiora === * Yolton, John W., ''Perceptual Acquaintance from Descartes to Reid'', Oxonii, Blackwell, 1984 * Cummins, Robert, ''Representations, Targets, and Attitudes'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), MIT Press, 1996 * Crane, Tim, ''The Mechanical Mind. A Philosophical Introduction to Minds, Machines and Mental Representation'', Londinii, Routledge, 1995 * Lagerlund, Henrik (cur.), ''Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy'', Aldershoti, Ashgate, 2007 * Panaccio, Claude, ''Ockham on Concepts'', Aldershoti, Ashgate, 2004 * Kosslyn, Stephen M., ''Image and Brain. The Resolution of the Imagery Debate'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), MIT Press, 1994 * Pylyshyn, Zenon W., ''Computation and Cognition. Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), MIT Press, 1984 * McDowell, John, ''Mind and World'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), Harvard University Press, 1994 {{#invoke:Mise en page|confortable|largeur=normal}} {{#invoke:Sous-Page|sousPage|taille préfixe=0.7em|taille titre=120%|italique=non}} [[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Repraesentatio}} etf1cxepzbiipv6x7s8rq2qekdqbg52 10834 10833 2026-06-23T05:02:20Z PandaMystique 2967 10834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lexicon|Repraesentatio}} ==※ Repraesentatio ※== '''Repraesentatio''' in philosophia mentis status [[Lexicon philosophicum/Mens|animi]] dicitur qui rem aliquam vel statum rerum menti praesentem facit, id est qui aliquid, sive praesens sive absens, menti refert. Per repraesentationes enim mens res, etiam absentes vel ne exsistentes quidem, cogitare ac percipere potest: ipsae quasi vehicula sunt cogitationis, quae contentum aliquod gerunt, prout hoc vel illud, vere aut falso, exhibent. Vocabulum a verbo « repraesentare » ductum est, quod proprie est aliquid praesens reddere, ante oculos ponere, vel statim perficere; unde et « repraesentare pecuniam » apud iureconsultos est pecuniam in praesenti numerare, et apud rhetores « repraesentatio » est rei alicuius tam viva descriptio ut paene oculis subiciatur. Hic autem sensus, quo repraesentatio aliquid aliud vicaria ratione significat ac menti refert, apud scholasticos atque recentiores praecipue enucleatus est. Cavendum porro ne haec animi repraesentatio cum politica illa, qua quis aliorum vices in re publica gerit, aut cum scaenica vel pictoria, qua res arte effingitur, confundatur: de eo enim hic agitur quod in mente rem aliquam refert. == Historia philosophica notionis == === Origo: repraesentatio in cognitione === Iam Aristoteles in libro de interpretatione docuit voces signa esse earum affectionum quae in animo sunt, has autem rerum similitudines: ita inter res et verba media quaedam in animo similitudo ponitur. Augustinus quoque signum id esse docuit quod, praeter speciem quam sensibus ingerit, aliud quiddam in cognitionem adducit; quo in genere et verba et res ipsae numerari possunt.<ref>Augustinus, ''De doctrina christiana'' II, 1-2; ''De magistro''.</ref> Quod scholastici ad cognitionis doctrinam transtulerunt: [[Lexicon philosophicum/Species|species]] enim illa, qua mens rem intellegit, rei similitudo est eamque menti repraesentat; signum item id repraesentat cuius est signum. Repraesentare ergo proprie est aliquid alterius vice menti exhibere. Distinguebant porro signa naturalia, quae natura sua aliquid significant (ut fumus ignem), a signis ad placitum institutis (ut verba); nonnulli species vel conceptus ad signa naturalia rettulerunt; apud Thomam tamen species intelligibilis non est id quod primo intellegitur, sed id quo intellectus rem intellegit. Quidam praeterea, ut Ockham, conceptum ipsum mentis naturale quoddam rei signum esse statuerunt. Hoc autem vocabulum, post ''De anima'' Avicennae Latine versum, paulatim increbuit, et medio saeculo decimo tertio in cognitionis doctrina principem locum obtinuit. Praecipue vero Duns Scotus inter id quod repraesentat et id quod repraesentatur acriter distinxit, atque obiecto in mente cognito « esse obiectivum » tribuit, id est eum praesentiae modum quo res menti adest non secundum esse reale sive subiectivum, sed secundum esse obiectivum. Quam quaestionem deinde Henricus de Gandavo, Ockham, Buridanus aliique varie tractaverunt.<ref>Duns Scotus, ''Ordinatio'' I, d. 3; Gulielmus de Ockham, ''Summa logicae'' I, 12; Ioannes Buridanus, ''Quaestiones in Aristotelis De anima'' III.</ref> Quae doctrina cum ea de [[Lexicon philosophicum/Intentionalitas|intentionalitate]] saepe coincidit, ita ut quod uno respectu « repraesentatio » dicitur, alio « intentio » appellari possit; latius tamen vox « intentio » patet, quippe quae et voluntatis actum et animi attentionem et relationem et formam intellegibilem significet.<ref>Aristoteles, ''De interpretatione'' 1 (16a3-8); Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 85, a. 2.</ref> === Via idearum: aetas recentior === Aetate recentiore haec doctrina in illam « idearum viam » evasit, qua Cartesius et Locke usi sunt. Mens enim, ut putabant, non res ipsas extra se positas immediate percipit, sed proprias [[Lexicon philosophicum/Idea|ideas]], quae res illas repraesentant. Aliter tamen apud singulos: nam Cartesio idea non imago quaedam est, sed cogitationis modus cui « realitas obiectiva » inest, id est contentum illud ipsum quod repraesentat; Locke autem ideam immediatum intellectus obiectum esse statuit. Hinc autem grave illud dubium ortum est, quod « idearum velum » appellari solet: si enim non nisi nostras repraesentationes attingimus, quomodo constare potest eas rebus ipsis respondere? Quam difficultatem Berkeley eo vertit ut [[Lexicon philosophicum/Substantia|substantiam]] materialem a mente et perceptione independentem negaret (esse enim est percipi), non autem mentes ipsas aut Deum; Humius vero ut de rerum exteriorum cognitione dubitaret.<ref>Cartesius, ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' III; Locke, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' II, viii et IV; Berkeley, ''A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'' (1710).</ref> Inter ipsos autem recentiores de natura idearum acriter disputatum est: Malebranche enim ideas tamquam res quasdam ab animo distinctas, immo in Deo conspectas, posuit; Arnauld contra eas nihil aliud esse contendit quam ipsius mentis modificationes, quibus haec res percipit. Postea Reid totam illam idearum doctrinam impugnavit, quod, dum repraesentationes inter mentem et res interponeret, ad rerum exteriorum dubitationem duceret; quare ipsam mentem res immediate percipere maluit.<ref>Malebranche, ''De la recherche de la vérité'' (1674), III; Arnauld, ''Des vraies et des fausses idées'' (1683); Reid, ''An Inquiry into the Human Mind'' (1764).</ref> === Repraesentatio apud Kantium === Kantius vocabulum « repraesentatio » (Germanice ''Vorstellung'') ut genus quoddam summum adhibuit, quo omnia prorsus animi contenta comprehenduntur. Has enim repraesentationes velut per gradus disposuit: infima est repraesentatio sine conscientia; perceptio autem repraesentatio cum conscientia coniuncta, quae vel ad solum subiectum refertur (sensatio) vel ad obiectum (cognitio); cognitio rursus aut singularis et immediata est (intuitus) aut generalis et per notas mediata (conceptus, qui, si purus est et ab intellectu oritur, proprie [[Lexicon philosophicum/Notio|notio]] dicitur); inter conceptus denique idea rationis eminet, quae omnem experientiam excedit. Sic tota fere [[Lexicon philosophicum/Cognitio|cognitio]] in repraesentationibus earumque ordine consistit; res autem, prout in se est, ultra omnem repraesentationem manet. Omnes praeterea repraesentationes uni illi « ego cogito » subici posse oportere docuit, quo solo in unam experientiam coniungantur.<ref>Kantius, ''Critica rationis purae'', A320/B376-377; B131-132.</ref> == Doctrinae recentiores == In philosophia mentis et in scientiis cognitionis recentioribus repraesentationis notio media est. Multi enim philosophi et scientiae cognitionis cultores mentem ita operari putant ut repraesentationes quasdam internas, quae statibus rerum respondeant, tractet ac transformet; quae sententia, pressius dicta, « repraesentativa mentis doctrina » appellatur, quamquam repraesentationibus in psychologia uti licet quin tota haec doctrina suscipiatur; unde Fodor « mentis linguam » quandam finxit, in qua cogitationes velut signa secundum regulas componantur. Alii phaenomenalem ipsam experientiae qualitatem ex eius contentu repraesentativo explicare conati sunt (ut Dretske, Tye): nihil enim in experientia inesse contendunt praeter id quod ipsa de rebus repraesentat. Quibus tamen alii obiciunt fieri posse ut experientiae idem, ut videtur, repraesentantes qualitate tamen phaenomenali inter se differant (quod argumento « spectri inversi » illustrari solet); distinguunt etiam ipsum repraesentationis vehiculum, velut statum cerebri, ab eo quod per illud repraesentatur. Oritur autem hic difficultas illa « falsae repraesentationis »: quomodo enim fieri potest ut repraesentatio rem aliter ac est exhibeat, immo ut id repraesentet quod omnino non est? Quam ad difficultatem solvendam eaedem fere viae temptantur quae in [[Lexicon philosophicum/Conscientia|conscientiae]] et intentionalitatis natura explicanda, scilicet per causarum nexum, per informationis transmissionem, per munus naturale; qua in postrema via, quam « teleosemanticam » vocant, falsa repraesentatio est status qui munere suo naturali fungi non potest.<ref>Fodor, Jerry, ''The Language of Thought'' (1975). Dretske, Fred, ''Naturalizing the Mind'' (1995). Tye, Michael, ''Ten Problems of Consciousness'' (1995).</ref> == Quaestiones philosophicae == Prima quaestio est, an res ipsas immediate percipiamus, an solas earum repraesentationes; et utrum repraesentatio velum quoddam inter mentem et mundum interponat, an potius ipsum medium sit quo mundus nobis innotescit. Altera de falsa repraesentatione, quae supra attacta est. In qua difficultas latet quae omnem de repraesentationis natura doctrinam premit: cum enim signum aliquod et de eo cuius vere signum est, et de eo quod perperam significat, dici possit, quaeritur unde haec eius rectitudo aut error pendeat. Tertia, an phaenomenalis experientiae qualitas tota in contentu repraesentativo posita sit, an aliquid in ea supersit (ut illa quae « qualia » vocantur) quod nulla repraesentatione exhauriatur. Quarta, an repraesentatio, id est unius rei pro alia vicaria significatio, ex solis rebus naturalibus oriri possit, an aliquid sit quod talem explicationem effugiat. Quaeritur praeterea quali forma repraesentationes constent: utrum linguae cuiusdam more, ex signis discretis secundum regulas compositis, an potius imaginum vel mapparum instar, quae rem continua quadam similitudine referant. Restat denique quaestio de repraesentationis et intentionalitatis necessitudine: cum enim hae duae notiones saepe inter se cohaereant atque partim coincidant, quaeritur utra prior sit, et an mentis in obiectum directio per repraesentationem, an contra repraesentatio per illam directionem, explicanda sit. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == === Fontes antiqui et medii aevi === * Aristoteles, ''De interpretatione'' 1; ''De anima'' III * Augustinus, ''De doctrina christiana'' II; ''De magistro'' * Thomas Aquinas, ''Summa theologiae'' I, q. 85, a. 2; ''Quaestiones disputatae de veritate'' q. 2 === Fontes recentiores === * Cartesius, ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' (1641), III * Malebranche, Nicolas, ''De la recherche de la vérité'' (1674) * Arnauld, Antoine, ''Des vraies et des fausses idées'' (1683) * Locke, John, ''An Essay concerning Human Understanding'' (1690), II et IV * Berkeley, George, ''A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'' (1710) * Reid, Thomas, ''An Inquiry into the Human Mind'' (1764) * Kantius, ''Critica rationis purae'' (1781), A320/B376 * Fodor, Jerry, ''The Language of Thought'' (1975) * Fodor, Jerry, ''Psychosemantics'' (1987) * Dretske, Fred, ''Naturalizing the Mind'' (1995) * Millikan, Ruth, ''Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories'' (1984) * Tye, Michael, ''Ten Problems of Consciousness'' (1995) * Putnam, Hilary, « The Meaning of 'Meaning' » (1975) * Burge, Tyler, « Individualism and the Mental » (1979) === Studia recentiora === * Yolton, John W., ''Perceptual Acquaintance from Descartes to Reid'', Oxonii, Blackwell, 1984 * Cummins, Robert, ''Representations, Targets, and Attitudes'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), MIT Press, 1996 * Crane, Tim, ''The Mechanical Mind. A Philosophical Introduction to Minds, Machines and Mental Representation'', Londinii, Routledge, 1995 * Lagerlund, Henrik (cur.), ''Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy'', Aldershoti, Ashgate, 2007 * Panaccio, Claude, ''Ockham on Concepts'', Aldershoti, Ashgate, 2004 * Kosslyn, Stephen M., ''Image and Brain. The Resolution of the Imagery Debate'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), MIT Press, 1994 * Pylyshyn, Zenon W., ''Computation and Cognition. Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), MIT Press, 1984 * McDowell, John, ''Mind and World'', Cantabrigiae (Massachusetts), Harvard University Press, 1994 {{#invoke:Mise en page|confortable|largeur=normal}} {{#invoke:Sous-Page|sousPage|taille préfixe=0.7em|taille titre=120%|italique=non}} [[Categoria:Lexicon philosophicum]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Repraesentatio}} 2o36z7toldq6mdlau3ngam2r2btmy9b