Wikipedia lgwiki https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olupapula_Olusooka MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3778 75979 75542 2026-10-04T01:01:31Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 75979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tanzania, mu butongole United Republic of Tanzania,nsi mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa mu African Great Lakes region. Esalagana ensalo n'amawanga omuli Uganda mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba, Kenya mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba, Mozambique ne Malawi mu Bukiikaddyo, Zambia mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba, ne Rwanda, Burundi, ne Democratic Republic of the Congo mu Bugwanjuba. Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2024, Tanzania erina abantu obukadde nga 67.5, ekigifuula ensi ya Afirika esinga abantu abangi ng'esangibwa mu Bukiikaddyo bw'eddungu Sahara. Ebisigalira bya bafu bingi bizuuliddwa mu Tanzania. Mu kiseera ky'amayinja n'ekikomo, abantu abaali mu Tanzania nga tebannaba kuyiga kuwandiika nga bava mu Bukiikakkono baalimu abantu aboogera Olusukusiiti olufaananako n'abantu ab'omu Iraqw leero, abaava mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Ethiopia;<ref name="Genetics">{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |last2=Reed |first2=F. A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=F. R. |last4=Ehret |first4=C. |last5=Ranciaro |first5=A. |last6=Froment |first6=A. |last7=Hirbo |first7=J. B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=A. A. |last9=Bodo |first9=J. M. |last10=Doumbo |first10=O. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |last12=Juma |first12=A. T. |last13=Kotze |first13=M. J. |last14=Lema |first14=G. |last15=Moore |first15=J. H. |year=2009 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-05-22_324_5930/page/1035 |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=2947357 |pmid=19407144 |last16=Mortensen |first16=H. |last17=Nyambo |first17=T. B. |last18=Omar |first18=S. A. |last19=Powell |first19=K. |last20=Pretorius |first20=G. S. |last21=Smith |first21=M. W. |last22=Thera |first22=M. A. |last23=Wambebe |first23=C. |last24=Weber |first24=J. L. |last25=Williams |first25=S. M.}}</ref> Abantu ab'omu Buvanjuba bwa Cushitic abaava mu Bukiikakkono bwa Lake Turkana emyaka nga 2,000 ne 4,000 emabega;<ref name="Genetics2">{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |last2=Reed |first2=F. A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=F. R. |last4=Ehret |first4=C. |last5=Ranciaro |first5=A. |last6=Froment |first6=A. |last7=Hirbo |first7=J. B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=A. A. |last9=Bodo |first9=J. M. |last10=Doumbo |first10=O. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |last12=Juma |first12=A. T. |last13=Kotze |first13=M. J. |last14=Lema |first14=G. |last15=Moore |first15=J. H. |year=2009 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=2947357 |pmid=19407144 |last16=Mortensen |first16=H. |last17=Nyambo |first17=T. B. |last18=Omar |first18=S. A. |last19=Powell |first19=K. |last20=Pretorius |first20=G. S. |last21=Smith |first21=M. W. |last22=Thera |first22=M. A. |last23=Wambebe |first23=C. |last24=Weber |first24=J. L. |last25=Williams |first25=S. M.}}</ref> n'abantu ab'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Nilotes, omuli Datoog, abaava mu kitundu ekiri ku nsalo ya South Sudan–Ethiopia wakati w’emyaka 2,900 ne 2,400 emabega.<ref name="Genetics2" />: olupapula 18  Okusenguka kuno kwaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu ng’okubeerawo kw’abantu ba Mashariki Bantu okuva e Bugwanjuba bwa Afirika mu bitundu by'Ennyanja Nnalubaale ne Lake Tanganyika.<ref name="Genetics2" /><ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Ehret |first=Christopher |date=2001 |title=An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-IBmCeNhUC |publisher=University Press of Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-2057-3}}</ref> Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kye 19, ensi eno yali efugibwa Bugirimaani nga German East Africa. Kino kyaddirirwa obufuzi bw'Abangereza oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo I bwe yafugibwa nga Tanganyika, ng'ekizinga Zanzibar kisigadde nga kitongole ky'amatwale eky'etengeredde. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwabwe mu 1961 ne 1963, ensi ebbiri zino zaagattibwa mu 1964 ne zikola United Republic of Tanzania.<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |date=7 July 2025 |title=Tanzania |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania |archive-date=9 January 2021 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Tanganyika yeegatta ku British Commonwealth, era Tanzania esigala nga nsi ya Commonwealth nga republic eyegasse.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=15 August 2013 |title=United Republic of Tanzania &#124; The Commonwealth |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania |website=thecommonwealth.org}}</ref> Leero, eggwanga lino likulemberwa Pulezidenti era nga lirina ne Ssemateeka gwe ligoberera. Ekibuga ekikulu kisangibwa mu kibuga kya Gavumenti (Dodoma);<ref>{{cite news |last=Mosha |first=Aloysius C. |title=The planning of the new capital of Tanzania: Dodoma, an unfulfilled dream |url=https://www.etsav.upc.es/personals/iphs2004/pdf/148_p.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712145006/http://www.etsav.upc.es/personals/iphs2004/pdf/148_p.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2013 |access-date=13 March 2013 |publisher=University of Botswana}}</ref> ekibuga ekikadde, Dar es Salaam, kikyalimu woofiisi za gavumenti ezisinga obungi era kye kibuga ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga, omwalo omukulu, n'ekifo ekikulu eky'ebyobusuubuzi.<ref name="factbook2">{{cite web |date=7 July 2025 |title=Tanzania |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania |archive-date=9 January 2021 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref name="official_website">{{cite web |title=The Tanzania National Website: Country Profile |url=https://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125222553/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html |archive-date=25 November 2013 |access-date=1 May 2010 |website=Tanzania.go.tz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dar es Salaam Port |url=https://www.tanzaniaports.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100&Itemid=270 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180354/http://www.tanzaniaports.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100&Itemid=270 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=Tanzaniaports.com}}</ref> Okumala emyaka mingi, Tanzania ebadde efugibwa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) nga eggwanga erirabika ng'ery'ekibiina ekimu kyokka.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Collord |first1=Michaela |date=February 2021 |title=Tanzania's 2020 Election: Return of the One-Party State |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/migrated_files/documents/atoms/files/collord_tanzania_2020_election_2021.pdf |access-date=5 November 2025 |website=ifri.org |publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tools of single party hegemony in Tanzania: evidence from surveys and survey experiments |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kcroke/files/single_party_pre-print.pdf |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> Abantu b'omu Tanzania bava mu mawanga nga 120,<ref name="East Africa Living Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|author=African Studies Center University of Pennsylvania|author-link=University of Pennsylvania|encyclopedia=East Africa Living Encyclopedia|title=Tanzania – Ethnic Groups|url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/tethnic.htm}}</ref> mu nnimi, ne mu madiini. Obukristaayo y'eddiini esinga obunene mu Tanzania, ng'ate Abasiraamu n'Abanamaddala bali mu bifo bya wansi.<ref name="Pew Africa">[http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 Religion in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304033104/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|date=4 March 2021}}, [[Pew Research Center]]</ref> Ennimi ezisukka mu 100 ze zoogerwa mu Tanzania, ekigifuula ensi erina ennimi ez'enjawulo ennyo mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa.<ref name="sim">{{cite book |last1=Ammon |first1=Ulrich |year=2006 |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1967 |last2=Dittmar |first2=Norbert |last3=Mattheier |first3=Klaus J. |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-018418-1 |page=1967}}</ref> Eggwanga teririna lulimi lutongole, wadde ng'olulimi lw'eggwanga Luswayiri. Olungereza lukozesebwa mu by'obusuubuzi n'amawanga amalala, mu by'obufuzi, mu kkooti ez'oku ntikko, era ng'olulimi olusomesebwa mu siniya ne mu matendekero aga waggulu.<ref name="sim2">{{cite book |last1=Ammon |first1=Ulrich |year=2006 |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1967 |last2=Dittmar |first2=Norbert |last3=Mattheier |first3=Klaus J. |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-018418-1 |page=1967}}</ref><ref name="afkinsider.com">{{cite news |date=17 February 2015 |title=Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan |url=https://afkinsider.com/88774/tanzania-ditches-english-education-overhaul-plan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224091256/http://afkinsider.com/88774/tanzania-ditches-english-education-overhaul-plan/ |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=23 February 2015 |agency=AFK Insider}}</ref> Oluwarabu lw'ogerwa nnyo mu Zanzibar, okusinziira ku byafaayo byakyo ng'ekifo ky'ebyobusuubuzi ekyafugibwanga Abawalabu. Tanzania erimu ensozi n'ebibira bingi mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, nga Olusozi Kilimanjaro, lwe lusozi olusinga obuwanvu mu Afirika era olusozi olusinga obuwanvu mu nsi yonna, gye luli. Ebisatu ku nnyanja ennene ez'omu Afirika ziri mu Tanzania. Okwolekera Obukiikakkono n'Obugwanjuba kuliko Ennyanja Nnalubaale, ennyanja esinga obunene mu Afirika, n'Ennyanja Tanganyika, ennyanja esinga obuwanvu mu ssemazinga, emanyiddwa olw'ebika by'ebyennyanja eby'enjawulo. Mu Bukiikaddyo waliyo Ennyanja Malawi. Olubalama lw'eBuvanjuba lwokya era lwa bbugumu, nga Zanzibar Archipelago eri kumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja. Ekifo kya Menai Bay Conservation Area kye kisinga obunene mu Zanzibar ekikuuma obutonde bw'ennyanja. Ebisulo bya Kalambo, ebisangibwa ku Mugga Kalambo ku nsalo ya Zambia, kye kiyiira ky'amazzi ekyokubiri mu bunene mu Afirika.<ref name="Kalambo Falls">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/310022/Kalambo-Falls "Kalambo Falls"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> Tanzania y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okukyalibwamu abalambuzi okulambula ebisolo by'omu nsiko.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scholtz |first1=Marco |date=12 January 2016 |title=Why millions chose Africa as their safari destination |url=https://theconversation.com/why-millions-chose-africa-as-their-safari-destination-52503 |doi=10.64628/AAJ.epmfwva6h |editor-first1=Ozayr |editor-last1=Patel}}</ref> Eggwanga lino mmemba omutongole mu mawanga 77 mu Africa mu kimanyikiddwa nga United Nations, Group of 77, African Union, East African Community, ne mu Non-Aligned Movement. == Obuvo bw'erinnya == Erinnya "Tanzania" lyatondebwawo ng'ekigambo ekigattiddwa wamu okuva mu mannya g'amawanga abiri agaali geegasse okutondawo eggwanga: Tanganyika ne Zanzibar mu 1964.<ref>{{OEtymD|tanzania}}</ref> Zanzibar ne Tanganyika bwe gaali geegatta, olupapula lw'amawulire olwa The Standard lwategeka empaka z'erinnya eppya, eryawangulwa Mohammed Iqbal Dar. Iqbal yagamba nti yafuna erinnya ng'atwala "Tan" ne "zan" okuva mu mawanga agaali geegasse, "i" okuva mu linnya lye, era n'agattako "a" ng'okujjukira Ahmadiyya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mazimu |first=Yusuph |date=4 March 2025 |title=Mohammed Iqbal Dar: Mjue mbunifu wa jina 'Tanzania' aliyeaga dunia |url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/articles/crrdq0v420ko |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=BBC News Swahili}}</ref> Erinnya Tanganyika liva mu bigambo by'Oluswayiri tanga "okusaabala" ne nyika "olukoola olutaliimu bantu, obutale", ne kireetawo ebigambo "okusaabala mu ddungu". Oluusi litegeerwa ng'okujuliza ku Nnyanja Tanganyika.<ref>[http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html John Knouse: A Political World Gazetteer: Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610213113/http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html|date=10 June 2011}} website accessed 1 May 2007.</ref> Erinnya "Zanzibar" liva mu ''Zanj'', erinnya ly'abantu b'omu kitundu ekyo, n'ekigambo ky'Olulattini barr "olubalama" oba "omwalo."<ref>{{OEtymD|zanzibar}}.</ref> Zanj liva mu Al-Zanjia, erinnya ly'Olulattini ery'olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba bwa Afirika. Ekigambo kino kikwatagana ne Azania, erinnya ly'Oluyonaani (ekyandiba nga liva mu linnya ly'Olusaba) ery'olubalama lwe lumu, eryogerwako mu Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, ekitabo ekyawandiikibwa mu kyasa ekyasooka CE. Azania kyogerwako ng'ekifugibwa Mapharitis - ekibinja ky'abantu ababeera (mu kiseera ekyo) nga mu kiseera kino ye Yemen ey'Obukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba. == Ebyafaayo == '''Okunoonyereza ku byafaayo''' Ebiwandiiko by'Abantu baayo ebyasooka mu Tanzania byaliwo mu kiseera ky'edda ennyo. Mu 1106 oba 1107 CE (omwaka 500 AH), Shaykh Abū ʽImrān Mūsā al-ḥasan ibn Muḥammad yatandikawo omuzikiti gwa Friday mu Kizimkazi nga bwe kyawandiikibwa mu kiwandiiko ekyaweebwayo mu miḥrāb y'omuzikiti.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Freeman-Grenville |first=G. S. P. |last2=Martin |first2=B. G. |date=1973 |title=A Preliminary Handlist of the Arabic Inscriptions of the Eastern African Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203450 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=2 |pages=98–122 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref>  Ekkolero ly'ebintu mu Kilwa lyakuba ssente ezaaliko obubaka obukwata ku basula b'omu kitundu mu ngeri y'ebigambo eby'empandiika ebbiri, ekintu ekitalina kye kifaanaganya ne ssente z'Obusiraamu ezaasooka.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Helen W. |date=1991 |title=Three Kilwa Gold Coins |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511422 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511422 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}</ref>: 1  Ekyokulabirako wammanga kya mu c. 1300 CE (c. 700 AH):<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=John |date=1936 |title=The History and Coinage of the Sultans of Kilwa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42660953 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society |volume=16 |issue=61 |pages=43–81 |issn=0267-7504}}</ref>: 63 Olunyiriri lw'abafuzi olw'atuukibwako nga basoma ku binusu ebiriwo mu kiseera kino lwongereza ku nnono z'omu kamwa ezaawandiikibwa mu Kilwa Chronicle awamu n'okunnyonnyola kw'abantu abava ebweru.<ref name=":9" />: 4  <ref name=":10" />: 47–48  Omutambuze Omumoroko Ibn Baṭṭūṭa agamba nti sultan al-ḥasan ibn sulaimān ow'omu kyasa 14 CE (8th-century AH) yayitibwanga Abuʼl-Mawāhib (Kitaawe w'ebirabo), era nti ye kennyini yalaba sultan ng'awaayo engoye ze eri omusajja omwavu eyazisaba nga sultan akomawo ewuwe okuva mu muzikiti.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibb |first=H. A. R. |year=1962 |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa |publisher=Hakluyt Society |volume=2 |pages=380–381}}</ref>Ekitiibwa kye kimu kikuumibwa ku binusu bya sultan ebya zzaabu.<ref name=":9" />: 3  ne mu nnono z'omu kamwa.<ref name=":10" />: 52. '''Eby'edda''' Abantu ab'obuzaaliranwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika balowoozebwa okuba nga baawukana mu lulimi ku Hadza ne Sandawe abayizzi abanoonya eby'okulya mu Tanzania.<ref name="Genetics2" />: page 17. Omugendo ogw'abasooka okusenguka gwali gwa boogezi ba Southern Cushitic abaava mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Ethiopia ne Somalia ne bayingira Tanzania. Be bajjajja b'Abairaqw, Gorowa, ne Burunge.<ref name="Genetics2" />: empapula 17  Okusinziira ku bujulizi bw'ennimi, wayinza okuba nga waaliwo okusenguka kwa mirundi ebiri okw'abantu b'omu Buvanjuba bwa Cushitic mu Tanzania awo nga mu 4,000 ne 2,000 emyaka egiyise, nga bava mu Bukiikakkono bwa Lake Turkana.<ref name="Genetics2" />: empapula 17–18. Obujulizi obuva mu kusima ebintu eby'edda buwagira okukomekkereza nti Abanilotic ab'omu maserengeta, omuli n'Abadatoogi, baava mu Bukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu Masekkati g'Obukiikakkono bwa Tanzania wakati w'emyaka 2,900 ne 2,400 egiyise.<ref name="Genetics2" />: olupapula 18. Okusenguka kuno kwaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu n'okutuuka kw'abantu abakola ebyuma abayitibwa Mashariki (Eastern) Bantu okuva e Bugwanjuba bwa Afirika mu bitundu by'Ennyanja Nnalubaale n'Ennyanja Tanganyika, ng'ekitundu ku kusaasaana kw'abantu abayitibwa Bantu okumala ebyasa. Abantu bano baava mu Bugwanjuba bwa Afirika n'obulombolombo bw'okusimba ebirime era n'emmere enkulu eya lumonde. Oluvannyuma baava mu bitundu bino ne basaasaanira mu Tanzania yonna wakati w'emyaka 2,300 ne 1,700 egiyise.<ref name="Genetics2" /><ref name="auto" /> Abantu b'omu Eastern Nilotic, nga mw'otwalidde n'Abamasai, bakiikirira okusenguka okwakabaawo gye buvuddeko okuva mu South Sudan mu myaka 500 okutuuka ku 1,500 egiyise.<ref name="Genetics2" /><ref name="Genetics3">{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |last2=Reed |first2=F. A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=F. R. |last4=Ehret |first4=C. |last5=Ranciaro |first5=A. |last6=Froment |first6=A. |last7=Hirbo |first7=J. B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=A. A. |last9=Bodo |first9=J. M. |last10=Doumbo |first10=O. |last11=Ibrahim |first11=M. |last12=Juma |first12=A. T. |last13=Kotze |first13=M. J. |last14=Lema |first14=G. |last15=Moore |first15=J. H. |year=2009 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=2947357 |pmid=19407144 |last16=Mortensen |first16=H. |last17=Nyambo |first17=T. B. |last18=Omar |first18=S. A. |last19=Powell |first19=K. |last20=Pretorius |first20=G. S. |last21=Smith |first21=M. W. |last22=Thera |first22=M. A. |last23=Wambebe |first23=C. |last24=Weber |first24=J. L. |last25=Williams |first25=S. M.}}</ref> Abantu b'e Tanzania battanidde nnyo okukola ebyuma. Abantu b'e Pare be baali bakola ebyuma eby'etaagibwa ennyo abantu abaabeeranga mu bitundu by'ensozi mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Tanzania.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shoup |first1=John A. |date=2011 |title=Ethnic groups of Africa and the Middle East : an encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5yv3-U6goC&pg=PA67 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-362-0 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=67}}</ref> Abantu ba Haya ku lubalama lw'ennyanja Nalubaale ku luuyi olw'ebugwanjuba baayiiya ekika ky'ekikoomi ekikozesa omuliro ogw'amaanyi, ekyabasobozesa okukola ebyuma ebirimu carbon ku tempulikya ezisukka 1,820 °C (3,310 °F) emyaka egisukka mu 1,500 emabega.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=P. |last2=Avery |first2=D.H. |year=1978 |title=Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1978-09-22_201_4361/page/1085 |journal=Science |volume=201 |issue=4361 |pages=1085–89 |bibcode=1978Sci...201.1085S |doi=10.1126/science.201.4361.1085 |pmid=17830304 |s2cid=37926350}}</ref> '''Ebyafaayo''' Abantu aboogera Olubantu baazimba ebyalo by’obulimi n’obusuubuzi ku lubalama lw’ennyanja ya Tanzania okuva ku ntandikwa y’ekyasa ekyasooka. Ebizuuliddwa mu byafaayo by’ebintu eby’edda mu Fukuchani, ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Zanzibar, biraga ekitundu ekyalimu abantu abaali balima era nga bavuba okuva mu kyasa eky’omukaaga AD ku ssaawa eyo. Omuwendo omunene ogwa daub ogw'azuuliddwa gulaga ebizimbe eby’embaawo, n’amasonko, ebyuma ebisa obusigo, n’ebisasiro by’ekyuma bisangiddwa mu kifo ekyo. Waliwo obujulizi obulaga nti baali beenyigidde mu by’obusuubuzi eby’ewala: eby’okukozesa ebimu ebyaggyibwa mu nsi endala nga ensuwa emmumbe, nga bitono nnyo ku bitundu 1% ku byonna ebyazuuliddwa, nga bisinga byava mu Gulf era nga bya dda nnyo nga by’omu kyasa eky’okutaano okutuuka mu ky’omunaana. Okufaanagana n'ebifo ebiriwo kati nga Mkokotoni ne Dar es Salaam kiraga ekibinja ky'abantu abafaanagana abaakulaakulana ne bafuuka ekifo ekisooka eky'obuwangwa bw'oku lubalama lw'ennyanja. Ebibuga by'oku lubalama birabika okuba nga byali by'enyigidde mu by'obusuubuzi by'oku Ssemayanja Indian Ocean ne mu by'obusuubuzi by'omunda mu Afirika mu kiseera kino eky'edda. Obusuubuzi bwalinnya mangu mu mugaso ne mu bungi okutandika mu makkati g'ekyasa eky'omunaana era ng'ekyasa eky'ekkumi kinaatera okuggwaako, Zanzibar yali emu ku bibuga by'Abaswayiri eby'omugaso mu by'obusuubuzi.<ref>Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community." (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 46.</ref> Okukulaakulana mu by'entambula y'ebintu mu Egypt ne Persia okuva ku Nnyanja Emyufu ne Persian Gulf kyazza obuggya eby'obusuubuzi mu Indian Ocean, naddala oluvannyuma lw'obufuzi bwa Fatimid Caliphate okusengukira e Fustat (Cairo). Abalimi Abaswayiri baazimba ebifo ebirimu abantu abangi okusobola okw'enyigira mu by'obusuubuzi, bino ne bifuuka ebibuga ebisinga obukadde mu Swahili. Obwakabaka bwa Venda-Shona obwa Mapungubwe ne Zimbabwe mu South Africa ne Zimbabwe, mu ngeri y'emu, bwafuuka abantu abasinga okufulumya zzaabu mu kiseera kino. Ebyenfuna, ebyobuwangwa, n'obuyinza bw'eddiini byeyongera okuteekebwa mu Kilwa, ekibuga ekikulu ekya Tanzania mu biseera eby'edda. Kilwa kyafuga emyalo emirala emitono nga gituukira ddala mu Mozambique ow'omulembe guno. Sofala kyafuuka ekibuga ekikulu eky'ezaabu era Kilwa ne kigaggawala okuva mu by'obusuubuzi, nga kiri ku nkomerero y'obukiikaddyo bw'omuyaga gwa Indian Ocean Monsoons. Abalabe ba Kilwa abakulu baali mu bukiikakkono, mu Kenya ow'omulembe guno, nga Mombasa ne Malindi. Kilwa yasigala ng'ekyafuga mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika okutuusa Abaportugale lwe baatuuka ku nkomerero y'ekyasa 15. '''Ebiseera by'obukulembeze bw'amatwale''' Ng'ayagala okweddiza olukalu oluli okumpi n'ennyanja, Sultani wa Oman Said bin Sultan yasengula ekibuga kye ekikulu n'akizza e Zanzibar mu 1840. Mu kiseera kino, Zanzibar yafuuka ekifo ekikulu eky'okusuubuliramu abaddu mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|title=Slavery|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Wakati w'ebitundu 65 ne 90 ku buli kikumi eky'abantu b'omu Zanzibar baali baddu.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies|title=Slave societies|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=22 January 2014|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Omu ku basuubuzi b'abaddu abasinga okumanyika ku lubalama lw'ennyanja y'Ebuvanjuba bwa Afirika yali Tippu Tip. Abasuubuzi b'abaddu ab'e Nyamwezi baali bakolera wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Msiri ne Mirambo.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter3.shtml "The Story of Africa |BBC World Service"]. BBC.</ref> Okusinziira ku Timothy Insoll, "Emiwendo giraga okutunda abaddu 718,000 okuva ku lubalama lwa Swahili mu kyasa 19, n'okusigaza 769,000 ku lubalama."<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez |first=Junius P. |date=1997 |title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl01rodr |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-87436-885-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Mu myaka gya 1890, obuddu bwawerebwa.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2015 |title=On The Zanzibar Map: Spices, Slaves And A Bit Of History |url=https://www.enchantingtravels.com/travel-blog/zanzibar-map-history}}</ref> [[File:Zanzibar Slave Market, 1860 - Stocqueler.JPG|thumb|Akatale k'abaddu e Zanzibar mu 1860]] Mu 1863, Holy Ghost Mission yatandikawo ekifo awasooka okwaniriza abagenyi ne depot e Zanzibar. Mu 1877, nga baddamu okusaba kwa Henry Stanley oluvannyuma lw'olugendo lwe olw'okuyita mu Afirika, era nga Kabaka Mutessa I owa Buganda awadde Stanley olukusa, Church Missionary Society yatuma abaminsani Edward Baxter ne Henry Cole okutandikawo emirimu gy'obuminsani mu mawanga ag'omunda.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Middleton|first1=Dorothy|title=Henry Morton Stanley|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Morton-Stanley|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=29 December 2022|date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, Hildergard Binder |year=1967 |title=The Locations of Christian Missions in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/213158 |journal=Geographical Review |publisher=Taylor and Francis Ltd |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=168–202 |bibcode=1967GeoRv..57..168J |doi=10.2307/213158 |jstor=213158 |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Europeans In East Africa - View entry |url=https://www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk/_site/custom/database/?a=viewIndividual&pid=2&person=174 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk}}</ref> Mu 1885, Bugirimaani yawamba ebitundu ebiri mu Tanzania kati (okuggyako Olutalo lw'ekiyeekera olwa Maji Maji, wakati wa 1905 ne 1907, kyali kwekalakaasa kw'amawanga ga Afirika agawerako mu German East Africa nga balwanyisa abafuzi b'amatwale, naddala olw'okukakibwa okukola emirimu n'okusindiikirizibwa kw'amawanga agamu. Kyali kya kuyigganyizibwa okw'amaanyi, okwagattibwa n'enjala ebyaviirako okufa kw'abantu 300,000 mu bantu, mu bantu ba Tanganyika abaali obukadde nga buna.[1]Zanzibar) era n'ebigatta ku German East Africa (GEA).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Iliffe |first=John |author-link=John Iliffe (historian) |date=1967 |title=The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion |journal=The Journal of African History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=8 |pages=495–512 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007982 |jstor=179833 |doi-access=free |number=3}}</ref> Akakiiko akasukkulukumu aka 1919 Paris Peace Conference yawa GEA yonna eri Bungereza nga 7 Ogwokutaano 1919, olw'okuziyizibwa okw'amaanyi okwa Bubirigi.<ref name="Ends">{{cite book |author=William Roger Louis |year=2006 |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6 |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>: 240  Omuwandiisi wa British colonial, Alfred Milner, ne minisita wa Belgium plenipotentiary mu lukungaana, Pierre Orts [fr], olwo ne bateesa ku ndagaano y'Anglo-Belgian eya 30 Ogwokutaano 1919<ref name="Belgium">{{cite web |title=PAPERS RELATING TO THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919 |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv07/pg_613 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=United States Department of State |volume=7}}</ref>: 618–9  Bungereza gye yawaayo ebintundu bya GEA eby'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bya Ruanda ne Urundi eri Bubirigi.<ref name="Ends2">{{cite book |author=William Roger Louis |year=2006 |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6 |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>: 246  Akakiiko k'olukungaana kaakakasa endagaano eno nga 16 Ogwomusanvu 1919.<ref name="Ends2" />: 246–7  Supreme Council kaakikkiriza nga 7 Ogwomunaana 1919.<ref name="Belgium2">{{cite web |title=PAPERS RELATING TO THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919 |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv07/pg_613 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=United States Department of State |volume=7}}</ref> Nga 12 Ogwomusanvu 1919, Akakiiko ku Mandates kaakkiriza nti akatundu akatono aka Kionga Triangle akali mu Bukiikaddyo bw'Omugga Rovuma kajja kuweebwa Portugal Mozambique,<ref name="Ends3">{{cite book |author=William Roger Louis |year=2006 |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6 |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>: 243 , oluvannyuma ne kafuuka ekitundu kya Mozambique ey'etongodde. Akakiiko kaagamba nti Bugirimaani yali ekakanyavu nnyo mu kuwaliriza Portugal okuwaayo triangle mu 1894.<ref name="Ends4">{{cite book |author=William Roger Louis |year=2006 |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6 |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>: 243 Endagaano ya Versailles yateekebwako omukono nga 28 Ogwomukaaga 1919, wadde ng'endagaano teyakola okutuusa nga 10 Ogusooka 1920. Ku lunaku olwo, GEA yakyusibwa mu butongole n'etwalibwa mu Bungereza, Bubirigi, ne Portugal. Era ku lunaku olwo, "Tanganyika" yafuuka erinnya ly'ekitundu kya Bungereza. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1920, Bungereza yatandika enkola ey'obufuzi obutali bwa butereevu mu Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liebenow |first=J. Gus |date=1956 |title=Responses to Planned Political Change in a Tanganyika Tribal Group |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400067496/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=447–448 |doi=10.2307/1951678 |issn=0003-0554 |jstor=1951678 |s2cid=144390538 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mu Ssematalo II, abantu nga 100,000 okuva e Tanganyika beegatta ku magye ga Allied forces<ref name="Heale">{{cite book |last1=Heale |first1=Jay |year=2010 |title=Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UhNJxHg14wC |last2=Wong |first2=Winnie |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-3417-7}}</ref> era be bamu ku Bafirika 375,000 abaalwana n’amagye ago.<ref name="MGT">[http://www.mgtrust.org/afr2.htm "African participants in the Second World War"]. mgtrust.org.</ref> Abantu ba Tanganyika baalwana mu bitongole bya King's African Rifles mu lutalo lw’omu East Africa mu Somalia ne Abyssinia nga balwanyisa Abayitale, mu Madagascar nga balwanyisa Abafalansa ba Vichy mu lutalo lwa Madagascar, ne mu Burma nga balwanyisa Abajapani mu lutalo lwa Burma.<ref name="MGT2">[http://www.mgtrust.org/afr2.htm "African participants in the Second World War"]. mgtrust.org.</ref> Tanganyika yali nsibuko y'emmere enkulu mu lutalo luno, era ssente ze yafunanga mu kutunda ebweru w'eggwanga zaalinnya nnyo bw'ogeraageranya n'emyaka egyaliwo ng'olutalo terunnabaawo mu kiseera ky'ekizibu ky'eby'enfuna ekyaliwo mu nsi yonna.<ref name="Heale2">{{cite book |last1=Heale |first1=Jay |year=2010 |title=Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UhNJxHg14wC |last2=Wong |first2=Winnie |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-3417-7}}</ref> Kyokka, obwetaavu obwaliwo mu biseera by'olutalo, bwaleetera emiwendo gy'ebintu okulinnya ennyo n'ebbeeyi y'ebintu okulinnya ennyo mu matwale.<ref>[http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 "Tanzania: British rule between the Wars (1916–1945)"]. ''eisa.org.za''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204203753/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945|date=4 February 2015}}</ref> Mu 1954, Julius Nyerere yakyusa ekitongole n'akifuula eky'ebyobufuzi ekya Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). Ekigendererwa kya TANU ekikulu kyali kya kufuna bwetwaze bwa Tanganyika. Kaweefube w'okuwandiisa abantu abapya yatandikibwawo, era mu mwaka gumu, TANU yali efuuse ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekisinga obukulu mu ggwanga. Nyerere yafuuka Minisita wa British administered Tanganyika mu 1960 era yeeyongera nga Ssaabaminisita nga Tanganyika yafuuka ey'etongodde mu 1961.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mulenga |first=Derek C. |date=November 2001 |title=Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to adult education and postcolonialism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-lifelong-education_november-december-2001_20_6/page/446 |journal=International Journal of Lifelong Education |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=446–470 |doi=10.1080/02601370110088436 |issn=0260-1370 |s2cid=143740319}}</ref> '''Omulembe''' Obufuzi bw'Abangereza bwakomekerezebwa nga 9 Ogwekkumineebiri 1961. Elizabeth II, eyali afuuse Nnabagereka wa Bungereza mu 1952, yeeyongera okufuga mu mwaka ogusooka ogw'obwetwaze bwa Tanganyika, naye kati nga ye Nnaabakyala wa Tanganyika, ng'akiikirirwa gavana genero.<ref name="Abstract">{{cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Statistical Abstract 2013, National Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.nbs.go.tz:80/nbs/Stastical%20Abstract/Statistical%20Abstract%20Report%202013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123044258/http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/Stastical%20Abstract/Statistical%20Abstract%20Report%202013.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=Tanzania Ministry of Finance}}</ref>  Tanganyika era yayingira mu Commonwealth y'Abangereza mu 1961.<ref name="auto1" /> Nga 9 Ogwekkumineebiri 1962, Tanganyika yafuuka eggwanga erya demokulasiya nga lirina omukulembeze ng'alondebwa bulondebwa.<ref name="Abstract2">{{cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Statistical Abstract 2013, National Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.nbs.go.tz:80/nbs/Stastical%20Abstract/Statistical%20Abstract%20Report%202013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123044258/http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/Stastical%20Abstract/Statistical%20Abstract%20Report%202013.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=Tanzania Ministry of Finance}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'ekiyeekera olwe Zanzibar okuggyako obwakabaka bw'Abawalabu mu Zanzibar, nga luno lwali luwerekeddwako n'okutta enkumi n'enkumi z'Abawalabu b'e Zanzibar,<ref name="Zanzibar">{{cite news |date=25 July 2009 |title=Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8167390.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> eyali efuuse ey'etongodde mu 1963, ekizinga kyegatta ku Tanganyika ow'oku lukalu nga 26 Ogwokuna 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Background history of The Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar |url=http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125124815/http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |publisher=Vice President's Office, United Republic of Tanzania}}</ref> Eggwanga eriggya lyatuumibwa ''United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed United Republic of Tanzania |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/united-republic-tanganyika-and-zanzibar-renamed-united-republic-tanzania |access-date=10 February 2019 |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=United Republic of Tanzania : History |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223235543/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania/history |archive-date=23 February 2019 |access-date=10 February 2019 |publisher=Commonwealth.org}}</ref> Nga 29 Ogwekkumi mu mwaka gwe gumu, eggwanga lyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka United Republic of Tanzania ("Tan" eva mu Tanganyika ate "Zan" eva mu Zanzibar).<ref name="factbook" /> Okwegatta kw'ebitundu byombi ebyali byetongodde kwali kwa nkaayana mu bantu b'e Zanzibar (wadde nga n'abo abaali bawagira enkyukakyuka) naye kwakkirizibwa gavumenti ya Nyerere ne Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar olw'okuba baalina ebigendererwa by'ebyobufuzi bye bimu. Oluvannyuma lwa Tanganyika okufuna obwetwaze n'okwegatta ne Zanzibar ne kivaamu eggwanga lya Tanzania, Pulezidenti Nyerere yassa essira ku bwetaavu bw'okuzimba endagamuntu y'eggwanga eri bannansi b'eggwanga eppya. Okusobola okutuuka ku kino, Nyerere yawa ekyo ekitwalibwa ng'ekimu ku by'okulabirako ebisingayo obuwanguzi mu kukaka n'okukyusa endagamuntu mu Afirika.<ref>[[Pierre Englebert]] and Kevin C. Dunn, "Inside African Politics" 2013: 81</ref> Olw'okuba n'ennimi ezisukka mu 130 ezogerwa mu kitundu kyayo, Tanzania y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubaamu amawanga ag'enjawulo mu Afirika. Wadde nga kino kizibu, enjawukana mu mawanga zaasigala nga tezitera kubaawo mu Tanzania bw'ogeraageranya n'ensi endala ku Ssemazinga, naddala muliraanwa waayo ow'okumpi, Kenya. Ate era, okuva lwe yafuna obwetwaze, Tanzania eraze obutebenkevu mu byobufuzi okusinga ensi za Afirika ezisinga obungi, naddala olw'enkola za Nyerere ez'okunyigiriza amawanga.<ref>Henry Bienen and John Waterbury, "World Development Vol 17", 1989: 100</ref> [[File:Uhuru Monument Aug 2011.jpg|thumb|Arusha Declaration Monument]] Mu 1967, obukulembeze bwa Nyerere obwasooka bwakyuka ne buva ku ddyo oluvannyuma lw'Ekirangiriro kya Arusha, ekyateekawo obweyamo bw'okukola ku byenfuna by'eggwanga wamu n'okwegatta kwa Afirika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekirangiriro ekyo, bbanka n'amakolero amanene agasinga gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti. Tanzania bwe yafuna obwetwaze, endowooza ya Nyerere mu by'obufuzi yasobozesa eggwanga okusigala nga teririna ludda lwonna lw'ekwatiridde ku by'obufuzi by'amawanga amalala. Ujamaa, endowooza ya Nyerere ey'okukolera awamu, yasobozesa eggwanga okukulaakulanya enkola y'eggwanga empya. Kino kyassa essira ku bwannannyini obw'awamu, enkulaakulana mu byalo, n'endowooza nti enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna erina okuganyula abantu bonna okutwalira awamu so si ekibinja ekitono eky'abantu abatutumufu. Kino kyassa essira ku bwannannyini obw'awamu, enkulaakulana mu byalo, n'endowooza nti enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna erina okuganyula abantu bonna okutwalira awamu so si ekibinja ky'abantu abatono abatutumufu. Kyali kika kya busosolimu eky'enjawulo mu Afirika, nga kyesigamiziddwa ku bulamu bw'ekyalo eky'ennono mu kifo ky'amakolero, n'obukulembeze bw'eggwanga obwalabibwa mu Soviet Union. Tanzania yali ya njawulo mu ngeri eno nga amawanga ga Afirika amalala mangi gaali gatutte endowooza zino ez'ebweru mu kiseera ky'Olutalo lw'omunda. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=ONSLOW |first=Sue |date=2021 |title=TANZANIA, THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT AND NON ALIGNMENT |url=https://doi.fil.bg.ac.rs/pdf/eb_book/2021/iipe_60nam/iipe_60nam-2021-ch17.pdf |journal=Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Study at the University of London, United Kingdom.}}</ref> Obutabaako ludda lwe wali ku lwo kyasobozesa eggwanga okukkiriza obuyambi okuva mu Amerika, Soviet Union, ne China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chau |first=Donovan C. |date=2014 |title=Exploiting Africa: the influence of Maoist China in Algeria, Ghana, and Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/exploitingafrica0000chau |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-61251-250-1 |location=Annapolis, Maryland}}</ref> Buli ggwanga eryali mu mukago guno lyawa Tanzania obuyambi wadde ng'abantu ba Tanzania tebaalangiriranga nti bawagira ggwanga lyonna ku gano. Obuyambi Tanzania bwe yafuna bwasinga kugenda mu kutuukiriza ekiruubirirwa kya Nyerere eky'okukulaakulanya eggwanga. Okuva mu 1970 okutuuka mu 1975, China yawaayo ssente era n'eyamba okuzimba oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka olwa kiromita 1,860 (mailo 1,160) okuva e Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, okutuuka e Kapiri Mposhi, Zambia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Monson |first=Jamie |year=2009 |title=Africa's Freedom Railway: How a Chinese Development Project Changed Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeeDwcT51BcC&pg=PA23 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35271-2 |page=199}}</ref> Wadde kiri kityo, okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1970, eby'enfuna bya Tanzania byakyukira ddala ne biddirira, mu mbeera y'obuzibu bw'ebyenfuna mu nsi yonna obwakosa ennyo amawanga agakulaakulanye n'agakyakula. Mu 1978, [[Uganda]] eyali eriraanyeewo, wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Idi Amin, yalumba Tanzania. Okulumba kuno okwali okw'akabi kwandiviiriddeko Tanzania okulumba [[Uganda]] n'obuyambi bw'abayeekera ba Uganda era n'eggyako Idi Amin. Kyokka, olutalo luno lwakosa nnyo eby'enfuna bya Tanzania.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Francis|first=Joyce L.|date=1994|title=War as a social trap: The case of Tanzania|publisher=American University|type=PhD thesis|oclc=33488070|url=https://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/thesesdissertations:2786}}</ref><ref name="atuhaire">{{cite news |last=Atuhaire |first=Alex B. |date=11 April 2007 |title=Uganda: Country Pays Tanzania Shs120 Billion Amin War Debt |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704110882.html |access-date=8 December 2013 |website=allAfrica.com}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Okuva mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1980, gavumenti y'evugiriranga nga yewola ssente okuva mu nsako y'ensi yonna eya International Monetary Fund era n'ekola enkyukakyuka ezimu. Okuva olwo, ebyenfuna bya Tanzania buli muntu by'afuna byeyongedde era obwavu bukendedde, okusinziira ku alipoota ya bbanka y'ensi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Muganda |first=Anna |year=2004 |title=Tanzania's Economic Reforms&nbsp;– and Lessons Learned |url=http://www.tanzaniagateway.org/docs/Tanzania_Country_Study_Full_Case.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215310/http://www.tanzaniagateway.org/docs/Tanzania_Country_Study_Full_Case.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Mu 1992, Ssemateeka wa Tanzania yakyusibwamu okusobozesa ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi.<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/tanzania1992.html "Tanzania 1992"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018235838/http://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/tanzania1992.html|date=18 October 2014}}. ''princeton.edu''.</ref> Mu kulonda kwa Tanzania okwasooka okubaamu ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, okwaliwo mu 1995, Chama Cha Mapinduzi eyali mu buyinza yawangula ebifo 186 ku 232 ebyalondebwa mu Paalamenti, era Benjamin Mkapa yalondebwa nga pulezidenti.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania: 1995 National Assembly election results. |url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-1995-national-assembly-election-results |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222841/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-1995-national-assembly-election-results |archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Bapulezidenti ba Tanzania okuva ku bwetwaze babadde [[Julius Nyerere]] (1962–1985), [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] (1985–1995), [[Benjamin Mkapa]] (1995–2005), [[Jakaya Kikwete]] (2005–2015), [[John Magufuli]] (2015–2021), ne [[Samia Hassan Suluhu]] okuva 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=Presidents Of Tanzania Since Independence |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/presidents-of-tanzania-since-independence.html |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'ekisanja ekiwanvu kya Pulezidenti Nyerere, Ssemateeka alina ekkomo ku bisanja: Pulezidenti asobola okuweereza ebisanja bibiri. Buli kisanja kya myaka etaano.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Mgoya: Why I want presidential term limit scrapped in Tanzania |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/mgoya-why-i-want-presidential-term-limit-scrapped-in-tanzania-1427938 |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> Buli pulezidenti akiikiridde ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM).<ref name="cfr.org">{{cite web |date=22 October 2020 |title=Magufuli is Transforming Tanzania's Ruling Party From a 'Benign Hegemon' Into a Malevolent One |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/magufuli-transforming-tanzanias-ruling-party-benign-hegemon-malevolent-one |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref> Pulezidenti Magufuli yawangula obuwanguzi obw'amaanyi era n'addamu okulondebwa mu Gwekkumi 2020. Okusinziira ku ludda oluvuganya, okulonda kwajjula obubbi n'ebikyamu ebirala bingi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Magufuli wins re-election in Tanzania; opposition cries foul |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/30/magufuli-wins-re-election-in-tanzania-says-electoral-commission |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Nga 17 Ogwokusatu 2021, Pulezidenti [[John Magufuli]] yafa mu woofiisi.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=John Magufuli: Tanzania's president dies aged 61 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56437852 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Omummyuka wa Pulezidenti Magufuli, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], yafuuka Pulezidenti wa Tanzania omukazi asoose.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=Samia Suluhu Hassan becomes President following death of John Magufuli |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56444575 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Okwekalakaasa okw'enjawulo n'obutabanguko mu bantu byatandika mu Gwekkumi 2025, nga bituukagana n'okulonda kwa Tanzania okwa bonna. Pulezidenti Suluhu yalangirirwa ng'omuwanguzi n'ebitundu 98% eby'obululu.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2025 |title=Tanzania president wins 98% in election as opposition says hundreds killed |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251101-tanzania-president-wins-election-landslide-after-deadly-protests |work=France 24}}</ref> == Endabika n'obutonde bwayo == Nga ya square kilomita 947,403 (365,794 sq mi),<ref name="BFF">{{cite web |title="Basic Facts and Figures on Human Settlements, 2012", National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania Ministry of Finance, 2013, page 1. Retrieved 10 November 2014 |url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Statistical_Methods_and_Standards/Basic_Facts_and_Figures_on_Human_Settlements_2012_Tanzania_Mainland.zip}}</ref> Tanzania y'ensi ey'ekkumin'esatu mu bunene mu Afirika era eri mu kifo ky'asatu mu kimu mu bunene mu nsi yonna, nga yeesudde wakati wa Egypt ennene n'eya Nigeria entono.<ref name="Size">{{cite web |title=CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– Rank Order&nbsp;– Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Cia.gov}}</ref> Erimu ensalo ne Kenya ne Uganda mu Bukiikakkono; Rwanda, Burundi, ne Democratic Republic of the Congo mu Bugwanjuba; ne Zambia, Malawi, ne Mozambique mu Bukiikaddyo. Tanzania esangibwa ku lubalama lw'Obuvanjuba bwa Afirika era erina olubalama lw'ennyanja Indian Ocean oluli mu buwanvu bwa kilomita nga 1,424 (885 mi).<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2003 |title=Country review: United Republic of Tanzania |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0477e/a0477e13.htm |website=Fisheries and Aquaculture Depart, United Nations. (FAO)}}</ref> Era erimu ebizinga bingi eby'oku nnyanja, omuli Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, ne Mafia.<ref name="frame">Joseph Lake (2013) "Economy" in ''Africa South of the Sahara'', edited by Europa Publications and Iain Frame, Routledge. {{ISBN|1-85743-659-8}}</ref>  Eggwanga lino lye lisangibwamu ebifo ebisingayo obuwanvu n'obumpi mu Afirika: Olusozi Kilimanjaro, ku mmita 5,895 (19,341 ft) waggulu w'ennyanja, n'ekitundu ky'ennyanja Tanganyika, ku mmita 1,471 (4,826 ft) wansi w'ennyanja, mu ngeri eyo.<ref name="frame2">Joseph Lake (2013) "Economy" in ''Africa South of the Sahara'', edited by Europa Publications and Iain Frame, Routledge. {{ISBN|1-85743-659-8}}</ref> Tanzania erimu ensozi era erimu ebibira bingi mu bukiikakkono bw'ebuvanjuba, awali Olusozi Kilimanjaro. Ebisatu ku Nnyanja Ennene eziri mu Afirika ziri mu Tanzania. Okwolekera obukiikakkono n'ebugwanjuba kuliko Ennyanja Victoria, ennyanja esinga obunene mu Afirika, n'Ennyanja Tanganyika, ennyanja esinga obuwanvu mu ssemazinga, emanyiddwa olw'ebika by'ebyennyanja eby'enjawulo. Ebukiikaddyobwebugwanjuba kuliko Ennyanja Nyasa. Mu masekkati ga Tanzania eriyo olusenyi olunene, nga luliko entobazi n'ettaka eririmibwako. Olubalama lw'ebuvanjuba lwa bbugumu era nga lwa musulo mungi, nga kuliko Zanzibar Archipelago okumpi n'omwalo. Kalambo Falls mu kitundu ky'obugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ga Rukwa ye w'okubiri mu bunene mu Africa, era lisangibwa kumpi n'olubalama lw'obugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ga Lake Tanganyika ku nsalo ne Zambia.<ref name="Kalambo Falls" /> Ekifo kya Menai Bay Conservation Area kye kisinga obunene mu Zanzibar. '''Embeera y'obudde''' Embeera y'obudde ekyukakyuka nnyo mu Tanzania. Mu bitundu by'ensozi, ebbugumu liba wakati wa 10 ne 20 °C (50 ne 68 °F) mu biseera by'obunnyogovu n'ebbugumu, mu ngeri y'emu; ebitundu by'eggwanga ebirala biba n'ebbugumu eritatera kugwa wansi wa 20 °C (68 °F). Ekiseera eky'ebbugumu ekisinga kibaawo wakati wa Noovemba ne Febwali (25–31 °C oba 77.0–87.8 °F) ate ekiseera eky'obunnyogovu ekisinga kibaawo wakati wa Maayi ne Agusito (15–20 °C oba 59–68 °F). Ebbugumu ly'omwaka liba 20 °C (68.0 °F). Embeera y'obudde eba nnyogovu mu bitundu by'ensozi. Tanzania erina ebiseera bibiri ebikulu eby'enkuba: ekimu kibaamu enkuba emirundi emu (Ogwekkumi–Ogwokuna) ate ekirala kibaamu emirundi ebiri (Ogwekkumi–Ogwekkumineebiri n'Ogwokusatu–Ogwokutaano).<ref name="rain">{{cite journal |author=Zorita, Eduardo |author2=Tilya, Faustine F. |date=12 February 2002 |title=Rainfall variability in Northern Tanzania in the March–May season (long rains) and its links to large-scale climate forcing |url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2002/20/c020p031.pdf |journal=Climate Research |volume=20 |pages=31–40 |bibcode=2002ClRes..20...31Z |doi=10.3354/cr020031 |access-date=16 October 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Enkuba ey'ekika kino esinga kuba mu bitundu by'omu by'Obukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati, n'ebitundu by'Ebuggwanjuba bw'eggwanga, ate ey'ekika eky'okubiri esinga kuba mu Bukiikakkono okuva ku Nnyanja Nnalubaale okutuuka mu Buvanjuba okutuuka ku mwalo.<ref name="rain" /> Enkuba ey'ekika eky'okubiri ereetebwawo okukyuka kw'ebiseera okw'omugatte gw'enkuba ez'omu kitundu ky'eddungu.<ref name="rain" /> Tanzania emirundi egisinga efunyeemu embuyaga ez'amaanyi ezikuba ku lukalu, nga zino zisobola okuleeta ebizibu eby'amaanyi, gamba nga Cyclone Hidaya.<ref name="HidayaNews">{{cite web |date=10 May 2024 |title=Tanzania counts losses after Cyclone Hidaya swept coastline |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/tanzania-counts-losses-after-cyclone-hidaya-4618970 |website=The EastAfrican |language=en}}</ref> Waliwo eby'okulabirako ebiraga embuyaga ng'ezo ezaaliwo emabega mu 1872.<ref name="Msemo2022">{{cite journal |last1=Msemo |first1=Hellen E. |last2=Finney |first2=Declan L. |last3=Mbuya |first3=Samwel I. |date=April 2022 |title=Forgotten accounts of tropical cyclones making landfall in Tanzania |journal=Weather |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=127–131 |bibcode=2022Wthr...77..127M |doi=10.1002/wea.3921 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Enkyukakyuka y'embeera y'obudde mu Tanzania ereetera ebbugumu okulinnya n'obusobozi obusinga obungi obw'enkuba ey'amaanyi (eviirako amataba) n'ebiseera eby'ekyeya (ebiviirako ekyeya).<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614161023/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=Climatelinks |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Future Climate for Africa |year=2017 |title=Future Climate Projections for Tanzania |url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf |website=Future Climate for Africa |access-date=2026-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209143534/https://www.futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Enkyukakyuka y'embeera y'obudde yamala dda okukosa ebitongole mu Tanzania eby'ebyobulimi, eby'amazzi, ebyobulamu n'ebyamasannyalaze. Okulinnya kw'amazzi g'ennyanja n'enkyukakyuka mu mutindo gw'amazzi bisuubirwa okukosa eby'obuvubi n'okulunda ebyennyanja.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=www.adaptation-undp.org |language=en}}</ref> Tanzania yafulumya pulogulaamu ya National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) mu 2007 nga bwe kyali kiragiddwa mu ndagaano eyakolebwa okwekennenya enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde eyatuumibwa United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Mu 2012, Tanzania yafulumya enkola ey'okugobererwa ng'eno yatuumibwa National Climate Change Strategy ng'ekola ku kuddukirira olw'ebizibu ebyandivudde mu nkyukakyuka y'embeera y'obudde n'enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde ku mbeera z'abantu, ebyenfuna n'obutonde bw'ensi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211255/https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=preventionweb.net}}</ref> '''Ebisolo by'omu nsko n'amakuumiro gaaby''' Tanzania erimu ebitundu nga 20% eby’ebika by’ebisolo bya Africa, ebisangibwa mu mbuga zaayo 21, mu bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, mu kifo kimu eky’okukuuma obutonde, ne mu makuumiro buga z’ennyanja 3. Ebunye mu kitundu ekisukka mu square kilometres 42,000 (square miles 16,000) era nga kikola ebitundu 38% eby’ettaka ly’eggwanga.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laher |first1=Ridwan |date=2014 |title=Indigenous People in Africa.: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZiyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |last2=SingíOei |first2=Korir |publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa |isbn=978-0-7983-0464-1 |page=57}}</ref> Tanzania erina amakuumiro g'ebisolo 21,<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085600/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Tanzania National Parks}}</ref> nga kw'ogasse n'ebifo ebirala ebitali bimu ebirimu ebisolo n'ebibira, omuli Ngorongoro Conservation Area, kyokka abantu b'omu kitundu ekyo nabo bakyakosa obutonde bw'ensi. Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Tanzania, Gombe Stream National Park kye kyali ekifo Jane Goodall we yasomera ku nneeyisa y'empologoma, ekyatandika mu 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Stream National Park |url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004004545/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html |archive-date=4 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Tanzania National Parks}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Riley |first1=Laura |date=2005 |title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC |last2=Riley |first2=William |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref> Tanzania erimu ebiramu bingi era erimu ebifo ebisulwamu ebisolo bingi.<ref>{{cite book |author1=S. N. Stuart |date=1990 |title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use |url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua |last2=Jenkins |first2=Martin |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua/page/204 204] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ku kibangirizi kya Tanzania ekya Serengeti, white-bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi), bovids endala n'entulege<ref>{{cite web |title=Serengeti wildebeest migration |url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> zeetaba mu kutambula okw'amaanyi okubeerawo buli mwaka. Tanzania ebeera n’ebika by’ebisolo eby'ewalula nga 130 n’ebika by’ebisolo ebisobola okuwuga ebisukka 275, bingi ku byo nga biri mu Tanzania mwokka era nga biri ku lukalala lw’ensi eziri mu katyabaga ak’okusaanawo olwa International Union for Conservation of Nature.<ref name=":0">Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf|date=16 July 2020}}, ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref> Tanzania erina empologoma ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Arusha |first=Edward Qorro in |date=12 August 2019 |title=Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> Tanzania yalina ekibira 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index ekiri mu bwagaagavu bwa 7.13/10, nga kino kyagissa mu kifo kya 54 mu nsi yonna ku nsi mu mawanga 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |display-authors=1 |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> == Gavumenti n'ebyobufuzi == '''Ssemateeka n'okulonda''' Tanzania ggwanga erifugibwa ekibiina kimu ekya Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) ekiri mu buyinza. Okuva lwe kyatondebwawo okutuuka mu 1992, kye kyali ekibiina kyokka ekyali kikkirizibwa mu mateeka mu ggwanga. Kino kyakyuka nga 1 Ogwomusanvu 1992, nga Ssemateeka yakyusibwa.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania |url=https://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217023916/http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2010 |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=Judiciary of Tanzania}}</ref>  Kibadde mu buyinza okuva ku mulembe gw'ameefuga mu 1961, era kye kibiina ekisinga obukulembeze obuwanvu mu buyinza mu Afirika.<ref name="cfr.org" /> [[John Magufuli]] yawangula okulonda kwa pulezidenti okwa 2015 mu Gwekkumi era n'afuna obungi obusukka mu bibiri bya kusatu mu Paalamenti.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2015 |title=Tanzania's ruling party secures the presidency and a two-thirds majority in parliament |url=https://qz.com/536317/tanzanias-ruling-party-secures-the-presidency-and-a-two-thirds-it.majority-in-parliament/ |access-date=30 October 2015 |work=Quartz}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2015 |title=Tanzania poll: John Magufuli of CCM defeats Edward Lowassa |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34669468 |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ekibiina ky'oludda oluvuganya ekisinga obunene mu Tanzania okuva mu 1992 nga baddamu okukkiriza ebibiina ebingi kiyitibwa Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Chadema) (Swahili for "Party for Democracy and Progress"). Omukulembeze w'ekibiina kya Chadema ye Freeman Mbowe.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2020 |title=Tanzania police arrest main opposition party leader ahead of protests |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/02/africa/tanzania-opposition-leader-arrest-intl/index.html |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=CNN}}</ref> Mu Zanzibar, eggwanga eririna obwetwaze obutonotono, The Alliance for Change and Transparency-Wazalendo (ACT-Wazalendo) kitwalibwa ng'ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi ekisinga amaanyi ekiri ku ludda oluvuganya. Ssemateeka wa Zanzibar alagira ekibiina ekijja mu ky'okubiri mu kulonda okwegatta ku kibiina ekisinga amaanyi. ACT-Wazalendo yegatta ku gavumenti ey'awamu n'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza Chama Cha Mapinduzi mu Gwekkumineebiri 2020 oluvannyuma lwa Zanzibar okuwakanya ebyava mu kulonda.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sultan |first=Ali |date=6 December 2020 |title=Zanzibar's opposition party to join coalition government |url=https://apnews.com/article/constitutions-tanzania-elections-africa-dar-es-salaam-316350ec78b5299743309ebca78ba889 |access-date=29 June 2021 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> Mu Gwekkumimogumu 2020, Magufuli era yalangirirwa ng'omuwanguzi mu kisanja kye eky'okubiri nga pulezidenti. Obubbi bw'obululu bwateeberezebwa. Akakiiko k'ebyokulonda mu ggwanga kaalangirira nti Magufuli yafuna ebitundu 84%, oba obululu obukunukkiriza obukadde 12.5 ate oyo eyali asinga okuvuganya ku ludda oluvuganya gavumenti, [[Tundu Lissu]] yafuna ebitundu 13%, obululu obukunukkiriza akakadde 1.9.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 October 2020 |title=Tanzania elections: Main opposition parties demand fresh vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54759865 |access-date=29 June 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Mu Gwokusatu 2021, kyategeezebwa nti Magufuli yali afudde ng'akyaweereza mu woofiisi, ekyategeeza nti omumyuka we, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], yafuuka pulezidenti w'eggwanga.<ref name=":7" /> Tanzania yali yeefuga yokka mu mwaka gwa 2024 okusinziira ku V-Dem Democracy Indices.<ref name="j496">{{cite web |title=Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref> Mu kulonda kwa 2025, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] yaddamu n'alondebwa okuba pulezidenti, oluvannyuma lw'okugaana ebibiina by'oludda oluvuganya ebibiri ebisinga okwetaba mu kulonda. Okwekalakaasa kwabalukawo oluvannyuma lw'ebyava mu kulonda, era okwekalakaasa kwakwasibwa ab'obuyinza abaakozesa amaanyi ag'obulabe agaaviirako abantu bangi okuttibwa n'abalala bangi okulumizibwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Tanzania: Reports of hundreds killed and detained following deadly election violence {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166334 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref> '''Obukulembeze''' [[File:Samia Suluhu at the XXIX St Petersburg International Economic Forum - 2026.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti Samia Suluhu Hassan]] [[File:Emmanuel Nchimbi.jpg|thumb|Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti Emmanuel Nchimbi]] [[File:DKT. MWIGULU LAMECK NCHEMBA.jpg|thumb|Ssaabaminisita Mwigulu Lameck Nchemba]] Pulezidenti wa Tanzania ne bammemba b'olukiiko lw'eggwanga balondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu nga bakozesa akalulu ak'obutereevu okumala ekisanja ky'amyaka etaano.<ref name="Constitution" />  Omummyuka wa pulezidenti alondebwa okumala ekisanja ky'emyaka etaano mu kiseera kye kimu ne pulezidenti era ku kaadi y'emu.<ref name="Constitution" /> Pulezidenti oba omummyuka wa pulezidenti tebayinza kubeera mmemba mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga.<ref name="Constitution" /> Pulezidenti alonda Ssaabaminisita okuva mu bammemba b'olukiiko lw'eggwanga, ng'ayita mu kukakasibwa olukiiko, okuweereza ng'omukulembeze wa gavumenti mu lukiiko.<ref name="Constitution" />  Pulezidenti alonda kabineeti ye okuva mu bammemba b'olukiiko lw'eggwanga.<ref name="Constitution" /> Okukwasisa amateeka mu Tanzania kuli wansi w'ekitongole ekikola ku by'obukulembeze era kikwasaganyizibwa ekitongole kya Tanzania Police Force.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania Police Force |url=https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170416/https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |publisher=African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum}}</ref> '''Essiga elibaga amateeka''' Obuyinza bwonna obukwata ku mateeka agakwata ku Tanzania eya wakati ne ku nsonga z'omukago bugabanyizibwa mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga olukulu,<ref name="Constitution" />  olutaliimu lukiiko lwa kubiri era nga lulina ababaka 393.<ref name="Edge">{{cite web |title=Tanzania: Government |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/tanzania/government |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=Broad College of Business, Michigan State University}}</ref> Bano mulimu abalonze okukiikirira ebifo ebirondebwamu, ssaabawolereza wa gavumenti, bammemba bataano abalonze okuva mu lukiiko lwa Zanzibar okuva mu bammemba baalwo, ebifo by'abakyala eby'enjawulo ebikola waakiri ebitundu 30% ku bifo ekibiina kyonna bye kiba nakyo mu lukiiko olwo, omwogezi w'olukiiko (bw'aba nga si mmemba wa lukiiko), n'abantu (abatasaanidde kusukka kkumi) abalondebwa pulezidenti.<ref name="Constitution" />Akakiiko k'Ebyokulonda aka Tanzania kateekawo ensalo ku lukalu mu muwendo ogusalibwawo akakiiko nga kakkiriziganyizza ne pulezidenti.<ref name="Constitution" /> '''Essiga eddamuzi''' Enkola y'amateeka mu Tanzania yeesigamiziddwa ku mateeka ga Bungereza aga bulijjo.<ref name="TZ court system">{{cite web |last1=Manning |first1=Christabel |last2=Kasera |first2=Seka |title=UPDATE: Tanzanian Legal System and Legal Research |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Tanzania1.html#_The_Judiciary |access-date=16 October 2014 |publisher=[[GlobaLex]]}}</ref> Tanzania erina ekitongole ekiramuzi eky'emitendera ena.<ref name="TZ court system" /> Kkooti ezisingayo okuba ez'okumpi ku lukalu lwa Tanzania ze Kkooti Enkulu.<ref name="TZ court system" /> Mu Zanzibar, kkooti ezisingayo okuba ez'okumpi ze Kkooti za Kadhi ezikola ku nsonga z'amaka ez'Obusiraamu ne Kkooti Enkulu ezikola ku misango emirala gyonna.<ref name="TZ court system" /> Ku lukalu, okujulira kuba mu Kkooti za Disitulikiti oba mu Kkooti z'Abalamuzi Abatuuze.<ref name="TZ court system" /> Mu Zanzibar, okujulira kugenda mu kkooti ejulirwa eya Kadhi's Appeal Courts ku nsonga z'amaka ez'Obusiraamu ate mu Magistrates Courts ku misango emirala gyonna.<ref name="TZ court system" /> Okuva awo, okujulira kugenda mu kooti ekkulu eya Mainland Tanzania oba Zanzibar.<ref name="TZ court system" /> Tewali kujulira ku nsonga z'amaka ez'Obusiraamu kusobola kukolebwa okuva mu kooti enkulu eya Zanzibar.<ref name="TZ court system" /><ref name="Zanzibar Constitution">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110904235537/http://zltb.go.tz/docs/Zanzibar-Constitution-1984.pdf The Constitution of Zanzibar]. zltb.go.tz. 2006.</ref>Okuggyako, okujulira okusembayo kugenda mu Court of Appeal of Tanzania.<ref name="TZ court system" /> Kkooti Enkulu eya Tanzania erina ebitongole bisatu – eby'obusuubuzi, abakozi, n'ebyettaka<ref name="TZ court system" /> – n'ebitundu by'obutonde 15.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commercial Division — High Court of Tanzania |url=http://www.comcourt.go.tz/comcourt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223142716/http://www.comcourt.go.tz/comcourt/ |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> Kkooti Enkulu eya Zanzibar erina ekitongole ky'amakolero, ekiwuliriza enkaayana z'abakozi zokka.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150317235728/http://www.judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz/historical_background.php "Welcome to High Court of Zanzibar"]. ''judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317235728/http://www.judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz/historical_background.php|date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Abalamuzi ba Mainland ne union balondebwa Ssaabalamuzi wa Tanzania,<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2004 |title=UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Public Administration Country Profile |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023291.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516194348/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023291.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> okuggyako abo ab'omu Kkooti Ejulirwamu ne Kkooti Enkulu, abalondebwa pulezidenti wa Tanzania.<ref name="Constitution" /> Tanzania y'emu ku mawanga agakkiriza endagaano ya Rooma eya kkooti y'ensi yonna ekola ku misango gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka.<ref>{{cite web |title=African States, State Parties to the Rome Statute, International Criminal Court. Retrieved 21 October 2014 |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/african%20states/Pages/african%20states.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011143613/http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/african%20states/Pages/african%20states.aspx |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> '''Gavumenti z'ebintu''' Mu 1972, gavumenti z'ebitundu ku lukalu zaasazibwamu ne zidda mu kufugibwa butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya wakati. Gavumenti z'ebitundu, wabula, zaazzibwawo ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 1980, obukiiko bw'omu byalo n'ab'obuyinza mu byalo bwe baddamu okuteekebwawo. Okulonda kwa gavumenti z'ebitundu kwaliwo mu 1983, era obukiiko obukola ne butandika mu 1984. Mu 1999, Olukiiko lw'Eggwanga olukulu lwa saawo enteekateeka ey'okukola enkyukakyuka mu gavumenti z'ebitundu, nga kino kyali kigendereddwamu okuteekawo "enteekateeka enzijuvu era ey'amaanyi ... [eyali ekwata ku] bintu bina: okugabanya obuyinza mu byobufuzi, okugabanya obuyinza mu by'ensimbi, okugabanya obuyinza mu by'obukulembeze n'enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti eya wakati n'ez'ebitundu, nga gavumenti ey'oku lukalu y'erina obuyinza obusinga obungi mu nteekateeka eno nga bwe kirambikiddwa mu Ssemateeka."<ref name="Kunnat">{{cite web |date=31 May 2006 |title=Local government system in tanzania |url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5nCY6QHaV/kuntajarjestelma_tansania_.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418081535/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5nCY6QHaV/kuntajarjestelma_tansania_.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> Tanzania egabanyizibwamu ebitundu (mikoa) asatu mu kimu,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kilyinga |first=Nasongelya |date=10 July 2015 |title=Enter Songwe Region as Six Districts Created |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507100264.html |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mwakyusa |first=Alvar |date=4 February 2016 |title=Songwe is new region – with four districts |url=http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/46650-songwe-is-new-region-with-four-districts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205094519/http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/46650-songwe-is-new-region-with-four-districts |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=21 February 2017 |newspaper=Daily News}}</ref> amakumi abiri mu mukaaga ku lukalu ate ataano mu Zanzibar (asatu ku Unguja, abiri ku Pemba).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130527015837/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/regionsf.html Regions]. tanzania.go.tz</ref> Ebitundu asatu mu kimu bigabanyizibwamu Disitulikiti 195 (wilaya), era nga zimanyiddwa nga gavumenti z'ebitundu.<ref name="Census 2012">{{cite web |title=Administrative Units: Population Distribution Report |url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Census2022/Administrative_units_Population_Distribution_Report_Tanzania_volume1a.pdf |accessdate=2 August 2024 |website=National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> Ebitundu by'omu bibuga birina ekibuga ekyetongodde, munisipaali, oba Eggombolola era nga bisalibwamu mu magombolola ne sub-wards (mitaa). Ebitundu ebitali bya mu bibuga birina ekibuga ekirina obwetwaze naye nga bisalibwamu mu magombolola ga byalo oba obuyinza bw'ekibuga (omutendera ogusooka) ate oluvannyuma ne mu bitundu eby'omu byalo (vitongoji).<ref name="Kunnat" /> Ekibuga kya Dar es Salaam kya njawulo kubanga kirina akakiiko k'ekibuga ng'ekitundu ky'obuyinza bwakyo kikwatagana n'akakiiko k'ekibuga kamu kamu. Meeya w'akakiiko k'ekibuga alondebwa akakiiko ako. Akakiiko k'ekibuga ak'abantu abiri kalimu abantu kkumi na gumu abalondebwa akakiiko k'ekibuga, abantu musanvu ab'olukiiko lw'eggwanga, n'abantu "abalondebwa mu Paalamenti wansi wa 'Ebifo eby'enjawulo eby'abakyala". Buli munisipaali era eba n'omukulembeze waayo. "Akakiiko k'ekibuga kalina omulimu gw'okukwanaganya era kakola ku nsonga ezikwata ku munisipaali zonna essatu", omuli eby'okwerinda n'obuweereza obw'amangu.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Status |url=http://www.dcc.go.tz/about-us/city-status.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122230207/http://www.dcc.go.tz/about-us/city-status.html |archive-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=Dar Es Salaam City Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=1999 |title=Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act, 1982, amended 1999 |url=http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/6-1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022045450/http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/6-1999.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=Parliamentary On-line Information System |at=7A and 69A}}</ref> Ekibuga Mwanza kirina akakiiko k'ekibuga era ekitundu kyakyo kye kifuga kikwatagana n'ebitundu bya munisipaali bbiri. '''Enkolagana n'amawanga amalala''' Enkola z'ebweru wa Tanzania ziri mu kwekenneenyezebwa okusobola okudda mu kifo ky'Enkola y'Ebweru eya 2001, eyali enkola y'ebweru eyasooka mu butongole mu Tanzania.<ref name="FaMinistry_NFP2">{{Cite report|url=https://www.foreign.go.tz/index.php/resources/view/nje-bulletin-april-2021|title=Tanzania, kufanya mageuzi ya Kidiplomasia|last1=Buhohela|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Bulu|first2=Sheiba|date=1 April 2021|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation]]|issue=1|location=[[Dodoma|Dodoma, Tanzania]]|language=sw|access-date=21 June 2022|trans-title=In Tanzania, to carry out Diplomatic reforms}}</ref><ref name="Citizen_22">{{Cite news |last=Kanyabwoya |first=Damas |date=13 January 2022 |title=Tanzania's key focus areas in the new Foreign Policy. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=wikipedia&id=GALE |access-date=21 June 2022 |work=The Citizen |location=[[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |language=English}}</ref> Nga 2001 tannatuuka, enkola y'ebweru wa Tanzania yali efugibwa ebiwandiiko eby'enjawulo ebyayisibwa Pulezidenti Julius Nyerere, okusingira ddala Circular No. 2 eya 1964,<ref name="FaMinistry_about">{{Cite web |title=ABOUT THE MINISTRY |url=https://www.foreign.go.tz/index.php/about/about-the-ministry |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |language=en, sw |location=[[Dodoma|Dodoma, Tanzania]]}}</ref> Ekirangiriro kya Arusha,<ref name="Nyerere_67ad">{{Cite book |last=Nyerere |first=Julius K |author-link=Julius Nyerere |date=1967 |title=The Arusha Declaration and Tanu's policy on socialism and self-reliance |url=https://library.fes.de/fulltext/bibliothek/2-tanzania-s0019634.pdf |publisher=[[Tanganyika African National Union|TANU, Publicity Section]] |edition=1 |location=[[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |language=en |chapter=The Policy of Self-Reliance |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> n'Enkola y'Ensonga Ez'ebweru eya 1967.<ref name="Nyerere_67fa">{{Cite speech|last=Nyerere|first=Julius K.|author-link=Julius Nyerere|event=Tanganyika African National Union National Conference|location=Dar es Salaam|date=16 October 1967|title=Tanzania policy on foreign affairs|type=Presidential Address|publisher=Ministry of Information and Tourism|url=https://www.juliusnyerere.org/uploads/tanzania_policy_on_foreign_affairs_1967.pdf|access-date=22 June 2022|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415085417/https://www.juliusnyerere.org/uploads/tanzania_policy_on_foreign_affairs_1967.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ebigambo bino byali bissa essira ku by'obufuzi by'ebweru okusingira ddala ku bwetwaze n'obwetwaze, eddembe ly'obuntu, n'obumu bwa Afirika.<ref name="Nzomo_99">{{Cite book |last=Nzomo |first=Maria |date=1999 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-10/foreign-policy-tanzania-cold-war-post%E2%80%93cold-war-maria-nzomo |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-50252-1 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |location=[[New York, NY]] |pages=184–187 |chapter=The Foreign Policy of Tanzania: From Cold War to Post–Cold War |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-10 |s2cid=155717453}}</ref><ref name="Magoma_20">{{Cite thesis|last=MAGOMA|first=Suleiman Masegesa|title=The Significant role of Tanzania's diplomacy towards economic development|date=22 February 2020|degree=Public Policy|publisher=[[KDI School of Public Policy and Management]]|url=https://archives.kdischool.ac.kr/handle/11125/34174|place=[[Sejong City|Sejong City, South Korea]]|language=en}}</ref> Enkola y'ebweru empya eriwo mu 2001 yatandikibwawo okusobola okukola ku nkomerero y'obufuzi bw'amatwale n'Olutalo olw'Embeera z'Ensi, okugaziwa kw'ensi yonna, ebyenfuna by'akatale n'okugaziya emirimu, n'eggwanga lya Tanzania eririmu ebibiina by'obufuzi ebingi. Essira lyayo erisinga liri ku by'obusuubuzi n'enkulaakulana.<ref name="FaMinistry_FP">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Foreign Policy the Case of Economic Diplomacy |url=https://www.foreign.go.tz/index.php/about/tanzania-foreign-policy-the-case-of-economic-diplomacy |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |language=en, sw |location=[[Dodoma|Dodoma, Tanzania]]}}</ref> Enkola y'ensonga z'ebweru empya eya 2001, ekyakozesebwa leero, erina omusingi gw'emisingi musanvu; obwetwaze, obwetwaze mu byenfuna, okubeera omulungi eri baliraanwa, obumu bwa Afirika, obutabaako ludda lw'owagira mu by'obufuzi, enkolagana mu by'enfuna, n'okukolagana mu nsi yonna okusobola okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna n'emirembe.<ref name="FaMinistry_FP" /> Ebigendererwa ebikulu byogerwako ng'okukuuma n'okutumbula eby'obuwangwa n'ebyenfuna, okutandikawo enkolagana n'amawanga amalala nga gavuganyizibwa ebyenfuna, okwetuusaako ebyetaago by'ebyenfuna, emirembe mu ggwanga ne mu nsi yonna, n'okwegatta mu byobufuzi n'ebyenfuna mu kitundu.<ref name="FaMinistry_FP" /> Okwekenneenya enkola y'ebweru eriwo mu kiseera kino kugenda mu maaso nga kikolebwa gavumenti ey'omulundi ogw'omukaaga okudda mu kifo ky'enkola y'ebweru empya eya 2001. Minisita w'ensonga z'ebweru Liberata Mulamula agambye nti enkola empya zijja kusigaza obukulu n'obutabaako ludda mu nkola y'ebweru eya 2001 ate nga ziteekawo ebintu ebirala ebikulu ennyo okusinga ebirala omuli enkyukakyuka y'embeera y'obudde n'okussa essira ku by'enfuna nga zissa essira ku by'amaguzi ebiva mu ggwanga ebyongeddwamu omutindo n'eby'enfuna ebya digito.<ref name="Citizen_22" /> '''Enkolagana n'amawanga g'ebweru''' [[File:Ictr office 3.jpg|thumb|Kkooti y'ensi yonna ewozesa emisango eya Rwanda mu Arusha]] Tanzania mmemba mu bitongole by'ensi yonna bingi gamba nga United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), East African Community (EAC), ne Southern African Development Community (SADC) n'ebirala bingi.<ref name="Hirschler_19">{{Cite book |last1=Hirschler |first1=Kurt |date=2019 |title=A decade of Tanzania: politics, economy and society 2005-2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncCnDwAAQBAJ |last2=Hofmeier |first2=Rolf |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-40786-2 |location=[[Leiden|Leiden, Netherlands]], [[Boston]] |language=en}}</ref> Okwongereza ku ekyo, olw'amaanyi ga Tanzania ag'obutabaako ludda lw'ewagira, obumu n'emirembe mu ggwanga okuva lwe yafuna obwetwaze, Tanzania etera okukola ng'omutabaganya era ekifo awateekebwa endagaano n'endagaano wakati w'amawanga amalala, gamba ng'Endagaano ya Arusha ne Bulaaya, awamu n'Endagaano ya Arusha ne Rwanda (1993) ne Burundi (2000).<ref name="Chachage_04">{{Cite journal |last=Chachage |first=Chambi S. |date=2004 |title=Nyerere: Nationalism and Post-Colonial Developmentalism |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24487453 |journal=[[African Sociological Review]] |language=en |location=[[Dakar, Senegal]] |publisher=[[CODESRIA]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=158–179 |issn=1027-4332 |jstor=24487453 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Waters_06">{{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Tony |date=2006 |title=Markets and Morality: American Relations with Tanzania |url=https://asq.africa.ufl.edu/files/Waters-Vol8Issue3.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[African Studies Quarterly]] |language=en |location=[[Gainesville, Florida]] |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=46–53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804103025/http://asq.africa.ufl.edu/files/Waters-Vol8Issue3.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> [[File:East African Legislative Assembly.jpg|thumb|Olukiiko olukulu olwa East African Legislative Assembly mu Arusha]] Ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte kirina ekifo kinene mu Tanzania mu kiseera kino ne mu byafaayo era kikola ng'omukago omukulu mu ngeri yaakyo, n'ebitongole by'ensi yonna ebirala, mu mirimu mingi mu ggwanga, wamu n'emirimu egikolebwa mu Tanzania era egiteekebwa mu nkola mu Great Lakes ne Afirika yonna okutwaliza awamu.<ref name="UN_tz">{{Cite web |title=The United Nations in Tanzania |url=https://tanzania.un.org/en/about/about-the-un |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte kirina ekifo kinene mu Tanzania mu kiseera kino ne mu byafaayo era kikola ng'omukago omukulu mu ngeri yaakyo, n'ebitongole by'ensi yonna ebirala, mu mirimu mingi mu ggwanga, wamu n'emirimu egikolebwa mu Tanzania era egiteekebwa mu nkola mu Great Lakes ne Afirika yonna okutwaliza awamu.<ref name="UN_tzEntities">{{Cite web |title=UN Entities in Tanzania |url=https://tanzania.un.org/en/about/un-entities-in-country |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Wadde nga ofiisi enkulu eza UN ziri mu Oysterbay, Dar es Salaam, ofiisi endala nnyingi, kkooti, n'ebibiina by'obwannakyewa biri mu Arusha, TZ. Eky'okulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa y'ekkooti y'ensi yonna ewozesa emisango eya International Criminal Tribunal ku nsonga z'ekittabantu ekyali eri e Rwanda.<ref name="UN_SRES9771995">{{UN document|docid=S-RES-977(1995)|type=Resolution|body=Security Council|year=1995|resolution_number=977|access-date=23 July 2008|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> Ekibiina kya African Union kirimu amawanga 55 mu Afirika.<ref name="AU_memStates">{{Cite web |title=Member States |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901043534/https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=African Union |language=en}}</ref> Tanzania y'emu ku mawanga agaatandikawo AU mu 2001, era eyaddira Organisation of African Unity (OAU) eyatandikibwawo abatandisi ba Tanzania, Tanganyika ne Zanzibar, mu 1963. Ekitongole ekiramuzi ekya AU n'ekkooti zaakyo bisangibwa mu Tanzania.<ref name="AU_tzAgreement">{{Cite act|date=31 August 2007|type=HOST AGREEMENT|legislature=[[African Union]]|title=Host Agreement Between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the African Union on the Seat of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Right|language=en|article-type=Agreement|access-date=22 June 2022|url=https://www.african-court.org/wpafc/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/3-HOST-AGREEMENT-TANZANIA-AND-AU.pdf}}</ref> Mu kusooka nga kkooti y'obwenkanya etaba amawanga ga Africa eya Justice of the African Union, egattiddwa wamu ne kooti y'eddembe ly'obuntu eya African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights okukola African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR), esangibwa mu Arusha.<ref name="AU_tzAgreement" />Tanzania yassa omukono era ne yeegatta ku AU-brokered African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) nga 17 Ogwoluberyeberye 2022, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eky’obusuubuzi obw’eddembe.<ref name="Agarwal_22">{{Cite report|url=https://odi.org/en/publications/tanzania-and-the-african-continental-free-trade-area-possible-impacts-policy-priorities-and-scoping-of-future-support/|title=Tanzania and the African Continental Free Trade Area: possible impacts, policy priorities and scoping of future support|last1=Agarwal|first1=Prachi|last2=Kweka|first2=Josaphat|date=11 March 2022|publisher=Overseas Development Institute, [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]]|location=[[London, UK]]|publication-date=11 March 2022|language=en|last3=Willem te Velde|first3=Dirk|access-date=22 June 2022|type=Briefing, policy papers}}</ref> Omukago gw'amawanga g'Obuvanjuba bwa Afirika ogulimu Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, ne Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) gulina ekitebe kyagwo ekikulu mu Arusha.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17">{{Cite book |date=2017 |title=East African Community Law: Institutional, Substantive and Comparative EU Aspects |url=https://brill.com/view/title/33464 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Nijhoff]] |isbn=978-90-04-32207-3 |editor-last=Ugirashebuja |editor-first=Emmanuel |location=[[Leiden|Leiden, Netherlands]], [[Boston]] |language=en |editor-last2=Ruhangisa |editor-first2=John Eudes |editor-last3=Ottervanger |editor-first3=Tom |editor-last4=Cuyvers |editor-first4=Armin}}</ref><ref name="EAC_overview">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=East African Community |language=en}}</ref> Tanzania, awamu ne Kenya ne Uganda, ze zimu ku mmemba ezatandikawo EAC mu 2000.<ref name="EAC_history">{{Cite web |title=History of the EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-history#:~:text=The%20Treaty%20for%20the%20Establishment,all%20the%20three%20Partner%20States. |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=East African Community |language=en}}</ref> Oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa Bugirimaani mu Ssematalo I Tanzania yeegatta ku East African Currency Board (EACB) eyali mu London era nga yali ekola ku by'omusolo era ng'ewa Tanzania, Uganda ne Kenya okuva mu 1919 okutuuka mu 1948, East Africa High Commission (EAHC) okuva mu 1948 okutuuka mu 1961, ne East African Common Services Organization (EACSO) okuva mu 1961 okutuuka mu 1966. Mu 1966 amawanga gano gonna asatu gaatandikawo East African Community eyasooka, eyamala okutuuka mu 1976, oluvannyuma ne wabeerawo East African Co-operation okuva mu 1993 okutuuka mu 2000, nga tennaddamu kutandikibwawo nga East African Community mu 2000.<ref name="EAC_history" /><ref name="Kadaga_22">{{Cite speech|last=Kadaga|first=Rebecca|author-link=Rebecca Kadaga|event=Ministry of East African Community Affairs|location=Makerere University|date=16 June 2022|access-date=21 June 2022|title=The Strategic need for EAC Integration|type=Keynote Address|pages=1, 3, 6-9|language=en|url=https://www.mediacentre.go.ug/media/address-rt-hon-rebecca-kadaga-1st-deputy-prime-ministerminister-makerere-university|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627105632/https://mediacentre.go.ug/media/address-rt-hon-rebecca-kadaga-1st-deputy-prime-ministerminister-makerere-university|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Samia Suluhu Hassan, Joe Biden, Jill Biden.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti wa Tanzania [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] wamu ne Pulezidenti wa America [[Joe Biden]] mu Washington D.C mu Gwekkumineebiri 2022]] EAC ebadde n’omukago gw’omusolo okuva mu 2005, n’ekitundu eky’obusuubuzi eky’eddembe wakati w’amawanga agali mu mukago n’omusolo ogw’awamu n’endagaano z’obusuubuzi n’amawanga agatali mu mukago n’ebitongole eby’ensi yonna.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17" /> Omukago gw’omusolo era gwassaawo ekitongole ekimu n’amateeka ag’enjawulo, gamba ng’amateeka agakwata ku nsibuko y’ebintu, ku by’obusuubuzi byonna munda mu mukago, okuyingira mu mukago, n’okuyitira mu mawanga agali mu mukago. Mu 2010 akatale ak’awamu kaateekebwawo mu EAC okusobozesa abakozi, ebyamaguzi, abantu, entandikwa, n’empeereza okutambula obulungi, wamu n’okuteekawo eddembe ly’okutandikawo bizinensi.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17" /> East African Monetary Union (EAMU) eyateesebwako okutandikibwawo mu 2024 ejja kutondawo ensimbi ez'awamu mu bbanka enkulu eya East African Central Bank.<ref name="Adam_17">{{Cite book |date=2017 |title=Tanzania: the path to prosperity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MDXDQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-870481-2 |editor-last=Adam |editor-first=Christopher |location=[[Oxford, UK]]; [[New York, NY]] |language=en |editor-last2=Collier |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last3=Ndulu |editor-first3=B. J.}}</ref> Okuva ku kutandikibwawo kwa EAC, nga bwe kyateekebwa mu Kawaayiro 5(2) aka ndagaano ey'okutandikawo EAC, ekiruubirirwa kya EAC ekisembayo bulijjo kwe kubeera eggwanga erimu ery'awamu ery'amawanga gonna agali mu mukago. Mu 2017 amawanga gonna agali mu mukago gaakakasa okukolera awamu kwa EAC ng'entandikwa eri mu kufuuka eggwanga erimu ery'enkomeredde.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17" /><ref name="Kadaga_22" /> Southern African Development Community erimu amawanga 16, nga mw'otwalidde amawanga gonna ag'omu bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika wamu ne Tanzania ne DRC okuva mu Great Lakes.<ref name="Muntschick_17">{{Cite book |last=Muntschick |first=Johannes |date=9 October 2017 |title=The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU): Regionalism and External Influence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDE5DwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-319-45330-9 |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |language=en |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> Tanzania y'emu ku mawanga agatandikawo SADC mu 1994, wamu ne Frontline States (FLS), okuva mu 1960 okutuuka mu 1994. Wadde nga FLS yalina ekiruubirirwa eky'okumalawo obusosoze, SADC eyagiddawo erina ebigendererwa eby'okutumbula emirembe n'obutebenkevu wamu n'okukulaakulanya eby'enfuna n'ebyobufuzi by'amawanga agagirimu.<ref name="Muntschick_17" /> '''Amagye''' Eggye lya [[Tanzania People's Defence Force]] (TPDF) (Kiswahili: Jeshi la Wananchi wa Tanzania (JWTZ)) lye ggye lya Tanzania, erikola ng'eggye ly'abantu wansi w'obukulembeze bw'abantu ba bulijjo. Lirimu amatabi oba ebiragiro bitaano: Eggye ery'oku ttaka (amagye), Eggye ery'omu bbanga, Eggye ly'okumazzi, National Service, Headquarter (MMJ).<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Mwanzo-Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania |url=https://www.tpdf.mil.tz/ |access-date=10 February 2022 |publisher=Tpdf.mil.tz}}</ref> Bannansi ba Tanzania basobola okwewaayo okuweereza mu magye okuva ku myaka 15 egy'obukulu, n'emyaka 18 egy'obukulu okuweereza mu magye ga National military service nga bamaze okutikkirwa okuva mu siniya ey'omukaaga. Obuweereza obw'obuwaze bwali emyaka 2 mu 2004. [[National service act of Tanzania]]. '''Okukwasisa amateeka''' Eby'okwerinda by'abantu n'okulondoola ensalo buvunaanyizibwa bwa Poliisi ya Tanzania. Okulondoola poliisi kugabanyizibwamu omuwandiisi omukulu mu Minisitule ya Poliisi ne kaliisoliiso wa Poliisi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania – Tanzania Police Force |url=https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170416/https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=11 May 2023 |publisher=African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum}}</ref> '''Eddembe ly'obuntu''' Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, Amnesty International yategeeza nti gavumenti ya Tanzania yasazaamu eddembe ly'ebibiina by'obwannakyewa (NGOs) (ebibiina by'abantu abeewaayo kyeyagalire) awamu n'abantu kinnoomu okuwawaabira gavumenti mu kkooti y'abantu eya Arusha African Court for Human and Peoples' Rights.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Tanzania: Withdrawal of individual rights to African Court will deepen repression |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/12/tanzania-withdrawal-of-individual-rights-to-african-court-will-deepen-repression/ |access-date=2 December 2019 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Ba Nnamagoye ababeera mu Tanzania batera okulumbibwa, okuttibwa oba okusalibwako ebitundu by'omubiri olw'obulombolombo obukwatagana n'obulogo obumanyiddwa nga muti obugamba nti ebitundu by'omubiri by'abalina albinism birina amaanyi agatali ga bulijjo.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31849531 Tanzania albino murders: 'More than 200 witchdoctors' arrested]". BBC News. 12 March 2015.</ref> Tanzania y'esinga okubaamu okutyoboola eddembe ly'obuntu okw'engeri eno mu mawanga 27 agali mu Afirika muti w'omanyiddwa okuba ng'akolebwa.<ref>Charlotte Baker (22 September 2017) [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/witchcraft-albino-trade-body-part-human-rights-un-sub-saharan-african-a7958946.html "The trade in body parts of people with albinism is driven by myths and international inaction"]. ''The Independent''</ref> Mu Tanzania, ebikolwa eby'okwegatta eby'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu tebikkirizibwa mu mateeka era bisobola okuviirako omuntu okusibwa obulamu bwe bwonna, wadde ng'etteeka lino teritera kukozesebwa, era abantu abalya ebisiyaga basobola okusisinkana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=https://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135034/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 |work=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref name="GT">{{cite news |title=Lesbian and Gay Tanzania |url=http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/gt/listings.asp?action=ShowCountry&CID=932 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929205430/http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/gt/listings.asp?action=ShowCountry&CID=932 |archive-date=29 September 2006 |access-date=12 February 2007 |work=gaytimes}}</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2007 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Centre, abantu 95 ku buli kikumi mu Tanzania bakkiriza nti obuli bw'ebisiyaga tebulina kukkirizibwa mu bantu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pew Global Attitudes Project |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214225525/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2010 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=Pew Research Centre |pages=35, 84, and 117}}</ref> == Eby'enfuna == Mu 2021, okusinziira ku IMF, eby'enfuna bya Tanzania (GDP) byali bya buwumbi bwa ddoola 71 (nominal), oba obuwumbi bwa ddoola 218.5 ku musingi gwa purchasing power parity (PPP). GDP per capita (PPP) yali $3,574.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database April 2018 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2018/April |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> Okuva mu 2009 okutuuka mu 2013, GDP ya Tanzania (nga yeesigamiziddwa ku ssente za wano ezitakyuka) yeyongera ebitundu 3.5% buli mwaka, nga eri waggulu okusinga ku mmemba omulala yenna ow’omukago gw’amawanga g’obuvanjuba bwa Afirika (EAC) era nga esinga amawanga mwenda mu Sub-Saharan Africa: [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Ghana]], [[Lesotho]], [[Liberiya|Liberia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Zambia]], ne [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita growth (annual %) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG |access-date=9 August 2024 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> Mu 2017, Tanzania yasinga kutunda mu Buyindi, Vietnam, [[South Africa]], [[Switzerland]], ne China nga yafunamu obuwumbi bwa ddoola 5.3.<ref name="UND">{{cite web |title=Tanzania (TZA) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |url=https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tza/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424230123/https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tza/ |archive-date=24 April 2019 |access-date=9 April 2019 |publisher=The Observatory of Economic Complexity}}</ref> Yayingiza obuwumbi bwa ddoola 8.17, nga Buyindi, Switzerland, [[Saudi Arabia]], China, ne [[United Arab Emirates]] ze zaali zisinga okugitunda.<ref name="UND" /> Tanzania yagumira okugwa kw'ebyenfuna okw'amaanyi, okwatandika mu 2008 oba mu ntandikwa ya 2009, mu ngeri ey'amaanyi. Emiwendo gya zzaabu egy'amaanyi, nga gino gye gyayamba okunyweza eby'okusima eby'obugagga by'omu ttaka mu ggwanga, era nga n'engeri Tanzania gy'etaliimu nnyo mu katale k'ensi yonna yayamba okukuuma eggwanga eri okugwa kw'ebyenfuna.<ref name="frame" /> Okuva okugwa kw'ebyenfuna lwe kwaggwa, eby'enfuna bya Tanzania by'eyongedde nnyo olw'obulambuzi, eby'empuliziganya, n'ebitongole bya bbanka.<ref name="frame" /> Okusinziira ku kitongole ky'Ensi yonna ekikola ku by'enkulaakulana (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), kyokka, enkulaakulana eyakolebwa mu by'enfuna y'eggwanga gyebuvuddeko ekoleddeko "batono nnyo", n'aleka abantu abasinga obungi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141014230730/http://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/countryinfo/ "About Tanzania |UNDP in Tanzania"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014230730/http://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/countryinfo/|date=14 October 2014}}. undp.org.</ref> Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2015/2016, ebitundu 57.1 ku buli kikumi eby'abantu batwalibwa okuba nga baavu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Tanzania (United Republic of) |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/TZA.pdf |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Reports}}</ref> Tanzania yali n'ekigero kya Global Hunger Index ekibi okusinga eggwanga eddala lyonna mu EAC okuggyako Burundi.<ref name="GHI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141106133439/http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ghi13.pdf "2013 Global Hunger Index"]. International Food Policy Research Institute. October 2013</ref> page 15  Omugatte gw'abantu abaali abalumwa enjala mu 2010–12 nabo baali babi okusinga eggwanga eddala lyonna mu EAC okuggyako Burundi.<ref name="GHI" /> Mu 2020, Banka y'ensi yonna yalangirira okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna bya Tanzania okuva mu by'abantu abali obubi ennyo okudda mu by'abantu abali obulungi, ng'omuwendo gwa GNI ogw'omuntu ogumu gweyongera okuva ku ddoola za Amerika 1,020 mu 2018 okutuuka ku ddoola za Amerika 1,080 mu 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2020–2021 |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2020-2021 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 July 2020 |title=Tanzania joins middle income status ahead of schedule |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Tanzania-joins-middle-income-status-ahead-of-schedule/1840340-5586580-5p13b7z/index.html |work=The Citizen}}</ref> Eby'enfuna bya Tanzania byalinya ebitundu 4.6 ku buli kikumi mu 2022, ate 5.2 ku buli kikumi mu 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/overview |access-date=9 August 2024 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> '''Enjala n'obwavu''' Embeera y'Enjala mu Nsi Yonna mu biseera ebyayita kyateeka embeera eno ku "kutya" n'obubonero 42 mu mwaka gwa 2000; okuva olwo GHI kikendedde okutuuka ku 23.2.<ref name="globalhungerindex.org">{{cite web |title=Tanzania |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/tanzania.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Global Hunger Index – Official Website of the Peer-Reviewed Publication}}</ref> Abaana mu byalo babonaabona nnyo olw'obutali bulungi mu ndya n'enjala ey'olubeerera, newankubadde ng'obuzibu wakati w'ekibuga n'ebyalo bukendedde ku bikwata ku kusiiwuuka kw'endya n'obuzito obutono.<ref name="Tanzania UNDP">{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/about-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811174628/https://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/about-us.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=UNDP}}</ref> Okukola ebitono mu kitongole ky'ebyalo kiva ku kusinga kussa ssente mu bintu ebikozesebwa; obutaba na busobozi kufuna bintu bya ku faamu, obuweereza bw'okulima n'okwewola; tekinologiya omutono wamu n'obuyambi mu by'obusuubuzi n'okutunda; n'okwesigama ennyo ku kulima okwesigamiziddwa ku nkuba n'ebintu eby'obutonde.<ref name="Tanzania UNDP" /> Kumpi ebitundu 68 ku buli kikumi ebya Bannansi ba Tanzania obukadde 61.1 babeera wansi w'omutindo gw'obwavu ogwa ddoola 1.25 buli lunaku, ng'ebitundu 32 ku buli kikumi eby'abantu tebafuna mmere emala.<ref name="globalhungerindex.org" /> Okusoomooza okusinga obunene Tanzania kw'eyolekaganye nakwo mu kukendeeza obwavu kwe kukozesa obubi eby'obugagga byayo eby'obutonde, okulima okutali kwa muganyulo, enkyukakyuka y'embeera y'obudde n'okwonoona ensibuko z'amazzi, okusinziira ku kitongole ky'Amawanga Amagatte eky'ebyenkulaakulana (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).<ref name="Tanzania">{{cite web |title=Tanzania |url=https://www.heifer.org/about-us/where-we-work/tanzania.html |website=Heifer International}}</ref> Waliwo eby'obugagga bitono nnyo eri bannansi ba Tanzania mu nsonga z'okufuna looni, ebizimbe oba okufuna tekinologiya w'ebyobulimi, ekireetera enjala n'obwavu mu ggwanga okweyongera okusinziira ku UNDP.<ref name="Tanzania" /> Tanzania eri mu kifo kya 159 ku nsi 187 mu bwavu okusinziira ku United Nations Human Development Index (2014).<ref name="Tanzania" /> Alipoota ya bbanka y'ensi yonna eya 2019 yalaga nti mu myaka 10 egiyise, obwavu bukendeddeko ebitundu 8 ku buli kikumi, okuva ku 34.4% mu 2007 okutuuka ku 26.4% mu 2018.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2019 |title=Tanzania's Path to Poverty Reduction and Pro-Poor Growth |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzanias-path-to-poverty-reduction-and-pro-poor-growth |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Alipoota endala yalaga okukendeera okutuuka ku 25.7% mu 2020.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Tanzania at 60: GDP in sharp rise, poverty cut |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/tanzania-60-gdp-sharp-rise-poverty-cut |work=IPP Media}}</ref> '''Emmere n'endya''' Endya embi esigadde nga kizibu ekinyigiriza mu Tanzania era nga kyawukana nnyo mu bitundu by'eggwanga. USAID eripoota nti abaana ebitundu 16% bali wansi w'obuzito obusaanidde ate ebitundu 34% bafuna okukonziba olw'endya embi.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |title=Tanzania: Nutrition Profile |url=https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health/nutrition/countries/tanzania-nutrition-profile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024113234/https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health/nutrition/countries/tanzania-nutrition-profile |archive-date=24 October 2018 |access-date=18 October 2018 |website=[[USAID]] |language=en}}</ref> Ebitundu 10 birimu abaana ebitundu 58% abakonzibye ate ebitundu 50% ku baana abalumwa enjala ey'amaanyi basangibwa mu bitundu 5.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=UNICEF Tanzania—Nutrition—The situation |url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/nutrition.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102192139/https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/nutrition.html |archive-date=2 January 2019 |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=unicef.org}}</ref> Mu bbanga lya myaka 5, Disitulikiti ya Mara mu Tanzania yalaba okukendeera kwa bitundu 15% mu kukonziba mu baana abali wansi w'emyaka 5, nga kagwa okuva ku bitundu 46% okutuuka ku bitundu 31% mu 2005 ne 2010 ebyo. Kyokka, Dodoma, ku luuyi olulala, yalaba okweyongera kwa bitundu 7% mu kubunza kw'abaana mu kibinja kino eky'emyaka, nga kulinnya okuva ku bitundu 50% mu 2005 okutuuka ku bitundu 57% mu 2010.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Tanzania Assessment for Scaling Up Nutrition |url=http://apps.who.int/nutrition/landscape_analysis/TanzaniaLandscapeAnalysisFinalReport.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302164752/https://apps.who.int/nutrition/landscape_analysis/TanzaniaLandscapeAnalysisFinalReport.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |via=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> Okutwaliza awamu okubeerawo kw'emmere tekitegeeza nti kireeta okukonziba kw'abaana. Ebitundu bya Iringa, Mbeya, ne Rukwa, gye batwala okubeerawo kw'emmere okuba nga kusobola okukkirizibwa, era bikyalimu okukonziba okusukka mu bitundu 50%. Mu bitundu ebimu awabeera enjala, gamba nga mu bitundu bya Tabora ne Singida, okukonziba kusigala nga kutono bw'okugeraageranya n'okwo okulabibwa mu Iringa, Mbeya ne Rukwa.<ref name=":6" /> Ekitongole kya Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre kigamba nti enjawulo zino ziva ku njawulo mu ndya embi ey'abakyala ab'embuto, enkola embi ey'okuliisa abaana abawere, enkola embi[ ey'obuyonjo n'obujjanjabi obubi.<ref name=":6" /> Ebiseera by'ekyeya bisobola okukosa ennyo okukula kw'ebirime mu Tanzania. Ekyeya mu East Africa kivuddemu okweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'emmere enkulu nga kasooli n'obulo, ebirime ebikulu mu ndya y'abantu abasinga obungi mu Tanzania. Okuva mu 2015 okutuuka mu 2017, ebbeeyi ya kasooli bwe yagulibwa mu bungi yalinnya emirundi egisukka mu esatu, okuva ku TSh 400/= buli kilo okutuuka ku 1,253/= buli kilo.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Makoye |first=Kizito |title=Survey finds most Tanzanians go hungry, despite government denials |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tanzania-hunger-idUSL5N1GJ5CP |access-date=20 November 2018 |work=Reuters}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Tanzania| ]] [[Category:Ensi za Afirika]] [[Category:Ensi]] [[Category:Amawanga agasangibwa ku Ssemazinga wa Africa]] [[Category:Amawanga agasangibwa mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa]] [[Category:Baminisita ba Uganda]] [[Category:Buganda]] 6h7w60vpzsvm61h4nbsdxvwq8co9fdx 0 5750 75973 71276 2026-10-03T20:20:00Z Mackedia 11849 Removed an external link. 75973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisoga''', kabuga mu [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] mu masekkati ga Uganda. == Gyesangibwa, == Kisangibwa kilo mmita nga 15 ( ze mayiro nga 9.3),<ref>"Road Distance Between Mukono And Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> ng'okozesezza luguudo mu bukiika ddyo bw'obuvanjuba bwa [[Mukono (disitulikit)|Mukono]] (2014 pop. 161,996),<ref>"The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants". Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ekibuga ekinene ekisinga okuba okumpi era omusangibwa ekitebe kya disitulikiti. Endagiriro za Kisoga zennyini ziri: 0°15'10.0"N, 32°49'02.0"E (Latitude:0.252778; Longitude:32.817222).<ref>"Location of Kisoga At Google Maps" (Map). ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> == Ebifo eby'ensonga == Bino bye bimu ku bifo eby'ensonga mu oba okumpi ne Kisoga. * Ofiisi z'akabuga k'e Kisoga * Akatale ka Kisoga Central market * [[Oluguudo lwa Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga|Oluguudo lwa Kisoga -Kyetume -Katosi-Nyenga]] mu kabuga. Ekisoga , ekkubo mu bukiika ddyo eriweza kilo mmita 12(8 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref> ligenda mu bukiika ddyo e Katosi ku bukiika kkono bw'embalama z'ennyanja Nalubaale (Lake Victoria).Oluguudo lweyongerayo mu buvanjuba kilo mmita endala 55 (34 mi)<ref>"Road Distance Between Kisoga And Njeru With Map". Globefeed.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015</ref> okutuuka ku lutindo lw'e jinja olupya e [[Njeru]]. == Laba ne == * Olukalala lw'ebibuga n'obubuga mu Uganda * Olukalala lw'enguudo mu Uganda == Ebijuliziddwa. == [[Category:Ebitundu bya Uganda eby'enjawulo]] <references /> == Ebijuliziddwa wabweru wa Wikipedia == Manya Obubuga bwo: Kisoga , Mukono [[Category:Disitulikiti y'e Mukono]] [[Category:Ebifo ebirimu abantu mu Ttundutundu ly'Amasekkati, Uganda]] [[Category:Ebibuga ebiri mu kiwonvu]] k03maoqcddx9j9msjbm2b3y89e6q4nf 0 6573 75978 28131 2026-10-04T00:26:34Z Dostojewskij 2948 File:Coat of Arms of Novorossiysk.svg 75978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Coat of Arms of Novorossiysk.svg|thumb|200px|]] '''Novorossiysk''', ekibuga mu [[Rwasha]]. * Awamu: 2,983 km² * Abantu: 241,952 {{stub}} [[Category:Rwasha]] gn3ewl4jdov4tx3ks0a6q7fvs87dvgo 0 10615 75977 75821 2026-10-03T23:46:31Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 75977 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Loy Katali</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |12 October 1975 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nationality | class="infobox-data category" |Ugandan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Citizenship | class="infobox-data category" |Ugandan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Education | class="infobox-data" |Bachelor's degree in commerce and Masters of Business Administration from Makerere University |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation(s) | class="infobox-data role" |Politician and Accountant |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Years&nbsp;active | class="infobox-data" |2012-Date |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Political party | class="infobox-data org" |National Resistance Movement (NRM) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Opponent | class="infobox-data" |Peace Tibyaze |} '''Loy Katali''' (yazaalibwa nga 12 Ogwekumi 1975) [[:en:Ugandan|Munnayuganda]] [[:en:Politician|ow'ebyobufuzi]] era accountant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428094803/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=358 |archive-date=2021-04-28 |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=www.parliament.go.ug |url-status=live}}</ref> Ye mubaka omukyaala akiikirira [[:en:Jinja_District|Disitulikitti y'e Jinja]] mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamentti ya Uganda]] ey'ekumi. Ali mu kibiina eky'ebyobufuzi ekya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] .<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/post-elections-jinja-district-voters-task-tibyaze-on-service-delivery/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-14 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707040735/https://redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/post-elections-jinja-district-voters-task-tibyaze-on-service-delivery/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Emisomo == Mu mwaka gwa 2000, she was awarded a bachelor's degree in commerce from [./<nowiki>Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerere_University</nowiki> Makerere University].<ref name=":0"/> Mu mwaka gwa 2008, yafuna certificate okuva mu[[:en:Association_of_Chartered_Certified_Accountants|Association of Chartered Certified Accountants]], UK era oluvanyuma n'amaliriza diguli ya masters mu by'okudukanya bizinensi okuva mu [[Makerere y'akubiri ku ssemazinga|Yunivasitte y'e Makerere]] mu mwaka gwa 2009.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.mpscanug.com/profile/kataliloy/</ref> == Eby'afaayo ku mirimu == Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2012 okutuusa 2015, yakola nga offiisa w'ebyembalirira ku IGAD era oluvanyuma neyegatta ku [[:en:Ministry_of_Labour,_Public_Service_and_Human_Resource_Development_(South_Sudan)|Ministry of Labour]], Republic ya [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] nga consultant (financial management specialist) okuva mu mwaka gwa 2009 okutuusa 2011.<ref name=":0"/> Loy yali [[:en:Financial_accounting|financial accountant]] ku [[:en:Microfinance|Microfinance]] Support Centre Ltd okuva mu mwaa gwa 2004 okutuusa 2008. Wakati wa 2003 ne 2004, yali ccountant coordinator ku Directorate of Water Development.<ref name=":0" /> Mu kiseera kya 2001–2003, yaweebwa omulimu nga [[:en:Project_Accountant|Project Accountant]] ku [[:en:Uganda_Bureau_of_Statistics|Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]. Wakati wa 2000 ne 2001, yakola nga [[:en:Management_accountant|management accountant]] ku CELFMARK.<ref name=":0" /> Loy oluvanyuma yegatta ku Paalamentti ya Uganda nga mmemba wa Paalamenti okuva mu mwaka gwa 2016 okutuusa kati.<ref name=":0" /> Bwe yali mu [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamentti ya Uganda]], yaweereza ku professional body ku ttendekero lya Institute of Certified Public accountants mu Uganda ne Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, UK nga mmemba omujjuvu. Okugatako, yaweereza ku kakiiko k'ebyenfuna, okuteekateeka n'enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna nga omumyuuka wa ssentebbe.<ref name=":0" /> == Obulamu bwe == Mufumbo.<ref name=":0" /> Alina okwagala okungi mu kuyamaba abo abetaaga obuyambi nga ba namwandu ne bamulekwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Laba na bino == * [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda|Olukalala lwa ba mmemba mu Paalamenti ya Uganda ey'ekumi]] * [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]] * [[:en:Jinja_District|Disitulikitti y'e Jinja]] * [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Paalamenti ya Uganda]] == Ebijulizidwa == {{Reflist}} == Ebijulizidwa wa bweru wa wikipediya == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website ya Paalamenti ya Uganda] duhej00wppbmtdpgm51vbkztpc5j2vq 0 12167 75980 42619 2026-10-04T01:15:48Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 75980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ttiimu ya Uganda ey'abakazi ey'omuzannyo gwa hockey,''' ekiikirira [[Yuganda|Uganda]] mu mpaka z’abakazi ez’ensi yonna mu [[:en:Field_hockey|muzannyo gwa field hockey]] ng'era kidukanyizibwa ekibiina ekifuga omuzannyo gwa hockey ekya [[:en:Uganda_Hockey_Association|Uganda Hockey Association]], olukiiko olufuzi olw'omuzannyo gwa field hockey mu Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda - FIH |url=http://fih.ch/inside-fih/our-members/ugandahf/ |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=fih.ch |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108015221/http://www.fih.ch/inside-fih/our-members/ugandahf/ |archive-date=8 January 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Likodi mu mpaka == === Ekikopo ky'okulukalo lwa Afrika === * [[:en:2022_Women's_Hockey_Africa_Cup_of_Nations|2022]] – Kifo kya munaana * [[:en:2025_Women's_Hockey_Africa_Cup_of_Nations|2025]] – WD === Okusunsulamu abagenda mu mpaka za Olympics okuva mu Afrika === * [[:en:2019_Women's_African_Olympic_Qualifier|2019]] – Bazivaamu * [[:en:2023_Women's_African_Olympic_Qualifier|2023]] – Bazivaamu == Laba ne == * [[:en:Uganda_men's_national_field_hockey_team|Ttiimu ya Uganda ey'abasajja ey'omuzannyo gwa field hockey]] == Ebijuliziddwaamu == {{Reflist}} jeq1mu5cp83v46y1iqvli8359wnkodo 0 13945 75974 72752 2026-10-03T23:02:46Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 75974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<big>Denis Omedi</big>''' (yazaalibwa nga 13 omwezi Ogwomukaaga mu mwaka gwa 1994) [[Omupiira ogw'ebigere|muzannyi wa mupiira]] omukugu era Munnayuganda, azannya nga Omuwuwuttanyi mu kiraabu ya APR mu Rwanda Premier League ne [[Uganda Cranes ettiimu y'eggwanga|ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omupiira eya Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denis Omedi Stats and Profile |url=https://upl.ug/player/denis-omedi-kitara-fc-24/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=upl.ug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817152654/https://upl.ug/player/denis-omedi-kitara-fc-24/ |archive-date=2024-08-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Muyita |first=Joel |date=2025-01-08 |title=Omedi, Kiwanuka sign for Rwanda’s APR |url=https://kawowo.com/2025/01/08/omedi-kiwanuka-sign-for-rwandas-apr/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Emirimu gye mu kiraabu == Omedi omulimu gwe ogw'okusamba omupiira yagutandikira mu Booma FC esangibwa mu disitulikiti y’e [[Masindi (disitulikit)|Masindi]] . Oluvannyuma yeegatta ku [[Kitara FC]] mu sizoni ya 2023 okutuuka mu mwaka gwa 2024. Yeegatta ku kiraabu ya APR FC mu Rwanda Premier League mu mwaka gwa 2025. Yateeba ggoolo kkumi na taano(15) mu Uganda Premier League . Omedi yaweebwa engule y’omuzannyi w’omwezi mu mwezi Ogwokubiri mu mwaka gwa 2024, mu mpaka za Real Stars Awards ezaakugira e Lugogo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Kitara's Denis Omedi crowned footballer of February |url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/sports/kitara-s-denis-omedi-crowned-footballer-of-february--4546816#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=NTV Uganda |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921082132/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/sports/kitara-s-denis-omedi-crowned-footballer-of-february--4546816#google_vignette |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2"/> == Emirimu gye mu mawanga g'ebulaaya == Omedi azannye emipiira kkumi mu [[Uganda Cranes ettiimu y'eggwanga|Ttiimu y'eggwanga lya Uganda ;]] yateeba ggoolo ssatu n’okuwa asisiti nnya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2024 |title=Omedi: I thought Puskás Award nomination was a dream |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/2024/articles/denis-omedi-interview-puskas-award |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=FIFA}}</ref> Yayamba Uganda okufuna ekifo mu mpaka za African Cup of Nations 2025 ezaazannyibwa mu [[Morocco]] . Yateeba ggoolo nga bazanya Bafana Bafana mu mupiira gwa AFCON ogw’okusunsulamu ogwa 2025, ogwaggwa amaliri ga ggoolo 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiyonga |first=Ismael |date=2024-09-07 |title=How Uganda Cranes players rated in a four-goal thrilling draw with South Africa |url=https://kawowo.com/2024/09/07/how-uganda-cranes-players-rated-in-a-four-goal-thrilling-draw-with-south-africa/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebiruubirirwa by’ensi yonna == {| class="wikitable" !No. ! Olunaku/ omwezi ! Ekifo ! Gw'ebavuganya ! Okuteeba ! Alizaati ! Empaka |- | 1. 1. . | 6 Ssebutemba 2024 | Ekisaawe kya Orlando, Johannesburg, South Afrika | South Afrika | align="center" | '''1''' –1 | align="center" | 2–2 | rowspan="2" | [[:en:2025_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_qualification_Group_K|2025 Africa Cup of Nations qualification]] |- | 2. 2. . | 15 Okitobba 2024 | Ekisaawe kya Juba, Juba, South Sudan | South Sudan | align="center" | '''1''' –0 | align="center" | 2–1 |- | 3. 3. . | 23 Ddesemba 2025 | Ekisaawe kya Olympics e Rabat, Rabat, Morocco | Tunisia | align="center" | '''1''' –3 | align="center" | 1–3 | [[:en:2025_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_Group_C|2025 Africa Cup of Nations]] |} == Engule n’okusunsulwa == Omedi yasunsulwa mu mpaka za FIFA Puskas Award 2024 olw’okukuba rabona ku [[Kampala Capital City Authority FC|KCCA]] mu mpaka za [[Ekitongole kya Federation of Uganda Football Associations|FUFA]] Super 8.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiyonga |first=Ismael |date=2024-12-02 |title=CAF Awards 2024: Omedi rabona strike earns another nomination |url=https://kawowo.com/2024/12/02/caf-awards-2024-omedi-rabona-strike-earns-another-nomination/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Kawowo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Omedi: Rabona goal was work from training ground |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/soccer/omedi-rabona-goal-was-work-from-training-ground-4851300 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=FIFA Puskás Award 2024 {{!}} Denis Omedi |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/watch/dXKI6AhEN0qjG3aynCPJnw |archive-date= |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=FIFA}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=Voting open for 2024 FIFA Puskás Award |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/2024/articles/puskas-award-nominees |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=FIFA}}</ref> Ggoolo eno yavuganyizibwako mu bavuganya abalala 10 okuli Hassan Al Haydos, Terry Antonis, Yassine Benzia, Walter Bou, Michaell Chirinos, Federico Dimarco, Alejandro Garnacho, Mohammed Kudus, Jaden Philogene ne Paul Onuachu.<ref name=":0" /> Ggoolo ya rabona era yasunsulwa mu mutendera gwa Goal of the Year ogw’ekitiibwa mu mpaka za CAF Awards 2024, ekigifuula ggoolo yokka eya alongside Benzia's volley mu [[Algeria]] ne [[South Africa|South Afrika]] okufuna okusunsulwa kwombi mu CAF ne Puskas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiyonga |first=Ismael |date=2024-12-02 |title=Omedi wonder goal vs. KCCA earns FIFA Puskas, Caf Awards nomination |url=https://upl.co.ug/omedi-wonder-goal-vs-kcca-earns-fifa-puskas-caf-awards-nomination/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Uganda Premier League - Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Kazi Njema |date=2024-12-02 |title=Kitara’s Omedi’s rabona strike earns another nomination in CAF Awards 2024 |url=https://kazi-njemanews.com/kitaras-omedis-rabona-strike-earns-another-nomination-in-caf-awards-2024/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Kazi Njema News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |first=N. P. |date=2024-12-02 |title=Denis Omedi’s Rabona Strike Earns CAF Goal of the Year Nomination |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/sports/230345/denis-omedis-rabona-strike-earns-caf-goal-of-the-year-nomination |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#CAFAwards24 Goal of the Year shortlist revealed with fans to vote for the winner |url=https://www.cafonline.com/inside-caf/news/cafawards24-goal-of-the-year-shortlist-revealed-with-fans-to-vote-for-the-winner/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=#CAFAwards24 Goal of the Year shortlist revealed with fans to vote for the winner |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu mpaka za FIFA Puskás Awards eza 2024, omuteebi wa [[Kitara FC]] ne Ttiimu y'eggwanga lya Uganda yatuuka mu kifo kyakusatu n’obubonero 16. Okusunsulwa kwe kwajaguza ggoolo ye eya rabona gye yateeba nga bazannya ne [[Kampala Capital City Authority FC|KCCA FC.]] Ensimbi zino zaaweebbwa Ttiimu y'ebulaaya eya [[:en:Manchester_United_F.C.|Manchester United]] ne Alejandro Garnacho owa Argentina, ggoolo ye n’ekwata ekifo ekisooka n’obubonero abiri mu mukaaga (26), n’addirirwa Yassine Benzia n’ateeba South Afrika, n’efuna obubonero abiri mu biri (22).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okwi |first=Isaac |date=2024-12-17 |title=Omedi’s Rabona Magic Earns Sixth Place Finish in CAF Goal of the Year Race |url=https://nbssport.co.ug/2024/12/17/omedis-rabona-magic-earns-sixth-place-finish-in-caf-goal-of-the-year-race/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=NBS Sport |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219175216/https://nbssport.co.ug/2024/12/17/omedis-rabona-magic-earns-sixth-place-finish-in-caf-goal-of-the-year-race/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ng’oggyeeko ekyo, Omedi yali muvuganya mu mpaka za CAF Awards eza 2024, gye yasunsulwamu mu mutendera gwa Goal of the Year. Wadde yakola bulungi, yamalira mu kyamukaaga mu kulonda n’obululu 13,766. Engule eno yawangulwa Mabululu owa [[Angola]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okwi |first=Isaac |date=2024-12-17 |title=Omedi’s Rabona Magic Earns Sixth Place Finish in CAF Goal of the Year Race |url=https://nbssport.co.ug/2024/12/17/omedis-rabona-magic-earns-sixth-place-finish-in-caf-goal-of-the-year-race/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=NBS Sport |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219175216/https://nbssport.co.ug/2024/12/17/omedis-rabona-magic-earns-sixth-place-finish-in-caf-goal-of-the-year-race/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Omedi okuyingizibwa mu ngule zino kimufudde omusaale era kyayongedde ku ssuubi lye okukyusibwa. Endagaano y’omulimu gw'eyalina ku [[Kitara FC]] mu kiseera kino yali ya kuggwaako ku nkomerero ya sizoni ya 2024, era yalina omukisa okuva mu Spain, Pyramids FC eya Misiri ne Gor Mahia owa Kenya . Yafuna omukisa okuva e [[South Africa|South Afrika]] ne [[Libya]] okuva mu katale k’abazannyi akasooka.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gombe|first=David|date=2024|title=Denis Omedi set to leave Kitara FC|url=https://swiftsportsug.com/2024/12/02/denis-omedi-set-to-leave-kitara-fc/|work=Swiftsportsug|archive-date=2026-01-05|access-date=2026-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105153947/https://swiftsportsug.com/2024/12/02/denis-omedi-set-to-leave-kitara-fc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebijuliziddwa == [[Category:Omupiira mu Uganda]] 16ardrwkkh01fxpfpqcnbuhcdksmsak 0 15995 75976 75802 2026-10-03T23:35:14Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 75976 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Julie Owono''' yazaalibwa Cameroon mu 1986 kyokka n’akulira mu Russia. ounnamateeka omukyala omufaransa ne Cameroon nga kw’otadde n’okunoonyereza ku by’ensoma, era ennimi nnyingi aweereza nga dayirekita omukulu owa internet without borders(IWB) okuva mu mwaka gwa 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-06 |title=Facebook names 20 people to its 'Supreme Court' for content moderation |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-names-20-people-its-supreme-court-content-moderation-n1201181 |access-date=2026-09-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Culliford |first=Elizabeth |date=2020-06-02 |title=Factbox: Who are the first members of Facebook's oversight board? |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/factbox-who-are-the-first-members-of-facebooks-oversight-board-idUSKBN22I2MZ/ |access-date=2026-09-29 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=6EvQp2310oHv4Pumk5UwQfv6k7r5Yq |date=2023-07-04 |title=Cambodia bans 22 members of the Board of Directors of Meta Platforms. Inc from entering country |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501318760/cambodia-bans-22-members-of-the-board-of-directors-of-meta-platforms-inc-from-entering-country/ |access-date=2026-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>, era nga mmemba asoose ku lukiiko lwa facebook olwetongodde olulondoola emirimu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Career Julie Owono “French-speaking Africa is the area where there are the most needs concerning freedom of speech” – ANA |url=https://www.africanewsagency.fr/parcours-julie-owono-lafrique-francophone-est-la-zone-ou-il-y-a-le-plus-de-besoins-concernant-la-liberte-dexpression/?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126231038/https://www.africanewsagency.fr/parcours-julie-owono-lafrique-francophone-est-la-zone-ou-il-y-a-le-plus-de-besoins-concernant-la-liberte-dexpression/?lang=en |archive-date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2026-09-29 |website=www.africanewsagency.fr |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing the First Members of the Oversight Board {{!}} Oversight Board |url=https://www.oversightboard.com/news/announcing-the-first-members-of-the-oversight-board/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123052204/https://www.oversightboard.com/news/announcing-the-first-members-of-the-oversight-board/ |archive-date=2021-01-23 |access-date=2026-09-29 |website=www.oversightboard.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=Julie Owono: Affiliate |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/julie-owono |website=Berkman Klein Center}}</ref> alina akakwate n’ebifo ebikulembedde mu by’ensoma ku nkulungo ya bizinensi, eddembe ly’obuntu, n’obugezi obukozesebwa. == Obulamu obuto n’ebyenjigiriza == Owono yazaalibwa Cameroon naye n’akula mu Russia ne Bufalansa, ne n’okumufuula okubeera amanyi ennimi nnyingi, okwogera obulungi ennimi ttaano ez’enjawulo omuli Olurussia n’Oluewondo, olulimi lwe oluzaaliranwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonnemaker |first=Tyler |date=2020-09-26 |title=As Facebook prepares to outsource tough content decisions to its new 'Supreme Court,' experts warn it still operates within a dictatorship and can't legislate a better government |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/politics/as-facebook-prepares-to-outsource-tough-content-decisions-to-its-new-supreme-court/21mt4nt |access-date=2026-09-29 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref>yafuna diguli eyookubiri okuva mu yunivasite ya La Sorboonne yunivasite e Paris mu Bufalansa mu mateeka g’ensi yonna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owono |first=Julie |title=Julie Owono on about.me |url=https://about.me/julieowono |access-date=2026-09-29 |website=about.me |language=en}}</ref> yakola nga blogger w’amaloboozi g’ensi yonna era omuwandiisi w’endowooza mu Al-Jazeera, ng’akola ku byobufuzi bya Gulf of Guinea . okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2020 yakola ng’omukenkufu n’omukomentinga w’amawulire g’ensi yonna ku pulogulaamu nnyingi mu Lufalansa n’Olungereza ku France 24 nga eno ye mpewo y’ensi yonna ey’olukale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julie Owono · Contributor profile · Global Voices |url=https://globalvoices.org/author/julie-owono/ |access-date=2026-09-29 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Julie Owono |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/author/julie_owono_2011112312305930352 |access-date=2026-09-29 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Intaneeti Nga Tolina Nsalo == Mu makkati g'emyaka gya 2010, Owono yali mujjumbize mu Internet Sans Frontieres, "ekibiina ekitali kya magoba e Paris ekyali kiwagira eddembe ly'okwogera ku yintaneeti", <ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Adeoye |first=Aanu |date=2019-04-24 |title=The country where the internet has been shutdown for one year {{!}} CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/24/africa/chad-internet-shutdown-intl/index.html |access-date=2026-09-29 |work=CNN |language=en}}</ref>n'afuuka akulira emmeeza yaakyo eya Afrika.<ref name=":1" /> mu kifo ekyo, yasiima okukula kw'okukula kwa yintaneeti mu mawanga ga Afrika, kyokka n'alabula nti gavumenti zaabwe zirina okwewala okusengejja yintaneeti, n'agamba nti "[a] gavumenti teyinza kugamba nti eyagala kuyingira mu bujjuvu mu by'enfuna bya digito n'okuyisa ebintu ebikulu eby'ebyenfuna ebyo mu ngeri gye tulabye okutuusa kati".<ref name=":1" /> Mu 2018 ne 2019, ye yafuba okussa akazito ku gavumenti ya [[Chad]] okuzzaawo yintaneeti eyabadde esaliddwako ebitundu by’eggwanga ebimu. Owono yalaze nti okuziyiza kuno kwabaddewo "kubanga obutambi bw'okulwanagana okw'amaanyi mu kika ky'e Zaghawa mu bukiikakkono bwa Chad bwali bugabibwa ku WhatsApp".<ref name=":1" />Owono yafuba okusendasenda bannamagye g’amawanga g’obugwanjuba abakolagana nabo okussa akazito ku gavumenti ya Chad okuzzaawo enkola eno kyokka n’aggwaamu essuubi olw’engeri gye yazzeemu. Owono era yalabirira omukolo gw’okusonda ssente okugula bannamawulire n’abalwanirizi b’eddembe ly’obuntu VPN ey’omutindo ogwa waggulu, ogwasonda €2,000 ($2250).<ref name=":1" /> Mu 2020, Owono yali omu ku bantu 20 ssekinnoomu okuva mu nsi yonna abaalondebwa amannya mu lukiiko lwa Facebook Oversight Board, ekibiina ekyatandikibwawo okusalawo ebiddirira mu kusooka ku nsonga z’okutereeza ebirimu ku mikutu gya Facebook ne Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shead |first=Jessica Bursztynsky,Sam |date=2020-05-06 |title=These are the people Facebook put in charge of deciding whether to delete controversial posts |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/06/facebook-names-first-members-of-oversight-board-for-content-moderation.html |access-date=2026-09-29 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> == Olukiiko olulondoola emirimu gya META == Julie Owono abadde mmemba asoose ku lukiiko olulondoola emirimu gya Meta Oversight Board okuva lwe lwatandikibwawo mu 2020. Mu kifo kino, ayamba ku mulimu gwa Board ogw’okwekenneenya n’okusalawo okusiba ku misango egy’okutereeza ebirimu ebizibu mu mikutu gya Meta gyonna, omuli Facebook ne Instagram. Omulimu gwa Owono guggumiza obukulu bw’okukuuma eddembe ly’okwogera ate nga tukola ku bintu eby’obulabe. Okusukka obuvunaanyizibwa bwe obw’okusalawo, Owono yeenyigira nnyo mu mboozi z’olukale ku nfuga y’ebirimu. Yetaba mu mikolo egy'enjawulo n'okukubaganya ebirowoozo, omuli okulabika ku podcast nga "Wonks and War Rooms", <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Elizabeth |date=2023-03-08 |title=Meta Oversight Board with Julie Owono |url=https://www.polcommtech.com/post/meta-oversight-board-with-julie-owono |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=PolCommTech.ca |language=en}}</ref> gye yanyonyola ku nkola z'olukiiko olulondoola n'okusoomoozebwa kw'okutereeza ebirimu. Okutegeera kwe kuyamba mu mboozi empanvu ku bwerufu, obuvunaanyizibwa, n’obuvunaanyizibwa obukyukakyuka obw’emikutu gy’empuliziganya mu kuddukanya okwogera ku yintaneeti. == Enkolagana n’okunoonyereza == Julie Owono yeenyigira nnyo mu kutumbula ensengekera ya bizinensi, eddembe ly’obuntu, n’obugezi obukozesebwa ng’ayita mu nkolagana ye n’ebitongole by’ebyenjigiriza n’okunoonyereza ebiwerako. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Owono |first=Julie |last2=Lenard |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Wallsten |first3=Scott |date=2025-05-12 |title=Julie Owono on the Importance of Establishing a Democratic Agenda for Content Governance - Publications |url=https://techpolicyinstitute.org/publications/content-moderation/julie-owono-on-the-importance-of-establishing-a-democratic-agenda-for-content-governance/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The Technology Policy Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye munoonyereza mu Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society mu Harvard University, gy’assa essira ku nfuga y’ebirimu, eddembe lya digito, n’empisa ezikwata ku tekinologiya agenda okuvaayo. Ku Berkeley Human Rights Center, ayongera okunoonyereza ku ngeri obugezi obukozesebwa gye bukwata ku bantu abasuuliddwa ku mabbali n’ebyenfuna bya digito mu nsi yonna. Emabegako, Owono yatandikawo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Program on Democracy and the Internet Launches New Content Policy & Society Lab (CPSL) |url=https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/news/pdi-project-launch/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Stanford PACS |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529134732/https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/news/pdi-project-launch/ |archive-date=2025-05-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Content Policy and Society Lab (CPSL) mu Stanford University, laboratory y’okunoonyereza <ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles about Content Policy & Society Lab - The Stanford Daily |url=https://stanforddaily.com/tag/content-policy-society-lab/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> eyeewaddeyo okunoonyereza ku nkozesa y’enkola y’abakwatibwako abangi mu nfuga ya tekinologiya agenda okuvaayo (Stanford PACS). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fellow |first=Practitioner |last2=Lab |first2=Digital Civil Society |last3=PACS |first3=Stanford |title=Julie Owono |url=https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/person/julie-owono/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Stanford PACS |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518111348/https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/person/julie-owono/ |archive-date=2025-05-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> CPSL yayamba nnyo mu kwekenneenya engeri amaloboozi ag’enjawulo, omuli ebibiina by’obwannakyewa, abakola enkola, ne kkampuni za tekinologiya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=[INTERVIEW] "Exploring different options within Content Policy" with Julie Owono |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/public/chaire-numerique/en/2022/05/13/interview-exploring-different-options-within-content-policy-with-julie-owono/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> gye gayinza okukolagana okukola enkola z’enfuga ezirimu abantu bonna ku AI ne tekinologiya omulala ow’omulembe. Ng’oggyeeko eby’ensoma, Owono ye Dayirekita wa lukiiko omututumufu era mmemba w’olukiiko oluwabula ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebiwerako ebyewaddeyo eri eddembe lya digito, eddembe ly’okwogera, n’okukozesa AI mu mpisa. Ye mmemba ku lukiiko olufuzi olw’akakiiko akakuuma bannamawulire (CPJ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=CPJ welcomes newsroom and human rights leaders to board of directors |url=https://cpj.org/2024/03/cpj-welcomes-newsroom-and-human-rights-leaders-to-board-of-directors/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> Witness, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Julie Owono |url=https://www.witness.org/portfolio_page/julie-owono/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=WITNESS |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219084459/https://www.witness.org/portfolio_page/julie-owono/ |archive-date=2025-02-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Meedan, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Core Values & Team |url=https://meedan.com/about-us/team |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=meedan.com |language=en}}</ref> ne Pulojekiti y’okwogera okw’akabi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://www.dangerousspeech.org/team |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.dangerousspeech.org |language=en}}</ref> Okugatta ku ekyo, aweereza ku lukiiko oluwabula ku Latimer AI, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Latimer: AI for Everyone - Inclusive Language Model |url=https://www.latimer.ai |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.latimer.ai |language=en}}</ref> enteekateeka etunuulidde okutondawo enkola za AI ezirimu abantu bonna ezissa ekitiibwa mu ddembe ly’obuntu. Omulimu gwa Owono gulaga okwewaayo kwe okulwanirira enfuga ey’empisa mu mulembe gwa AI, okulaba nga tekinologiya agenda okuvaayo akolebwa era n’ateekebwa mu nkola mu ngeri ezikuuma omutindo gw’eddembe ly’obuntu mu nsi yonna <ref>{{Cite web |title=How the internet and ChatGPT will cause the rise or fall of our society with Julie Owono - The Executive Appeal with Alex D. Tremble |url=https://the-executive-appeal.captivate.fm/episode/93-how-the-internet-and-chatgpt-will-casuse-the-rise-or-fall-of-our-societywith-julie-owono |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=the-executive-appeal.captivate.fm |language=en}}</ref> ate nga guyingizaamu endowooza ez’enjawulo, ez’abakwatibwako abangi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Julie Owono |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/julie-owono/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502214826/https://www.weforum.org/people/julie-owono/ |archive-date=2025-05-02 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> == Engule & Ebitiibwa == Julie Owono abadde asiimibwa olw’emirimu gye egy’amaanyi mu by’obusuubuzi, eddembe lya Digital, enfuga ya yintaneeti, n’eddembe ly’obuntu. Wansi waliwo olukalala lw’engule n’ebitiibwa bye ebikulu: * '''2019-2021''' : Omukugu mu kukola emirimu, Digital Civil Society Lab, Stanford PACS, Yunivasite ya Stanford <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fellow |first=Practitioner |last2=Lab |first2=Digital Civil Society |last3=PACS |first3=Stanford |title=Julie Owono |url=https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/person/julie-owono/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Stanford PACS |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518111348/https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/person/julie-owono/ |archive-date=2025-05-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''2019-2020''' : Munnaffe, Berkman Klein Center, Yunivasite ya Harvard <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Julie Owono {{!}} Berkman Klein Center |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/julie-owono |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=cyber.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> * '''2020''' : Omu ku Bannayuganda 100 abasinga obuyinza, New African Magazine <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=100 Most Influential Africans hector |url=https://100.newafricanmagazine.com/2020/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603104329/https://100.newafricanmagazine.com/2020/ |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref> * '''2021''' : Yawandiikibwa Nob Hill Gazette ow'e San Francisco ng'omu ku bakyala abasinga amaanyi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Written by Jennifer Massoni Pardini {{!}} Photography by Spencer |date=2022-03-04 |title=Women In Power: Future/Female |url=https://www.nobhillgazette.com/people/profile/women-in-power-future-female/article_e8cef9f6-8f1b-551a-9cf4-8d336117463c.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=nobhillgazette.com |language=en}}</ref> * '''2022''' : Omuntu w'abasuubuzi ow'omwaka, ekibiina ky'abasuubuzi mu Bufalansa-Amerika ekya San Francisco <ref>{{Cite web |last=Labriet-Gross |first=Hélène |date=2022-05-24 |title=FABA : les gagnants de l'édition 2022 sont... |url=https://www.frenchmorning.com/faba-les-gagnants-de-ledition-2022-sont/?slug=628630-82306-9802a1&token=a600710f7f02ef6b4bcffb82a70858be678b7ca744f0e620063934c332aadbe9 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=French Morning US |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * '''2022''' : Fellow, Enteekateeka ya Demokulasiya ne yintaneeti, Stanford PACS, Yunivasite ya Stanford <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fellow |last2=Democracy |first2=Program on |last3=Internet |first3=the |title=Julie Owono |url=https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/person/julie-owono-2/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Stanford PACS |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515025646/https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/person/julie-owono-2/ |archive-date=2025-05-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''2024''' : Fellow, Ekitongole ky'Eddembe ly'Obuntu, Yunivasite y'e California, Berkeley <ref>{{Cite web |title=Julie Owono |url=https://humanrights.berkeley.edu/people/julie-owono/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Berkeley Human Rights Center |language=en}}</ref> == Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa == {{Reflist}} == Enkolagana ez’ebweru == * {{Cite web |last=Stanford Engineering Staff |date=2021-03-16 |title=Julie Owono: How local voices will shape the global internet |url=https://engineering.stanford.edu/magazine/article/julie-owono-how-local-voices-will-shape-global-internet |access-date=2021-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503221516/https://engineering.stanford.edu/magazine/article/julie-owono-how-local-voices-will-shape-global-internet |archive-date=2021-05-03 |url-status=dead}} [[Category:Abantu Abalamu]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:CS1 Lufalansa-language sources (fr)]] mjn8r9bzqu8epc3jom1t5ph214jgluc 0 16002 75975 75894 2026-10-03T23:27:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6271 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 75975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q57388}} '''Joyce Hilda Banda''' (eyazaalibwa nga Ntila; yazaalibwa nga 12 Apuli 1950) ye munnabyabufuzi, omusomesa era omulwanirizi w’eddembe okuva e Malawi eyakolanga ng’omukulembeze wa Malawi ow’okuna okuva mu 2012 okutuuka mu 2014. Yafuuka pulezidenti oluvannyuma lw’okufa kwa Bingu wa Mutharika, gwe yakolera nga vice president ow’okuna okuva mu 2009 okutuuka mu 2012. Omubaka wa People’s Party, Banda abadde akulembera ekibiina kino okuva lwe kyatandikibwawo mu 2011. Ye mukyala asooka okuba pulezidenti wa Malawi era omutwe gw’eggwanga ogwokubiri, oluvannyuma lwa Elizabeth II, era omutwe gw’eggwanga ogwokubiri mu Africa, oluvannyuma lwa Ellen Johnson Sirleaf owa Liberia. Banda yazaalibwa mu Malemia, n’asoma ku Columbus University ne Royal Roads University n’afuna diguli ya bachelor’s ne master’s degree mu arts, ate Atlantic International University n’afuna diguli ya bachelor’s mu social science mu myaka gy’emyaka gya 1970. Oluvannyuma yatandikawo Joyce Banda Foundation, National Association of Business Women (NABW), Young Women Leaders Network, ne Hunger Project. Banda yayingira ebyobufuzi mu 1999 era n’alondebwa mu National Assembly nga memba wa United Democratic Front (UDF) ekibiina kya Pulezidenti Bakili Muluzi. Mu 2004, Banda yateekebwako Minisita w’eby’obulamu bw’abakyala, abaana n’okukola emirimu gy’abantu abakulu okuva eri Pulezidenti Mutharika. Mu kiseera kye mu kifo kino, yakakasizza etteeka lya Domestic Violence Bill erya 2006, era n’ateekawo National Platform for Action on Orphans and Vulnerable Children ne Zero Tolerance Campaign Against Child Abuse. Banda oluvannyuma yateekebwako Minisita w’eby’ensonga z’ebweru, era n’akyusa obuwanguzi bwa Malawi okuva ku Republic of China okudda ku People’s Republic of China ng’agezaako okuleeta enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna mu Malawi. Mu 2009, Mutharika yaddamu okulonda era n’alonda Banda okuba omubaka we mu kulonda okw’eggwanga, era tikiti yaabwe n’ewangula, n’afuuka vice president asooka. Ekiseera kya Banda nga vice president kyali kijjudde obutakkaanya wakati we ne Mutharika kubanga Banda yagaana okukkiriza muganda wa Mutharika Peter okubeera omusika we ku bukulembeze bw’eggwanga. Banda oluvannyuma yasindikibwa ebweru mu DPP era n’atandikawo People’s Party, naye n’asigala nga vice president nga bwe kiragiddwa mu Ssemateeka. Mu April 2012, Mutharika yafa; nga bwe kiri mu Ssemateeka, Banda nga vice president yandifuuse pulezidenti. Naye abamu ku ba DPP abaalina obwesige eri Mutharika baagezaako okuteekawo muganda we nga pulezidenti, ne batandika obuzibu mu kusikira obukulembeze. Wadde nga kino kyaliwo, Banda, nga bwe kiragiddwa mu mateeka, yafuuka pulezidenti ng’ayambibwa amagye agawagira Ssemateeka. Mu 2014, Banda yawangulwa mu kulonda okw’eggwanga Peter Mutharika, muganda wa Bingu eyafa. Nga Banda mu kusooka yagaana okukkiriza n’asaba okulonda okuddamu, ng’agamba nti waliwo obubbi, oluvannyuma yakkiriza n’awaayo obuyinza eri Mutharika nga 31 May. Mu June 2014, Forbes yamulonda nga omukyala ow’amaanyi ogw’okusatu mu nsi yonna era nga ye mukyala ow’amaanyi ennyo mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burho |first=Moira Forbes, Maggie McGrath, Erin Spencer Sairam, Erika |title=Forbes World’s Most Powerful Women of 2025 |url=https://https//www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/ |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>Mu October 2014, yateekebwa mu BBC’s 100 Women.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-26 |title=Who are the 100 Women 2014? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-29758792 |access-date=2026-10-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Obulamu bwe n’obw’eka == [[File:Joyce Banda 2025 (profile).jpg|thumb|Banda mu 2025]] Joyce Hilda Ntila<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-10 |title=Joyce Banda: Malawi's first female president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17662916 |access-date=2026-10-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> yazaalibwa nga 12 April 1950 mu Malemia, ekyalo mu Zomba District eya Nyasaland (kati Malawi).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawian President quietly celebrates 62nd birthday {{!}} Malawi news, Malawi - NyasaTimes breaking online news source from Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/12/malawian-president-quietly-celebrates-62nd-birthday/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414023610/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/04/12/malawian-president-quietly-celebrates-62nd-birthday/ |archive-date=2012-04-14 |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=www.nyasatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JB Celebrates Her 62 Birthday In Private {{!}} Malawi Voice |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/2012/04/12/jb-celebrates-her-62-birthday-in-private-67799/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414080836/http://www.malawivoice.com/2012/04/12/jb-celebrates-her-62-birthday-in-private-67799/ |archive-date=2012-04-14 |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=www.malawivoice.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Yasoma ku Providence Secondary School.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Nation |date=2020-03-31 |title=Faith’s rise against odds |url=https://mwnation.com/faiths-rise-against-odds/ |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Kitaawe yali omuyimbi wa police brass band. Yatandika okukola nga secretary era n’afuuka omuntu amanyiddwa ennyo mu kiseera kya dictator Hastings Banda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-06 |title=Joyce Banda poised for Malawi presidency |url=https://capitalfm.africa/joyce-banda-poised-for-malawi-presidency/ |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=Capital FM Kenya |language=en-US}}</ref> Yafuna Cambridge School Certificate, Bachelor of Arts Degree mu Early Childhood Education okuva mu Columbus University (ekitongole ekitalina kukkirizibwa), Bachelor of Social Studies mu Gender Studies okuva mu Atlantic International University (nayo etalina kukkirizibwa) ne Diploma mu Management of NGOs okuva mu International Labour Organization (ILO) Centre mu Turin, Italy. Atlantic International University kyogerwako ng’ekifo ekikola diguli ezitali za mazima, era diguli zaayo zikyusiddwa nnyo nga “fake.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-28 |title=Probe IGP's ‘Fake’ doctorate degree - Academics |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Probe-IGP-s-Fake-doctorate-degree-Academics-481571 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229191248/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Probe-IGP-s-Fake-doctorate-degree-Academics-481571 |archive-date=2024-12-29 |access-date=2026-10-01 |work=GhanaWeb |language=en-US |url-status=live}}</ref>” Yafuna ne Master of Arts degree mu Leadership okuva mu Royal Roads University mu Canada, ne doctorate ey’ekitiibwa mu 2013 okuva mu Jeonju University.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2019 |title=Liberia, Malawi, and Central African Republic |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666992373.ch-002 |journal=Empowering Women |pages=23–44 |doi=10.5040/9781666992373.ch-002}}</ref> Yawasa Roy Kachale, gye yazaala abaana basatu. Nga ali ku myaka 25, yali abeera Nairobi, Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=How Nairobi shaped future president |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/how-nairobi-shaped-future-president--808056 |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1975, okugenda mu maaso kw’abakyala mu Kenya kwalaga Banda okutwala abaana be basatu n’ava mu bufumbo obwali bumukubiriza obubi.[14] Obufumbo bwe ne Roy Kachele bwaggwa mu 1981. Oluvannyuma yawasa Richard Banda, omulamuzi omukulu ow’eddembe mu Malawi, gye yazaala abaana babiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moderator |date=2013-04-10 |title=Stories on Malawi: (20) New tweets matching Malawi |url=https://storiesonmalawi.blogspot.com/2013/04/20-new-tweets-matching-malawi_6790.html |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=Stories on Malawi}}</ref> Wakati wa 1985 ne 1997 Banda yakulembera era n’atandikawo bizinensi n’ebitongole ebitali bimu nga Ndekani Garments (1985), Akajuwe Enterprises (1992), ne Kalingidza Bakery (1995). Okutuuka kwe kwamuleetera okuyamba abakyala abalala okufuna obwetwaze mu by’enfuna n’okumalawo obwavu n’okukozesebwa obubi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Friends of UNFPA – Channel Foundation |url=https://www.channelfoundation.org/legacy-grantees/unfpa/ |access-date=2026-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ye muganda wa Anjimile Oponyo, eyali CEO wa Raising Malawi Academy for Girls, eyayambibwa Madonna.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2012-04-16 |title=Madonna: I’m happy Joyce Banda is Malawi’s leader |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/madonna-im-happy-joyce-banda-is-malawis-leader/ |access-date=2026-10-01 |work=The Namibian |language=en-US}}</ref> == Obulamu bw’ebyobufuzi == === Emirimu gy’obukulembeze (1999–2009) === Joyce Banda yayingira mu byobufuzi mu 1999. Yawangula ekifo mu Palamenti mu kulonda kwa Malawi okwokusatu okwa demokulasiya ng’omubaka wa kibiina kya Pulezidenti Bakili Muluzi, United Democratic Front. Yakikiriranga Zomba Malosa constituency.<ref name=":1" /> Muluzi yamuteekako nga Minisita w’eby’obusajja n’eby’abantu. Nga minisita, yakola okulwanyisa okussa mu mateeka Domestic Violence Bill eyali etaddeko emyaka musanvu nga tekyakolebwa. Yakola National Platform for Action ku baana abatalina bazadde n’abaana abali mu buzibu era n’atandika Zero Tolerance Campaign Against Child Abuse.<ref name=":1" /> Mu 2004, yaddamu okulondebwa nga memba wa kibiina kya Muluzi. Bingu wa Mutharika yafuuka Pulezidenti. Newankubadde Banda teyali memba wa kibiina kye, Mutharika yamuteekako nga Minisita w’eby’ensonga z’ebweru mu 2006. Banda yasindika okukyusa engeri Malawi gye yakkiriza gavumenti ya China okuva ku Republic of China (ku Taiwan) okudda ku People’s Republic of China ku lukalu; yagamba nti kino kyandireese obugagga eri Malawi. Mu 2010, China yamaliriza okuzimba ekizimbe kipya kya Palamenti e Lilongwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China-Malawi cooperation very good: Malawian diplomat - People's Daily Online |url=https://en.people.cn/n/2015/0420/c90883-8880774.html |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=en.people.cn}}</ref> === Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti (2009–2012) === Banda yagenda mu kalulu ka 2009 nga omuwandiisi wa DP, ng’awerekerwako Mutharika, omuwandiisi wa DP ow’obwapulezidenti. Yaweereza nga omukyala asooka okuba omumyuka wa Pulezidenti mu Malawi. Mu kusalawo okutali kwategeerekeka okuva mu DPP, Joyce Banda ne second vice-president Khumbo Kachali baasimbibwa nga bamumyuka ba DPP nga 12 December 2010 olw’ebikolwa ‘eby’okulwanyisa ekibiina. Mu kugezaako okumugoba, pulezidenti yeeyongera okumuwa emirimu egyali gyakolebwako Callista Mutharika, eyateekebwa mu kabineeti mu September 2011. Kkooti yagaana Mutharika okumugoba nga omumyuka wa Pulezidenti ku nsonga za ssemateeka. Kino kyali kirimu okuggyako emotoka ye ey’obukulembeze n’okumugaana okuwandiisa ekibiina kye ekipya. Ku 8 September 2011, ekifo ky’omumyuka wa Pulezidenti kyalekebwa mu kukyusa kabineeti. Naye yali akyali Vice-President mu mateeka kubanga ekifo kino kyali kisabiddwa mu ssemateeka. Yayogerwako omwogezi wa DPP Hetherwick Ntaba okulekulira ekifo ky’omumyuka wa Pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2011-10-12 |title=Bingu drags VP to court on ‘constructive resignation’ {{!}} Nyasa Times |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/bingu-drags-vp-to-court-on-constructive-resignation/ |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==== Ebibiina mu DPP ==== [[File:Joyce Banda Department for International Development photo crop.jpg|thumb|Banda mu 2012]] Enkolagana wakati wa Banda ne Pulezidenti Bingu wa Mutharika yali etandise okubaamu obutakkaanya olw’okugezaako kwa Mutharika okuteekawo muganda we Peter Mutharika ng’omusikira we. Newankubadde nga yasibwa ku kifo ky’obumyuka bwa Pulezidenti wa DPP wamu ne Second Vice-President Khumbo Kachali, yakomekkereza okukola nga omumyuka wa Pulezidenti wa Malawi nga bwe kirambikiddwa mu ssemateeka. Kino kyaleetera abantu bangi okuva mu DPP n’okutandika ebibiina ebyamuwagira okufuuka Pulezidenti wa Malawi mu kulonda kwa 2014.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Statement by Samuel Itam, Executive Director for Malawi December 3, 2008 |url=https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451828207.002.a004 |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=doi.org}}</ref> DPP yagaana nti abantu bangi tebaavaamu era n’egamba nti baali batono bokka.<ref name=":2" /> ==== People’s Party ==== Banda ye mutandisi era mukulembeze wa People’s Party, eyatandikibwa mu 2011 oluvannyuma lw’okugobebwa mu DPP bwe yagaana okuwagira muganda wa Pulezidenti Mutharika omuto Peter Mutharika ng’omusikira we mu kulonda kwa 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malawi’s Vice President Joyce Banda Expelled From Ruling Party |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-12-13/malawi-s-vice-president-joyce-banda-expelled-from-ruling-party |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422082224/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-12-13/malawi-s-vice-president-joyce-banda-expelled-from-ruling-party |archive-date=2022-04-22 |access-date=2026-10-01 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> === Pulezidenti (2012 – May 2014) === ===== Okukyusa obuyinza ===== Ku 5 April 2012, Pulezidenti Mutharika yafa.[31] Oluvannyuma lw’okufa kwe gavumenti yalemwa okutegeeza abantu mu budde nti pulezidenti afudde. Kino kyaleeta okutya kw’okubaawo kw’obuzibu mu ssemateeka mu Malawi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Potential crisis looms in Malawi amid reports of president's death |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-04-06/africa/world_africa_malawi-president_1_malawians-president-bingu-wa-mutharika-patricia-kaliati?_s=PM:AFRICA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515054125/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-04-06/africa/world_africa_malawi-president_1_malawians-president-bingu-wa-mutharika-patricia-kaliati?_s=PM:AFRICA |archive-date=2012-05-15 |access-date=2026-10-01 |work=CNN |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>[32][33][34][35] Agence France-Presse yayogera ku Pulezidenti wa Malawi eyasooka Bakili Muluzi ng’agamba nti “ssemateeka alina okugobererwa”, ng’agamba nti omumyuka wa pulezidenti ateekeddwa okutwala obuyinza mu ssemateeka. “Ndi kusaba ssemateeka agobererwe, okukuuma emirembe n’obutebenkevu. Amateeka ga Malawi galambika bulungi nti omumyuka wa pulezidenti atwala obuyinza singa pulezidenti aliwo tasobola kukulembera. Tulina okwewala ekizibu ky’obutabanguko. Tugoberere ssemateeka. Tetulina ky’okusalawo okuggyako okugoberera ssemateeka. Ky’amaanyi nnyo nti waliwo emirembe n’obutebenkevu.”[36] Ab’ebyokwerinda ba Malawi nabo baayagala ssemateeka agobererwe.[37] Ekitongole ky’amateeka ekya Malawi Law Society kyakakasa nti mu kitundu 83(4) mu ssemateeka wa Malawi, ye yali omusikira omutuufu ku bukulembeze bwa Pulezidenti.[38] Ku 7 April, kabineeti ya Malawi yasaba kkooti okugaana Banda okufuuka pulezidenti. Ye n’akuba essimu eri omuduumizi w’amagye, General Henry Odillo, n’amusaba amuwagire. Yamukkiriza n’ateekawo abajaasi okwetooloola ennyumba ye.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=David |date=2012-04-29 |title=Malawi's Joyce Banda puts women's rights at centre of new presidency |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/29/malawi-president-joyce-banda-women-rights |access-date=2026-10-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Joyce Banda yalayirwa ku 7 April 2012 ng’omukulembeze wa Malawi, omukazi asoose okubeera mu kifo kino.[40] Omulamuzi omukulu Lovemore Munlo yali akulira omukolo ogwali ku National Assembly mu Lilongwe.[31] Oluvannyuma lw’okulayira, Banda yasaba obumu bw’eggwanga. “Njagala ffenna tukyuse tugende mu maaso n’essuubi n’omwoyo gw’obumu n’obwegassi... Nsuubira tujja kubeera bumu era nsuubira nti ng’eggwanga erisaba Katonda, twakkirize Katonda ajje mu maaso gaffe kubanga singa tetukikola, tuba tumaze okulemererwa.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |first=News |title=Joyce Banda sworn in as president of Malawi |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/4/8/joyce-banda-sworn-in-as-president-of-malawi |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Abamawulire ba Malawi n’ensi yonna baalaga okutongoza kwa Joyce Banda nga kwali kwa mirembe. Baakuyita obuwanguzi bwa demokulaasi. Olupapula lwa Malawi Sunday Times lwagamba nti okutongoza kwa pulezidenti omuggya kwali “kuyambye okunyweza n’okussa obuwangwa bwa demokulaasi mu ggwanga.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-01 |title=Home |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda |access-date=2026-10-01 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> === Okulonda abakungu ba Cabinet n’okufiirwa okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 2014 === Ku 26 April 2012, Banda yalonda cabinet ye eyali erimu baminisita 23 n’abamyuka baabwe mwenda. Yawaayo ebifo eby’enkizo okunyweza amaanyi ge nga mukulembeze w’eggwanga.[42] Ku 10 October 2013, ennaku entono oluvannyuma lw’okudda okuva ku lugendo lwe ku UN, Banda yasazaamu cabinet ye oluvannyuma lw’ekikangabwa kya Capital Hill Cashgate scandal.[43][44] Ku 15 October, cabinet empya yalondebwa era omuwandiisi wa byensimbi Ken Lipenga ne minisita w’ebyamateeka Ralph Kasambara baasazibwako mu cabinet. Mu May 2014 Joyce Banda yawangulwa nnyo mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Yalemwa okugezaako okusazaamu okulonda. Teyagenda ku kukyala kw’omuwanguzi Peter Mutharika, naye yamukubira essanyu.[45] Yatandika okubeera ebweru wa Malawi mu 2014. Ekiragiro ky’okumukwata ku nsonga z’obulyake mu kiseera kye nga Pulezidenti kyategekebwa nga 31 July 2017, newankubadde yali akyali ebweru w’eggwanga.[46] Yegaana emisango gino n’agamba nti ajja kudda okugiwulira.[47] === Enkolagana y’ensi yonna === Mu myaka egyasooka okutuuka ku bukulembeze bwa Banda, Malawi yali mu mbeera embi ey’ebyenfuna olw’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala mu bufuzi bwa Bingu wa Mutharika. Mu mwaka ogwasembayo ogw’obufuzi bwa Mutharika, Bungereza, Amerika, Germany, Norway, European Union, World Bank ne African Development Bank byonna byaleka okuwa obuyambi bw’ebyensimbi. Baalaga okutya ku bikolwa bya Mutharika ku demokulasiya mu ggwanga n’obukulembeze bwe obwali butandise okubaamu obutabanguko. Mu March 2012, Mutharika yagamba abakungu bano abava ebweru nti “mugende mu hell.” Yabalumiriza okutegeka okuggyawo gavumenti ye.[48] Ekimu ku bizibu bya Banda ng’omukulembeze kyali kuddamu okuzimba enkolagana n’abawa obuyambi. Era yalina ekizibu eky’okuddamu okuzimba enkolagana n’eggwanga lye erya Malawi nga Mozambique, n’amawanga agali mu kitundu nga Botswana. Mu wiiki esooka ey’obufuzi bwe, Banda yatandika okukola enkolagana empya okuddamu okuzimba enkolagana ya Malawi n’amawanga amalala.[49] Yayogera ne Henry Bellingham ow’ekitongole kya United Kingdom’s Foreign Office. Yamusuubiza nti omubaka omupya owa Bungereza ajja kutumibwa “mu kiseera ekisinga obumpi.” Yayogera ne Secretary of State Hillary Clinton owa Amerika. Clinton yasubiza okuddamu okuteesa ku ssente za $350 million ez’amasannyalaze mu bwangu ddala. Banda yalangirira enteekateeka okwogera ne Baroness Ashton ow’ekitongole kya European Union’s Foreign Affairs office ne Ruby Randall, omukiise wa IMF mu Malawi. Ye ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Michael Sata baali bamaze okuteesa ku kuddamu okukola enkolagana ennungi.[49] Okusanyusa abawa obuyambi, gavumenti ya Banda era yagaana mu June 2012 okutegekera olukiiko lw’African Union mu July kubanga AU yali egambye nti pulezidenti wa Sudan Omar al-Bashir aweebwe obukakafu nti Malawi ejja kwegaana okuweereza ekiragiro kya ICC ekimukwata; Cabinet yasalawo nti embeera zino tezikkirizibwa.[50] Banda yayogerwako Forbes nga omukyala ow’amaanyi asinga obungi mu nsi, erinnya ly’omu Afrika erisinga obunene ku lukalala. === Enkola y'eggwanga === ===== Obubonero bw'eggwanga ===== [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Malawi eyasooka mu 1964, eyaddizibwawo mu 2012]] Mu myezi ebiri nga bamaze okutandika okukulembera, gavumenti ya Banda yateekawo ekiragiro okuddamu okukozesa bendera ya Malawi eyasooka eya 1964 "rising-sun", ng’eggyako eyakozesebwa mu 2010 wansi wa Bingu wa Mutharika.[51][52] ===== Okulwanirira eddembe ly’abantu ===== [[File:Flag of Malawi (2010–2012).svg|thumb|Bbendera etamanyiddwa eya 2010–2012]] Ku 18 May 2012 Banda yalangirira nti agenda kuggyawo amateeka agalwanyisa obufumbo bw’abasajja oba abakyala bokka.[53] Mu November Minisitule y’ebyamateeka yawa ekiragiro eky’okwewala okukwatibwa ku bantu abakola obufumbo obwo nga balina okukkiriziganya, nga balindirira okwekeneenya kwa Palamenti,[54] naye Kkooti Enkulu yasazaamu ekiragiro ekyo mu February 2016, ng’egamba nti Palamenti yokka ye esobola okusazaamu oba okuggyawo amateeka gano.[55] Newankubadde obufumbo bw’abasajja oba abakyala bokka bukyali mu mateeka, okulwanirira eddembe ly’abantu kwongedde; Lilongwe yakuba olugendo lw’abavubuka ba LGBT olwasooka mu Malawi nga 26 June 2021.[56] ===== Enkyukakyuka mu by’enfuna n’ensimbi ===== Mu kugoberera amagezi ga International Monetary Fund (IMF), Banda yateekawo enkola y’okukyusa omuwendo gw’ensimbi, era nga 7 May 2012, yakendeeza omuwendo gwa Malawian kwacha ku bitundu 33 ku buli kikumi okusinziira ku ddoola ya Amerika okusobola okuggyawo akatale akatono akaliwo n’okufunamu obuyambi okuva ebweru.[57] * Obuzibu obw’akaseera akatono: Okukendeeza omuwendo gw’ensimbi wamu n’okuteeka ebbeeyi y’amafuta mu mikono gy’abantu, kyaleetera okweyongera kw’ebbeeyi y’ebintu okutuuka ku bitundu 34 ku buli kikumi era ne kuleeta okwegugunga n’okulaga obutali bumativu mu January 2013.[58] * Okuddamu okuzimba mu kiseera ekya wakati: Ku nkomerero ya 2013, IMF yagamba nti “okuddamu okuzimba kutandise… nga kuyambibwa okwongera okufuna ensimbi eziva ebweru” era nti ebbeeyi y’ebintu yatandika okukka.[59] Ekibiina kya Southern African Development Community kyategeka nti ebbeeyi y’ebintu ejja kukendeera okutuuka ku bitundu 19.6 ku buli kikumi mu 2014 ng’omuwendo gw’ensimbi gukutte mu mbeera.[60] * Enkolagana n’abawa obuyambi: U.S. Congressional Research Service yalaga nti abawa obuyambi abasinga abaali basazizzaamu obuyambi bw’ensimbi mu kiseera kya Mutharika baabuzzaayo oluvannyuma lw’enkyukakyuka za Banda, nga mwemuli n’endagaano ya US $350-million eya Millennium Challenge Corporation.[61] Enkyukakyuka zino zaateekebwako mu pulogulaamu ya gavumenti ey’okuddamu okuzimba mu by’enfuna eya 2012–2014, eyateeka enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu katale wamu n’enteekateeka z’okukuuma abantu mu mbeera y’obulamu.[62] ===== Obukadde n’ekyuma kya pulezidenti ===== Okusala ku nsimbi ezikozesebwa mu gavumenti, Banda yasuubiza okukendeeza omusaala gwe ku bitundu 30 ku buli kikumi era n’alagira okutunda ekifaananyi kya Dassault Falcon 900EX ekyagulibwa eyamuddirira. Ekifaananyi kino kyatundibwa eri Bohnox Enterprise eyali esangibwa mu British Virgin Islands ku doola za Amerika obukadde 15 mu May 2013.[63] Abakungu ba gavumenti baagamba nti ensimbi zino zaakozesebwa okusasula ebbanja ly’okulwanyisa ne Paramount Group n’okusasula emmere ya kasooli n’eddagala, naye ebibiina by’abantu baawakanya enteekateeka eno era ne basaba ebikwata ku ndagaano.[64] Okutegeeza kwa Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee mu 2021 kwalaga okunoonyereza okuggya ku nsonga eno, newankubadde tewali misango gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka egisimbiddwa mu kkooti.[65] ===== Enkola y’abantu ===== Wadde nga enkola za Banda zaaleeta obwesige mu bawandiisi b’ensimbi n’okufuna ssente z’ebweru, zaaleetawo okulinnya kw’ebbeeyi y’obulamu mu maka agali mu bibuga, ne zikendeeza obuwanguzi bwe mu bantu ng’agenda okulonda kwa 2014. Abanoonyereza bakyalina okwawukanako ku mugaso ogw’ebbanga ddene ogw’okukendeeza ebbeeyi mu 2012, newankubadde IMF ne World Bank balaga nti enkola eno yayamba okuziyiza obuzibu bw’ebyenfuna n’okuteekawo omusingi gw’enkulaakulana empya.[66] ===== Enteekateeka za Pulezidenti ===== Banda alaze obumanyirivu mu kulabirira obulamu bw’abakyala n’eddembe ly’okuzaala, nga asinga okuyita mu kusomesa abakyala ku Malawi. Yalaga obuwagizi bwe ng’atandika Presidential Initiative on Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood. Mu myaka ebiri gyokka, enteekateeka eno yalaga okukendeera kw’omuwendo gw’abakyala abafa nga bazaala okuva ku 675 ku buli 100,000 abaazaalibwa okutuuka ku 460 ku buli 100,000 abaazaalibwa.[67] ===== Bendera ===== Oluvannyuma bendera yakyusibwa mu 2010 gavumenti ya Mutharika, waaliwo okuwakanya okuva mu bantu. Ebibiina bingi byawakanya obutuufu bwa bendera eno. Ku 28 May 2012, Banda yakulembera ababaka ba palamenti okusalawo okuddamu okukozesa bendera ey’obwetwaze, eyasooka okuteekebwako mu 1964. Ebibiina byonna, okuggyako DPP, byasalawo okuddamu okukozesa bendera ey’obwetwaze.[68] ==== Obulamu oluvannyuma lw’okuba pulezidenti ==== ===== Okuddayo okuva mu buwangwa n’okunoonyereza ku Cashgate (2018) ===== Banda yaddayo e Malawi nga 28 April 2018 oluvannyuma lw’emyaka esatu egy’okweyisa mu buwangwa mu Amerika, gyeyali mukwano omukulu mu Woodrow Wilson Center ne Center for Global Development.[69][70] Newankubadde poliisi yawa ekiragiro kya 2017 okumukwata olw’omusango gwa “Cashgate” ogw’omu 2013, Anti-Corruption Bureau yategeeza mu May 2018 nti okunoonyereza kwali kukyagenda mu maaso era nti Banda teyali akyaliiko musango gw’okusimbibwa mu kkooti.[71] ==== Enkolagana z’ebyokulonda mu 2019–2020 ==== People’s Party yasooka okuteekawo Banda ku kulonda kwa pulezidenti mu 2019, naye nga 15 March 2019 yavaamu n’awagira omuvuganya w’ekibiina ky’obufuzi Lazarus Chakwera.[72][73] Oluvannyuma lwa Kkooti Enkulu okusalawo okuggya ebivudde mu kulonda kwa 2019, Banda yawagira Chakwera mu kulonda okwaddirira mu June 2020 era n’amwebaza mu lujjudde oluvannyuma lw’okuwangula.[74] Mu kabineeti ya Chakwera eyasooka, eyalangirirwa nga 8 July 2020, mwali mutabani wa Banda, Roy Akajuwe Kachale-Banda, ng’omubaka w’ebyobusuubuzi.[75] ==== Okulwanirira n’okuyamba mu nsi yonna (2021–2024) ==== ===== Banda abadde akola ennyo ku nsonga z’ebyobulamu n’enkulaakulana mu nsi yonna. ===== * Mu May 2021 yayingira abakulembeze b’amawanga ne Nobel laureates mu bbaluwa ey’okusaba G7 okukkiriza obutali bw’ensimbi za COVID-19 vaccine era okuddamu okuwangula okulwanyisa AIDS.[76] * Ku 11 March 2023 yali omu ku bantu abasukka mu 200 abasayina People’s Vaccine Alliance “Never Again” statement nga basaba okufuna eby’okulwanyisa ebikwatagana n’obulwadde obw’amaanyi.[77] * Mu February 2023 Banda yafuuka omu ku “grain ambassadors” ba Ukraine, ng’ayamba okuzuula amawanga ga Afrika agasinga okwetaaga emmere ya Ukraine mu kiseera ky’olutalo lwa Russo-Ukrainian War.[78] Okuyita mu Joyce Banda Foundation Trust, yeeyongedde okukola ku by’okukuuma emmere n’okusomesa, nga mwemuli okugabira amaka 500 obusimba bwa kasooli abaakosebwa Cyclone Freddy mu January 2024[79] n’okutandika enteekateeka ya K315 million bursary scheme eri abawala abasoma mu masomero aga secondary mu 2024.[80] ==== Okwesimbawo ku bwa Pulezidenti mu 2025 ==== [[File:Joyce Banda 2025.jpg|thumb|Banda mu 2025]] Ku lunaku lwa 23 June 2025, People’s Party National Executive Committee yakkiriza Banda nga omukwasi w’ekibiina ku bwa Pulezidenti mu kulonda kwa Malawi okwa 2025. Bwe yalangirira okwesimbawo kwe e Lilongwe, yagamba nti “Malawi eri ku mugga ogw’okusalawo era yeetaaga okulaba empya ekwatiddwa ku kukola kw’abavubuka n’okutumbula abakyala mu by’enfuna.”[81] Okulonda kwe—kweyitibwa “A New Malawi for the Youth Initiatives (A.Ma.Y.I.)”—kulaga obusomesa bw’amasomero ga sekendule obutali bwa kusasula, ebifo by’obulamu eby’okusindikibwa, okukyusa mu by’obuli bw’enguzi n’okutumbula abavubuka mu by’obusuubuzi ng’ebikulu byakyo.[82] Yawangulwa Peter Mutharika. == Joyce Banda Foundation == Ng’akyali tannaba kufuuka omumyuka wa pulezidenti, yali mukulembeze era CEO w’ekitongole ekya Joyce Banda Foundation,[84] ekitongole ekirungi ekikola ku baana n’abafumbo abatalina bazadde mu Malawi okuyita mu masomero. Kiri mu Chimwankhunda area mu Blantyre nga kirimu amasomero ga primary ne secondary. Kirimu n’ekifo ky’okulabirira abaana abatalina bazadde ekirimu ebifo mukaaga n’abaana 600.[85] Era kikola ku byalo ebiriraanye nga kiwa micro-credit eri abakazi 40 n’ebibiina by’abavubuka 10. Kiwa ensigo eri abalimi abasukka mu 10,000 era kiwadde obuyambi obulala. Ekitongole kino kyazimba amalwaliro ana mu byalo 200 bye kisobola okukolako. Era kikola ku nkulaakulana mu byalo. Kirina obukwatagana ne Jack Brewer Foundation, ekitongole ekikola ku nkulaakulana mu nsi yonna ekya NFL star Jack Brewer.[86] == National Association of Business Women == Banda ye mukulembeze w’ekibiina kya National Association of Business Women mu Malawi ekyatandikibwa mu 1990. Kiri mu mateeka ng’ekitongole ekitali kya magoba mu Malawi.[87] Ekibiina kino kirina ekigendererwa okuggyamu abakazi obwavu nga bawanga amaanyi n’okubawa obusobozi mu by’enfuna.[88] Kino kye kibiina ky’abakazi 30,000, ekisanyusa okuwagira bizinensi z’abakazi n’okuyamba abakazi abayagala okwetaba mu bizinensi. Ebikolwa byabwe birimu okutendeka mu bizinensi, okutendeka mu tekinologiya, okukuuma ebyafaayo n’obukugu mu kukulembera.[88] Bakola okuteekateeka okukola emboozi n’abakulembeze abakola amateeka okulaba nga amateeka gabaagaliza abakazi abalina bizinensi.[89] Omukulembeze waakyo kati ye Mary Malunga.[89] Ekitongole kino kibadde n’obukwatagana ne Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation (Hivos) ey’e Netherlands okuva mu 2003.[88] == Philanthropy n’okukulaakulanya ebikolebwa == Banda abadde mu mirimu mingi egy’obusobozi n’abakyala okuva ku myaka 25 okulaba nga wabaawo enkyukakyuka mu mateeka, ddala mu by’enjigiriza. Yatandika Joyce Banda Foundation for Better Education. Yatandika Young Women Leaders Network, National Association of Business Women ne Hunger Project mu Malawi. Ye (nga ali wamu ne Pulezidenti Joaquim Chissano owa Mozambique) yaweebwa ekirabo kya Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger mu 1997 ekitongole ky’e New York ekitali kya gavumenti. Yakozesa ssente z’ekirabo okuzimba ekizimbe kya Joyce Banda foundation for children.[85] Mu 2006, yafuna ekirabo kya International Award for the Health and Dignity of Women olw’okweyisa obulungi ku ddembe ly’abakyala ba Malawi nga bwekikolebwa Americans for United Nations Population Fund.[17] Yaweereza nga commissioner wa "Bridging a World Divided" awamu n’abantu nga Bishop Desmond Tutu, ne United Nations Human Rights Commissioner, Mary Robinson.[8] Banda era yali memba mu Advisory Board for Education mu Washington DC, era mu advisory board ya Federation of World Peace and Love mu Taiwan (China).[8] Mu kiseera ky’okukendeeza ensimbi mu gavumenti mu October 2012, Banda yakendeeza omusaala gwe ku bitundu 30%. Era yalangirira nti ennyonyi ya pulezidenti egenda kutundibwa.[90] ==== Global Leaders Council for Reproductive Health ==== Mu 2010, Banda yafuuka memba wa Global Leaders Council for Reproductive Health,[91] ekibiina ky’abantu kkumi na mukaaga abali mu buyinza n’abakulembeze b’amawanga agasooka, abakozi abakulu n’abalala abakkiriza okutumbula eby’obulamu bw’okuzalira okutuusa ku nkulaakulana ey’olubeerera n’obugagga.[91] Ekikulemberwa omukulembeze w’eggwanga lya Ireland Mary Robinson, abakulembeze bano balaba okukungaanya obuyinza bw’ebyobufuzi n’ensimbi ezetaagisa okufuna obulamu bw’okuzalira eri buli muntu mu 2015 – ekigendererwa ekikulu mu UN Millennium Development Goals.[91] ==== Ebirabo ==== ===== Awaadi z'eggwanga ===== * Woman of the Year, Malawi, 1997 * Woman of the Year, Malawi, 1998 * ''Nyasa Times'' Multimedia "Person of the Year", 2010 ===== Ebikopo by’ensi yonna ===== * Martin Luther King Jr. Drum Major Award, 2012, Washington D.C.[93] * Legends Award for Leadership, 2012, Greater African Methodist Episcopal Church[94] * Women of Substance Award, 2010, African Women Development Fund[95] * Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger, 1997, The Hunger Project, New York[8] * International Award for Entrepreneurship Development, 1998, Africa Federation of Women Entrepreneurs & UN Economic Commission for Africa[8] * 100 Heroines Award, 1998, Rochester, New York[8] * Certificate of Honors, 2001, Federation of World Peace and Love, Taiwan (Republic of China)[8] * Reykjavík Global Forum / Women Political Leaders (WPL) Trailblazer Award, 2020, Iceland[96] ==== Ekitiibwa ==== * ''Forbes'' magazine – World's Most Powerful Women: #40 (2014)<ref name="Forbes14" /> | #47 (2013) | #71 (2012) * ''Forbes'' magazine – Africa's Most Powerful Women: #1 (2012) | #3 (2011) * Included in the "BBC 100 Women" series, October 2014<ref name="bbc100women" /> * Included in "Outstanding Women in Africa" list, 2022, ''New Africa Magazine''<ref name="investigator2022" /> == Laba era == * Malawian Constitutional Crisis 2012 * List of current members of the National Assembly of Malawi == Okusoma okw'okweyongerayo == * Kim Yi Dionne, Boniface Dulani (January 2013). "Constitutional provisions and executive succession: Malawi's 2012 transition in comparative perspective". ''African Affairs''. '''112''' (446): 111–137. doi:10.1093/afraf/ads067. JSTOR&#x20;23357150 == Ebyokulabirako == mpm99jr8gxbicorrasvngr2ks1zijh0