Wikipedia lnwiki https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok%C3%A1s%C3%A1_ya_libos%C3%B3 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Média Spécial Discussion Utilisateur Discussion utilisateur Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia Fichier Discussion fichier MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Modèle Discussion modèle Aide Discussion aide Catégorie Discussion catégorie TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 15235 135588 2026-06-20T13:58:12Z Yannick Ikombe 14195 #Wiki Challenge 2026 à Kinshasa 135588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mai ya industrie''' ezali kolobela kosalela mai mpo na misala ya baizini, na bokeseni na mai ya ndako mpe ya bilanga. Na mokili mobimba, bato ya mokili mobimba basalelaka pene na 20% ya mai ya pɛto mpo na misala ya baizini.<ref name="withdrawal">[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/tables/WorldData-Withdrawal_eng.pdf Water withdrawal by sector, around 2010], Prélèvements d'eau par secteur, vers 2010, Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture</ref>. Kasi, Mabele esangisi ba contextes géographiques mpe climatiques ndenge na ndenge, mpe lisusu ba situations économiques mpe démographiques ekeseni; na yango, kobimisa mai mpo na kosalela yango na ndenge ya sikisiki ekeseni na mikili ndenge na ndenge. Na Espagne, ba usages ya bilanga ezali mingi, nzokande na Allemagne, mingi ya ba retraits ezali mpo na ba industries.<ref>[https://www.cieau.com/le-metier-de-leau/ressource-en-eau-eau-potable-eaux-usees/comment-leau-est-elle-prelevee-et-utilisee-dans-le-monde/ Comment l’eau est-elle prélevée et utilisée dans le monde ?] sur cieau.com</ref>.Cas moko plutôt exceptionnel.<ref>Frécaut René. Les bilans de consommation d'eau dans les pays industrialisés. In: Annales de Géographie, t. 87, n°482, 1978. pp. 385-397. [http://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1978_num_87_482_17906 lire en ligne]</ref>, Belgique na 1970, ezuaki 97% ya mayi na yango - mayi ya likolo pe mayi ya se ya mabele - pona production industrielle, yango nde koloba {{Unité|22.29|km|3}}. Pene na 10% ya bolongolami ya mayi na mokili mobimba na 2014 ezalaki mpo na ba industries, longola se secteur ya énergie. Na mikili oyo ezali na baizini mingi, baizini ezali kobimisa 12% ya mai oyo babimisaka, nzokande na mikili mingi oyo ezali naino na bozwi mingi te, ezali na nse ya 8%. Mai esalelamaka na industrie mpo na kosala, kasi mpe mpo na kosala mpe kosukola. Nzokande, bokeli ya énergie primaire pe bokeli kura ezali pene na 10% ya bobimisi mayi mobimba ya mokili mobimba pe pene na 3% ya bozangisi mayi mobimba. Ba Etats bazali kopesa makanisi mingi na bososoli malamu ya.boyokani ya mayi na énergie pe kosala ba projections pona ba besoins ya mayi ya polele na mikolo ekoya pona bokeli énergie na se ya ba scénarios ndenge na ndenge<ref name="iea">{{en}} Agence internationale de l'énergie [https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlook2016ExcerptWaterEnergyNexus.pdf IEA Water Energy Nexus, Excerpt from the World Energy Outlook 2016], sur iea.org</ref>. Secteur ya énergie, bakisa pe bokeli kura pe bokeli énergie primaire, mingi mingi ekotisami na secteur industriel na ba analyses ya bosaleli mayi. Lokola mosaleli monene mpe mosaleli, ekoki mpe kozala na bomekoli ekeseni.<ref name="iea"/>. Mai oyo basalelaka mpo na kopesa nguya na ba barrages hydroélectriques etangamaka ata moke te. == Banote mpe ba références == {{Références}} == Talá mpe == === Ba liens ya libanda === h6h43adjr8mnxbzzkpn8seyttm2erik 0 15236 135589 2026-06-20T14:25:18Z Germainngandu14 14194 création d'article Bokasi ya makasi (Dureté) 135589 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bokasi ya makasi''' (Dureté), ezali ezaleli ya nzoto oyo ezali komonisa ete moto akoki kosimbama, kofinafina, kobɛla, mpe kolata<ref>CNRTL, [http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/duret%C3%A9 Entrée « dureté » en ligne]</ref>, Ezali komonisa bizaleli ya mabanga ya ntalo, bibende, biloko, mai mpe bilei. Bososoli ya bato banso ya "makasi" esangisi botɛmɛli na bopusi, lokola ntango bazali kolobela "porcelaine extra-durcis," mpo na yango liloba "résilience" ekozala malamu mingi. Kasi, makasi etikalaka na boyokani na pete (na maloba mosusu, mbongwana ya nguya) oyo eloko yango esalaka na mpasi (pression hydrostatique, cisaillement). Duresse (en général) ekoki ko exprimer lokola ba constantes mécaniques, lokola module ya masse to module ya cisaillement (exprimé na pascals). Na lolenge ya elilingi, makasi elimbolaka ezaleli ya bizaleli oyo ekeseni na boboto. ==Na fiziki== Mingimingi, makasi ezali bokasi ya eloko moko mpo na kozala na elembo na eloko mosusu, na koganga to kokɔtela. Atako monoko ya bato mingi ebulunganisaka ntango mosusu makanisi ya makasi mpe makasi/botelemela/koyika mpiko, oyo ezali makanisi oyo ezali na boyokani te: elilingi ya pete ezali vitre, eloko moko ya makasi mingi kasi ya kobukana mingi. ==Duresse ya minerais== Bokasi ya minerais ezali ndenge oyo ekoki kopɔla to kokatakata. Ezali na bizaleli na kosalelaka échelle ya Mohs, na bokokanisi na biloko ya momesano. ==Talá mpe== ==Bokasi ya ebende moko== Bokasi ya ebende elimbolaka ete eloko oyo eleki makasi ekɔta na yango te. Ezwamaka na nzela ya ba tests standardisés (Brinell, Meyer, Vickers, Rockwell) na komekaka bozindo, diamètre, to paramètre mosusu ya indentation oyo esalemi na punch, selon test. ==Banote mpe ba références== 9abnvuhk3ecryfrk4q7ql0vkuz6x7br 0 15237 135590 2026-06-20T14:51:35Z AdamLynnMcGill007 14035 Traduction Article en Lingala 135590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:TIC oceans.png|thumb|right|300px|Kopesa ya TIC na likoló ya mayi ya océan na bangomba ya 1990, sokolá na Global Ocean Data Analysis Project.]] [[Image:Estimated annual mean sea surface dissolved inorganic carbon for the 1700s (GLODAP).png|thumb|right|300px|Kondorasiyo esilamaki mpo na ntango ya liboso ya mokili ya misala ya mboka]] '''Karbone inorganique total''' (C_T, acronyme '''TIC''' mpo na ''Total Inorganic Carbon'' to '''DIC''' mpo na ''Dissolved Inorganic Carbon'') ezali mosolo ya ndenge nyonso ya karbone inorganique na solution (chimie) solution. Ezali kati na dioxyde de carbone, acide carbonique, anions bicarbonate mpe carbonate. Dioxyde de carbone mpe acide carbonique mingi bazali kokanga mpo na kombo CO₂* mpo ezali ete complicé mingi na pratique kosala séparation na bango. C_T ezali paramètre important ntango ofandi koluka Potentiel hydrogène (pH) ya système ya ngai na mayi (surtout na océans), mpe mpo na komona flux ya dioxyde de carbone... :C_T = [CO₂*] + [HCO₃⁻] + [CO₃²⁻] où : * C_T ezali karbone inorganique mobimba. * [CO₂*] ezali kokabwana ya concentrations ya dioxyde de carbone na asidi karboniki ([CO₂*] = [CO₂] + [H₂CO₃]). * [HCO₃⁻] ezali concentration ya bicarbonate. * [CO₃²⁻] ezali concentration ya carbonate. Mokolo moko na moko ya molɛkyle oyo ezalaka na equation oyo elandi, oyo esalemi uta na équilibre ya pH: :CO₂ + H₂O == H₂CO₃ H⁺ + == HCO₃⁻2H⁺ + CO₃²⁻ TIC eza komemama na acidification ya sampulu moko, oyo ezalaki koya na équilibre ya CO₂. Gaz oyo ezali, ezalaki barboté na solution mpe efandamaki, pe ndenge nini esalemaka, esalisamaki na spectroscopie infrarouge. == Tala mpe == === Makomi ebele === === Misala ya Internet === {{...}} === Bibliographie === {{...}} == Makomi mpe bifundá == {{références}} {{ndambo}} 30mdr0sduynelwwx2sipzasntwnzfep 0 15238 135591 2026-06-20T15:27:31Z Yannick Ikombe 14195 Page créée avec « [[Fichier:Blue ocean surface (Unsplash).jpg|vignette|300x300px|Langi ya bule oyo ezali na kati ya mai emonanaka mingimingi na likoló ya mai mingi, na ndakisa mbu.]] '''Langi ya mai''' (Couleur de l'eau) ekoki kokesana mingi na esika oyo ezali, mpe bokeseni yango euti na bisika ndenge na ndenge. Ezali na bleu naturellement mpo na ba propriétés na yango ya absorption oyo ewutaka na vibration moléculaire na yango. Atako mai moke emonanaka lokola langi te, mai... » 135591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichier:Blue ocean surface (Unsplash).jpg|vignette|300x300px|Langi ya bule oyo ezali na kati ya mai emonanaka mingimingi na likoló ya mai mingi, na ndakisa mbu.]] '''Langi ya mai''' (Couleur de l'eau) ekoki kokesana mingi na esika oyo ezali, mpe bokeseni yango euti na bisika ndenge na ndenge. Ezali na bleu naturellement mpo na ba propriétés na yango ya absorption oyo ewutaka na vibration moléculaire na yango. Atako mai moke emonanaka lokola langi te, mai ya pɛto ezali na mwa langi ya bule oyo ekómaka mozindo ntango bonene ya échantillon oyo bamonaki ezali se kobakisama. Ba interactions ya ba rayons ya lumière na ba molécules ya mayi, mpe na ba matières ya couleur oyo ezali na kati ya mayi soki ekoki na quantité, epesaka couleur na surface. Matériel oyo ekoki kozala matière vivante, chimie minérale oyo ewutaka na mabanga, to matière organique. Bosangisi ya boyokani nyonso kati na mai mpe zingazinga na yango elimboli bokeseni kati na langi na yango oyo emonani na esika na yango ya bozalisi mpe langi na yango ya solo na nse ya makambo ya laboratware. Langi ya mai ekoki komekama na lisalisi ya échelle ya langi ya platine-cobalt. == Langi ya kati ya nzoto == Absorption ya ba rayonnements électromagnétiques na mayi [[Fichier:Absorption coefficient of water.svg|vignette|315x315px Coefficient na yango yaabsorption ya nzoto ya mayi ya peto na spectre emonanaka na kotalela bolai ya mbonge.]] Mai oyo epɛtolami emɛlaka kongɛnga ya pole oyo ezali na bolai ya mbonge milai (motane, orange, jaune, mpe bongo na bongo) mpe emɛlaka pene na pole moko te na kati ya bleu.<ref>{{Article|langue=en|prénom1=Robin M.|nom1=Pope|prénom2=Edward S.|nom2=Fry|titre=Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water II Integrating cavity measurements|périodique=Applied Optics|volume=36|numéro=33|date=1997-11-20|issn=0003-6935|issn2=1539-4522|doi=10.1364/AO.36.008710|lire en ligne=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-36-33-8710|consulté le=2022-01-23|pages=8710}}</ref>. Ba absorptions na spectre visible esalemaka mingi mingi na ba excitations ya ba états énergétiques électroniques na matière. Mai ezali molécule ya pete ya atome misato, H2O, mpe ba absorptions électroniques na yango nionso esalemaka na région ultraviolet ya spectre électromagnétique mpe na yango ezali responsable te ya couleur ya mayi na spectre visible. Ebandeli ya langi na yango ezali na boyokani na koningana na yango ya molécule. Molécules ya mayi ezali na ba modes vibration ya fondamental misato. Ba vibrations mibale ya étirement ya liaison O-H esalemaka na v1 = 3650 cm−1 mpe v3 = 3755 cm−1. Absorption oyo euti na ba vibrations wana esalemaka na région infrarouge ya spectre. Kosangisa ba modes vibration ya ba molécules ya mayi esalaka ba harmoniques. Absorption na spectre visible ezali libosoliboso mpo na harmonique v1 + 3v3 = 14318 cm−1, oyo ekokani na longueur d’onde ya 698 nm. Bolai ya mbonge yango ekɔtaka na kati ya pole ya motane. Yango wana, mai ezwaka pole ya motane na nzela ya koningana na yango. Esika ya langi ya bule ezwamaka te na nzela ya mosala yango, mpamba te bolai ya mbonge ezali mokuse mingi, mpe na bongo kongɛnga ya langi ya bule epalangani na liso, mpe yango elimbolaka langi na yango.<ref name=":0">{{Article|langue=en|prénom1=Charles L.|nom1=Braun|prénom2=Sergei N.|nom2=Smirnov|titre=Why is water blue?|périodique=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=70|numéro=8|date=1993-08|issn=0021-9584|issn2=1938-1328|doi=10.1021/ed070p612|lire en ligne=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed070p612|consulté le=2022-01-23|pages=612}}</ref>. [[Fichier:Glass-of-water.jpg|alt=Photographie en couleur montrant un verre rond et long rempli à moitié d'eau.|vignette|Mai oyo ezali na verre emonanaka polele.]] Mai ya bleu ezali ndakisa se moko oyo eyebani ya langi ya bozalisi oyo euti na mbongwana ya koningana.<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Colors from vibrations {{!}} Causes of Color |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/5B.html |site=www.webexhibits.org |consulté le=2022-01-25}}</ref>.Yango euti na concentration unique ya ba liaisons hydrogènes na mayi. Ba molécules mingi ezalaka na ba vibrations moléculaires na ba fréquences ya se koleka oyo ya mayi, na intervalle ya vibration infrarouge to thermique, kasi na intervalle ya lumière visible te. Ba atome ya hydrogène oyo ezali na mai ezalaka pɛpɛlɛ mingi, mpe bokangami oyo ezali kati na hydrogène mpe oxygène ezali makasi mpenza, yango epesaka yango ba fréquences ya likoló mpe na bongo epesaka yango nzela ya koningana na spectre oyo emonanaka. == Ba références == <references /> == Talá mpe == === Masolo oyo etali yango === * Stockage océanique du dioxyde de carbone * Phytoplancton * Pompe biologique * Couleur de l'océan o8d9fpw3mrg61s6334bgejefek1lpzw 0 15239 135592 2026-06-20T15:30:06Z AdamLynnMcGill007 14035 Traduction Article en Lingala 135592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Citerne d'alpage à Reculfoz DSC03226.jpg|300 px|vignette|thumb|Sèrène mpe kosangisa na esika moko te na Reculfoz.]] '''sikiti ya likolo ya banzambe''' ezali likambo oyo ebosami mpo na kokota mpe kotia mai ya mvula na esika ya bamontagne, oyo ebongisami mingi mpo na kotupa biteya na ntango ya kosomba mpela ya ntango ya eté. Ba sikiti oyo ekomami mingi na bitumba ya bamontagne monene lokola Jura massif<ref>{{Lien web |titre=La difficile alimentation en eau des alpages Vaudois |url=https://www.alpage-de-mollens.com/l-eau-des-alpages.html |site=www.alpage-de-mollens.com |consulté le=2024-11-05}}</ref>, epai misuni ya karstique ezali kozinga mai te<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |nom=eustache |titre=La citerne d'alpage de St-Antoine (Doubs) |url=http://eustache.over-blog.com/article-36001429.html |site=Le blog d'eustache |consulté le=2024-11-05}}.</ref>. == Lisolo == Bakonzi oyo basalaki yango mingi na sanza ya nkama-na-mokanda ya mwambe na nkama, bato mosusu bakomaki kosalela mpe ezalaki kokoma na biso. == Maloba == Citerne ya elili ezalaka mingi ndenge ya ebongiseli ya mbotama to ya mpande oyo ezali kokomama na nse, na lipa ya likolo mpo na kosalisa kozwa mayi ya mvula. Bato basalaka yango na biloko ebele oyo ebongisami na bisika ndenge na ndenge, kasi mingi na yango ezali na mibulu ya bisika mpe ngai mpo na likolo. Likingi ya citerne ezali mpo na kozwa mayi ya mvula, oyo elandaka kofutama na citerne ya nse. Moko ndenge ya kosala purification ya mayi esalemi mpo na kobimisa lolenge mabe liboso ya kozalisa mayi. == Kosalela == Mosala monene ya citerne ya elili ezali kopesa mayi na bétail na ntango ya sima ya moke, ntango mikolo ezali kotia bétail na esika ya likolo mpo na kolya. Na bisika ya mibali oyo ezali na mibale, koyeba mayi ekoki kozala moke, yango wana esengo ya kosalela citerne ezali kati<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=CAUE du Jura |titre=Chalets d'alpages |url=https://www.caue39.fr/medias/06_Ressources/Publications39/Chalets_web_caue_pnr_jura.pdf |format=pdf |site=caue39.fr}}.</ref>. == Linzoto == === Musée ya Ba Ndomo ya comtoises === Musée ya Maisons comtoises ezali na Nancray, na Doubs Région regyon Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, [[France]], ezali na cisterni ya malamba oyo euti na ba Hôpitaux-Vieux. Linzoto oyo emonisi esika makasi oyo banzoto yango ezali na yango na architecture ya mikele-mikele ya etuka. === Siti ya Reculfoz === Komesu ya Reculfoz, mpe na Doubs, ezali na siti ya alpage oyo elobeli ndenge bisika bino bapesi kobanda na paysage ya Jura. == Makambo ya kala == Siti ya alpage, oyo esalemi mingi na mabele ya mayo, beton to matoyi, mingi na ntina ya kobenga kati mpo na kobatela mai ete ekoba kolia, ekoki kozala na mitindo ya bikelasi mingi ya mai, ezali kati ya patrimwɑ ya misioni ya bokonzi na likoló<ref>{{Lien web |titre=La difficile alimentation en eau des alpages Vaudois |url=https://www.alpage-de-mollens.com/l-eau-des-alpages.html |site=www.alpage-de-mollens.com |consulté le=2026-06-20}}</ref>. == Kobikisa == Leju oyo, ata soki ezalaka kokosama moke mpo na kokanisa misala ya bokolisi ya mabele, ba citerne ya mboka ya likoló ya monzoto ezali kati na bitumba ya mike ya mboka mpe nsima mosusu bazali kobikiswa lokola biteyelo ya architecture vernaculaire. Ba misusu ezali kobongisama mpe kolendama mpo na ntalo na bango ya lisusu mpe mayele ya mboka. <gallery mode="packed"> Image:Couvert et éolienne au mont d'Or - img 09286.jpg|Tisinɛ epesi mbuma mpe motɔkwa ya mɔto na Mont-d'Or. Image:Citerne couverte - dsmm05103.jpg|Sérina ekatamaki na Mont-d'Or. Image:Citerne couverte - dsmm05035.jpg|Sérina ekatamaki na Poto. Image:Citerne près du col de la Givrine.jpg|Sike na batumu te na kol ya Givrine. </gallery> == Mabele ya mayele == {{Références}} {{ndambo}} dwtjoa0aemj4aagymi27exrxcshh5hl 0 15240 135593 2026-06-20T16:46:47Z Yannick Ikombe 14195 Kosala lisolo mobimba 135593 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ndimbola == Na molécule ya mayi, atome ya oxygène ezali na ba paires mibale oyo ezali na boyokani te, ba liaisons mibale ya hydrogène ezali possible, oyo ekomisaka mayi ya mayi système oyo esangisi makasi mingi. Ntaka kati na bamolekile ya mai ya mai ezali monene kati na -22°C (mai oyo epelisami mingi) mpe 4°C, mpe ezali bobele likolo ya 4°C nde, lokola mai ebukaki mwa ndambo ya bokangami na yango ya hydrogène, bomati ya molunge na pression constante esalaka ete bopanzani ya momesano ekoki mpo na ko compenser bolembu ya moke ya bokangami ya molécule. Coefficient ya expansion thermique ya mayi ezali bongo négatif pona T < 277 K pe positif likolo ya température wana (na pression atmosphérique). Na tina ya boyokani ya Clapeyron (tala "Coefficients calorimétriques et thermoélastiques"), mbongwana ya entropie na température constante ezali : S = -1 likolo ya T V α T P. Oyo ezali contraire na intuition commune ezali : Lokola tozali ko confiner système na komatisaka pression, confinement oyo ekitisaka « Possible » na espace ya phase ya ba états traductions, donc logarithme na yango Ntina ezali ete ordre oyo euti na ba liaisons hydrogènes ebatelaka volume monene mpo na association quasi-ligne droite ya liaison hydrogène bomati ya pression ebukaka ba liens wana na ba lignes droites mpe na yango désordre, to koloba malamu ematisaka champ ya "Possible". Na yango, na boyokani na "relation Clapeyron."» <math> \left( \frac{\partial S}{\partial p} \right)_V = \left( \frac{\partial V}{\partial T} \right)_p</math> ,Compréhension qualitative simultanée ya ba anomalies oyo mibale ezali vraiment mpo na cause moko : fragilité ya ba liaisons hydrogènes. Oyo formule ya Clapeyron elobi ezali que simultanéité oyo ehttps://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDZz77gXtgRQiDIDAv7qzC_KGOK9UZHeL8Juj5K_PrUoP0bw/formResponsekoki ko quantifier na précision. 6kq6ke410ibnkbu7x32avobngi574uh