ວິກິພີເດຍ lowiki https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9C%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter ສື່ ພິເສດ ສົນທະນາ ຜູ້ໃຊ້ ສົນທະນາຂອງຜູ້ໃຊ້ ວິກິພີເດຍ ສົນທະນາກ່ຽວກັບວິກິພີເດຍ ຮູບ ສົນທະນາກ່ຽວກັບຮູບ ມີເດຍວິກິ ສົນທະນາກ່ຽວກັບມີເດຍວິກິ ແມ່ແບບ ສົນທະນາກ່ຽວກັບແມ່ແບບ ຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອ ສົນທະນາກ່ຽວກັບຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອ ໝວດ ສົນທະນາກ່ຽວກັບໝວດ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7995 128467 105684 2026-06-25T02:03:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13695 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 128467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ຮູບ:Eiffel Tower, full-view looking toward the Trocadero, Exposition Universal, 1900, Paris, France.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|ຫໍຄອຍແອບແຟນຍາມແລງ]] [[ຮູບ:Tour Eiffel - 20150801 15h30 (10621).jpg|thumbnail]] [[File:Eiffel Tower Drone 4k-Qx c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm|thumb|ຫໍແອບແຟນ]] '''ຫໍແອບແຟນ'''<ref>ຈາກ {{lang-fr|Eiffel}} ແອຟແຟລ</ref> ({{lang-fr|tour Eiffel}}) ຫຼື '''ຕວກແອບແຟນ''' ແມ່ນ ຫໍຄອຍໂຄງສ້າງເຫຼັກຕັ້ງຢູ່ເທິງ[[ຊັງ ເດີ ມາກ]] ບໍລິເວນ[[ແມ່ນ້ຳແຊນ]] ໃນນະຄອນຫຼວງ[[ປາລີ]]. ຫໍແອບແຟນແມ່ນສັນຍະລັກຂອງ[[ປະເທດຝະລັ່ງ]]ທີ່ເປັນທີ່ຮູ້ຈັກກັນທົ່ວໂລກ ທັງຍັງເປັນນຶ່ງໃນສິ່ງກໍ່ສ້າງທີ່ມີຊື່ສຽງທີ່ສຸດໃນໂລກອີກນຳ. ==ອ້າງອີງ== <references /> ;ບັນນານຸກົມ * ''1889: La Tour Eiffel et L’Exposition Universelle'' Paris: Editions de la Reunion des Musees Nationaux, 1989 [exhibition catalog]. * [[Hubert Chanson|Chanson, Hubert]] (2009). [http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:184247 Hydraulic Engineering Legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower], ''Great Rivers History'', ASCE-EWRI Publication, Proceedings of the History Symposium of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, Kansas City, USA, 17–19 May, J.R. ROGERS Ed., pp.&nbsp;1–7 (ISBN 978-0-7844-1032-5) * [[Dominique Frémy|Frémy, Dominique]], ''Quid de la Tour Eiffel'', Robert Lafont, Paris (1989) – ''out of print'' * ''The Engineer'': The Paris Exhibition, 3 May 1889 (Vol. XLVII). London: Office for Advertisements and Publication. * Jonnes, Jill. ''Eiffel's Tower'' Viking, 2009 * Harvie, David I ''Eiffel: The Genius Who Reinvented Himself'' Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2006 ISBN 0-7509-3309-7 * Loyrette, Henri ''Gustave Eiffel'' New York: Rizzoli, 1985. ISBN 0-8478-0631-6 * Watson, William. ''Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture''. Washington [DC]: Government Printing Office, 1892. ==ແຫຼ່ງຂໍ້ມູນອື່ນ== * [http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/ ເວັບຢ່າງເປັນທາງການຂອງຫໍແອບແຟນ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205121142/http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/ |date=2010-12-05 }} * [http://www.paris-live.com ຮູບພາບກ້ອງວົງຈອນປິດຂອງຫໍແອບແຟນ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060807231123/http://www.paris-live.com/ |date=2006-08-07 }} ຈາກເວັບ Paris-Live.com * [http://paris.tourismeville.wanadoo.fr/index.php?theme=affwebcam&id=21&arrdt=7&nom=TourEiffel&titre=Tour+Eiffel ຮູບພາບກ້ອງວົງຈອນປິດຂອງຫໍແອບແຟນ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210184258/http://paris.tourismeville.wanadoo.fr/index.php?theme=affwebcam&id=21&arrdt=7&nom=TourEiffel&titre=Tour+Eiffel |date=2005-12-10 }} ຈາກເວັບ tourismeville.wanadoo.fr * [http://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen/fullscreen32.html ຮູບພາບພາໂນລາມາຂອງຫໍແອບແຟນ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904092109/http://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen/fullscreen32.html |date=2013-09-04 }} ໃນຮຸບແບບ [[QTVR]] * [http://www.photoglobe.info/spc_eiffel_tower.html ຮູບພາບຖ່າຍຈາກອາວະກາດຂອງຫໍແອບແຟນ] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=48.858197,2.294490&spn=0.005412,0.005759&t=k&hl=en ຮູບພາບຖ່າຍດາວທຽມຂອງຫໍແອບແຟນ] * [http://www.googleearthhacks.com/dlfile66/Eiffel-Tower---3d.htm ຮູບພາບສາມມິຕິຂອງຫໍແອບແຟນ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203025532/http://www.googleearthhacks.com/dlfile66/Eiffel-Tower---3d.htm |date=2005-12-03 }} ໃຊ້ໃນ[[ກູເກີນເອີດ]] [[ໝວດ:ຫໍຄອຍໃນປະເທດຝະລັ່ງ]] r9vcr9obq0q18tvcz3kx5zaet0i9jje 0 16018 128466 128245 2026-06-25T00:46:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13695 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 128466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lovely model - Tricia from Singapore -Bikini.jpg|thumb|ບິກິນີ]] '''ບິກິນີ''' ແມ່ນ ຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ສຳ ລັບຜູ້ຍິງປະ ກອບດ້ວຍຜ້າສອງສາມຫລ່ຽມຢູ່ເທິງ, ຄ້າຍກັບ ເສື້ອກັນ ໜາວ ແລະປົກຫຸ້ມ ເຕົ້ານົມ ຂອງຜູ້ຍິງ , ແລະຜ້າສອງສາມຫລ່ຽມຢູ່ດ້ານລຸ່ມ, ດ້ານ ໜ້າ ປົກຄຸມ ກະດານ ແຕ່ເປີດສາຍບື, ແລະດ້ານຫລັງ ປົກຄຸມ ກົ້ນ . [1] [2] ຂະ ໜາດ ຂອງດ້ານເທິງແລະດ້ານລຸ່ມສາມາດແຕກຕ່າງຈາກການປົກຄຸມຂອງເຕົ້ານົມ, ກະດູກແຂນແລະກົ້ນ, ຈົນເຖິງການອອກແບບທີ່ເປີດເຜີຍຫຼາຍຂື້ນເຊັ່ນ: ທອງ ຫຼື G-string ທີ່ປົກຄຸມພຽງແຕ່ areolae ແລະ mons pubis , ແຕ່ຈະເປີດເຜີຍ ກົ້ນ. ໃນເດືອນພຶດສະພາປີ 1946, ນັກອອກແບບແຟຊັ່ນ Parisian Jacques Heim ໄດ້ ອອກແບບຊຸດລອຍນໍ້າສອງສິ້ນທີ່ລາວໃສ່ຊື່ວ່າ Atome. [3] ຄ້າຍຄືຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ຂອງຍຸກສະ ໄໝ, ມັນປົກຄຸມສາຍບືຂອງຜູ້ຄົນ, ແລະມັນບໍ່ໄດ້ດຶງດູດຄວາມສົນໃຈຫຼາຍ. ຜູ້ອອກແບບເສື້ອຜ້າ Louis Réardໄດ້ ແນະ ນຳ ການອອກແບບ ໃໝ່ ທີ່ນ້ອຍກວ່າຂອງລາວໃນເດືອນກໍລະກົດ. [4] ລາວຕັ້ງຊື່ຊຸດລອຍນໍ້າດັ່ງກ່າວພາຍຫຼັງ Bikini Atoll , ບ່ອນທີ່ການທົດລອງ ລະເບີດນິວເຄຼຍ ຄັ້ງ ທຳ ອິດ ເກີດຂື້ນພຽງແຕ່ 4 ມື້ກ່ອນ. ການອອກແບບ skimpy ຂອງລາວແມ່ນລຸກຂື້ນ, ເປີດເຜີຍສາຍບືຂອງຜູ້ຄົນແລະກົ້ນຂອງນາງຫຼາຍ. No ແບບ runway ຈະໃສ່ມັນ, ດັ່ງນັ້ນເຂົາຈ້າງເປັນ ນັກເຕັ້ນລໍາ nude , ລົງກອນ Bernardini , ຈາກ ຄາສິໂນ de Parisສ້າງແບບຈໍາລອງໃນການທົບທວນແຟຊັ່ນຊຸດລອຍນໍ້າ. [5] ຍ້ອນການອອກແບບທີ່ມີການຖົກຖຽງແລະເປີດເຜີຍ, ຊຸດແຕ່ງກາຍໄດ້ຖືກຍອມຮັບຢ່າງຊ້າໆຈາກປະຊາຊົນ. ຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ໄດ້ຮັບການເປີດເຜີຍແລະຍອມຮັບເພີ່ມຂື້ນເປັນ ຮູບເງົາທີ່ ຄ້າຍຄືກັບ Brigitte Bardot , Raquel Welch , ແລະ Ursula Andress ໃສ່ພວກເຂົາແລະໄດ້ຖືກຖ່າຍຮູບຢູ່ຫາດຊາຍສາທາລະນະແລະເບິ່ງໃນຮູບເງົາ. ໃນຫລາຍປະເທດການອອກແບບດັ່ງກ່າວຖືກຫ້າມບໍ່ໃຫ້ອອກຈາກຫາດຊາຍແລະສະຖານທີ່ສາທາລະນະອື່ນໆ. [6] ການອອກແບບຊຸດກະໂປ່ງນ້ອຍໆໄດ້ກາຍເປັນເລື່ອງທົ່ວໄປໃນບັນດາປະເທດຕາເວັນຕົກສ່ວນໃຫຍ່ໃນກາງຊຸມປີ 1960 ຍ້ອນວ່າທັງ ຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ແລະ ຊຸດຊັ້ນໃນ . ຮອດທ້າຍສະຕະວັດທີ 20 ມັນຖືກ ນຳ ໃຊ້ຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງເປັນ ຊຸດກິລາ ໃນ ບານສົ່ງຫາດຊາຍ ແລະການອອກ ກຳ ລັງກາຍ . ມີຈໍານວນຂອງທີ່ທັນສະໄຫມແມ່ນ ການປ່ຽນແປງ stylistic ຂອງການອອກແບບການນໍາໃຊ້ເພື່ອຈຸດປະສົງການຕະຫຼາດແລະເປັນການແບ່ງປະເພດອຸດສາຫະກໍາ, ລວມທັງ monokini , microkini , TANKINI- ເສື້ອຕົວຍາວ , trikini , pubikini ແລະ skirtini . ຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ສັ້ນໆ ສຳ ລັບ ຜູ້ຊາຍ ອາດຈະຖືກເອີ້ນວ່າຊຸດລອຍນໍ້າ. [2] ຄ້າຍຄືກັນ, ຊຸດຊັ້ນໃນຂອງຜູ້ຊາຍແລະຜູ້ຍິງແມ່ນຖືກອະທິບາຍວ່າເປັນຊຸດຊັ້ນໃນຂອງຜູ້ຊາຍ. ຊຸດກະໂປ່ງໄດ້ຄ່ອຍໆໄດ້ຮັບຄວາມຍອມຮັບຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງຈາກ ສັງຄົມຕາເວັນຕົກ . ໃນຕົ້ນຊຸມປີ 2000, bikinis ໄດ້ກາຍເປັນທຸລະກິດ 811 ລ້ານໂດລາສະຫະລັດຕໍ່ປີ, ແລະໄດ້ເພີ່ມທະວີການບໍລິການແບບ ໝູນ ວຽນເຊັ່ນ: ການ ຖັກແສ່ວ ແລະການກັນ ແດດ . [7] == Etymology and terminology == While the two-piece swimsuit as a design existed in [[classical antiquity]],<ref name=Agrawala>{{cite book|last=Agrawala|first=P.K.|title=Goddesses in Ancient India|year=1983|publisher=Humanities Press|location=Atlantic Highlands, N.J.|isbn=978-0-391-02960-6|edition=first |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BmDIbNuD0gC&pg=PA12}}</ref> the modern design first attracted public notice in Paris on July 5, 1946.<ref name=BBCW>Kathryn Westcott, "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/5130460.stm The Bikini: Not a brief affair]", BBC News, June 5, 2006</ref> French automotive engineer [[Louis Réard]] introduced a design he named the "bikini", adopting the name from the [[Bikini Atoll]] in the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="HistC">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bikini-introduced |title=Bikini Introduced |accessdate=September 17, 2008 |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |first=Paula |last=Cocozza |title=A little piece of history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/jun/10/sttropez.filminspiredtravel.france.culturaltrips |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=June 10, 2006 |accessdate=September 17, 2008 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080927104351/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2006/jun/10/sttropez.filminspiredtravel.france.culturaltrips?gusrc=rss&feed=travel| archivedate= September 27, 2008| url-status= live}}</ref> which was the colonial name the Germans gave to the atoll, transliterated from the [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] name for the island, {{lang|mh|Pikinni}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/LocP.htm#Pikinni|title=Marshallese-English Dictionary - Place Name Index|website=www.trussel2.com|access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref> Four days earlier, the United States had initiated its first peacetime [[nuclear weapon design|nuclear weapons]] [[nuclear testing|test]] [[Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll|at Bikini Atoll]] as part of [[Operation Crossroads]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Anatomy of an A-Bomb Test, 1946|url=http://life.time.com/history/able-and-baker-photos-from-atomic-bomb-tests-july-1946/|work=Life|accessdate=November 21, 2012|quote=In July 1946, the United States conducted two atomic tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific.|date=October 31, 2012|archive-date=ກໍລະກົດ 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729173856/http://life.time.com/history/able-and-baker-photos-from-atomic-bomb-tests-july-1946/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Réard hoped his swimsuit's revealing style would create an "explosive commercial and cultural reaction" similar to the explosion at Bikini Atoll.<ref>{{cite news|title=The History of the Bikini|url=http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1908353_1905440,00.html|work=Time|accessdate=August 20, 2013|date=July 3, 2009|archive-date=ກັນຍາ 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930070902/http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1908353_1905440,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/002bikini.html |title=Tiny Swimsuit That Rocked the World: A History of the Bikini |publisher=Randomhistory.com |date=May 1, 2007 |accessdate=December 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808002739/http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/002bikini.html |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Brij V. Lal|author2=Kate Fortune|title=The Pacific Islands: an Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA259|accessdate=July 5, 2011|year=2000|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1|page=259}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ruth Foster|title=Nonfiction Reading Comprehension: Social Studies, Grade 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bWfeLfg_FoC&pg=PA130|accessdate=July 5, 2011|date=June 2007|publisher=Teacher Created Resources|isbn=978-1-4206-8030-0|page=130}}</ref> By making an analogy with words like ''bilingual'' and ''bilateral'' containing the Latin prefix "[[bi-]]" (meaning "two" in Latin), the word ''bikini'' was first [[Back-derivation|back-derived]] as consisting of two parts, [''bi'' + ''kini''] by [[Rudi Gernreich]], who introduced the [[monokini]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gold|first=David L.|title=Studies in Etymology and Etiology|pages=100–101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l015C5vm1XkC&pg=PA100|year=2009|publisher=Universidad de Alicante|isbn=978-84-7908-517-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alac|first=Patrik|title=Bikini Story|year=2012|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-1-78042-951-9|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIj_GBl5sAoC&pg=PA68&q=Rudi%20Gernreich%201964%20monokini}}</ref> Later swimsuit designs like the [[tankini]] and [[trikini]] further cemented this derivation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gurmit Singh|author2=Ishtla Singh|title=The History of English|pages=13–14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taEnAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&q=bikini%20latin%20prefix%20back%20formation|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-4441-1924-4}}</ref> Over time the "''–kini'' family" (as dubbed by author [[William Safire]]<ref>William Safire, ''No Uncertain Terms'', page 291, Simon & Schuster, 2003, {{ISBN|0-7432-4955-0}}</ref>), including the "''–ini'' sisters" (as dubbed by designer Anne Cole<ref>Trish Donnally, "[http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Inis-Are-In-Bikini-s-little-sisters-have-2930316.php "Inis" Are In]", ''San Francisco Chronicle'', May 18, 1999</ref>), expanded into a variety of swimwear including the monokini (also known as a numokini or unikini), seekini, [[tankini]], camikini, hikini (also hipkini), minikini, [[face-kini]], [[burkini]], and [[microkini]].<ref name=barryJ>{{cite book|first=Barry J. |last=Blake |title=Playing with Words: Humour in the English Language | page=59 |publisher= Equinox |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84553-330-4}}</ref> The ''[[Language Report]]'', compiled by lexicographer [[Susie Dent]] and published by the [[Oxford University Press]] (OUP) in 2003, considers lexicographic inventions like bandeaukini and camkini, two variants of the tankini, important to observe.<ref>"[http://www.articlearchives.com/humanities-social-science/language-languages/644034-1.html The Language Report: The ultimate record of what we're saying and how we're saying it] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005073022/http://www.articlearchives.com/humanities-social-science/language-languages/644034-1.html |date=October 5, 2015 }}", ''Science News'' (from ''Article Archive''), August 7, 2004</ref> Although "bikini" was originally a registered trademark of Réard, it has since become [[generic trademark|genericized]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/15-words-you-had-no-idea-used-to-be-brand-names-2010-9?IR=T#bikini-2 | title=15 Words You Had No Idea Used To Be Brand Names <nowiki>|</nowiki> Bikini | work=[[Business Insider]] | accessdate=May 8, 2016}}</ref> Variations of the term are used to describe [[Bikini variant|stylistic variations]] for promotional purposes and industry classifications, including monokini, [[microkini]], [[tankini]], [[trikini]], [[pubikini]], [[bandeaukini]] and [[skirtini]]. A man's [[Swim briefs|brief swimsuit]] may also be referred to as a bikini.<ref name="Bikini"/> Similarly, a variety of men's and women's underwear types are described as bikini underwear. ==ປະຫວັດການ== ===ໃນເກົ່າແກ່=== [[File:Mosaïque des bikinis, Piazza Armerina.jpg|thumb|The ancient Roman [[Villa Romana del Casale]] (286–305&nbsp;AD) in [[Sicily]] contains one of the earliest known illustrations of a bikini.]] Archaeologist [[James Mellaart]] described the earliest bikini-like costume in [[Çatalhöyük]], [[Anatolia]] in the [[Chalcolithic]] era (around 5600&nbsp;BC), where a mother goddess is depicted astride two leopards wearing a costume somewhat like a bikini.<ref name=Agrawala /><ref>Lucy Goodison and Christine Morris, ''Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence'', page 46, University of Wisconsin Press, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-299-16320-4}}</ref> The two-piece swimsuit can be traced back to the [[Greco-Roman world]], where bikini-like garments worn by women athletes are depicted on [[urns]] and paintings dating back to 1400&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Peter J. |last1=James |first2=I. J. |last2=Thorpe |first3=Nick |last3=Thorpe |title=Ancient Inventions |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientinvention00jame/page/279 279] |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-345-40102-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientinvention00jame/page/279 }}</ref> In ''Coronation of the Winner,'' a [[mosaic]] in the floor of a [[Roman villa]] in [[Sicily]] that dates from the [[Diocletianic Persecution|Diocletian period]] (286–305&nbsp;AD), young women participate in weightlifting, discus throwing, and running ball games dressed in bikini-like garments (technically bandeaukinis in modern lexicon).<ref name=BBCW /><ref name=VilCas>{{cite web |url=http://www.valdinoto.com/english/villa_romana_del_casale.htm |title=Villa Romana del Casale|publisher=Val di Noto|accessdate=August 29, 2013}}</ref> The mosaic, found in the [[Sicily|Sicilian]] [[Villa Romana del Casale]], features ten maidens who have been anachronistically dubbed the "[[Villa Romana del Casale#Bikini mosaic|Bikini Girls]]".<ref name="Guttmann 1991 38">{{cite book |first=Allen |last=Guttmann |title=Women's Sports: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/womenssports00alle |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/womenssports00alle/page/38 38] |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1991 |isbn= 978-0-231-06957-1}}</ref><ref name="Villa Romana del Casale">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/villaromanadelcasale.html |title=Villa Romana del Casale |publisher=World Heritage Sites |accessdate=March 7, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223110444/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/villaromanadelcasale.html |archivedate=December 23, 2008 |df=mdy }}</ref> Other [[Roman Empire|Roman]] archaeological finds depict the goddess [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] in a similar garment. In [[Pompeii]], depictions of Venus wearing a bikini were discovered in the Casa della Venere,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stoa.org/gallery/allison|title=Pompeian Households: Image Gallery|publisher=The Stoa Consortium, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University|accessdate=March 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205075357/http://www.stoa.org/gallery/allison|archive-date=February 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stoa.org/gallery/albums.php|title=Stoa Image Gallery|publisher=The Stoa Consortium, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University|accessdate=March 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015205200/http://www.stoa.org/gallery/albums.php|archive-date=October 15, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Penelope M. Allison|url=http://www.stoa.org/projects/ph/rooms?houseid=13 |title=Pompeian Households: Information concerning the rooms in Casa della Venere in Bikini|accessdate=March 7, 2015}}</ref> in the ''[[tablinum]]'' of the [[House of Julia Felix]],<ref>{{cite book |first1= Mary |last1= Beard |first2= John |last2= Henderson |title= Classical Art |page= [https://archive.org/details/classicalartfrom00bear/page/116 116] |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2001 |isbn= 978-0-19-284237-4 |url= https://archive.org/details/classicalartfrom00bear/page/116 }}</ref> and in an [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] garden of [[House of Loreius Tiburtinus|Via Dell'Abbondanza]].<ref>{{cite book |first1= Elisabeth B. |last1= MacDougall |first2=Wilhelmina Mary |last2= Feemster |title= Ancient Roman Gardens |page=38 |publisher= Dumbarton Oaks |year= 1979 |isbn=978-0-88402-100-1}}</ref> ===ເຄື່ອງ ສຳ ອາງເບື້ອງຕົ້ນໃນພາກຕາເວັນຕົກ=== {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | header = Evolution | image1 = Bathing Beauties (cropped).jpg | caption1 = Loose [[chemise]]s from the 1900s | width1 = 170 | image2 = AKellermanUnitard1909.JPG | width2 = 170 | caption2 = [[Annette Kellerman]] started the form-fitting swimwear trend, 1909 | image3 = Jane Wyman,1935 (cropped).jpg | width3 = 170 | caption3 = Actress [[Jane Wyman]] in beachwear that bares legs and midriff, 1935 }} Swimming or bathing outdoors was discouraged in the [[Christian West]], so there was little demand or need for swimming or bathing costumes until the 18th century. The bathing gown of the 18th century was a loose ankle-length full-sleeve [[chemise]]-type gown made of wool or flannel that retained coverage and modesty.<ref name=claud>Claudia B. Kidwell, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37586/37586-h/37586-h.htm Women's Bathing and Swimming Costume in the United States]'', Smithsonian Institution Press, City of Washington, 1968</ref> In 1907, Australian swimmer and performer [[Annette Kellerman]] was arrested on a [[Boston]] beach for wearing form-fitting sleeveless one-piece knitted swimming tights that covered her from neck to toe, a costume she adopted from England,<ref name=claud /> although it became accepted swimsuit attire for women in parts of Europe by 1910.<ref>Liz Conor, ''The spectacular modern woman: feminine visibility in the 1920s'', page 152, Indiana University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-253-34391-7}}</ref> In 1913, designer [[Carl Jantzen]] made the first functional two-piece swimwear. Inspired by the introduction of females into Olympic swimming he designed a close-fitting costume with shorts for the bottom and short sleeves for the top.<ref name=heritage>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/web/20060705-bikini-swimming-suit-louis-reard-micheline-bernardini-paris-brigitte-bardot.shtml|accessdate=November 13, 2007|publisher=American Heritage Inc.|title=60 Years of Bikinis|author=Hoover, Elizabeth D.|date=July 5, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909195749/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/web/20060705-bikini-swimming-suit-louis-reard-micheline-bernardini-paris-brigitte-bardot.shtml |archivedate=September 9, 2007}}</ref> During the 1920s and 1930s, people began to shift from "taking in the water" to "taking in the sun", at bathhouses and spas, and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features. [[Rayon]] was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits,<ref name=sydelle>{{cite web|last=Sydelle|first=John|title=The Swimsuit Industry|url=http://smallbusiness.chron.com/swimsuit-industry-18779.html |work=The Houston Chronicle |accessdate=August 29, 2013}}</ref> but its durability, especially when wet, proved problematic.<ref name="Kadolph">{{cite book|title=Textiles|edition=9|author1=Kadolph, Sara J. |author2=Langford, Anna L. |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-025443-6|year=2001}}</ref> [[Jersey (fabric)|Jersey]] and [[silk]] were also sometimes used.<ref>R. Turner Wilcox, ''The Mode in Costume'', page 424, Courier Corporation, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-486-46820-4}}</ref> By the 1930s, manufacturers had lowered necklines in the back, removed sleeves, and tightened the sides. With the development of new clothing materials, particularly [[latex]] and [[nylon]], swimsuits gradually began hugging the body through the 1930s, with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning.<ref>[[Bronwyn Labrum]], Fiona McKergow and Stephanie Gibson, ''Looking Flash'', page 166, Auckland University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-86940-397-3}}</ref> Women's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of [[midriff exposure]]. The 1932 Hollywood film ''Three on a Match'' featured a midriff baring two piece bathing suit. Actress [[Dolores Del Rio]] was the first major star to wear a two-piece women's bathing suit onscreen in ''[[Flying Down to Rio]]'' (1933).<ref>[https://www.filmsite.org/sexinfilms6.html History of Sex in Cinema: The Greatest and Most Influential Sexual Films and Scenes]</ref> Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public.<ref name="girl">{{cite book|author1=Claudia Mitchell |author2=Jacqueline Reid-Walsh |title=Girl Culture: Studying girl culture : a readers' guide Volume 1 of Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33909-7|pages=434–435|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&pg=PA225}}</ref> Hollywood endorsed the new glamor in films like 1949's ''[[Neptune's Daughter (1949 film)|Neptune's Daughter]]'' in which [[Esther Williams]] wore provocatively named costumes such as "Double Entendre" and "Honey Child".<ref name=notting>{{cite news |first=David |last=Sandhu |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/sunandsea/728059/Nottingham-Bathed-in-nostalgia.html |title=Nottingham: Bathed in nostalgia |work=The Telegraph |date=August 4, 2003 |location=London}}</ref> Wartime production during World War II required vast amounts of cotton, silk, nylon, wool, leather, and rubber. In 1942, the United States [[War Production Board]] issued Regulation L-85, cutting the use of natural fibers in clothing<ref>{{cite web|title=World War II|url=http://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/printable/section.asp?id=9&sub=3|work=The Price of Freedom: Americans at War|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref> and mandating a 10% reduction in the amount of fabric in women's beachwear.<ref name="history"/> To comply with the regulations, swimsuit manufacturers removed skirt panels and other attachments,<ref name=HistC /> while increasing production of the two-piece swimsuit with bare midriffs.<ref name=fashionencyc>{{cite web|title=Bikini|url=http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Modern-World-1946-1960/Bikini.html|publisher=Fashion Encyclopedia|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref> At the same time, demand for all swimwear declined as there was not much interest in going to the beach, especially in Europe.<ref name=HistC /> ===ຊຸດກະໂປ່ງທັນສະ ໄໝ=== [[File:MichelineBernardini.jpg|thumb|[[Micheline Bernardini]] modeling Réard's bikini at the [[Piscine Molitor]] on 5 July 1946. Reard's design was small enough to fit into a {{convert|5|by|5|by|5|cm}} box like the one she is holding.]] In the summer of 1946, Western Europeans enjoyed their first war-free summer in many years. French designers sought to deliver fashions that matched the liberated mood of the people.<ref name=history/> Fabric was still in short supply,<ref name=Gunn>Tim Gunn, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pWG9AAAAQBAJ Tim Gunn's Fashion Bible: The Fascinating History of Everything in Your Closet]'', page 25, Simon and Schuster, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-4516-4386-2}}</ref> and in an endeavor to resurrect swimwear sales, two French designers&nbsp;– [[Jacques Heim]] and [[Louis Réard]] &nbsp;– almost simultaneously launched new two-piece swimsuit designs in 1946.<ref>Patrik Alac, ''Bikini Story'', page 31, Parkstone International, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-78042-951-9}}</ref><ref>Claudia Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh, ''Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia'' (vol. 1), page 182, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-313-08444-7}}</ref> Heim launched a two-piece swimsuit design in Paris that he called the ''atome'', after the smallest known particle of matter. He announced that it was the "world's smallest bathing suit."<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=Bikini introduced - Jul 05, 1946 - HISTORY.com|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bikini-introduced|website=HISTORY.com|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref><ref>Rod E. Keays, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NLszBcSEdLYC&pg=PA109 The Naturally Good Man]'', page 109, Trafford Publishing, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-4669-1924-2}}</ref> Although briefer than the two-piece swimsuits of the 1930s, the bottom of Heim's new two-piece beach costume still covered the wearer's navel.<ref name=Gunn /><ref>James Gilbert Ryan and Leonard C. Schlup, ''Historical Dictionary of the 1940s'', page 50, M.E. Sharpe, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-2107-8}}</ref><ref>Bobby Mercer, ''ManVentions'', page 194, Adams Media, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4405-1074-8}}</ref><ref>Kelly Killoren Bensimon, ''The Bikini Book'', page 18, Thames & Hudson, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-500-51316-3}}</ref> Soon after, Louis Réard created a competing two-piece swimsuit design, which he called the ''bikini''.<ref name=TimA>Adam Sage, "[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article705414.ece Happy birthday: the 'shocking and immoral' bikini hits 60]{{Dead link|date=ຕຸລາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''[[The Times]]'', April 16, 2006</ref> He noticed that women at the beach rolled up the edges of their swimsuit bottoms and tops to improve their tan.<ref name=femmes/> On 5 July, Réard introduced his design at a swimsuit review held at a popular Paris public pool, [[Piscine Molitor]], four days after the first test of an American nuclear weapon at the [[Bikini Atoll]]. The newspapers were full of news about it and Reard hoped for the same with his design.<ref name=navy/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wiesner|first1=Maria|title=70 Jahre Bikini: Vier Dreiecke und etwas Schnur|url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/stil/mode-design/der-bikini-feiert-70-jubilaeum-nach-erfindung-in-st-tropez-14323637.html|newspaper=FAZ.NET|accessdate=17 May 2018|language=de|date=5 July 2016}}</ref> Réard's ''bikini'' undercut Heim's ''atome'' in its brevity. His design consisted of a two triangles of fabric forming a bra, and two triangular pieces of fabric covering the [[mons pubis]] and the [[buttocks]] connected by string. When he was unable to find a fashion model willing to showcase his revealing design,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alac|first1=Patrik|title=Bikini Story|date=2012|publisher=Parkstone International|location=New York|isbn=978-1-78042-951-9|page=72}}</ref> Réard hired [[Micheline Bernardini]], a 19-year old [[Striptease|nude dancer]] from the [[Casino de Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bikiniscience.com/chronology/1945-1950_SS/LR4601_S/LR4601.html |title = Michele Bernadini: The First Bikini | first = Judson | last = Rosebush | work = Bikini Science | accessdate = September 19, 2007 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084552/http://www.bikiniscience.com/chronology/1945-1950_SS/LR4601_S/LR4601.html | archivedate = September 27, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> He announced that his swimsuit, with a total area of {{convert|30|sqin|cm2|-2}} of cloth, was "smaller than the world's smallest bathing suit".<ref name=Guard>Paula Cocozza, "[https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/jun/10/sttropez.filminspiredtravel.france.culturaltrips A little piece of history]", ''[[The Guardian]]'', June 10, 2006</ref><ref name=Lil>[http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/The-Bikini.html The Bikini Turns 60] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909175233/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/The-Bikini.html |date=September 9, 2016 }}, 1946 to 2006: 60 Years of Bikini Bathing Beauties, ''Lilith E-Zine''</ref> Réard said that "like the [atom] bomb, the bikini is small and devastating".<ref name="The Very First Bikini">Judson Rosebush, {{cite web|url = http://www.bikiniscience.com//chronology/1945-1950_SS/1945-1950.html|title = 1945–1950: The Very First Bikini|work = Bikini Science|accessdate = November 25, 2012|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120627214541/http://bikiniscience.com/chronology/1945-1950_SS/1945-1950.html|archivedate = June 27, 2012|df = mdy-all}}</ref> Fashion writer [[Diana Vreeland]] described the bikini as the "atom bomb of fashion".<ref name="The Very First Bikini" /> Bernardini received 50,000 fan letters, many of them from men.<ref name=HistC /><ref name=heritage /> Photographs of Bernardini and articles about the event were widely carried by the press. The ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' alone ran nine stories on the event.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Claudia A.|last2=Reid-Walsh|first2=Jacqueline|title=Girl Culture an Encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-08444-7|page=82}}</ref> French newspaper ''[[Le Figaro]]'' wrote, "People were craving the simple pleasures of the sea and the sun. For women, wearing a bikini signaled a kind of second liberation. There was really nothing sexual about this. It was instead a celebration of freedom and a return to the joys in life."<ref name=heritage /> Heim's ''atome'' was more in keeping with the sense of propriety of the 1940s, but Réard's design won the public's attention.<ref name=Gunn /> Although Heim's design was the first worn on the beach and initially sold more swimsuits, it was Réard's description of the two-piece swimsuit as a ''bikini'' that stuck.<ref name=BBCW /><ref>Weisgall, Jonathan (1994), ''Operation Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll'', pages 264–265, Naval Institute Press, {{ISBN|978-1-55750-919-2}}</ref> As competing designs emerged, he declared in advertisements that a swimsuit could not be a genuine bikini "unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring."<ref name=HistC /> Modern bikinis were first made of [[cotton]] and [[Jersey (fabric)|jersey]].<ref>Valerie Steele, ''Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion'', page 253, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, {{ISBN|0-684-31397-9}}</ref> ===ສັງຄົມ=== {{Quote box |quote = As subsequent history would show, the bikini was more than a skimpy garment. It was a state of mind. |source = Lena Lenček, ''The Beach: The History of Paradise on Earth'', 1998<ref name="Lena Lenček page 100">Lena Lenček, ''The Beach: The History of Paradise on Earth'', page 100, Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-14-027802-6}}</ref> |quoted = 1 |align = left |width = 220px }} Despite the garment's initial success in France, women worldwide continued to wear traditional one-piece swimsuits. When his sales stalled, Réard went back to designing and selling orthodox knickers.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Sage|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article705414.ece|title=Happy birthday: the 'shocking and immoral' bikini hits 60|work=The Times|date=April 16, 2006|accessdate=August 18, 2013|location=London}}{{Dead link|date=ຕຸລາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1950, American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole,<ref name=heritage /> owner of mass market swimwear firm Cole of California, told ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' that he had "little but scorn for France's famed Bikinis."<ref>Christine Schmidt, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 2, Bloomsbury Academic, 2012, {{ISBN|0-85785-123-3}}</ref> Réard himself would later describe it as a "two-piece bathing suit which reveals everything about a girl except for her mother's maiden name."<ref>Louise Southerden, ''Surf's Up: The Girl's Guide to Surfing'', page 14, Allen & Unwin, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-74176-831-2}}</ref> Fashion magazine ''Modern Girl Magazine'' in 1957 stated that "it is hardly necessary to waste words over the so-called bikini since it is inconceivable that any girl with tact and decency would ever wear such a thing".<ref name=BBCW /><ref name=heritage /> In 1951, [[Eric Morley]] organized the ''Festival Bikini Contest'', a beauty contest and swimwear advertising opportunity at that year's [[Festival of Britain]]. The press, welcoming the spectacle, referred to it as ''Miss World'',<ref>{{cite book |first1=Elissa |last1=Stein |first2=Lee |last2=Meriwether |title=Beauty Queen |page=[https://archive.org/details/beautyqueenheres0000stei/page/45 45] |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8118-4864-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/beautyqueenheres0000stei/page/45 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Susan|last=Dewey|title=Making Miss India Miss World|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmissindiam0000dewe/page/46 46]|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8156-3176-7|url=https://archive.org/details/makingmissindiam0000dewe/page/46}}</ref> a name Morley registered as a trademark.<ref name="Keith Lovegrove 1967">{{cite book|first=Keith|last=Lovegrove|title=Pageant: The Beauty Contest|page=[https://archive.org/details/pageantbeautycon0000love/page/1967 1967]|publisher=teNeues|year=2002|isbn=978-3-8238-5569-9|url=https://archive.org/details/pageantbeautycon0000love/page/1967}}</ref> The winner was [[Kiki Håkansson]] of Sweden, who was crowned in a bikini. After the crowning, Håkansson was condemned by [[Pope Pius XII]],<ref name=Alac /><ref name=magnanti>{{cite news|last=Magnanti|first=Brooke|title=Miss World bikini ban: why it's no victory for feminists|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/10105935/Miss-World-2013-bikini-ban-why-its-no-victory-for-feminists.html|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=December 13, 2013 |date=June 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Selvedge: The Fabric of Your Life|page=39|publisher= Selvedge Ltd. |year=2005}}</ref> while Spain and Ireland threatened to withdraw from the pageant.<ref>Kevin Rawlinson, "[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/three-miss-worlds-and-one-rugby-world-cup-2010996.html Three Miss Worlds and one (rugby) World Cup]", ''The Daily Telegraph'', June 26, 2010</ref> In 1952, bikinis were banned from the pageant and replaced by [[evening gown]]s.<ref>{{cite book|first=Han |last=Shin |title=Beauty with a Purpose|page= 193 |publisher=iUniverse|year=2004|isbn= 978-0-595-30926-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1950-1955: Navel Maneuvers – The Bikini Breakout|url=http://www.bikiniscience.com/chronology/1950-1955_SS/1950-1955.html|publisher=Bikini Science|accessdate=December 13, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013211809/http://www.bikiniscience.com//chronology/1950-1955_SS/1950-1955.html|archivedate=October 13, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> As a result of the controversy, the bikini was explicitly banned from many other [[beauty pageant]]s worldwide.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|last=Magnanti|first=Brooke|title=Miss World bikini ban: why it's no victory for feminists|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/10105935/Miss-World-2013-bikini-ban-why-its-no-victory-for-feminists.html |work=The Telegraph|accessdate=August 22, 2013|date=June 7, 2013|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Ben|last1=Marcus|first2=Jeff|last2=Divine|title=Surfing USA!: An Illustrated History of the Coolest Sport of All Time|page=60|publisher=MVP Books|year=2005|isbn= 978-0-89658-690-1}}</ref> Although some regarded the bikini and beauty contests as bringing freedom to women, they were opposed by some [[feminist]]s<ref name=Alac /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.object.org.uk/campaigns/beauty-pageants |title=Why OBJECT to Beauty Pageants? |publisher=object.org.uk |accessdate=May 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522065802/http://www.object.org.uk/campaigns/beauty-pageants |archivedate=May 22, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref> as well as religious and cultural groups who objected to the degree of exposure of the female body. The bikini was banned on the French Atlantic coastline, Spain, Italy,<ref name=Alac /> Portugal and Australia, and was prohibited or discouraged in a number of US states.<ref name=timehistory>{{cite news|title=The History of the Bikini|url=http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1908353,00.html|work=Time|accessdate=August 17, 2013|date=July 3, 2009|archive-date=ກັນຍາ 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902022839/http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1908353,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Lena Lanček and Gideon Bosker, ''Making Waves: Swimsuits and the Undressing of America'', page 90, Cronicle Books, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0-87701-398-3}}</ref> The [[United States Motion Picture Production Code of 1930|United States Motion Picture Production Code]], also known as the Hays Code, enforced from 1934, allowed two-piece gowns but prohibited the display of navels in Hollywood films.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rachel|last=Moseley|title=Fashioning Film Stars: Dress, Culture, Identity|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781844570683/page/136 136]|publisher=BFI|year=2005|isbn=978-1-84457-067-6|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781844570683/page/136}}</ref> The [[National Legion of Decency]], a Roman Catholic body guarding over American media content, also pressured Hollywood and foreign film producers to keep bikinis from being featured in Hollywood movies.<ref>{{cite book|first=Frank A. |last=Salamone|title=Popular Culture in the Fifties|page=76|publisher=University Press of America|year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-7618-2103-8}}</ref> As late as 1959, Anne Cole, one of the United States' largest swimsuit designers, said, "It's nothing more than a G-string. It's at the razor's edge of decency."<ref name=WOJSI /> The Hays Code was abandoned by the mid-1960s, and with it the prohibition of female navel exposure, as well as other restrictions.<ref>Jeanne Nagle, ''Violence in Movies, Music, and the Media'', page 23, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-4042-1795-9}}</ref> The influence of the National Legion of Decency also waned by the 1960s.<ref>Keith M. Booker, ''Historical Dictionary of American Cinema'', page 65, Scarecrow Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-7459-6}}</ref> ===ເພີ່ມຂື້ນເພື່ອຄວາມນິຍົມ=== [[File:Salgueiro-29.JPG (3028018098).jpg|thumb|upright|The bikini tradition of [[Rio Carnival]] started in 1950. This photo of 2009 shows a [[Samba (Brazilian dance)|Samba dancer]] in bikini at the Rio Carnival.<ref name="rio"/>]] Increasingly common [[glamour photography|glamour shots]] of popular actresses and models on either side of the Atlantic played a large part in bringing the bikini into the mainstream.<ref name=MMOA>{{cite web|last=Charleston|first=Beth Duncuff|title=The Bikini|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/biki/hd_biki.htm|work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=August 15, 2013|location=New York|date=October 2004}}</ref> During the 1950s, Hollywood stars such as [[Ava Gardner]], [[Rita Hayworth]], [[Lana Turner]],<ref name=turner /><ref name=firstB>{{cite news|title=Photos: On this day–July 5, 1946–the first bikini goes on sale|url=http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2013/07/05/photos-on-this-day-july-5-1946-the-first-bikini-goes-on-sale/#4|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130823002850/http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2013/07/05/photos-on-this-day-july-5-1946-the-first-bikini-goes-on-sale/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 23, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2013|newspaper=New Haven Register|date=July 5, 2013}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Taylor]],<ref name=firstB /> [[Tina Louise]],<ref name=firstB /> [[Marilyn Monroe]],<ref name=firstB /> [[Esther Williams]], and [[Betty Grable]]<ref name=menkes>Suzy Menkes, "[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D81430F93BA25754C0A965958260 Runways: Remembrance of Thongs Past]", ''The New York Times'', July 18, 1993</ref> took advantage of the risqué publicity associated with the bikini by posing for photographs wearing them—[[Pin-up girl|pin-ups]] of Hayworth and Williams in costume were especially widely distributed in the United States.<ref name=heritage /> In 1950, [[Elvira Pagã]] walked at the [[Rio Carnival]], Brazil in a golden bikini, starting the bikini tradition of the carnival.<ref name="rio">Colin M. MacLachlan, ''A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future'', page 184, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1993, {{ISBN|978-1-4616-6547-2}}</ref> In Europe, 17-year-old [[Brigitte Bardot]] wore scanty bikinis (by contemporary standards) in the French film ''Manina, la fille sans voiles'' ("Manina, the girl unveiled"). The promotion for the film, released in France in March 1953, drew more attention to Bardot's bikinis than to the film itself. By the time the film was released in the United States in 1958 it was re-titled ''[[Manina, the Girl in the Bikini]]''. Bardot was also photographed wearing a bikini on the beach during the 1957 [[Cannes Film Festival]]. Working with her husband and agent [[Roger Vadim]] she garnered significant attention with photographs of her wearing a bikini on every beach in the south of France.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of the Bikini|url=http://www.elle.com/fashion/g2906/the-history-of-the-bikini-654900/#slide-6|publisher=ELLE|date=April 23, 2012 | accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> Similar photographs were taken of [[Anita Ekberg]] and [[Sophia Loren]], among others. According to ''The Guardian'', Bardot's photographs in particular turned [[Saint-Tropez]] into the beachwear capital of the world,<ref name=Guard /> with Bardot identified as the original Cannes bathing beauty.<ref>Cari Beauchamp & [[Henri Béhar]], '' Hollywood on the Riviera: The Inside Story of the Cannes Film Festival'', page 165, W. Morrow and Co., 1992, {{ISBN|0-688-11007-X}}</ref> Bardot's photography helped to enhance the public profile of the festival, and Cannes in turn played a crucial role in her career.<ref name="a">Vanessa R. Schwartz, '' It's So French!: Hollywood, Paris, and the Making of Cosmopolitan Film Culture'', page 79, University of Chicago Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-226-74243-1}}</ref> [[Brian Hyland]]'s novelty-song hit "[[Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini]]" became a ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' No. 1 hit during the summer of 1960: the song tells a story about a young girl who is too shy to wear her new bikini on the beach, thinking it too risqué.<ref>{{cite news|last=Suddath|first=Claire|title=Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini |url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2081310_2080985_2080983,00.html|work=Time|accessdate=August 15, 2013|date=July 5, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Playboy]]'' first featured a bikini on its cover in 1962; the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]'' debut two years later featured [[Babette March]] in a white bikini on the cover.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Megan |title=Top 10 Bikinis in Pop Culture |url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2081310_2080985_2081023,00.html |journal=Time |accessdate=17 June 2018 |date=5 July 2011}}</ref> [[File:Beach Party Annette Funicello Frankie Avalon Mid-1960s.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Publicity photo of [[Frankie Avalon]] and [[Annette Funicello]] for [[Beach party film|Beach Party]] films (c. 1960s). Funicello was not permitted to expose her navel.]] [[Ursula Andress]], appearing as [[Honey Rider]] in the 1962 British [[James Bond]] film, ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'', wore a [[White bikini of Ursula Andress|white bikini]], which became known as the "[[White bikini of Ursula Andress|Dr. No bikini]]". It became one of the most famous bikinis of all time and an iconic moment in cinematic and fashion history.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1314376/Former-Bond-girl-to-sell-Dr-No-bikini.html|title=Former Bond girl to sell Dr No bikini|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=January 13, 2011|accessdate=May 16, 2011|location=London|first=Will|last=Bennett}}</ref><ref name="Bensimon2006">{{cite book|last=Bensimon|first=Kelly Killoren|title=The Bikini Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__DqAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=May 16, 2011|date=June 5, 2006|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-51316-3}}</ref><ref name="Lindner2009">{{cite book|last=Lindner|first=Christoph|title=The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbIrAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=May 16, 2011|date=August 4, 2009|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-8095-1}}</ref> Andress said that she owed her career to that white bikini, remarking, "This bikini made me into a success. As a result of starring in ''Dr. No'' as the first [[Bond girl]], I was given the freedom to take my pick of future roles and to become financially independent."<ref name="Telegraph" /><ref name="Weekes2007">{{cite book|last=Weekes|first=Karen|title=Women know everything!: 3,241 quips, quotes, & brilliant remarks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKgWEBhBeoC&pg=PA419|accessdate=May 16, 2011|date=April 5, 2007|publisher=Quirk Books|isbn=978-1-59474-169-2|page=419}}</ref> The bikini finally caught on, and by 1963, the movie ''[[Beach Party]]'', starring [[Annette Funicello]] and [[Frankie Avalon]], led a wave of films that made the bikini a pop-culture symbol, though Funicello was barred from wearing Réard's bikini unlike the other young females in the films. In 1965, a woman told ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' that it was "almost square" not to wear a bikini; the magazine wrote two years later that "65% of the young set had already gone over".<ref name=turner>{{cite web|first=Julia |last=Turner |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/fashion/2013/07/history_of_the_bikini_how_it_came_to_america.html |title=A Brief History of the Bikini |work=Slate |date=July 29, 2013|accessdate= August 27, 2013}}</ref> [[Raquel Welch]]'s [[Fur bikini of Raquel Welch|fur bikini]] in ''[[One Million Years B.C.]]'' (1966) gave the world the most iconic bikini shot of all time and the poster image became an iconic moment in cinema history.<ref>Cambridge Film Trust. (2016). [http://www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk/film/one-million-years-bc/ One Million Years B.C.] Cambridge Film Festival. Retrieved December 5, 2016.</ref> Her deer skin bikini in ''[[One Million Years B.C.]]'', advertised as "mankind's first bikini",<ref name="Filmfacts">{{cite book |title=Filmfacts 1967 Vol. 10 No. 4 |date=June 15, 1967 |publisher=University of Southern California Division of Cinema, American Film Institute |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbkvAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=November 25, 2011}}</ref> (1966) was later described as a "definitive look of the 1960s".<ref name="Mansour2005">{{cite book|last=Mansour|first=David|title=From Abba to Zoom: a pop culture encyclopedia of the late 20th century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK0rPUF85loC&pg=PA345|year=2005|publisher=[[Andrews McMeel Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-7407-5118-9|page=345|accessdate=August 28, 2012 }}</ref> Her role wearing the leather bikini raised Welch to a fashion icon<ref name="BBCW" /> and the photo of her in the bikini became a best-selling pinup poster.<ref name="Mansour2005"/> Stretch [[nylon]] bikini briefs and bras complemented the adolescent boutique fashions of the 1960s, allowing those to be minimal.<ref>Amy De La Haye, ''The Cutting Edge: 50 Years of British Fashion, 1947–1997'', page 183, Overlook Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-87951-763-8}}</ref> [[DuPont]] introduced [[lycra]] (DuPont's name for [[spandex]]) in the same decade.<ref name=sydelle/> Spandex expanded the range of novelty fabrics available to designers which meant suits could be made to fit like a second skin without heavy linings.<ref>Valerie Steele, ''Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion'', page 255, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, {{ISBN|0-684-31397-9}}</ref> "The advent of Lycra allowed more women to wear a bikini," wrote [[Kelly Killoren Bensimon]], a former model and author of ''The Bikini Book'', "It didn't sag, it didn't bag, and it concealed and revealed. It wasn't so much like lingerie anymore."<ref name=sfgate>{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Sylvia|title=Fashion shocker of '46: the naked belly button / But the bikini wasn't a hit until Sixties|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fashion-shocker-of-46-the-naked-belly-button-2493673.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=August 19, 2013 |date=July 2, 2006}}</ref> Increased reliance on stretch fabric led to simplified construction.<ref name=MMOA /> This fabric allowed designers to create the [[string bikini]], and allowed Rudi Gernreich to create the topless monokini.<ref name=SFC>{{cite news |first=Sylvia |last=Rubin |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fashion-shocker-of-46-the-naked-belly-button-2493673.php | title=Fashion shocker of '46: the naked belly button |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=July 2, 2006|accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref> Alternative swimwear fabrics such as [[velvet]], [[leather]], and [[crochet]]ed squares surfaced in the early '70s.<ref name=MMOA /> ===ການຍອມຮັບຂອງມະຫາຊົນ=== Réard's company folded in 1988,<ref name=SFGate>{{cite news |first=Sylvia |last=Rubin |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fashion-shocker-of-46-the-naked-belly-button-2493673.php | title=Fashion shocker of '46: the naked belly button |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=July 2, 2006|accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref> four years after his death.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |first=Rupert |last=Cornwell |author2=John Lichfield |title= Boom and Bust: The nuclear age and the bikini age |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/boom-and-bust-the-nuclear-age-and-the-bikini-age-404390.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502130024/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/boom-and-bust-the-nuclear-age-and-the-bikini-age-404390.html |archivedate=May 2, 2008 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=June 17, 2006 |accessdate=September 30, 2008 |location=London}}</ref> By the end of the century, the bikini had become the most popular beachwear around the globe. According to French fashion historian Olivier Saillard, this was due to "the power of women, and not the power of fashion". As he explains, "The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women",<ref name="BBCW" /> though one survey indicates 85% of all bikinis never touch the water.<ref name=YorkS>Jayne Dawson, "[http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/top-stories/sexy-at-60-1-2054675 Sexy at 60] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319050234/http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/top-stories/sexy-at-60-1-2054675 |date=March 19, 2015 }}", ''Yorkshire Evening Post'', July 25, 2006</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2017}} By 1988 the bikini made up nearly 20% of swimsuit sales, more than any other model in the US,<ref name=WOJSI>{{cite news |first=William Oscar |last=Johnson |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1068171/3/index.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020050948/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1068171/3/index.htm |archivedate=October 20, 2013 |title=In The Swim |work=Sports Illustrated |date=February 7, 1989 |accessdate=August 18, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020050948/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1068171/3/index.htm |date=ຕຸລາ 20, 2013 }}</ref> though one-piece suits made a comeback during the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="independent"/> In 1997, Miss Maryland Jamie Fox became the first contestant in 50 years to compete in a two-piece swimsuit at the [[Miss America Pageant]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2013/07/05/photos-on-this-day-july-5-1946-the-first-bikini-goes-on-sale/#62|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130823002850/http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2013/07/05/photos-on-this-day-july-5-1946-the-first-bikini-goes-on-sale/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 23, 2013|title=Photos: On this day – July 5, 1946 – the first bikini goes on sale|newspaper=New Haven Register|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Actresses in [[action film]]s like ''[[Blue Crush]]'' (2002) and ''[[Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle]]'' (2003) made the two-piece "the millennial equivalent of the power suit", according to Gina Bellafonte of ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref name="heritage"/> According to Beth Dincuff Charleston, research associate at the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "The bikini represents a social leap involving body consciousness, moral concerns, and sexual attitudes."<ref name=heritage/> By the early 2000s, bikinis had become a $811&nbsp;million business annually, according to the [[NPD Group]], a consumer and retail information company,<ref name=SFC/> and had boosted spin-off services like [[bikini wax]]ing and the sun tanning industries.<ref name=AgeL/> Although child-sized bikinis appeared in the 1950s, in many European countries, swimsuits below size 11 are commonly not sold with a separate top, but in the United States, Britain, and Canada, it has often been considered unacceptable for girls in late childhood (ages 7–11) to go topless.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Several incidents of families being evicted from public pools due to their child being topless have been reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesocial.ca/news/headlines/topless-8-year-old-girl-told-to-cover-up-at-public|title=The Social - Parents furious after topless 8-year-old girl told to cover up at public pool|publisher=}}</ref> In 2002, clothing retailer [[Abercrombie & Fitch]] came under criticism for selling child-sized thong bikinis and underwear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2002/05/22/news/companies/abercrombie/|title=Abercrombie criticized for sexy undies|date=May 22, 2002|accessdate=September 17, 2018|website=money.cnn.com|archive-date=ກັນຍາ 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918032327/https://money.cnn.com/2002/05/22/news/companies/abercrombie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first Bikini [[museum]] in the world is being built in [[Bad Rappenau]] in Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ze.tt/warum-der-bikini-das-wohl-skandaloeseste-kleidungsstueck-der-geschichte-ist/|title=Warum der Bikini das wohl skandalöseste Kleidungsstück der Geschichte ist|last=Kienzl|first=Philipp|date=2019-07-05|work=Ze.tt|access-date=2020-01-03|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103105214/https://ze.tt/warum-der-bikini-das-wohl-skandaloeseste-kleidungsstueck-der-geschichte-ist/}}</ref> The development of [[swimwear]] from 1880 to the present is presented on 2,000 square metres of exhibition space.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/stil/neues-museum-ewiger-sommer-1.4707131|title=Ewiger Sommer|last=Goebel|first=Anne|date=2019-12-06|work=Süddeutsche Zeitung|access-date=2020-01-03|url-status=live}}</ref> ===ນອກໂລກຕາເວັນຕົກ=== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Chaoyangparkpic8.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = Chinese cheerleaders at [[Chaoyang Park]] | image2 = Photo shoot of Sofia Hayat.jpg | width2 = 170 | caption2 = British model [[Sofia Hayat]] in photoshoot }} The 1967 film ''[[An Evening in Paris]]'' is mostly remembered because it featured [[Bollywood]] actress [[Sharmila Tagore]] as the first Indian actress to wear a bikini on film.<ref>Stuff Reporter, "[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3190174.ece Being Sharmila, all through life]", ''The Hindu'', April 3, 2006</ref><ref>Lalit Mohan Joshi & Gulzar, Derek Malcolm, ''Bollywood'', page 20, Lucky Dissanayake, 2002, {{ISBN|0-9537032-2-3}}</ref> She also posed in a bikini for the glossy ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine.<ref>[[B. K. Karanjia]], ''Blundering in Wonderland'', page 18, Vikas Publishing House, 1990, {{ISBN|0-7069-4961-7}}</ref><ref>[http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/sharmila-tagore-actresses-today-can-drink-smoke-and-live-in/20034 Sharmila Tagore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204052923/http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/sharmila-tagore-actresses-today-can-drink-smoke-and-live-in/20034 |date=2014-02-04 }}, First Indian actress to wear bikini</ref> The costume shocked a conservative Indian audience,<ref>Various writers, ''Rashtriya Sahara'', page 28, Sahara India Mass Communication, 2002</ref> but it also set in motion a trend carried forward by [[Zeenat Aman]] in ''[[Heera Panna]]'' (1973) and ''[[Qurbani (1980 film)|Qurbani]]'' (1980),<ref name=avi /> [[Dimple Kapadia]] in ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973),<ref name=avi /> and [[Parveen Babi]] in ''Yeh Nazdeekiyan'' (1982).<ref name=avi>{{cite news|first=Avijit |last=Ghosh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Bollywoods-unfinished-revolution/articleshow/1696458.cms |title=Bollywood's unfinished revolution|work=The Times of India |date=July 2, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow-times/That-itsy-bitsy-thing/articleshow/1655251.cms |title=That itsy bitsy thing|work= The Times of India|date=June 16, 2006}}</ref> Indian women wear bikinis when they vacation abroad or in [[Goa]] without the family. Despite the conservative ideas prevalent in India, bikinis have become more popular. In summer, when women take up swimming, often in a public space, a lot of tankinis, shorts and single-piece swimsuits are sold.<ref name=HTBikini>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20150328175814/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2617354071.html Are Indian girls bikini ready?]", ''Hindustan Times'' (New Delhi, India), March 25, 2012</ref> The maximum sales for bikinis happen in the winter, the honeymoon season.<ref name=HTBikini /> By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the Chinese bikini industry became a serious international threat for the Brazilian bikini industry.<ref>Justin Rowlatt, "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/9348299.stm Brazil's raw materials and the Chinese bikini problem]", BBC, January 8, 2011</ref> [[Huludao]], [[Liaoning]], China set the world record for the largest bikini parade in 2012, with 1,085 participants and a photo shoot involving 3,090 women.<ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/3000/largest-bikini-parade Largest Bikini Parade], Official Website: Guinness Book of World Records</ref><ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2011/9/new-largest-bikini-photo-shoot-world-record-set-in-china/ Largest Bikini Photo Shoot], Official Website: Guinness Book of World Records</ref> For most parts of the [[Middle East]], bikinis are either banned or is highly controversial. When{{When|date=June 2019}} [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] magazine ''Ash-Shabaka'' printed a bikini-clad woman on the cover they had to make a second version with only the face of the model.<ref>Noha Mellor, ''The Making of Arab News'', page 39, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-3819-1}}</ref> In 2011, [[Huda Naccache]] ([[Miss Earth]] 2011), when she posed for the cover of ''Lilac'' (based in [[Israel]]) became the first bikini-clad Arab model on the cover of an Arabic magazine.<ref>Amy Kaslow, "[http://fortune.com/2014/09/22/israeli-arab-women-jobs-economy/ Arab Israeli women have been hampered by a society that has accorded Arabs and women, much less Arab women, second-class status]", ''Fortune'', September 22, 2014</ref><ref>Shatha Yaish, "[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arab-israeli-model-huda-naccache-makes-history-with-bikini-shoot/story-e6frg6n6-1226164166847?nk=877dc7afd90db22caf5327f021337eb3 Itsy bitsy teen weeny Arab bikini revolution]", ''The Australian'', October 12, 2011</ref><ref>Pierre Klochendler, "[http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/arab-magazine-challenges-attitudes-about-arab-women/ Arab Magazine Challenges Attitudes About Arab Women]", ''IPSNews'', May 17, 2013</ref> == Bikini variants== [[Image:Colour Bikinis.jpg|thumb|Selection of bikinis in shop window in the United States, 2005]] While the name "bikini" was at first applied only to beachwear that revealed the wearer's navel, today the fashion industry considers any two-piece swimsuit a bikini.<ref name=patton>{{cite web|last=Patton|first=Susan Ruiz|title=A Bikini Isn't The Choice Of Miss Pa. For The First Time In 77 Years, Contestants In Miss America Pageant Can Choose Their Swimwear. Heather Busin Prefers One-piece|url=http://articles.mcall.com/1997-09-11/news/3155841_1_swimsuit-competition-bikini-pageant|publisher=McCalls|date=September 11, 1997|accessdate=August 27, 2013|archive-date=ຕຸລາ 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013191926/http://articles.mcall.com/1997-09-11/news/3155841_1_swimsuit-competition-bikini-pageant|url-status=dead}}</ref> Modern bikini fashions are characterized by a simple, brief design: two triangles of fabric that form a bra and cover the woman's [[breast]]s and a third that forms a panty cut below the navel that covers the [[groin]] and the [[buttocks]].<ref name=MMOA /> Bikinis can and have been made out of almost every possible clothing material, and the fabrics and other materials used to make bikinis are an essential element of their design.<ref name=materials>{{cite web|last=Rosebush|first=Judson|title=Materials|url=http://bikiniscience.com/costumes/bikiniology_SS/materials_S/materials.html|publisher=Bikini Science|accessdate=August 15, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005700/http://bikiniscience.com/costumes/bikiniology_SS/materials_S/materials.html|archivedate=October 5, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Modern bikinis were first made of cotton and jersey. [[DuPont]]'s introduction of Lycra ([[spandex]]) in the 1960s completely changed how bikinis were designed and worn, as according to Kelly Killoren Bensimon, a former model and author of ''The Bikini Book'', "the advent of Lycra allowed more women to wear a bikini...it didn't sag, it didn't bag, and it concealed and revealed. It wasn't so much like lingerie anymore."<ref name=sfgate/> Alternative swimwear fabrics such as velvet, leather, and [[crochet binkini|crocheted]] squares surfaced in the early 1970s.<ref name=MMOA /> In a single fashion show in 1985, there were two-piece suits with [[Crop top|cropped tank tops]] instead of the usual skimpy bandeaux, suits that resembled bikinis from the front and one-pieces from the back, [[Suspenders|suspender straps]], [[ruffle]]s, and deep navel-baring cutouts.<ref>Fashion Correspondent, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB29A230AE055D5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Swimsuits take some inspiration from the past]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''Philadelphia Inquirer'', November 10, 1985</ref> Metal and stone jewelry pieces are now often used to dress up look and style according to tastes. To meet the fast pace of demands, some manufacturers now offer made-to-order bikinis ready in as few as seven minutes.<ref>Siobhan Morrissey, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF84758A18E87D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Bikinis made in teeny-weeny time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200740/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF84758A18E87D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=2019-01-16 }}, ''The Palm Beach Post'', page 1D, August 28, 1991</ref> The world's most expensive bikini was designed in February 2006 by Susan Rosen; containing {{convert|150|carat|g}} of diamond, it was valued at £20&nbsp;million.<ref name=YorkS /> === Major styles === There is a range of distinct bikini styles available — [[string bikini]]s, [[monokini]]s (topless or top and bottom connected), Trikinis (three pieces instead of two), [[tankini]]s ([[Sleeveless shirt|tank top]], bikini bottom), camikinis ([[Camisole|camisole top]], bikini bottom), bandeaukini ([[bandeau]] top, bikini bottom), skirtini (bikini top, skirt bottom), "granny bikini" (bikini top, boy shorts bottom), hikinis (also hipkini), seekinis (transparent), minikinis, microkinis, miniminis, slingshots (or suspender bikinis), [[thong (clothing)|thong]] bottoms, tie-sides (a variety of string bikini) and teardrops.<ref name=barryJ /> {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Variant !! Image !! Year !! Description |- | '''[[Bandeaukini]]''' ||[[File:Morgan doing her best to improve Alaskans landscape (6057754913).jpg|noborder|center|160px]] || <center>—</center> || A '''bandeaukini''' (alternatively called a '''bandini''')<ref>Kelly Killoren Bensimon, ''The Bikini Book'', Assouline, 2006, {{ISBN|2-84323-825-0}}</ref> is a [[bandeau]] top (no straps going over the shoulders) worn with any bikini bottom.<ref name=homan /><ref>Patricia Marx, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090831050538/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/08/03/090803fa_fact_marx On and Off the Avenue: Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny]", page 32, ''The New Yorker'', August 31, 2009, Volume 85, Issues 26, New Yorker Magazine Inc.</ref> It is the oldest form of bikini, with earliest examples found in [[Sicily|Sicilian]] [[Villa Romana del Casale]] (dubbed the "[[Villa Romana del Casale#Bikini girls|Bikini Girls]]) dating back to the 4th century AD.<ref name="Guttmann 1991 38"/><ref name="Villa Romana del Casale"/><ref>Whitney Friedlander, [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/23/image/la-ig-0523-timeline-20100523 That's why they're called 'bathing' suits], Los Angeles Times, May 23, 2010</ref><ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/832 Villa Romana del Casale], UNESCO</ref> Reintroduced, its appeal grew fast among young women,<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=OSBB&d_place=OSBB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10A7874FECFF1B68&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Just chillin, This season's swimsuits boast new flirty styles, retro looks]", ''Ocala Star-Banner'', June 1, 2005</ref> with bandeau tops edging into the sales of the classic tankini.<ref>Rena Fulka, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=STRB&p_theme=strb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=11A1D63E08E5BD90&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Seasonal style]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''The Star'' (Tinley Park), June 14, 2007</ref> |- | '''[[Microkini]]''' || [[File:Blue bikini.jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1995 || A '''microkini''', including subgenres like '''minikini''', '''minimini''' and '''tear-drop''', is an extremely meager bikini.<ref>[https://www.google.com.bd/webhp?&ion=1&espv=2#q=microkini+merriam-webster&spell=1 Microkini] at Merriam-Webster's Open Dictionary</ref> The designs for both women and men typically use only enough fabric to cover the [[genitals]] and, for women, the nipples. Any additional straps are merely to keep the garment attached to the wearer's body. Some variations of the microkini use adhesive or wire to hold the fabric in place over the genitals. Microkinis keep the wearer just within legal limits of decency and fill a niche between [[nudism]] and conservative swimwear.<ref>Mistrík, Erich, ''Pseudo-Concrete Ideals Of A Good Life'', Human Affairs (2/2008), Department of Social & Biological Communication, Slovenská Akadémia Vied, Slovakia</ref> |- | '''[[Monokini]]''' || [[File:Topless young woman wearing only a black bikini bottom on the beach in Barcelona.jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1964 || A '''monokini''' (also called '''topless swimsuit''', '''unikini''' or '''numokini''') is a women's one-piece garment equivalent to the lower half of a bikini.<ref>The Concise Oxford Dictionary (2004 ed.)</ref> Originally a specific design conceived by [[Rudi Gernreich]] in 1964, the term is now used to describe any topless swimsuit,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everythingbikini.com/monokini.html |title=Everything Bikini |publisher=Everything Bikini |accessdate=November 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120729151157/http://www.everythingbikini.com/monokini.html |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> particularly a bikini bottom worn without a top.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikiniscience.com/costumes/soutien-gorge_SS/topless_S/topless.html |title=Bikini Science |publisher=Bikini Science |accessdate=November 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108023628/http://www.bikiniscience.com/costumes/soutien-gorge_SS/topless_S/topless.html |archivedate=January 8, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> An extreme version of the monokini, the thong-style '''pubikini''' (which exposed the [[pubic]] region), was also designed by Rudi Gernreich in 1985.<ref>{{cite book|title=Recent acquisitions: A Selection, 1985–1986 |editor=Ellen Shultz |date=1986 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iELIoreqozkC&pg=PA48 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87099-478-4|page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=Elizabeth Gunther|last2=Spencer|first2=Paula|title=The V book : a doctor's guide to complete vulvovaginal health|date=2002|publisher=Bantam Books|location=New York |isbn=978-0-553-38114-6|page=104|edition=Bantam trade pbk. |quote=In 1985, designer Rudi Gernreich unveiled the "pubikini," a bathing suit meant to expose pubic hair.}}</ref> |- | '''[[Skirtini]]''' || [[File:2010 Run to the Sun Fashion Show in Anchorage Alaska 16.jpg|noborder|160px]] || <center>—</center> || The '''skirtini''', which features a bikini top and a small, skirted bottom, is also an innovation for bikini-style clothes with more coverage.<ref>Nada Manley, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NJ&p_theme=nj&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10A3138C75E6BF71&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Beauty & the Beach: The perfect swimsuit is out there – honestly]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''The Daytona Beach News-Journal'', March 17, 2005</ref> Two-piece swimsuits with skirt panels were popular in the US before the government ordered a 10% reduction in fabric used in woman's swimwear in 1943 as wartime rationing.<ref name="history"/> In 2011, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' identified the skirted bikini as one of the top 10 swimwear designs of that season.<ref>Justine Picardie, ''[http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8597324/The-Closet-Thinker-bathing-beauties.html The Closet Thinker: bathing beauties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124839/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8597324/The-Closet-Thinker-bathing-beauties.html |date=2016-12-20 }}'', ''The Daily Telegraph'', July 3, 2011</ref> |- | '''[[Sling bikini]]''' || [[File:Black piece.jpg|noborder|160px]]|| <center>—</center> || The '''sling bikini''' (also known as '''sling-kini''', '''onepiecekini''' or '''sling swimsuit''') is an unbroken suit, technically one-piece, which resembles a bikini bottom with the side straps extending upwards to cover the breasts and go over the shoulders, or encircling the neck while a second set of straps pass around the midriff (also known as '''pretzel bikini''' or ''pretzel swimsuit'').<ref name=JenPa>Jenny Pate, [http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/History-of-Swimsuits/461234 History of the swimsuit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907051823/http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/History-of-Swimsuits/461234 |date=September 7, 2008 }}, Article Dashboard</ref> Sling swimsuits emerged in the early 1990s, and were introduced into the mainstream in 1994.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120730105128/http://swimsuits.lovetoknow.com/Slingshot_Suspender_Bikini Slingshot Suspender Bikinis: A History], Love to know swimsuits, Glam Publisher Network</ref><ref>Fashion Correspondent, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4D23272FD283B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Itsy bitsy teenie weenie&nbsp;... trivia think swimsuits. If two-pieces and t-backs are all that come to mind&nbsp;... think again]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''The Miami Herald'', page 1G, July 15, 1995</ref> When designed for or worn by a man, it is called a '''mankini''', popularized by [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] in the film ''[[Borat]]''.<ref>Steve Helling, "[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20279623,00.html Cruising Tips from New Kids on the Block]", ''People'', May 18, 2009</ref><ref>Staff, "[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-29704452 Blackpool Council considers 'mankini' outfit ban]", BBC, Aug 21, 2014</ref> |- | '''[[String bikini]]''' || [[File:Blonde in red bikini.jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1974 || A '''string bikini''' (or a '''tie-side''') gets its name from its design that consists of two triangular shaped pieces connected at the [[groin]] but not at the sides, where a thin "string" wraps around the waist tied together to connect the two parts. The structure of the side tie bottom leaves the hips bare and just tie the knots on the sides with spaghetti ties or with the sash ties.<ref>[https://www.biqiniz.com/blogs/glossary/side-tie-bottom-bikini-set Biqiniz Bikini Glossary]{{Dead link|date=ກັນຍາ 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Know your bandeaus from your halters.</ref> The first formal presentation of string bikini was done by Glen Tororich, a public relations agent, and his wife Brandi Perret-DuJon, a fashion model, for the opening of Le Petite Centre, a shopping area in the French Quarter of the [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] in 1974. String bikinis are one of the most popular variations of bikini.<ref>Valerie Steele, ''Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion'', page 121, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, {{ISBN|0-684-31396-0}}</ref> |- | '''[[Tankini]]''' || [[File:Dorthy modeling a nice swimwear outfit (IMG 7736a) (5461706898).jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1998 || The '''tankini''' is a swimsuit combining a [[Tank top (shirt)|tank top]] and a bikini bottom.<ref name=homan>Becky Homan, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB05184B3196071&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Tankini goes over the top]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', April 3, 1999</ref><ref name=Alisha>Alisha Davis, "[https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-20537767 It Rhymes With Bikini]{{Dead link|date=ກັນຍາ 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''Newsweek'', May 4, 1998</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/tankini |title=Tankini |publisher=oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com |accessdate=March 14, 2013}}</ref> Tankinis can be made of [[spandex]]-and-cotton or [[Lycra]]-and-nylon.<ref>Anne D'Innocenzio, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20101111074727/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27407189_ITM Big fish rule a bigger pond]", ''Women's Wear Daily'', January 24, 2000</ref> Designer [[Anne Cole]], the US swimwear mogul, was the originator of this style in 1998.<ref name=homan /><ref>Rose Apodaca Jones, "[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10764345_ITM Five decades in the swim]", ''Women's Wear Daily'', Fairchild Publications, April 23, 2001</ref> A variation is named '''camkini''', with [[spaghetti strap]]s instead of tank-shaped straps over a bikini bottom.<ref>Kathryn Bold, "[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/16687650.html?dids=16687650:16687650&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+21%2C+1996&author=KATHRYN+BOLD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Summer+Sizzle%3B+Top+to+Bottom%3B+Talk+about+bikini+anxiety.+Designers+for+Point+Conception+scrutinize+every+detail.&pqatl=google Summer Sizzle Top to Bottom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019085313/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/16687650.html?dids=16687650:16687650&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+21,+1996&author=KATHRYN+BOLD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Summer+Sizzle%3B+Top+to+Bottom%3B+Talk+about+bikini+anxiety.+Designers+for+Point+Conception+scrutinize+every+detail.&pqatl=google |date=2012-10-19 }}", ''Los Angeles Times'', page 1, March 21, 1996</ref> |- | '''[[Trikini]]''' || [[File:MichelleLAmourFanDance2836.jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1967 || The '''trikini''' appeared briefly in 1967, defined as "a handkerchief and two small saucers."<ref name=saf>William Safire, ''No Uncertain Terms'', page 291, Simon & Schuster, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7432-5812-6}}</ref> It reappeared in the 1990s as a bikini bottom with a stringed halter of two triangular pieces covering the breasts,<ref>David L. Gold, ''Studies in Etymology and Etiology'', page 101, Universidad de Alicante, 2009, {{ISBN|9788479085179}}</ref> and in the 2000s as a costume of three separate pieces.<ref>Associated Press, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113132429/http://www.theage.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=%2Farticles%2F2004%2F06%2F28%2F1088392608125.html Free and easy]", ''The Age'' (Australia), 2004 -06-29</ref> The trikini top comes essentially in two separate parts.<ref>John Ayto, Ian Crofton & Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, ''Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase & Fable'', page 78, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, {{ISBN|0-304-36809-1}}</ref> The name of this woman's bathing suit is formed from the word "bikini", replacing "bi-", meaning "two", with "tri-", meaning "three".<ref>Robert L. Chapman & Harold Wentworth, ''New Dictionary of American Slang'', page 446, Harper & Row, 1986, {{ISBN|0-06-181157-2}}.</ref> In a variation the three pieces are sold as part of one continuous garment.<ref>John Karl, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112081550/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27747407_ITM Under cover Designers are wrapping swimsuits with stylish designs], ''Sarasota Herald Tribune'', 200-02-08</ref> A variation is called '''strapless bikini'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pastease.com.au/strapless_bikinis.html |title=Pastease website&nbsp;— Strapless Bikini |publisher=Pastease.com.au |accessdate=March 14, 2013 |archive-date=ກັນຍາ 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914121308/https://www.pastease.com.au/strapless_bikinis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> or a no string bikini, often a combination of two [[pasties]] with a matching ''[[maebari]]''-style bottom.<ref>Gavin Ambrose and Paul Harris, ''The Visual Dictionary of Fashion Design'', page 180, AVA Publishing, 2007, {{ISBN|9782940373611}}</ref> |} ===ຄໍເຕົ້າໄຂ່ທີ່ ສຳ ຄັນ=== There is a range of distinct bikini styles available — [[string bikini]]s, [[monokini]]s (topless or top and bottom connected), Trikinis (three pieces instead of two), [[tankini]]s ([[Sleeveless shirt|tank top]], bikini bottom), camikinis ([[Camisole|camisole top]], bikini bottom), bandeaukini ([[bandeau]] top, bikini bottom), skirtini (bikini top, skirt bottom), "granny bikini" (bikini top, boy shorts bottom), hikinis (also hipkini), seekinis (transparent), minikinis, microkinis, miniminis, slingshots (or suspender bikinis), [[thong (clothing)|thong]] bottoms, tie-sides (a variety of string bikini) and teardrops.<ref name=barryJ /> {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Variant !! Image !! Year !! Description |- | '''[[Bandeaukini]]''' ||[[File:Morgan doing her best to improve Alaskans landscape (6057754913).jpg|noborder|center|160px]] || <center>—</center> || A '''bandeaukini''' (alternatively called a '''bandini''')<ref>Kelly Killoren Bensimon, ''The Bikini Book'', Assouline, 2006, {{ISBN|2-84323-825-0}}</ref> is a [[bandeau]] top (no straps going over the shoulders) worn with any bikini bottom.<ref name=homan /><ref>Patricia Marx, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090831050538/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/08/03/090803fa_fact_marx On and Off the Avenue: Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny]", page 32, ''The New Yorker'', August 31, 2009, Volume 85, Issues 26, New Yorker Magazine Inc.</ref> It is the oldest form of bikini, with earliest examples found in [[Sicily|Sicilian]] [[Villa Romana del Casale]] (dubbed the "[[Villa Romana del Casale#Bikini girls|Bikini Girls]]) dating back to the 4th century AD.<ref name="Guttmann 1991 38"/><ref name="Villa Romana del Casale"/><ref>Whitney Friedlander, [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/23/image/la-ig-0523-timeline-20100523 That's why they're called 'bathing' suits], Los Angeles Times, May 23, 2010</ref><ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/832 Villa Romana del Casale], UNESCO</ref> Reintroduced, its appeal grew fast among young women,<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=OSBB&d_place=OSBB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10A7874FECFF1B68&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Just chillin, This season's swimsuits boast new flirty styles, retro looks]", ''Ocala Star-Banner'', June 1, 2005</ref> with bandeau tops edging into the sales of the classic tankini.<ref>Rena Fulka, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=STRB&p_theme=strb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=11A1D63E08E5BD90&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Seasonal style]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''The Star'' (Tinley Park), June 14, 2007</ref> |- | '''[[Microkini]]''' || [[File:Blue bikini.jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1995 || A '''microkini''', including subgenres like '''minikini''', '''minimini''' and '''tear-drop''', is an extremely meager bikini.<ref>[https://www.google.com.bd/webhp?&ion=1&espv=2#q=microkini+merriam-webster&spell=1 Microkini] at Merriam-Webster's Open Dictionary</ref> The designs for both women and men typically use only enough fabric to cover the [[genitals]] and, for women, the nipples. Any additional straps are merely to keep the garment attached to the wearer's body. Some variations of the microkini use adhesive or wire to hold the fabric in place over the genitals. Microkinis keep the wearer just within legal limits of decency and fill a niche between [[nudism]] and conservative swimwear.<ref>Mistrík, Erich, ''Pseudo-Concrete Ideals Of A Good Life'', Human Affairs (2/2008), Department of Social & Biological Communication, Slovenská Akadémia Vied, Slovakia</ref> |- | '''[[Monokini]]''' || [[File:Topless young woman wearing only a black bikini bottom on the beach in Barcelona.jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1964 || A '''monokini''' (also called '''topless swimsuit''', '''unikini''' or '''numokini''') is a women's one-piece garment equivalent to the lower half of a bikini.<ref>The Concise Oxford Dictionary (2004 ed.)</ref> Originally a specific design conceived by [[Rudi Gernreich]] in 1964, the term is now used to describe any topless swimsuit,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everythingbikini.com/monokini.html |title=Everything Bikini |publisher=Everything Bikini |accessdate=November 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120729151157/http://www.everythingbikini.com/monokini.html |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> particularly a bikini bottom worn without a top.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikiniscience.com/costumes/soutien-gorge_SS/topless_S/topless.html |title=Bikini Science |publisher=Bikini Science |accessdate=November 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108023628/http://www.bikiniscience.com/costumes/soutien-gorge_SS/topless_S/topless.html |archivedate=January 8, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> An extreme version of the monokini, the thong-style '''pubikini''' (which exposed the [[pubic]] region), was also designed by Rudi Gernreich in 1985.<ref>{{cite book|title=Recent acquisitions: A Selection, 1985–1986 |editor=Ellen Shultz |date=1986 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iELIoreqozkC&pg=PA48 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87099-478-4|page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=Elizabeth Gunther|last2=Spencer|first2=Paula|title=The V book : a doctor's guide to complete vulvovaginal health|date=2002|publisher=Bantam Books|location=New York |isbn=978-0-553-38114-6|page=104|edition=Bantam trade pbk. |quote=In 1985, designer Rudi Gernreich unveiled the "pubikini," a bathing suit meant to expose pubic hair.}}</ref> |- | '''[[Skirtini]]''' || [[File:2010 Run to the Sun Fashion Show in Anchorage Alaska 16.jpg|noborder|160px]] || <center>—</center> || The '''skirtini''', which features a bikini top and a small, skirted bottom, is also an innovation for bikini-style clothes with more coverage.<ref>Nada Manley, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NJ&p_theme=nj&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10A3138C75E6BF71&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Beauty & the Beach: The perfect swimsuit is out there – honestly]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''The Daytona Beach News-Journal'', March 17, 2005</ref> Two-piece swimsuits with skirt panels were popular in the US before the government ordered a 10% reduction in fabric used in woman's swimwear in 1943 as wartime rationing.<ref name="history"/> In 2011, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' identified the skirted bikini as one of the top 10 swimwear designs of that season.<ref>Justine Picardie, ''[http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8597324/The-Closet-Thinker-bathing-beauties.html The Closet Thinker: bathing beauties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124839/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8597324/The-Closet-Thinker-bathing-beauties.html |date=2016-12-20 }}'', ''The Daily Telegraph'', July 3, 2011</ref> |- | '''[[Sling bikini]]''' || [[File:Black piece.jpg|noborder|160px]]|| <center>—</center> || The '''sling bikini''' (also known as '''sling-kini''', '''onepiecekini''' or '''sling swimsuit''') is an unbroken suit, technically one-piece, which resembles a bikini bottom with the side straps extending upwards to cover the breasts and go over the shoulders, or encircling the neck while a second set of straps pass around the midriff (also known as '''pretzel bikini''' or ''pretzel swimsuit'').<ref name=JenPa/> Sling swimsuits emerged in the early 1990s, and were introduced into the mainstream in 1994.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120730105128/http://swimsuits.lovetoknow.com/Slingshot_Suspender_Bikini Slingshot Suspender Bikinis: A History], Love to know swimsuits, Glam Publisher Network</ref><ref>Fashion Correspondent, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4D23272FD283B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Itsy bitsy teenie weenie&nbsp;... trivia think swimsuits. If two-pieces and t-backs are all that come to mind&nbsp;... think again]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''The Miami Herald'', page 1G, July 15, 1995</ref> When designed for or worn by a man, it is called a '''mankini''', popularized by [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] in the film ''[[Borat]]''.<ref>Steve Helling, "[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20279623,00.html Cruising Tips from New Kids on the Block]", ''People'', May 18, 2009</ref><ref>Staff, "[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-29704452 Blackpool Council considers 'mankini' outfit ban]", BBC, Aug 21, 2014</ref> |- | '''[[String bikini]]''' || [[File:Blonde in red bikini.jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1974 || A '''string bikini''' (or a '''tie-side''') gets its name from its design that consists of two triangular shaped pieces connected at the [[groin]] but not at the sides, where a thin "string" wraps around the waist tied together to connect the two parts. The structure of the side tie bottom leaves the hips bare and just tie the knots on the sides with spaghetti ties or with the sash ties.<ref>[https://www.biqiniz.com/blogs/glossary/side-tie-bottom-bikini-set Biqiniz Bikini Glossary]{{Dead link|date=ກັນຍາ 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Know your bandeaus from your halters.</ref> The first formal presentation of string bikini was done by Glen Tororich, a public relations agent, and his wife Brandi Perret-DuJon, a fashion model, for the opening of Le Petite Centre, a shopping area in the French Quarter of the [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] in 1974. String bikinis are one of the most popular variations of bikini.<ref>Valerie Steele, ''Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion'', page 121, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, {{ISBN|0-684-31396-0}}</ref> |- | '''[[Tankini]]''' || [[File:Dorthy modeling a nice swimwear outfit (IMG 7736a) (5461706898).jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1998 || The '''tankini''' is a swimsuit combining a [[Tank top (shirt)|tank top]] and a bikini bottom.<ref name=homan/><ref name=Alisha/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/tankini |title=Tankini |publisher=oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com |accessdate=March 14, 2013}}</ref> Tankinis can be made of [[spandex]]-and-cotton or [[Lycra]]-and-nylon.<ref>Anne D'Innocenzio, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20101111074727/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27407189_ITM Big fish rule a bigger pond]", ''Women's Wear Daily'', January 24, 2000</ref> Designer [[Anne Cole]], the US swimwear mogul, was the originator of this style in 1998.<ref name=homan /><ref>Rose Apodaca Jones, "[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10764345_ITM Five decades in the swim]", ''Women's Wear Daily'', Fairchild Publications, April 23, 2001</ref> A variation is named '''camkini''', with [[spaghetti strap]]s instead of tank-shaped straps over a bikini bottom.<ref>Kathryn Bold, "[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/16687650.html?dids=16687650:16687650&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+21%2C+1996&author=KATHRYN+BOLD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Summer+Sizzle%3B+Top+to+Bottom%3B+Talk+about+bikini+anxiety.+Designers+for+Point+Conception+scrutinize+every+detail.&pqatl=google Summer Sizzle Top to Bottom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019085313/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/16687650.html?dids=16687650:16687650&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+21,+1996&author=KATHRYN+BOLD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Summer+Sizzle%3B+Top+to+Bottom%3B+Talk+about+bikini+anxiety.+Designers+for+Point+Conception+scrutinize+every+detail.&pqatl=google |date=2012-10-19 }}", ''Los Angeles Times'', page 1, March 21, 1996</ref> |- | '''[[Trikini]]''' || [[File:MichelleLAmourFanDance2836.jpg|noborder|160px]] || 1967 || The '''trikini''' appeared briefly in 1967, defined as "a handkerchief and two small saucers."<ref name=saf>William Safire, ''No Uncertain Terms'', page 291, Simon & Schuster, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7432-5812-6}}</ref> It reappeared in the 1990s as a bikini bottom with a stringed halter of two triangular pieces covering the breasts,<ref>David L. Gold, ''Studies in Etymology and Etiology'', page 101, Universidad de Alicante, 2009, {{ISBN|9788479085179}}</ref> and in the 2000s as a costume of three separate pieces.<ref>Associated Press, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113132429/http://www.theage.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=%2Farticles%2F2004%2F06%2F28%2F1088392608125.html Free and easy]", ''The Age'' (Australia), 2004 -06-29</ref> The trikini top comes essentially in two separate parts.<ref>John Ayto, Ian Crofton & Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, ''Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase & Fable'', page 78, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, {{ISBN|0-304-36809-1}}</ref> The name of this woman's bathing suit is formed from the word "bikini", replacing "bi-", meaning "two", with "tri-", meaning "three".<ref>Robert L. Chapman & Harold Wentworth, ''New Dictionary of American Slang'', page 446, Harper & Row, 1986, {{ISBN|0-06-181157-2}}.</ref> In a variation the three pieces are sold as part of one continuous garment.<ref>John Karl, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112081550/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27747407_ITM Under cover Designers are wrapping swimsuits with stylish designs], ''Sarasota Herald Tribune'', 200-02-08</ref> A variation is called '''strapless bikini'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pastease.com.au/strapless_bikinis.html |title=Pastease website&nbsp;— Strapless Bikini |publisher=Pastease.com.au |accessdate=March 14, 2013 |archive-date=ກັນຍາ 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914121308/https://www.pastease.com.au/strapless_bikinis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> or a no string bikini, often a combination of two [[pasties]] with a matching ''[[maebari]]''-style bottom.<ref>Gavin Ambrose and Paul Harris, ''The Visual Dictionary of Fashion Design'', page 180, AVA Publishing, 2007, {{ISBN|9782940373611}}</ref> |} ==ບິກິນີໃນກິລາ== Bikinis have become a major component of marketing various [[women's sports]].<ref name="Kilborn">Laura Grae Kilborn, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DP&p_theme=dp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF44E9A0508C03&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D The Marketing Of Female Athletes]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''The Denver Post'', August 11, 1998</ref> It is an official uniform for [[beach volleyball]] and is widely worn in [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] and other sports. Sports bikinis have gained popularity since the 1990s.<ref>Gertrud Pfister and Mari Kristin Sisjord, ''Gender and Sport: Changes and Challenges'', page 142, Waxmann Verlag, 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-8309-7873-2}}</ref> However, the trend has raised some criticism as an attempt to sell sex.<ref name="Kilborn" /> Female swimmers do not normally wear bikinis in competitive swimming.<ref>Harvey S. Wiener, ''Total swimming'', page 125, Simon and Schuster, 1981, {{ISBN|978-0-671-42807-5}}</ref><ref>Barry Wilner, Art Seiden, Sam Freas, and Dan Helms, ''Swimming'', page 12, Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-8114-6596-0}}</ref> The International Swimming Federation (FINA) voted to prohibit female swimmers from racing in bikinis in its meeting at Rome in 1960.<ref>David Maraniss, ''Rome 1960: The Olympics That Changed the World'', page 75, Simon and Schuster, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-4391-0267-1}}</ref> === Beach volleyball === [[File:Brooke Sweat and Jennifer Fopma at Hermosa Beach 2012 (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|US women's [[beach volleyball]] team has cited several advantages to bikini uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|title=Here's Why the USA Women's Volleyball Team Refuses to Stop Wearing Bikinis|date=August 11, 2016|publisher=|access-date=ເມສາ 1, 2020|archive-date=ຕຸລາ 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019112323/http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Photo shows US beach volleyball players [[Jennifer Fopma]] and [[Brooke Sweat]] in their uniforms.]] In 1994, the bikini became the official uniform of [[Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics#Women's beach volleyball|women's Olympic beach volleyball]].<ref name="cover-up">{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/591787.stm |title=Aussies opt for bikini cover-up | work=BBC News | date=January 5, 2000}}</ref> In 1999, the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|International Volleyball Federation]] (FIVB) standardized beach volleyball uniforms, with the bikini becoming the required uniform for women.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ |title=Bikini blues – Beach volleyball makes the swimsuit standard |publisher=CNN |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809191530/http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ |archivedate=August 9, 2015 }}</ref> That regulation bottom is called a "bun-hugger",<ref name=patr /> and players names are often written on the back of the bottom.<ref name=patr /> The uniform made its Olympic debut at Sydney's [[Bondi Beach, New South Wales|Bondi Beach]] in the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] amid some criticism.<ref name=stan>Mary Zeiss Stange, Carol K. Oyster and Jane E. Sloan (ed.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=B50Jad7552MC&pg=PA134&dq=bikini+beach+volleyball#v=onepage&q=bikini%20beach%20volleyball Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World]'' (Volume 1), page 134, SAGE, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4129-7685-5}}</ref> It was the fifth largest television audience of all the sports at the 2000 Games. Much of the interest was because of the sex appeal of bikini-clad players along with their athletic ability.<ref>Stuff Writer, "[http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer04/gen/news/story?id=1860176 Beach volleyball a popular spectator sport]", ESPN, August 16, 2004</ref> Bikini-clad dancers and cheerleaders entertain the audience during match breaks in many beach volleyball tournaments, including the Olympics.<ref name=patr /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5705620/ |title=Beach volleyball's bikini cheerleaders stir up a storm |publisher=NBC sports |date=August 17, 2004 |accessdate=March 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317105526/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5705620/ |archivedate=March 17, 2008 }}</ref> Even [[Volleyball|indoor volleyball]] costumes followed suit to become smaller and tighter.<ref name=patr /> However, the FIVB's mandating of the bikini ran into problems. Some sports officials consider it exploitative and impractical in colder weather.<ref name="cover-up" /> It also drew the ire of some athletes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/olympics/sports/beach-volleyball.htm |title=Beach Volleyball |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419043317/http://www.abc.net.au/news/olympics/sports/beach-volleyball.htm |archivedate=April 19, 2010 }}</ref> At the [[2006 Asian Games]] at Doha, Qatar, only one Muslim country&nbsp;– Iraq&nbsp;– fielded a team in the beach volleyball competition because of concerns that the uniform was inappropriate. They refused to wear bikinis.<ref>Associated Press, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3335511,00.html In Doha, beach volleyball bikinis create cultural clash], Ynet News, March 12, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2008.</ref> The weather during the evening games in [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] was so cold that the players sometimes had to wear shirts and leggings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/olympics/news-london-2012/beach-volleyball-but-not-beach-weather-aussies-lose-close-match-as-cold-bites-20120729-23562.html|title=Beach volleyball but not beach weather: Aussies lose close match as cold bites | work=The Canberra Times |date=July 29, 2012 |accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref> Earlier in 2012, FIVB had announced it would allow shorts (maximum length {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} above the knee) and sleeved tops at the games. Richard Baker, the federation spokesperson, said that "many of these countries have religious and cultural requirements so the uniform needed to be more flexible".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/volleyball/9169429/London-2012-Olympics-female-beach-volleyball-players-permitted-to-wear-less-revealing-uniforms.html |title=London 2012 Olympics: female beach volleyball players permitted to wear less revealing uniforms |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=August 1, 2012 |date=March 27, 2012}}</ref> The bikini remains preferred by most players<ref name="mcpeak_uniform">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/China/story?id=5589206&page=1 |title=Olympic Uniforms: Less Clothing Means Better Results |publisher=ABC News|date=2008-08-18 }}</ref> and corporate sponsors.<ref name=patr>Patrice A. Oppliger, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c77ABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182&dq=bikini+beach+volleyball#v=onepage&q=bikini%20beach%20volleyball Girls Gone Skank: The Sexualization of Girls in American Culture]'', page 182-4, McFarland, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-7864-8650-2}}</ref> US women's team has cited several advantages of bikini uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather.<ref name="ijr">{{cite web|url=http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|website=ijr.com|title=Here&#x27;s Why the USA Women's Volleyball Team Refuses to Stop Wearing Bikinis|accessdate=December 15, 2017|archive-date=ຕຸລາ 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019112323/http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Competitors [[Natalie Cook]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Jenny McAsey |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0,,24130706-5014104,00.html |title=Natalie Cook defends bikini |work=Herald Sun |date=June 5, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908051422/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0%2C%2C24130706-5014104%2C00.html |archivedate=September 8, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908051422/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0%2C%2C24130706-5014104%2C00.html |date=ກັນຍາ 8, 2008 }}</ref> and [[Holly McPeak]]<ref name="mcpeak_uniform" /> support the bikini as a practical uniform for a sport played on sand during the heat of summer. Olympic gold medal winner [[Kerry Walsh]] said, "I love our uniforms." According to fellow gold medalist [[Misty May-Treanor]] and Walsh it does not restrict movement.<ref name=patr /> One feminist viewpoint sees the bikini uniform as objectification of women athletes.<ref name=stan /> US beach volleyball player [[Gabrielle Reece]] described the bikini bottoms as uncomfortable with constant "yanking and fiddling."<ref name=patr /><ref name=blues>Jeanne Moos, "[http://edition.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ Bikini blues – Beach volleyball makes the swimsuit standard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406091308/http://edition.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ |date=2015-04-06 }}", CNN, Jan 13, 1999</ref> Many female beach volleyball players have suffered injuries by over-straining the [[abdominal muscles]] while many others have gone through [[augmentation mammoplasty]] to look appealing in their uniforms.<ref name=stan /> Australian competitor [[Nicole Sanderson]] said about match break entertainment that "it's kind of disrespectful to the female players. I'm sure the male spectators love it, but I find it a little bit offensive."<ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic briefs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/aug/18/athensolympics2004.olympicgames20 |work=The Guardian |date=August 17, 2004 |accessdate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> Sports journalism expert Kimberly Bissell conducted a study on the camera angles used during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games beach volleyball games. Bissell found that 20% of the camera angles were focused on the women's chests, and 17% on their buttocks. Bissell theorized that the appearance of the players draws fans attention more than their actual athleticism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bissell|first=Kimberly|author2=Andera Duke|title=Bump, Set, Spike: An Analysis of Commentary|journal=Journal of Promotion Management|year=2007|pages=35–53|doi=10.1300/J057v13n01_04|volume=13|issue=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/02/beach-volleyball-photos-focus-on-womens-body-parts-not-athletics_n_1734372.html |title=Beach Volleyball Photos Focus On Women's Body Parts -- Not Their Athletic Skills |first=Emma |last=Gray |accessdate=August 17, 2013 |work=The Huffington Post |date=August 2, 2012}}</ref> Sports commentator [[Jeanne Moos]] commented, "Beach volleyball has now joined go-go girl dancing as perhaps the only two professions where a bikini is the required uniform."<ref name=patr /><ref name=blues /><ref>JG Daddario and BJ Wigley, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_sports_media/v002/2.daddario.html Gender Marking and Racial Stereotyping at the 2004 Athens Games]", ''Journal of Sports Media'' (vol 2), University of Nebraska Press, 2007</ref> British Olympian [[Denise Johns]] argues that the regulation uniform is intended to be "sexy" and to attract attention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article106438.ece |title=Denise Johns: There is more to beach volleyball than girls in bikinis |first=Brian |last=Schofield |newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=July 20, 2008 |accessdate=May 4, 2015 |location=London |archive-date=ພຶດສະພາ 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003749/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article106438.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rubén Acosta, president of the FIVB, says that it makes the game more appealing to spectators.<ref name=stan /> === Bodybuilding === {{multiple image | align = left | footer = Bikini is the uniform for both male and female [[bodybuilding|bodybuilders]]. | image1 = Dougback2.jpg | width1 = 110 | image2 = BodybuildingWoman.jpg | width2 = 200 }} From the 1950s to mid-1970s, men's contest formats were often supplemented with women's beauty contests or bikini shows. The winners earned titles like Miss Body Beautiful, Miss Physical Fitness and Miss Americana, and also presented trophies to the winners of the men's contest.<ref name=lowe>Maria R. Lowe, ''Women of Steel: Female Bodybuilders and the Struggle for Self-definition'', page 57, NYU Press, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-5094-0}}</ref> In the 1980s, the Ms Olympia competition started in the US and in the UK the NABBA (National Amateur Body Building Association) renamed Miss Bikini International to Ms Universe. In 1986, the Ms Universe competition was divided into two sections&nbsp;– "physique" (for a more muscular physique) and "figure" (traditional feminine presentation in high heels).<ref name=grogan>Sarah Grogan, ''Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children'', page 63, Routledge, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-134-24567-3}}</ref> In November 2010 the IFBBF (International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness) introduced a women's bikini contest for women who do not wish to build their muscles to figure competition levels.<ref>Tanya Bunsell, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fEYPodrZJEUC&pg=PT41&dq=bodybuilding+bikini#v=onepage&q=bodybuilding%20bikini Strong and hard women: an ethnography of female body building]'', Routledge, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-136-25085-9}}</ref> Costumes are regulation "posing trunks" (bikini briefs) for both men and women.<ref>Francois Fortin, ''Sports: The Complete Visual Reference'', page 360, Québec Amerique, 1996, {{ISBN|9782764408971}}</ref> [[Female bodybuilder]]s in America are prohibited from wearing thongs or T-back swimsuits in contests filmed for television, though they are allowed to do so by certain fitness organizations in closed events.<ref name=lowe/> For men, the dress code specifies "swim trunks only (no shorts, cut-off pants, or Speedos)." === Other sports === {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Blanka Vlasic Berlin 2009 (cropped).jpg | width1 = 150 | image2 = Ivet Lalova Berlin 2009 cropped.JPG | width2 = 129 | footer = Croatian [[high jump]]er [[Blanka Vlašić]], field, (left) and Bulgarian sprinter [[Ivet Lalova]], track (right) at [[2009 World Championships in Athletics]]. }} Women in [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] often wear bikinis of similar size as those worn in [[beach volleyball]]. [[Amy Acuff]], a US high-jumper, wore a black leather bikini instead of a track suit at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref>Staff Correspondent, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF9290227B1DAA&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Hype Hopes Today's Olympians need more than athletic prowess to win gold]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''Fort Worth Star-Telegram'', August 6, 2000</ref> Runner [[Florence Griffith-Joyner]] mixed bikini bottoms with one-legged [[tights]] at the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], earning her more attention than her record-breaking performance in the women's 200 meters event.<ref>Anne Marie Balsamo, ''Technologies of the gendered body'', page 46, Duke University Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-8223-1698-6}}</ref> In the 2007 [[South Pacific Games]], the rules were adjusted to allow players to wear less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops instead of bikinis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22339200-23109,00.html |title=No bikinis for beach volleyball players |work=News.com.au |date=August 31, 2007 |accessdate=March 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228044658/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C22339200-23109%2C00.html |archivedate=December 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228044658/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C22339200-23109%2C00.html |date=ທັນວາ 28, 2007 }}</ref> At the [[West Asian Games]] in 2006, organizers banned bikini-bottoms for female athletes and asked them to wear long shorts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/661034.cms |title=Unveiling the spirit of the sporting women |work=The Economic Times |date=December 1, 2006}}</ref> String bikinis and other revealing clothes are common in [[surfing]], though most surfing bikinis are more robust with more coverage than sunning bikinis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesurfchannel.com/slide/top-10-summer-bikinis/ |title=Top 10 Best Summer Bikinis |publisher=thesurfchannel.com |accessdate=March 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317192943/http://www.thesurfchannel.com/slide/top-10-summer-bikinis/ |archivedate=March 17, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>Andrea McCloud, The Girl's Guide to Surfing, page 52, Chronicle Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4521-0898-8}}</ref> ''[[Surfing Magazine]]'' printed a pictorial of [[Kymberly Herrin]], [[Playboy Playmate|''Playboy'' Playmate]] March 1981, surfing in a revealing bikini, and eventually started an annual bikini issue.<ref>Matt Warshaw, ''The History of Surfing'', page 417, Chronicle Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4521-0094-4}}</ref> The [[Association of Surfing Professionals]] often pairs female surf meets with [[bikini contests]], an issue that divides the female pro-surfing community into two parts.<ref>Douglas Booth, ''Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand and Surf'', page 139, Routledge, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-136-33847-2}}</ref> It has often been more profitable to win the bikini contest than the female surfing event.<ref>Mark Stranger, ''Surfing Life: Surface, Substructure and the Commodification of the Sublime'', page 40, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-7443-6}}</ref> ===ບານສົ່ງຫາດຊາຍ=== [[File:Brooke Sweat and Jennifer Fopma at Hermosa Beach 2012 (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|US women's [[beach volleyball]] team has cited several advantages to bikini uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|title=Here's Why the USA Women's Volleyball Team Refuses to Stop Wearing Bikinis|date=August 11, 2016|publisher=|access-date=ເມສາ 1, 2020|archive-date=ຕຸລາ 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019112323/http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Photo shows US beach volleyball players [[Jennifer Fopma]] and [[Brooke Sweat]] in their uniforms.]] In 1994, the bikini became the official uniform of [[Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics#Women's beach volleyball|women's Olympic beach volleyball]].<ref name="cover-up"/> In 1999, the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|International Volleyball Federation]] (FIVB) standardized beach volleyball uniforms, with the bikini becoming the required uniform for women.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ |title=Bikini blues – Beach volleyball makes the swimsuit standard |publisher=CNN |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809191530/http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ |archivedate=August 9, 2015 }}</ref> That regulation bottom is called a "bun-hugger",<ref name=patr /> and players names are often written on the back of the bottom.<ref name=patr /> The uniform made its Olympic debut at Sydney's [[Bondi Beach, New South Wales|Bondi Beach]] in the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] amid some criticism.<ref name=stan/> It was the fifth largest television audience of all the sports at the 2000 Games. Much of the interest was because of the sex appeal of bikini-clad players along with their athletic ability.<ref>Stuff Writer, "[http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer04/gen/news/story?id=1860176 Beach volleyball a popular spectator sport]", ESPN, August 16, 2004</ref> Bikini-clad dancers and cheerleaders entertain the audience during match breaks in many beach volleyball tournaments, including the Olympics.<ref name=patr /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5705620/ |title=Beach volleyball's bikini cheerleaders stir up a storm |publisher=NBC sports |date=August 17, 2004 |accessdate=March 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317105526/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5705620/ |archivedate=March 17, 2008 }}</ref> Even [[Volleyball|indoor volleyball]] costumes followed suit to become smaller and tighter.<ref name=patr /> However, the FIVB's mandating of the bikini ran into problems. Some sports officials consider it exploitative and impractical in colder weather.<ref name="cover-up" /> It also drew the ire of some athletes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/olympics/sports/beach-volleyball.htm |title=Beach Volleyball |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419043317/http://www.abc.net.au/news/olympics/sports/beach-volleyball.htm |archivedate=April 19, 2010 }}</ref> At the [[2006 Asian Games]] at Doha, Qatar, only one Muslim country&nbsp;– Iraq&nbsp;– fielded a team in the beach volleyball competition because of concerns that the uniform was inappropriate. They refused to wear bikinis.<ref>Associated Press, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3335511,00.html In Doha, beach volleyball bikinis create cultural clash], Ynet News, March 12, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2008.</ref> The weather during the evening games in [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] was so cold that the players sometimes had to wear shirts and leggings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/olympics/news-london-2012/beach-volleyball-but-not-beach-weather-aussies-lose-close-match-as-cold-bites-20120729-23562.html|title=Beach volleyball but not beach weather: Aussies lose close match as cold bites | work=The Canberra Times |date=July 29, 2012 |accessdate=August 1, 2012}}</ref> Earlier in 2012, FIVB had announced it would allow shorts (maximum length {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} above the knee) and sleeved tops at the games. Richard Baker, the federation spokesperson, said that "many of these countries have religious and cultural requirements so the uniform needed to be more flexible".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/volleyball/9169429/London-2012-Olympics-female-beach-volleyball-players-permitted-to-wear-less-revealing-uniforms.html |title=London 2012 Olympics: female beach volleyball players permitted to wear less revealing uniforms |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=August 1, 2012 |date=March 27, 2012}}</ref> The bikini remains preferred by most players<ref name="mcpeak_uniform"/> and corporate sponsors.<ref name=patr/> US women's team has cited several advantages of bikini uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather.<ref name="ijr"/> Competitors [[Natalie Cook]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Jenny McAsey |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0,,24130706-5014104,00.html |title=Natalie Cook defends bikini |work=Herald Sun |date=June 5, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908051422/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0%2C%2C24130706-5014104%2C00.html |archivedate=September 8, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908051422/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0%2C%2C24130706-5014104%2C00.html |date=ກັນຍາ 8, 2008 }}</ref> and [[Holly McPeak]]<ref name="mcpeak_uniform" /> support the bikini as a practical uniform for a sport played on sand during the heat of summer. Olympic gold medal winner [[Kerry Walsh]] said, "I love our uniforms." According to fellow gold medalist [[Misty May-Treanor]] and Walsh it does not restrict movement.<ref name=patr /> One feminist viewpoint sees the bikini uniform as objectification of women athletes.<ref name=stan /> US beach volleyball player [[Gabrielle Reece]] described the bikini bottoms as uncomfortable with constant "yanking and fiddling."<ref name=patr /><ref name=blues/> Many female beach volleyball players have suffered injuries by over-straining the [[abdominal muscles]] while many others have gone through [[augmentation mammoplasty]] to look appealing in their uniforms.<ref name=stan /> Australian competitor [[Nicole Sanderson]] said about match break entertainment that "it's kind of disrespectful to the female players. I'm sure the male spectators love it, but I find it a little bit offensive."<ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic briefs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/aug/18/athensolympics2004.olympicgames20 |work=The Guardian |date=August 17, 2004 |accessdate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> Sports journalism expert Kimberly Bissell conducted a study on the camera angles used during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games beach volleyball games. Bissell found that 20% of the camera angles were focused on the women's chests, and 17% on their buttocks. Bissell theorized that the appearance of the players draws fans attention more than their actual athleticism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bissell|first=Kimberly|author2=Andera Duke|title=Bump, Set, Spike: An Analysis of Commentary|journal=Journal of Promotion Management|year=2007|pages=35–53|doi=10.1300/J057v13n01_04|volume=13|issue=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/02/beach-volleyball-photos-focus-on-womens-body-parts-not-athletics_n_1734372.html |title=Beach Volleyball Photos Focus On Women's Body Parts -- Not Their Athletic Skills |first=Emma |last=Gray |accessdate=August 17, 2013 |work=The Huffington Post |date=August 2, 2012}}</ref> Sports commentator [[Jeanne Moos]] commented, "Beach volleyball has now joined go-go girl dancing as perhaps the only two professions where a bikini is the required uniform."<ref name=patr /><ref name=blues /><ref>JG Daddario and BJ Wigley, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_sports_media/v002/2.daddario.html Gender Marking and Racial Stereotyping at the 2004 Athens Games]", ''Journal of Sports Media'' (vol 2), University of Nebraska Press, 2007</ref> British Olympian [[Denise Johns]] argues that the regulation uniform is intended to be "sexy" and to attract attention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article106438.ece |title=Denise Johns: There is more to beach volleyball than girls in bikinis |first=Brian |last=Schofield |newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=July 20, 2008 |accessdate=May 4, 2015 |location=London |archive-date=ພຶດສະພາ 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003749/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article106438.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rubén Acosta, president of the FIVB, says that it makes the game more appealing to spectators.<ref name=stan /> ===ເພາະກາຍ=== {{multiple image | align = left | footer = Bikini is the uniform for both male and female [[bodybuilding|bodybuilders]]. | image1 = Dougback2.jpg | width1 = 110 | image2 = BodybuildingWoman.jpg | width2 = 200 }} From the 1950s to mid-1970s, men's contest formats were often supplemented with women's beauty contests or bikini shows. The winners earned titles like Miss Body Beautiful, Miss Physical Fitness and Miss Americana, and also presented trophies to the winners of the men's contest.<ref name=lowe>Maria R. Lowe, ''Women of Steel: Female Bodybuilders and the Struggle for Self-definition'', page 57, NYU Press, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-5094-0}}</ref> In the 1980s, the Ms Olympia competition started in the US and in the UK the NABBA (National Amateur Body Building Association) renamed Miss Bikini International to Ms Universe. In 1986, the Ms Universe competition was divided into two sections&nbsp;– "physique" (for a more muscular physique) and "figure" (traditional feminine presentation in high heels).<ref name=grogan>Sarah Grogan, ''Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children'', page 63, Routledge, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-134-24567-3}}</ref> In November 2010 the IFBBF (International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness) introduced a women's bikini contest for women who do not wish to build their muscles to figure competition levels.<ref>Tanya Bunsell, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fEYPodrZJEUC&pg=PT41&dq=bodybuilding+bikini#v=onepage&q=bodybuilding%20bikini Strong and hard women: an ethnography of female body building]'', Routledge, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-136-25085-9}}</ref> Costumes are regulation "posing trunks" (bikini briefs) for both men and women.<ref>Francois Fortin, ''Sports: The Complete Visual Reference'', page 360, Québec Amerique, 1996, {{ISBN|9782764408971}}</ref> [[Female bodybuilder]]s in America are prohibited from wearing thongs or T-back swimsuits in contests filmed for television, though they are allowed to do so by certain fitness organizations in closed events.<ref name=lowe/> For men, the dress code specifies "swim trunks only (no shorts, cut-off pants, or Speedos)." ===ກິລາອື່ນໆ=== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Blanka Vlasic Berlin 2009 (cropped).jpg | width1 = 150 | image2 = Ivet Lalova Berlin 2009 cropped.JPG | width2 = 129 | footer = Croatian [[high jump]]er [[Blanka Vlašić]], field, (left) and Bulgarian sprinter [[Ivet Lalova]], track (right) at [[2009 World Championships in Athletics]]. }} Women in [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] often wear bikinis of similar size as those worn in [[beach volleyball]]. [[Amy Acuff]], a US high-jumper, wore a black leather bikini instead of a track suit at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref>Staff Correspondent, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF9290227B1DAA&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Hype Hopes Today's Olympians need more than athletic prowess to win gold]{{Dead link|date=ທັນວາ 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''Fort Worth Star-Telegram'', August 6, 2000</ref> Runner [[Florence Griffith-Joyner]] mixed bikini bottoms with one-legged [[tights]] at the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], earning her more attention than her record-breaking performance in the women's 200 meters event.<ref>Anne Marie Balsamo, ''Technologies of the gendered body'', page 46, Duke University Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-8223-1698-6}}</ref> In the 2007 [[South Pacific Games]], the rules were adjusted to allow players to wear less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops instead of bikinis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22339200-23109,00.html |title=No bikinis for beach volleyball players |work=News.com.au |date=August 31, 2007 |accessdate=March 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228044658/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C22339200-23109%2C00.html |archivedate=December 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228044658/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C22339200-23109%2C00.html |date=ທັນວາ 28, 2007 }}</ref> At the [[West Asian Games]] in 2006, organizers banned bikini-bottoms for female athletes and asked them to wear long shorts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/661034.cms |title=Unveiling the spirit of the sporting women |work=The Economic Times |date=December 1, 2006}}</ref> String bikinis and other revealing clothes are common in [[surfing]], though most surfing bikinis are more robust with more coverage than sunning bikinis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesurfchannel.com/slide/top-10-summer-bikinis/ |title=Top 10 Best Summer Bikinis |publisher=thesurfchannel.com |accessdate=March 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317192943/http://www.thesurfchannel.com/slide/top-10-summer-bikinis/ |archivedate=March 17, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>Andrea McCloud, The Girl's Guide to Surfing, page 52, Chronicle Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4521-0898-8}}</ref> ''[[Surfing Magazine]]'' printed a pictorial of [[Kymberly Herrin]], [[Playboy Playmate|''Playboy'' Playmate]] March 1981, surfing in a revealing bikini, and eventually started an annual bikini issue.<ref>Matt Warshaw, ''The History of Surfing'', page 417, Chronicle Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4521-0094-4}}</ref> The [[Association of Surfing Professionals]] often pairs female surf meets with [[bikini contests]], an issue that divides the female pro-surfing community into two parts.<ref>Douglas Booth, ''Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand and Surf'', page 139, Routledge, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-136-33847-2}}</ref> It has often been more profitable to win the bikini contest than the female surfing event.<ref>Mark Stranger, ''Surfing Life: Surface, Substructure and the Commodification of the Sublime'', page 40, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-7443-6}}</ref> == ຊຸດຊັ້ນໃນຊຸດບິກິນີ == Certain types of [[underwear]] are described as bikini underwear and designed for men and women. For women, bikini or bikini-style underwear is underwear that is similar in size and form to a regular bikini. It can refer to virtually any undergarment that provides less coverage to the [[midriff]] than [[lingerie]], [[panties]] or knickers,<ref>Alison J. Carter, ''Underwear: The Fashion History'', page 111, Batsford, 1992, {{ISBN|978-0-7134-6222-7}}</ref> especially suited to clothing such as [[crop top]]s. For men, bikini briefs are undergarments that are smaller and more revealing than men's classic [[briefs]]. Men's bikini briefs can be low- or high-side that are usually lower than true waist, often at hips, and usually have no access pouch or flap, legs bands at tops of thighs.<ref>Shaun Cole, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEmuePeDX4C&pg=PA90&dq=bikini+underwear#v=onepage&q=bikini%20underwear The Story of Men's Underwear]'', pages 90-93, Parkstone International, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-78042-882-6}}</ref> String bikini briefs have front and rear sections that meet in the crotch but not at the waistband, with no fabric on the side of the legs.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Underwear |url=http://www.boxerbriefs.com/history_of_underwear.htm |publisher=Boxerbriefs.com |accessdate=August 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818070455/http://boxerbriefs.com/history_of_underwear.htm |archivedate=August 18, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Swimwear and underwear have similar design considerations, both being [[form-fitting garment]]s. The main difference is that, unlike underwear, swimwear is open to public view.<ref>Jennifer Craik, ''The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion'', page 133, Routledge, 1993, {{ISBN|978-1-134-94056-1}}</ref> The swimsuit was, and is, following underwear styles,<ref>Christine Schmid, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 6, A&C Black, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-85785-124-6}}</ref> and at about the same time that attitudes towards the bikini began to change, underwear underwent a redesign towards a minimal, unboned design that emphasized comfort first.<ref>Dan Parker, ''The Bathing Suit: Christian Liberty Or Secular Idolatry'', page 170, Xulon Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-59160-753-3}}</ref> === History === {{multiple image | header = Women's underwear | align = right | image1 = Barcley custom corsets15.jpg | width1 = 120 | caption1 = 1927 | image2 = Female model A 03.JPG | width2 = 130 | caption2 = 2013 }} As the swimsuit was evolving, the underwear started to change. Between 1900 and 1940, swimsuit lengths followed the changes in underwear designs.<ref>Muriel Barbier, Shazia Boucher, ''The Story of Lingerie'', page 139, Parkstone International, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-78042-970-0}}</ref> In the 1920s women started discarding the corset, while the Cadole company of Paris started developing something they called the "breast girdle".<ref name=napol>Anthony Napoleon, ''Awakening Beauty", page 130, Virtualbookworm Publishing, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-58939-378-3}}</ref> During the Great Depression, panties and bras became softly constructed and were made of various elasticized yarns making underwear fit like a second skin. By 1930s underwear styles for both women and men were influenced by the new brief models of swimwear from Europe. Although the waistband was still above the navel, the leg openings of the panty brief were cut in an arc to rise from the crotch to the hip joint. The brief served as a template for most all variations of panties for the rest of the century.<ref name=ddhills>Daniel Delis Hill, '' As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising'', page 158, Texas Tech University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-89672-616-1}}</ref> Warner standardized the concept of [[Cup size]] in 1935. The first underwire bra was developed in 1938.<ref name=napol /> Beginning in the late thirties skants, a type of skanty men's briefs, were introduced, featuring very high-cut leg openings and a lower rise to the waistband.<ref name=ddhills /> [[Howard Hughes]] designed a push-up bra to be worn by [[Jane Russell]] in ''[[The Outlaw]]'' in 1943, although Russell stated in interviews that she never wore the 'contraption'. In 1950 [[Maidenform]] introduced the first official bust enhancing bra.<ref name=napol /> By the 1960s, the bikini swimsuit influenced panty styles and coincided with the cut of the new lower rise jeans and pants.<ref name=ddhills /> In the seventies, with the emergence of skintight jeans, thong versions of the panty became mainstream, since the open, stringed back eliminated any tell-tale panty lines across the rear and hips. By the 1980s the design of the French-cut panty pushed the waistband back up to the natural waistline and the rise of the leg openings was nearly as high (French Cut panties come up to the waist, has a high cut leg, and usually are full in the rear<ref>Lisa Cole, '' Lingerie, the Foundation of a Woman's Life'', page 45, Choice Publications, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-9711803-4-5}}</ref>). As with the bra and other type of lingerie, manufacturers of the last quarter of the century marketed panty styles that were designed primarily for their sexual allure.<ref name=ddhills /> From this decade sexualization and eroticization of the male body was on the rise. The male body was celebrated through advertising campaigns for brands such as [[Calvin Klein]], particularly by photographers [[Bruce Weber (photographer)|Bruce Weber]] and [[Herb Ritts]].<ref name=schmidt>Christine Schmidt, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 19, Bloomsbury Academic, 2012, {{ISBN|0-85785-123-3}}</ref> Male bodies and men's undergarments were commodified and packaged for mass consumption, and swimwear and sportswear were influenced by sports photography and fitness.<ref name=schmidt /> Over time, swimwear evolved from weighty wool to high-tech [[skin-tight garment]]s, eventually cross-breeding with sportswear, underwear and exercise wear, resulting in the interchangeable fashions of the 1990s.<ref>Christine Schmid, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 102, A&C Black, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-85785-124-6}}</ref> ===ປະຫວັດການ=== {{multiple image | header = Women's underwear | align = right | image1 = Barcley custom corsets15.jpg | width1 = 120 | caption1 = 1927 | image2 = Female model A 03.JPG | width2 = 130 | caption2 = 2013 }} As the swimsuit was evolving, the underwear started to change. Between 1900 and 1940, swimsuit lengths followed the changes in underwear designs.<ref>Muriel Barbier, Shazia Boucher, ''The Story of Lingerie'', page 139, Parkstone International, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-78042-970-0}}</ref> In the 1920s women started discarding the corset, while the Cadole company of Paris started developing something they called the "breast girdle".<ref name=napol>Anthony Napoleon, ''Awakening Beauty", page 130, Virtualbookworm Publishing, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-58939-378-3}}</ref> During the Great Depression, panties and bras became softly constructed and were made of various elasticized yarns making underwear fit like a second skin. By 1930s underwear styles for both women and men were influenced by the new brief models of swimwear from Europe. Although the waistband was still above the navel, the leg openings of the panty brief were cut in an arc to rise from the crotch to the hip joint. The brief served as a template for most all variations of panties for the rest of the century.<ref name=ddhills>Daniel Delis Hill, '' As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising'', page 158, Texas Tech University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-89672-616-1}}</ref> Warner standardized the concept of [[Cup size]] in 1935. The first underwire bra was developed in 1938.<ref name=napol /> Beginning in the late thirties skants, a type of skanty men's briefs, were introduced, featuring very high-cut leg openings and a lower rise to the waistband.<ref name=ddhills /> [[Howard Hughes]] designed a push-up bra to be worn by [[Jane Russell]] in ''[[The Outlaw]]'' in 1943, although Russell stated in interviews that she never wore the 'contraption'. In 1950 [[Maidenform]] introduced the first official bust enhancing bra.<ref name=napol /> By the 1960s, the bikini swimsuit influenced panty styles and coincided with the cut of the new lower rise jeans and pants.<ref name=ddhills /> In the seventies, with the emergence of skintight jeans, thong versions of the panty became mainstream, since the open, stringed back eliminated any tell-tale panty lines across the rear and hips. By the 1980s the design of the French-cut panty pushed the waistband back up to the natural waistline and the rise of the leg openings was nearly as high (French Cut panties come up to the waist, has a high cut leg, and usually are full in the rear<ref>Lisa Cole, '' Lingerie, the Foundation of a Woman's Life'', page 45, Choice Publications, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-9711803-4-5}}</ref>). As with the bra and other type of lingerie, manufacturers of the last quarter of the century marketed panty styles that were designed primarily for their sexual allure.<ref name=ddhills /> From this decade sexualization and eroticization of the male body was on the rise. The male body was celebrated through advertising campaigns for brands such as [[Calvin Klein]], particularly by photographers [[Bruce Weber (photographer)|Bruce Weber]] and [[Herb Ritts]].<ref name=schmidt>Christine Schmidt, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 19, Bloomsbury Academic, 2012, {{ISBN|0-85785-123-3}}</ref> Male bodies and men's undergarments were commodified and packaged for mass consumption, and swimwear and sportswear were influenced by sports photography and fitness.<ref name=schmidt /> Over time, swimwear evolved from weighty wool to high-tech [[skin-tight garment]]s, eventually cross-breeding with sportswear, underwear and exercise wear, resulting in the interchangeable fashions of the 1990s.<ref>Christine Schmid, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 102, A&C Black, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-85785-124-6}}</ref> ==Bikini waxing == {{multiple image | header = Bikini waxing styles | align = right | image1 = Bikini lines.jpg | width1 = 100 | caption1 = American waxing (also: triangle, regular) | image2 = Landing strip.svg | width2 = 100 | caption2 = French waxing (also: Mohican, landing strip) | image3 = Brazilian hollywood.jpg | width3 = 100 | caption3 = Brazilian waxing (also: Hollywood, full monty) | footer = ''Sources:''<ref name=milady/><ref name=essort/><ref name=BrBi/><ref name=landingstrip>{{cite web|last1=Grey|first1=Maggie|title=Basic Pubic Hairstyles|url=http://www.landingstrip.org/basic-pubic-hairstyles/|website=The Landing Strip|accessdate=June 13, 2014|date=2012-06-30}}</ref><ref name=SalE /><ref name=SalE>{{cite book | author = Salinger, Eve | year = 2005 | title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pleasing Your Woman | publisher = Alpha Books/Penguin Group | location = New York | page = 196 | isbn = 978-1-59257-464-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YISte-SRZEC&pg=PA196}}</ref><ref name=Boston>{{cite book | author = Boston Women's Health Book Collective, The | year = 2005 | title = Our Bodies, Ourselves: A New Edition for a New Era | publisher = Touchstone/Simon & Schuster | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/ourbodiesoursel00bost/page/4 4] | isbn = 978-0-7432-5611-7 | edition = 35th anniversary | title-link = Our Bodies, Ourselves }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hiscock |first=Jane |author2=Frances Lovett |title=Beauty Therapy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLHeHGFlQiYC&pg=PA325 |accessdate=May 9, 2013 |year=2004 |edition=2nd |publisher=Heinemann Educational Publishers |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-435-45102-8 |page=325}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Latour|first=Stephanie |title=Erotic Review's Bedside Companion: An ABC of Delightful Depravity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLHeHGFlQiYC&pg=PA325 |accessdate=May 9, 2013 |year=2002 |publisher=Anova Books|isbn=978-1-84411-002-5|page=25|quote=Salons offer a choice of waxing styles for women, including the widely renowned Brazilian or Mohican for those concerned not to reveal a single stray pube in the inciest, winciest beachwear, while The Hollywood denotes the full monty.}}</ref> }} Bikini waxing is the [[hair removal|epilation]] of [[pubic hair]] beyond the bikini line by use of [[waxing]]. The bikini line delineates the part of a woman's pubic area to be covered by the bottom part of a bikini, which means any pubic hair visible beyond the boundaries of a swimsuit.<ref name=Embod1>Heinz Tschachler, Maureen Devine, Michael Draxlbauer; ''The EmBodyment of American Culture''; pp 61–62; LIT Verlag, Berlin-Hamburg-Münster; 2003; {{ISBN|3-8258-6762-5}}.</ref> Visible pubic hair is widely culturally disapproved, considered to be [[Embarrassment|embarrassing]], and often removed.<ref name=Embod1/> As popularity of bikinis grew, the acceptability of pubic hair diminished.<ref name=Han>David L. Hanlon, Geoffrey Miles White, ''Voyaging Through the Contemporary Pacific'', page 99, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, {{ISBN|0742500454}}</ref> But, with certain styles of women's swimwear, pubic hair may become visible around the [[crotch]] area of a [[swimsuit]].<ref name=Embod1/> With the reduction in the size of swimsuits, especially since the advent of the bikini after 1945, the practice of bikini waxing has also become popular.<ref name=Embod1/> The Brazilian style which became popular with the rise of thong bottoms.<ref name=heinz/> Depending on the style of bikini-bottom and the amount of skin visible outside the bikini,<ref name=heinz>Heinz Tschachler, Maureen Devine and Michael Draxlbauer (ed.), ''The EmBodyment of American Culture'', page 62, LIT Verlag Münster, 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-6762-1}}</ref> pubic hair may be styled into several styles<ref name=milady>Helen Bickmore; ''Milady's Hair Removal Techniques: A Comprehensive Manual''; Thomson Delmar Learning; 2003; {{ISBN|1-4018-1555-3}}</ref><ref name=essort>{{cite web |url=http://www.essortment.com/different-types-bikini-wax-application-techniques-59434.html |title=Different Types of Bikini Wax and Application Techniques |publisher=Essortment |accessdate=May 9, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225003346/http://www.essortment.com/different-types-bikini-wax-application-techniques-59434.html |archivedate=December 25, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=BrBi>{{cite web |url=http://www.brazilian-bikinis.org/brazilianbikiniwax.html |title=Brazilian bikini wax |publisher=Brazilian Bikinis |accessdate=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117052055/http://www.brazilian-bikinis.org/brazilianbikiniwax.html |archive-date=November 17, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> — American waxing (removal of pubic hair from the sides, top of the thighs, and under the navel), French waxing (leaves only a vertical strip in front), Brazilian waxing (removal of all hair in the pelvic area, particularly suitable for [[Thong (clothing)|thong bottoms]]).<ref>Milady, ''[https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=_DKKtUx5uo4C&pg=PA688&dq=%22bikini+waxing%22+evolution#v=onepage&q=%22bikini%20waxing%22%20evolution Milady Standard Cosmetology 2012]'', page 22, Cengage Learning, 2011, {{ISBN|1439059306}}</ref> ==Bikini tan== [[File:Tan lines on human female chest.jpg|thumb|upright|Tan lines created by a bikini]] The [[tan line]]s created by the wearing of a bikini while tanning are known as a bikini tan. A 1969 innovation of tan-through swimwear uses fabric which is perforated with thousands of micro holes that are nearly invisible to the naked eye, but which let enough sunlight through to produce a line-free tan.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=Tan-Through Fabric Lets Sun Shine In |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/10/17/archives/tanthrough-fabric-lets-sun-shine-in.html |last=Taylor |first=Angela |date=October 17, 1969 |page=55}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1082764/3/ |title=Scorecard: No nudes is good news |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=September 1, 1969 |accessdate=April 15, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012014005/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1082764/3/ |archivedate=October 12, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012014005/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1082764/3/ |date=ຕຸລາ 12, 2013 }}</ref> As bikinis leave most of the body exposed to potentially dangerous [[ultraviolet|UV]] radiation, overexposure can cause [[sunburn]], [[skin cancer]], as well as other acute and chronic [[Health effects of sun exposure|health effects]] on the skin, eyes, and [[immune system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Health effects of UV radiation|url=http://www.who.int/uv/health/en/ |publisher=WHO|accessdate=March 7, 2015}}</ref> As a result, medical organizations recommend that bikini wearers protect themselves from UV radiation by using broad-spectrum [[sunscreen]], which has been shown to protect against sunburn, skin cancer,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kanavy HE |author2=Gerstenblith MR |title=Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma |journal=Semin Cutan Med Surg |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=222–228 |date=December 2011 |pmid=22123420 |doi=10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003 }}</ref> wrinkling and sagging skin.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1691732 |title=Sunscreen and Prevention of Skin Aging |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |date=June 4, 2013 |author1=M.C.B. Hughes|author2=G.M. Williams|author3=P. Baker|author4=A.C. Green |volume=158 |issue=11 |pages=781–790 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002|pmid=23732711 }}</ref> Certain sunscreen ingredients can cause harm if they penetrate the skin over time.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Burnett M.E. |author2=Wang S.Q. |title=Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review |journal=Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=58–67 |date=April 2011 |pmid=21392107 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00557.x }}</ref> ejrku84qk5y1khuc1wuxbhvb7qvwgtd 0 20218 128465 104000 2026-06-25T00:23:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13695 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 128465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ດວງເດືອນ ບຸນຍາວົງສ໌''' ( ເກີດວັນທີ 11 ມິຖຸນາ 1947, <ref name="Fukukoa1">{{Cite web|title=Douangdeuane BOUNYAVONG (Arts and Culture Prize 2005)|archive-url=http://fukuoka-prize.org/en/laureate/prize/cul/bounyavong.php}}</ref> ຊື່ນາມມະຍົດ ນາງ '''ດວງເດືອນ ວີຣະວົງສ໌''' ), ນາມສະກຸນ '''ດອກເກດ''' ''(Dō̜kkēt)'', ເປັນນັກຂຽນ [[ລາວ (ຊົນເຜົ່າ)|ຊາວລາວ]] . ນາງ​ໄດ້​ແຕ່ງ​ງານ​ກັບ ອຸທິຍານ ບຸນ​ຍະ​ວົງ, ທີ່​ຮູ້​ຈັກ​ກັນ​ກັບ​ນັກ​ປະ​ພັນ​ນິ​ຍາຍ [[ປະເທດລາວ|​ລາວ]] ​ຍຸກ​ສະ​ໄໝ. ນາງ​ໄດ້​ຂຽນ​ບົດ​ກະວີ, ປຶ້ມ​ຕຳລາ​ແຜ່ນ​ແພ ​ແລະ ນະວະ​ນິຍາຍ​ຫຼາຍ​ສະບັບ ​ແລະ ​ໄດ້​ຖອດ​ຖອນ​ບົດ​ເລື່ອງ​ພື້ນ​ເມືອງ​ຫຼາຍ​ເລື່ອງ, ​ໃນ​ນັ້ນ​ມີ​ຊື່​ສຽງ​ດີ​ທີ່​ສຸດ​ແມ່ນ​ກຳ​ປູ​ນ້ອຍ ('ເດັກ​ກຳພ້າ​ນ້ອຍ​ແລະ​ວິນຍານ'). ນາງໄດ້ມີສ່ວນຮ່ວມໃນ ການຮູ້ຫນັງສື, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Friedensfrauen weltweit – Douangdeuane Bounyavong|archive-url=http://buchdeutsch.1000peacewomen.org/druck_friedensfrauen.php?ID=1235}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131014034800/http://buchdeutsch.1000peacewomen.org/druck_friedensfrauen.php?ID=1235 "Friedensfrauen weltweit – Douangdeuane Bounyavong"] (in German). Frauennetzwerk für Frieden e.V. Archived from [http://buchdeutsch.1000peacewomen.org/druck_friedensfrauen.php?ID=1235 the original] on 2013-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-11</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> ຕົວຢ່າງ: ໂດຍການເຂົ້າຮ່ວມໃນໂຄງການ Big Brother Mouse, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bildung in Laos: Die Maus kommt groß raus – endlich mehr Lesestoff für die Kleinen|archive-url=http://iley.de/?pageID=20000000&article=00000270}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAnke_Timman2007">Anke Timman (2007-01-15). [http://iley.de/?pageID=20000000&article=00000270 "Bildung in Laos: Die Maus kommt groß raus – endlich mehr Lesestoff für die Kleinen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806001526/https://iley.de/?pageID=20000000&article=00000270 |date=2025-08-06 }} (in German). iley.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-11</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> ແລະມີສ່ວນຮ່ວມໃນການເຮັດວຽກຂອງສໍານັກພິມແລະຮ້ານສະຫນອງຫນັງສືເດັກນ້ອຍເປັນ [[ພາສາລາວ]] . {{Infobox Person|name=ດວງເດືອນ ບຸນຍາວົງ|native_name=ດວງເດືອນ ບຸນຍາວົງສ໌|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Douangdeuane Viravong|birth_date={{birth date and age|1947|6|11}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=[[Laos|Laotian]]|other_names=Dok Ked|occupation=Writer|years_active=|known_for=|notable_works=Kam Pha Phi Noi ('The Little Orphan and the Spirit’)|spouse=[[Outhine Bounyavong]]|father=[[Sila Viravong]]|awards=}}ໃນປີ 2005, ແມ່ຍິງສັນຕິພາບທົ່ວໂລກ <ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://wikipeacewomen.org/wpworg/en/?page_id=3072|title="Douangdeuane Bounyavong (Lao Peoples Dem. Republic)". wikipeacewomen.org. Retrieved 2020-02-28.}}</ref> ໄດ້ເລືອກນາງເປັນນຶ່ງໃນພັນແມ່ຍິງສັນຕິພາບຈາກພາກພື້ນອາຊີປາຊີຟິກ. ນາງໄດ້ຮັບ ''ລາງວັນສິລະປະແລະວັດທະນະທໍາ Fukukoa'' . <ref name="Fukukoa1"/> ນາງຍັງເປັນຜູ້ໄດ້ຮັບ ລາງວັນ SEA Write . ec8jeglmd0jb336ab4ttszsh09xycwf 0 22814 128464 118542 2026-06-24T18:03:01Z Penningon 23595 128464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=ອຸສມານ ເດັມເບເລ|image=[[ຮູບ:Ousmane Dembele France v Senegal 16 June 2026-341 (cropped).jpg|210px]] |full_name=ມາຊູຣ໌ ອຸສມານ ເດັມເບເລ<ref name="Legion">{{cite journal |date=1 January 2019 |title=Décret du 31 décembre 2018 portant promotion et nomination |trans-title=Decree of 31 December 2018 on promotion and appointment |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000037909703 |journal=Official Journal of the French Republic |volume=2019 |issue=1 |id=PRER1835394D |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>|birth_date={{birth date and age|1997|5|15|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |title=FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: List of Players: France |publisher=FIFA |page=11 |date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611000407/https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |archive-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>|birth_place=[[Vernon, Eure|Vernon]], ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ|height=1.78 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/ousmane-dembele |title=Ousmane Dembélé |date=15 May 1997 |publisher=Paris Saint-Germain F.C. |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>|position=[[ກອງໜ້າ]], [[ກອງໜ້າ|ປີກ]]|currentclub=[[ສະໂມສອນ ປາຣີ ແຊັງ ແຊກແມັງ]]|clubnumber=10|youthyears1=2004–2009|youthclubs1=Madeleine Évreux|youthyears2=2009–2010|youthclubs2=[[Évreux FC 27|Évreux]]|youthyears3=2010–2015|youthclubs3=[[Stade Rennais F.C.|Rennes]]|years1=2014–2015|clubs1=[[Stade Rennais F.C. II|Rennes II]]|caps1=22|goals1=13|years2=2015–2016|clubs2=[[Stade Rennais F.C.|Rennes]]|caps2=26|goals2=12|years3=2016–2017|clubs3=[[ໂບຣຸສເຊຍ ດອດມຸນ]]|caps3=32|goals3=6|years4=2017–2023|clubs4=[[FC Barcelona|ບາເຊໂລນາ]]|caps4=127|goals4=24|years5=2023–|clubs5=[[ສະໂມສອນ ປາຣີ ແຊັງ ແຊກແມັງ]]|caps5=55|goals5=24|nationalyears1=2013–2014|nationalteam1=[[ທີມຊາດຝຣັ່ງ ຮຸ່ນອາຍຸບໍ່ເກີນ 17 ປີ|U17 ຝຣັ່ງ]]|nationalcaps1=8|nationalgoals1=4|nationalyears2=2014–2015|nationalteam2=[[ທີມຊາດຝຣັ່ງ ຮຸ່ນອາຍຸບໍ່ເກີນ 18 ປີ|U18 ຝຣັ່ງ]]|nationalcaps2=5|nationalgoals2=0|nationalyears3=2015|nationalteam3=[[ທີມຊາດຝຣັ່ງ ຮຸ່ນອາຍຸບໍ່ເກີນ 19 ປີ|U19 ຝຣັ່ງ]]|nationalcaps3=3|nationalgoals3=1|nationalyears4=2016|nationalteam4=[[ທີມຊາດຝຣັ່ງ ຮຸ່ນອາຍຸບໍ່ເກີນ 21 ປີ|U21 ຝຣັ່ງ]]|nationalcaps4=4|nationalgoals4=0|nationalyears5=2016–|nationalteam5=[[ບານເຕະທີມຊາດຝຣັ່ງ|ຝຣັ່ງ]]|nationalcaps5=55|nationalgoals5=7|medaltemplates={{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|FRA}}}} {{Medal|Comp|[[FIFA World Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 Russia]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 Qatar]]|}}|club-update=20:51, 17 ພຶດສະພາ 2025 (UTC)|nationalteam-update=22:55, 23 ມີນາ 2025 (UTC)}}'''ມາຊູຣ໌ ອຸສມານ ເດັມເບເລ''' ([[ພາສາຝຣັ່ງ|ຝຣັ່ງ]]: ''Masour Ousmane Dembélé'';<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ousmane Dembélé au PSG ? La BOMBE du jour ! - La Quotidienne #1354|archive-url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1u0aYfSbD4&t=122s}}</ref> ເກີດ​ວັນ​ທີ 15 ເດືອນ​ພຶດ​ສະ​ພາ 1997​) ເປັນ[[ເຕະບານ|​ນັກ​ບານ​ເຕະ]]ມື​ອາ​ຊີບຊາວ​ຝຣັ່ງ​ທີ່​ຫຼິ້ນ​ເປັນ[[ກອງໜ້າ]] ຫຼື [[ກອງກາງ|​ປີກ]]ຂອງ[[ສະໂມສອນ ປາຣີ ແຊັງ ແຊກແມັງ]] ແລະ[[ບານເຕະທີມຊາດຝຣັ່ງ|ທີມຊາດຝຣັ່ງ]]. == ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ == [[ໝວດ:ນັກກິລາບານເຕະຊາຍຂອງຝຣັ່ງ]] [[ໝວດ:ບຸກຄົນທີ່ຍັງມີຊີວິດຢູ່]] [[ໝວດ:ບຸກຄົນທີ່ເກີດໃນປີ ພ.ສ.2540]] aizwth0xi61djka7xh66dy9wqhhbfkc 0 24979 128468 2026-06-25T05:45:32Z RenWikiLA 20337 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359319956|Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage!]]" 128468 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ຮັດສຶເນະ ມິກຸ: ຄໍເລີຟູລສະເຕຈ໌!''' ({{Langx|en|Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage!}}) ຫຼືຊື່ເດີມໃນປະເທດຍີ່ປຸ່ນວ່າ '''ໂປຣເຈັກ ເຊໄກ''' ({{Langx|ja|プロジェクトセカイ カラフルステージ！ feat. 初音ミク}}) ເປັນ[[ເກມມືຖື]]ປະເພດ ຣິທຶມເກມ ຫຼື ເກມກົດຈັງຫວະດົນຕີ ປະສົມປະສານກັບອົງປະກອບຂອງ ວິຊວລໂນເວລ. ເກມນີ້ພັດທະນາໂດຍຄ້າຍເກມ ຄໍເລີຟູລພາເລັດ (Colorful Palette) ຮ່ວມມືກັບ SEGA ແລະ Crypton Future Media. ເກມນີ້ໄດ້ເປີດໃຫ້ບໍລິການທັງໃນລະບົບປະຕິບັດການ iOS ແລະ Android ຢ່າງເປັນທາງການຄັ້ງທຳອິດໃນເວີຊັນ[[ຍີ່ປຸ່ນ]]ເມື່ອວັນທີ 30 ກັນຍາ 2020 ແລະ ຕໍ່ມາໄດ້ຂະຫຍາຍຄວາມນິຍົມໄປທົ່ວໂລກດ້ວຍການເປີດໂຕເວີຊັນ[[ພາສາອັງກິດ]]ໃນວັນທີ 7 ທັນວາ 2021 ຈຸດເດັ່ນຂອງເກມແມ່ນການນຳເອົາຕົວລະຄອນສະເໝືອນຈິງລະດັບຕຳນານຢ່າງ[[ຮັດສຶເນະ ມິກຸ]], [[ຄາງາມິເນະ/ເລນ]], [[ເມກູຣິເນະ ລູກາ]], [[ເມໂກະ]] ແລະ [[ໄຄໂຕະ]] ມາເປັນຕົວເຊື່ອມໂຍງເລື່ອງລາວເຂົ້າກັບກຸ່ມຕົວລະຄອນໄວລຸ້ນອໍຣິຈິນອນໜ້າໃໝ່ ທີ່ມີຄວາມຝັນ ແລະ ປົມໃນໃຈແຕກຕ່າງກັນ ໂດຍແບ່ງອອກເປັນ 5 ວົງດົນຕີຫຼັກ == ອ້າງອີງ == [[ໝວດ:ເກມ]] [[ໝວດ:ເກມຄອມພິວເຕີ]] [[ໝວດ:ຍີ່ປຸ່ນ]] 6awqx6ouxxdfwq3sam5r2fwegjtxmk4