Wikipedia madwiki https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C3%A8yan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Mèḍia Spesial Pakanḍhâ'ân Pangangghuy Pakanḍhâ'ânna pangangghuy Wikipèḍia Pakanḍhâ'ânna Wikipèḍia Bhengkek Pakanḍhâ'ânna bhengkek MèḍiaWiki Pakanḍhâ'ânna MèḍiaWiki Cèṭa'an Pakanḍhâ'ânna cèṭa'an Bhântowan Pakanḍhâ'ânna bhântowan Bhângsa Pakanḍhâ'ânna bhângsa TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 0 955 65568 47975 2026-08-07T17:32:28Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiscript|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|ꦗꦑꦂꦠ|جاكارتا}} {{Artikel abhâsa}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Jakarta |translit_lang1 = bhâsa ḍâ'èra |translit_lang1_type1 = [[Abjad Pèghu|Pèghu]] |translit_lang1_info1 = جاكرتا |translit_lang1_type2 = [[Aksara Sunda|Sunda]] |translit_lang1_info2 = ᮏᮊᮁᮒ |translit_lang1_type3 = [[Aksara Jhâbâ|Hanacaraka]] |translit_lang1_info3 = ꦗꦏꦂꦠꦃ | settlement_type = [[Propènsi neng Inḍonèsia|Dâ'èra Khusus Èbhukoṭṭa<!-- koreksi pabhâdhi otsus samarèna Keppres taghâut pangallèyan ebhukoṭṭa ḍâri Jakarta ka IKN mon la ardem-->]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 300 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | caption_align = tengah | image1 = Jakarta CBD.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Bâbungowan malangi' sang [[Golden Triangle neng Jakarta]] | image2 = Busway in Bundaran HI.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = ''Car free day'' (Arè sobung motor) neng [[Selamat Datang Monument|Bundaran HI]] | image3 = Istana-Merdeka.jpg | alt3 = | caption3 = [[Istana Merdeka]] (Kraton Mardhika) | image4 = Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg | alt4 = | caption4 = [[Musium Nasional neng Indonesia]] | image5 = Plaza Taman Ismail Marzuki.jpg | alt5 = | caption5 = [[Taman Isma'il Marzuki]] | image6 = Museum Fatahillah Jakarta 2018 pas.jpg | alt6 = | caption6 = [[Koṭṭa Towa Jakarta]] | image7 = | alt7 = | caption7 = sekkar Apoy neng [[Monumen Nasional (Indonesia)|Monas]] }} | nicknames = {{Hlist|''The Big [[Durian]]''|''[[New York City|New York]] Van Java''|''J-Town''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1/|title=A Day in J-Town|work=Jetstar Magazine|date=April 2012|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063908/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1}}</ref>}} | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#333333|zoom=9}} | map_caption = Peta Interaktif sè ngajhârbâ'aghi Jakarta <br> (panta ḍâri [[Kapolowan Seribu (Indonesia)|Kapolowan Seribu]] sobung katonèpon) | coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|Q=Q3630|display=inline, title}} | image_seal = Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg | seal_size = 67px | seal_type = Coat of arms | image_blank_emblem = +Jakarta Logo.svg<!-- Nyu'un ètinjau kembali so'al PERGUB Prov. DKI Jakarta No. 58 Tahun 2020 & Nyu'un ampon jhâ' abuwâng Okara ka'dinto kantos aghântèna PERGUB--> | blank_emblem_type = [[Wordmark]] | blank_emblem_size = 110px | pushpin_map = Indonesia Java#Indonesia#Southeast Asia#Asia | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Java]]##Location in [[Indonesia]]##Location in [[Southeast Asia]]##Location in [[Asia]] | subdivision_type = Naghârâ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Dâ'èra-dâ'èra Indonesia|Dâ'èra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Polo Jhâbâ]] | subdivision_type2 = Koṭṭa tor Dâ'èra administrasi | subdivision_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = [[Daftar dâ'èra administrasi kalabân Koṭṭa administrasi Jakarta|Daftar]] |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left; display:none |1= [[Jakarta Tenga]] |2= [[Jakarta Dâjâ]] |3= [[Jakarta Lao']] |4= [[Jakarta Bârâ']] |5= [[Jakarta Dhimor]] |6= [[Kapolowan Seribu (Indonesia)|Kapolowan Seribu]] }} | seat_type = Ebhukoṭṭa | seat = [[Jakarta Pusat]]<br>(''dè facto''){{Efn|Jakarta nika salâgghâ koṭṭa neng Level Da'èra Khusus Ebhukoṭṭa amanta lèma' Da'èra Administrasi ''Koṭṭa Administrasi'' (Koṭṭa-Koṭṭa Administrasi/municipalities) tor sittong ''Kabupatèn Administrasi'' (Da'èra administratif). Sobung Ebhukoṭṭa ''de jure'', Lamon Bungowan Pârnata panika alokasi neng Jakarta Pusat.}} | established_title = Asal-mowasal | established_date = Abad ka 5 ([[Prasasti Tugu|Pamokèman solong sè tadokumèntasi]]) | established_title1 = Èprakarsaghi | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1527|06|22|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|title=Provinsi – Kementerian Dalam Negeri – Republik Indonesia|trans-title=Province – Ministry of Home Affairs – Republic of Indonesia|language=id|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219073545/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|archive-date=19 February 2013|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_title2 = Akâmbhâng minangka [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] | established_date2 = {{Start date and age|1619|05|30|df=y}}<ref name="Ricklefs2001">{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs|first=M. C.|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs|year=2001|title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|edition=3rd|page=35|isbn=9780804744805}}</ref> | established_title3 = [[Status koṭṭa neng Indonesia|Status koṭṭa]] | established_date3 = {{Start date and age|1621|03|04|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | established_title4 = [[Propensi neng Indonesia|Status Propènsi]] | established_date4 = {{Start date and age|1961|08|28|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | government_type = [[Subdivisions neng Indonesia#First level|Da'èra Administrasi Khusus]] | governing_body = Pârnata propènsi Dâ'èra Khusus Ebhukoṭṭa Jakarta | leader_title = [[Gubernur neng Jakarta|Gubernur]] | leader_name = [[Heru Budi Hartono]] (''Akalaghung''-2024) | leader_title2 = [[bâkkèl Gubernur neng Jakarta|Bâkkèl Gubârnur]] | leader_name2 = ''Sobung'' | leader_title3 = Lègislatif | leader_name3 = [[Dèwan Perwakilan Rakyat Da'èra Jakarta (DPRD Jakarta)|DPRD Jakarta]] | area_total_km2 = 660.982 | area_metro_km2 = 7,076.31 | area_urban_km2 = 3,546 | area_urban_sq_mi = 547.16 | area_rank = [[Propènsi neng Indonesia|ondhâk ka 38 neng Indonesia]] | population_urban = 35,386,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Demog19th">{{Cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|edition=19th annual|date=August 2023|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | elevation_m = 8 | elevation_ft = 26 | population_total = 11350328 | population_rank = [[Propènsi neng Indonesia|ondhâk ka 6 neng Indonesia]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_as_of = 2023 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Disdukcapil DKI Tertibkan Data Penduduk Sesuai Domisili|url=https://infopublik.id/kategori/nasional-sosial-budaya/816655/disdukcapil-dki-tertibkan-data-penduduk-sesuai-domisili|publisher=Dinas Dukcapil DKI Jakarta|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> | population_metro = 32,594,159 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3|title=Basis Data Pusat Pengemangan Kawasan Perkotaan|trans-title=Urban area development centre database|website=perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206220012/http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_demonym = Orèng Jakarta | population_density_blank1_km2 = | demographics_type1 = Demografis | demographics1_title1 = {{Nowrap|Ethnic groups}} | demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = 36.17% [[Bhângsa Jhâbâ|Orèng Jhâbâ]] |2 = 28.29% [[Bhângsa Betawi|Orèng Betawi]] |3 = 14.61% [[Bhângsa Sunda|Orèng Sundanese]] |4 = 6.62% [[Orèng Tiongko'|Orèng Chèna]] |5 = 3.42% [[Bhângsa Batak|Orèng Batak]] |6 = 2.85% [[Bhângsa Minangkabau|Orèng Minangkabau]] |7 = 0.96% [[Bhângsa Malaju|Orèng Malaju]] |8 = 7.08% Sè laèn }} | demographics1_title2 = Aghâma (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=ArcGIS Web Application|access-date=2024-09-10|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |list_style = text-align:left; display:none |1 = 83.83% [[Islam]] |2 = 8.56% [[Protestan]] |3 = 3.89% [[Grèja Katolik|Katolik]] |4 = 3.50% [[Buda]] |5 = 0.18% [[Hindu]] |6 = 0.015% [[Konghuco]] |7 = 0.004% [[Aghâma Adhât]] }} | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bpsdatagdp2023">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2024 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022-2023 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg2IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto---milyar-rupiah-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref><ref name="bpsdataperkapita2023">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2024 |title=[Seri 2010] Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022-2023 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg4IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita--ribu-rupiah-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = Koṭṭa |demographics2_info1 = [[Ropiya Inḍonèsia|Rp]] 3,442.98&nbsp;trillion<br>[[USD|US$]] 225.88&nbsp;billion<br>[[Int$]] 724.01&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) |demographics2_title2 = Per kapita |demographics2_info2 = [[Ropiya Indonesia|Rp]] 322.62&nbsp;million<br>[[USD|US$]]&nbsp;21,166<br>[[Int$]] 67,842&nbsp;([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) |demographics2_title3 = Mètro |demographics2_info3 = [[Ropèya Indonesia|Rp]] 6,404.70 trillion<br>[[USD|US$]] 420.192 billion<br>[[Int$]] 1.346 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) | timezone = [[Pambâgiân Bhâkto neng Inḍonèsia|Bâkto Indonesia Bârâ']] | utc_offset = +07:00 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postal codes]] | postal_code = 10110–14540, 19110–19130 | registration_plate = B | blank5_name = [[Indèks Pamorbhâ'ân Manossa (IPM)]] (2023) | blank5_info = {{Increase}} 0.836<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/05/13/8f77e73a66a6f484c655985a/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-2023.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2023|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|1st]]) – <span style=color:#090>very high</span> | area_code = +62 21 | iso_code = ID-JK | official_name = Dâèra Khusus Èbhukoṭṭa Jakarta<br>{{Nobold|{{lang-id|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta (DKI Jakarta)<!-- koreksi pabhâdhi otsus samarèna Keppres taghâut pangallèyan ebhukoṭṭa ḍâri Jakarta ka IKN mon la ardem. !-->}}}} | motto = {{Native phrase|sa-Latn|Jaya Raya}}<br>"Jhâjâ tor Rajâ"<br>[[Slogan]]: {{lang-id|Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia}}{{Efn|In collaboration with "Plus Jakarta" Wordmark.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Petir Garda |last1=Bhwana |first2=Dewi Elvia |last2=Muthiariny |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1667249/jakarta-introduces-new-slogan-sukses-jakarta-untuk-indonesia |title=Jakarta ngalonthaghi Jargon anyar 'Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia' |website=en.tempo.co |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> }}<br>"Jakarta Suksès ka'angghuy Inḍonèsia"<!-- taghâut sareng KEPGUB Prov. DKI Jakarta No. 292 Tahun 2023. --> | website = [https://jakarta.go.id/ Jakarta.go.id] }} '''Jakarta''', halè rosmi akasambhât '''Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta''' otabâ '''DKI Jakarta'''<!-- panika situasi kalamon DKI Jakarta ghi' tâddhi Èbhukota. Aghântè status Jakarta èlakoni ba'da pamatrabhânna "Keputusan Presiden (Keppres)" sè taghâeut dâ' pamataran èbhukoṭṭa. Panika èromat dâlâm UU Nomor 3 taon 2022 pasal 39 ayat 1. -->, sè dhimin èkalonta mènangka [[Batavia]] kantos 1949, ya'ni sèmangkèn abhâdhi [[Èbhu koṭṭa Inḍonèsia]] bhinarèn [[Wilayah administrasi khusus neng Indonesia|dâèrah otonom sadrajât sareng propènsi]].<ref name="Status ebhukoṭṭa">{{cite news|title=Ramai Status Jakarta tak Lagi Ibu Kota, Pihak Istana Respons Begini|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240308115024-4-520701/ramai-status-jakarta-tak-lagi-ibu-kota-pihak-istana-respons-begini|first= |last=Emir |date=8 Maret 2024 |editor-first= |editor-last=|accessdate=2 April 2024|language=id |work=[[CNBC Indonesia]] |archive-date=|archive-url=|dead-url=no}}</ref> Jakarta ngaghungi lèma' [[Kota administrasi neng Indonesia|koṭṭa administrasi]] tor sittong [[Kabupaten administrasi neng Indonesia|kabupaten administrasi]]. Bhinarèn aroju' dâ' peyarsa sè lombrâ, Jakarta asambhât minangka [[area metropolitan|koṭṭa metropolit]]. Jakarta abitara neng pasèsèr panta'an bârâ'-tasè' [[polo Jhâbâ]]. Jakarta aghâdhui jhâjjhuluk ''The Big Durian'' (sang kadigghâ dhurèn) amarghâ èsèngko'aghi minangka koṭṭa sa pandhu sareng [[Koṭṭa New York]] (''[[Big Apple]]'') neng [[Amerika Serikat|Amèrika Syarikat]].<ref name="Jakartapost">{{en}} {{cite web | url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 | title=Jakarta: A city we learn to love but never to like | author=Suryodiningrat, Meidyatama | work=The Jakarta Post | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221030541/http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 | archivedate=2008-02-21 | date=2007-06-22 | access-date=2013-07-02 | dead-url=no }}</ref> Jakarta ngaghungi bibârâh sa 664,01&nbsp;km² (saghârâna sa: 6.977,5&nbsp;km²), sareng jumlah wargana 11.135.191 nyabâ, alèngghâ dâ' partengngahan taon 2024.<ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2024|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=25 Juli 2024|format=Visual|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|url-status=dead}}</ref> minangka pamaoran bisnis, politik, sareng kabudaya'an, Jakarta asalèra kânnângan ngaprakarsana kantor-kantor panambhâghân BUMN, prusaha'an swasta, prusaha'an asèng. Koṭṭa panèka jhughân abhâdhi kânnânganna partètahan lembaga-lembaga pernata kalabân kantor sâkartariat [[ASEAN]]. Jakarta kantos èalâmmi kalabân duwâ' pandhârâ abâng, ya'ni [[Pandhârâ abâng Internasional Soekarno-Haṭṭa|Pandhârâ Internasional Soekarno–Haṭṭa]] neng [[Koṭṭa Tangerang]], [[Banten]] [[Pandhârâ Halim Perdanakusuma]], mangsan dwi pâlabuwân tasè', ya'ni [[pâlabuwân Tanjung Priok|Tanjung Priok]] sareng [[pâlabuwân Sunda Kelapa|Sunda Kelapa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/222049324/mau-tahu-jam-paling-sibuk-di-jakarta-nih-sebaiknya-dihindari |title=mau tahu jam paling sibuk neng jakarta nih sebaiknya dihindari |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417230631/https://www.gridoto.com/amp/read/222049324/mau-tahu-jam-paling-sibuk-neng-jakarta-nih-sebaiknya-dihindari |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indonesia.go.id/province/daerah-khusus-ibukota-jakarta |title=Daerah khusus Ibukota Jakarta (Indonesia.go.id) |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919153723/https://indonesia.go.id/province/daerah-khusus-ibukota-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jakarta-tourism.go.id/ |title=Tur jakarta (Jakarta-tourism.go.id) |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711055419/https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> == Etimologi == [[Bhengkek:Batavia MKL Bd. 2 1890 (131578766).jpg|jmpl|220px|kiri|Ekkar Batavia (Samangkèn Jakarta) nalèka taon 1890.|al=]] Bhâbâ otabâ dâ'èra panika pon asemalèn jhâjjhuluk akadhi salanjhâng zâman neng jhâjhârbhâ'an sè atitèng<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 april 2022|title=Beragam Nama Jakarta Sejak Tahun 397 hingga Sekarang|url=https://metro.sindonews.com/read/737547/173/beragam-nama-jakarta-sejak-tahun-397-hingga-sekarang-1649412247|website=Sindonews|language=id-ID|access-date=8 Juni 2023|archive-date=2023-06-2erido1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621021521/https://metro.sindonews.com/read/737547/173/beragam-nama-jakarta-sejak-tahun-397-hingga-sekarang-1649412247|dead-url=no}}</ref>''':''' * ''[[Sunda Kelapa]]'' (397—1527) * {{flagicon|Banten Sultanate}} ''[[Jayakarta]]'' (1527—1619) * {{flagicon|Dutch East indies}} ''[[Batavia]]'' (1619—1942) * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} ''Djakarta Tokubetu Si'' {{Nihongo|2=ジャカルタ特別市|4=''[[Alih aksara Kunrei-shiki|Kunrei-shiki]]'': ''Djakarta Tokubetu Si, [[Alih aksara Hepburn|Hepburn]]: Jakaruta tokubetsushi}}'' (1942—1945) * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} ''Djakarta'' (1945—1972) * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} ''Jakarta'' (1972—samangkèn) [[Bhengkek:Propaganda Jepang Indonesia Raya Nippon Eigasha 2605.webm|jmpl|220px|kiri|Propaganda [[Jepang]] maghèncaraghi dâ' "[[Inḍonèsia Raya]]" salombi nyanyian sè malarpar statussa sareng "[[Kimigayo]]" minangka lagu kabhângsa'an [[Inḍonèsia]] halè [[Dè facto]] nalèka [[Masa Pandudukan Jepang|Rabuk Pangegghunan Jepang]].]] Asma' "''Jakarta''" èmabi ampon [[Pangengghunan Jepang neng wilayah Hindia Blandhâ|masa ka'ihtilalan Jepang]] taon 1942, ka'angghuy nyambhât wilayah lampaṭṭa ''[[Gemeente]] [[Batavia]]'' sè èkarosmi pernata [[Hindia Blandhâ]] nalèka taon 1905.<ref>Thee Liang Gie; ''Sejarah Pemerintahan Kota Djakarta'', Jakarta: Kotapraja Djakarta Raja, 1958, hal. 83.</ref> jhulukân "''Jakarta''" mujud ḍâri parèngkadhân dâ' diksi '''''Jayakarta''''' ([[aksara Dewanagari]]: जयकृत), apènangkan dâ' okara abhâsa Sanskerta जय ''jaya'' (kagemmilangan/kamennangan), sareng कृत ''krta'' (kama'morân), dâghâ ''Jayakarta'' nika ama'na "koṭṭa kajhâjâ'ân tor kama'morân". Asma' nika èparèngi amarghâ mahajana [[kasultanan Demak|Demak]] tor [[Kesultanan Cirebon|Cirebon]] neng andhâb kamaula'an [[Fatahillah]] (Faletehan) bâ'dâ panyârbuân kalabân abistèl jhâjâ'ân neng pâlabuwân Sunda Kelapa nalèka tangghâl 22 Juni 1527 dârika pernata Portugis. Asma' panèka apèyarsa "koṭṭa kamennangan" otabâ "koṭṭa kajhâjâ'ân". Namong, hakèkaṭṭa ama'na "kamennangan sè èbis amarghâ sa tarongghuânna otabâ usaha sè ḍilu' mèlaghis " jakarta ngaghungè marduwân [[Bhâsa Sanskerta|Sanskerta]] ya'ni ''Jaya'' (जय) ama'na "Jhâjâ" (kamennangan)<ref name="jaya">{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=jaya|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043538/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|dead-url=no}}</ref> tor ''Karta'' (कृत) ama'na "tekka".<ref name="krta">{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=krta|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731044135/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|dead-url=no}}</ref> Manca olat èjhâ'ân asma' koṭṭa nèka ampon molandhimin èyaghâm. [[Ahli Shojhârâ]] [[Portugis]], João de Barros, longkang ''Décadas da Ásia'' (1553) ampon nyambhât ataksèna andhika "''Xacatara (Jakarta)"'' samrambâh bhâbâ palèan "''Caravam'' (Karawang)". Salombi dokumèn (piagam) amowasal Banten (k. 1600) èmaos ahli epigrafi [[Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk|''Van der Tuuk'']] èmèyarsanè ngandhika okara ''wong Jaketra'',<ref>T.B.G. jilid 19 tahun 1870, hal. 393, dalam Slamet Muljana, ''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=l1ALHtAiibQC&pg=PA72&dq=muljana+van+der+tuuk&hl=en&ei=MPx6Ttm9MMqzrAeRgZnAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Sriwijaya]'', hal. 72. LKiS, 2006. ISBN 979-8451-62-7. èaksès 22 September 2011.</ref> sanyaossa ''Jaketra'' lerres èsambhât neng rat-serrat [[Kasultanan Banten#Daftar rato Banten|Sultan Banten]]<ref>Titik Pudjiastuti, (2007), ''Perang, dagang, persahabatan: surat-surat Sultan Banten'', Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 979-461-650-8.</ref> kalabân ''[[Sojhârâ Banten]]'' (pupuh 45 sareng 47) sakadhinapa èsales'aghi [[Hussein Jayadiningrat|Hoessein Djajadiningrat]]. Saèṭṭa [[Cornelis de Houtman|''Cornelis de Houtman'']] taon 1596 nyambhât [[Raden Wijayakrama|"Radèn" ''Wijayakrama'']] mènangka ''koning van Jacatra'' (dhâtoh Jakarta). == Sojhârâh == {{Main|sojhârâ Jakarta}} [[Bhengkek:Prasasti tugu.jpg|jmpl|160px|kiri|[[Bâto Prasastè Toghu]] nalèka abad ka lèma' tapangghi neng dâ'èra Tugu, Jakarta Utara.]] === Masa pra-kolonial === Dâ'èra sè sanonto èkasambhât Jakarta nèka panta ḍâri [[Kadhâtowan Tarumanaghârâ]] ({{lang-id| Tarumanagara}}), sa kadhâtowan [[Sunda]], sè arobâ neng antara [[Kadhâtowan Hindu]] sè palèng dhimin neng bhumè Inḍonèsia.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta|title=Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon|year=2005}}</ref> Salastarèna Kabhlusaran Tarumanaghârâ, ya-wilayana, aghându' dâ'èra Jakarta, abhâdhi pantana [[Kadhâtowan Sunda]]. Nalèka abâd ka pètto' kantos awwâl abâd ka tello bellâs, dâ'èra panèka ètatèng mènangka plabbhuwân vital klabân èpossa'aghi prao otabâ dèk [[kadhâtowan Sriwijaya]]. Aoghâr ḍâ' catetan berta Chèna, ''Chu-fan-chi'', sè ècatet bitara taon 1200, [[Chou Ju-kua]] nyaètaghi Bhâsa neng abâd katello bellâs manabi Sriwijaya ghi' apernata neng [[Jazira Mlajuh]] tor panta bârâ' Jhâbâ. Lajhâng otabâ Catetan nèka jhughân nyaètaghi bhâsa plabbhuwân Sunda mènangka plabbhuwân sè "strategis tor asâkkar akas (jhurbhu)", abhâdhi pamaorra sonâghâng [[Ladhâh Lanon]] khas Sunda sè ka'alo' mutuna. mahajana dâ'èra nèka sara narèkana ḍâ' bidhâng agrikultur kalabân ghun-angghunna nyondhu ju-kajuwân (brângkah).<ref>{{cite book| author=Drs. R. Soekmono,| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed.| publisher=Penerbit Kanisius| date= 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988| location =Yogyakarta| page =page 60 }}</ref> Plabbhuwân nèka èjhulughi [[Sunda Kelapa]] (Sunda Nyior), katona abâd empa' bellâs, plabbhuwânèpon anambhâghi pardhâghângan sa Sunda. [[Bhengkek:Padrao sunda kelapa.jpg|jmpl|160px|kiri|somajâ ghuna akanco antara Kadhâtowan sunda sareng portugès neng mua bâto, somaja panika èsambhât Luso-Sundanese padrão]] Sabbhâna kapal [[Portugis]] ḍâri [[Malaka]] ḍâ' plabbhuwân Sunda Kelapa neng 1513, Portugis mosangi lampa dâ' kapolowan pangrana' ladhâh lanon .<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Cipta Loka Caraka|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16|year=1999}}</ref> sanalèka jhughân Kadhâtowan Sunda aghâbây [[Luso Sundanese padrão|Somajâh kancon]] sareng bhângsa Portugis mènangka arsajâna Sunda kaghuna masèsaè anaranna [[Kasoltanan Dema']] pangobâsa Jhâbâ Tengnga<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |title=History of Jakarta |work=BeritaJakarta}}</ref> angèng bâkjâh dâ' Portugis èparèngi klèlan (edhi) apaddhâk plabuwân dhibi' nângka'essa' nalèka 1522. Taon 1527, [[Fatahillah]], aron sènapatè pènangkan Dema' nyârbu tor nyâmojutè Sunda Kelapa, Mangsan ngoddhâkaghi duta Portugis. Salastarèna, Sunda Kelapa aghèntè asmana abhâneng Jayakarta, kalabân èsto pantana daulatan [[Kasoltanan Banten]]. Ngaros katarèkatan dâ' radèn Jayawikarta pènangkan Kasoltanan Banten, Blandhâ napa' neng Jayakarta taon 1596. Nalèka 1602, [[Prusaha'an India Tèmor inggris|Prusaha'an India Tèmor Inggris]] abhâkta longsa'an sardaduh sè èkamendir [[Sir James Lancaster]], apocal mangghâr neng [[Aceh|Acèh]] tor alajâr ka Banten, sè ka'dimma sadhâjána èparèngi èdhi ngaddhâki sa kantor antradhághâng. Wilayah anika sè pagghi' abhâdhi pamaoran dhâghâng Inggris neng Indonesia kantos 1682.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan |year=1993 |location=London |page=29 |isbn=0-333-57689-6}}</ref> Jayawikarta èkanta ngaghungi habi èkonomi sareng sa sodhâghâr Inggris kompetitor Balandhâ, kalabân trèkah marèngi èdhi maddhâkka markaz aèjhin mandhâpana Blandhâ natkala 1615.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heuken |first=Adolf|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta Jilid II: Dokumen-dokumen Sejarah Jakarta ḍâri kedatangan kapal pertama Belanda (1596) sampai dengan tahun 1619 (Authentic sources of History of Jakarta part II: Documents of history of Jakarta from the first arrival of Dutch ship (1596) to year 1619) |publisher=Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka |year=2000 |location=Jakarta }}</ref> === Èra kolonial === [[Bhengkek:Stadhuis Batavia, Jakarta.jpg|jmpl|''Stadhuis Batavia'', kantor Gubernur Jenderal [[Parusaha'an Hindia Tèmor Blandhâ|VOC]] neng dâ'èra [[Koṭṭa Towa Jakarta]]. Bungonan nèka sanonto abhâdhi [[Musiyum Sojhârâ Jakarta]]]] [[Bhengkek:Andries Beeckman - The Castle of Batavia.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Batavia èpascakarsa neng aṭṭas pakarangan sèmangkèn abhâdhi Jakarta. Karya [[Andries Beeckman]] c. 1656]] Rèkala pancas tor habi pandhâlien Radèn Jayawikarta sareng Blandhâ acancala, Jayawikarta asènḍinan kabulâ Inggris maghirit sardaduna ḍâlem larak dâ' bhintèng Belandhâ, nangèng serrangan ka'dissa' kèngèng èka'arsa Blandhâ, aran kajhâjâ'an ta' kèni' kadhâlâr divisi [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]] (J.P. Coen) sè kadaruy nyènḍin. Slastarèna, Bâlanḍhâ ngala' serrè' kalabân ngobbhârè bhintèng Inggris amangsana nyèngkal Inggris ondhur dâ' ka praona. Blandhâ jhâjâ nètènè koṭṭa , nalèka taon 1619, asma' koṭṭa ''Jayakarta'' èbungar abhâdhi ''Batavia'' sareng Blandhâ. Ghâuta neng koṭṭa nèka atakal imigran ka'angghuy nyandhâr, cer para saodhâghâr Cèna otabâ Tionghoa. Jumlah warga sè dhâkkala asèmbu, mèndhu'aghi tempoan pernata koṭṭa. Katerrenan landep dhilâ pernata koṭṭa ngoddhi'i pasèpatan imigrasi rèng-orâng cèna kelabân lorong deportasi. Tangsèlan abhâdhi palabânan, kateddhiân 5,000 orèng ḍâri ètnis cèna [[Pambantaian Batavia 1740|èmondhâs otabâ ègenosida]] èdhâlâr pernata Blandhâ tor warga tobin partangghâl 9 Oktober 1740, jhughân on-taon sa'amponna, kabâḍâ'ân panèka maksa ètnis Cèna matar dâ' [[Glodok]] sè akennengngan neng mèjhil bhintèng koṭṭa.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139">{{Cite book|last=Witton |first=Patrick |title=Indonesia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2003 |location=Melbourne |pages=138–139|isbn=1-74059-154-2}}</ref> Koṭṭa asekkar dâ' arah jhellâu' kabidhânna kemaran (wabah) penyakè' taon 1835 tor 1870, nyorghung rèng-orèng asèjik dâ' jheleu' nyèngghâi palabbuwân. Koningsplein, sèmangkèn anyama [[Mètor Merdèka]] lastarè èpaddhâk taon 1818, taman pacompo'an [[Mèntèng]] kabidhân èpaddhâk taon 1913,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42 Menteng : Pelopor Kota Taman], 3 November 2007</ref> tor [[Kebayoran Baru]] ya'nè cecompo'an sè khir-akhirân èpaddhâk sareng Blandhâ.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> alèngghâ precca' 1930, Batavia aron ngaghungi pata sapaduwân juta warga,<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/13.htm Colonial Economy and Society, 1870–1940]. Source: ''U.S. Library of Congress.''</ref> preghâta èlebbhui 37,067 orèng aètnik Èropa.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4T4HJKW-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=949420039&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a406b85e0a44bef9ed9ad2d055bcd62b Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households]. ScienceDirect.</ref> === Èra kamardhika'an === Sa'ampon perrang lastarèh, kaom republikan Inḍonèsia adhigghâl Jakarta sè èkobâsa [[Kancowan neng perrang dhunnya ka 2|sardaduh Kancowan]] tor mabhâdhi [[Yogyakarta|Jogjakerta]] minangka èbhu koṭṭa naghârâ sè anyar. Nalèka 1950, sa'ampon kamardhika'an èrebbhu' onè, èbhu koṭṭa naghârâ èbâliyaghi dâ' koṭṭa karasan.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> presidèn Inḍonèsia pratama, [[Soekarno]], ngaptè karsa ka'angghuy mabhâdhi Jakarta koṭṭa aghung internasional tompèng atèta trèkah parèjikan sè èbhândhâi parnata amâksot mabhâsta'a arkanan nasionalis sareng [[arsitektur modern]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kusno |first=Abidin |year=2000 |title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures |location=New York City |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-23615-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=P. |last=Schoppert |coauthor=Damais, S. |title=Java Style |year=1997 |publisher=Didier Millet |location=Paris |isbn= 962-593-232-1}}</ref> ḍiring trèkana èngghi panèka Jhâlân lajâng, bhundheran narmèng neng Jhâlân MH Thamrin-Sudirman, [[Monumen Nasional]], [[Hotèl Inḍonèsia]], panambhâghân belânjhâ tor geddung parlemen bungar. neng Oktober 1965, Jakarta teddhi saksè [[Pagarakan 30 September|samandât kudèta]] sè masèdhâh ennem orèng jenderal tèngghi militer, nyolet [[Panompessan massal Inḍonèsia 1965-66|panompessan massal rèng-orèng kacèr]], andhân jumlah ètnis Cèna,<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm Why ethnic Chinese are afraid]". BBC News. 12 February 1998.</ref> ngabidhânè [[Peralihan dâ' Orde Anyar|èra Orde anyar neng pandhâp Soeharto]]. Sapokpara orde sè èpaddhâk neng [[Lobâng Bhâjâ|ngadhâtonna jasad jenderal-jenderal sè èbuwâng]]. Nalèka 1966, Jakarta kaèstrèn abhâdhi "da'erah khusus èbhukoṭṭa" (''Da'èrah Khusus Ibukota''), abhâkta status sè sadrâjhât sareng provinsi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta |work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc |accessdate=17 September 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}</ref> Lètnan Jenderal [[Ali Sadikin]] minangka gubernur madiyanan 60-an kantos 1977; mrakarsa'aghi bitongan jhâlân tor jâmbât, nyorghung panyekkaran seni tor bhudhâjâ, maddhâk roma anglo tor sakolah. jhughân arèa-arèa jhâbbhâ èpa'ardâm minangka projèk-projèk modernisasi,<ref>{{Cite journal|first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1989 |title=The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis |journal=Third World Planning Review |volume=11 |issue=2 pages=pp. 211–238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/095624789200400203 |first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1992 |title=The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment and Community-based Alternatives |url=https://archive.org/details/environment-urbanization_1992-10_4_2/page/9 |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=9–32}}</ref> ngandhek [[bèca']] tor mellang blijhâ pancasoko. Sadikin jhughân ghiyar ka'angghuy nata jumlah imigran manca Jakarta minangka trèkana ngajhâui panangghun nyerrèni jumlah kafakiran.<ref> {{Cite book | last = Turner | first = Peter | title = Java (1st edition) | publisher=Lonely Planet | year=1997 | location=Melbourne | page=315 | isbn=0-86442-314-4 }}</ref> Investasi manca negri sa'amponna maèjawanta raè koṭṭa panèka salanjhâng parnata Sadikin kantos pangghântè salastarèna.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Edsel E. |last=Sajor |year=2003 |url=http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00325 |title=Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines |journal=Development and Change |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=713–742 |doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00325}}</ref> . [[Bhengkek:Jakarta riot 14 May 1998.jpg|al=kanan|jmpl|200x200px|Suasana [[Ghâridu Mèi 1998]] sè kateddhiân pertangghâl 14 Mèi 1998. Katon aron orèng pareppa'na maklonyar sadhângka' jhângka'.]] Messatan èknonomi ca-raca amandhâp bâjâna [[Krisis èkonomi Asia 1997|krisis 1997]], salastarè pamandhâpân, Jakarta abhâdhi noktana pamaoran anti-pernata. 32 taon akobâsa, sènḍinan ḍâ' prèsiden Soeharto nambhân. Panettengan malandhâp nalèkana mahasiswa [[Universitas Trisakti]] [[Panèmbakan Trisakti|ètèngghâr]] jhâlârân aparat ka'amanan; sa'arè bhântèng [[Karusuhan Mèi 1998|ghâridu neng Jakarta]] asèjân bitara 1,200 sokma mahasiswa amangsana 6,000 ghâddhung èsaèl'aghi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6 |page=329}}</ref> menḍân orèng aètnis [[Cèna Inḍonèsia]] teddhi korbanna.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm Wages of Hatred]. Michael Shari. Business Week.</ref> Soeharto ajhurdâsè klaghungan prèsiden, salajhuna Jakarta èngghi panèka pamaoran krusial ḍâ' paghuliyân demokrasi Inḍonèsia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}</ref> pokpara bom bân anar teroris ampon magghis sèbâng taon neng koṭṭa nèka akadhina taon 2000 kantos 2005,<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139" /> tor pokpara bom [[bom Jakarta 2009|nalèka 2009]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Minggu, 19 Juli 2009 – 13:16 WIB |url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-neng-jakarta |title=Daftar Serangan Bom neng Jakarta |publisher=Poskota |accessdate=27 April 2010 |archive-date=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812063627/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-neng-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Gèografi == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+ Nokta èkstrém Provinsi DKI Jakarta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/id/pulau-sabira-penjaga-alam-jakarta-neng-batas-utara/a-60114884|website=www.dw.com|access-date=2022-09-24|title=Salinan arsip|archive-date=2022-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015235443/https://www.dw.com/id/pulau-sabira-penjaga-alam-jakarta-neng-batas-utara/a-60114884|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- |align=center|Bârâ' || {{coord|5|28|45.0|S|106|23|25.03|E}} || [[Nosa Pabelokan]], [[Kabhupatèn Administrasi Kanosa'an Seribu]] |- |align=center|Lao' || {{coord|6|22|14.0|S|106|53|39.0|E}} || [[Jhâlân Transyogi|Jhâlân Transyogi (Cibubur-Jonggol)]] km 01, [[Cibubur, Ciracas, Jakarta Timur]] |- |align=center|Tèmor || {{coord|6|08|42.0|S|106|58|21.0|E}} || Jalan Kaliabang, [[Rorotan, Cilincing, Jakarta Dâjâ]] |- |align=center|Dâjâ || {{coord|5|12|09.18|S|106|27|46.23|E}} || [[Pulau Sebira]], [[Kabhupatèn Administrasi Kanosa'an Seribu]] |- |align=center|Tertinggi || +91 [[meter]] [[dpl]], {{coord|6|22|09.0|S|106|54|01.01|E}} || [[Bhumi Perkemahan tor Graha Wisata Pramuka Cibubur|Kabâsan Buperta Cibubur]], [[Pondok Ranggon, Cipayung, Jakarta Temor]] |- |align=center|Terendah || -1 [[meter]] [[dpl]], {{coord|6|06|57.0|S|106|48|13.0|E}} || Jhâlân Muara Baru, [[Penjaringan, Jakarta Dâjâ]] |- |} [[Bhengkek:Sungai Ciliwung dekat dengan gedung groeneveld. jpg.jpg|jmpl|[[Songay Ciliwung]]. Amèndhâna sè èkarasan, songay nèka mabhungka koṭṭa abhâdhi duwâ'. Songay nèka maslèra ḍiring sè songay paleng jhâbbhâ neng Dhunnya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-26|title=Ciliwung Jadi Salah Satu Songay Terkotor neng Dunia, Berikut Faktanya|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ciliwung-jadi-songay-terkotor-neng-dunia-berikut-hasil-riset-terbarunya.html|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|access-date=2022-06-27|last=Kautsar|first=Nurul Diva|editor-last=Diva|editor-first=Nurul|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422194142/https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ciliwung-jadi-songay-terkotor-neng-dunia-berikut-hasil-riset-terbarunya.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>]] Jakarta akennnengan neng salajâ dâjâ [[Nosa Jhâbâ]], neng mowara [[Ciliwung]], [[Lompong Jakarta]]. samarbhâ wilayah Jakarta kadhâton neng tèngghângan tondhâ ḍâ' anjhung sirkana 8 mèter [[dpl]] bit nokta taranjhungnga Jakarta èngghi panèka 91 mèter [[dpl]] akennengan neng Kabâsan Buperta Cibubur, [[Cipayung, Jakarta Tèmor]] sè maslèra koncar tatondhâna formasi tèngghângan Jonggol-Jatiluhur. Bhinarèng nokta tatondhâna engghi ka'dissa' -1 mèter [[dpl]] bit lokasi neng wilayah Muara Baru tor Pluit, [[Jakarta Dâjâ]] neng ka'dimma dâèra karasan nèka ma'alamè pokpara panondhâ'ân tanah mola dhimèn.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-03|title=Muara Baru Terancam Tenggelam 4,6 Meter neng Bawah Muka Laut pada 2050|url=https://metro.tempo.co/read/1501906/muara-baru-terancam-tenggelam-46-meter-neng-bawah-muka-laut-pada-2050|work=[[Tempo.co]]|access-date=2022-10-01|last=Koresponden|first=Non|editor-last=H.|editor-first=Clara Maria Tjandra Dewi|archive-date=2022-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006020751/https://metro.tempo.co/read/1501906/muara-baru-terancam-tenggelam-46-meter-neng-bawah-muka-laut-pada-2050|dead-url=no}}</ref> amarghâ akennengan neng tèngghângan tondhâ, nemma'an'aghi telbhâssa wilayah Jakarta segghut kalongghây aing, langkongnga pandhâ'ân lao' Jakarta maslèra dâ'èra paghunongan bit cora ojhân tèngghi. Jakarta kaèlèr sareng 13 songay sè sadhâjâna amowara nojjhu [[Lompong Jakarta]]. Songay sè paleng parlo engghi apnèka Ciliwung, sè mabhungka koṭṭa abhâdhi duwâ'. Jhâtemor tor jhâlâu', Jakarta atacer kelabân provinsi [[Jhâbâ Bârâ']] jhughân neng pandhâ'ân bârâ' atacer [[provinsi Banten]]. [[Kanosa'an Seribu]] èngghi panèka kabhupatèn administratif sè kadhâton neng [[Teluk Jakarta]], samarbhâ wilayana adhâpar dhârâpan kanosa'an, kelabân 105 nosa kadhâton pocak 45&nbsp;km (28 mil) neng èrèng dâjâ Lompong Jakarta. === Iklim === Jakarta aghâdhui suhu udara sè panas tor kessap dâmon aiklim tropis. Akennengan neng panta bârâ' Inḍonèsia, Jakarta ngalamè moncè' nèmbhârâ neng bulân Januwari tor Fèbruari kelabân sirka dhrâbisân ojhân 350 milimèter kelabân suhu sirkana 27&nbsp;°C. Dhrâbisân ojhân antara bulân Januwari tor kabidhân Fèbruari mèlaghis tèngghi, nalèka ka'dissa' Jakarta èlongghây lompa sabbhân taon, tor moncè' nèmor-kara nalèka bulân Agustus kelabân dhrâbisân curah ojhân 60 milimèter . Bulân Sèptèmber tor kabidhân Oktober èngghi panèka rè-arè sè talambhâs panas neng Jakarta, suhu udara kèngèng nugghâi 40&nbsp;°C .<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner|first=Peter|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=Java|url=https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn|edition=1st edition|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|date=1997|location=Melbourne|pages=p. 37|isbn=0-86442-314-4}}</ref> Suhu sirka taonanna apata antara 25°-38&nbsp;°C (77°-100&nbsp;°F).<ref name = "crick">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/indonesia/jakarta/when-to-go |work=Lonely Planet |title=Jakarta: When to Go |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-10-06 |archive-date=2008-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613202732/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/indonesia/jakarta/when-to-go |dead-url=no }}</ref> {{Jakarta weatherbox}} == Album == <gallery> Merdeka Palace Changing Guard 1.jpg|Kraton Mardhika (Istana Merdeka) Jakarta Bundaran HI .jpg|Bunderrân Hotèl Inḍonèsia Jakartacityofindonesia.jpg|plaghânsana (Stadiun) Glora Bungkarno </gallery> == Sombher == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Bhângsa:Geografi]] 06cjwtt29w3umyfsm9wupbmipij2nqj Soeharto 0 1890 65582 42010 2026-08-07T17:57:20Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox orang}} Jenderal Besar TNI (Purn.) H. M. Soeharto, (Hacanaraka: ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ; IPA: / su:'hɑːrtɔ/) (ER, EYD: Suharto; 8 Juni 1921 - 27 Januari 2008) iyâ arèya Presiden kaduwe' Indonesia sè ajabat dâri taon 1967 sampe' 1988, aghènteeh Soekarno. È dunia internasional, otamana è Dunia Barat, Soeharto segghut èrujuk kalabân sebbhuttèn populer "The Smiling General" (bhâsa Indonesia: "Sang Jenderal yang Tersenyum") polana raéna sè malolo asenyum bân nunjuk aghi karamahan.[1][2][3] Sabelluna ḍhâddhi presiden, Soeharto iyâ arèya pamimpin militer bâkto masa Hindia Bâlânḍhâ bân Kakaisaran Jepang, kalabân pangkat terakhir Mayor Jenderal. Samarèna Gerakan 30 September 1965, Soeharto aghebey operasi panertèbhân bân pangamanan kalabân parènta ḍâri Presiden Soekarno, sala sèttong sè èlakonè Soeharto iyâ arèya kalabân matade' Gerakan 30 September bân aberri' parnyataan jhek PKI arèya organisasi sè terlarang.[4][5] Soeharto samarèna jia èparèngi mandat sarèng Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (MPRS) ḍhâddhi presiden bâkto 26 Maret 1968[6] aghântee Soekarno, bân resmi ḍhâddhi presiden bâkto taon 1968. Soeharto èpelè polè sarèng MPR bâkto taon 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, bân 1998. Bâkto taon 1998, masa jabatanna marè samarèna ngunduraghi abè' ḍhibi'na è tangghâl 21 Mei taon kasebbhut, nyosol bâḍâna karosoan Mei 1998 bân pendudukan gedung DPR/MPR sarèng èbuwen mahasiswa. Soeharto aropaaghi orèng sè palèng abit ajabat ḍhâddhi presiden Indonesia. Soeharto èghântee sarèng B.J. Habibie. Salama para' 32 taon pamarèntahanna Soeharto nyabè' pondasi pembangunan è Indonesia lèbet Repelita. Dâlâm masa kakoasaanna, sè èsebbhut Orde Baru, Soeharto abangun naghârâ sè stabil bân ngaollè kamajuan ekonomi bân infrastruktur.[7][8][9][10] Dâlâm era rèya masyarakat ollè arghâ bahan-bahan pokok sè modè bân kabâdâân aman tor katartèbhân sè terjaga, jughân tercapainya Swasembada Bèrrâs. Parkara rèya ètoraè kalabân medali From Rice Importer To Self Sufficiency dâri Organisasi Pangan bân Pertanian (FAO) bâkto 1984 sè ètarèma Presiden Soeharto.[11] Soeharto jughân aropaaghi sosok sè kontroversial polana abètesaghi kabebasan warga naghârâ Indonesia katoronan Tionghoa, menduduki Timor Timur, pamaksaan asas Pancasila è sakabbhina bidang, bân èsebbhut ḍhâddhi sala sèttong rezim palèng korup dâlâm sajarah dunia modern. Metorot Transparency International, estimasi karogièn naghârâ iyâ arèya sakitar 15–35 miliar dolar Amerika Serikat salama pamarèntahanna.[12] Namong, hal rèya tak berhasil èbuktèaghi, bahkan Majalah Time kala dâlâm gugatan [13] bân usaha laèn ghâbây ngokom Soeharto gagal polana kasehatanna sè sajjèn sara. Samarèna sakè' abit, Soeharto adhinggâl omor polana kagagalan organ multifungsi è Jakarta è tangghâl 27 Januari 2008. Soeharto bhâbbâr è tangghâl 8 Juni 1921 dâri sèttong rèng bine' sè aropaaghi èbhuna, asmana Sukirah == Daftar pustaka == * {{cite news |date=22 February 2006 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |access-date=22 February 2006 |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |archive-date=25 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 }} * {{cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |date=2008 |chapter=Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69 |editor1=David A. Blumenthal |editor2=Timothy L. H. McCormack |title=The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? |series=International Humanitarian Law |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=978-9004156913 }} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Benedict R. |last2=McVey |date=2009 |first2=Ruth T. |title=A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9786028397520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVcwPV3NvDMC }} * {{cite news |date=19 October 1965 |title=Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=registration |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829193148/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Aspinall |first=Ed |date=October–December 1996 |title=What happened before the riots? |newspaper=[[Inside Indonesia]] |issue=48 |archive-date=5 May 2005 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Aspinall |editor1-first=Ed |editor2-last=Klinken |editor2-first=Gerry van |editor3-last=Feith |editor3-first=Herb |date=1999 |title=The Last Days of President Suharto |location=[[Clayton, Victoria|Clayton AU-VIC]] |publisher=Monash Asia Institute |isbn=073261175X}} * {{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]] |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1541742406}} * {{cite news| title=Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted |work=The Jakarta Post| date=27 May 2005}} * {{cite book| first = William| last = Blum| date = 1995| title = Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II| publisher = Common Courage Press| location = Monroe, Me.| isbn = 1-56751-052-3| url = https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0}} * ''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109110205/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm |date=9 November 2016 }}''. Press Release. [[International Monetary Fund]]. (31 October 1997) * {{cite web| title=CIA Stalling State Department Histories| work=The National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| access-date=23 May 2005| archive-date=8 March 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035956/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| last=Colmey| first=John| title=The Family Firm| date=24 May 1999| publisher=TIME Asia| url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=8 February 2001}} * {{cite book |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth J. |date=2003 |title=Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789799589880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323145048/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |url-status=live }} * Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001. * {{cite book |last=Elson |first=Robert E. |date=2001 |title = Suharto: A Political Biography |location=Cambridge UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77326-1}} * {{cite book |last=Dijk |first=Kees van |date=2001 |title=A country in despair : Indonesia between 1997 and 2000 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=9789067181600 }} * {{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |date=2003 |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-01834-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration }} * {{cite web | title=H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | publisher=THOMAS (Library of Congress) | access-date=4 February 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | archive-date=13 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }} * {{cite book| last=Hughes |first=John |title=The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild| publisher=Archipelago Press|date=2002 | orig-year=1976| isbn=981-4068-65-9}} * {{cite news |title=Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics |date=27 November 1996 |publisher=Amnesty International |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index&start=391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109023133/http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index |archive-date=9 November 2005 }} * {{cite web | title=Indonesia Economic | work=Commanding Heights | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | access-date=23 May 2005 | archive-date=24 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224182929/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | url-status=live }} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge|work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=15 October 1965}} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge| work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James| name-list-style=amp | title=MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power| work=The Independent |location=UK| date=16 April 2000}} * {{cite book| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James |title=Britain's Secret Propaganda War| publisher=Sutton Pub Ltd|date=1999| isbn=0-7509-1668-0}} * {{cite book|last=McDonald |first=H. |author-link=Hamish McDonald |date=1980 |title=Suharto's Indonesia |location=[[Blackburn, Victoria|Blackburn]] AU|publisher=Fontana Books |isbn=0-00-635721-0}} * {{cite book|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=2018|title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-57469-4|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608032221/https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|url-status=live}} * {{cite news |date=1993 |title=Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor |publisher=World Bank |url=http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323210822/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 March 2007 }} * {{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |date=1991 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-333-57690-X}} * {{cite book |last=Rock |first=Michael T. |date=2003 |title=The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform |others=William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632 |publisher=The University of Michigan Business School |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212120254/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Purdey |first=Jemma |date=2006 |title=Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 |location=[[Honolulu]] HI |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824830571}} * {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400888863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW0wDwAAQBAJ }} * John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-299-22034-1}}. * {{cite news| last=Simpson| first=Brad| title=Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"| date=9 July 2004| publisher=National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| access-date=17 June 2005| archive-date=5 February 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205191327/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388816 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }} * {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804771825 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| title=Suharto tops corruption rankings| work=BBC News| date=25 March 2004| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=13 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| title=Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=22 February 1966}} * {{cite news| title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?| date=April–June 1999| publisher=Inside Indonesia| url=http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| archive-date=5 March 2012| df=dmy-all}} * {{cite book| author=Pramoedya Ananta Toer| title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir| publisher=Penguin|date=2000| isbn=0-14-028904-6}} * {{cite web| title=United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor| url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| publisher=United Nations| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=4 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035327/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| url-status=live}} * {{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521542623 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri }} * {{cite book |last=Wanandi |first=Jusuf |author-link=Jusuf Wanandi |date=2012 |title=Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998 |location=Singapore |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780924 }} * {{cite book| title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA| last=Weiner| first=Tim| publisher=Doubleday| place=New York|date=2007| isbn=978-3-596-17865-0| chapter=Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia| title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA}} * {{cite journal| last1=Wertheim| first1=W.F.| title=Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-asia_1979_9_2/page/197| journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|date=1979| volume=9| issue=2| pages=197–215| doi=10.1080/00472337985390191}} * {{cite book |last=Wiranto |author-link=Wiranto |date=2011 |title=7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 |trans-title=7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997 |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Kharisma Bunda |isbn=9786028112123}} 8xztu1p9ed74ramyt70lm2rw8n2jz6q Infèksi saloran kemmè 0 2753 65567 44272 2026-08-07T17:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Infèksi saloran sennè | image = Pyuria.JPG | caption = Pan-brâmpan s las-kalas (ḍârâ potè) ḍâ' orèng kelabân infèksi lelèran sennè | field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[Urology]] | synonyms = Sistitis ghubbrhâ (akut), sistitis sederhana, infèksi andhuh sennè, bakteriuria symptomatic | symptoms = anglo nalèka kapaḍâng kèni' (muwâng aing kèni'), segghut kapaḍhâng kèni', arassa terro kapaḍhâng kèni' sèlana andhuh sennè lowang<ref name=CDC2015>{{cite web|title=Urinary Tract Infection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/uti.html|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=9 February 2016|date=17 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222034940/http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/uti.html|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> | complications = | onset = | duration = | causes = ampona ''[[Escherichia coli]]''<ref name=Flo2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ | title = Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 269–284 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25853778 | pmc = 4457377 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3432 }}</ref> | risks = Katerisisasi ([[foley catheter]]), anatomy bebini', combhâna, [[diabetes mellitus|diabètes]], [[obèsitas]], riwayat bhâlâ<ref name=Flo2015/> | diagnosis = Anot gejalana, [[ka'ampoan urin]]<ref name=Pylo2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Colgan R, Williams M, Johnson JR | title = Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2011-09-01_84_5/page/519 | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 84 | issue = 5 | pages = 519–526 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21888302 }}</ref><ref name=Review08>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nicolle LE | title = Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2008-02_35_1/page/n14 | journal = The Urologic Clinics of North America | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–12, v | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18061019 | doi = 10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004 }}</ref>{{cite journal|author=Nicolle LE|title=Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2008-02_35_1/page/n14|journal=UrolClin North Am|volume=35|issue=1|pages=1–12, v|year=2008|pmid=18061019|doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004}}</ref> | differential = [[Vulvovaginitis]], [[urethritis]], [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[interstitial cystitis]],<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Caterino JM, Kahan S |title=In a Page: Emergency medicine|date=2003|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781405103572|page=95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0LwFPZDKbsC&pg=PA95|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424173759/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0LwFPZDKbsC&pg=PA95|archive-date=2017-04-24}}</ref> [[kidney stone disease|bâtoghinèngan]]<ref name=statspe>{{cite journal | title = Urinary Tract Infection | journal = Statpearls | date = 2020 | pmid = 29261874 | vauthors = Bono MJ, Leslie SW, Reygaert WC }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=16 October 2017 }}.</ref> | prevention = | treatment = [[Antibiotic]] ([[nitrofurantoin]] otabâ [[trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]])<ref name=Sal2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Salvatore S, Salvatore S, Cattoni E, Siesto G, Serati M, Sorice P, Torella M | title = Urinary tract infections in women | journal = European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology | volume = 156 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–136 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21349630 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.01.028 }}</ref> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 152{{nbsp}}juta (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coggeshall M, Cornaby L, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Dilegge T, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kawashima T, Kemmer L | display-authors = 6 }}</ref> | deaths = 196,500 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fraser MS, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Huynh C, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kinfu Y, Kulikoff XR | display-authors = 6 }}</ref> }} '''Infèksi saloran sennè''' (Èngghi bhunten); '''Infèksi saloran kemmè''' (Enjâ'-iyâ) ({{langx|id|Infeksi saluran kemih}}) (ISK) iyâ rowa infèksi bakteri sè ngennèngè bâgiyân ḍâri saloran kemmè. Nalèka ngennèngè saloran kemmè bâbâ ènyamaè sistitis (infèksi andhuh sennè) sè jhimet, bân manabi ngennèngè saloran kemmè attas ènyamaè pielonefritis (infèksi bingsèl (ginjal)). Tora ḍâri saloran kemmè bâbâ akadhi mowâng aèng kenè’ bhâkal aghrâssa sake’ bân segghut mowâng aèng kènè’ otabâ nyellek ka’angghuy mowâng aèng kènè’ (otabâ wâ'-duwâ'na), sabâtara rowa tora pielonefritis akadhi sengker/ghresghes ({{Langx|Id|Demam}}) bân nyèlo è bângkong, salaèn gejala ISK bâbâ. Orèng dhibâsa bân na’-kana’ kènè’ ra-torana kennèng èkatèla' otabâ ta’ spèsifik. Koman sè segghut asabbhâbaghi kaduwâ’ tipe kasebbhut èolok mènangka Escherichia coli, bhlângkan baktèri laèn, virus, otabâ rettè (jhâmor) kennèng bhâi dhâddhi dhâlârra tekka'na bâk rangrang. infèksi saloran kemmè lebbi segghut kateddhiân ka rèng binè’ èbhândhingaghi ka ke’-lake’, Saparona ghunghung rèng binè’ ngalamè saenjâ'na sèttong kalè infèksi salanjhâng odi’na. ongat jughân segghut kadhâdddhiân. Dhâlârra è pandhâliânna iyâ rèya anatomi rèng binè’ sè jhât laèn, acombâna, bân riwayat panyakè' bhâlâna. Pielonefritis, manabi kateddhiân, ampona è temmo samarèna infèksi andhu kemmè bhlângkan kennèng kèya dhâlârân infèksi sè èsèngghâtaghi bi' dârâ. Diagnosis rèng binè’ ngodâ sè sèhat kennèng èlèngghâaghi ḍâ' ka torana bhâi. Orèng bi' tora sè centor, diagnosis massèna sara polana baktèri ngara ètemmoè ta'pa adhâlâraghi infèksi. Ḍâ' parkara sè salèket (komplèks) otabâna dhing patambhâ'ân abânḍi (gagal), kultur urin (kabiyasaan kemmè) sè katorson massèna kennèng aghuna. Dâ' orèng sè segghut nèbâsè infèksi, antibiotik dosis mabâ kennèng èkakan kaangghuy lèngka panyegghâ'ân. Ḍâlem parkara sè ta’ salèket, infèksi saloran kemmè ghâmpang ètambhâi kalabân antibiotik jhângka pènḍâ', tekka'na rèsistènsi ḍâ'ka bânnya' antibiotik sè èghunaaghi kalabân nambhâi kondisi rèya adhujungan ngaongghâ. Ḍâlem parkara sè salèket, antibiotik ḍâlem jhângka bâkto sè alanjhângan otabâ intravèna massèna èbhutoaghi, bân lamon gejala ghita’ maèsak dâlem duwâ' otabâ tello' arè, èparloaghi pamrèksaan diagnostik sè aghenna'an. Ḍâ' rèng binè’, infèksi saloran kemmè rèya infèksi bakteri sè asegghudhân è tèmmoè, sabânnya' 10% nèbâsè infèksi saloran kemmè bâng-sèbâng taonna. == Gejala bân tora == infèksi saloran kemmè bâbâ è sebbhut jughân infèksi andhu kemmè. Tandhâ sè asegghudhân è tèmmoé panèka romasa kello' (rassa ènga' sè taobbhâr) manabi mowâng aèng kènè’ bân kodhu mowâng aèng kènè’ (otabâ sellek kaangghuy mowâng aèng kenè’) ta'pa duh bhâdhân vagina bân rassa nyeri sè berrâ'. Tora panèka ngara acem-macem ḍâri dhemmang tagher berrâ' bân ḍâ' rèng binè’ sè sèhat rassa rèya teros kateddhiân sa'abit para' otabâ lebbi ennem arè. Nyèlo è attas tolang katodusân otabâ bughik bâbâ massèna bhâkal ngangghel. Orèng sè nèbâsè infèksi saloran sennè è attas otabâ pielonefritis, massèna bhâkal nèbâsè sakè' entèng (panggul), sengker, otabâ lennyer bân onca' (ota) è seḍḍhi'na tora klasik ḍâri infèksi saloran sennè bâbâ. Kemmo'a urin kennèng aḍârâ otabâ ngemmo' piuria (nana è urin) sè kennèng katèla'. ==Sombher== {{Reflist}} m5fo83zk6rjntnw491xgu91ozhmecdb Demam puerperal 0 3026 65576 39617 2026-08-07T17:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Infeksi pascapersalinan | image = Streptococcus pyogenes.jpg | caption = ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' (bola-bola merah) atangghungan aṭṭas bânnya' kasus Sengker nifas sè sara. | synonyms = Sengker nifas, Sengker marèna alahèr'aghi (rembi'), sepsis maternal, infèksi maternal, infèksi puerperium | field = [[Obstetri]] | symptoms = Sengker, nyèlo tabu' bâgiyân bâbâ, keputihan abâu bâceng<ref name=W2014/> | complications = | onset = | duration = | causes = Ampona èlakar'aghi bi' cem-macem jennis baktèri<ref name=W2014>{{cite book|title=Williams Obstetrics|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-179893-8|pages=Chapter 37|edition=24th|chapter=37}}</ref> | risks = [[Operasi sèsar]], [[pecah ketuban dini]], [[persalinan abit]], [[malnutrisi]], [[diabètes]]<ref name=W2014/><ref name=WHOBook2015/>, Faktor risiko kalebbhu [[operasi sèsar]] (C-section), keberadaan baktèri tartanto seperti [[streptokokus grup B]] è vagina, [[pecah ketuban dini]], ampo alakonè [[pamerèksa'an vagina]], pangangghâlân [[plasenta]] bi' manual, bân [[persalinan abit]], è antara faktor laènna.<ref name=W2014/><ref name=WHOBook2015>{{cite book|title=WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154936-3|pmid=26598777|page=1|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186171/1/9789241549363_eng.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207091250/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186171/1/9789241549363_eng.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-07}}</ref> | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = [[Antibiotik]]<ref name=W2014/> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 11,8 juta<!-- incidence table --><ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|author=((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> | deaths = 17.900<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|author=((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Sengker puerperal''' ({{langx|id|'''Demam puerperal'''}}) otabâ infèksi pasca nifas panèka infèksi baktèri sè nyerrang saloran rèproduksi binè' samarèna rèmbi' otabâ kaghâgghârân.<ref name=W2014/> Tora bân gejala biyasana komighil lebbi ḍâri {{convert|38,0|C|F}}, sake' è tabu', bân bisa metto aing è vagina sè abâu bâceng.<ref name=W2014/> Sengker panèka ampona èka'ollè samarèna 24 jhâm bân è dâlem sapolo arè samarèna rèmbi'. Sala sèttong faktor risiko Sengker puerperal panèka bâdâna baktèri tartanto akadhi streptococcus kelompok B è dâlem vagina. È taon 2015, èparkèra'aghi bâdâ 11,8 juta kadhâddhiyân infèksi postpartum. ==Sombher== {{Reflist|}} == Maosan totongghâ == * {{cite journal |vauthors=Chaim W, Burstein E |title=Postpartum infection treatments: a review |journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1297–313 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12877638 |doi=10.1517/14656566.4.8.1297 |s2cid=26781321 |type=review}} * {{cite journal |author=French L |title=Prevention and treatment of postpartum endometritis |journal=Current Women's Health Reports |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=274–9 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12844449 |type=review}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Calhoun BC, Brost B |title=Emergency management of sudden puerperal fever |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology-clinics-of-north-america_1995-06_22_2/page/357 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=357–67 |date=June 1995 |doi=10.1016/S0889-8545(21)00185-6 |pmid=7651676 |type=review}} 1wnu35boxtwraswaajb7xbac1vie5q7 Mano' 0 12472 65585 65520 2026-08-07T18:02:34Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox spesies}} '''Mano'''' otabâ '''Avès''' iyâ arèya angghuta sarangah kèbân atolang lègir (vèrtebrata) sè anḍi' bulu bân lèmbâng. Avès tamaso' kèbân ovipar (sè anḍi' ana' lèbât cara atellor) sè adârâ panas.<ref name=":0">Utoro, Eko & Tin Zulaeha. (2024). "My First Encyclopedia: Animalia Kingdom". Surakarta: Ziyad Visi Media. ISBN: 978-623-8595-06-8.</ref> Cem-macemma mano' cè' bânnya'en, ḍâri mano' kolibri sè kènnè' bân ngabbherra cè' santa'na, pingwin sè bisa alangngoy ngangghuy lèmbângnga, dâghâ mano' onta sè atèngghien ḍâri manossa. Kabânnya'an spèsiès mano' è dhunnya bisa ngabbher bi' lèmbângnga (akanṭa bhibhik, èntok, mano' krèja, mano' pelikan, lambhiji (mano' jhobhâ), sèka' (ellang), cendrawasih bân kèya ghi' bânnya' sè laènna), kajhâbhâna pan-brâmpan clèḍi mano' sè bâttrana èndemik (oḍi' è kennengan tetanto) akanṭa mano' onta, moa, kasuari, kiwi, pingwin, bân laènna<ref name=":0" />. Rèken bâḍâ 8.800-10.200 spèsiès mano' è dhunnya bân pata 1.500 macemma bâḍâ è Inḍonèsia. Pan-brâmpan clèḍi mano' rèya sacara ilmiah maso' ka ḍâlem kellas ''Avès.'' Satèya, mano' èkaonèngè jhâ' maso' ḍâ' komana'an ḍâri sarangah dinosaurus theropoda sè anḍi' bulu, bân dhâddhi tong-sèttonga angghuta dinosaurus sè ghi' oḍi'. Katon bhâlâ semma'en mano' sè ghi' oḍi' iyâ rèya bhâjâ (angghuta ḍâri klad Archosaurus sè ghi' bâḍâ iyâ rèya mano' bân bhâjâ). Mano' iyâ rèya kakomana'en ''aviala'' porbâ (sè angghutana kalebbhu ka gènus ''Archaeopteryx'') sè kabit meddhâl na-rèna 160 juta taon sè lambâ' è Tiongkok. Manot bhuktè DNA, mano' modèrn ('''Neornithes''') sè ngalakonè èvolusi è pèriodè kapor madya dhâlâ pongkas, bân alako divèrsifikasi dhurus (messat) bân abbhrâ (kontras) è mangsa pokpara tompessa (pona) Kapor-Paleogen 66 juta taon sè tapongkor, sè matè'è pterosaurus bân sakabbhina dinosaurus bennè-mano'. == Saranga == [[Bhengkek:Naturkundemuseum Berlin - Archaeopteryx - Eichstätt.jpg|alt= Lempengan batu dengan fosil tulang dan impresi bulu burung|jmpl|''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' segghut èangghep mènangka mano' palèng kona sè èkaonèngè.]] Klasifikasi otabâ Saranga'enna mano' halè ilmiah kabitta èpapak bi' [[Francis Willughby]] bân John Ray è taon 1676 ḍâlem èdisi ''Ornithologiae''<ref>{{Cite book |last = del Hoyo |first = Josep |author2 = Andy Elliott |author3 = Jordi Sargatal |title = [[Handbook of Birds of the World]], Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks |year = 1992 |publisher = [[Lynx Edicions]] |location = Barcelona |isbn = 84-87334-10-5 }}</ref>. [[Carolus Linnaeus]] ngaobâ klasifikasi rowa è taon 1758 ka'angghuy nyoson nyama biologi sè èghuna'aghi bâjâ satèya. Rèya pan-brâmpan klasifikasi mano' sè amabâ'ân: === Infrakelas Palaeognathae === Palaeognathae otabâ "ubâng towa" iyâ rèya sala sèttong ḍâri duwâ' infrakellas sè èangkenè ḍâlem kellas taksonomi Avès bân ka'angghit ḍâri macem ratite bân tinamu. Ratite kabânnya'an iyâ rèya mano' rajâ bân asoko lanjhâng, ta' bisa ngabbher, bân ta' anḍi'tolang dâdâ sè lonas . Halè tradisional, kabbhina ratite èrajhum ḍâlem kennengan ordo Struthioniformes. Kanèng, analisis gènètik anyaran mapaghi jhâ' sarangah rowa bennè monofili polana asèfat parafili ḍâ' tinamu, kangsèna mano' onta èklasifikasiaghi (èsarangaaghi) mènangka tong-sèttongnga angghuta ordo Struthioniformes, bân ratite palèan sè èrajhum ḍâlâm kennengan ordo palèan.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hackett | first1 = S.J. | display-authors = etal | year = 2008 | title = A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-06-27_320_5884/page/1763| journal = Science | volume = 320 | issue = 5884| pages = 1763–1768 | doi = 10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid = 18583609 | bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H | s2cid = 6472805 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yuri | first1 = T | year = 2013 | title = Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals | journal = Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = 419–44 | doi = 10.3390/biology2010419 | pmid = 24832669 | pmc = 4009869 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * Klad Notopalaeognathae ** Ordo Aepyornithiformes – Mano' ghâjhâ (pona) ** Ordo Apterygiformes – Mano' kiwi ** Ordo Casuariiformes ** Ordo Dinornithiformes – Moa (pona) ** Ordo Rheiformes ** Ordo Tinamiformes – Tinamu === Infrakelas Neognathae === {{See also|Ḍaftar mano' anot naghârâ}} Ḍâri sakabbhina mano' sè ghi' oḍi', kabânnya'an maso' ka ḍâlem infrakellas Neognathae otabâ "ubâng anyar". Sternum otabâ tolang dâdâ sè lonas bân ta' akanṭa rarite. Angghutana koncara mènangka carinatae. * Klad Afroaves ** Ordo Accipitriformes ** Ordo Bucerotiformes ** Ordo Coliiformes – ghun bâḍâ sèttong famili iyâ rèya Coliidae ** Ordo Coraciiformes ** Ordo Leptosomiformes – ghun bâḍâ sèttong spèsiès iyâ rèya ''Leptosomus discolor'' ** Ordo Piciformes ** Ordo Strigiformes – Mano' bhâung ** Ordo Trogoniformes – Mano' luntur * Klad Aequornithes ** Ordo Ciconiiformes – Dhâlko' ** Ordo Gaviiformes ** Ordo Pelecaniformes ** Ordo Procellariiformes ** Ordo Sphenisciformes – Pingwin ** Ordo Suliformes * Klad Australaves ** Ordo Cariamiformes ** Ordo Falconiformes ** Ordo Passeriformes – Mano' pangocè ** Ordo Psittaciformes – Bâyân * Klad Columbimorphae ** Ordo Columbiformes – coma bâḍâ sèttong famili iyâ rèya Columbidae ** Ordo Mesitornithiformes – coma bâḍâ sèttong famili iyâ rèya Mesitornithidae ** Ordo Pterocliformes – Dhârâ beddhi * Klad Cypselomorphae ** Ordo Aegotheliformes – Atoko ** Ordo Apodiformes ** Ordo Caprimulgiformes – Cabak ** Ordo Nyctibiiformes – Potoo ** Ordo Podargiformes – Paro-kata' ** Ordo Steatornithiformes – Mano' minnya' * Superordo Galloanserae ** Ordo Anseriformes ** Ordo Galliformes ** Ordo Gastornithiformes (pona) * Klad Gruae ** Ordo Charadriiformes ** Ordo Gruiformes ** Ordo Opisthocomiformes * Klad Mirandornithes ** Ordo Phoenicopteriformes ** Ordo Podicipediformes – Titihan * Klad Otidimorphae ** Ordo Cuculiformes – ghun bâḍâ sèttong famili iyâ rèya Cuculidae ** Ordo Musophagiformes – Turaco ** Ordo Otidiformes – Kalkun-padang * Klad Phaethontimorphae ** Ordo Eurypygiformes ** Ordo Phaethontiformes == Bhrusan == Mano' oḍi' bân adu'-budu' kabânnya'an è kennengan tèngghângan bân ḍâ' 7 bennua, sadhâghâ adhâddhiân koloni (bhâllân) sè èkstrèm (mèlaghisè) otabâ cè' bânnya'na è ḍâlem koloni pabudu'ân Petrel Salju ghân anjhung 440 kilomèter (270 mil) è bun ḍâlemma bennua Antartika<ref>{{Cite book |last = Brooke |first = Michael |year = 2004 |title = Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World |location = Oxford |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 0-19-850125-0 |pages = }}</ref>. Diversitas (sabhârângan) otabâ parbhidhâ'ân mano' sè palèng tèngghi bâḍâ è kennengan tropis. Jârèya la èpèkkèr sabbhânna jhâ' kaclèḍiân mano' sè atèngghiân èpolana hasèl ḍâri ondhâg spèsiasi è kennengan tropis<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Weir | first = Jason T. | month = March | year = 2007 | title = The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-03-16_315_5818/page/1574 | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 315 | issue = 5818 | pages = 1574–76 | doi = 10.1126/science.1135590 | pmid = 17363673 | issn = 0036-8075 | last2 = Schluter | first2 = D }}</ref> . Nga' brâmma'a bhâi èlmo sè anyaran nemmo jhâ' ondhâghân sè amalang tèngghi sè èbhârânngè bi' ondhâg tompâssa (pona) sè arajâ'ân ètèmbhâng kennengan tropis. Pan-brâmpan [[famili|kranḍât]] mano' la bisa m[[adaptasi]] (aṭok oḍi') è dhunnya otabâ ka abâ'en dhibi'. Kalabân pan-brâmpan spèsiès mano'-tasè' sè ḍâpa' ḍâ' ka dhârât ghun ka'angghuy abudu'<ref name = "Burger">{{Cite book |last = Schreiber |first = Elizabeth Anne |coauthors = Joanna Burger |year = 2001 |title = Biology of Marine Birds |location = Boca Raton |publisher = CRC Press |isbn = 0-8493-9882-7 |pages = }}</ref> bân pan-brâmpan pingwin la ècatet jhâ' bisa nyèllâm dhâlâ arongan aing 300 mèter (980 soko)<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sato | first = Katsufumi | date = 1 May 2002 | title = Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume? | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 205 | issue = 9 | pages = 1189–1197 | pmid = 11948196 | url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/9/1189 | issn = 0022-0949 | author2 = N | author3 = K | author4 = N | author5 = W | author6 = C | author7 = B | author8 = H | author9 = L }}</ref>. Bânnya' spèsiès mano' sè la marèjik populasi ka'angghuy adu'-budu' è kennenganna la èintroduksi otabâ èsarmo'aghi (èbhusar'aghi' ka habitat anyar) bi' manossa. Pan-brâmpan sarmo la èkasajjhâ; akanṭa mano' [[Poro]], la jhâma èkasarmo mènangka mano' sè bisa èodher<ref>{{Cite book |last = Hill |first = David |coauthors = Peter Robertson |year = 1988 |title = The Pheasant: Ecology, Management, and Conservation |location = Oxford |publisher = BSP Professional |isbn = 0-632-02011-3 |pages = }}</ref>. Kèya bâḍâ sè ta' èkasajjhâ, akanṭa karèjikka populasi bukong otabâ ṭaṭat jennis pandhita alas ({{langx|id|Parkit Pendeta hutan}}) è ṭa-koṭṭa è Amèrika Dâjâ samarèna sabbhâh ḍâri kennengan obuwân. Pan-brâmpan spèsiès tamaso' blekok kerbhi ({{langx|id|kuntul kerbau}}), ''Karakara kepala-kuning'' bân Mano' Jâgâtowa Ghâlâ ({{langx|id|Kakaktua galah}}), la ḍâpa' ka pan-brâmpan kennengan halè ta' èkasajjhâ (alami) ngalèbâdhi bâjâ aslina mènangka praktik agrikulturan sè adhâddhiaghi kennengan anyar sè sèpa'. == Èghuna'aghi bi' manossa == Pan-brâmpan macemma mano', akanṭa ajâm, kalkun, bhânyak bân ètèk la èobu ḍâri lambâ' bân adhâddhi sombher protèin sè ghâmpèl; èkakan dhâghingnga otabâ tellorra{{fact}}. == Sombher == {{Reflist}} {{larca'2/sandbox | include_in = Inḍonèsia | dialeks = Dialek ? || Dialek ? || Dialek ? || Dialek ? | rows = |- | itik || èntok || ètèk || |- | elang || sèka' || ellang |- | burung hantu || bhelluk ||ogghuk || lambhiji || |- | kelompok || sarangah || srangah |- | tanda || tora || tandhâ |- | lumrah || lomrâ || bâttra || jhâma' || kappra |- | aneka ragam || clèḍi(h) || slèsèr/salèsèr || sabhârâng }} [[Bhângsa:Kèbân]] rysubxvjqpusbec3far2vlsaac5o3l6 ꦗꦑꦂꦠ 0 12566 65583 47976 2026-08-07T17:58:47Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiscript|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|ꦗꦑꦂꦠ|جاكارتا}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Jakarta |translit_lang1 = bhâsa ḍâ'èra |translit_lang1_type1 = [[Abjad Pèghu|Pèghu]] |translit_lang1_info1 = جاكرتا |translit_lang1_type2 = [[Aksara Sunda|Sunda]] |translit_lang1_info2 = ᮏᮊᮁᮒ |translit_lang1_type3 = [[Aksara Jhâbâ|Hanacaraka]] |translit_lang1_info3 = ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦃ | settlement_type = [[Propènsi neng Inḍonèsia|Dâ'èra Khusus Èbhukoṭṭa<!-- koreksi pabhâdhi otsus samarèna Keppres taghâut pangallèyan ebhukoṭṭa ḍâri Jakarta ka IKN mon la ardem-->]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 300 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | caption_align = tengah | image1 = Jakarta CBD.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Bâbungowan malangi' sang [[Golden Triangle neng Jakarta]] | image2 = Busway in Bundaran HI.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = ''Car free day'' (Arè sobung motor) neng [[Selamat Datang Monument|Bundaran HI]] | image3 = Istana-Merdeka.jpg | alt3 = | caption3 = [[Istana Merdeka]] (Kraton Mardhika) | image4 = Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg | alt4 = | caption4 = [[Musium Nasional neng Indonesia]] | image5 = Plaza Taman Ismail Marzuki.jpg | alt5 = | caption5 = [[Taman Isma'il Marzuki]] | image6 = Museum Fatahillah Jakarta 2018 pas.jpg | alt6 = | caption6 = [[Koṭṭa Towa Jakarta]] | image7 = | alt7 = | caption7 = sekkar Apoy neng [[Monumen Nasional (Indonesia)|Monas]] }} | nicknames = {{Hlist|''The Big [[Durian]]''|''[[New York City|New York]] Van Java''|''J-Town''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1/|title=A Day in J-Town|work=Jetstar Magazine|date=April 2012|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063908/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1}}</ref>}} | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#333333|zoom=9}} | map_caption = Peta Interaktif sè ngajhârbâ'aghi Jakarta <br> (panta ḍâri [[Kapolowan Seribu (Indonesia)|Kapolowan Seribu]] sobung katonèpon) | coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|Q=Q3630|display=inline, title}} | image_seal = Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg | seal_size = 67px | seal_type = Coat of arms | image_blank_emblem = +Jakarta Logo.svg<!-- Nyu'un ètinjau kembali so'al PERGUB Prov. DKI Jakarta No. 58 Tahun 2020 & Nyu'un ampon jhâ' abuwâng Okara ka'dinto kantos aghântèna PERGUB--> | blank_emblem_type = [[Wordmark]] | blank_emblem_size = 110px | pushpin_map = Indonesia Java#Indonesia#Southeast Asia#Asia | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Java]]##Location in [[Indonesia]]##Location in [[Southeast Asia]]##Location in [[Asia]] | subdivision_type = Naghârâ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Dâ'èra-dâ'èra Indonesia|Dâ'èra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Polo Jhâbâ]] | subdivision_type2 = Koṭṭa tor Dâ'èra administrasi | subdivision_name2 = {{Collapsible list |title = [[Daftar dâ'èra administrasi kalabân Koṭṭa administrasi Jakarta|Daftar]] |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left; display:none |1= [[Jakarta Tenga]] |2= [[Jakarta Dâjâ]] |3= [[Jakarta Lao']] |4= [[Jakarta Bârâ']] |5= [[Jakarta Dhimor]] |6= [[Kapolowan Seribu (Indonesia)|Kapolowan Seribu]] }} | seat_type = Ebhukoṭṭa | seat = [[Jakarta Pusat]]<br>(''dè facto''){{Efn|Jakarta nika salâgghâ koṭṭa neng Level Da'èra Khusus Ebhukotta amanta lèma' Da'èra Administrasi ''Kotta Administrasi'' (Koṭṭa-Koṭṭa Administrasi/municipalities) tor sittong ''Kabupatèn Administrasi'' (Da'èra administratif). Sobung Ebhukoṭṭa ''de jure'', Lamon Bungowan Pârnata panika alokasi neng Jakarta Pusat.}} | established_title = Asal-mowasal | established_date = Abad ka 5 ([[Prasasti Tugu|Pamokèman solong sè tadokumèntasi]]) | established_title1 = Èprakarsaghi | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1527|06|22|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|title=Provinsi – Kementerian Dalam Negeri – Republik Indonesia|trans-title=Province – Ministry of Home Affairs – Republic of Indonesia|language=id|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219073545/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta|archive-date=19 February 2013|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_title2 = Akâmbhâng minangka [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] | established_date2 = {{Start date and age|1619|05|30|df=y}}<ref name="Ricklefs2001">{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs|first=M. C.|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs|year=2001|title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|edition=3rd|page=35|isbn=9780804744805}}</ref> | established_title3 = [[Status koṭṭa neng Indonesia|Status koṭṭa]] | established_date3 = {{Start date and age|1621|03|04|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | established_title4 = [[Propensi neng Indonesia|Status Propènsi]] | established_date4 = {{Start date and age|1961|08|28|df=y}}<ref name="kemendagri"/> | government_type = [[Subdivisions neng Indonesia#First level|Da'èra Administrasi Khusus]] | governing_body = Pârnata propènsi Dâ'èra Khusus Ebhukoṭṭa Jakarta | leader_title = [[Gubernur neng Jakarta|Gubernur]] | leader_name = [[Heru Budi Hartono]] (''Akalaghung''-2024) | leader_title2 = [[bâkkèl Gubernur neng Jakarta|Bâkkèl Gubârnur]] | leader_name2 = ''Sobung'' | leader_title3 = Lègislatif | leader_name3 = [[Dèwan Perwakilan Rakyat Da'èra Jakarta (DPRD Jakarta)|DPRD Jakarta]] | area_total_km2 = 660.982 | area_metro_km2 = 7,076.31 | area_urban_km2 = 3,546 | area_urban_sq_mi = 547.16 | area_rank = [[Propènsi neng Indonesia|ondhâk ka 38 neng Indonesia]] | population_urban = 35,386,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Demog19th">{{Cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|edition=19th annual|date=August 2023|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | elevation_m = 8 | elevation_ft = 26 | population_total = 11350328 | population_rank = [[Propènsi neng Indonesia|ondhâk ka 6 neng Indonesia]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_as_of = 2023 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Disdukcapil DKI Tertibkan Data Penduduk Sesuai Domisili|url=https://infopublik.id/kategori/nasional-sosial-budaya/816655/disdukcapil-dki-tertibkan-data-penduduk-sesuai-domisili|publisher=Dinas Dukcapil DKI Jakarta|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> | population_metro = 32,594,159 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3|title=Basis Data Pusat Pengemangan Kawasan Perkotaan|trans-title=Urban area development centre database|website=perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206220012/http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_demonym = Orèng Jakarta | population_density_blank1_km2 = | demographics_type1 = Demografis | demographics1_title1 = {{Nowrap|Ethnic groups}} | demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = 36.17% [[Bhângsa Jhâbâ|Orèng Jhâbâ]] |2 = 28.29% [[Bhângsa Betawi|Orèng Betawi]] |3 = 14.61% [[Bhângsa Sunda|Orèng Sundanese]] |4 = 6.62% [[Orèng Tiongko'|Orèng Chèna]] |5 = 3.42% [[Bhângsa Batak|Orèng Batak]] |6 = 2.85% [[Bhângsa Minangkabau|Orèng Minangkabau]] |7 = 0.96% [[Bhângsa Malaju|Orèng Malaju]] |8 = 7.08% Sè laèn }} | demographics1_title2 = Aghâma (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=ArcGIS Web Application|access-date=2025-01-11|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list |frame_style = border:none; padding:0 |list_style = text-align:left; display:none |1 = 83.83% [[Islam]] |2 = 8.56% [[Protestan]] |3 = 3.89% [[Grèja Katolik|Katolik]] |4 = 3.50% [[Buda]] |5 = 0.18% [[Hindu]] |6 = 0.015% [[Konghuco]] |7 = 0.004% [[Aghâma Adhât]] }} | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bpsdatagdp2023">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2024 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022-2023 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg2IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto---milyar-rupiah-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref><ref name="bpsdataperkapita2023">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2024 |title=[Seri 2010] Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022-2023 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg4IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita--ribu-rupiah-.html |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = Koṭṭa |demographics2_info1 = [[Ropiya Inḍonèsia |Rp]] 3,442.98&nbsp;trillion<br>[[USD|US$]] 225.88&nbsp;billion<br>[[Int$]] 724.01&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) |demographics2_title2 = Per kapita |demographics2_info2 = [[Ropiya Indonesia|Rp]] 322.62&nbsp;million<br>[[USD|US$]]&nbsp;21,166<br>[[Int$]] 67,842&nbsp;([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) |demographics2_title3 = Mètro |demographics2_info3 = [[Ropèya Indonesia|Rp]] 6,404.70 trillion<br>[[USD|US$]] 420.192 billion<br>[[Int$]] 1.346 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) | timezone = [[Pambâgiân Bhâkto neng Inḍonèsia|Bâkto Indonesia Bârâ']] | utc_offset = +07:00 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postal codes]] | postal_code = 10110–14540, 19110–19130 | registration_plate = B | blank5_name = [[Indèks Pamorbhâ'ân Manossa (IPM)]] (2023) | blank5_info = {{Increase}} 0.836<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/05/13/8f77e73a66a6f484c655985a/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-2023.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2023|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|1st]]) – <span style=color:#090>very high</span> | area_code = +62 21 | iso_code = ID-JK | official_name = Dâèra Khusus Èbhukoṭṭa Jakarta<br>{{Nobold|{{lang-id|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta (DKI Jakarta)<!-- koreksi pabhâdhi otsus samarèna Keppres taghâut pangallèyan ebhukoṭṭa ḍâri Jakarta ka IKN mon la ardem. !-->}}}} | motto = {{Native phrase|sa-Latn|Jaya Raya}}<br>"Jhâjâ tor Rajâ"<br>[[Slogan]]: {{lang-id|Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia}}{{Efn|In collaboration with "Plus Jakarta" Wordmark.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Petir Garda |last1=Bhwana |first2=Dewi Elvia |last2=Muthiariny |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1667249/jakarta-introduces-new-slogan-sukses-jakarta-untuk-indonesia |title=Jakarta ngalonthaghi Jargon anyar 'Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia' |website=en.tempo.co |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> }}<br>"Jakarta Suksès ka'angghuy Inḍonèsia"<!-- taghâut sareng KEPGUB Prov. DKI Jakarta No. 292 Tahun 2023. --> | website = [https://jakarta.go.id/ Jakarta.go.id] }} '''ꦗꦑꦂꦠ'''꧈ꦲꦭꦺꦫꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦩꦶꦄꦏꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀'''ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦃꦑ꦳꧀ꦈꦱꦸꦱꦶꦧꦸꦏꦺꦴꦠꦗꦑꦂꦠ'''ꦎꦠꦧ'''ꦢꦏꦲꦶ ꦗꦑꦂꦠ'''<!--ꦥꦤꦶꦏꦱꦶꦠꦸꦮꦱꦶꦏꦭꦩꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦢ꧀ꦏꦶꦗꦑꦂꦠꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ'ꦠꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧉ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦱ꧀ꦠꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦲꦺꦭꦏꦺꦴꦤꦶꦧ'ꦢꦥꦩꦠꦿꦨꦤ꧀ꦤ"ꦏꦼꦥꦸꦠꦸꦱꦤ꧀ꦥꦽꦱꦶꦢꦼꦤ꧀(ꦏꦼꦥ꧀ꦥꦽꦱ꧀)"ꦱꦺꦠꦓ꧀ꦲꦄꦼꦈꦠ꧀ꦢ'ꦥꦩꦠꦫꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ꧉ꦥꦤꦶꦏꦲꦺꦫꦺꦴꦩꦠ꧀ꦢꦭꦩ꧀ꦈꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩꦺꦴꦂ꧓ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧒꧐꧒꧒ꦥꦱꦭ꧀꧓꧙ꦄꦪꦠ꧀꧑꧉-->꧈ꦱꦺꦝꦶꦩꦶꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦏꦭꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏ[[ꦨꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ]]ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧇꧑꧙꧔꧙꧇꧈ꦪ'ꦤꦶꦱꦺꦩꦁꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶ[[ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ|ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ]]ꦨꦶꦤꦫꦺꦤ꧀[[ꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶꦏ꦳ꦸꦱꦸꦱ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦱꦶꦪ|ꦢꦲꦺꦫꦃꦎꦠꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦱꦢꦿꦗꦠ꧀ꦱꦉꦁꦥꦿꦺꦴꦥꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦶ]]꧉<ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2024|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=25 Juli 2024|format=Visual|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|url-status=dead}}</ref>ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦶꦭꦺꦩ'[[ꦏꦺꦴꦠꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶꦤꦼꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦱꦶꦪ|ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶ]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦱꦶꦠ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦁ[[ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦼꦤ꧀ꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶꦤꦼꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦱꦶꦪ|ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦼꦤ꧀ꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦱꦶ]]꧉ꦨꦶꦤꦫꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦫꦺꦴꦗꦸ'ꦢ'ꦥꦼꦪꦂꦱꦱꦺꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦿ꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏ[[ꦄꦉꦄꦩꦼꦠꦿꦺꦴꦥꦺꦴꦭꦶꦠꦤ꧀|ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦩꦼꦠꦿꦺꦴꦥꦺꦴꦭꦶꦠ꧀]]꧉ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦧꦶꦠꦫꦤꦼꦁꦥꦱꦺꦱꦺꦂꦥꦤ꧀ꦠ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦧꦫ'-ꦠꦱꦺ'[[polo Jhâbâ|ꦟꦺꦴꦱꦙꦧ]]꧉ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦝꦸꦮꦶꦙꦗ꧀ꦙꦸꦭꦸꦏ꧀''ꦛꦼꦧꦶꦒ꧀ꦢꦸꦫꦶꦪꦤ꧀''(ꦱꦁꦏꦢꦶꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦝꦸꦫꦺꦤ꧀)ꦱꦂꦫꦺꦤ꧀ꦤꦲꦺꦱꦺꦁꦏꦺꦴ'ꦄꦒ꦳ꦶꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦱꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦱꦫꦺꦁꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ[[ꦘꦺꦮ꧀ꦪꦺꦴꦂꦏ꧀]](''[[ꦧꦶꦒ꧀ꦄꦥ꧀ꦥ꧀ꦊ]]'')ꦤꦼꦁ[[Amerika Serikat|ꦄꦩꦺꦫꦶꦏꦱꦾꦫꦶꦏꦠ꧀]]꧉<ref name="Jakartapost">{{en}} {{cite web | url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 | title=Jakarta: A city we learn to love but never to like | author=Suryodiningrat, Meidyatama | work=The Jakarta Post | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221030541/http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 | archivedate=2008-02-21 | date=2007-06-22 | access-date=2013-07-02 | dead-url=no }}</ref> ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦶꦧꦶꦧꦫꦃꦱ꧇꧖꧖꧔꧈꧐꧑꧇&nbsp;ꦏ꧀ꦩ꧀²(ꦱꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦤꦱ:꧇꧖꧉꧙꧗꧗꧈꧇꧕&nbsp;ꦏ꧀ꦩ꧀²)꧈꧇ꦱꦉꦁꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦮꦂꦒꦤ꧑꧑꧇꧉꧑꧓꧕꧉꧑꧙꧑ꦚꦧ꧈ꦚꦧ꧈ꦄꦭꦺꦁꦒ꦳ꦝ'ꦥꦂꦠꦺꦁꦔꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧇꧒꧐꧒꧔꧇꧉<ref name="DUKCAPIL"/> ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦥꦩꦎꦫꦤ꧀ꦧꦶꦱ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀꧈ꦥꦺꦴꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀꧈ꦱꦉꦁꦏꦧꦸꦢꦪ'ꦄꦤ꧀꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦱꦭꦺꦫꦏꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀ꦔꦥꦿꦏꦂꦱꦤꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂ-ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥꦤꦩ꧀ꦨꦓ꧀ꦲꦨꦈꦩꦤ꧈ꦥꦿꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦮꦱ꧀ꦠ꧈ꦥꦿꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦄꦱꦺꦁ꧉ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦥꦤꦺꦏꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦥꦂꦠꦺꦠꦲꦤ꧀ꦊꦩ꧀ꦧꦒ-ꦊꦩ꧀ꦧꦒꦥꦂꦤꦠꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦱꦏꦂꦠꦫꦶꦪꦠ꧀[[ꦄꦯꦺꦪꦤ꧀]]꧉ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦪꦭꦩ꧀ꦩꦶꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦮ'ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦫꦄꦧꦁ꧈ꦪ'ꦤꦶ[[ꦦꦤ꧀ꦝꦫꦄꦧꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦂꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦱꦸꦏꦂꦤꦺꦴꦲꦠ꧀ꦠ|ꦦꦤ꧀ꦝꦫꦆꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦂꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦱꦸꦏꦂꦤꦺꦴ–ꦲꦠ꧀ꦠ]]ꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦑꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦠꦔꦼꦫꦁ]]꧈[[ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]][[ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦫꦲꦭꦶꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦂꦢꦤꦏꦸꦱꦸꦩ]]꧈ꦩꦁꦱꦤ꧀ꦢ꧀ꦮꦶꦥꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦠꦱꦺ'꧈ꦪ'ꦤꦶ[[ꦦꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦠꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦁꦥꦿꦶꦪꦺꦴꦏ꧀|ꦠꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦁꦥꦿꦶꦪꦺꦴꦏ꧀]]ꦱꦉꦁ[[ꦦꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦭꦥ|ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦭꦥ]]꧉<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/222049324/mau-tahu-jam-paling-sibuk-di-jakarta-nih-sebaiknya-dihindari |title=mau tahu jam paling sibuk neng jakarta nih sebaiknya dihindari |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417230631/https://www.gridoto.com/amp/read/222049324/mau-tahu-jam-paling-sibuk-neng-jakarta-nih-sebaiknya-dihindari |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indonesia.go.id/province/daerah-khusus-ibukota-jakarta |title=Daerah khusus Ibukota Jakarta (Indonesia.go.id) |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919153723/https://indonesia.go.id/province/daerah-khusus-ibukota-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jakarta-tourism.go.id/ |title=Tur jakarta (Jakarta-tourism.go.id) |access-date=2020-03-05 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711055419/https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> ==ꦄꦼꦠꦶꦩꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦒꦶ== [[File:Karte Batavia MKL1888.png|jmpl|220px|ki|ꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦤꦃꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ(ꦱꦩꦁꦏꦺꦚ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠ)ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧇꧑꧘꧘꧘꧇꧉|al=]] ꦨꦧꦎꦠꦧꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦥꦤꦶꦏꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ ꦄꦎꦧ-ꦎꦧꦙꦗ꧀ꦙꦸꦭꦸꦏ꧀ꦄꦏꦝꦶꦱꦭꦤ꧀ꦙꦁꦗ꦳ꦩꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦙꦙꦂꦨ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦄꦠꦶꦠꦺꦁ<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 april 2022|title=Beragam Nama Jakarta Sejak Tahun 397 hingga Sekarang|url=https://metro.sindonews.com/read/737547/173/beragam-nama-jakarta-sejak-tahun-397-hingga-sekarang-1649412247|website=Sindonews|language=id-ID|access-date=8 Juni 2023|archive-date=2023-06-2erido1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621021521/https://metro.sindonews.com/read/737547/173/beragam-nama-jakarta-sejak-tahun-397-hingga-sekarang-1649412247|dead-url=no}}</ref>''':''' * ''[[ꦯꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦺꦭꦥ]]''(꧇꧓꧙꧗꧇—꧇꧑꧕꧒꧗꧇) * {{flagicon|Banten Sultanate}} ''[[ꦗꦪꦑꦂꦠ]]'' (꧇꧑꧕꧒꧗—꧑꧖꧑꧙꧇) * {{flagicon|Dutch East indies}} ''[[ꦨꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ]]'' (꧇꧑꧖꧑꧙꧇—꧇꧑꧙꧔꧒꧇) * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} ''Djakarta Tokubetu Si'' {{Nihongo|2=ジャカルタ特別市|4=''[[Alih aksara Kunrei-shiki|ꦏꦸꦤꦿꦺꦆ-ꦱ꧀ꦲꦶꦏꦶ]]'': ''ꦢ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦠꦺꦴꦏꦸꦧꦺꦠꦸꦱꦶ, [[Alih aksara Hepburn|ꦲꦺꦥ꧀ꦧꦸꦂꦤ꧀]]: ꦗꦏꦫꦸꦠꦠꦺꦴꦏꦸꦧꦺꦠ꧀ꦱꦸꦱ꧀ꦲꦶ}}'' (꧇꧑꧙꧔꧒꧇—꧇꧑꧙꧔꧕꧇) * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} ''ꦢ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠ'' (꧇꧑꧙꧔꧕꧇—꧇꧑꧙꧗꧒꧇) * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} ''ꦗꦑꦂꦠ'' (꧇꧑꧙꧗꧒꧇—ꦱꦩꦁꦏꦺꦤ꧀) [[File:Propaganda Jepang Indonesia Raya Nippon Eigasha 2605.webm|jmpl|220px|ki|ꦥꦿꦺꦴꦥꦒꦤ꧀ꦢ[[ꦟ꧀ꦗꦺꦥ꧀ꦥꦁ]]ꦩꦓ꧀ꦲꦺꦚ꧀ꦕꦫꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦢ'"[[ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪꦫꦪ]]"ꦱꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦶꦚꦚꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦱꦾꦺꦱꦢꦿꦙꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦠꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦱꦱꦉꦁ"[[ꦏꦶꦩꦶꦒꦪꦺꦴ]]"ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦭꦒꦸꦏꦨꦁꦱ'ꦄꦤ꧀[[ꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦲꦺꦥ꧀ꦧꦸꦂꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦪ]]ꦲꦭꦺ[[ꦢꦺꦥ꦳ꦕ꧀ꦠꦺꦴ]]ꦤꦭꦺꦏ[[ꦩꦱꦥꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦢꦸꦏꦟ꧀ꦗꦺꦥ꧀ꦥꦁ]]꧉]] ꦄꦱ꧀ꦩ'"''ꦗꦑꦂꦠ''"ꦲꦺꦩꦧꦶꦭꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀[[Pandudukan Jepang neng wilayah Hindia Blandhâ|ꦩꦱꦏ'ꦆꦃꦠꦶꦭꦭꦟ꧀ꦗꦺꦥ꧀ꦥꦁ]]ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧙꧔꧒꧈ꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦚꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦭꦩ꧀ꦥꦠ꧀ꦠ''[[ꦓꦺꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦺ]][[ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ]]''ꦱꦾꦺꦲꦺꦏꦫꦱ꧀ꦩꦶꦥꦂꦤꦠ[[ꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ]]ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧙꧐꧕꧉<ref>Thee Liang Gie; ''Sejarah Pemerintahan Kota Djakarta'', Jakarta: Kotapraja Djakarta Raja, 1958, hal. 83.</ref> ꦙꦸꦭꦸꦏꦤ꧀"''ꦗꦑꦂꦠ''"ꦩꦸꦗꦸꦢ꧀ꦝꦫꦶꦥꦱꦺꦁꦏꦛꦤ꧀ꦢ'ꦢꦶꦏ꧀ꦱꦶ'''''ꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠ'''''([[ꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦢꦼꦮꦤꦒꦫꦶ]]:जयकृत)꧈ꦄꦩꦺꦴꦮꦱꦭ꧀ꦢ'ꦎꦏꦫꦨꦱꦱꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦼꦂꦠजय''ꦗꦪ''(ꦏꦒꦩ꧀ꦩꦶꦭꦔꦤ꧀/ꦏꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀)꧈ꦱꦉꦁकृत''ꦏꦿꦠ''(ꦏꦩ'ꦩꦺꦴꦫꦤ꧀)꧈ꦢꦓ꧀ꦲ''ꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠ''ꦤꦶꦏꦄꦩ'ꦤ"ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦏꦙꦗ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦏꦩ'ꦩꦺꦴꦫꦤ꧀"꧉ꦄꦱ꧀ꦩ'ꦤꦶꦏꦲꦺꦥꦫꦺꦔꦶꦄꦩꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦩꦲꦗꦤ[[ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦩꦏ꧀|ꦢꦼꦩꦏ꧀]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂ[[ꦏꦼꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦚ꧀ꦕꦶꦉꦧꦺꦴꦤ꧀|ꦕꦶꦉꦧꦺꦴꦤ꧀]]ꦤꦼꦁꦄꦤ꧀ꦝꦧ꧀ꦏꦩꦻꦴꦭ'ꦄꦤ꧀[[ꦥ꦳ꦠꦲꦶꦭ꧀ꦭꦃ]](ꦥ꦳ꦊꦠꦼꦲꦤ꧀)ꦧ'ꦢꦥꦚꦂꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦄꦧꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦭ꧀ꦙꦗ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦥꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥꦤꦭꦺꦏꦠꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦭ꧀꧒꧒ꦗꦸꦤꦶ꧑꧕꧒꧗ꦢꦫꦶꦏꦥꦂꦤꦠꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀꧉ ꦄꦱ꧀ꦩ'ꦥꦤꦺꦏꦄꦠꦂꦗꦶꦩ꧀"ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦏꦩꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀"ꦎꦠꦧ"ꦏꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦠꦏꦙꦗ'ꦄꦤ꧀"꧉ꦤꦩꦺꦴꦁ꧈ꦲꦏꦺꦏꦠ꧀ꦠꦄꦩ'ꦤ"ꦏꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦏꦩꦺꦭꦺꦴꦄꦩꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦱꦠꦫꦺꦴꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦤꦎꦠꦧꦈꦱꦲꦱꦺꦱꦔꦼꦠ꧀"ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦺꦩꦂꦢꦸꦮꦤ꧀[[ꦧꦲꦱꦱꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦼꦂꦠ|ꦱꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦼꦂꦠ]]ꦪ'ꦤꦶ''ꦗꦪ''(जय)ꦄꦩ'ꦤ"ꦏꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦔꦤ꧀"<ref name="jaya">{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=jaya|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043538/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE|dead-url=no}}</ref> ꦠꦺꦴꦂ''ꦏꦂꦠ''(कृत)ꦄꦩ'ꦤ"ꦠꦼꦏ꧀ꦏ"꧉<ref name="krta">{{cite web|work=Sanskrit Dictionary|title=krta|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731044135/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=neng&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE|dead-url=no}}</ref> ꦩꦚ꧀ꦕꦗꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦎꦠꦺꦴꦒꦿꦥ꦳ꦶꦄꦱ꧀ꦩ'ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦺꦏꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦴꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦩꦶꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦪꦓ꧀ꦲꦩ꧀꧉[[ꦄꦃꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦴꦙꦫ]][[ꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀]]꧈ꦗꦺꦴãꦎꦢꦼꦧꦂꦫꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧈ꦤꦼꦁ''ꦢꦺꦕꦢꦱ꧀ꦢÁꦱꦶꦪ''(꧑꧕꧕꧓)ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦚꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦏ'ꦈꦗꦸꦢꦤ꧀ꦆꦱ꧀ꦠꦶꦭꦃ"''ꦏ꧀ꦱꦕꦠꦫ(ꦗꦑꦂꦠ)"''ꦱꦩꦿꦩ꧀ꦧꦃꦨꦧꦨꦶꦝꦤ꧀"''ꦕꦫꦮ꦳ꦩ꧀''(ꦏꦫꦮꦁ)"꧉ ꦱꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦶꦢꦺꦴꦏꦸꦩꦤ꧀(ꦥꦶꦪꦒꦩ꧀)ꦄꦩꦺꦴꦮꦱꦭ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀(ꦏ꧀꧉꧑꧖꧐꧐)ꦲꦺꦩꦎꦱ꧀ꦄꦃꦭꦶꦄꦼꦥꦶꦒꦿꦥ꦳ꦶ[[ꦲꦼꦂꦩꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦴꦧꦿꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦂꦮ꦳ꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦂꦠꦹꦏ꧀|''ꦮ꦳ꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦂꦠꦹꦏ꧀'']]ꦲꦺꦩꦶꦪꦺꦂꦱꦲꦺꦔꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦏꦎꦏꦫ''ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦏꦼꦠꦿ''꧈<ref>T.B.G. jilid 19 tahun 1870, hal. 393, dâlâm Slamet Muljana, ''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=l1ALHtAiibQC&pg=PA72&dq=muljana+van+der+tuuk&hl=en&ei=MPx6Ttm9MMqzrAeRgZnAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Sriwijaya]'', hal. 72. LKiS, 2006. ISBN 979-8451-62-7. èaksès 22 September 2011.</ref>ꦱꦚꦎꦱ꧀ꦱ''ꦗꦏꦼꦠꦿ''ꦊꦂꦉꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦫꦠ꧀-ꦱꦼꦂꦫꦠ꧀[[ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀#ꦢꦥ꦳꧀ꦠꦂꦫꦠꦺꦴꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀|ꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]]<ref>Titik Pudjiastuti, (2007), ''Perang, dagang, persahabatan: surat-surat Sultan Banten'', Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 979-461-650-8.</ref>ꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀''[[ꦱꦺꦴꦙꦫꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]]''(ꦥꦸꦥꦸꦃ꧔꧕ꦱꦉꦁ꧔꧗)ꦱꦏꦝꦶꦤꦥꦲꦺꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦱꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ[[ꦲꦸꦱ꧀ꦱꦼꦆꦚ꧀ꦗꦪꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀|ꦲꦺꦴꦄꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦼꦆꦤ꧀ꦢ꧀ꦗꦗꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀]]꧉ꦱꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦠ[[ꦕꦺꦴꦂꦤꦼꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦢꦼꦲꦺꦴꦈꦠ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀|''ꦕꦺꦴꦂꦤꦼꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦢꦼꦲꦺꦴꦈꦠ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀'']]ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧕꧙꧖ꦚꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀[[ꦫꦢꦼꦤ꧀ꦮꦶꦗꦪꦏꦿꦩ|"ꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀"''ꦮꦶꦗꦪꦏꦿꦩ'']]ꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏ''ꦏꦺꦴꦤꦶꦁꦮ꦳ꦚ꧀ꦗꦕꦠꦿ''(ꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦃꦗꦑꦂꦠ)꧉ ==ꦱꦺꦴꦙꦫꦃ== {{ꦎꦡꦩ|sojhârâ Jakarta}} [[File:Prasasti tugu.jpg|thumb|160px|left|[[ꦧꦠꦺꦴꦥꦿꦱꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦠꦺꦴꦓ꧀ꦲꦸ]]ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦏꦭꦺꦩ'ꦠꦥꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦤꦼꦁꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦠꦸꦒꦸ꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦈꦠꦫ꧉]] ===ꦩꦱꦥꦿ-ꦏꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦤꦶꦪꦭ꧀=== ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦱꦺꦱꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦲꦺꦏꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦤꦺꦏꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦝꦫꦶ[[ꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦸꦩꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦫ]]({{lang-id|ꦠꦫꦸꦩꦤꦒꦫ}})꧈ꦱꦏꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀[[ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢ]]꧈ꦱꦺꦄꦫꦺꦴꦧꦤꦼꦁꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦫ[[ꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦸ]]ꦱꦺꦥꦭꦺꦁꦝꦶꦩꦶꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦨꦸꦩꦺꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧉<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta|title=Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon|year=2005}}</ref> ꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤꦏꦨ꧀ꦭꦸꦱꦫꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦸꦩꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦫ꧈ꦪ-ꦮꦶꦭꦪꦤ꧈ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦢꦸ'ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧈ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦤ[[ꦏꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢ]]꧉ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦏꦥꦺꦠ꧀ꦠꦺꦴ'ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦄꦮ꧀ꦮꦭ꧀ꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦏꦠꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦧꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀꧈ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦥꦤꦺꦏꦲꦺꦠꦠꦺꦁꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦮ꦳ꦶꦠꦭ꧀ꦏ꧀ꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦥꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦱ'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦿꦎꦎꦠꦧꦢꦺꦏ꧀[[ꦏꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦿꦶꦮꦶꦗꦪ]]꧉ꦄꦎꦓ꧀ꦲꦂꦝ'ꦕꦠꦼꦠꦤ꧀ꦧꦼꦂꦠꦖꦺꦤ꧈''ꦖꦸ-ꦥ꦳ꦤ꧀-ꦖꦶ''꧈ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦕꦠꦼꦠ꧀ꦧꦶꦠꦫꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧒꧐꧐꧈[[ꦖꦺꦴꦈꦗꦸ-ꦏꦸꦮ]]ꦚꦲꦺꦠꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦨꦱꦤꦼꦁꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦏꦠꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦧꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦩꦤꦧꦶꦱꦿꦶꦮꦶꦗꦪꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ'ꦄꦥꦂꦤꦠꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦗꦗ꦳ꦶꦫꦩ꧀ꦭꦗꦸꦃ]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦧꦫ'ꦙꦧ꧉ꦭꦙꦁꦎꦠꦧꦕꦠꦼꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦚꦲꦺꦠꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦨꦱꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦺ"ꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦠꦼꦒꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦄꦱꦏ꧀ꦏꦂꦄꦏꦱ꧀(ꦙꦸꦂꦨꦸ)"꧈ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦥꦩꦎꦂꦫꦱꦺꦴꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦁ[[ꦭꦝꦃꦭꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀]]ꦏ꦳ꦱ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦱꦺꦏ'ꦄꦭꦺꦴ'ꦩꦸꦠꦸꦤ꧉ꦩꦲꦗꦤꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦤꦺꦏꦱꦫꦤꦫꦺꦏꦤꦝ'ꦧꦶꦝꦁꦄꦒꦿꦶꦏꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦸꦂꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀-ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦤꦚꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦗꦸ-ꦏꦗꦸꦮꦤ꧀(ꦧꦿꦁꦏꦃ)꧉<ref>{{cite book| author=Drs. R. Soekmono,| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed.| publisher=Penerbit Kanisius| date= 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988| location =Yogyakarta| page =page 60 }}</ref>ꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦲꦺꦙꦸꦭꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ[[ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥ]](ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦚꦶꦪꦺꦴꦂ)꧈ꦏꦠꦺꦴꦤꦄꦧꦢ꧀ꦄꦼꦩ꧀ꦥ'ꦧꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀꧈ꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤꦺꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦄꦤꦩ꧀ꦨꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦂꦝꦓ꧀ꦲꦔꦤ꧀ꦱꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢ꧉ [[File:Padrao sunda kelapa.jpg|thumb|160px|left|ꦱꦺꦴꦩꦗꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤꦄꦏꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦏꦝꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦱꦉꦁꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦺꦱ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦩꦸꦮꦧꦠꦺꦴ꧈ꦱꦺꦴꦩꦗꦥꦤꦶꦏꦲꦺꦱꦩ꧀ꦨꦠ꧀ꦭꦸꦱꦺꦴ-ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦤꦼꦱꦼꦥꦢꦿãꦎ]] ꦱꦧ꧀ꦨꦤꦏꦥꦭ꧀[[ꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀]]ꦝꦫꦶ[[ꦩꦭꦏ]]ꦝ'ꦥ꧀ꦭꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥꦤꦼꦁ꧑꧕꧑꧓꧈ꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀ꦩꦺꦴꦱꦔꦶꦭꦩ꧀ꦥꦢ'ꦏꦥꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦥꦁꦫꦤ'ꦭꦝꦃꦭꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀꧉<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Cipta Loka Caraka|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16|year=1999}}</ref>ꦱꦤꦭꦺꦏꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦧꦪ꧀[[ꦭꦸꦱꦺꦴꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦤꦼꦱꦼꦥꦢꦿãꦎ|ꦱꦺꦴꦩꦗꦃꦏꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦤ꧀]]ꦱꦉꦁꦨꦁꦱꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀ꦩꦺꦤꦁꦏꦄꦂꦱꦗꦤꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤꦩꦱꦺꦱꦲꦺꦄꦤꦫꦤ꧀ꦤ[[ꦏꦱꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦩ']]ꦥꦔꦺꦴꦧꦱꦙꦧꦠꦼꦁꦔ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |title=History of Jakarta |work=BeritaJakarta}}</ref>ꦄꦔꦺꦁꦧꦏ꧀ꦗꦃꦢ'ꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦥꦫꦺꦔꦶꦏ꧀ꦭꦺꦭꦤ꧀(ꦄꦼꦝꦶ)ꦄꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦥ꧀ꦭꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦧꦶ'ꦤꦁꦏ'ꦄꦼꦱ꧀ꦱ'ꦤꦭꦺꦏ꧑꧕꧒꧒꧉ ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧕꧒꧗꧈[[ꦥ꦳ꦠꦲꦶꦭ꧀ꦭꦃ]]꧈ꦄꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦤꦥꦠꦺꦥꦺꦤꦁꦏꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦩ'ꦚꦂꦧꦸꦠꦺꦴꦂꦚꦩꦺꦴꦗꦸꦠꦺꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥ꧈ꦩꦁꦱꦤ꧀ꦔꦺꦴꦢ꧀ꦝꦏꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦢꦸꦠꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦸꦒꦶꦱ꧀꧉ꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤ꧈ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦼꦭꦥꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦄꦱ꧀ꦩꦤꦄꦨꦤꦼꦁꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠ꧈ꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦤꦢꦻꦴꦭꦠꦤ꧀[[ꦏꦱꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]]꧉ ꦔꦫꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦏꦠꦫꦺꦏꦠꦤ꧀ꦢ'ꦫꦢꦺꦚ꧀ꦗꦪꦮꦶꦏꦂꦠꦥꦺꦤꦁꦏꦤ꧀ꦏꦱꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦠꦤꦤ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀꧈ꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦥ'ꦤꦼꦁꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧕꧙꧖꧉ꦤꦭꦺꦏ꧑꧖꧐꧒꧈[[ꦥꦿꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦠꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀|ꦥꦿꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦠꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀]]ꦄꦨꦏ꧀ꦠꦭꦺꦴꦁꦱ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱꦂꦢꦢꦸꦃꦱꦺꦲꦺꦏꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦂ[[ꦱꦶꦂꦗꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦭꦚ꧀ꦕꦱ꧀ꦠꦼꦂ]]꧈ꦄꦥꦺꦴꦕꦭ꧀ꦩꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦂꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦄꦕꦼꦃ|ꦄꦕꦺꦃ]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦄꦭꦗꦂꦏꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀꧈ꦱꦺꦏ'ꦢꦶꦩ꧀ꦩꦱꦝꦗ꧀áꦤꦲꦺꦥꦫꦺꦔꦶꦲꦺꦝꦶꦔꦢ꧀ꦝꦏꦶꦱꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦝ꧀áꦓ꧀ꦲꦁ꧉ꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦄꦤꦶꦏꦱꦺꦥꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ'ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦥꦩꦎꦫꦤ꧀ꦝꦓ꧀ꦲꦁꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦴꦤꦼꦱꦶꦪꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧑꧖꧘꧒꧉<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan |year=1993 |location=London |page=29 |isbn=0-333-57689-6}}</ref> ꦗꦪꦮꦶꦏꦂꦠꦲꦺꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦶꦲꦧꦶꦲꦺꦏꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩꦶꦱꦉꦁꦱꦱꦺꦴꦝꦓ꧀ꦲꦂꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦠꦶꦠꦺꦴꦂꦧꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧈ꦏꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦏꦃꦩꦫꦺꦔꦶꦲꦺꦝꦶꦩꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦏꦩꦂꦏꦗ꦳꧀ꦄꦲꦺꦙꦶꦤ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦥꦤꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦠ꧀ꦏꦭ꧑꧖꧑꧕꧉<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heuken |first=Adolf|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta Jilid II: Dokumen-dokumen Sejarah Jakarta ḍâri kedatangan kapal pertama Belanda (1596) sampai dengan tahun 1619 (Authentic sources of History of Jakarta part II: Documents of history of Jakarta from the first arrival of Dutch ship (1596) to year 1619) |publisher=Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka |year=2000 |location=Jakarta }}</ref> ===ꦲꦺꦫꦏꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦤꦶꦪꦭ꧀=== [[File:Stadhuis Batavia, Jakarta.jpg|thumb|'''ꦱ꧀ꦠꦝꦸꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ''꧈ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦒꦸꦧꦼꦂꦤꦸꦂꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀[[ꦥꦫꦸꦱꦲ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦠꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ|ꦮ꦳ꦺꦴꦕ꧀]]ꦤꦼꦁꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫ[[ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦠꦺꦴꦮꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]꧉ꦧꦸꦔꦺꦴꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦱꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦄꦨꦝꦶ[[ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦙꦫꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]]] [[ꦥ꦳ꦶꦊ:ꦄꦤ꧀ꦢꦿꦶꦪꦼꦱ꧀ꦧꦼꦄꦼꦕ꧀​ꦏ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀-ꦛꦼꦕꦱ꧀ꦠ꧀ꦊꦎꦥ꦳꧀ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ꧉ꦗ꧀ꦥ꧀ꦒ꧀|ꦛꦸꦩ꧀ꦧ꧀|ꦊꦥ꦳꧀ꦠ꧀|ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪꦲꦺꦥꦱ꧀ꦕꦏꦂꦱꦤꦼꦁꦄꦡ꧀ꦡꦱ꧀ꦥꦏꦫꦔꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦩꦁꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧉ꦏꦂꦪ[[ꦄꦤ꧀ꦢꦿꦶꦪꦼꦱ꧀ꦧꦼꦄꦼꦕ꧀​ꦏ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀]]ꦕ꧀꧉꧑꧖꧕꧖]] ꦫꦺꦏꦭꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦲꦧꦶꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦭꦶꦪꦼꦤ꧀ꦫꦢꦺꦚ꧀ꦗꦪꦮꦶꦏꦂꦠꦱꦉꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦄꦕꦚ꧀ꦕꦭ꧈ꦗꦪꦮꦶꦏꦂꦠꦄꦱꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦤꦤ꧀ꦏꦧꦸꦭꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦔꦤ꧀ꦙꦸꦂꦱꦂꦢꦢꦸꦢꦊꦩ꧀ꦥꦚꦼꦂꦫꦔꦤ꧀ꦢ'ꦨꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦧꦼꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧈ꦤꦔꦺꦁꦱꦼꦂꦫꦔꦤ꧀ꦏ'ꦢꦶꦱ꧀ꦱ'ꦏꦺꦔꦺꦁꦲꦺꦏ'ꦄꦂꦱꦱꦉꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧈ꦄꦫꦤ꧀ꦏꦙꦗ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠ'ꦏꦺꦤꦶ'ꦏꦝꦭꦂꦢꦶꦮ꦳ꦶꦱꦶ[[ꦗꦤ꧀ꦥꦶꦪꦼꦠꦼꦂꦱ꧀ꦗ꦳ꦺꦴꦎꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦄꦼꦤ꧀]](ꦗ꧀꧉ꦥ꧀꧉ꦕꦺꦴꦄꦼꦤ꧀)ꦱꦺꦏꦢꦫꦸꦪ꧀ꦚꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦤ꧀꧉ꦱ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤ꧈ꦧꦭꦤ꧀ꦞꦔꦺꦴꦧ꧀ꦨꦂꦨꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦚꦺꦁꦏꦭꦺꦆꦁꦒꦿꦶꦱ꧀ꦎꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦂꦢ'ꦥꦿꦎꦤ꧉ꦄꦤꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦤꦺꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦙꦗꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦤꦺꦠꦺꦤꦺꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ꧈ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧖꧑꧙꧈ꦚꦩꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ''ꦗꦪꦏꦂꦠ''ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦫꦸꦮꦶꦄꦨꦝꦶ''ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ''ꦱꦉꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧉ ꦥꦔꦺꦔꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦺꦏꦄꦠꦏꦭ꧀ꦆꦩꦶꦒꦿꦤ꧀ꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦚꦤ꧀ꦝꦂ꧈ꦕꦼꦂꦥꦫꦱꦎꦝꦓ꧀ꦲꦂꦕꦺꦤꦎꦠꦧꦠꦶꦪꦺꦴꦁ̣ꦎꦮ꧉ꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦮꦂꦒꦱꦺꦝꦏ꧀ꦏꦭꦄꦱꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦸ꧈ꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦸ'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦥꦂꦤꦠꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ꧉ꦏꦠꦼꦂꦉꦤꦤ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦥ꧀ꦏꦭꦥꦂꦤꦠꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦔꦺꦴꦢ꧀ꦝꦶ'ꦆꦥꦱꦺꦥꦠꦤ꧀ꦆꦩꦶꦒꦿꦱꦶꦫꦺꦁ-ꦎꦫꦁꦕꦺꦤꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴꦁꦢꦼꦥꦺꦴꦂꦠꦱꦶ꧉ꦠꦁꦱꦺꦭꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶꦥꦭꦧꦤꦤ꧀꧈ꦏꦠꦼꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦪꦤ꧀꧕꧈꧐꧐꧐ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦝꦫꦶꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦕꦺꦤ[[ꦥꦩ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦻꦄꦤ꧀ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪ꧑꧗꧔꧐|ꦲꦺꦩꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦱ꧀ꦎꦠꦧꦲꦺꦒꦼꦤꦺꦴꦱꦶꦢ]]ꦏꦝꦭꦂꦥꦼꦂꦤꦠꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦠꦺꦴꦂꦮꦂꦒꦠꦺꦴꦧꦶꦤ꧀ꦥꦂꦠꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦭ꧀꧙ꦎꦏ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦧꦼꦂ꧑꧗꧔꧐꧈ꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦎꦤ꧀-ꦠꦎꦤ꧀ꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤ꧈ꦱꦶꦠꦸꦮꦱꦶꦤꦺꦏꦩꦏ꧀ꦱꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦕꦺꦤꦄꦥꦠꦂꦢ'[[ꦒ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦢꦺꦴꦏ꧀]]ꦱꦺꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦩꦺꦙꦶꦭ꧀ꦨꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ꧉<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139">{{Cite book|last=Witton |first=Patrick |title=Indonesia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2003 |location=Melbourne |pages=138–139|isbn=1-74059-154-2}}</ref> ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦱꦼꦏ꧀ꦏꦂꦢ'ꦄꦫꦃꦙꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦻꦴ'ꦏꦧꦶꦝꦤ꧀ꦤꦏꦼꦩꦫꦤ꧀(ꦮꦧꦃ)ꦥꦼꦚꦏꦺ'ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧘꧓꧕ꦠꦺꦴꦂ꧑꧘꧗꧐꧈ꦚꦺꦴꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦁꦫꦺꦁ-ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦄꦱꦺꦗꦶꦏ꧀ꦢ'ꦙꦼꦊꦈ'ꦚꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦻꦥꦭꦧ꧀ꦧꦸꦮꦤ꧀꧉ꦏꦺꦴꦤꦶꦁꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀ꦊꦆꦤ꧀꧈ꦱꦺꦩꦁꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦚꦩ[[ꦩꦺꦠꦺꦴꦂꦩꦼꦂꦢꦺꦏ]]ꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦲꦺꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧘꧑꧘꧈ꦠꦩꦤ꧀ꦥꦕꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴ'ꦄꦤ꧀[[ꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁ]]ꦏꦧꦶꦝꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧑꧙꧑꧓꧈<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42 Menteng : Pelopor Kota Taman], 3 November 2007</ref>ꦠꦺꦴꦂ[[ꦏꦼꦧꦪꦺꦴꦫꦤ꧀ꦧꦫꦸ]]ꦪ'ꦤꦺꦕꦼꦕꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦏ꦳ꦶꦂ-ꦄꦏ꦳ꦶꦫꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦱꦉꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦝ꧉<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/>ꦄꦭꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦥꦽꦕ꧀ꦕ'꧑꧙꧓꧐꧈ꦧꦠꦮ꦳ꦶꦪꦄꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦔꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦶꦥꦠꦱꦥꦢꦸꦮꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦠꦮꦂꦒ꧈<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/13.htm Colonial Economy and Society, 1870–1940]. Source: ''U.S. Library of Congress.''</ref>ꦥꦽꦓ꧀ꦲꦠꦲꦺꦊꦧ꧀ꦨꦸꦮꦶ꧓꧗꧈꧐꧖꧗ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦄꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦏ꧀ꦲꦺꦫꦺꦴꦥ꧉<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4T4HJKW-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=949420039&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a406b85e0a44bef9ed9ad2d055bcd62b Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households]. ScienceDirect.</ref> ===ꦲꦺꦫꦏꦩꦂꦝꦶꦏ'ꦄꦤ꧀=== ꦱ'ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦂꦫꦁꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦃ꧈ꦏꦎꦩ꧀ꦉꦥꦸꦧ꧀ꦭꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪꦄꦝꦶꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦭ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦱꦺꦲꦺꦏꦺꦴꦧꦱ[[ꦏꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦥꦼꦂꦫꦁꦝꦸꦤ꧀ꦚꦏ꧒|ꦱꦂꦢꦢꦸꦃꦏꦚ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦮꦤ꧀]]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦩꦨꦝꦶ[[ꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ|ꦗꦺꦴꦒ꧀ꦗꦏꦼꦂꦠ]]ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦱꦺꦄꦚꦂ꧉ꦱ'ꦄꦠ꧀꧑꧙꧕꧐꧈ꦱ'ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦏꦩꦂꦝꦶꦏ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦄꦧꦭꦶꦲꦺꦉꦧ꧀ꦨꦸ'꧈ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦲꦺꦧꦭꦶꦪꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦢ'ꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦱꦗ꧀ꦙꦃ꧉<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/>ꦥꦽꦱꦶꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪꦥꦿꦠꦩ꧈[[ꦱꦺꦴꦄꦼꦏꦂꦤꦺꦴ]]꧈ꦔꦥ꧀ꦠꦺꦏꦂꦱꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦩꦨꦝꦶꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦂꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦱꦼꦩꦁꦱꦤꦄꦠꦺꦠꦠꦿꦺꦏꦃꦥꦩꦢ꧀ꦝꦏꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦨꦤ꧀ꦝꦻꦥꦂꦤꦠꦄꦩꦏ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦩꦨꦱ꧀ꦠꦄꦂꦏꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦱꦉꦁ[[ꦄꦂꦱꦶꦠꦼꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦂꦩꦺꦴꦢꦼꦂꦤ꧀]]꧉<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kusno |first=Abidin |year=2000 |title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures |location=New York City |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-23615-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=P. |last=Schoppert |coauthor=Damais, S. |title=Java Style |year=1997 |publisher=Didier Millet |location=Paris |isbn= 962-593-232-1}}</ref> ꦤꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦠꦿꦺꦏꦤꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏꦙꦭꦤ꧀ꦭꦗꦁ꧈ꦨꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦼꦫꦤ꧀ꦤꦂꦩꦺꦁꦤꦼꦁꦙꦭꦤ꧀ꦩ꧀ꦲ꧀ꦛꦩꦿꦶꦤ꧀-ꦱꦸꦢꦶꦂꦩꦤ꧀꧈[[ꦩꦺꦴꦤꦸꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀]]꧈[[ꦲꦺꦴꦠꦺꦭ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ]]꧈ꦥꦤꦩ꧀ꦨꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦤ꧀ꦙꦠꦺꦴꦂꦒꦼꦢ꧀ꦢꦸꦁꦥꦂꦊꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦂ꧉ꦤꦼꦁꦎꦏ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦧꦼꦂ꧑꧙꧖꧕꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦠꦼꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦱꦏ꧀ꦱꦺ[[ꦥꦒꦫꦏꦤ꧀꧓꧐ꦱꦼꦥ꧀ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂ|ꦱꦩꦤ꧀ꦢꦠ꧀ꦏꦸꦢꦺꦠ]]ꦱꦺꦩꦱꦺꦝꦃꦄꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦼꦂ꧈ꦚꦺꦴꦊꦠ꧀[[ꦥꦤꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦱꦭ꧀ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧑꧙꧖꧕-꧖꧖|ꦥꦤꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦱꦭ꧀ꦫꦺꦁ-ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦏꦕꦺꦂ]]꧈ꦄꦤ꧀ꦝꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦕꦺꦤ꧈<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm Why ethnic Chinese are afraid]". BBC News. 12 February 1998.</ref> ꦔꦧꦶꦝꦤꦺ[[ꦥꦼꦫꦭꦶꦲꦤ꧀ꦢ'ꦎꦂꦢꦼꦄꦚꦂ|ꦲꦺꦫꦎꦂꦢꦼꦄꦚꦂꦤꦼꦁꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦄꦼꦲꦂꦠꦺꦴ]]꧉ꦱꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦥꦫꦎꦂꦢꦼꦱꦺꦲꦺꦥꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦭꦺꦴꦧꦁꦨꦗ|ꦔꦝꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦗꦱꦢ꧀ꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀-ꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦧꦸꦮꦁ]]꧉ ꦤꦭꦺꦏ꧑꧙꧖꧖꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦲꦺꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦨꦝꦶ"ꦢ'ꦄꦼꦫꦃꦏ꦳ꦸꦱꦸꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦨꦸꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡ"(''ꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦃꦏ꦳ꦸꦱꦸꦱ꧀ꦆꦧꦸꦏꦺꦴꦠ'')꧈ꦄꦨꦏ꧀ꦠꦱ꧀ꦠꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦱꦺꦱꦢꦿꦙꦠ꧀ꦱꦉꦁꦥꦿꦺꦴꦮ꦳ꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶ꧉<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta |work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc |accessdate=17 September 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}</ref>ꦭꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦚ꧀ꦗꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦫꦭ꧀[[ꦄꦭꦶꦱꦢꦶꦏꦶꦤ꧀]]ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦒꦸꦧꦼꦂꦤꦸꦂꦩꦢꦶꦪꦤꦤ꧀꧖꧐-ꦄꦤ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧑꧙꧗꧗;ꦩꦿꦏꦂꦱ'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦧꦶꦠꦺꦴꦔꦤ꧀ꦙꦭꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦗꦩ꧀ꦧꦠ꧀꧈ꦚꦺꦴꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦁꦥꦚꦼꦏ꧀ꦏꦫꦤ꧀ꦱꦼꦤꦶꦠꦺꦴꦂꦨꦸꦝꦗ꧈ꦩꦢ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ꦫꦺꦴꦩꦄꦁꦭꦺꦴꦠꦺꦴꦂꦱꦏꦺꦴꦭꦃ꧉ꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦄꦫꦺꦪ-ꦄꦫꦺꦪꦙꦧ꧀ꦨꦲꦺꦥ'ꦄꦂꦢꦩ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦥꦿꦺꦴꦗꦺꦏ꧀-ꦥꦿꦺꦴꦗꦺꦏ꧀ꦩꦺꦴꦢꦼꦂꦤꦶꦱꦱꦶ꧈<ref>{{Cite journal|first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1989 |title=The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis |journal=Third World Planning Review |volume=11 |issue=2 pages=pp. 211–238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/095624789200400203 |first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1992 |title=The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment and Community-based Alternatives |url=https://archive.org/details/environment-urbanization_1992-10_4_2/page/9 |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=9–32}}</ref> ꦔꦤ꧀ꦝꦼꦏ꧀[[ꦧꦺꦕ']]ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦩꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦁꦧ꧀ꦭꦶꦙꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦱꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴ꧉ꦱꦢꦶꦏꦶꦤ꧀ꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦪꦂꦏ'ꦄꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦪ꧀ꦤꦠꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦆꦩꦶꦒꦿꦤ꧀ꦩꦚ꧀ꦕꦗꦑꦂꦠꦩꦶꦤꦁꦏꦠꦿꦺꦏꦤꦔꦙꦻꦴꦆꦥꦤꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦚꦼꦂꦫꦺꦤꦶꦗꦸꦩ꧀ꦭꦃꦏꦥ꦳ꦏꦶꦫꦤ꧀꧉<ref> {{Cite book | last = Turner | first = Peter | title = Java (1st edition) | publisher=Lonely Planet | year=1997 | location=Melbourne | page=315 | isbn=0-86442-314-4 }}</ref> ꦆꦤ꧀ꦮ꦳ꦺꦱ꧀ꦠꦱꦶꦩꦚ꧀ꦕꦤꦼꦒꦿꦶꦱ'ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦩꦲꦺꦗꦮꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦲꦺꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦥꦤꦺꦏꦱꦭꦤ꧀ꦙꦁꦥꦂꦤꦠꦯꦢꦶꦏꦶꦤ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦥꦁꦒ꦳ꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦤ <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Edsel E. |last=Sajor |year=2003 |url=http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00325 |title=Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines |journal=Development and Change |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=713–742 |doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00325}}</ref> [[File:Jakarta riot 14 May 1998.jpg|al=kanan|jmpl|200x200px|꧒꧐꧐ꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀꧒꧐꧐ꦥ꧀ꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀|ꦱꦸꦮꦱꦤ[[ꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦶꦢꦸꦩꦺꦆ꧑꧙꧙꧘]]ꦱꦺꦏꦠꦼꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦥꦼꦂꦠꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦭ꧀꧑꧔ꦩꦺꦆ꧑꧙꧙꧘꧉ꦏꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦄꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦥꦉꦥ꧀ꦥ'ꦤꦩꦏ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦚꦂꦱꦝꦁꦏ'ꦙꦁꦏ'꧉]] ꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦏ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩꦶꦕ-ꦫꦕꦄꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ꧀ꦧꦗꦤ[[ꦏꦿꦶꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦲꦺꦏꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴꦩꦶꦄꦱꦶꦪ꧑꧙꧙꧗|ꦏꦿꦶꦱꦶꦱ꧀꧑꧙꧙꧗]]꧈ꦱꦭꦱ꧀ꦠꦫꦺꦥꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦥꦤ꧀꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦨꦝꦶꦤꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦠꦤꦥꦩꦎꦫꦤ꧀ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦶ-ꦥꦼꦂꦤꦠ꧉꧓꧒ꦠꦎꦤ꧀ꦄꦏꦺꦴꦧꦱ꧈ꦱꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦤꦤ꧀ꦝ'ꦥꦿꦺꦱꦶꦢꦼꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦄꦼꦲꦂꦠꦺꦴꦤꦩ꧀ꦨꦤ꧀꧉ꦥꦤꦼꦠ꧀ꦠꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦩꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ꧀ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦤꦩꦲꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦮ[[ꦈꦤꦶꦮ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦱꦏ꧀ꦠꦶ]][[ꦥꦤꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦱꦏ꧀ꦠꦶ|ꦲꦺꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦂ]]ꦙꦭꦫꦤ꧀ꦄꦥꦫꦠ꧀ꦏ'ꦄꦩꦤꦤ꧀;ꦱ'ꦄꦫꦺꦨꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁ[[ꦏꦫꦸꦱꦸꦲꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦆ꧑꧙꧙꧘|ꦓ꧀ꦲꦫꦶꦢꦸꦤꦼꦁꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]ꦄꦱꦺꦗꦤ꧀ꦧꦶꦠꦫ꧑꧈꧒꧐꧐ꦱꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦩꦩꦲꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦮꦄꦩꦁꦱꦤ꧖꧈꧐꧐꧐ꦓ꧀ꦲꦢ꧀ꦝꦸꦁꦲꦺꦱꦲꦺꦭ꧀'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ꧉ <ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}</ref>ꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦤ꧀ꦎꦫꦺꦁꦄꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦱ꧀[[ꦕꦺꦤꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ]]ꦠꦼꦢ꧀ꦝꦶꦏꦺꦴꦂꦧꦤ꧀ꦤ꧉<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm Wages of Hatred]. Michael Shari. Business Week.</ref>ꦱꦺꦴꦄꦼꦲꦂꦠꦺꦴꦄꦙꦸꦂꦢꦱꦺꦏ꧀ꦭꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦥꦿꦺꦱꦶꦢꦼꦤ꧀꧈ꦱꦭꦙꦸꦤꦗꦑꦂꦠꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏꦥꦩꦎꦫꦤ꧀ꦏꦿꦸꦱꦶꦪꦭ꧀ꦝ'ꦥꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦢꦼꦩꦺꦴꦏꦿꦱꦶꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧉<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}</ref>ꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦥꦫꦧꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦄꦤꦂꦠꦼꦫꦺꦴꦫꦶꦱ꧀ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦩꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦱ꧀ꦱꦺꦧꦁꦠꦎꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦤꦺꦏꦄꦏꦝꦶꦤꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧒꧐꧐꧐ꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀꧒꧐꧐꧕꧈<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139" />ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦥꦫꦧꦺꦴꦩ꧀[[ꦧꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧒꧐꧐꧙|ꦤꦭꦺꦏ꧒꧐꧐꧙]]꧉<ref>{{cite web |author=Minggu, 19 Juli 2009 – 13:16 WIB |url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-neng-jakarta |title=Daftar Serangan Bom neng Jakarta |publisher=Poskota |accessdate=27 April 2010 |archive-date=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812063627/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-neng-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==ꦒꦺꦪꦺꦴꦒꦿꦥ꦳ꦶ== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+ ꦤꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦠꦲꦺꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦩ꧀ꦥꦿꦺꦴꦮ꦳ꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦢꦏꦲꦶꦗꦑꦂꦠ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/id/pulau-sabira-penjaga-alam-jakarta-neng-batas-utara/a-60114884|website=www.dw.com|access-date=2022-09-24|title=Salinan arsip|archive-date=2022-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015235443/https://www.dw.com/id/pulau-sabira-penjaga-alam-jakarta-neng-batas-utara/a-60114884|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- |align=center|Bârâ' || {{coord|5|28|45.0|S|106|23|25.03|E}} || [[Nosa Pabelokan]], [[Kabhupatèn Administrasi Kanosa'an Seribu]] |- |align=center|Lao' || {{coord|6|22|14.0|S|106|53|39.0|E}} || [[Jhâlân Transyogi|Jhâlân Transyogi (Cibubur-Jonggol)]] km 01, [[Cibubur, Ciracas, Jakarta Timur]] |- |align=center|Tèmor || {{coord|6|08|42.0|S|106|58|21.0|E}} || Jalan Kaliabang, [[Rorotan, Cilincing, Jakarta Dâjâ]] |- |align=center|Dâjâ || {{coord|5|12|09.18|S|106|27|46.23|E}} || [[Pulau Sebira]], [[Kabhupatèn Administrasi Kanosa'an Seribu]] |- |align=center|Tertinggi || +91 [[meter]] [[dpl]], {{coord|6|22|09.0|S|106|54|01.01|E}} || [[Bhumi Perkemahan tor Graha Wisata Pramuka Cibubur|Kabâsan Buperta Cibubur]], [[Pondok Ranggon, Cipayung, Jakarta Temor]] |- |align=center|Terendah || -1 [[meter]] [[dpl]], {{coord|6|06|57.0|S|106|48|13.0|E}} || Jhâlân Muara Baru, [[Penjaringan, Jakarta Dâjâ]] |- |} [[File:Sungai Ciliwung dekat dengan gedung groeneveld. jpg.jpg|jmpl|[[ꦯꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦕꦶꦭꦶꦮꦸꦁ]]꧉ꦄꦩꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦱꦺꦲꦺꦏꦫꦱꦤ꧀꧈ꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦩꦨꦸꦁꦏꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦨꦝꦶꦢꦸꦮ'꧉ꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦩꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦫꦝꦶꦫꦶꦁꦱꦺꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦥꦊꦁꦙꦨ꧀ꦨꦤꦼꦁꦝꦸꦤ꧀ꦚ꧉<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-26|title=Ciliwung Jadi Salah Satu Songay Terkotor neng Dunia, Berikut Faktanya|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ciliwung-jadi-songay-terkotor-neng-dunia-berikut-hasil-riset-terbarunya.html|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|access-date=2022-06-27|last=Kautsar|first=Nurul Diva|editor-last=Diva|editor-first=Nurul|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422194142/https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ciliwung-jadi-songay-terkotor-neng-dunia-berikut-hasil-riset-terbarunya.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>]] ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀​ꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦱꦭꦗꦢꦗ[[ꦟꦺꦴꦱꦙꦨ]]꧈ꦤꦼꦁꦩꦺꦴꦮꦫ[[ꦕꦶꦭꦶꦮꦸꦁ]]꧈[[ꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦁꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]꧉ꦱꦩꦂꦨꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦝ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦙꦸꦁꦱꦶꦂꦏꦤ꧘ꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂ[[ꦢꦥꦭ]]ꦧꦶꦠ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦠꦠꦫꦤ꧀ꦙꦸꦁꦔꦗꦑꦂꦠꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏ꧙꧑ꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂ[[ꦢꦥꦭ]]ꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦏꦧꦱꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦥꦼꦂꦠꦕꦶꦧꦸꦧꦸꦂ꧈[[ꦕꦶꦥꦪꦸꦁ꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦠꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂ]]ꦱꦺꦩꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦫꦏꦺꦴꦚ꧀ꦕꦂꦠꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦥ꦳ꦺꦴꦂꦩꦱꦶꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦔꦚ꧀ꦗꦺꦴꦁꦒꦺꦴꦭ꧀-ꦗꦠꦶꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ꧉ꦨꦶꦤꦫꦺꦁꦤꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦠꦠꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦤꦄꦼꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦏ'ꦢꦶꦱ꧀ꦱ'-꧑ꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂ[[ꦢꦥꦭ]]ꦧꦶꦠ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦏꦱꦶꦤꦼꦁꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦩꦸꦮꦫꦧꦫꦸꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥ꧀ꦭꦸꦮꦶꦠ꧀꧈[[ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦢꦗ]]ꦤꦼꦁꦏ'ꦢꦶꦩ꧀ꦩꦢꦲꦺꦫꦏꦫꦱꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦩ'ꦄꦭꦩꦺꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦥꦫꦥꦤꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦤꦃꦩꦺꦴꦭꦝꦶꦩꦺꦤ꧀꧉<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-03|title=Muara Baru Terancam Tenggelam 4,6 Meter neng Bawah Muka Laut pada 2050|url=https://metro.tempo.co/read/1501906/muara-baru-terancam-tenggelam-46-meter-neng-bawah-muka-laut-pada-2050|work=[[Tempo.co]]|access-date=2022-10-01|last=Koresponden|first=Non|editor-last=H.|editor-first=Clara Maria Tjandra Dewi|archive-date=2022-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006020751/https://metro.tempo.co/read/1501906/muara-baru-terancam-tenggelam-46-meter-neng-bawah-muka-laut-pada-2050|dead-url=no}}</ref>ꦄꦩꦂꦓ꧀ꦲꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝ꧈ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦩ'ꦄꦤ꧀'ꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦠꦼꦭ꧀ꦨꦱ꧀ꦱꦮꦶꦭꦪꦃꦗꦑꦂꦠꦱꦼꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦠ꧀ꦏꦭꦺꦴꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦪ꧀ꦍꦁ꧈ꦭꦁꦏꦺꦴꦁꦔꦥꦤ꧀ꦝ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦭꦎ'ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦩꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦫꦢ'ꦲꦺꦫꦥꦓ꧀ꦲꦸꦤꦺꦴꦔꦤ꧀ꦧꦶꦠ꧀ꦕꦺꦴꦫꦎꦙꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ꧉ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦏꦲꦺꦭꦺꦂꦱꦉꦁ꧑꧓ꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦱꦺꦱꦝꦗꦤꦄꦩꦺꦴꦮꦫꦤꦺꦴꦗ꧀ꦙꦸ[[ꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦦꦺꦴꦁꦗꦏꦂꦠ]]꧉ꦱꦺꦴꦔꦪ꧀ꦱꦺꦥꦊꦁꦥꦂꦭꦺꦴꦄꦼꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦄꦥ꧀ꦤꦺꦏꦕꦶꦭꦶꦮꦸꦁ꧈ꦱꦺꦩꦨꦸꦁꦏꦏꦺꦴꦡ꧀ꦡꦄꦨꦝꦶꦢꦸꦮ'꧉ꦙꦠꦼꦩꦺꦴꦂꦠꦺꦴꦂꦙꦭꦻꦴ'꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦠꦕꦼꦂꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦥꦿꦺꦴꦮ꦳ꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶ[[ꦙꦨꦧꦫ']]ꦙꦸꦓ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦥꦤ꧀ꦝ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦧꦫ'ꦄꦠꦕꦼꦂ[[ꦦꦿꦺꦴꦮ꦳ꦶꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀]]꧉ [[ꦏꦤꦺꦴꦱ'ꦄꦤ꧀ꦱꦼꦫꦶꦧꦸ]]ꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏꦏꦨꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦄꦢ꧀ꦩꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦠꦶꦥ꦳꧀ꦱꦺꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁ[[ꦠꦼꦭꦸꦏ꧀ꦗꦑꦂꦠ]]꧈ꦱꦩꦂꦨꦮꦶꦭꦪꦤꦄꦝꦥꦂꦝꦫꦥꦤ꧀ꦏꦤꦺꦴꦱ'ꦄꦤ꧀꧈ꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀꧑꧐꧕ꦤꦺꦴꦱꦏꦝꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦕꦏ꧀꧔꧕&ꦤ꧀​ꦧ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀;ꦏ꧀ꦩ꧀(꧒꧘ꦩꦶꦭ꧀)ꦤꦼꦁꦲꦺꦫꦺꦁꦢꦗꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦁꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧉ ===ꦆꦏ꧀ꦭꦶꦩ꧀=== ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦄꦓ꧀ꦲꦝꦸꦮꦶꦱꦸꦲꦸꦈꦢꦫꦱꦺꦥꦤꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦏꦼꦱ꧀ꦱꦥ꧀ꦢꦩꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦍꦏ꧀ꦭꦶꦩ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦴꦥꦶꦱ꧀꧉ꦄꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦧꦫ'ꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧈ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦔꦭꦩꦺꦩꦺꦴꦚ꧀ꦕꦺ'ꦤꦺꦩ꧀ꦨꦫꦤꦼꦁꦧꦸꦭꦚ꧀ꦗꦤꦸꦮꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦂꦥ꦳ꦺꦧꦿꦸꦮꦫꦶꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦂꦏꦝꦿꦧꦶꦱꦤ꧀ꦎꦙꦤ꧀꧓꧕꧐ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦲꦸꦱꦶꦂꦏꦤ꧒꧗&ꦤ꧀​ꦧ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀;°ꦕ꧀꧉ꦝꦿꦧꦶꦱꦤ꧀ꦎꦙꦤ꧀ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦫꦧꦸꦭꦚ꧀ꦗꦤꦸꦮꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦂꦏꦧꦶꦝꦤ꧀ꦥ꦳ꦺꦧꦿꦸꦮꦫꦶꦩꦺꦭꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶ꧈ꦤꦭꦺꦏꦏ'ꦢꦶꦱ꧀ꦱ'ꦗꦑꦂꦠꦲꦺꦭꦺꦴꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦪ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦱꦧ꧀ꦨꦤ꧀ꦠꦎꦤ꧀꧈ꦠꦺꦴꦂꦩꦺꦴꦚ꧀ꦕꦺ'ꦤꦺꦩꦺꦴꦂ-ꦏꦫꦤꦭꦺꦏꦧꦸꦭꦤ꧀ꦄꦒꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦏꦼꦭꦧꦤ꧀ꦝꦿꦧꦶꦱꦚ꧀ꦕꦸꦫꦃꦎꦙꦤ꧀꧖꧐ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦩꦺꦠꦼꦂ꧉ꦧꦸꦭꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦥ꧀ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂꦠꦺꦴꦂꦏꦧꦶꦝꦤ꧀ꦎꦏ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦧꦼꦂꦲꦺꦁꦓ꧀ꦲꦶꦥꦤꦺꦏꦫꦺ-ꦄꦫꦺꦱꦺꦠꦭꦩ꧀ꦨꦱ꧀ꦥꦤꦱ꧀ꦤꦼꦁꦗꦑꦂꦠ꧈ꦱꦸꦲꦸꦈꦢꦫꦏꦺꦔꦺꦁꦤꦸꦒ꧀ꦓ꧀ꦲꦻ꧇꧔꧐꧇&nbsp;°C꧉<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner|first=Peter|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=Java|url=https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn|edition=1st edition|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|date=1997|location=Melbourne|pages=p. 37|isbn=0-86442-314-4}}</ref>ꦱꦸꦲꦸꦱꦶꦂꦏꦠꦎꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦄꦥꦠꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦫ꧒꧕°-꧓꧘&ꦤ꧀​ꦧ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀;°ꦕ꧀(꧗꧗°-꧑꧐꧐&ꦤ꧀​ꦧ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥ꧀;°ꦥ꦳꧀)꧉<ref name = "crick">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/indonesia/jakarta/when-to-go |work=Lonely Planet |title=Jakarta: When to Go |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-10-06 |archive-date=2008-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613202732/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/indonesia/jakarta/when-to-go |dead-url=no }}</ref> {{Jakarta weatherbox}} ==ꦱꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦨꦺꦂ== {{Reflist|2}} b2buyt3xr72l8woru7zu5krjyvgbl5t Jupiter 0 13485 65574 63387 2026-08-07T17:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bhengkek:Portrait of Jupiter from Cassini.jpg|right|thumb|Portrèt Jupiter]] '''Jupiter''' (simbol: [[File:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♃]]) èngghi panèka [[planèt]] kapèng lèma' palèng semma' ḍâri [[Mata'arè]] sa'amponna [[Mèrkurius]], [[Vènus]], [[Bhumè]], bân [[Mars]]. Planèt panèka jhughân planèt palèng ranâ è [[Tata Surya]]. Jupitèr aropa'aghi raksasa gas kalabân massa sèttong per sèbu massa Mata'arè bân ḍuwâ' satengnga kalè jumbla massa sadhâjâna planèt laèn è Tata Surya. Planèt panèka bân raksasa gas laèn è Tata Surya (panèka [[Saturnus]], [[Uranus]], bân [[Nèptunus]]) kadhâng èsebbhut planèt Jovian otabâ planèt lowar. Jupiter ampon èkennal sareng astronom sajjhek jhâman kèna,<ref>De Crespigny, Rafe. [http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/HuanLing_part2.pdf Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling]. Asian studies, Online Publications. Èaksès tangghâl 28 Maret 2025</ref> bân èsambhungngaghi kalabân mitologi bân kaparcajâ'ân rèligius è bânnya' peradhebbân. Bhângsa Romawi anyamaè planèt panèka ḍâri ḍèwa Jupiter ḍâlem mitologi Romawi.<ref>{{cite book |author = Stuart Ross Taylor |year = 2001 |title = Solar system evolution: a new perspective : an inquiry into the chemical composition, origin, and evolution of the solar system |edition = 2nd, illus., revised |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 0-521-64130-6 |page = 208 }}</ref> Bâkto èoladhi ḍâri bhumè, magnutudo tampa' Jumpiter bisa ḍâpa' -2,94, sè cokop terrang ka'angghuy ngasèllaghi jâng-bâjângan, bân jhughân adhâddhiyaghi objèk palèng tèra' kapèng tello' è langngè' malem samarèna [[Bulân]] bân Vènus, maskè [[Mars]] bisa nyaèngè katèra'enna Jupiter è bâkto husus. Jupiter sabâgiyân bânnyâ' aèsse hidrogèn bân hèlium. Saparapat massa Jupiter panèka hèlium, maskè jumblana 1/10 èssèna Jupiter. Planèt panèka pola ngaghungè inti to-bâto sè aèssè unsur-unsur berrâ',<ref>{{cite journal |author = Saumon, D.; Guillot, T. |title = Shock Compression of Deuterium and the Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2004-07-10_609_2/page/1170 |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 609 |issue = 2 |pages = 1170–1180 |year = 2004 |doi = 10.1086/421257 }}</ref> tapè ta' ngaghungè permuka'an sè ghâli akadhi raksasa gas laènna. Sabâb rotasina sè lekkas, ppanèt panèka abentu' bungkol rata (bâḍâ tonjolan è sakètar khatulistiwa Jupiter). Atmosfèr lowar èbâgi dhâddhi sajumbla lapèsab è lintang sè bhidhâ, bân interaksi antara bâtes-bâtes lapèsan kasebbhut ngasèllaghi angin santa'. Sala sèttong pangarona panèka Bintik Mèra Raksasa, panèka angèn santa' sè ampon èkaonèngè kabâdâ'ânna sajjhek abad ka-17 kalabân aghuna'aghi tèlèskop. È sakalèlènga Jupitèr bâḍâ sello' sè tèpès bân magnètosfèr sè kowat. Salaèn ka'dissa bâḍâ palèng njâ' 67 satelit alami, tamaso' empa' satelit rajâ sè sebbhut satelit-satelit Galileo sè lu-ghâllu ètemmo sareng Galileo Galilei è taib 1610. Satelit palèng rajâna Jupiter, panèka Ganinede, ngaghungè ḍiamèter lebbi rajâ ètèmbhâng planèt Mèrkurius. == Sosonan == Jupiter sabâgiyân bânnya' aèssè gas bân caèr. Planèt panèka tamaso' planèt palèng rajâ è antara empa' raksasa gas bân palèng rajâ è Tata Surya kalabân ḍiamèter 142.984 km (88.846 mi) è khatulistiwa. Kaghâliyân Jupiter panèka 1,326 g/cm³, tamaso' sè palèng rajâ kapèng ḍuwâ' è antara raksasa gas, tapè lebbi mabâ ḍâri empa' planèt kabhumèan laènna. === ''Komposisi'' === [[Berkas:Jupiter by Cassini-Huygens.jpg|260px|jmpl|Citra Jupiter sè èkala' bân wahana ''Cassini–Huygens|Cassini''. Titi' celleng è ghâmbhâr panèna jâng-bâjângan Europa. hitam di gambar adalah bayangan binti' mèra raksasa, bisa èoladhi è kanan bâbâ|kiri]] Atmosfèr è Jupiter aèssè 88-92% hidrogèn bân 8-12% hèlium adhâsar persèn volumè otabâ fraksi molekul. Sabâb massa atom hèlium empa' kalè lebbi rajâ ḍâri massa atom hidrogèn, komposisi aobâ manabi èjellasaghi kalabân proporsi massa. Maka, atmosfèr Jupiter aèssè 75% hidrogèn bân 24% hèlium adhâsar ḍâ' massa, kalabân sèttong persèn lebbina aropa massa unsur-unsur laènna. Bâgiyân ḍâlem Jupiter aèssè matèri sè lebbi ghâli saèngghâ panyebbaranna adhâsar massa korang lebbi 1% hidrogèn, 24% hèlium, bân 5% unsur laèn. Atmosfèr Jupiter aèssè mètana, uap aèng, amonia, bân senyawa ''berbasis'' silikon. Bâḍâ jhughân karbon, ètana, hidrogèn sulfida, nèon, oksigèn, fosfin, bân sulfur. Lapèsan atmosfèr palèng lowar aèssè kristal amonia bekku. <ref>{{cite journal |author = Gautier, D.; Conrath, B.; Flasar, M.; Hanel, R.; Kunde, V.; Chedin, A.; Scott N. |title = The helium abundance of Jupiter from Voyager |journal = Journal of Geophysical Research |volume = 86 |issue = A10 |pages = 8713–8720 |year = 1981|doi = 10.1029/JA086iA10p08713 }}</ref> Lèbât pangokiran inframèra bân ultraviolèt, kabâḍá'ân bènzèna bân hidrokarbon laèn jhughä ètemmo. <ref>{{cite journal |journal = Icarus |volume = 64 |issue = 2 |pages = 233–48 |year = 1985 |title = Infrared Polar Brightening on Jupiter III. Spectrometry from the Voyager 1 IRIS Experiment|author = Kim, S. J.; Caldwell, J.; Rivolo, A. R.; Wagner, R. |doi = 10.1016/0019-1035(85)90201-5 }}</ref> Spèktroskopi nojjhuwaghi jhâ' èssèna Saturnus mèbis kalabân Jupiter, nangèng raksasa-rakasasa gas laèn, Uranus bân Nèptunus, rèlatif aghâdhuwi lebbi sakonè' hidrogèn bân hèlium. == Atmosfèr == Jupiter aghâdhuwi atmosfèr planèt palèng rajâ è Tata Surya kalabân katèngghiyân sè ngampar kantos 5.000 km (3.107 mi). Karana Jupiter ta' aghâdhuwi permuka'an, dhâsar atmosfèr ètantowaghi bâḍâ è bâgiyân kalabân tekkanan atmosfèr 10 bar, otabâ 1/10 kalè tekkanan permuka'an bhumè. == Sello' == [[Bhengkek:PIA01627 Ringe.jpg|jmpl|Sello' Jupiter]] Jupiter aghâdhuwi sello' sè tèpès sè èsoson ḍâri tello' bâgiyân: sello' halo, sello' utama sè palèng terrang, bân sello' gossamer. <ref>{{cite journal |last = Showalter |first = M.A. |title = Jupiter's ring system: New results on structure and particle properties |url = https://archive.org/details/icarus_1987-03_69_3/page/458 |journal = Icarus |year = 1987 |volume = 69 |issue = 3 |pages = 458–98 |doi = 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90018-2 }}</ref> Sello' kasebbhut abâsanna ḍâri beddhi, nangèng sello' Saturnus èsoson ḍâri ès. Sello' otama Jupiter mungkin ḍâri matèri sè ''terlempar'' ḍâri satelit Adrastea bân Metis. Matèri sè biyasana bhâkal ghâgghâr abâli ka satelit-satelit kasebbhut ''tertarik'' ka Jupiter sabâb gravitasina sè kowat. Materi-matèri kasebbhut ngorbit Jupiter bân terros èpatebbel bân matèri hasèl tabra'an laènna. <ref>{{cite journal |last = Burns |first = J. A. |title = The Formation of Jupiter's Faint Rings |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1999-05-14_284_5417/page/1146 |journal = Science |year = 1999 |volume = 284 |pages = 1146–50 |doi = 10.1126/science.284.5417.1146 |pmid = 10325220 |issue = 5417 }}</ref> Ḍuwâ' bâgiyân laènna mungkin abentu' ḍâri satelit Thebe bâb Amalthea kalabä cara sè paḍâ. Ampon ètemmo jhughân sello' abâto è salanjhâng orbit Amalthea sè mungkin aèssè matèri sè asalla ḍâru satelit kasebbhut. == Sombher== b1yce66380f71ftetdn41k40x5ho48g Istanbul 0 13524 65570 41985 2026-08-07T17:36:07Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox lokasi}} '''Istanbul''' sabellumma èkennal mènangka '''Konstantinopel''' ([[Bhâsa Yunani]]: ''Κωνσταντινούπολις''; bhâsa latin: Konstantinopolis), èngghi panèka kotthâ palèng rajâ è [[Turki]], èghuna'aghi mènangka ''pusat ekonomi'', budâjhâ, bân sajarana naghâra. Kottha panèka èkalèng-lèngè sareng selat Bosporus, bâḍâ è antara benua [[Èropa]] bân [[Asia]], bân aghâdhuwi populasi lebbi ḍâri 15 juta orèng, otabâ paḍâ bân 19% populasi [[Turki]]. Istanbul panèka sala sèttong kottha palèng sella' è Èropa, bân dhâddhi kottha palèng rajâ ka-15 è dhunnya. Kottha panèka awwâlla èpaddhek mènangka ''pusat ibu kottha'' Bizantium ([[Bhâsa Yunani]]:'' Βυζάντιον'', Bhâsa latin ''Byzantion'') è abad ka-7 sareng pamokèm [[Yunani]] ḍâri Megara <ref name="Herrin2009">{{cite book | author = Judith Herrin | date = 28 September 2009 | page=5| title = Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-14369-9 | oclc = 1091569907 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=n2aYDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> Terros è taon 330, Kaisar Bizantium–Konstantinus Agung– adhâddhiyâghi kottha panèka mènangka èbhu kottha kakaisaranna, awwâlla kottha panèka asmana 'Roma Anyar' ([[bhâsa Yunani]]:''Νέα Ῥώμη'', ''Nea Rhomē''; bhâsa Latin: ''Nova Roma'')<ref name="Britannica-Istanbul">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Istanbul|title=Istanbul|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> bân kamodiyân èghântè dhâddhi Konstantinopel ka'angghuy ngenneng pamaddhek Bizantium. <ref name="Britannica-Istanbul"/>Kottha panèka terros beddhâr dhâddhi kennengngan bâḍâna mercusuar è di Jhâlân Sutra, jhughân mènangka sala sèttong kottha pentèng ḍâlem sajara. Kottha panèka dhâddhi èbhu kottha kakaisaran abiddhâ para' 1600 taon: parapppa'na Bizantium awwâl (330—1204), Kakaisaran Latin (1204–1261), Bizantium akhèr (1261–1453), bân Kasultanan Ottoman (1453–1922). {{sfn|Çelik|1993|p=xv}} Kottha panèka dhâddhi perran utama ḍâlem kamajuan aghâma Krèsten salagghi'na èra Bizantium, sabellumma aobâ dhâddhi kakowasa'an [[Islam]] samarèna ''Penaklukan'' Konstantinopel è taon 1453–utamana samarèna dhâddhi pusat kasultanan Utsmaniyah è taon 1517.<ref name="maag1145">{{harvnb|Masters|Ágoston|2009|pp=114–15}}</ref> È taon 1923, samarèna Perrang Kamardhika'an [[Turki]], Ankara aghântèaghi kottha panèka mènangka èbhu kottha Rèpublik Turki sè anyar èbentu'. Kamodiyân è taon 1930, asma kottha panèka sacara prenata èobâ dhâddhi Istanbul, ḍâri sè sabellumma Konstantinopel. <ref name="Britannica-Istanbul"/> Lebbi ḍâri 13,4 juta orèng lowar naghâra sè mèyos ḍâ' Istanbul è takn 2018, bâllung taon samarèna èpadhâddhi Èbhu Kottha Kabhudâjâ'ân Èropa, adhâddhiyâghi Istanbul kottha kapèng bâllu' sè palèng bânnya' èmèyossè è dhunnya.<ref name="statista.com"> [https://www.statista.com/statistics/310355/overnight-visitors-to-top-city-destinations-worldwide/ Top city destinations by overnight visitors]. Statista. Aksès (2025–04–03)</ref> Istanbul panèka roma bâgi sajumbla ''Situs Warisan'' Dhunnya UNESCO, bân dhâddhi kennengngan kantor pusat bânnya' perusaha'an Turki. nyombhânh lebbi ḍâri 30% perèkonomian naghârâ. == Geografi == [[Bhengkek:Istambul and Bosporus big.jpg|jmpl|lurus|Citra satelit Istanbul bân Selat Bosporus]] [[Bhengkek:West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif|jmpl|kiri|Sajumbla potongan è bârâ'na [[Turki]] sè ''terkonsentrasi'' teppa' è bârâ' ḍâjâna Istanbul, bâḍâ è bâbâna tasè' Marmara bân tasè' Aegea.]] Istanbul bâḍâ è Turki bârâ' lao' é ḍâlem kawasan Marmara kalabân lowas wilajâ sadhâjâna 5.343 km².<ref name="mmi-districts">[http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/Jurisdiction/Pages/Districts.aspx Districts]. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Aksès (2025-04-03)</ref> Selat Bosporus, sè nyanbhungaghi tasè' Marmara bân tasè' Celleng, abâgi kottha panèka dhâddhi sisi [[Èropa]], Thrakia—tamaso' pusat-pusat èkonomi bân sajara—bân sisi [[Asia]], Anatolia. Kottha panèka ègi-bâgi polè sareng Tandu' Emmas, sèttong palabbhuwân alami sè abâtesse salanjhângnga ka'dimma lambâ' Bizantium bân Konstantinopel èpaddhek. Atemmona tasè' Marmara, Selat Bosporus, bn Tandu' Emmas è jhântong Istanbul samangkèn ampon ngojuk bânnya' pasukan panyerrang saabitta èbuwân taon bân pagghun dhâddhi sèttong ''ciri khas'' lanskap kottha panèka.<ref name="gr63">{{cite book|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=A History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7}}</ref> Istanbul bâḍâ è sèddhi'na potongan Anatolia ḍâjâ, semma' bân perbâtessan Lèmpèng Eurasia bân Lèmpèng Afrika. Zona potongan panèka, ḍâri Anatolia kantos tasè' Marmara, dhâddhi sabâb sajumbla lèndhu sè mamatè salanjhâng sajara kottha kasebbhut. È antara kadhâddhiyân sèismik sè palèng marosak panèka lèndhu taon 1509, sè nyebbâbaghi [[tsunami]] sè marosak gheddhung-gheddung kottha kasebbhut bân masèdhâ lebbi ḍâri 10.000 orèng. Ḍâ' buḍi panèka sèttong lèndhu è taon 1999 sè pusatta è seddhi'na İzmit nyebbâbaghi 18.000 orèng sèdhâ, tamaso' 1.000 orèng pèngghirân Istanbul. Orèng Istanbul pagghun kobâtèr jhâ' sèttong kadhâddhiyân sèismik sè lebbi dahsyat mungkèn bisa kadhâddhiyân è kottha panèka ḍâlem bâkto semma', sabâb èbuwân struktur sè anyar è paddhek ka'angghuy nampung bânnya'na panèngkatan populasi Istanbul mungkèn ta' èpaddhek kalabân konstruksi sè bhâghus. <ref name="dis-awaits">{{cite news|last=Revkin|first=Andrew C.|title=Disaster Awaits Cities in Earthquake Zones|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/science/earth/25quake.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 February 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref> Sadhâjâ [[seismolog]] maḍâpa' bâḍâna rèsiko rajâ lebbi ḍâri 60% jhâ' sèttong lèndhu kalabân kakowatan 7,6-[[Skala kekuatan momen|M]] otabâ lebbi bhâkal merrè è Istanbul è taon 2030.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.288.5466.661|last1=Parsons|first1=Tom|last2=Toda|first2=Shinji|last3=Stein|first3=Ross S.|last4=Barka|first4=Aykut|last5=Dieterich|first5=James H.|year=2000|title=Heightened Odds of Large Earthquakes Near Istanbul: An Interaction-Based Probability Calculation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-04-28_288_5466/page/661|journal=Science|publisher=The American Association for the Advancement of Science|location=Washington, D.C.|volume=288|issue=5466|pages=661–5}}</ref> === Iklim === [[Bhengkek:Fog-over-istanbul-skyscrapers.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Kabut, segghut abentu' è bâkto ghulagghu.]] [[Bhengkek:Istanbul Köppen Map.png|jmpl|Iklim mikro Istanbul mènorot sistem klasifikasi Köppen–Geiger]] Ḍâlem sistem klasifikasi Köppen–Geiger, Istanbul aghâdhuwi kennengngan-kennengngan sè iklimma Mèditèrania (''Csa''), subtropis bâcca (''Cfa'') bân iklim tasè' (''Cfb'') sè salèng abâtessan sabâb lokasina è sèttong zona iklim transisi. Karana persèpsi è mosèm panas (ra-kèra antata 20—65 mm) taghântong lokasi, kottha panèka ta' bisa langsong èkalompo'aghi iklim Mèditèrania otabâ subtropis bâcca. <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf |first=Markus |last=Kottek |first2=Jürgen |last2=Grieser |first3=Christoph |last3=Beck |first4=Bruno |last4=Rudolf |first5=Franz |last5=Rube |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |date=2006 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–263 |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130}}</ref> Sabâb lokasi maritim, bânnya'na topografi, okoranna, bân utamana aghâdhuwi sèttong ghâris tasè' ka ḍuwâ' kompolan aèng nojjhu ka ḍâjâ bân lao', Istanbul nampa'aghi bâḍâna iklim-iklim mikro. Bâgiyân ḍâjâna kottha, bân ghâris tasè' selat Bosporus, nyata'aghi karakteristik iklim subtropis bâcca bân ''lautan'' karana kemmel ḍâri tasè' Celleng bân vègètasi kalabân konsèntrasi rèlatif tèngghi. Iklim ḍâèra sella' è lao'na kottha, sè bâḍâ è sisi tasè' Marmara, lebbi anga' bân kerrèng, bân korang kemmel. Bâgiyân-bâgiyân propinsi sè jhâu ḍâri kaḍuwâ' tasè' nojjhuwaghi pangaro kontinèntal sè rajâ kalabân perbhidhâ'ân suhu sè jhâu lebbi rajâ antara abân bân malem arè, mangasan antara mosèm panas bân mosèm cellep. Bâkto mosèm cellep, sajumbla bâgiyân propinsi rata-rata ḍâpa' titik bekku otabâ è bâbâna bâkto lem-malem. == Sombher== 364j4nmlxiagrbe5ovx3ngjs2l21qpg Mata'arè 0 13557 65575 63388 2026-08-07T17:46:57Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bhengkek:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|jmpl|Ghâmbhâr abârna semu sè èkala' è taon 2010 sé èpriyèksiaghi sareng sinar ultrabungo (lanjhâng gelombangnga 30,4 nm)]] '''Mata'arè''' (simbol: [[file:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☉]]) èngghi panèka bintang tongghâl sè dhâddhi pusat [[Tata surya]]. Bentu'na para' bungkolla bân aèssè plasma panas acampor mèdan magnèt. Ḍiamèterra sakètar 1.392.684 km,<ref name=arxiv1203_4898>Emilio,Marcelo. Kuhn, Jeff R. Bush, Rock I. Schol, Isabelle F. [http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4898 Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits]. arXiv. aaksès (2025–04–06).</ref> ra-mèra 109 kalè ḍiamèterra [[Bhumè]], bân massana sakètar 22×10³⁰ kg, 330.000 kalè massa Bhumè) abâkkèlè korang lebbi 99,86 % massa total Tata Surya. Mata'arè panèka bhârâng langngè' palèng rajâ è galaksi Bima Saktè sè rajâna 10 kalè planèt palèng rajâ è [[Tata surya]], panèka [[Jupiter]].<ref name=Woolfson00> {{Cite journal |last = Woolfson|first = M |year = 2000 |title = The origin and evolution of the solar system |journal = Astronomy & Geophysics |volume = 41 |issue = 1 |pages=1.12 |doi = 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.00012.x | issn = 1366-8781}}</ref> Saccara kimiawi, sakètar 3/4 massa Mata'arè aèssè hidrogèn, karèna kabânnya'an hèlium. Karèna massa kasebbhut (1,69%, paḍâ bân 5.629 kalè massa Bhunè) aèssè èlemèn-èlemèn berrâ' akadhi oksigèn, karbon, nèon, bân bessè.<ref name=basu2008> {{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=S. |last2=Antia |first2=H. M. |year=2008 |title=Helioseismology and Solar Abundances |journal=Physics Reports |volume=457 |issue=5–6 |page=217 |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2007.12.002 }}</ref> Mata'arè abentu' sakètar 4,6 miliyar taon sè ampon lèbât sabâb kalèllèna gravitasi sèttong wilajâ è ḍâlem sèttong ondem molekul rajâ. Sabâgiyân bânnya' matèri akompol è tengnga, karèna mapèppè' dhâddhi cakram ''beredar'' sè dâgghi' dhâddhi [[Tata surya]]. Massa pusatta sajân panas bân ghâli bân akhèrra molaè ''fusi termonuklir'' è intina. Èsangka jhâ' para' sadhâjâna bintang laèn abentu' kalabân cara sè paḍâ. Pangalompo'an bintang Mata'arè, aḍhâsar kellas spèktrumma, panèka bintang dèrèt utama G (G2V) bân segghut èkalompo'aghi mènangka ''katai konèng'' sabâb radiasi sè nampa' lebbi bânnya' ḍâlem porsi spèktrum konèng-mèra. Maskè bârna potè, ḍâri permuka'an Bhumè, Mata'arè nampa' konèng sabâb ''pembauran'' cahaya bhiru è atmosfèr. Mènorot labèl kellas spèktrum, ''G2'' nandhâ'aghi suhu permuka'anna sakètar 5778 K (5505°C) bân ''V'' nandhâ'aghi jhâ' Mata'arè, paḍâna bân bintang-bintang laèn, aropa'aghi bintang dèrèt utama, saèngghâ ènèrgina èkaghâbây sareng fusi nuklir nuklèus hidrogèn ka ḍâlem hèlium. Ḍâlem intina, mata'arè afusi 620 juta ton mèteik hidrogèn sabbân detti'. Aḍhâsar perkèra'an sadhâjâ hidrogèn sè bâḍâ è mata'arè bhâkal sobung sakètar 4,5 miliyar taon sè bhâkal ḍâteng, bân mata'arè bhâjal matè dhâddhi katai potè. Lambâ', Mata'arè èpandheng bâng astronom mènangka bintang kènè' bân ta' pentèng. Samangkèn, Mata'arè èabgghep lebbi terrang ḍâri sakètar 85% bintang è galaksi Bima Saktè sè kabânnya'an katai mèra.<ref>Than, K. (2006). [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060130_mm_single_stars.html Astronomers Had it Wrong: Most Stars are Single]. Space.com. Aksès (2025–04–06)</ref><ref> {{Cite journal |last=Lada |first=C. J. |year=2006 |title=Stellar multiplicity and the initial mass function: Most stars are single |journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=640 |issue=1 |pages=L63–L66 |doi=10.1086/503158 |bibcode=2006ApJ...640L..63L }}</ref> Magnitudo absolut Mata'arè panèka +4,83. Tapè, mènangka bintang sè palèng semma' kalabân Bhumè, Mata'arè panèna bhârâng palèng tèra' è langngè' kalabân magnitudo tampa' -26,74<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Burton|first=W. B. |year = 1986 |title = Stellar parameters |url=https://archive.org/details/space-science-review_1986-04_43_3-4/page/244|journal = Space Science Reviews |volume = 43|issue = 3–4|pages = 244–250 |doi = 10.1007/BF00190626 }}</ref><ref> {{Cite journal |last = Bessell|first = M. S. |last2 = Castelli|first2 = F. |last3 = Plez|first3 = B. |year = 1998 |title= Model atmospheres broad-band colors, bolometric corrections and temperature calibrations for O–M stars |journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume = 333|pages = 231–250 }}</ref> Korona Mata'arè terros malowas è lowar angghâsa bân nyèpta'aghi angèn Mata'arè, panèka ''arus partikel bermuatan'' sè aghuli kantos hèliopaise sakètar 100 AU. ''Gelembung'' è mèdium antar bintang sè abentu' ḍâri angèn mata'arè, hèliosfèr, panèka sosonan asambhubg palèng rajâ è Tata Surya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Riley |first=P. |last2=Linker |first2=J. A. |last3=Mikić |first3=Z. |year=2002 |title=Modeling the heliospheric current sheet: Solar cycle variations |url=http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/science/monthly_highlights/2002-July-2001JA000299.pdf |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=107 |issue=A7 |pages=SSH 8–1 |doi=10.1029/2001JA000299 |access-date=2025-04-06 |archive-date=2009-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814052347/http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/science/monthly_highlights/2002-July-2001JA000299.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mata'arè samangkèn aghuli lèbât ondem antar bintang lokal (seddhi'nw ondem G) è zona ''gelembung'' lokal, teppa'na è ḍâlem lèngkerran palèng ḍâlem Lengngen Orion è galaksi Bima Saktè. Ḍâri 50 sistem bintang palèng semma' ḍâlem jârâ' 17 taon cahaya ḍâri Bhumè (bintang palèng semma' panèka katai mèra asmana Proxima Centauri sakètar 4,2 taon cahaya), mata'arè aghâdhuwi massa palèng raj kapèng empa'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Adams |first = F. C. |last2 = Graves |first2 = G. |last3 = Laughlin |first3 = G. J. M. |year = 2004 |title = Red Dwarfs and the End of the Main Sequence |url = http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/pdf/571/57102211.pdf |journal = Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica |volume = 22 |pages = 46–49 |bibcode = 2004RMxAC..22...46A }}</ref> Mata'arè ngorbit pusat Bima Saktè è jârâ' korang lebbi 24.000–26.000 taon cahaya ḍâri pusat galaksi. Manabi èoladhi ḍâri kutub ḍâjâ galaksi, mata'arè malastarè sèttong orbit salarjâ' jhârum jhâm ḍâlem bânto sakètar 225—250 juta taon. Karana Bima Saktè aghuli rèlatif ḍâ' ''radiasi latar belakang gelombang mikro kosmis'' (CMB) ḍâ' larjâ' konstèlasi Hydra kalabân lajhu mata'arè rèlatif ḍâ' CMB sakètar 370 km/deti' ka larjâ' Crater otabâ Lèo. <ref> {{cite journal |last=Kogut |first=A. |year=1993 |title=Dipole Anisotropy in the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers First-Year Sky Maps |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1993-12-10_419_1/page/1 |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=419 |page=1 |doi=10.1086/173453 |display-authors=1 |last2=Lineweaver |first2=C. |last3=Smoot |first3=G. F. |last4=Bennett |first4=C. L. |last5=Banday |first5=A. |last6=Boggess |first6=N. W. |last7=Cheng |first7=E. S. |last8=De Amici |first8=G. |last9=Fixsen |first9=D. J. }}</ref> Jârâ' rata-rata mata'arè ḍâri Bhumè sakètar 149 juta km (1 AU), maskè jârâ'na cem-macem asareng ghulina Bhumè ajhâuwi pèrihèlion è bulân Jânuwari kantos aphèlion è bulân Juli. È jârâ' rata-rata panèka, cahaya aghuli ḍâri Mata'arè ka Bhumè abiddhâ 8 mennit 19 detti'. Saèngghâ Mata'arè sè èoladhi ḍâri Bhumè samangkèn panèka nampa'an aslina 8 mennit 18 detti' sè ampon lèbât. Ènèrgi sinar mata'arè panèka abhânto perkembângan bhentes hidrotèrmal (omunitas biologi) para' sadhâjâna bentu' kaoḍi'an è Bhumè lèbât fotosintèsis <ref name=Simon2001> {{Cite book |last=Simon|first=A. |title=The Real Science Behind the X-Files : Microbes, meteorites, and mutants |url=http://books.google.com/?id=1gXImRmz7u8C&pg=PA26&dq=bacteria+that+live+with+out+the+sun |pages=25–27 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2001 |isbn=0-684-85618-2 }}</ref> bân ngobâ iklim sareng cuaca Bhumè. Pangaro lowar biyasana Mata'arè ampon èoladhi sajjhek jhâman prasejara. Mata'arè jhughân èangghep sareng sajumbla paradhebbhân mènangka ḍèwa. È abad ka-19, sajumbla ilmuwan kasohor molaè sakonnè' onèng tentang èssè fisik bân sombher ènèrgi Mata'arè. Bâḍâ sajumbla anomali lalakonna Mata'arè sè ghi' ta' bisa èjellasaghi kalabân ilmia. == Sombher== 36neygq5ow28bkwtef4cqljxsmfe9p2 Pi 0 13565 65571 42344 2026-08-07T17:37:32Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65571 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bhengkek:Pi-CM.svg|ka|jmpl|200px|Simbol '''Pi''', π.]] Bilangan '''{{pi}}''' ({{IPAc-en|p|aɪ}}; èyèjhâ "'''pi'''") èngghi panèka konstanta [[matematika]] sè abâkkèlè rasio antara kalèlèng sèttong lèngkerran sareng ḍiamèterra. Nilai {{pi}} kalabân semma' panèka 3,14159. Mènangka bilangan sè istimèwa, {{pi}} bânnya' èghuna'aghi ḍâlem bidâng èlmo akadhi [[Matematika]] bân [[Fisika]]. {{pi}} èkennal mènangka bilangan irasional, artèna bilangan panèka ta' bisa ènyata'aghi saccara mèbis mènangka perbhândhingan ḍuwâ' bilangan bulat. Maskè sapanèka, bilangan pecca'an sadherhana akadhi <math>\tfrac{22}{7}</math> segghut èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy nyemma'è nilai π. Kaunikan {{pi}} jhughân bâḍâ è dèsimalla sè ta' toman marè bân ta' aghâdhuwi pola sè malèr. Salaèn ka'ḍissa, {{pi}} aropa'aghi bilangan transdèrèn. Artèna {{pi}} ta' bisa dhâddhi solusi ḍâri ''persamaan polinomial'' ponapa bisaos kalabân koèfisièn bilangan bulat. Sèpat transèndèntal panèka ajellasaghi anapa maslahat kèna ''mengkuadratkan lingkaran'' aghuna'aghi ''jangka'' bân ghârisân ta' mungkin èpamarè. Digit dèsimal bilangan π katon ''terdistrubusi'' saccara aca'. Maskè sapanèka, kantos samangkèn ghi' sobung konjèktur sè abhuktèaghi anggheppan kasebbhut. Sajjhek èbuwân taon sè ampon lèbât, ahli matematika ḍâri bânnya' paradhebbân ampon ajhâr {{pi}}. Bhângsa [[Mesir]] bân Babilonia kèna, {{pi}} èghuna'aghi ḍâlem pengètongan praktis. Sakètar taon 250 SM, [[Archimedes]] ḍâri [[Yunani]] ngennalaghi algoritma ka'angghuy nikai {{pi}} kalabm prèsisi tèngghi. È abad ka-5 M, matematikawan [[Tiongkok]] suksès nyemma'è nilai {{pi}} kantos pètto' angka dèsimal, Matematikawan India ḍâpa' ka lèma' angka dèsimal, kaḍuwâna aghuna'aghi cara gèomètris. Èbuwan taon saterrossa, panemmowan dèrèt ta' ''hingga'' ka'angghuy ngètong {{pi}} mukka' baba' anyar ḍâlem pamahaman nilai panèka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=R. C.|year=1992|title=On the remainder term in the Madhava–Leibniz's series|journal=Ganita Bharati|volume=14|issue=1–4|pages=68–71}}</ref> Simbol Yunani [[Pi (huruf Yunani)|π]] lu-ghâllu èghuna'aghi sareng William Jones è taon 1706.<ref name="jones">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=William|year=1706|url=https://archive.org/details/SynopsisPalmariorumMatheseosOrANewIntroductionToTheMathematics/page/n283/|title=Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos|place=London|publisher=J. Wale|pages=243—263}}</ref> Panemmowan [[Kalkulus]] è abad ka-17 aparèng jhâlân pentèng ḍâlem pangètongan bilangan {{pi}} kantos atosan digit, cokop ka'angghuy kaparlowan ilmiah praktis è jhâmanna. Nangeng, è abad ka-20 bân ka-21, ahli matematika bân èlmo komputer ngembângaghi cara anyar kalabân aghuna'aghi ''daya komputasi'' bân suksès malowas rèprèsèntasi dèsimal {{pi}} kantos triliunan digit. <ref>[http://www.pi2e.ch/ π<sup>e</sup> trillion digits of π]. pi2e.ch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161206063441/http://www.pi2e.ch/ Arsip]. Aksès (2025–04–08).</ref> Motivasi ḍâri prèstasi panèka tamaso' pengembângan algoritma sè èfisièn ka'angghuy ngètong dèrèt numerik, jhughân noro'è ambisi manossa ka'angghuy nyeta' rèkor anyar. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=David H.|last2=Plouffe|first2=Simon M.|last3=Borwein|first3=Peter B.|last4=Borwein|first4=Jonathan M.|year=1997|title=The quest for PI|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematical-intelligencer_winter-1997_19_1/page/n51|journal=The Mathematical Intelligencer|volume=19|issue=1|pages=50–56|doi=10.1007/BF03024340}}</ref> Pangètongan panèka jhughân èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy nguji lakonna super komputer bân perangkat kerras komputer konsumèn. Mènangka kosntanta sè aḍhâsarè lèngkerran, {{pi}} bânnya' muncul ḍâlem rumus matematika, [[fisika]], bân [[tèknik]], utamana ḍâlem trigonomètri bân geomètri. contona, rumus ka'angghuy lowas kèngkerran bân volume ebbal aropa'aghi ''aplikasi fundamental''. Bilangan panèka jhughân aghâdhuwi perran ḍâlem bidâng èlmo laèn, akadhi kosmologi, fraktal, tèrmodinamika, mèkanika, bân èlèktromagnètisme. Lebbi jhâu pole, {{pi}} muncul ḍâlem ranca' èlmo sè tampa'na sobung sambhunganna kalabân gèomètri, akadhi tèori bilangan bân [[statistika]]. Ḍâlem analisis matematika moḍèren, {{pi}} bisa jhughân èdèfinisiaghi tanpa rèderènsi langsong ḍâ' gèomètri. {{pi}} panèka sala sèttong konstanta matematika palèng èkennal, è ḍâlem otabâ è lowar komunitas èlmo pangataowan. Buku-buku sè ajellasaghi tentang bilangan oanèka bânnya' èpaterbi', bân pengètongan rèkorra segghut dhâddhi berta utama. == Pamarèksa'an ḍhâsar == === Asma === Simbol sè èghuna'aghi sareng matematikawan ka'angghuy abâkkèlè rasio kalèlèngnga sèttong lèngkerran ḍâ' ḍiamèterra panèka horop Yunani "{{pi}}. Horop kasebbhut bisa èserrat mènangka ''pi'' aghuna'aghi horop latèn. <ref>{{cite book|last=Holton|first=David|last2=Mackridge|first2=Peter|title=Greek: an Essential Grammar of the Modern Language|publisher=Routledge|year=2004 |isbn=0-415-23210-4}}, p. xi.</ref> Horop kènè' {{pi}} (otabâ π ḍâlem gaya horop sans-serif) bhidhâ kalabân horop rajâ <math>\Pi</math>, sè abâkkèlè perkalèyan bhârisân. Pamilèan simbol π èrembhâkaghi è bâgiyân pangangghuyân simbol π. === Artèna === [[Bhengkek:Circle diameter circumference-id.svg|jmpl|212x212px|Kalèlèng lèngkerran panèka lebbi lanjhâng sakonnè' ḍâri tello kalè lanjhâng ḍiamèterra. Perbhândhinggan antara kalèlèng lèngkerran kalabân ḍiamèterra èsebbhut {{pi}}.]] {{pi}} umumma èartè'è mènangka rasio kalèlèng kèngkerran {{math|''C''}} kalabân ḍiamèterr {{math|''d''}}:<ref name="Arndt">{{harvnb|Arndt|Haenel|2006|p=8}}</ref> :<math> \pi = \frac{C}{d}</math> Rasio {{math|''C''/''d''}} nilai èpon konstan ta' taghântong ḍâ' okoran lèngkerran. Contona, manabi sèttong lèngkerran aghâdhuwi ḍiamèter ḍukalè lebbi rajâ, saèngghâ nilai rasio {{math|''C''/''d''}} bhâkal pagghun paḍâ. Artèna {{pi}} akadhi panèka kalabân implisit aghuna'aghi gèomètri Èuclides. Maskè ghâghâsân lèngkerran jhughân bisa èpalèbâr ka ḍâlem geomètri ''non-Euclides'', nangèng lèngkerran sè anyar panèka ta' ''memenuhi'' polè rumus {{math|{{pi}} {{=}} ''C''/''d''}}.<ref name="Arndt" /> bâḍâ jhughân artèna {{pi}} laènna sè ta' bhut-nyebbhut lèngkerran sakalè, panèka: {{pi}} èngghi panèka bilangan sè aghâdhuwi nilai ḍukalèna ḍâri bilangan positif palèng kènè' {{math|''x''}} sè ka'ḍimma {{math|[[Kosinus|cos]](''x'')}} = 0.<ref name="Arndt" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Rudin|first=Walter|title=Principles of Mathematical Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofmath00rudi|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1976|isbn=0-07-054235-X}}, p 183.</ref> === Pecca'an kontinu === [[Bhengkek:Matheon2.jpg|jmpl|alt=Ghâmbhâr horop Yunani pi, è ghâbây mènangka mosaik bâto rajâ sè ètèmpèl è tanèyan]] Konstanta {{pi}} sè èropa'aghi ḍâlem bentu' mosaik è lowar gheddhung Matematika è Universitas Tèknik Berlin. Paḍâ bân sadhâjâ bilangan irasional laènna, {{pi}} ta' bisa èbâkkèlaghi mènangka pecca'an sadherhana. Nangèng bhân-sabbhân bilangan irasional, tamaso' {{pi}} bisa èbâkkèllaghi sareng dèrèt pecca'an ''bersarang tak terhingga'' sè èsebbhut pecca'an kontinu: :<math> \pi=3+\textstyle \frac{1}{7+\textstyle \frac{1}{15+\textstyle \frac{1}{1+\textstyle \frac{1}{292+\textstyle \frac{1}{1+\textstyle \frac{1}{1+\textstyle \frac{1}{1+\ddots}}}}}}}</math> Ambuna pecca'an kontinu è titi' pembâgiyân otabâ bhâkal aparèng nèlay semma'na {{pi}}; ḍuwâ' pecca'an 22/7 bân 355/113 kalabân historis èghuna'aghi mènangka panyemma'an ḍâ' {{pi}}. Maskè pecca'an kontinu sè jhimet (akadhi conto è attas) ka'angghuy {{pi}} ta' aghâdhuwi pola-pola tertentu, matematikawan ampon nemmo sajumbla pecca'an kontinu generalisasi sè aghâdhuwi pola tertentu, contona: <ref>{{cite journal|title=An Elegant Continued Fraction for {{pi}}|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-mathematical-monthly_1999-05_106_5/page/456|first=L. J.|last=Lange|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|volume=106|issue=5|year=1999|pages=456–458|jstor=2589152|doi=10.2307/2589152}}</ref> :<math>\pi=\textstyle \cfrac{4}{1+\textstyle \frac{1^2}{2+\textstyle \frac{3^2}{2+\textstyle \frac{5^2}{2+\textstyle \frac{7^2}{2+\textstyle \frac{9^2}{2+\ddots}}}}}} =3+\textstyle \frac{1^2}{6+\textstyle \frac{3^2}{6+\textstyle \frac{5^2}{6+\textstyle \frac{7^2}{6+\textstyle \frac{9^2}{6+\ddots}}}}} =\textstyle \cfrac{4}{1+\textstyle \frac{1^2}{3+\textstyle \frac{2^2}{5+\textstyle \frac{3^2}{7+\textstyle \frac{4^2}{9+\ddots}}}}}</math> ==Sombher== a3mqrpk5d877q7fayhejf676jo2th8a Anatomi 0 13571 65586 42551 2026-08-07T18:03:44Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65586 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bhengkek:Leonardo da vinci, Drawing of a Woman's Torso.jpg|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi anatomi manossa sè èghâbây sareng [[Leonardo da Vinci]].]] '''Anatomi''' otabâ '''[[èlmo]] tasrih''' èngghi panèka èlmo sè ajhâr sosonan bân funsi bâgiyân makhlok oḍi'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pearce|first=Evelyn Clare|date=2016|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=55OShlTLNCMC&pg=PA1&dq=anatomi+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjH25CsxOHsAhU14nMBHYVTD40Q6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=anatomi%20adalah&f=false|title=Anatomi Dan Fisiologi Untuk Paramedis|location=Jakarta|publisher=PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=978-979-22-5147-0|pages=1|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> istila ''anatomi'' èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy èlmo tentang sosonan bhâdhânna [[manossa]] bân kèbân <ref>{{cite book|year=2005|url=http://medicine.kaums.ac.ir/UploadedFiles/Files/Blacks_Medical_Dictionary.pdf|title=Black's Medical Dictionary|location=London|publisher=A&C Black|edition=41|p=38|archive-date=2022-01-17|access-date=2025-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117154826/http://medicine.kaums.ac.ir/UploadedFiles/Files/Blacks_Medical_Dictionary.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> sosonan tombuwân è ajhâri ḍâlem anatomi tombuwân. Anatomi bân fisiologi (èlmu faal) dhâddhi sapasang èlmo kasebbhut, bân kaḍuwâna segghut é ajhâri areng-sareng. Anatomi manossa aropa'aghi sala sèttong èlmu ḍhâsar èsènsial sè è angghuy ḍâlem kadokteran. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Arráez-Aybar|last2=dkk.|display-authors=|year=2010|title=Relevance of human anatomy in daily clinical practice|journal=Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger|volume=192|issue=6|pages=341–348|doi=10.1016/j.aanat.2010.05.002}}</ref> [[sajhârâ]] anatomi asalla ḍâri hasèl ''telaah'' perkembângan paham sosonan bân fungsi bâgiyân makhlok oḍi'. Anatomi dhibi' ampon è teliti bân è ajhâri sajjhek jhâman prasajhârâ. Cara sè èghuna'aghi ḍâlem èlmo anatomi jhughân amopon tombu, molaè ḍâri oprasi kadaver bân karkas kantos tèknik ''pencitraan medis'' è abad ka-20. == Artè == Anatomi asalla ḍâri [[bhâsa Yunani]] kèna ἀνατομία (''anatomía''), jhughân ḍâri oca' ἀνατομή (''anatomḗ'') sè artèna ''pembedahan'' bân ḍâri oca' ἀνατέμνω (''anatémnō'') sè artèna kaulâ motong, mokka' bân ḍâri oca' ἀνά (''aná'') sè artèna nai', jhughân ḍâri oca' τέμνω (''témnō'') sè artèna kaulâ motong. Anatomi panèka studi ilmia tentang sosonan organismè, tamaso' sistem organ, organ, bân jaringanna. Anatomi tamaso' tampèlan bân posisi sajumbla bâgiyân bhâdhân, bahan sosonan, kennengngan, bân sambhunganna kalabân bâgiyân-bâgiyân sè laèn. Anatomi cokop bhidhâ ḍâri fisiologi bân biokimia, sè sadhâjâna asambhung sareng fungsi bâgiyân-bâgiyân kasebbhut bân prosès kimia sè ngèrèng. Contona, ahli anatomi ngoladhi bentu', okoran, posisi, sosonan, ''suplai'' ḍârâ, bân sarap organ akadi atè; tapè ahli fisiologi lèbur ḍâ' produksi èmpèdu, perran atè ḍâlem nutrisi, bân pangatoran funsi bhâdhân.<ref name="Everyman">{{cite book|year=1967|title=Everyman's Encyclopedia: Anatomy|publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons|page=272}}</ref> Èlmo anatomi bisa èbâgi polè dhâddhi sajumbla ranca', è antarana anatomo makroskopis bân anatomo mikroskopis.<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/microscopic+anatomy Anatomy]. (2007). Farlex. Aksès (2025–04–08) </ref> Anatomi makroskopis èngghi panèka èlmo tentang sosonan sè okoranna rajâ ka'angghuy èoladhi sareng soca tanpa bhântowan alat, tamaso' anatomi superfisial, èngghi panèka èlmo kalabân ngoladhi karakteristik èksternal bhâdhân. Anatomi mikroskopis aropa'aghi èlmo tentang sosonan bhâdhân è okoran mikroskopis kalabân aghuna'aghi alat bhânto optik, antara laèn ḍâlem studi jaringan (histologi) bân èmbriologi (èlmo tentang organisme ḍâlem kabâḍá'ân pranatal)<ref name="intro HGray">[http://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918]. bartlebay.com. Aksès (2025–04–08)</ref> Anatomi bisa è ajhâri aghuna'aghi cara invasif otabâ non-invasif kalabân tojjhuwân ngaollè informasi tentang sosonan bân organisasi organ bân sistem organ.<ref name="intro HGray" /> Cara sè èghuna'aghi tamaso' disèksi, panèka panèsa sèttong lapèsan bhâdhân sè ètoro'è kalabân pangajhârân organ; serta èndoskopi, panèka ''pendayagunaan'' instrumèn sè èlengkapè kamèra viḍèo sè èpalebbhu lèbât sèbâ'ân kènè' è permuka'an bhâdhân bân èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy ajelaja organ ḍâlem bân sosonan laènna. Angiografi kalabân sinar-X otabâ rèsinansi magnètik panèka cara ka'angghuy avisualisasiaghi ''pembuluh'' ḍârâ. <ref>{{cite journal|year=1993|title=Use of Angiography to Outline the Cardiovascular Anatomy of the Sand Crab Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-crustacean-biology_1993-11_13_4/page/627|journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=627–637|doi=10.1163/193724093x00192|jstor=1549093|vauthors=Gribble N, Reynolds K}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=1999|title=Characterization of the Renal Portal System of the Common Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) by Digital Subtraction Imaging|journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine|volume=30|issue=2|pages=235–241|pmid=10484138|vauthors=Benson KG, Forrest L}}</ref> == Anatomi manossa == {{multiple image | total_width = 500 | image2 = Anatomical chart, Cyclopaedia, 1728, volume 1, between pages 84 and 85.jpg| | caption2 = Ghâmbhârân anatomi manossa ḍâri taon 1728 | image1 = Parasagittal MRI of human head in patient with benign familial macrocephaly prior to brain injury (ANIMATED).gif | caption1 = Tèknik anatomi modèrn, MRI, noddhuwaghi penampang sagital dâri sèra }} Manossa aghâdhuwi bhâdhân akadhi mamalia è umumma. Manossa aghâdhuwi sèra, lè'èr. bhâdhân (tamaso' ḍâḍâ, bân tabu'), ḍuwâ' lengngen bân tanang, bân ḍuwâ' bettès sareng soko. Umumna mahasiswa èlmo biologi tertentu, paramèdis, prostètis, bân ortotis, fisioterapis, terapis okupasi, perawat, bân masiswa kadokterran ajhâr anatomi makroskopis bân anatomi mikroskopis. == Sombher == nkrou6idhv8l3citumdh493fur4n3yi Virus 0 13591 65587 48388 2026-08-07T18:04:37Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Virus''' otabâ '''badi''' ènghi panèka mikroorganisme patogèn sè pèra' bisa arèplikasi è ḍâlem sèl sabâb virus ta' aghâdhuwi pakakas sèlulèr ka'angghuy aghâbây dhibi'. Sadhâjâ bentu' kaoḍi'an, bisa ècapo' virus, molaè ḍâri kèbân, tombuwân, kantos baktèri bân arkèa. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koonin|first=Eugene V.|last2=Senkevich|first2=Tatiana G.|last3=Dolja|first3=Valerian V.|date=2006-09-19|title=The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984643|journal=Biology Direct|volume=1|pages=29|doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-29|issn=1745-6150|pmc=1594570|pmid=16984643}}</ref> Istila ''virus'' biyasana èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy nyebbhut macemma virus sè nginfèksi sèl-sèl èukariota, tapè virus sè nginfèksi sèl prokariota (akadhi baktèri bân arkèa) èkennal mènangka baktèriofag. Kabâḍâ'ân virus lu-ghâlluna èkaonèngè lèbât tolèsan ilmiya Dmitri Ivanovsky è taon 1892 sè ngoray patogèn non-baktèri sè nginfèksi tanemman [[bhâko]] bân panemmowan virus mosaik bhâko sareng Martinus Beiherinck è taon 1898. <ref> {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65207057|title=Introduction to modern virology|last=Dimmock|first=N. J.|last2=Easton|first2=A.J.|last3=Leppard|first3=K.N.|year=2007|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=1-4051-3645-6|edition=6|location=Malden, MA|oclc=65207057}}</ref> Kantos taon 2019, lebbi ḍâri 6.000 [[spèsiès]] virus ampon èjhârbhâ'aghi kalabân rinci<ref name=ictv2019>[https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320103754/https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy |date=2020-03-20 }}. (Juli 2019).ICTV Online. Aksès (2025–04-09).</ref> ḍâri total juta'an jennis virus è wilajâ<ref name="Breitbart M, Rohwer F 2005 278–84">{{cite journal|vauthors=Breitbart M, Rohwer F|title=Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-06_13_6/page/278|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=13|issue=6|pages=278–284|date=2005|pmid=15936660|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.003 |issn=0966-842X}}</ref> Virus ètemmo è para' sadhâjâna èkosistem è bhumè bân aropa'aghi èntitas biologis sè palèng bânnya' jumblana. <ref name="Lawrence">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawrence CM, Menon S, Eilers BJ, Bothner B, Khayat R, Douglas T, Young MJ | title = Structural and functional studies of archaeal viruses | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 284 | issue = 19 | pages = 12599–603 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19158076 | pmc = 2675988 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.R800078200 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Edwards RA, Rohwer F | s2cid = 8059643 | title = Viral metagenomics | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 504–10 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15886693 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro1163 }}</ref> Èlmo sè ajhâr tantang virus èkennal mènangka virologi, sèttong subspèsialisasi mikrobiologi. Bâkto è infèksi, sèl inang èpaksa ka'angghuy ngasèllaghi èbuwân salènan idèntik ḍâri virus asli kalabân lekkas. Bâkto ta' parappa'na è ḍâlem sèl otabâ ta' ḍâlem proses nginfèksi sèl, virus bâḍâ ḍâlem bentu' partikel indèpèndèn sè èsebbhut virion. Virion aèssè ḍuwâ' otabâ tello' bâgiyân: (1) matèri gènètik, èngghi panèka molekul lanjhâng asam nuklèat (aropa pèra' DNA otabâ pèra' RNA, tapè ta' ècampor kaḍuwâna) sè dhâddhi sosonan protèin sè èghuna'aghi virus; (2) mantel protèin sè èsebbhut kapsif, ghunana ka'angghuy alèng-lèngè bân ajâgâ matèri gènètik; bân è sabâgiyân virus bâḍâ tello' (3) sapo' otabâ amplop lowar sè èghâbây ḍâri lipid. Bentu' partikel virus kèsaran ḍâri bentu' hèliks (pèlèyan) saderhana, ikosahedral (bhângon rowang aèssè 20), kantos sosonan sè lebbi komplèks. Kabânnya'an spèsiès virus aghâdhuwi virion sè kènè' ghâllu ka'angghuy èoladhi sareng mikroskop cahaya sabâb okoranna 1/100 ḍâri baktèri omomma. Asal-osolla virus ḍâlem sajara èvolusi kaoḍi'an ghi' ta' jellas: sajumbla virus mungkèn ajhâlanè èvolusi ḍâri plasmid (potongan DNA sè bisa ngallè antar sèl), sabâtara sè laèn pola ajhâlanè èvolusi ḍâri baktèri. Ḍâlem èvolusi, virus aropa'aghi perantara pentèng ḍâlem transfer gèn horizontal, sè nèngkataghi bânnya'na macemma gènètik kalabân cara sè èanalogiaghi kalabân rèproduksi sèksual.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Canchaya|first=Carlos|last2=Fournous|first2=Ghislain|last3=Chibani-Chennoufi|first3=Sandra|last4=Dillmann|first4=Marie-Lise|last5=Brüssow|first5=Harald|date=Agustus 2003|title=Phage as agents of lateral gene transfer|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369527403000869|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|language=|volume=6|issue=4|pages=417–424|doi=10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00086-9|pmid=12941415}}</ref> Bâḍâ perbhidhâ'ân pamangghi ilmiya tentang status virus mènangka makhlok oḍi' otabâ mènangka sosonan organik sè aghâdhuwi interaksi sareng makhlok oḍi'.<ref name="pmid26965225">{{Cite journal|last=Koonin|first=Eugene V.|last2=Starokadomskyy|first2=Petro|date=Oktober 2016|title=Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but misguided question|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369848616300103|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|language=|volume=59|issue=|pages=125–134|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.016|pmc=PMC5406846|pmid=26965225}}</ref> Mènangka bentu' kaoḍi'an, virus ngèbâ matèri gènètik, ''berkembang biak'', bân ajhâlânè èvolusi lèbât sèlèksi alam, maskè ta' aghâdhuwi karakteristik otama makhlok oḍi', akadhi sosonan sèl, sè omomma èangghep mènangka kritèria sè èkaparlo sarebf kaoḍi'an. Sabâb ka'ḍissa aghâdhuwi sajumbla kritèria makhlok oḍi' tapè ta' sadhâjâna, virus èghâmbhârraghi mènangka "organisme è seddhi'na kaoḍi'an", <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last=Rybicki|first=E.|date=|year=April 1990|title=The classification of organisms at the edge of life or problems with virus systematics|url=https://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/sajsci/86/4/7309.pdf?expires=1603856732&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=1366C4524106DE40C7B6E832592F9601|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=86|issue=|pages=182–186|doi=}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> bân mènangka ''pengganda'' abâ'.<ref name="pmid26965225"/> == Sombher== 357kqf8fjn17me1kz9f2xnp4yu1xezo Alam dhunnya 0 13592 65573 61500 2026-08-07T17:40:36Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Alam Dhunnya |image = [[Berkas:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|300px]] |caption = Ghâmbhâr [[Hubble Ultra Deep Field]] nojjhuaghi pan-bârâmpan [[galaksi]] palèng jhâu sè bisa èabâs kalabân teknologi samangken, bâng-sèbângngah bâdâ miliaran bintang. |label1 = [[Omor alam dhunnya|Usia]] (dalam [[Model Lambda-CDM]]) |data1 = 13,799 ± 0,021 milyar tahun<ref name="Planck 2015">{{cite journal|author=Planck Collaboration|date=2015|title=Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See Table 4 on page 31 of pfd).|arxiv=1502.01589|bibcode=2016A&A...594A..13P|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525830|volume=594|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|pages=A13}}</ref> |label2 = Diameter |data2 = Tidak diketahui.<ref name="Brian Greene 2011">{{cite book |first=Brian |last=Greene |author-link=Brian Greene |title=The Hidden Reality |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |date=2011|title-link=The Hidden Reality }}</ref> Diameter [[alam semesta teramati]]: {{val|8.8|e=26|u=m}} {{nowrap|(28,5 G[[parsec|pc]] atau 93 G[[tahun cahaya|ly]])}} |label3 = Massa (materi biasa) |data3 = 10<sup>53</sup> kg<ref name="Paul Davies 2006 43">{{cite book|author=Paul Davies|date=2006|title=The Goldilocks Enigma|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicjackpotwhy0000davi|page=43ff|publisher=First Mariner Books|isbn=978-0-618-59226-5}}</ref> |label4 = Massa jenis rata-rata (termasuk kontribusi dari [[energi]]) |data4 = 9,9 x 10<sup>−30</sup> g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref name="wmap_universe_made_of">{{cite web|author=NASA/WMAP Science Team|date=January 24, 2014|title=Universe 101: What is the Universe Made Of?|url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref> |label5 = Suhu rata-rata |data5 = 2,72548 [[Kelvin|K]] (-270,4 [[Celsius|°C]] atau -454,8 [[Fahrenheit|°F]])<ref name=Fixsen>{{Cite journal|last1=Fixsen|first1=D. J.|date=2009|title=The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2009-12-20_707_2/page/916|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=707|issue=2|pages=916–20|arxiv=0911.1955|bibcode=2009ApJ...707..916F|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916}}</ref> |label6 = Isi |data6 = [[Materi]] [[Barion#materi barionik|umum (barionik)]] (4,9%)<br>[[Materi gelap]] (26,8%)<br>[[Energi gelap]] (68,3%)<ref name="planck2013parameters">{{cite web|title = First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting|url = https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/first-planck-results-the-universe-is-still-weird-and-interesting/|work=Matthew Francis|publisher=Ars technica|date=March 21, 2013|accessdate=August 21, 2015}}</ref> |label7 = Bentuk |data7 = [[Bentuk alam dhunnya|Datar]] kalabân bâtes kasala’an 0,4%<ref>{{cite web|author=NASA/WMAP Science Team|date=January 24, 2014|url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_shape.html|title=Universe 101: Will the Universe expand forever?|publisher=NASA|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref> }} Alam dhunnya (èsebbhut jhughân jagat raya otabâ universum<ref>Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia edisi V, Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan</ref>) panèka sakabbhina ruang-bâkto sè ros-terrosan è ka'ḍimma kaulâh sadhâjâ bâḍâ, kalabân [[Energi terbarukan|energi]] bân materi sè èkandung. Usaha kaangghuy ngartè artèna alam semesta è ḍâlem lingkup panèka è skala sè palèng bhâghus bâḍâ è kosmologi, [[èlmo]] sè èkembhângaghi ḍâri [[fisika]] bân [[astronomi]]. Model [[Èlmo|ilmiah]] awal ghâbây alam dhunnya èkembhângaghi sareng para filsuf [[Yunani]] kona bân [[Inḍia|India]]  bân èsebbhut [[geosentris]], sè nempattaghi [[Bhumè]] è posat alam dhunnya.<ref name=":0">Dold-Samplonius, Yvonne (2002). ''From China to Paris: 2000 Years Transmission of Mathematical Ideas''. Franz Steiner Verlag.</ref><ref name=":1">Thomas F. Glick; Steven Livesey; Faith Wallis. ''Medieval Science Technology and Medicine: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge.</ref> Saellana pan-bârâmpan abad, pangamatan astronomi sè lebbi teppa' aghâbây [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] ngembangaghi  [[Heliosentrisme|model heliosentris]] sè è ḍâlemma [[Mata'arè|mataarè]] dhâddhi pusat [[Tata surya|Tata Surya]] . È ḍâlem ngèmbangaghi [[hokom gravitasi universal]], [[Isaac Newton|Sir Isaac Newton]] èdhâsaraghi ḍâri karya [[Copernicus]] bân jhughân pangamatan [[Tycho Brahe]] bân [[Hukum Gerak Planet Kepler|hokom gerak planet]] [[Johannes Kepler]]. È saparoh ahèr [[abad]] ka-20, perkembangan [[kosmologi]] èdhâsaraghi pengamatan, sè èsebbhut jhughân fisika kosmologi, ngaraaghi ḍâ’ pambâgiyân alam dhunnya antara kosmologi pengamatan bân kosmologi teoritis; sè (biasana) para ahli nyataaghi jhâ' taḍâ' pangarep kaangghuy ngamataghi sakabbhina ruang-bâkto sè èterrossaghi, maka pangarep panèka èpaènga', nyoba' nyarè [[spekulasi]] sè palèng maso' akal kaangghuy model [[Ruang waktu|ruang-bâkto]] sacara kasakabbhina, nyoba' ngatasè kasossa'an è ḍâlem abâyangaghi bâtes [[empiris]] kaangghuy [[spekulasi]] kasebbhut bân resiko pangèntèngan ḍâ' [[metafisika]]. Alam dhunnya bisa jhughân èartèaghi mènangka sadhâjâna sè èangghep bâḍâ sacara fisik, sadhâjâna [[ruang]] bân [[Waktu|bâkto]], bân sadhâjâna bhângon [[materi]] bân [[energi]]. Istilah alam dhunnya otabâ jagat raya bisa èghunaaghi ḍâlem indra kontekstual sè abâk bhidhâh, sè èmaksod konsep-konsep akadhi [[Kosmos|''kosmos'']], [[Dunia|''dunnya'']], otabâ [[Alam|''alam'']]. == Definisi == Alam dhunnya fisik èarteaghi mènangka kasadhâjânah [[ruang]] bân [[Waktu|bâkto]] (èkompolaghi èsebbhut [[Ruang-waktu|ruang-bâkto]]) bân èssèna.<ref>Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998). ''[[iarchive:introductoryastr0000zeil|Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics]]'' (edisi ke-4th). Saunders College Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0030062285</nowiki>. <q>The totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be.</q></ref> Kandungan panèka aropaaghi kabbhi energi ḍâlem bhân-sabbhân bhângon, è antarana [[radiasi elektromagnetik]] bân [[materi]].<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/science/universe Universe]". ''Encyclopaedia Britannica online''. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. 2012. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-10.</ref><ref>"[[mwod:universe|Universe]]". ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-10.</ref><ref>"[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Universe?s=t Universe]". ''Dictionary.com''. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-10.</ref> Alam dhunnya jhughân tamaso’ [[Hukum fisika| hokom-hokom fisika]] sè apangaro ḍâ’ energi bân materi, akadhi [[hokom kakekalan]], [[mekanika klasik]], bân [[Teori relativitas|relativitas]].<ref name=":2">Duco A. Schreuder (December 3, 2014). ''V[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=I7a7BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ision and Visual Perception]''. Archway Publishing. hlm. 135. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1480812949</nowiki>.</ref> Alam dhunnya panèka segghut èarteaghi mènangka "sèttong-kasadhâjânah kabâḍâ’ân", otabâ [[Segalanya|sadhâjâna]] sèttong-sèttong sè bâḍâ, sadhâjâna sè ampon bâḍâ, bân sadhâjâna sè bhâkal bâḍâ.<ref name=":2" /> Saongghuna, pan-bârâmpan filsuf bân ilmuwan nolongè pamaso'an iḍe bân konsep abstrak – akadhi [[matematika]] bân [[logika]] – ḍâlem definisi alam dhunnya.<ref>''Tegmark, Max (2008). "The Mathematical Universe". Foundations of Physics. '''38''' (2): 101–50. arXiv:0704.0646  . Bibcode:2008FoPh...38..101T. doi:10.1007/s10701-007-9186-9.'' a short version of which is available at ''Shut up and calculate.'' (in reference to David Mermin's famous quote "shut up and calculate" ''"[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515100124/http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_57/iss_5/10_1.shtml Archived copy]".'' Èarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl ''2016-05-15.'' Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-10.</ref><ref>Jim Holt (2012). ''[[iarchive:whydoesworldexis0000holt|Why Does the World Exist?]]''. Liveright Publishing. hlm. 308.</ref><ref>Timothy Ferris (1997). [[iarchive:wholeshebang00timo|''The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report''.]] Simon & Schuster. hlm. 400.</ref> Oca' ''alam dhunnya''  bisa jhughân aroju’ ḍâ’ konsep-konsep akadhi ''[[kosmos]]'', ''dhunnya'', bân ''[[alam]]''.<ref>Paul Copan; William Lane Craig (2004). ''[[iarchive:creationoutofnot0000copa|Creation Out of Nothing: A Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration]]''. Baker Academic. hlm. 220. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0801027338</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Alexander Bolonkin (November 2011). ''[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=TuWQx58ZnPsC&pg=PA3&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Universe, Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation]''. Elsevier. hlm. 3–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-12-415801-6</nowiki>.</ref> == Panyama’an bân Pama’naan Alam Dhunnya sè Tamaso' Ruang bân Bâkto == Oca' '''Universe''' (bâca [[Bhâsa Inḍonèsia|bhâsa Inḍo]]: '''Semesta''') biasana èartèaghi kaangghuy acangkop sadhâjâna. Namong, ngangghuy definisi alternatif, pan-bârâmpan ahli kosmolog anḍik spekulasi jhâ' ''Alam dhunnya'' namong aroju’ ḍâ' alam sè tempattah kaulâh sadhâjâ. Hal ka'ḍinto èkaè’aghi kalabân pama’naan alam dhunnya sè namong sèttong ḍâri bânnya'an “dhunnya" sè saccara kolektif èsebbhut [[multiverse]].<ref>Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, "[https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/universum universum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205185323/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/universum |date=2022-12-05 }}", ''Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia edisi V. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-10.''</ref> Contona, è bânnya' hipotesis alam dhunnya anyar sè ampon èlahirraghi kalabân bhân-sabbhân gagasan pangokoran [[kuantum]], alam dhunnya panèka biasana èangghep ta' nyambung ḍâri kaulâh dhibi' bân ta' bisa èobservasi lèbât indra kontekstual [[manossa]]. Pangamatan ḍâri bâgiyân-bâgiyân alam dhunnya sè lebbi towa (jhâu) nojjhuwaghi jhâ' alam dhunnya ampon èator sareng [[Hukum fisika|hokom fisika]] sè paḍâ bân konstan è sabâgiyân bânnya' wilajâh sè lowas sè aghândhu' [[sajhârâ]]. Namong, è ḍâlem teori ''gelembung'' ''alam dhunnya'', bisaos bâḍâ bânnya' macem alam dhunnya sè ècèptaaghi kalabân bânnya' cara, bân bisaos bhân-sabbhânna anḍik konstanta fisik sè dhâ-bhidhâ. È ḍâlem salanjhângah catettan sajhârâ, pan-bârâmpan kosmolog ampon èusulaghâghi kaangghuy ajellassaghi pangamatan alam dhunnya. Moḍel sè palèng awwâl panèka [[geosentris]], sè èkembhângaghi sareng filsuf [[Yunani kuno]] sè anyama [[Claudius]] Ptolomeuses. Salèrana apendapat jhâ' alam dhunnya anḍi' ruang sè ta' èbâtesi bân ampon bâḍâ salanjhângnga, namong ngandung sèttong sèttong bal [[konsentris]] sè èbâtesi okoranna sè ècocokkaghi ḍâ' bintang-bintang sè teptep, [[Mata'arè|mataarè]] bân bânnya' [[Planèt|planet]] sè apoter alènglèngè [[bhumè]] sè bunter bân tak aghulih. Saèllana pan-bârâmpan abad, paningkatan kasalarasan pamèkkèrennah [[manossa]] sè èḍukung sareng penemuan teori [[Isaac Newton|gravitasi Newton]] aghâbây teori [[heliosentris]] [[Copernicus]] tentang [[Tata surya|Tata Surya]] molaè èparcajâ. Beccè’an salanjhângnga è ḍâlem [[astronomi]] nyebabbhâghi kasadaran jhâ' tata surya tatamen è ḍâlem [[galaksi]] jutaan [[bintang]], [[Bima Sakti]], bân jhâ' bâḍâ galaksi laèn è lowar ghinika, saèngghâ instrumen astronomi bisa ècapa'. Penelitian sè marèksa distribusi galaksi bân [[Garis spektrum|ghâris]] spektrum ampon aghâbây bânnya' kosmologi modern sè ètemmoaghi. Panemuan [[Pergeseran merah|pergeseran gelombang mèra]] bân [[Radiasi latar belakang gelombang mikro kosmis|radiasi latar belakang gelombang mikro kosmik]], ajhârbhâ'aghi jhâ' alam dhunnya sajân berkembang bân akaton anḍi' awwâl bân ahèr. Manorot moḍel ilmiah alam dhunnya sè èkennal mènangka [[Leddhu'ân Rajâ|Big Bang]], alam dhunnya èpabhâjheng ḍâri fase sè cè' panassa bân padat sè èsebbhut [[Zaman|jhâman]] [[Max Planck|Planck]], è ka’ḍimma kabbhi materi bân energi alam semesta èkonsentrasiaghi. molaè jhâman Planck, alam dhunnya ampon èpabhâjheng ḍâ' bhângonna sè samangkèn, mungkin kalabân bâkto sè panḍâ’ (korang ḍâri 10-32 detik) inflasi kosmik. Pan-bârâmpan [[pangokoran]] eksperimental independen nolongè èkspansi teoretis bân, lebbi umum, teori ''Big Bang''. Pangamatan anyar nojjhuaghi jhâ' ekspansi panèka ampon èpalekkas karana energi petteng, bân jhâ' sabâgiyân bânnya' masalah neng alam dhunnya bisaos bâḍâ è ḍâlem bhângon sè ta' bisa èdeteksi sareng instrumen panèka, bân karana ta' masok bitongan ḍâlem moḍel alam dhunnya samangkèn; panèka ènyamaè [[Materi gelap|materi petteng]]. Kasala'an pangamatan samangkèn ampon ngalangè prediksi nasib ahèrra alam dhunnya. Interpretasi pangamatan [[astronomi]] samangkèn nojjhuwâghi jhâ' omor alam dhunnya panèka 13,73 (± 0,12) miliar taon,<ref name=":0" /> bân jhâ' [[diameter]] alam dhunnya sè bisa èobservasi palèng sakonè'en 93 miliar taon sonar, otabâ 8,80 × 1026 [[meter]].<ref name=":1" /> Manorot [[relativitas]] umum, angkasa bisa èpalowas lebbi santa' ḍâri kecepatan cahaya, sanajân kaulâh sadhâjâh coma bisa ngatèla' bâgiyân sè cè' kènè’èn ḍâri alam dhunnya karana èbâtesi sareng hokom [[kecepatan cahaya]] dhibi'. Ta' jellas apa okorennah alam dhunnya panèka èbâtesi otabâ ta' èbâtesi. == Ètimologi, Sinonim bân Definisi == [[Berkas:universe.jpg|bingkai|kiri|Alam Dhunnya, otabâ lebbi serrèng èsebbhut jagat raya, panèka sadhâjâna ruang bân bâkto sè èpadhâddhi dâri triliunan galaksi sè èbentuk dâri bintang saamponna peristiwa Big Bang 13,8 miliar taon sè tapongkor. Kelompok bintang panèka akaton abhânto rasi bintang sè bânnya' èghunaaghi sareng kabudâjâ'an Indonesia è dâlem pertanian .''[[pertanian]]''.|284x284px]] Oca' dhunnya ('''Semesta)''' asalla ḍâri oca' ''Univers'' ([[Prancis|Perancis]]), sè èghâli ḍâri oca' [[Latin]] [[Universum]]. [[Bahasa Latin|Bhâsa Latin]] bânnya' èghunaaghi sareng [[Cicero]] bân para [[sastrawan]] laènna, sè è buḍi arè, aghunaaghi bânnya' artè sè paḍâ sareng [[Bhâsa Ènggris|oca' Inggris]] modern. Oca' Latin asalla ḍâri kontraksi Unvorsum puitis – lu-ghâllunah èghunaaghi sareng [[Lucretius]] ḍâlem Buku IV (bhâris 262) ḍ''âri De Rerum natura'' (ḍâlem sèpat pamèkkèran) - sè nyambhung ''un'', ''uni'' (bhângon gabungan ḍâri Unus, otabâ "sèttong") kalabân ''vorsum'', ''versum'' (oca’ bhârâng sè èghâbây ḍâri partisiple pasif vertèr sè samporna, artèna “sèttong-sèttong èrotasi, èghiling, èobâ”). [[Lucretius]] èghunaaghi ḍâlem artè oca' "sadhâjâna ègulung dhâddhi sèttong, sadhâjâna èpadhâddhi sèttong". Artistik rendition (sanget talebbi) ḍâri pendulum Foucault nojjhuwâghi jhâ ' Bhumè tak ḍiem, namong apoter. Tapsèran alternatif ḍ''âri unvorsum'' panèka "sadhâjâna èpoter mènangka sala sèttong" otabâ "sadhâjâna èpoter sareng sala sèttong". È ḍâlem artè panèka, bisa èangghep mènangka tarjemma’an ḍâri oca' [[Yunani]] sè sabellunna ghâbây Alam dhunnya, '''περιφορα''', "sèttong-sèttong sè èbâkta ḍâlem lingkaran", asalla èghunaaghi kaangghuy aghâmbhâraghi program ngakan, kakanan sè èghibâ alènglèngè lingkerrennah tamoy sè sèadhâ’âr. [[Bhâsa Yunani]] panèka amaksod ḍâ’ moḍel Yunani awwâl alam dhunnya[[Alam|,]] sè sadhâjâ materi sè bâḍâ è ḍâlem biḍang sè apoter èpusataghi è Bhumè. Manorot [[Aristoteles]], [[rotasi]] lingkup palèng lowar tangghung jâwâb ghâbây gerak bân obâ'ân sadhâjâ sèttong-sèttong. Wajar ḍâ’ [[Yunani|orèng Yunani]] kaangghuy ngangghep jhâ' bhumè ampon aobâ bân [[Langit|langngè']] apoter alènglèngè bhumè, karana pangokoran [[astronomi]] bân [[fisik]] sè tè-ngatè (akadhih pendulum Foucault) parlo kaangghuy abuktèaghi sabhâligghâh. Istilah sè palèng umum ghâbây "alam dhunnya" è antarana para filsuf Yunani Kona ḍâri [[Pitagoras|Pythagoras]] panèka το παν (Sadhâjâna), sè èartèaghi mènangka ''sadhâjâna'' [[Materi|''materi'']] (το ολον) bân ''sadhâjâna'' [[Ruang|''ruang'']] (το κενον). Sinonim laènna ghâbây alam dhunnya è antarana [[Filsuf|para filsuf]] Yunani tamaso' κοσμος (artèna dhunnya, kosmos) bân φυσις (artèna alam, ḍâri ka’ḍimma asalla kaulâh sadhâjâ) sè anḍi' artè paḍâ, sè ètemmoè para sastrawan Latin (totum, Mundus, natura) bân bertahan è ḍâlem bhâsa modern, contona [[bhâsa Jerman]] Das Semua, Weltall, bân Natur kaangghuy Universe. [[Sinonim]] sè paḍâ ètemmoè è ḍâlem [[Bhâsa Ènggris|bhâsa Inggris]], akadhi sadhâjâ (akadhi ḍâlem teori sadhâjâna sèttong-sèttong), [[kosmos]] (akadhi è ḍâlem kosmologi), [[dhunnya]] (akadhi è ḍâlem bânnya’ dhunnya hipotesis), bân Alam (akadhi è ḍâlem hokom alam otabâ filsafat alam). == Definisi Lowas: Realitas bân Probabilitas == Definisi sè jhârna' ḍâri '''alam dhunnya''' ètemmoè ḍâlem naturae De divisione sareng filsuf abad pertenga’an [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena]], sè èdefinisiaghi mènangka sadhâjâna sèttong-sèttong, sadhâjâna sè bâḍâ, bân sadhâjâna sè ta' bâḍâ. Bâkto ta' èangghep ḍâlem definisi Eriugena’s; Saèngga, ḍefinisi paneka tamaso’ sadhâjâna sè baḍâ, ampon baḍâ tor bhâkal baḍâ, jughân sadhâjâna sè taḍâ’, tak toman baḍâ tor ta’ kèra baḍâ. è èghâdh sui sadhâjâna panèka ta' èadopsi saḍeng sabâgiyân bânnya' filsuf salastarèna, namong sèttong-sèttong sè tak sapennunah bhidhâ muncul polè dâlem [[fisika kuantum|fi]]ḍ[[fisika kuantum|ika kuantum]], mungkin sè palèng jhârna' è rumusan Feynman tentang jhâlân sè bisa èpèsah. Manorot rumusan panèka, [[amplitudo]] probabilitas ghâbây bhân-sabbhân hasèl dâri sètḍong percobaan ètantowaghi sareng kabâdâ'an awḍâl sistem kasebbhut sè èmajuwaghi dhârâ awwḍl dâ' kabâḍâ'an akḍir. Tahèr percobaanapanèka namong bisa andi' sèttḍng hasèl, kalabân oca' laèn, coma sèttong hasèl sè mungkin èngghi panèka dhâddhi nyata è '''alam dhunnya''' panèka, lèbât proses misterius pangokoran [[kuantum]], sè èkennal jhughân mènangka keruntuhan fungsi gelombang (tapè bâca-bânnya' dunnya hihpotetis è bâbâ panèka sè èjhârbâ'aghi èh bâgiyân Multiverse). È dhâlem hḍ panèka, [[matematika]] èdefinisiaghi kalabân beccè', sanajân sè tadâ’ (kabḍhi path sè mungkin) bisa apangaro dâ' sè aḍèrrah tadâ’ (panḍokèran eksperimental). Menangka contona, bhân-sabbhân [[elektron]] intrinsik identik bḍn sè laènna, dâddhi amhplitudo probabilitas kodhu èbitong ghâbây kamungkinan jhâ' rèng-orèng rowa aobâ posisi, sè èkennal mènangka simetri tukar. Konsepsi panèka arangkul ''alam dhunnya'' ''sè bâdâ bân nḍn-paralel'' longgar dâri dokḍrin-doktrin [[Aghama bhuddha|Buddhâ]] shhunyata bân pegembangan realitas sè saleng aghântong, bân [[Gottfried Leibniz]] kalabân konsep-konsep sè lebbi modern dâri konḍingensi bân identitas ''indiscernibles''. == Definisi Mènangka Kanyataan == Lebbi lazim, '''Alam dhunnya''' èartèaghi mènangka sadhâjâ sè bâḍâ, ampon bâḍâ, bân bhâkal bâḍâ. Mānorot ḍefinisi bân pamahaman kaulâh sadhâjâ, ''alam dhunnya'' panèka aropaaghi tello' unsur: [[ruang]] bân [[Waktu|bâkto]], sè èkennal mènangka [[Ruang-waktu|ruang-bâkto]] otabâ ''vakum'', [[materi]] bân cem-macemma bhângon [[energi]] bân momentum sè ngennengè ruang-bâkto bân hokom alam sè ngator alam dhunnya. Unsur-unsur panèka bhâkal èbahas lebbi jhârna’ è bâbâ panèka. Definisi sè kaè’ennah ḍâri istilah '''Alam dhunnya,''' sadhâjâna sèttong-sèttong sè bâḍâ è sèttong bâkto kosmologis, akadhi samangkèn, akadhi è ḍâlem kalèmat "alam dhunnya samangkèn ‘''manḍih saragam ḍâlem radiasi gelombang mikro’''". Tello' unsur alam dhunnya ( [[Ruang-waktu|ruang-bâkto]], materi-energi, bân [[Hukum fisika|hokom fisika]] ) ècocokkaghi ḍâ' pèkkèrennah [[Aristoteles]] . È ḍâlem bukuna ''The Phsyics'' (Φυσικης, asaala oca' "fisika"), Aristoteles abâgi το παν (sadhâjâna) dhâddhi tello' elemen analog ra-kèra: [[materi]] (bhârang sè èghâbây kaangghuy dhâddhi alam dhunnya), [[bhângon]] (sosonan materi ḍâlem ruang) bân obâ (carana hal èciptaaghi, èpaancor otabâ èobâ è ḍâlem sèpat-sèpattah, bân akadhi jhughân, ḍâ’ ka’ḍimmah bhângonnah sè aobâ). [[Hukum fisika|Hokom fisika]] èpahami mènangka atoran sè ngator sèpat-sèpat materi, bhângon bân obâ'ânna. Para filsuf salastarèna akadhi [[Lucretius]], [[Ibn Rusyd]], [[Ibnu Sina|Ibn Sina]] bân [[Baruch Spinoza]] ngobâ otabâ maèlang pambâgiyân panèka, contona, Ibn Rusyd bân Spinoza ngabâs ''naturans natura'' (prinsip-prinsip aktif sè ngator alam dhunnya), unsur-unsur sè pasif ḍâ' lalakon sabellunna. == Definisi sè Èkaè’aghi sareng Ruang bân Bâkto == Bisa èbâyangaghi [[Ruang-waktu|ruang-bâkto]] sè ta' nyambhung, sè bhân-sabbhân bâḍâ tapè ta' bisa berinteraksi sareng sè laèn. [[Metafora]] sè ghâmpang èvisualisasiaghi panèka sakalompo’ gelembung sabun sè tapèsa, sè ka’ḍimma pangamat sè nengneng è ḍâlem sèttong gelembung sabun ta' bisa berinteraksi sareng orèng è gelembung sabun laènna, sanajân prinsippah paḍâ. Menorot sala sèttong istilah umum, bhân-sabbhân "gelembung sabun" ruang-bâkto èwakili mènangka alam dhunnya, akadhi sè kaulâh sadhâjâ nyebbhut “bulân kaulâh bulân”. Sakabbhina koleksi ḍâri ruang-ruang sè èpèsah panèka èlambangaghi mènangka [[multiverse]]. Prinsippa, ''alam dhunnya'' ta' salèng akor, sè bisaos anḍi' dimensionalitas [[topologi]] bân ruang-bâkto sè bhidhâ. Bânnya' bhângon [[materi]], [[energi]], bân hokom fisika sè bhidhâ ḍâri fisik konstanta sè èkataowèh kaulâh sadhâjâ, sanajân kemungkinan panèka samangkèn spekulatif. == Definisi Mènangka Realitas sè Èamati == Menorot definisi sè “ghi' lebbi restriktif", Alam dhunnya panèka sadhâjâna è ḍâlem bâktonah kaulâh sadhâjâ tahubung ruang kaangghuy anḍi' kasempadhân kaangghuy berinteraksi sareng kaulâh sadhâjâ bân sabhâligghâ. Menorot [[teori relativitas]] umum, pan-bârâmpan ḍaèra ruang ta’ mungkin ta' toman berinteraksi sareng kaulâh sadhâjâ, sanajân è ḍâlem saomor [[Kaoḍiân|oḍi]]’, karana [[kecepatan cahaya]] bân èkspansi ruang sè terros ajhâlân. Contona, pessen [[radio]] sè èkèrèm ḍâri [[Bhumè]] ta' kèra bisa napa' ḍâ’ pan-bârâmpan ḍaèra ruang, sanajân bilâ alam dhunnya bhâkal oḍi' salanjhângnga; ruang bisa è palebbi ghâncang ḍâri [[cahaya]] sè lèbât. Parlo panekkanan jhâ' ḍaèra-ḍaèra sè jhâu ḍâri ruang sè èkala' bâḍâ bân aropaaghi bâgiyân ḍâri kanyataan akadhi kaulâh sadhâjâ; namong kaulâh sadhâjâ ta' kèra bisa berinteraksi sareng rèng-orèng ka'ḍinto. Wilajâh [[spasial]] sè bisa apangaro bân bhâkal èpangaro èsebbhut alam dhunnya teramati. Saongghuna, sadhâjâna alam dhunnya sè bisa èamati taghântong ḍâ' kennengnganna pengamat. Kalabân ajhâlân, pangamat bisa ḍâteng ka ḍâlem kontak sareng wilajâh ruang-bâkto sè lebbi rajâ ètèmbhâng pangamat sè neng kennengenna, saènggâna sadhâjâna alam dhunnya sè bisa èamati ghâbây sè lu-ghâllunah lebbi rajâ ètèmbhâng sè nomer ḍuwâ’. Namong, maskè orèng sè palèng ghâncang mungkin ta' bisa berinteraksi sareng sadhâjâna ruang. Biasana, sadhâjâna alam dhunnya sè bisa èamati èkala’ sè berarti alam semesta sè èamati ḍâri sudut pandheng [[Galaksi]] [[Bima Sakti]]. == Okoran, Omor, Èssè, Struktur, bân Hokom == '''Alam dhunnya''' panèka kennengan sè cè' rajânah bân bisaos sobung bâtessa ḍâlem [[volume]], hal sè bisa èamati panèka èsebbhâr è attas okoran palèng sakonè'na 93 miliar taon [[cahaya]]. Kaangghuy pabhândhingan, diameter [[galaksi]] khas coma 30.000 taon cahaya, bân jarak khas antara ḍuwâ' galaksi tatangghâ coma 3 juta taon cahaya. Contona, diameter Galaksi Bima Sakti ra-kèra 100.000 taon cahaya, bân [[galaksi]] saudara sè palèng semma', Galaksi [[Andromeda]], bâḍâ ra-kèra 2,5 juta taon cahaya. Bâḍâ lebbi ḍâri 100 miliar (1011) galaksi è alam dhunnya sè bisa èamati. [[Galaksi]] kerdil biasana nganḍung sakone'na sapolo juta (107) bintang raksasa kantos sèttong triliun (1012) bintang, kabbhi mengorbit [[Masa|massa]] posat galaksi. Saka’ḍinto, parkèraan sè sanget kasar ḍâri angka-angka panèka bhâkal nojjhuaghi jhâ' bâḍâ sekitar sèttong [[sextillion]] (1021) bintang è alam dhunnya sè ampon èamati, sanajân penelitian taon 2003 sareng [[ astronom]] Universitas Nasional Australia ngasèllaghi angka 70 sextillion (7 x 1022). Sè èamati èbâgi rata (homogen) è sabâbhân alam dhunnya, è bâkto rata-rata jarak lebbi dâri 300 juta taon cahaya. [22] Namong, è skala sè lebbi kenè’-lanjhâng, hal panèka èamati kaangghuy abhângon “gumpalan", èngghi panèka, kaangghuy [[kluster]] hierarkis; bânnya' [[atom]] sè èkondensasi dhâddhi [[bintang]], bintang sè palèng ḍâlem panèka galaksi, galaksi sè palèng ḍâlem panèka cluster, supergugus bân, ahèrra, struktur skala sè palèng rajâ akadhi tembok rajâ galaksi. Alam dhunnya sè bisa èamati jhughân nyebbhâr isotropically, artèna taḍâ' arah pangamatan sè katon bhidhâ ḍâri sè laèn; bhân-sabbhân wilajâh langngè' anḍi' ra-kèra konten sè paḍâ. Alam dhunnya jhughân manḍih è radiasi gelombang mikro sè sanget isotropik sè sesuai ḍâ' spektrum keseimbangan termal bhârâng celleng sekitar 2,725 kelvin. Hipotesis jhâ' alam dhunnya anḍik skala rajâ panèka homogen bân isotropik èkennal mènangka prinsip kosmologis, sè èḍukung sareng pangamatan astronomi. Kepaḍatan sadhâjânah alam dhunnya samangkèn sanget renḍâ, sekitar 9,9 × 10-30 gram per [[sentimeter]] [[kubik]]. Massa -energi panèka akaton aropaaghi 73% energi petteng, 23% materi petteng cellep, bân 4% materi biasah. Saka’ḍinto kepaḍatan atom panèka atas parènta ḍâri atom hidrogen tunggal ghâbây sabban empa' meter kubik volume. Sèpat energi petteng bân materi petteng ghi' ta' èkataowèh. Hal Dark gravitates mènangka hal biasa, saèngghâ alako kaangghuy malambat ekspansi ḍâri alam dhunnya; sabhâligghâh, energi petteng maghâncang ekspansi. Alam dhunnya ampon kona bân jhughân berkembang. Parkèraan [[Omor rajâ|omor]] alam dhunnya sè palèng teppa' panèka 13,73 ± 0,12 miliar taon, èdhâsaraghi ḍâri pangamatan radiasi latar belakang gelombang mikro kosmik. parkèraan independen (èdhâsaraghi ḍâri pangokoran akadhi radioaktif dating) satuju, sanajân korang teppa', molaè ḍâri 11-20 miliar taon kantos 13-15 miliar taon alam dhunnya ghi’ ta' paḍâ è bâkto ponapa bisaos è ḍâlem sajhârâna. Contona, populasi relatif [[quasar]] bân galaksi ampon aobâ bân ruang ghinèka akaton sajân èpalowas. Palowasan panèka ajhârbâ'aghi ḍâ’ ka’ḍimmah bhumè takaè’. Para ilmuwan bisa ngamatèh cahaya ḍâri 30 miliar taon cahaya ḍâri galaksi, sanajân cahaya panèka ampon nyingghâ namong 13 miliar taon è antarana ampon èpalowas. Ekspansi panèka konsisten sareng pangamatan jhâ' cahaya ḍâri galaksi sè jhâu ampon ''redshifted''; ''Foton'' sè èpancaraghi èbâgi ḍâ' lanjhânga gelombang frekuensi sè lebbi rènḍâ è bâkto parjhâlânanna. Lajhu ekspansi spasial panèka èpaghâncang, èdhâsaraghi ḍâri penelitian supernova Tipe IA bân èpakowat sareng data laènna. ''Fraksi relatif'' ḍâri unsur kimia sè bhidhâ (khusussa atom dhâmmang akadhi [[hidrogen]], [[deuterium]] bân [[helium]]) akaton paḍâ è sabâbhân alam dhunnya bân è salanjhângah sajhârâ sè èamati. Alam semesta akaton anḍi' masalah lebbi ḍâri antimateri. Asimetri sè bisa akaè’ ḍâ' pangamatan pelanggaran CP. Alam dhunnya akaton ta' bisa anḍi' muatan listrik bhersè, bân karana ka’ḍinto gravitasi akaton dhâddhi dominan interaksi ḍâ’ skala kosmologis. Alam dhunnya jhughân akaton ta' anḍi' momentum bhersè otabâ momentum sudut.  Sobungngah biaya bhersè bân momentum bhâkal noro’è hokom fisika sè èberlakuaghi (hokom Gauss bân non-diferensialitas pseudotensor stres-energi-momentum), manabi alam dhunnya èbâtesi. == Sudut Pandang Asallah == [[Teolog|Para ahli teologi]] umumma parcajâ jhâ' alam dhunnya panèka tombu ḍâri kataḍâ'ân . Konsep dhâsarrah engghi panèka bhârâng sè taḍâ’ dhâddhi baḍâ. Kondisi panèka namong bisa èlakoni sareng [[Pangèran|Ghustè pangèran]]. È ḍâlem pamangghi ahli teolog, alam bâḍâ dâri taḍa'. Sabâtara, ḍari pamangghina para [[filsuf]], alam paneka aropa’agi settong barang se taḍa’ ḍâ’-aḍa’na. Kabâḍâ'ân alam semesta teppa' kalabân kabâḍâ'ân Gustè Allah. <sup>[1]</sup> == Sombher == <references /> [[Bhângsa:Alam]] [[Bhângsa:Astronom]] 49pxg5mjpb997400nvt34h7e69mq2b0 Ènzim 0 13598 65578 42491 2026-08-07T17:51:47Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bhengkek:Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase.jpg|230px|jmpl|Moḍèl komputer ènzim purin nukleosida fosforilase (PNPase)]] [[Bhengkek:CatalysisScheme-en.svg|jmpl|ka|292px|Ḍiyagram ènèrgi potènsial rèaksi kimia organik sè noddhuwaghi èfèk katalis è sèttong rèasi èksotèrnjk hipotetis X + Y = Z.]] '''Ènzim''' èngghi panèka biomolekul aropa protèin sè ghunana mènangka katalis (senyawa sè malekkas prosès rèaksi ta'usa samarèna arèaksi) ḍâlem sèttong rèaksi [[kimia]] organik.<ref>{{cite book|author=Smith AL (Ed), dkk. |title=Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|year=1997|isbn=0-19-854768-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Grisham, Charles M.; Reginald H. Garrett|title=Biochemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsbioc00garr|publisher=Saunders College Pub|location=Philadelphia|year=1999|isbn=0-03-022318-0 }}</ref> Fungsi ènzim mènangka biokatalisator sèttong rèaksi kimia. Ènèrgi sè èkabhuto sareng ènzim è ḍâlem rèaksi kimia sanget kènè' saèngghâ aghuna noronaghi aktivasi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Susilawati dan Bachtiar, N.|first=|date=2018|url=http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf|title=Biologi Dasar Terintegrasi|location=Pekanbaru|publisher=Kreasi Edukasi|isbn=978-602-6879-99-8|pages=72|url-status=live}}</ref> Molekul awwâl sè èsebbhut substrat bhâkal èpalekkas aobâna dhâddhi molekul laèn sè èsebbhut produk. Sadhâjâ prosès biologis sèl bhuto ènzim sopajâ bisa alako kalabân lekkas ḍâlem sèttong arah jhâlân mètsbolisme. Ènzim alako kalabân cara arèaksi kalabân molekul substrat ka'angghuy ngasèllaghi senyawa intermèdiat lèbât sèttong rèaksi kimia organik sè bhuto ènèrgi aktivasi lebbi mabâ, saèngghâ lajhu rèaksi aktivasi lebbi tèngghi bhuto bâkto lebbi abit. Contona: :X + '''''C''''' → X'''''C''''' (1) :Y + X'''''C''''' → XY'''''C''''' (2) :XY'''''C''''' → '''''C'''''Z (3) :'''''C'''''Z → '''''C''''' + Z (4) Maskè senyawa katalis bisa aobâ è rèaksi awwâl, è rèaks akhèr molekul katalis bhâkal abâli ka bentu' asalla. Sabâgiyân bânnya' ènzim alako kalabân khas, sè artèna sabbhân macem ènzim pèra8bisa alako è sèttong maxem senyawa otabâ rèaksi kimia. Panèka èsebbâbbaghi perbhidhâ'ân sosonan kimia sabbhä ènzim sè sèpatta tep-tep. Contona, ènzim α-amilase pèra' bisa èghuna'aghi è prosès arombâ' patè dhâddhi glukosa. Lakona ènzim èpangaro sareng sajumbla faktor, otamana substrat, hawa, kacèlo'an, kofaktor, bân inhibitor. bhân-sabbhân ènzim parlo hawa bân pH (tèngkat kacèlo'an) optimim sè bhidhâ sabâb ènzim panèka pritèin, sè bisa aobâ bentu' manabi hawa sareng kacèlo'an aobâ. È lowar suhu otabâ pH sè paḍân, ènzim ta' bisa alako kalabân optimal otabâ sosonanna bhâkal rosak. Panèka bhâkal nyebbâbaghi ènzim kaèlangan sadhâjâ ghunana. Lakona ènzim jhughân èpangaro sareng molekul laèn. Inhibitor ènzim panèka molekul sè noronaghi aktivitas ènzim, manabi aktivator ènzim panèka sè matèngghi aktivitas ènzim. Bânnya' obhât sareng racon panèka inhibitor ènzim. == Sosonan == [[Bhengkek:Carbonic anhydrase.png|jmpl|ka|300px|Ḍiyagram pita sè noddhuwaghi karbonat anhidrase II. Ebbal bu-abu panèka kofaktor sèng sè bâḍâ è lapèsan aktif.]] Ènzim omomma aropa'aghi protèin globar, sè mandiri otabâ dhâddhi bâgiyân ḍâri komplèks protèin. Aktivistas katalisis sèttong ènzim ètantowaghi sareng sosonanna, bân sosonan panèka taghântong ḍâri orotan asam-asam aminona. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Anfinsen CB | title = Principles that govern the folding of protein chains | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1973-07-20_181_4096/page/223 | journal = Science | volume = 181 | issue = 4096 | pages = 223–30 | date = July 1973 | pmid = 4124164 | doi = 10.1126/science.181.4096.223 | bibcode = 1973Sci...181..223A }}</ref> Maskè sapanèka, ra-ngèra kalabân èfisièn aktivitas ènzim pèra' aḍhâsar ḍâ' sosonanna ghi' dhâddhi maslahat sè ghi' ta' lastarè, bân manoro' èlmo ènzimologi, biologi struktur, bân kimia komputasi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dunaway-Mariano D | title = Enzyme function discovery | journal = Structure | volume = 16 | issue = 11 | pages = 1599–600 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 19000810 | doi = 10.1016/j.str.2008.10.001 }}</ref> Okoran ènzim pèra' sakètar 62 asam amino (monomer 4-Oksalokrotonat tautomerase), <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen LH, Kenyon GL, Curtin F, Harayama S, Bembenek ME, Hajipour G, Whitman CP | title = 4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase, an enzyme composed of 62 amino acid residues per monomer | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_1992-09-05_267_25/page/17716 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 267 | issue = 25 | pages = 17716–21 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1339435 }}</ref> kantos lebbi ḍâri 2.5pp asam lemma' sintasé). <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith S | title = The animal fatty acid synthase: one gene, one polypeptide, seven enzymes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_1994-12_8_15/page/1248 | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 8 | issue = 15 | pages = 1248–59 | date = December 1994 | pmid = 8001737 | doi = 10.1096/fasebj.8.15.8001737 | s2cid = 22853095 }}</ref> Okoranns ènzim biyasana jhâu lebbi rajâ ḍâri subtratta, bân pèra' sabâgiyân kènè' (sakètar 3-4 asam amino) ḍâri sadhâjâ sosonan ènzim sè saccara langsong tamaso' ḍâlem katalis, bâgiyân panèka èsebbhut situs katalitik.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/CSA/ | title = The Catalytic Site Atlas | publisher = The European Bioinformatics Institute | accessdate = 4 April 2007 | archive-date = 2013-08-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130803032349/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/CSA/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> È seddhi'na situs katalitik bâḍâ sèttong otabâ lebbi ''situs ikatan'' sè asam-asam aminona aghuna ḍâ' orièntasi molekul substrat. Gabungan situs katalitik bân situs ikatan èsebbhut situs aktif. Bâgiyân ènzim lebbina aghuna ajâgâ orièntasi mèbis sareng dinamika situasi aktif. <ref name = "Suzuki_2015_7">{{cite book | author = Suzuki H | title = How Enzymes Work: From Structure to Function | publisher = CRC Press | location = Boca Raton, FL | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-981-4463-92-8 | chapter = Chapter 7: Active Site Structure | pages = 117–140 }}</ref> == Sombher== j9ddfinlj2za0dbok62zc133tv0wr64 Spèsiès 0 13602 65579 42520 2026-08-07T17:52:31Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Spèsiès''' otabâ '''jennis''' èngghi panèka sèttong onḍhâk taksonomi sè èangghuy ḍâlem pangalompo'an biologia ka'angghuy aroju' ḍâ' sèttong otabâ sajumbla kalompo' individu makhlok oḍi' (Populasi) sè saropa bân bisa salèng abuwâè sèttong bân laènna è ḍâlem kalompo'na (salèng abâgi gèn) saèngghâ ngasèllaghi katoronan sè fèrtil (lanḍhu). Sajumbla kalompo' ḍâlem sèttong spèsiès bisa ta' salèng abuwâè sabâb gangghuwân gèografis, tapè manabi ta' èpatemmo bân èpakabin bisa ngasèllaghi katoronan fèrtil. Manabi ḍuwâ' spèsiès sè bhidhâ salèng abuwâè, kaḍuwâna bhâkal ngadheppè maslahat gangguwan biologis; manabi ngasèllaghi katoronan sè sèhat, katoronan panèka biyasana stèril otabâ mandul. Artè panèka è sajumbla kasus ta' èlastarè'è saèngghâ bâḍâ maslahat pangartèan spèsiès. Ḍâlem kasus-kasus kasebbhut, paramèter sè segghut èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy nantowaghi spèsiès sè dhâ-bhidhâ, akadhi kaasaman DNA, morfologi, otabâ relung èkologi. Lebbi jhâu polè, bâḍâna ciri khas tertentu bisa abâgi spèsiès dhâddhi takson sè lebbi kènè', akadhi subspèsiès. == Konsep spesies biologis Mayr == [[Bhengkek:Ernst Mayr PLoS.jpg|jmpl|Ernst Mayr ngosollaghi konsèp Spèsiès Biologis ḍâri isolasi rèproduksi sè bânnya' èghuna'aghi è taon 1942]] Sabâgiyân bânnya' buku tèks moḍèren aghuna'aghi artè ḍâri Erns Mayr taon 1942, <ref>{{cite book |author=Mayr, Ernst |year=1942 |title=Systematics and the Origin of Species |url=https://archive.org/details/systematicsorigi0000mayr_p8z7 |publisher=Columbia University Press |place=New York}}</ref><ref>Wheeler, pp. 17–29</ref> sè èkennal mènangka konsèp spèsiès Biologis mènangka ḍhâsar ka'angghuy diskusi saterrossa tentang artè spèsiès. Panèka jhughân èsebbhut konsèp rèproduksi otabâ isolasi. Mayr ngartè'è sèttog spèsiès mènangka <ref name="Queiroz">{{cite journal |last=de Queiroz |first=K. |title=Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |issue=Supplement 1 |pages=6600–6607 |year=2005 |pmid=15851674 |pmc=1131873 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0502030102|bibcode=2005PNAS..102.6600D }}</ref> {{quote|kalompo' populasi alami sè bhenḍer otabâ aghâdhuwi potènsi kabin langkalèng, sè kalabân rèproduktif ''terisolasi'' ḍâri kalompo' laèn akadhi ka'ḍissa.<ref name="Queiroz"/>}} Sadhâjâ ilmuwan ampon aghâdhuwi pamanghi jhâ' artè kasebbhut panèka sabâb alami ḍâri èfèk rèproduksi sèksuwal ḍâ' dinamika sèlèksi alam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hopf |first1=F. A. |last2=Hopf |first2=F. W. |date=1985 |title=The role of the Allee effect on species packing |journal=Theoretical Population Biology |volume=27 |pages=27–50 |doi=10.1016/0040-5809(85)90014-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=H. |last2=Byerly |first2=H. C. |last3=Hopf |first3=F. A. |last4=Michod |first4=R.E. |title=Sex and the emergence of species |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-theoretical-biology_1985-12-21_117_4/page/667 |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=665–690 |date=1985 |pmid=4094459 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5193(85)80246-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernstein |first1=Carol |last2=Bernstein |first2=Harris |title=Aging, sex, and DNA repair |url=https://archive.org/details/agingsexdnarepai0000bern |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=1991 |pages= |isbn=978-0-12-092860-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Michod |first=Richard E. |title=Eros and Evolution: A Natural Philosophy of Sex |url=https://archive.org/details/erosevolutionnat0000mich |publisher=Addison-Wesley |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-201-44232-8 |pages= }}</ref> Pangangghuyân oca' sèpat ''berpotènsi'' ḍâri Mayr ampon dhâddhi perdebbadhân; sajumbla interprètasi makajhâbhâ akabin sè ta' biyasa otabâ lalakon sè pèra' kadhâddhiyân è kanḍhâng, otabâ sè manoro' kèbân sè bisa akabin tapè biyasana ta' ngalakonè è alam liyar<ref name="Queiroz"/> == Sajhârâ bân pangembângan konsèp == [[Bhengkek:John Ray from NPG.jpg|ka|jmpl|John Ray]] [[Bhengkek:Carl von Linné.jpg|ka|jmpl|Carl Linnaeus yakèn ḍâ' panetteppan spèsiès.]] È karjâ-karjâ sains palèng awwâl, spèsiès saccara saderhana panèka sèttong organisme individu sè abâkkèlè sakalompo' organisme sè saropa otabâ nyemma'è idèntik. Sobung sambhungan laèn è lowar kalompo' ka'ḍissa sè kaserrat. Aristoteles aghuna'aghi oca' ''gènus'' bân ''spèsiès'' ka'angghuy katègori-katègori omom bân spèsifik. Aristoteles bân ilmuwan-ilmuwan laèn mèlè spèsiès mènangka pambhidhâ bân asèpat tep-tep (ta' aobâ) kalabân "èsènsi" akadhi unsur [[kimia]]. Bâkto peneliti awwâl molaè ngembângngaghi sistem organisasi makhlok oḍi', ka'ḍissa molaè nyabâ' spèsiès-spèsiès sè sabellumma ampon èisolasi ka ḍâlem sèttong kontèks. Bânnya' skèma ghâmbhârân awwâl panèka èangghep anè bân skèma panèka nyerta'aghi sambhungan katarètannan aḍhâsar ḍâ' bârna (sadhâjâ tanemman kalabân kembhâng konèng) otabâ lalakon (olar, kalamangghâ, bân bilis sè nyengnga'). John Ray (1686), sèttong naturalis Ènggrès, panèka ilmuwan lu-ghâllu sè aparèng artè biologis istila "spèsiès", akadhi è bâbâ panèka: "... sobung kritèria sè lebbi pastè ḍâlem nantowaghi spèsiès bâgi kaulâ salaèn tampèlan/fitur khusus sè abhidhâ'âghi ka'ḍissa sa'amponna tombu ḍâri sombher bhibhit katoronan. Saèngghâ, ta' masala variasi-variasi ponapa bisaos sè kadhâddhiyân ḍâ' individu otabâ spèsiès kasebbhut, manabi tombu ḍâri sombher bhibhit sè paḍâ, variasi-variasi sè bânnè sabâb variasi kasebbhut èlakonè pambhidhâ'ân spèsiès. Sapanèka jhughân kèbân, kèbân-kèbân sè bhidhâ mènorot spèsifik saccara permanèn abhidhâ'âghi spèsièssa; sèttong spèsiès ta' toman tombu ḍâri bhibhit spèsiès laèn otabâ sabbâlikka".<ref>''Historia plantarum generalis'', ḍâlem volume èpaterbi' taon 1686, Tome I, Libr. I, Chap. XX, hlm. 40 (Ènokèl ḍâlem Mayr, Ernst. 1982. ''The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution, and inheritance.'' Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press: 256)</ref> È abad ka-18, ilmuwan Swèdia, Carl Linnaeus, makalompo' organisme aḍhâsar karakteristik fisik sadhâjâna bân ta' aḍhâsar kalabân sadherhana attas perbhidhâ'ân-perbhidhâ'ân.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=P. H.|last1=Davis|first2=V. H.|last2=Heywood|year=1973|title=Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy|location=Huntington, New York|publisher=Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company|page=17}}</ref> Èpon jhughân abhâdhi ghâghâsâb hièrarki taksonomi pangalompo'an aḍhâsar karakteristik sè bisa èoladhi bân amaksod ka'angghuy aghâmbhârraghi sambhungan sè alami.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=James L.|last1=Reveal|first2=James S.|last2=Pringle|title=Flora of North America|year=1993|chapter=7. Taxonomic Botany and Floristics|location=New York and Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-505713-9|pages=160–161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=George Gaylord|last=Simpson|year=1961|title=Principles of Animal Taxonomy|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofanim0000simp_h9n2|location=New York and London|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ngembângngaghi konsèp tentang spèsiès Linnaeus mènangka sistem definitif. N.I. Vavilov nojjhuwaghi sobungnga spèsiès monotipe, panèka spèsiès sè èwujudaghi ḍâlem bânnya' bentu'. Vavilov aghâbây sèttong ko konsèp spèsiès politipe è kongres [[Botani]] Dhunnya ka-5 è Cambridge è bulân Agustus taon 1930, maka'aḍâ' ghâghâsân sajumbla bentu' spèsiès, rèlativitas kritèriya taksonomi, bân tèori akumulasi pèrifèral karakter rèsèsif. Ḍâri paddhu pamandhengngan èvolusi kasebbhut, abâ'na ngangghep spèsiès mènangka ''simpul-simpul'' ḍâlem rantai èvolusi. Vavilov nyoba' nyarè artè aforisme ḍâri hal kasebbhut mènorot ahli botani sè kamodiyân jhughân kasohor, V.L. Komarov: "Spèsiès panèka sèttong sistem morfologis ètambâi kalabân kaunikan gèografis". Macampo panèka, Vavilov ngartè'è "spèsiès Linnaeus" mènangka "sèttong sistem ''morf-fisiologis dinamis komplèks terisolasi'' sè asambhung sareng asalla è kennengngan bân wilajâ tertentu".<ref>{{cite book|author=Vavilov, N.I,|title =The Linnean species as a system|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University press|year=1931|pages=213–216}}</ref> Hal panèka alarjâ' ḍâ' paham konsèp spèsiès Linnaèus mènangka èntitas sè ta' bisa èpèsa aropa komponèn-komponèn, panèka masèttong bân bâgiyân-bâgiyân sè agabung, sè salèng asambhung cekka'. <ref> Kurlovich,Boguslav S. [https://sites.google.com/site/biodiversityoflupins/15-objective-regularities-in-the-variability-of-chatacters/what-is-a-species What is a species]. Biodiversity of lupins. Aksès (2025–04–10)</ref> == Sombher== iau6us6g50972cnken9dv9gd79genar Manossa 0 13610 65580 42544 2026-08-07T17:54:17Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Bhengkek:Two young girls at Camp Christmas Seals.jpg|jmpl|250px|ka|Ḍuwâ' ana' binè' manossa ]] '''Manossa''' (''Homo sapièns'') èngghi panèka [[spèsiès]] primata sè jumblana palèng bânnya' bân kasebbar palèng lowas. Manossa panèka jennis bhudhâg rajâ sè èciriyaghi sareng gaya alomampa ḍuwâ' soko bân kapènterran kognitif sè bhâgus bherkat otekkabsè rajâ bân komplèks. Manossa panèka makhlok sè sanget sosial bân rojung oḍi' è ḍâlem sosonan sosial sè ruwet sè aèssè bânnya' kalompo' sè salèng ghutong-rojhung bân asaèng, molaè ḍâri [[kalowarga]] bân sambhungan satarètanan kantoa naghârâ politik. Maka ḍâri ka'ḍissa, interaksi sosial antara manossa ampok abentu' bânnya' nèlay, norma sosial, bhâsa, bân rituwal, sè bang-sèbâng ajâgâ padhurruj manossa. Pangaterro ka'angghuy paham bân aparèng pangaro ḍâ' fènomèna ampon amotivasi manossa ka'angghuy ngembângngaghi [[èlmo]] pangataowan, tèknologi, filsafat, hokom, mitologi, [[aghâma]], bân biḍâng laènna. Manossa tamaso,' omnivora, bisa aḍhâ'âr bânnya' macemma tombuwân bân kèbân, bân ampon aghuna'aghi apoy bân bentu' panas laènna ka'angghuy amassa' sajjhek jhâman ''H.èrèctus'' Manossa bisa oḍi' kantos bâllu' minggu ta' aḍhâ'âr bân tello' otabâ empa' minggu ta' ngènom. Manossa omomma aktif è sèyang arè, asarèn rata-rata pètto' kantos sanga' jhâm sa'arè. Lahèr bâgi manossa panèka prosès sè lojâ, kalabân rèsiko komplikasi bân kasèdhâ'ân sè tèngghi. Segghut kadhâddhiyân, èbhu otabâ bapa' arabât pottrana, sè ta' kowat bâkto èbhâbhârraghi, sabâb manossa panèka spèsiès altricial. Manossa aghâdhuwi kortèks prèfrontal sè okoranna rajâ bân ngembâng, bâgiyân otek panèka aghâdhuwi tanggungjawab ḍâ' bakat kognisi sè lebbi tèngghi. Manossa aghâdhuwi kapènterran sè tèngghi, aghâdhuwi ènga' èpisodik, aghâdhuwi èksprèsi salèra sè flèksibel, èḍḍhep ḍâ' abâ'na dhibi', bân tèori pèkkèran. Pèkkèranna manossa bisa ngalakonè introspèksi, pamikkèran abâ' dhibi', imajinasi, tekat, bân abentu' pandhengngan tentang èksistènsi. Panèka mamongkèn kamajuwan tèknologi sè lowar biyasa bân pangembângan alat sè ruwet lèbât panalaran sè komplèks bân panerrossn pangataowan ḍâ' generasi saterrossa. Bhâsa, seni, bân dhâghâng panèka karakteristik ḍhâsarra manossa. Jhâlân dhâghâng jârâ' jhau mongkèn ampon nyebbâbaghi leddhu'an bhudâjâ bân distribusi sombher sè aparèng manossa kaunggulan ètèmbhâng spèsiès laènna sè saropa. == Èvolusi == Manossa èngghi panèka bhudhâg superfamili Hominodea). <ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Tuttle RH|date=4 October 2018|title=International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology|place=Hoboken, New Jersey, United States|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn=978-1-118-58442-2|veditors=Trevathan W, Cartmill M, Dufour D, Larsen C|pages=1–2|language=en|chapter=Hominoidea: conceptual history|doi=10.1002/9781118584538.ieba0246|author-link=Russell Tuttle|chapter-url=https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118584538.ieba0246|s2cid=240125199}}</ref> Ghâris katoronan bhudhâg sè akhèrra mabâḍâ manossa lu-ghâllu apèsa ḍâri owa (famili ''Hylobatidae'') bân ''orangutan'' (gènus Pongi), kamodiyân gorila (gènus Gorilla), bân palèng akhèr simpanse bân bonobo (gènus Pan). Apèsana antara ghâris katoronan manossa b simpanse-bonobo, kadhâddhiyân sakètar 8—4 juta taon sè ampon lèbât, è akhèr jhâman Miosen. <ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=March 1990|title=Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1990-03_30_3/page/260|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=30|issue=3|pages=260–6|bibcode=1990JMolE..30..260G|doi=10.1007/BF02099995|pmid=2109087|vauthors=Goodman M, Tagle DA, Fitch DH, Bailey W, Czelusniak J, Koop BF, Benson P, Slightom JL|s2cid=2112935|issn = 0022-2844 }}</ref><ref name="Ruvolo1997">{{cite journal|date=March 1997|title=Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_1997-03_14_3/page/248|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=14|issue=3|pages=248–65|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025761|pmid=9066793|vauthors=Ruvolo M|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=2012|title=Our True Dawn|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-scientist_2012-11-24_216_2892/page/34|journal=New Scientist|volume=216|issue=2892|pages=34–37|bibcode=2012NewSc.216...34B|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(12)63018-8|vauthors=Brahic C}}</ref> Bâkto apèsana panèka, kromosom 2 abentu' ḍâri camporan ḍuwâ' kromosom laènna, saèngghâ manossa pèra' aghâdhuwi 23 pasang kromosom, ètèmbhâng sareng 24 pasang kromosom ka'angghuy bhudhâg laènna. <ref name="fusion">MacAndrew A. [https://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm Human Chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes]. Evolution pages. Aksès (2025–04–10).</ref> Sa'amponna apèsa sareng simpanse bân bonobo, hominid apecca dhâddhi bânnya' spèsiès bân sakorangnga bâḍâ ḍuwâ' katoronan sè bhidhâ. Sadhâjâ ghâris katoronan gènus ''Homo'' ampon pona kajhâbhâ Homo sapiens. <ref>McNulty, Kieran P. (2016). [https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/hominin-taxonomy-and-phylogeny-what-s-in-142102877/ Hominin Taxonomy and Phylogeny: What's In A Name?]. Nature Education Knowledge. Aksès (2025–04–10).</ref> [[Bhengkek:Lucy_Skeleton.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Rekonstruksi ḍâ' Lucy (Australopithecus)'','' kerangka ''Australopithecus afarensis'' lu-ghâllu sè ètemmo.]] Gènus ''Homo'' ''berevolusi'' ḍâri ''Australopithecus''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=September 2010|title=The Evolutionary History of the Australopiths|url=https://evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12052-010-0249-6|journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=341–352|doi=10.1007/s12052-010-0249-6|issn=1936-6434|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531204050/https://evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12052-010-0249-6|archive-date=31 May 2022|vauthors=Strait DS|s2cid=31979188|url-status=live}}</ref> Maskè fosil-fosil ḍâri masa transisi panèka jarang, angghuta ''Homo'' sè palèng awwâl aghâdhuwi sajumbla ciri-ciri otama sè paḍâ bân ''Australopithecus''. .<ref>{{cite journal|date=July 2016|title=From Australopithecus to Homo: the transition that wasn't|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=371|issue=1698|page=20150248|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0248|pmc=4920303|pmid=27298460|vauthors=Kimbel WH, Villmoare B|s2cid=20267830}}</ref> Catettan palèng awwâl dâri ''Homo'' panèka spèsimèn omor 2,8 juta taon, LD 350-1 ḍâri [[Ethiopia]], bân spèsiès sè palèng awwâl panèka ''Homo habilis'' sareng ''Hoko rudolfensis'' sè ajhâlanè èvolusi 2,3 juta taon sè ampon lèbât. ''Homo erectus'' (macem Afrika kadhâng èsebbhut ''Homo ergaster'') ajhâlanè èvolusi 2 juta taon sè ampon lèbât bân aropa'aghi spèsiès manossa purba lu-ghâllu sè adhingghâlaghi [[Afrika]] bân mencar ka sadhâjâ Èurasia. <ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=July 2018|title=Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago|journal=Nature|volume=559|issue=7715|pages=608–612|bibcode=2018Natur.559..608Z|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4|pmid=29995848|vauthors=Zhu Z, Dennell R, Huang W, Wu Y, Qiu S, Yang S, Rao Z, Hou Y, Xie J, Han J, Ouyang T|s2cid=49670311}}</ref> ''H. erectus'' jhughân sè lu-ghâllu ngembângngaghi bentu' bhâdhân sè khas akadhi manossa. ''Homo sapièns'' muncul è Afrika sakètar 300.000 taon lambâ' ajhâlanè èvolusi ḍâri spèsiès sè omomma èkennal mènangka ''Homo heiderlbergensis'' otabâ ''Homo rhodesiensis'', panèka katoronan ''H.erectus'' sè ghi' bâḍâ è Afrika. <ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=June 2017|title=New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens|url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/62267/1/Submission_288356_1_art_file_2637492_j96j1b.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=546|issue=7657|pages=289–292|bibcode=2017Natur.546..289H|doi=10.1038/nature22336|pmid=28593953|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108234003/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/62267/1/Submission_288356_1_art_file_2637492_j96j1b.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2020|vauthors=Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, Bergmann I, Le Cabec A, Benazzi S, Harvati K, Gunz P|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Sombher== go805vkapssu14z5mihx1u7lmq10eck Protista 0 13654 65577 42755 2026-08-07T17:48:58Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Protista''' èngghi panèka mikroorganisme èukariotik sè bânnè kèbân, tombuwân, otabâ jamur. Bâḍâ sè ampon èkelompo'aghi dhâddhi sèttong karajaan sè èsebbhut protista, nangèng samangkèn ta' èjâgâ polè. <ref name=Simonite2005>{{cite journal |author=Simonite T |title=Protists push animals aside in rule revamp |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue=7064 |pages=8–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16267517 |doi=10.1038/438008b |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-11-03_438_7064/page/n25}}</ref> Pangangghuyânna ghi' èghuna'aghi ka'angghuy kapentèngan kajiyan èkologi bân morfologi bâgi sadhâjâ organisme èukariotik sè aghâdhuwi sèl tongghâl sè oḍi' mandiri otabâ, manabi abentu' koloni, areng-sareng nangèng ta' nojjhuaghi perbhidhâ'ân dhâddhi jaringan dhâ-bhidhâ.<ref name="Adl 05">{{cite journal |author=Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, ''et al.'' |title=The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists |journal=J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=399–451 |year=2005 |pmid=16248873 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x}}</ref> Ḍâri paddhu pamandhengngan taksonomi, kalompo' panèka èdhingghâllaghi sabâb parafiletik. Organisme è ḍâlem Protista ta' aghâdhuwi kapaḍâ'ân, kajhâbhâ pangalompo'an sè ghâmpang<ref name="urlSystematics of the Eukaryota">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/eukaryotasy.html |title=Systematics of the Eukaryota|accessdate=2025-04-14}}</ref>—sè sèl tongghâl otabâ multisel tanpa jaringan. Protista odi' è para' sadhâjâ kennengngan sè aghândhu' aèng. Kabânnya'an angghuta protista asalla ḍâri protozoa bân alga.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Simpson|first=Alastair|date=2016|title=Protist Diversification|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303252144_Protist_Diversification|journal=Encylopedia of Evalutionary Biology|volume=3|issue=|pages=345|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800049-6.00247-X}}</ref> Bânnya' protista, akadhi algae, panèka fotosintetik bân produsèn utama sè pentèng ḍâlem èkosistem, khusussa è tasè' mènangka bâgiyân ḍâri plankton. Protista laènna, akadhi Kinetoplastids bân Apicomplexa, panèka panyakèt sè lojâ bâgi manossa, akadhi malaria bân trypanosomiasis. ==Sajhârâ Pangalompo'an Protista== #È taon 1830-an, Protista lu-ghâllu èusullaghi ka'angghuy èpèsa ḍâri mahlok oḍi' laènna, sareng ahli biologi [[Jèrman]] Georg A. Goldfuss sè aghâbây istila ''Protozoa'' sè tamaso' Ciliata bân Coral.<ref name=Scamardella1999>{{cite journal | author = Scamardella, J. M. | title = Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista | year = 1999 | journal = International Microbiology | volume = 2 | pages = 207–221 | url = http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf | access-date = 2010-07-29 | archive-date = 2011-06-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110614000656/http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> #È taon 1845, sè ngèrèng Goldfuss ngembângngaghi sopajâ maso' sadhâjâ kèbân sèl sèttong akadhi Foraminifera bân Ameba. #È awwâl taon 1860-an, istila ''Protoctista'' mènangka katègori kalompo' lu-ghâllu èusullaghi sareng John Hogg, sè nganggep jhâ' protista jhughân kodhu tamaso' ponapa sè èsebbhut kèbân bân tombuwân primitif sèl sèttong. Salèrana ngatè'è Protoctista mènangka kingdom sè kapèng empa' sa'amponna tombuwân, kèbân, bân mineral.<ref name=Scamardella1999/> #Saterrossa kingdom mineral èbuwang sareng Ernst Haeckel, èpanèngghâlè tombuwân, kèbân bân protista.<ref name=Rothschild1989>{{cite journal |author=Rothschild LJ |title=Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name? |journal=J Hist Biol |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–305 |year=1989 |pmid=11542176 |doi=10.1007/BF00139515 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/index/LW54T61737212643.pdf }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> #È taon 1938, Herbert Copeland mabâliyaghi klasifikasi Hogg. Mènorot èpon, "Protoctista" saccara harfiah artèna "mahlok oḍi' sè lu-ghâllu". Salèrana nola' istila ''protista'' Haeckel karana tamaso' mikroba ta' aghâdhuwi inti akadhi Bakteri, sabâtara istila ''protoctista'' ta' tamaso'. Sabhâlighâ, ''protoktista'' tamaso'èukariota kalabân inti sèl akadhi diatom, alga ijo bân fungi.<ref name=Copeland1938>{{cite journal | author = Copeland, H. F. | year = 1938 | title = The Kingdoms of Organisms | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 383 | doi = 10.1086/394568 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770(193812)13%3A4%3C383%3ATKOO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K}}</ref> #Parombhâkan rajâ sareng Copeland panèka kamodiyân dhâddhi ḍhâsar ḍâri klasifikasi Whittaker sè namong abâgi Protoctista dâddhi Protista bân Fungi.<ref name=Whittaker1959>{{cite journal | author = Whittaker, R. H. | year = 1959 | title = On the Broad Classification of Organisms | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 210 | doi = 10.1086/402733 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770(195909)34%3A3%3C210%3AOTBCOO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J}}</ref> Kingdom Protista saterrossa èghuna'aghi mènangka pambhidhâ antara prokariota sè tamaso' ḍâlem kingdom Monera, bân mikroorganisme eukariotik sè èpamaso' ḍâlem artè Protista Whittaker.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Whittaker RH |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |journal=Science (journal) |volume=163 |issue=863 |pages=150–60 |year=1969 |month=January |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150}}</ref> #Sistem lèma' kingdom tahan kantos ètemmoè filogenetika molekuler è akhèr abad ka-20, sabâb èjellasaghi jhâ' protista bân monera ta' aghâdhuwi sambhungan (bânnè kalompo' monofiletik). #È taon 2004, Cavalier-Smith neptepaghi sistem ennem kingdom aḍhâsar ḍâri molekuler, ultrastruktur, bân paleontologis ==Sombher== h80y66u1ww2rl8qn5766czd4whvfmgc Malèla 0 13804 65584 47224 2026-08-07T18:00:45Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Steels}} '''Malèla''' otabâ '''Bhâjhâ''' iyâ arèya [[ghâbur]] ḍâri [[bessè]] bân [[karbon]] sè atodhuaghi [[sifat mekanis|bâtek mèkanis]] sè abeccè'an èghândhingaghi kalabân dhângka' bessè sè ghi' sokkla. Amarghâ malèla aghâḍhui [[modulus Young|modulus elastisitas]], [[kekuatan luluh (rekayasa)|kaghâlian lessa]], [[kekuatan patah|kakellaran ḍâ' potong]] sè tèngghi bân bhânḍhâna ''bahan baku'' sè moḍâ, malèla arobâaghi sala sèttong ''bahan'' sè palèng bâttra èasèlaghi è dhunnya. Malèla èpaghuna ḍâlem pajun (mènangka [[Tulangan beton|lonjhur bhâlungan beton]]), ḍâlem [[jâmbât]], [[infrastruktur]], [[alat]], [[sampan]], [[seppor]], [[motor]], [[sapèḍa]], [[messèn]], [[pèyadhân lèstrèk bungko]], [[pèyadhân]], dan [[sanjhâta]]. Bessè samotana teddhi arkan otama ḍâlem malèla, anèng kan-arkan laèn èpaghuna kaangghuy ngasèlaghi prennek onḍhâg-onḍhâg mutu malèla sè ka'ḍimma nodhuaghi paobâân bâtek material, mekanik, bân mikrostruktur. [[Baja tahan karat|Malèla serra' nayyèn]], sandhina, ampona ngemmo' 18% [[kromium]] bân nodhuaghi paongghâân lar-kellarra ḍâ'ka [[korosi]] bân [[reaksi redoks|oksidasi]] (nayyèn) èghânḍhingaghi malèla karbon. È bâbâ cèccè'an atmosfer, malèla bâttrana aghâḍhui ḍuwâ' dhângka' kristalin: [[Sistem kristal kubik|kubic abhellen bhâdhân bân kubik abhellen mowa]], namun ru'-buru' ḍâ' sojhârâ tèrmal bân arkan ghâburân, mikrostrukturra kennèng ngemmo' fase (onḍhâg) terdistorsi [[martensit]] otabâ fase karbon [[sementit]], sè bâng-saèbâng adhângka' [[sistem kristal tetragonal|tetragonal]] bân [[sistem kristal ortorombik|ortorombik]]. Ḍâlem parkara bessè ghâburân, pangowadhân otamana èerrènaghi bi' bâḍâna karbon ḍâlem engkap bessè otama sè nguḍâ' deformasi è bâbâ [[tegangan mekanik|racengan mekanik]]. Ghâburân kèya kennèng ngasèlaghi fase soloran sè apengaronè bâtek mekanik. Ḍâlem bânnya' parkara, bâtek mekanik sè è''rekayasa'' jârowa ècapo' kalabân ngorbanaghi [[keliatan]] bân [[perpanjangan (ilmu material)|lelanjhângan]] ḍâri kabâḍâân bessè sokkla, sè tongrot ru'-buru' èorokka karbon. Malèla ella èasèlaghi ḍâlem tomang jennès ''[[bloomery]]'' kabit èbuân taon, bhlângka pangangghuyân jâ-rajâânna ḍâlem industri ghi' bhuru cènṭèl samarèna metode produksi sè lebbi manḍhi (èfisièn) ègheppok bâjâ abad ka-17, kalabân ècènṭèlla [[tungku tinggi|tomang tèngghi]] bân sèl-pa'asèlan [[baja wadah (crucible steel)|malèla beḍḍhâ]]. Arèya èkabuntè' bi' [[proses Bessemer]] è [[Ènggris]] è bâjâ patengngaan abad ka-19, bân lajhu bi' [[tungku pemanas terbuka|tomang pangolbhâs tasarḍâ]]. Kalabân pagheppoghân proses Bessemer, pas ècènṭèl bâjâ sè anyar ḍâlem [[produksi massal]] malèla. [[Baja ringan|Malèla dhâmmang]] aghântè'è [[bessi tempa|bessè tèttè]]. [[Kekaisaran Jerman|Naghârâ-naghârâ Jèrman]] amenḍhâaghi produsen malèla sè otama neng è Èropa bajâ abad ka-19.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Robert C. |last1=Allen |title=International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850–1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1979-12_39_4/page/911 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=39 |issue=4 |date=December 1979 |pages=911–937 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/S0022050700098673 |jstor=2120336}}</ref> Produksi malèla Amèrika tabhellen è [[Pittsburgh]]; [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]]; bân [[Cleveland]] kangsè pabhungkas abad ka-20. Bâjâ tèya rèya, [[Ḍaftar naghârâ aḍhâsaraghi produksi malèla|produksi malèla dhunnya]] abhellen è Tiongkok, sè ngasèlaghi 54% ḍâri saghejjâk malèla è dhunnya bâjâ taon 2023. Parèkrèk amajhuân ḍâlem prosès, marana [[paghâbâyân malèla kalabân oksigèn ḍhâsar]] (BOS), sabâgiyân rajâ maghântè metode sabellunna kalabân matongrot bhânḍhâ produksi amajhuân bân maongghâ kualitas produk bhungkas. Jâtèya, abâḍâân 1,6 miliar ton malèla èkasèlaghi bâng-saèbâng taonna. Malèla modern bâttrana èketaoè mètorot prennek ḍhâg-onḍhâg mutu sè èmagennaaghi bi' [[organisasi standar]] sè aclèḍiân. Industri malèla sè modèrn iyâ arèya sala sèttong industri manufaktur paleng rajâ è dhunnya, bhlângka sala sèttong sè palèng intensif ḍâlem hal paghunaan tanaghâ (ènèrgi) bân [[emisi gas rumah kaca|èmisi gas roma kaca]], aghâbây dhurrun 8% ḍâri gejjâk èmisi global.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decarbonization in steel {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/our-insights/decarbonization-challenge-for-steel |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=McKinsey.com |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213111007/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/our-insights/decarbonization-challenge-for-steel |url-status=dead }}</ref> Namun, baja juga sangat dapat digunakan kembali: ia adalah salah satu material yang paling banyak didaur ulang di dunia, dengan [[daur ulang logam besi|tingkat daur ulang global lebih dari 60%]].<ref name="encarta-recycling" /> ==Sombher== <references/> mkhqlkc3c93l3in3mzrbctb1zdpz7j1 Suku Swahili 0 14241 65572 47064 2026-08-07T17:38:58Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group| | group = Swahili<br />''Waswahili'' {{script/Arabic|وَسوَحِيلِ}} | native_name = Waungwana {{script/Arabic|وَؤُنْڠوَانَ}} | population = | image = Swahili women in gala dress.jpg | image caption = Swahili women in gala dress, late 1800s | popplace = {{hlist|[[Tanzania]] (particularly [[Zanzibar]])|[[Kenya]]|[[Comoros]]|[[Somalia]]|[[Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Swahili.aspx#1|title=Swahili facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about Swahili|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>}} | region1 = '''[[Swahili Coast]] and archipelagos''' | pop1 = {{circa}} 1.2 million | region2 = {{Flag|Tanzania}} | pop2 = 996,000{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} | region3 = {{Flag|Kenya}} | pop3 = 56,074<ref name=Census2019>{{cite web |url=https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region4 = {{Flag|Mozambique}} | pop4 = 22,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/swh/|title=Swahili|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref> | region5 = {{Flag|Somalia}} | pop5 = | region6 = {{Flag|Comoros}} | pop6 = 4,000<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Swahili – Worldwide distribution|url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/swahili.php|access-date=24 July 2021|website=Worlddata.info}}</ref> | region7 = '''[[Diaspora]]''' | pop7 = {{circa}} 0.8 million | region8 = {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} | pop8 = 400,000 | region9 = {{Flag|Madagascar}} | pop9 = 113,000<ref name=":0" /> | region10 = {{Flag|Oman}} | pop10 = 100,000<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valeri |first1=Marc |title=Nation-building and communities in Oman since 1970: The Swahili-speaking Omani in search of identity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2007-07_106_424/page/479 |journal=African Affairs |date=July 2007 |volume=106 |issue=424 |pages=479–496 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adm020 }}</ref> | region11 = {{Flag|United States}} | pop11 = 90,000<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2020|title=Popular African Languages in the United States|url=https://akorbi.com/the-most-popular-african-languages-spoken-in-the-united-states/|access-date=24 July 2021|website=Akorbi|author1=Akorbi-Dev|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724215820/https://akorbi.com/the-most-popular-african-languages-spoken-in-the-united-states/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region12 = | pop12 = | region13 = | pop13 = | langs = {{hlist|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]|English|Portuguese|French}} | rels = [[Islam]] (<small>[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Sufism]], [[Ibadi]]</small>) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/people-coast/3rd-grade/#:~:text=Today%2C%20most%20Swahili%20people%20are,within%20the%20religion%20of%20Islam.&text=The%20Swahili%20Coast%20peaked%20during,century%20to%20the%2015th%20century|title=The People of the Swahili Coast|date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-90799-6.00168-3 |chapter=Africa, Tropical: Swahili Archaeology |title=Encyclopedia of Archaeology |date=2024 |edition=Second |last1=Kusimba |first1=Chapurukha M. |last2=Walz |first2=Jonathan R. |pages=226–233 |isbn=978-0-323-91856-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00302-2 |chapter=AFRICA, EAST &#124; Swahili Coast |title=Encyclopedia of Archaeology |date=2008 |last1=Laviolette |first1=Adria |pages=19–21 |isbn=978-0-12-373962-9 }}</ref> | related = {{hlist|[[Comoros|Comorians]]|[[Bajuni people|Bajunis]]|[[Shirazi people|Shirazi]]|[[Bravanese people|Bravanese]]|[[Arabs]]|[[Lemba people|Lemba]]}} }} Swahili iyâ arèya suku bhângsa sè asalla ḍâri pantai Afrika Tèmor, otamana è tase’ bân kapolauan nèng è [[Kenya]] bân Tanzania, sarèng dâjâ Mozambik. Nyama "swahili" ḍâri oca' Arab sawahil sè artèna "Rèng tase’". Bhângsa rèya bânya'an rakera 300 sampe’ 750 ebu orèng bân aghuna'aghi bhâsa Swahili. Orèng dissa ollè aghuna'aghi bhâsa resmi neghâra bhâng-sebhâng: Bhâsa Inggris è Tanzania bân Kenya, bhâsa Portugis è Mozambik, bân bhasa Somalia è [[Somalia]]. == Sombher == r2tfng95rbgxe21jy87ggignziibyxt Bhâsa Swahili 0 14247 65590 47005 2026-08-08T06:45:15Z Alfiyah Rizzy Afdiquni 9 added [[Category:Bhâsa è Kènya]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 65590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Swahili | nativename = [[Aksara Ajami|Ajami]]: {{lang|sw-Arab|كِيْسَوَاحِيْلِيْ}}<br/>''Kiswahili'' | pronunciation = {{IPA|sw|kiswɑˈhili|lang|Kiswahili.ogg|lang}} | ethnicity = [[Suku Swahili|WaSwahili]] | history = | states = terutamanya di [[Tanzania]] dan [[Kenya]], [[Komoro]], [[Mayotte]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], bagian timur di [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]], [[Kepulauan Bajuni]] (di [[Somalia]]), bagian utara [[Mozambik]] (kebanyakan [[Bahasa Mwani|Mwani]]),<ref>Thomas J. Hinnebusch, 1992, "Swahili", ''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics'', Oxford, pp. 99–106<br />David Dalby, 1999/2000, ''The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities'', Linguasphere Press, Volume Two, pp. 733–735 (dalam bahasa Inggris)<br />Benji Wald, 1994, "Sub-Saharan Africa", ''Atlas of the World's Languages'', Routledge, pp. 289–346, maps 80, 81, 85</ref> [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], dan [[Madagaskar]]. | speakers = 2–18 juta | date = | ref = | speakers2 = [[bahasa kedua]]: 90–150 juta | familycolor = Niger-Congo | fam2 = [[Rumpun bahasa Atlantik–Kongo|Atlantic–Congo]] | fam3 = [[Rumpun bahasa Volta–Kongo|Volta–Congo]] <!--| fam4 = [[Rumpun bahasa Benue–Congo|Benue–Congo]] | fam5 = [[Rumpun bahasa Bantoid|Bantoid]] | fam6 = [[Rumpun bahasa Bantoid Selatan|Southern Bantoid]]--> | fam4 = [[Rumpun bahasa Bantu|Bantu]] <!--| fam8 = [[Rumpun bahasa Bantu Timur Laut|Bantu Timur Laut]] | fam9 = [[Rumpun bahasa Bantu Pesisir Timur Laut|Bantu Pesisir Timur Laut]] | fam10 = [[Rumpun bahasa Sabaki|Sabaki]]--> | protoname = '''Proto-Swahili'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGwnDwAAQBAJ&q=proto+swahili&pg=PA50|title = The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500|isbn = 9781512821666|last1 = Nurse|first1 = Derek|last2 = Spear|first2 = Thomas|date = 10 June 2017}}</ref> | script = {{Plainlist}} * [[Alfabet Latin]] * [[Abjad Arab]] * [[Braille Swahili]] {{Endplainlist}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | expand = yes | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=4 countries |{{bendera|Tanzania}} |{{bendera|Rwanda}} |{{bendera|Kenya}} |{{bendera|Uganda}} }} {{Collapsible list | expand = yes | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=Organizations |{{bendera|Uni Afrika}} |{{bendera|Komunitas Afrika Timur}} |<!--{{flagdeco|SADC}}-->[[Southern African Development Community]] }} | minority = {{Plainlist}} * {{bendera|Burundi}} * {{bendera|Republik Demokratik Kongo}} * {{bendera|Mozambik}} * {{bendera|Sudan Selatan}} {{Endplainlist}} | agency = {{Plainlist}} * {{lang|sw|[[Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa]]|italic=no}} (Tanzania) * {{lang|sw|[[Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa]]|italic=no}} (Kenya) {{Endplainlist}} | iso1 = sw | iso2 = swa | iso3 = swa | lc1 = swc | ld1 = Swahili Kongo | lc2 = swh | ld2 = Swahili Pesisir | map = Maeneo penye wasemaji wa Kiswahili.png | mapcaption = Wilayah pertuturan bahasa Swahili. Hijau tua: bahasa ibu. Hijau biasa: bahasa resmi. Hijau muda: bahasa kedua tidak resmi. }} Swahili ḍâlem bhâsa Arab èkoca' Kiswahili: كِيْسَوَاحِيْلِيْ, panèka bhâsa bânto sè èghunaaghi orèng Swahili mènangka bhâsa asli . Bhâsa Swahili panèka bhâsa resmi è Tanzania, Kènya, bân Uganda, bân jhughân è pan-bârâmpan organisasi antar pamarènta akaḍhi Uni Afrika bân Komunitas Afrika Tèmor . Samarèna bhâsa Arab, bhâsa Swahili panèka bhâsa sè palèng bânnya' èghunaaghi è Afrika . Bhâsa Swahili jhughân èghunaaghi bânnya' mènangka bhâsa franca è seḍḍhi'na Tasè' Agung Afrika dâri Somalia lao' kantos è dâjâ Mozambik. Bhâsa Swahili jhughân sala sèttong bhâsa nasional otabâ resmi è Republik Demokratik Kongo, Rwanda, Komoro, bân Sudan Lao'. Shikomor (otabâ bhâsa Komoro), arèya bhâsa resmi Komoro bân jhughân èghunaaghi è Mayotte, èkabâsa'aghi semma' bân Swahili bân kadhâng èangghep mènangka dialek Swahili, sanajjân orèng laèn nganggep bhâsa panèka bhâsa sè bhidhâ. È taon 2022, èbâdâ'aghi dâri pertumbuhan bhâsa Swahili mènangka bhâsa internasional sè èkennal, Perserikatan Bhângsa-Bhângsa ènyataaghi nâng tangghâl 7 Juli kaangghuy maènga' tangghâl Julius Nyerere ngangguy bhâsa Swahili mènangka bhâsa sè èpadhâddhi bhâsa persatuan ghâbây opayana kamarḍhika'an Afrika. Bhâsa Swahili ampon èajhâri è universitas-universitas è Afrika Lao', Amèrika Serikat, Botswana, Ethiopia, bân Namibia. Polè èajhâri pan-bârâmpan mèḍia internasional, akadhi BBC, Voice of America, bân Xinhua, jhughân anḍi' program Swahili. Para' kabbhi oca' èahèrè bi' horop vokal, sè aropaaghi ciri khas dâri bhâsa-bhâsa bânto. Namong, sè lèbur mènangka bhâsa bânto panèka bhâsa Swahili ta' andi' nada. Bhâsa Swahili anḍi' perran sè penting ḍâlem karempâghân antar bhuḍhâjâ è Afrika Tèmor bân dhâddhi bhâsa sè bânnya' pangaro è ḍâlem bhângsa règional otabâ internasional. Kalabân pangakoan bi' Parserikadhân Bhângsa-bhângsa bân pangangghuyanna è bârâmpa mèḍia internasional, bhâsa Swahili teros ajhu ḍhâḍḍhi bhâsa sè cocok è ḍâlem masalah global. == Pangalompokan == Bhâsa Swahili panèka bhâsa bânto ḍâri cabang Sabaki. È ḍâlem klasifikasi geografis Guthrie, bhâsa Swahili tamaso' dâ' zona G, è bâkto bhâsa Sabaki laènna maso' dâ' zona E70, omoma ènyamaè Nyika . Para ahli bhâsa sajhârâ nganggep bhâsa Arab aghâḍhui pangaro sè signifikan ḍâ' bhâsa Swahili, polana 40% ḍâri kosa kata bhâsa Swahili èghâli langsong ḍâri bhâsa Arab. == Sajhârâ == Oca' Swahili asalla ḍâri sowara fonètik sè paḍâ sareng oca' Arab: {| |سَاحِل |→ |سَوَاحِل |→ |سَوَاحِلِىّ |- |sāħil | |sawāħil | |sawāħilï |- |" [[Pesisir|pasèsèr]] " | |"pesisir", (jamak sè robbhu) | |" ''dâri pasèsèr'' " |} == Asal == Inti ḍâri bhâsa Swahili èghâli ḍâri bhâsa bânto sè bâḍâ è pasèsèr tasè' subvarian. Bânnya' oca' bânto è bhâsa Swahili sè andi' oca' sè paḍâ bân bhâsa Pokomo, Taita, bân Mijikenda, bân jhughân, è bâbâna, bhâsa bânto Afrika Tèmor laènna. Bânnya' ḍâri pan-brâmpan pèkkèran, ampon ètarèma è ḍâlem jhâjhârbâ'ân jhâ' ra-kèra 16-20% ḍâri kosa kata Swahili etoronaghi ḍâri oca' serapan, sè kabânnya'an ḍâri bhâsa Arab, tapè jhughân bâḍâ ḍâri bhâsa laènna è antarana Persia, Hindustani, Portugis, bân Melayu. [[Bhângsa:Bhâsa è Kènya]] 0ztieqwk1u0vpus51kco5tc8zk6ff09 Patogèn 0 14300 65581 53001 2026-08-07T17:56:17Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65581 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:EMpylori.jpg|ka|jmpl|upright| ''Helicobacter pylori'' baktèri patogèn è paḍhâ'ârânna manossa]] Ḍâlem [[biologi]], sabuwâ '''patogèn''' ({{langx|el|πάθος}}, {{Transliteration|el|pathos}} " nyanḍhâng sara " otabâ " sakè' ", bân {{lang|el|-γενής}} {{Transliteration|el|-genēs}} "pangèbâ/panyabbhâb") ḍâlem pangartèan sè lambâ' bân lowas, iyâ arèya ḍâng-èḍâng [[organisme|mahlok oḍi']] otabâ [[agèn (biologi)|bhârâng]] sè kellar aghâbây [[panyakè']]. Patogèn segghut kèya èollok '''''agèn infèksi''''' otabâ ghâmpangnga iyâ rèya èolok '''[[tèori koman panyakè'|koman]]'''<ref name="pmid5050429">{{Cite journal|author=Thomas L |date=September 1972 | title=Germs |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=287|pages=553-5 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197209142871109 |pmid=5050429 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1972-09-14_287_11/page/553}}</ref>. Oca' patogèn mola èangghuy taon 1880-an.<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Pathogen|access-date=August 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name="casadevall2014"></ref> Biyasana, oca' rèya èangghuy ghâbây aolok [[mikroorganisme]] sè nolar, marana ''virus'', ''baktèri'', ''[[protozoa]]'', ''[[prion]]'', ''[[viroit]]'', otabâ [[kolat]].<ref name= "Alberts_2002">{{cite book | vauthors = Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P |date=2002 | chapter = Introduction to Pathogens| chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26917/| title = Molecular Biology of the Cell | edition = 4th | publisher = Garland Science }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MetaPathogen - parkara salèsèr Jennès organisme patogèn|url=http://www.metapathogen.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |work = Basic Biology| title= Bacteria | url=https://basicbiology.net/micro/microorganisms/bacteria}}</ref> Kèbân kènè', marana [[cacèng parasit|cacèng ''parasit'']] bân ''serangga'', bisa kèya nyabbhâb'aghi otabâ atartar panyakè'. Sakèng, biyasana kèbân ka'rowa èollok mènangka [[tèttè|''parasit'']] (tèttè), bennè patogèn. Èlmo sè abulângè parkara mahlok nè'-kènè' sè pèra' kennèng ètèngghu ngangghuy [[mikroskop]] (tamaso' patogèn kènè') èolok [[mikrobiologi]], ḍhinèng èlmo parkara ''parasit'' èolok [[parasitologi]]. Bâḍâ bânnya' cara otabâ jhâlân ḍâ' patogèn kaangghuy alebbhu ka ḍâlem abâ' manossa otabâna kèbân. Sala sèttongnga kennengngan palèng serra' sè bisa ajâgâ patogèn iyâ arèya [[tana]]. Panyakè' ḍâ' manossa sè èsabbhâbaghi karana ''agèn infeksi'' èolok mènangka '''panyakè' patogènik'''. Sakèng ta' kakabbhina panyakè' èsabbhâbaghi patogèn. Contona, ''panyakè' bhârâ celleng'' karana ècapo' abu marḍâ, panyakè' toronan marana ''[[anèmia sèl sabit]]'', otabâ panyakè' autoimun marana ''[[lupus]]''. ==Patogènisitas== '''Patogènisitas''' iyâ arèya kakellaran patogèn kaangghuy nyabbhâb'aghi panyakè', sè ghumantong ḍâ' ḍuwâ' parkara, iyâ jârèya: * [[Infektivitas|Infèktivitas]] → sabârâmpa kellar patogènna alebbhu bân nyèngghâddhi abâ'. * [[Virulènsi]] → sabârâmpa sara panyakè' sè bhâkal molbul. Para bhlânthèk èlmo ngangghuy atoran sè èolok [[Postulat Koch]] kaangghuy abhuktèaghi ajjhâ' sakènga sabuwâ koman ghu-ongghu panyabbhâbbhâ panyakè'na. Contona: Panyakè' ''[[meningitis|mèningitis]]'' bisa èsabbhâb'aghi bânnya' patogèn (''baktèri'', ''virus'', kolat, otabâ ''parasit''). Sakèng, panyakè' [[kolèra]] pèra' èsabbhâbaghi bi' jennès magânna ḍâri ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''. Bâḍâ kèya patogèn sè pèra' agânggu orèng sè anḍi' [[imunodefisiensi|dhâjâ kellar abâ' sè olè]]. Panyakè' mara jârèya èolok mènangka '''infèksi oportunistik''', marana sè segghut [[infeksi nosokomial|molbul è roma sakè']] ḍâ' pasièn sè marè sakè' sabellunna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas|first1=Stephen R.|last2=Elkinton|first2=Joseph S. |date=2004-03-01|title=Pathogenicity and virulence|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201104000072 |journal=Journal of Invertebrate|language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=146-151 |doi=10.1016/j.jip.2004.01.006 |pmid=15109897 |issn=0022-2011}}</ref> Infèktivitas bisa kateddhiân ngalèbâdhi: *Nyeḍḍhing kas-terkas bhâreng ancaran abâ' orèng sè tasèngghât (ḍârâ, jhâil, otabâ lettèsân bâto'/ajjhim), *Nyeḍḍhing ta' terkas lèbât pamowana bhârâng sè jhebbhâ (ella è''kontaminasi''), otabâ *lèbât kèbân panyambi panyakè' (èolok ''[[vèktor panyakè'|vèktor]]''), marana [[rengngè']], [[lala']] otabâ [[koto]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van den Driessche |first=Pauline | date=2017-08-01|title=Reproduction numbers of infectious disease models | journal=Infectious Disease Modelling | language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 | pages=288-303 |doi=10.1016/j.idm.2017.06.002 |pmid=29928743|pmc=6002118 |issn=2468-0427}}</ref> Sabâtara jârèya, virulènsi akaè'an parkara bârâmma patogèn nyambhung'aghi oḍi'na: * Ngala' kakanan ḍâri abâ' korbhina (''inang'') * Aghâbây [[toksin mikroba|racon]] kaangghuy nyènglaè sistem kategghuân, otabâ * [[imunosupresi|madhâddhi olè sistem kategghuân abâ']] ma'lè ta' kennèng èbhâsmè. Bâḍâ tèori èolok [[virulensi optimal|virulènsi optimal]], sè ka'emma patogèn arèya aènḍhâaghi kakowadhân ḍâri panyakè'na: cokop kowat kaangghuy nolar ka orèng laèn, sakènga ta' sara ghâllu ma'lè abâ' korbhina pagghun oḍi' saèngghâ sè panyakè' bisa nyambhung oḍi' bân bisa [[panolaran vèrtikal|aperrèaghi polè ka katoronan korbhina]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alizon S, Hurford A, Mideo N, Van Baalen M | title = Virulence evolution and the trade-off hypothesis: history, current state of affairs and the future | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 245-59 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19196383 | doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01658.x | s2cid = 1586057 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==Sombher== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="casadevall2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Casadevall A, Pirofski LA | title = Microbiology: Ditch the term pathogen | journal = Nature | volume = 516 | issue = 7530 | pages = 165–6 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25503219 | doi = 10.1038/516165a | author-link2 = Liise-anne Pirofski | type = paper | author-link = Arturo Casadevall | department = Comment | bibcode = 2014Natur.516..165C | doi-access = free }}</ref> }} == Mancapranala == * [http://d.umn.edu/~rhicks/genmicro/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf Pronunciation Guide to Microorganisms (1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161015/http://d.umn.edu/~rhicks/genmicro/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf |date=2014-08-26 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170516231508/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~microlab/CLASSINFO/IMAGESCI/pronunciation%20guide.pdf Pronunciation Guide to Microorganisms (2)] {{Infectious disease}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Panyakè' nolar]] [[Category:Mikrobiologi]] [[Category:Bhârâng bhâbhâjâ]] 4cvj55cikdm7nijfueytamwniwqa2ac Syariat Islam 0 18977 65569 62293 2026-08-07T17:34:42Z InternetArchiveBot 639 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 65569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam|Muhammad}} '''Syariat Islam''' (Bhâsa {{Lang-ar|شريعة إسلامية}}) iyâ arèya [[hokom]] aghâma sè dhâddhi bagiyân ḍâri tradisi Islam. Asalla ḍâri ajhâran aghâma Islam bân èbâḍâ'aghi ḍâri tab-kètab Islam, khosossa [[Al-Qur'an]] bân [[hadis]]. È bhâsa Arab, istilah "syarah" èmaksod ḍâ' hokom [[Allah|Ghustè Allah]] sè ta' bisa èobâ bân èbhândhingaghi sareng [[fikih]], sè èmaksod ḍâ' interpretasi ilmiah manossa. È ḍâlem bukuna Ansāb al-Asyrāf, ahli sajhârâ Sunni [[al-Baladzuri]] sabâgiyân noro' tèknik tolèsan "alim" [[Ibnu Sa'ad|Ibnu Sa'd]] tapè jhughân aghâdhui bahan kontroversial tentang peristiwa Saqifah. Kontèn kontroversial è ḍâlem karjâ Syiah al-Ya'qubi ètolak sareng mayoritas sejarawan Sunni sè nyebbhut vèrsi palsu. Jafri, ngangghep karjâ al-Ya'qubi mènangka kompolan catheddhân sè berharga sè salamet ḍâri usaha-usaha tendensial mayoritas sejarawan Sunni sè ètekan otabâ èlangè pandangan sè bhân-sabbhân. Cathetan rembhek Saqifah sè ètolès sareng sejarawan Sunni [[Ath-Thabari|al-Tabari]] èangghep lebbi seimbang, ta' apiha', bân lebbi rinci. Akadhi sè èsebbuttaghi ḍâlem Al-Qur’an, Sorat [[Surah Al-Ahzab|Al-Ahzab]] ayat 36, manabi [[Allah (Islam)]] sareng Rasulullah ampon motossagi sèttong parkara, maka orèng Islam ta’ kèngèng ngala’ potosân laèn. Sacara implisit, manabi baḍâ parkara sè ghi’ ta’ etantowagi Allah sareng Rasulullah, maka orèng Islam bisa nantowagi potosân ghânèka dhibi’. Maksod ayât rèya è ḍâlem Sorat [[Al-Maidah]] QS 5:101 sè anyata’aghi jhâ’ hal-hal sè ta’ èjellasaghi ḍâlem sè bhâkal èsapora sareng Allah. Orèng Islam è ḍâlem ajhâlânaghi [[Beribadahnya|ibâḍâ]] ka Allah bisa bâḍâ ḍuwâ' ya'ni ''syara'<nowiki/>'' (''[[Ushul Fikkih|usul fikkih]]'') bân ''furu' syara''' (''furuʿ al-fiqh''). Perran syariah ampon dhâddhi topik sè èperdebataghi è dhunnya. Bâḍâ debat tentang [[demokrasi]], [[Hak asasi manossa|HAM]], [[Kebebasan berpikir|kabhibhâsan pèkkèran]], [[Hak Bâbinè’an|hak-hak bâbinè'an]], [[Hak LGBT|hak-hak LGBT]], bân [[Perbankan|bank]] . <ref name="naim96">{{cite book |last1=An-Na'im |first1=Abdullahi A |title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives |year=1996 |isbn=978-9041101792 |editor1-last=Witte |editor1-first=John |pages=337–59 |chapter=Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights |editor2-last=van der Vyver |editor2-first=Johan D. |chapter-url={{Google books|aqyWwF5YA1gC |page=337 |plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> <ref name="hajjar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Hajjar |first1=Lisa |year=2004 |title=Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_law-social-inquiry_winter-2004_29_1/page/1 |journal=Law & Social Inquiry |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x |issn=0897-6546 |jstor=4092696 |s2cid=145681085}}</ref> <ref>Al-Suwaidi, J. (1995). ''Arab and western conceptions of democracy; in Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East'' (Editors: David Garnham, Mark A. Tessler), Indiana University Press, see Chapters 5 and 6; {{ISBN|978-0253209399}}{{page needed|date=April 2016}}</ref> Pan-bârâmpan yurisdiksi è [[Amerika Utara|Amèrika Utara]] bân [[Inḍonèsia|Indonesia]] ampon makalowar larangan ghâbây aghâdhui syariah, sè èbingkèng mènangka larangan ghâbây hokom aghâma. <ref name="thomas">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Jeffrey L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q-FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Scapegoating Islam: Intolerance, Security, and the American Muslim |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1440831003 |pages=83–86 |access-date=13 Januari 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213022551/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q-FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |archive-date=13 Ḍèsèmber 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Sombher == <references /> gcevsiiy1tulq04a1ww53j7ugi8imxf Soetran 0 19368 65588 65522 2026-08-08T06:42:11Z Alfiyah Rizzy Afdiquni 9 Memperbaiki diakritik paragraf akhir 65588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox orang}} [[Brigadir Jenderal]] [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]] (HOR) (Purn.) '''Soetran''' (EBI: '''Sutran''', 5 April 1921 – 1 Juli 1987) iyâ arèya tokoh militèr bân politisi [[Inḍonèsia]] sè dhâddhi Bupati Trènggalè' ḍâri taon 1968 sampè' 1975 bân Gubernur Irian Jaya ḍâri taon 1975 sampè' 1981. <ref>Junaedi, Didi. [https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=p216CgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA97&dq=info:PuSPXvz4BxwJ:scholar.google.com/&ots=mfIQ59rO3G&sig=NPeC1zS7Awpt7i1L5RTbTokdk-s&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Pahlawan-pahlawan Indonesia sepanjang masa]. IndonesiaTera, 2014. Diaksès 2026-06-09. </ref> Lahèr è [[Kabhupatèn Siḍoarjo|Siḍoarjo]], Soetran ambu ḍâri [[Sakola'an|sakola]] ḍhâsar è kellas 4 bân alako sakabbhina kalakowan. Neng taon 1942, Soetran maso' ka ḍâlem organisasi [[Pembèla Tanah Air]] (PETA) kalabân pangkat ''budancho'' (akadhi [[Sersan|sèrsan]]). Samarèna [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|kamardhika'an Inḍonèsia]], Soetran maso' [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|Tentara Nasional Inḍonèsia]] (TNI), bân dhâddhi Komandan Distrik Militèr (Dandim) è Mèrauke bân [[Kabhupatèn Trènggalèk|Trènggalè']]. Soetran ngaollè jabatan politik sè kapèsân è bâkto la èpèlè mènangka Bupati Trènggalè' neng taon 1968. Sala sèttong karakteristik kepemimpinanna iyâ arèya sistem komando sè èkala' bi' pamarènta ḍaèra. Karja sè palèng rajâ Soetran dhâddhi bupati iyâ arèya madhâddhi Trènggalè' mènangka pusat cengkè sa-[[Jhâbâ Tèmor]]. Soetran jhughân ngosollaghi ''tembokisasi'' (pembangunan gheḍḍhung) bân [[reboisasi]] è Trènggalè' ka'angghuy mabhâghus oḍi' rakyat Trènggalè'. Soetran dhâddhi bupati polè ka'angghuy sè kaḍuwâ' neng taon 1973, bân Trènggalè' narèma penghargaan Parasamya Purnakarya Nugraha mènangka kabupatèn sè palèng bhâghus neng taon 1974.7 Polana karjâna saè, Soetran dhâddhi Gubernur Irian Jaya è taon 1975. Soetran nerrapaghi program wâjib namen cengkè sè èwâjibaghi ka orèng bân instansi è Irian Jaya ka'angghuy namen cengkè. Polana program kasebbhut, Soetran èkoca' mènangka "Gubernur Cengkè". Maskè ḍâiyyâ, program kasebbhut gagal polana ru-kabhuru, ta' tao carana namen cengkè, bân kèrèman cengkè ḍâri Trènggalè' maskè ghita' èettès, bân korangnga sosialisasi program. Propènsi kasebbhut jhughân ngalamè ḍuwâ' kalè lènḍhu è taon 1976. Soetran ambu dhâddhi gubernur è taon 1981, ra-kèra empa' bulân lebbi abit ḍâri sè èrencana'aghi. Samarèna ambu ḍâri jabatân gubernur, Soetran neptep è [[Kottha Sorbhâjâ|Sorbhâjâ]] bân adhingghâl omor è taon 1987. == Bâkto kènè' bân karjâ militèr == Soetran èlahèrraghi è tangghâl 5 April 1921 è Dhisa Cangkring, Sidoarjo, ḍâri kalowarga rèng tanè. Polana kabâḍâ'en eppa'en sè buta, Soetran ambu asakola è bangku kellas 4 sakola ḍhâsar (SD) bân molaè nyarè kalakowan. Soetran molaè alakonè pan-bârâmpan macem kalakowan, akadhi mènangka tanè, penampil è hajatân, bân pemaèn ludruk kalèlèng. È taon 1942, penjajahan Jeppang è Inḍonèsia, Soetran ajâlânè saloka militèr è Renseitai, akademi militèr sè èbângun bi' tentara Jeppang. Soetran kantos dhâddhi angghuta satuan [[Pembèla Tanah Air]] samarèna lulus bân ngaollè pangkat ''budancho'' (setara kalabân [[Sersan|sèrsan).]] Samarèna Inḍonèsia mardhika, Soetran agabung ka ḍâlem Badan Keamanan Rakyat (cikal bakal [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]]) bân ètempataghi mènangka komandan sèksi neng Batalion Tjipto sajjhâ' tangghâl 17 Sèptèmber 1945.<ref>Bachtiar, Harsya W. (1988). [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IyQgAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Siapa dia? Perwira Tinggi Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD).] Jakarta. hlm. 417. [[:id:Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789794281000|ISBN 9789794281000]]. Diaksès 2026-06-10. </ref> Samarèna [[Revolusi Nasional Indonesia|Rèvolusi Nasional Inḍonèsia]] la marè neng taon 1949, Soetran noro' Latihan Persamaan Perwira bân lulus dhâddhi Lètnan sèttong neng taon 1950. Soetran kantos noro' pan bârâmpan pendidikân militèr laènna, è antarana Pendidikan Persiapan Untuk Perwira è [[Kabhupatèn Jhembher|Jember]] (lulus 1956) bân Kursus Perwira Lanjutân Satu è [[Kottha Banḍung|Banḍung]] (lulus 1957). Neng taon 1958, Soetran dhâddhi Bhâkkèl komandan Batalyon Infanteri 511 kalabân pangkat Lètnan sèttong. Empa' taon kantos, pangkatdhâ èpaongghâ ka kaptèn bân Soetran dhâddhi komandan Batalyon Infanteri 511. Korang ḍâri sataon kantos, neng taon 1963, Soetran èpangallè ka [[Papua (Wilayah Indonesia)|Irian Jaya]] bân dhâddhi komandan distrik militèr (Dandim) è Tanah Merah, Boven Digoel. Neng taon 1967, Soetran abâli èpangallè ka Jhâbâ Tèmor, dhâddhi Dandim Trènggalè'. Soetran jhughân narèma kenaikan pangkat dhâddhi mayor.<ref>Ariyanto, Danny Rizky. [https://repository.um.ac.id/54813/ Biografi Soetran (1921-1987)]. Diss. Universitas Negeri Malang, 2015. Diaksès 2026-06-10. </ref> Neng ahèr masa jabatanna dhâddhi Gubernur Irian Jaya taon 1980, Soetran narèma kenaikan pangkat kehormatân ḍâri kolonèl dhâddhi [[Brigadir Jenderal|brigadir jènderal.]] == Bupati Trènggalè' == === Penamenan cengkè === Soetran èlantik dhâddhi Bupati Trènggalè' neng tangghâl 3 Oktobèr 1968, aghântè'aghi Moeladi<ref name=":1">Rahayu, Endah (27 Juli 2005). [https://data.kompas.id/ "Trenggalek "Wiwitan lan Wibawa""]. Kompas. hlm. 9. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 15 Desember 2020. Diaksès 2026-06-12. </ref>. Sabellunna Soetran tojhu' neng korsè bupati, Trènggalè' èkennal mènangka daèrah sè miskèn bân segghut ngalamè mosèm nèmor lanjhâng sè nyebabaghi kakerrèngan neng daèrah kasebbhut. [[Gaplèk]], kananan utama penduduk Trènggalè', ta' bisa ètamen bân èpolong mon ghi' musèm nèmor. Soetran molaè nyarè solusi ka'angghuy masala kakerrèngan samarèna Soetran negghu' jabatân dhâddhi Bupati Trènggalè'. È bâbâna Soetran, pamarènta daèrah Trènggalè' anḍi' usaha ka'angghuy nyarè komoditas sè anḍi' nèlay tèngghi sè sesuai kalabân lahan rakyat. Samarèna nemmo jhâ' cengkè aropa'aghi taneman sè palèng cocok ka'angghuy ḍaèra kasebbhut, Soetran molaè nè'-sakonè' maksa penduduk Trènggalè' ka'angghuy namen cengkè. Panamenan cengkè kasebbhut abuwâ'aghi hasèl nè'-sakonnè' è bâkto samarena èmolaè. Tana Trènggalè' sè tandus èobâ dhâddhi tana sè bhiru kalabân cengkè bân kabupatèn kasebbhut dhâddhi pusat produksi cengkè è Jhâbâ Tèmor. Maskè'epon perkebunan cengkè ghun 16,21% ḍâri sakabbina lowas tana sè bâḍâ, produksi cengkè nambâ pendapatân masyarakat Trènggalè' ra-kèra 21 miliar rupiah per taon. Wilayah Trènggalè' kantos dhâddhi idèntik kalabân cengkè, bân penduduk è ḍissa kantos ghun ngandâllaghi cengkè mènangka tong-sèttongnga sombher penghasilân. Donald K. Emmerson, seorang peneliti politik, anḍi' pendapat jhâ' keberhasilân pembangunan Trènggalè' è bâbâna pamarèntana Soetran polana sistem kepemimpinan komando sè èanut. Emmerson anḍi' pendapat jhâ' Soetran anḍi' tanggung jawab penuh ḍâ' prosès pembangunan è wilayah kasebbhut bân ajâlânaghi pamarènta ḍaèrah mènangka perpanjangan tanganna dhibi'. === Tembokisasi bân rèboisasi === Sabellunna penunjukkânna dhâddhi bupati, kantor-kantor pamarènta bân militèr ghi' aghuna'aghi gubuk sè rèyot. Soetran anḍi' usaha ka'angghuy mabhâghus kabâḍâ'ân rèya lèbât konsèp tembokisasi. Konsèp sè èkoca'aghi kasebbhut ngajhâ' orèng Trènggalè' ka'angghuy abângun gheḍḍhung è sakètar romana bâng-sèbânga. Sampe' taon 1972, hampèr sakabbhina roma è Trènggalè' la anḍi' gheddhung. Salaèn program tembokisasi, [[Soetran]] jhughân nyoro rèboisasi è Trènggalè'. Soetran nyoro orèng ka Trènggalè' jhâ' "ta' ollè sajengkal tana sè kosong ḍâri tamenan". Soetran terro ajâgâ Trènggalè' aman ḍâri bencana kakerrèngan sè lanjhâng bân abâghi tambâ'ân pèssè ka Kabupatèn ḍâri èkspor kaju-kaju akadhi [[pinus]], jâtè, bân akasia. === Nyama Trènggalè' aobâ === Neng taon 1971, kalabân alasan ka'angghuy ngobâ citra jhubâ' Trènggalè', Soetran ngosollaghi nyama Trènggalè' dhâddhi Trenggalèh. Mènorot Soetran, oca' sè ahèrrè bi' suku oca' -ek ḍâlem bhâsa Jhâbâ anḍi' konotasi sè jhubâ' (conto: jelek/elek, kemenyek, tekek). Soetran ngoca' jhâ' nyama Trènggalè' segghut èkaghâbây bahan èjèk bi' orèng Jhâbâ mènangka singkatân ḍâri terang enggone wong elek (jellas-jellas tempattâ orèng jhubâ') dhâddhi Trenggalih, kalabân singkatânna Terang Ing Galih (terrang è atè sadhâjâ). Bânnya' pejabat Trènggalè' sè nolak rencana Soetran kasebbhut. Mereka anḍi' pendapat jhâ' paobâ'en nyama parlo prosès administratif bân birokratik sè cè' malaratdhâ. Maskè ollè tentangan, Soetran tettep ajhâlânaghi rencana bân nèng taon sè padá Soetran abântuk tim sè menginvèstigasi asal-usul nyama Trènggalè', kamunculân sè tartolès awwâl ḍâri nyama Trènggalè', bân kemungkinan anyamaè ulang Trènggalè' kalabân arujuk ka kamunculân sè awwâl ḍâri nyamana. Proyèk rèya tettep èjâlânnaghi pan-bârâmpan taon samarèna Soetran ningghâllaghi jabatân bupati Trènggalè'. Tim kasebbhut berhasil nemmo bân adokumèntasi'aghi awwâl mola berdirina Trènggalè' bân kamunculân awwâl nyama Trènggalè'. Namong, tim kasebbhut nolak usulân ka'angghuy ngobâ nyama Trènggalè'. === Parasamya Purnakarya Nugraha === Polana èyangghep suksès mènangka Bupati Trènggalè' lèbât program namen cengkè, Soetran èpèlè polè mènangka bupati ghâbây pèriode kaduwâ' è taon 1973. È taon 1974, Kabupatèn Trènggalè' narèma pangarghâ'ân `dâri Prèsidèn [[Soeharto]] sè aropa'aghi Parasamya Purnakarya Nugraha,<ref name=":1" /> sèttong pangarghâ'ân ghâbây Bupati/Provinsi kalabân hasèl pembangonan sè palèng bhâgus è bâkto pâlaksanaan Rencana Pembangonan Lèma Taon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Karl D. |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ktP7qHLI8gcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=id#v=onepage&q=Soetran&f=false |title=Political Power and Communications in Indonesia |last2=Pye |first2=Lucian W. |date=1980-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04205-6 |language=en}}</ref> Pengaarghâ'ân panèka ètarèma sareng Gubernur Jhâbâ Tèmor [[Mohammad Noer]] ḍâri Prèsidèn Soeharto è sèttong upacara sè èlaksana'aghi è tangghâl 21 Agustus 1974 è Stadion Tambaksari.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=qC9wAAAAMAAJ |title=Pamong mengabdi desa: biografi Mohammad Noer |last2=Siahaan |first2=Hotman |date=1997 |publisher=Yayasan Keluarga Bhakti dan Surabaya Post |language=id}}</ref> == Gubernur Irian Jaya == [[Bhengkek:Soetran with regents from Irian Jaya.jpg|jmpl|Presiden Soeharto mèrri' Parasamya Purnakarya Nugraha ka'angghuy Trenggalek ḍâ' Gubernur Jâbâ Tèmor, Mohammad Noer.]] Sa'amponna dhâdhhi bhupatè Trenggalek duwâ' periode, Soetran ètunjuk sareng Menteri Dâlem Negeri Amirmachmud ka'anggghuy dhâddhi Gubernur [[Papua (Wilayah Indonesia)|Irian Jaya]].Soetran èpadhâddhi pejabat gubernur è tangghâl 31 April 1975, ghâbây gântèna Acub Zainal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Masa jabatana sè dhâddhi penjabat gubernur lamarè tèppa' èpon èlantik dhâddhi gubernur definitif è tangghâl 12 Agustus 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PT Kompas Media Nusantara |title=KompasData |url=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19369617 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073232/http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19369617 |archive-date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=KompasData |language=en}}</ref> Masa jabatanna koḍu marè è tangghâl 4 Sèptèmber 1980, tapè polana sobung gântèna gubernur,<ref>{{Cite web |last=PT Kompas Media Nusantara |title=KompasData |url=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19484777 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073233/http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19484777 |archive-date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=KompasData |language=en}}</ref> masa jabatanna èpaterros sampè' 20 Jânuwari 1981.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvVB-Z85GcC&pg=RA7-PA14 |title=Mimbar |date=1980 |publisher=Departemen Dalam Negeri |language=id}}</ref> === '''Wajib Nanem Cengkè''' === [[Bhengkek:Minister of Internal Affairs handing over the project list to Governor Soetran.jpg|jmpl|Soetran (kanan) menerima DIP Proyek pambangonan Nasional ka'angghuy Provinsi Irian Jaya ḍâri Menteri Ḍâlem Negeri Amirmachmud.]] Sa'amponna dhâddhi penjabat gubernur Irian Jaya, Soetran molay nerapaghi program sè ampon èpon lakoni è Trenggalek kabit pètto' taon. È tangghâl 20 Mèi 1975, Soetran mencanangkan program Wâjib nanem Cengkè (WTC).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Administrator |date=1976-12-11 |title=Lain trenggalek, lain di sini |url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/daerah/70670/lain-trenggalek-lain-di-sini |access-date=2026-06-08 |work=Tempo |language=id-ID}}</ref> Soetran berpendapat cengkè bisa mèrri' hasèl sè rajâ ḍâ' penghasèlana ḍaèra Irian Jaya. Polana program kasebhut, Soetran èolok "Gubernur Cengkè".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griapon |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=R-NRAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Lembaga musyawarah adat: 10 tahun terakhir dari 30 tahun awal pemerintahan propinsi di tanah Papua |date=2010 |publisher=Kerjasama Penerbit Arika dengan Pemerintah Kabupaten Jayapura |isbn=978-602-95705-3-3 |language=id}}</ref> Mènorot èssèna komando sè èpakaloar Soetran, satèyap kopala kalowarga è Irian Jaya è kenning wâjib namen. kalowarga sè oḍi' è dhisa koḍu namen cengkè palèng sakonnè' 20 bhungka, kalowarga sè oḍi' è pèngghir kottha koḍu namen 5—10, bân kalowarga sè oḍi' è kottha koḍu namen palèng sakonnè' 5 bhungka. Kantor-kantor, sakola, asrama, kennenga ibâdâ, bân pramuka jhughân èwajibaghi ka'angghuy namen cengkè. salaèn ḍâri namen skala kènni' sareng penduduk, Soetran jhughân manaddhek kebbhun cengkè sè èkalola sareng pamarènta kabupatèn bân provinsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Administrator |date=1976-12-11 |title=Lain trenggalek, lain di sini |url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/daerah/70670/lain-trenggalek-lain-di-sini |access-date=2026-06-08 |work=Tempo |language=id-ID}}</ref> Pan-bârâmpan arè sa'amponna program èmolaè, Soetran nyo'on pèssè ḍâri Prèsidèn Soeharto. Parnyo'onanna èkabbhuli, bân Soeharto aberri' hibah atahap sebânnya' 250 juta rupia è tangghâl 20 Novèmber 1975, kalabân 50 juta rupia èberri'i è taon partama. Rencanana Soetran melleya nè-binèna cengkè ka Trènggalè' sè arghâna 35 juta rupia.<ref name=":0" /> Namong, ta' abit sa'ampona èmolaè, proyèk panèka ennas. È dâlem tanam cengkeh sè èlaksanaaghi sareng [[Pegawai negeri sipil|PNS]] è Kantor Gubernur Irian Jaya, namong ra-kèra 10% ḍâri bibit cengkè sè bisa ètamen è taon partama. Orèng ahli pertanian nyata'aghi jhâ' ka ennasân panèka polana instruksi Soetran sè agher bân PNS sè ghita' ngartè carana namen cengkè. Alasan laènna èngghi panèka Soetran ampon alanggar dekrit Mentri Pertanian sè anyata'aghi jhâ' nè-binèna cengkè coma bisa è impor ḍâri empa' kennangan: [[Selokaton, Sukorejo, Kendal|Selokaton]], Branggah Banaran, Bogor, bân Maluku. Kapotosanna Soetran ka'angguy mamaso' nè-binèna cengkè ḍâri Trènggalè' èyangghâp sala raje sabhâb nè-binèna cengkè ḍâri Trènggalè' ghita' toman èteliti kalayakanna.<ref name=":0" /> Julius Ary Mollet, paneliti ḍâri [[Universitas Cenderawasih|Universitas Cendrawasih]], nyala'aghi ka ennasân Soetran è sosialisasi sè korang ka masyarakat. Mènorot Julius, masyarakat dhâddhi ta' segghân sè molonga bân nyuwâllâ cengkè polana koranga sosialisasi tentang kaontonga ḍâri namen cengkè.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Sa'ampona Soetran toron dâri kalaghungan Gubernur Irian Jaya, penerussa, [[Busiri Suryowinoto]], atanya kabijaghân Wâjib Namen Cengkè-na. Busiri aghântè'è program Soetran kalabân namen tanaman kakanan, polana èparcajâ cengkè ta' cocok ghâbây wilaya Irian Jaya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Administrator |date=1981-01-24 |title=Busiri, setelah soetran busiri, setelah soetran |url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/daerah/48872/busiri-setelah-soetran-busiri-setelah-soetran |access-date=2026-06-29 |work=Tempo |language=id-ID}}</ref> === Lènḍhu Irian Jaya === È bâkto pamarènta'ana Soetran, Provinsi Irian Jaya èkenning duwâ' lènḍhu kalabân berturut-turut. lènḍhu sè kabidhân, è tangghâl 26 Juniè 1976 bân okoranna 7,1 [[Skala Richter]], alangsong selama saminggu. Akibatâ, 12 kampong rajâ è [[Lembah Baliem]] è nyata'aghi èlang. Kecamatan [[Kurima, Yahukimo|Kurima]], [[Okbibab, Paghunongan Bintang|Okbibab]], bân Oksibil, Sè sakabbhina bâḍâ è Kabupatèn Jayawijaya, sakabbhina ancor polana lènḍhu. Sampè' kalabân tangghâl 5 Juli 1976, 369 orèng tèmmu sèdhâ bân 5.001 orèng ènyata'aghi èlang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 Juli 1976 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Ujian Berat Buat Soetran |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/ujian-berat-buat-soetran-1094390 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Samarèna [[lènḍhu]] kasebbhut, para penyintas èevakuasi bân ètampong ḍâlem kamp pangungsiân.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Seorang pejabat pamarènta'an nghâmbhâraghi kondisi è kamp pangungsiân kasebhut kalabân "marèngès bân tako' ". Sèkrètaris Daerah Irian Jaya, Syarifuddin Harahap, ngèrèmaghi sejumlah [[Raḍiogram|radiogram]] ḍâ' departemen bân perusahaan è Irian Jaya bân mènta mereka ka'angghuy ngèrèmaghi bântowan. Prèsidèn Soeharto nangghâpi kalabân marènta lembaga pamarènta'an ka'angghuy abento' suatu satuan tugas ka'angghuy ngaḍhepi lèndhu kasebhut. bântowan kabidhân sè èberri' èbâghi ḍâ' penyintas sè terisolasi bân klaparan abento' sak [[Sabbhrâng longghâ|obi]] sè è paghâgghâr ḍâri odârâ. Tapè, sejumlah obi sèttong sak ancor polana sak la ancor. È tangghâl 3 Juli, pamarènta [[Papua Nugini|Papua Nugin]]<nowiki/>i abânto proses nyarè bân penyelamatan ḍâlem bento' sebuah pesawat [[Cessna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 Juli 1976 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Ujian Berat Buat Soetran |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/ujian-berat-buat-soetran-1094390 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Soetran terbang ḍâ' Jakarta è tangghâl 10 Juli ka'angghuy abahas masalah kasebhut kalabân Prèsidèn Soeharto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Soeharto mherri' bântowan sebesar 100 juta rupiya ka'angghuy nangani cobhâ'ân kasebhut bân nyata'aghi jhâ' lenḍhu panèka chobâ'ân nasional.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PT Kompas Media Nusantara |title=KompasData |url=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19237898 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073235/http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19237898 |archive-date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=KompasData |language=en}}</ref> Soetran mengeluhkan laona bhântowana pamerènta ḍâ' chobâ'ân alam kasebhut. È tangghâl 19 Juli, Soetran nyampè'aghi ta' puwasa Soetran kalabân penanganan pamarènta pusat ḍâ' chobâ'ân kasebhut. Ta' puwas polana satgas sè èbènto' sareng pamarènta pusat ghilok dhik ḍâteng.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Èpon jhughân ngoca' jhâ' sampè' kalabân tangghâl 19 Juli, coma 2 dokter bân 10 perabât sè bâḍâ è kennanga chobâ'ân.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PT Kompas Media Nusantara |title=KompasData |url=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19372490 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073254/http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19372490 |archive-date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=KompasData |language=en}}</ref> Ḍâlem sebuah pertemuana kalabân Soeharto, Soetran jhughân mengkritisi korangan bhântowana pesawat bân medis sè èberri' sareng pamarènta pusat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PT Kompas Media Nusantara |title=KompasData |url=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19461819 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073250/http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19461819 |archive-date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=KompasData |language=en}}</ref> Menurut Kantor Koordinasi Orosan Penanggulangan Chobâ'ân Perserikatan Bhângsa-Bhângsa (UNDRO), sampè' kalabân tangghâl 30 Sèptèmber, ra kèra sèttong satengga juta dolar AS ampon èbherri' sareng organisasi ḍâri cem macem naghârâ ka'angghuy nanganaghi chobâ'ân è Irian Jaya. UNDRO ngèra'aghi pamarènta mataḍâ' setidaknya 10 èbu dolar satiyap bulâna ka'angghuy maghâgghâr obi ḍâri oḍârâ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=4 Desember 1976 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Pindah Atau Tidak ? |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/pindah-atau-tidak--1093573 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> [[Lènḍhu|Lèndhu]] sè kaduwâ' è bulân November 1976. Lèndhu kasebhut berdampak ḍâ' [[Ghunong Jayawijaya|paghunongan Jayawijaya]], bân ra kèra 110 orèng seḍhâ polana lèndhu kasebhut. Lèndhu sè nomer duwâ' andi' skala sè lebbhi kecil bân narèma lebbhi dhiddi' peliputan ḍâri media.<ref name=":2" /> === Atokar bi' Elias Paprindey === [[Elias Paprindey]], panèka birokrat asli [[Papua]], èpèlè Soetran dhâddhi bâkkèl gubernur aghântè'èn [[Jan Mamoribo]] sè sèḍhâ è tangghâl 19 Oktober 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tempo |title=Keputusan Presiden Indonesia Nomor 32/M Tahun 1977 |url=https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital%2F148437-%5B_Konten_%5D-KEPRES%20NO.%2032-M%20TAHUN%201977.PDF |access-date=2026-07-06 |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111055809/https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital%2F148437-%5B_Konten_%5D-KEPRES%20NO.%2032-M%20TAHUN%201977.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sa'ampona dhâddhi bâkkèl Gubernur, Paprindey molay atokar kalabân Soetran parkara pembangunan è Irian Jaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Agustus 1979 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Irian Jaya, 10 Tahun Kemudian |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/irian-jaya-10-tahun-kemudian-1086208 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Paprindey ngoca' jhâ' bâkkèl Gubernur "ta' lebbi ḍâri simbol".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1980-11-29 |title=Dari Wagub Sampai Trikora |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/dari-wagub-sampai-trikora-1083071 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Bâkto ètanya sareng wartawan ''[[Tèmpo|Tempo]]'' Widi Yarmanto, Soetran ta' ngako hal kasebbhut bân nyata'aghi jhâ' pagghun bhâghus."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Agustus 1979 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Sesungguhnya Tak Ada Apa-apa |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/sesungguhnya-tak-ada-apa-apa-1086206 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Lamon berta atokaran kasebbut èkataoè rèng bânnya', PNS asli Irian Jaya tako' ka pamarènta ḍaèra. Orèng PNS nyata'aghi "Mon pagghun ḍâ' iyyâ, lebbi bhâghus ngallè ḍâ' [[Papua Nugini|PNG]] bhâin."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Agustus 1979 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Irian Jaya, 10 Tahun Kemudian |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/irian-jaya-10-tahun-kemudian-1086208 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> == Sombher == <references /> [[Bhângsa:Gubernur Papua]] [[Bhângsa:Tokoh TNI]] [[Bhângsa:Bupati Trenggalek]] [[Bhângsa:Kalahèran 1921]] [[Bhângsa:Sèḍhâ 1987]] [[Bhângsa:Sèḍhâ omur 66]] kma92966xam5062az78925zaof4hw67 65589 65588 2026-08-08T06:43:57Z Alfiyah Rizzy Afdiquni 9 65589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox orang}} [[Brigadir Jenderal]] [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]] (HOR) (Purn.) '''Soetran''' (EBI: '''Sutran''', 5 April 1921 – 1 Juli 1987) iyâ arèya tokoh militèr bân politisi [[Inḍonèsia]] sè dhâddhi Bupati Trènggalè' ḍâri taon 1968 sampè' 1975 bân Gubernur Irian Jaya ḍâri taon 1975 sampè' 1981. <ref>Junaedi, Didi. [https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=p216CgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA97&dq=info:PuSPXvz4BxwJ:scholar.google.com/&ots=mfIQ59rO3G&sig=NPeC1zS7Awpt7i1L5RTbTokdk-s&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Pahlawan-pahlawan Indonesia sepanjang masa]. IndonesiaTera, 2014. Diaksès 2026-06-09. </ref> Lahèr è [[Kabhupatèn Siḍoarjo|Siḍoarjo]], Soetran ambu ḍâri [[Sakola'an|sakola]] ḍhâsar è kellas 4 bân alako sakabbhina kalakowan. Neng taon 1942, Soetran maso' ka ḍâlem organisasi [[Pembèla Tanah Air]] (PETA) kalabân pangkat ''budancho'' (akadhi [[Sersan|sèrsan]]). Samarèna [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|kamardhika'an Inḍonèsia]], Soetran maso' [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|Tentara Nasional Inḍonèsia]] (TNI), bân dhâddhi Komandan Distrik Militèr (Dandim) è Mèrauke bân [[Kabhupatèn Trènggalèk|Trènggalè']]. Soetran ngaollè jabatan politik sè kapèsân è bâkto la èpèlè mènangka Bupati Trènggalè' neng taon 1968. Sala sèttong karakteristik kepemimpinanna iyâ arèya sistem komando sè èkala' bi' pamarènta ḍaèra. Karja sè palèng rajâ Soetran dhâddhi bupati iyâ arèya madhâddhi Trènggalè' mènangka pusat cengkè sa-[[Jhâbâ Tèmor]]. Soetran jhughân ngosollaghi ''tembokisasi'' (pembangunan gheḍḍhung) bân [[reboisasi]] è Trènggalè' ka'angghuy mabhâghus oḍi' rakyat Trènggalè'. Soetran dhâddhi bupati polè ka'angghuy sè kaḍuwâ' neng taon 1973, bân Trènggalè' narèma penghargaan Parasamya Purnakarya Nugraha mènangka kabupatèn sè palèng bhâghus neng taon 1974.7 Polana karjâna saè, Soetran dhâddhi Gubernur Irian Jaya è taon 1975. Soetran nerrapaghi program wâjib namen cengkè sè èwâjibaghi ka orèng bân instansi è Irian Jaya ka'angghuy namen cengkè. Polana program kasebbhut, Soetran èkoca' mènangka "Gubernur Cengkè". Maskè ḍâiyyâ, program kasebbhut gagal polana ru-kabhuru, ta' tao carana namen cengkè, bân kèrèman cengkè ḍâri Trènggalè' maskè ghita' èettès, bân korangnga sosialisasi program. Propènsi kasebbhut jhughân ngalamè ḍuwâ' kalè lènḍhu è taon 1976. Soetran ambu dhâddhi gubernur è taon 1981, ra-kèra empa' bulân lebbi abit ḍâri sè èrencana'aghi. Samarèna ambu ḍâri jabatân gubernur, Soetran neptep è [[Kottha Sorbhâjâ|Sorbhâjâ]] bân adhingghâl omor è taon 1987. == Bâkto kènè' bân karjâ militèr == Soetran èlahèrraghi è tangghâl 5 April 1921 è Dhisa Cangkring, Sidoarjo, ḍâri kalowarga rèng tanè. Polana kabâḍâ'en eppa'en sè buta, Soetran ambu asakola è bangku kellas 4 sakola ḍhâsar (SD) bân molaè nyarè kalakowan. Soetran molaè alakonè pan-bârâmpan macem kalakowan, akadhi mènangka tanè, penampil è hajatân, bân pemaèn ludruk kalèlèng. È taon 1942, penjajahan Jeppang è Inḍonèsia, Soetran ajâlânè saloka militèr è Renseitai, akademi militèr sè èbângun bi' tentara Jeppang. Soetran kantos dhâddhi angghuta satuan [[Pembèla Tanah Air]] samarèna lulus bân ngaollè pangkat ''budancho'' (setara kalabân [[Sersan|sèrsan).]] Samarèna Inḍonèsia mardhika, Soetran agabung ka ḍâlem Badan Keamanan Rakyat (cikal bakal [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]]) bân ètempataghi mènangka komandan sèksi neng Batalion Tjipto sajjhâ' tangghâl 17 Sèptèmber 1945.<ref>Bachtiar, Harsya W. (1988). [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IyQgAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Siapa dia? Perwira Tinggi Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD).] Jakarta. hlm. 417. [[:id:Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789794281000|ISBN 9789794281000]]. Diaksès 2026-06-10. </ref> Samarèna [[Revolusi Nasional Indonesia|Rèvolusi Nasional Inḍonèsia]] la marè neng taon 1949, Soetran noro' Latihan Persamaan Perwira bân lulus dhâddhi Lètnan sèttong neng taon 1950. Soetran kantos noro' pan bârâmpan pendidikân militèr laènna, è antarana Pendidikan Persiapan Untuk Perwira è [[Kabhupatèn Jhembher|Jember]] (lulus 1956) bân Kursus Perwira Lanjutân Satu è [[Kottha Banḍung|Banḍung]] (lulus 1957). Neng taon 1958, Soetran dhâddhi Bhâkkèl komandan Batalyon Infanteri 511 kalabân pangkat Lètnan sèttong. Empa' taon kantos, pangkatdhâ èpaongghâ ka kaptèn bân Soetran dhâddhi komandan Batalyon Infanteri 511. Korang ḍâri sataon kantos, neng taon 1963, Soetran èpangallè ka [[Papua (Wilayah Indonesia)|Irian Jaya]] bân dhâddhi komandan distrik militèr (Dandim) è Tanah Merah, Boven Digoel. Neng taon 1967, Soetran abâli èpangallè ka Jhâbâ Tèmor, dhâddhi Dandim Trènggalè'. Soetran jhughân narèma kenaikan pangkat dhâddhi mayor.<ref>Ariyanto, Danny Rizky. [https://repository.um.ac.id/54813/ Biografi Soetran (1921-1987)]. Diss. Universitas Negeri Malang, 2015. Diaksès 2026-06-10. </ref> Neng ahèr masa jabatanna dhâddhi Gubernur Irian Jaya taon 1980, Soetran narèma kenaikan pangkat kehormatân ḍâri kolonèl dhâddhi [[Brigadir Jenderal|brigadir jènderal.]] == Bupati Trènggalè' == === Penamenan cengkè === Soetran èlantik dhâddhi Bupati Trènggalè' neng tangghâl 3 Oktobèr 1968, aghântè'aghi Moeladi<ref name=":1">Rahayu, Endah (27 Juli 2005). [https://data.kompas.id/ "Trenggalek "Wiwitan lan Wibawa""]. Kompas. hlm. 9. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 15 Desember 2020. Diaksès 2026-06-12. </ref>. Sabellunna Soetran tojhu' neng korsè bupati, Trènggalè' èkennal mènangka daèrah sè miskèn bân segghut ngalamè mosèm nèmor lanjhâng sè nyebabaghi kakerrèngan neng daèrah kasebbhut. [[Gaplèk]], kananan utama penduduk Trènggalè', ta' bisa ètamen bân èpolong mon ghi' musèm nèmor. Soetran molaè nyarè solusi ka'angghuy masala kakerrèngan samarèna Soetran negghu' jabatân dhâddhi Bupati Trènggalè'. È bâbâna Soetran, pamarènta daèrah Trènggalè' anḍi' usaha ka'angghuy nyarè komoditas sè anḍi' nèlay tèngghi sè sesuai kalabân lahan rakyat. Samarèna nemmo jhâ' cengkè aropa'aghi taneman sè palèng cocok ka'angghuy ḍaèra kasebbhut, Soetran molaè nè'-sakonè' maksa penduduk Trènggalè' ka'angghuy namen cengkè. Panamenan cengkè kasebbhut abuwâ'aghi hasèl nè'-sakonnè' è bâkto samarena èmolaè. Tana Trènggalè' sè tandus èobâ dhâddhi tana sè bhiru kalabân cengkè bân kabupatèn kasebbhut dhâddhi pusat produksi cengkè è Jhâbâ Tèmor. Maskè'epon perkebunan cengkè ghun 16,21% ḍâri sakabbina lowas tana sè bâḍâ, produksi cengkè nambâ pendapatân masyarakat Trènggalè' ra-kèra 21 miliar rupiah per taon. Wilayah Trènggalè' kantos dhâddhi idèntik kalabân cengkè, bân penduduk è ḍissa kantos ghun ngandâllaghi cengkè mènangka tong-sèttongnga sombher penghasilân. Donald K. Emmerson, seorang peneliti politik, anḍi' pendapat jhâ' keberhasilân pembangunan Trènggalè' è bâbâna pamarèntana Soetran polana sistem kepemimpinan komando sè èanut. Emmerson anḍi' pendapat jhâ' Soetran anḍi' tanggung jawab penuh ḍâ' prosès pembangunan è wilayah kasebbhut bân ajâlânaghi pamarènta ḍaèrah mènangka perpanjangan tanganna dhibi'. === Tembokisasi bân rèboisasi === Sabellunna penunjukkânna dhâddhi bupati, kantor-kantor pamarènta bân militèr ghi' aghuna'aghi gubuk sè rèyot. Soetran anḍi' usaha ka'angghuy mabhâghus kabâḍâ'ân rèya lèbât konsèp tembokisasi. Konsèp sè èkoca'aghi kasebbhut ngajhâ' orèng Trènggalè' ka'angghuy abângun gheḍḍhung è sakètar romana bâng-sèbânga. Sampe' taon 1972, hampèr sakabbhina roma è Trènggalè' la anḍi' gheddhung. Salaèn program tembokisasi, [[Soetran]] jhughân nyoro rèboisasi è Trènggalè'. Soetran nyoro orèng ka Trènggalè' jhâ' "ta' ollè sajengkal tana sè kosong ḍâri tamenan". Soetran terro ajâgâ Trènggalè' aman ḍâri bencana kakerrèngan sè lanjhâng bân abâghi tambâ'ân pèssè ka Kabupatèn ḍâri èkspor kaju-kaju akadhi [[pinus]], jâtè, bân akasia. === Nyama Trènggalè' aobâ === Neng taon 1971, kalabân alasan ka'angghuy ngobâ citra jhubâ' Trènggalè', Soetran ngosollaghi nyama Trènggalè' dhâddhi Trenggalèh. Mènorot Soetran, oca' sè ahèrrè bi' suku oca' -ek ḍâlem bhâsa Jhâbâ anḍi' konotasi sè jhubâ' (conto: jelek/elek, kemenyek, tekek). Soetran ngoca' jhâ' nyama Trènggalè' segghut èkaghâbây bahan èjèk bi' orèng Jhâbâ mènangka singkatân ḍâri terang enggone wong elek (jellas-jellas tempattâ orèng jhubâ') dhâddhi Trenggalih, kalabân singkatânna Terang Ing Galih (terrang è atè sadhâjâ). Bânnya' pejabat Trènggalè' sè nolak rencana Soetran kasebbhut. Mereka anḍi' pendapat jhâ' paobâ'en nyama parlo prosès administratif bân birokratik sè cè' malaratdhâ. Maskè ollè tentangan, Soetran tettep ajhâlânaghi rencana bân nèng taon sè padá Soetran abântuk tim sè menginvèstigasi asal-usul nyama Trènggalè', kamunculân sè tartolès awwâl ḍâri nyama Trènggalè', bân kemungkinan anyamaè ulang Trènggalè' kalabân arujuk ka kamunculân sè awwâl ḍâri nyamana. Proyèk rèya tettep èjâlânnaghi pan-bârâmpan taon samarèna Soetran ningghâllaghi jabatân bupati Trènggalè'. Tim kasebbhut berhasil nemmo bân adokumèntasi'aghi awwâl mola berdirina Trènggalè' bân kamunculân awwâl nyama Trènggalè'. Namong, tim kasebbhut nolak usulân ka'angghuy ngobâ nyama Trènggalè'. === Parasamya Purnakarya Nugraha === Polana èyangghep suksès mènangka Bupati Trènggalè' lèbât program namen cengkè, Soetran èpèlè polè mènangka bupati ghâbây pèriode kaduwâ' è taon 1973. È taon 1974, Kabupatèn Trènggalè' narèma pangarghâ'ân `dâri Prèsidèn [[Soeharto]] sè aropa'aghi Parasamya Purnakarya Nugraha,<ref name=":1" /> sèttong pangarghâ'ân ghâbây Bupati/Provinsi kalabân hasèl pembangonan sè palèng bhâgus è bâkto pâlaksanaan Rencana Pembangonan Lèma Taon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Karl D. |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ktP7qHLI8gcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=id#v=onepage&q=Soetran&f=false |title=Political Power and Communications in Indonesia |last2=Pye |first2=Lucian W. |date=1980-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04205-6 |language=en}}</ref> Pengaarghâ'ân panèka ètarèma sareng Gubernur Jhâbâ Tèmor [[Mohammad Noer]] ḍâri Prèsidèn Soeharto è sèttong upacara sè èlaksana'aghi è tangghâl 21 Agustus 1974 è Stadion Tambaksari.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noer |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=qC9wAAAAMAAJ |title=Pamong mengabdi desa: biografi Mohammad Noer |last2=Siahaan |first2=Hotman |date=1997 |publisher=Yayasan Keluarga Bhakti dan Surabaya Post |language=id}}</ref> == Gubernur Irian Jaya == [[Bhengkek:Soetran with regents from Irian Jaya.jpg|jmpl|Presiden Soeharto mèrri' Parasamya Purnakarya Nugraha ka'angghuy Trenggalek ḍâ' Gubernur Jâbâ Tèmor, Mohammad Noer.]] Sa'amponna dhâdhhi bhupatè Trenggalek duwâ' periode, Soetran ètunjuk sareng Menteri Dâlem Negeri Amirmachmud ka'anggghuy dhâddhi Gubernur [[Papua (Wilayah Indonesia)|Irian Jaya]].Soetran èpadhâddhi pejabat gubernur è tangghâl 31 April 1975, ghâbây gântèna Acub Zainal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Masa jabatana sè dhâddhi penjabat gubernur lamarè tèppa' èpon èlantik dhâddhi gubernur definitif è tangghâl 12 Agustus 1975. Bâkto jabatanna koḍu marè è tangghâl 4 Sèptèmber 1980, tapè polana sobung gântèna gubernur,<ref>{{Cite web |last=PT Kompas Media Nusantara |title=KompasData |url=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19484777 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073233/http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19484777 |archive-date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=KompasData |language=en}}</ref> masa jabatanna èpaterros sampè' 20 Jânuwari 1981.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvVB-Z85GcC&pg=RA7-PA14 |title=Mimbar |date=1980 |publisher=Departemen Dalam Negeri |language=id}}</ref> === '''Wajib Nanem Cengkè''' === [[Bhengkek:Minister of Internal Affairs handing over the project list to Governor Soetran.jpg|jmpl|Soetran (kanan) menerima DIP Proyek pambangonan Nasional ka'angghuy Provinsi Irian Jaya ḍâri Menteri Ḍâlem Negeri Amirmachmud.]] Sa'amponna dhâddhi penjabat gubernur Irian Jaya, Soetran molay nerapaghi program sè ampon èpon lakoni è Trenggalek kabit pètto' taon. È tangghâl 20 Mèi 1975, Soetran mencanangkan program Wâjib nanem Cengkè (WTC).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Administrator |date=1976-12-11 |title=Lain trenggalek, lain di sini |url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/daerah/70670/lain-trenggalek-lain-di-sini |access-date=2026-06-08 |work=Tempo |language=id-ID}}</ref> Soetran berpendapat cengkè bisa mèrri' hasèl sè rajâ ḍâ' penghasèlana ḍaèra Irian Jaya. Polana program kasebhut, Soetran èolok "Gubernur Cengkè".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griapon |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=R-NRAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Lembaga musyawarah adat: 10 tahun terakhir dari 30 tahun awal pemerintahan propinsi di tanah Papua |date=2010 |publisher=Kerjasama Penerbit Arika dengan Pemerintah Kabupaten Jayapura |isbn=978-602-95705-3-3 |language=id}}</ref> Mènorot èssèna komando sè èpakaloar Soetran, satèyap kopala kalowarga è Irian Jaya è kenning wâjib namen. kalowarga sè oḍi' è dhisa koḍu namen cengkè palèng sakonnè' 20 bhungka, kalowarga sè oḍi' è pèngghir kottha koḍu namen 5—10, bân kalowarga sè oḍi' è kottha koḍu namen palèng sakonnè' 5 bhungka. Kantor-kantor, sakola, asrama, kennenga ibâdâ, bân pramuka jhughân èwajibaghi ka'angghuy namen cengkè. salaèn ḍâri namen skala kènni' sareng penduduk, Soetran jhughân manaddhek kebbhun cengkè sè èkalola sareng pamarènta kabupatèn bân provinsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Administrator |date=1976-12-11 |title=Lain trenggalek, lain di sini |url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/daerah/70670/lain-trenggalek-lain-di-sini |access-date=2026-06-08 |work=Tempo |language=id-ID}}</ref> Pan-bârâmpan arè sa'amponna program èmolaè, Soetran nyo'on pèssè ḍâri Prèsidèn Soeharto. Parnyo'onanna èkabbhuli, bân Soeharto aberri' hibah atahap sebânnya' 250 juta rupia è tangghâl 20 Novèmber 1975, kalabân 50 juta rupia èberri'i è taon partama. Rencanana Soetran melleya nè-binèna cengkè ka Trènggalè' sè arghâna 35 juta rupia.<ref name=":0" /> Namong, ta' abit sa'ampona èmolaè, proyèk panèka ennas. È dâlem tanam cengkeh sè èlaksanaaghi sareng [[Pegawai negeri sipil|PNS]] è Kantor Gubernur Irian Jaya, namong ra-kèra 10% ḍâri bibit cengkè sè bisa ètamen è taon partama. Orèng ahli pertanian nyata'aghi jhâ' ka ennasân panèka polana instruksi Soetran sè agher bân PNS sè ghita' ngartè carana namen cengkè. Alasan laènna èngghi panèka Soetran ampon alanggar dekrit Mentri Pertanian sè anyata'aghi jhâ' nè-binèna cengkè coma bisa è impor ḍâri empa' kennangan: [[Selokaton, Sukorejo, Kendal|Selokaton]], Branggah Banaran, Bogor, bân Maluku. Kapotosanna Soetran ka'angguy mamaso' nè-binèna cengkè ḍâri Trènggalè' èyangghâp sala raje sabhâb nè-binèna cengkè ḍâri Trènggalè' ghita' toman èteliti kalayakanna.<ref name=":0" /> Julius Ary Mollet, paneliti ḍâri [[Universitas Cenderawasih|Universitas Cendrawasih]], nyala'aghi ka ennasân Soetran è sosialisasi sè korang ka masyarakat. Mènorot Julius, masyarakat dhâddhi ta' segghân sè molonga bân nyuwâllâ cengkè polana koranga sosialisasi tentang kaontonga ḍâri namen cengkè.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Sa'ampona Soetran toron dâri kalaghungan Gubernur Irian Jaya, penerussa, [[Busiri Suryowinoto]], atanya kabijaghân Wâjib Namen Cengkè-na. Busiri aghântè'è program Soetran kalabân namen tanaman kakanan, polana èparcajâ cengkè ta' cocok ghâbây wilaya Irian Jaya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Administrator |date=1981-01-24 |title=Busiri, setelah soetran busiri, setelah soetran |url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/daerah/48872/busiri-setelah-soetran-busiri-setelah-soetran |access-date=2026-06-29 |work=Tempo |language=id-ID}}</ref> === Lènḍhu Irian Jaya === È bâkto pamarènta'ana Soetran, Provinsi Irian Jaya èkenning duwâ' lènḍhu kalabân berturut-turut. lènḍhu sè kabidhân, è tangghâl 26 Juniè 1976 bân okoranna 7,1 [[Skala Richter]], alangsong selama saminggu. Akibatâ, 12 kampong rajâ è [[Lembah Baliem]] è nyata'aghi èlang. Kecamatan [[Kurima, Yahukimo|Kurima]], [[Okbibab, Paghunongan Bintang|Okbibab]], bân Oksibil, Sè sakabbhina bâḍâ è Kabupatèn Jayawijaya, sakabbhina ancor polana lènḍhu. Sampè' kalabân tangghâl 5 Juli 1976, 369 orèng tèmmu sèdhâ bân 5.001 orèng ènyata'aghi èlang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 Juli 1976 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Ujian Berat Buat Soetran |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/ujian-berat-buat-soetran-1094390 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Samarèna [[lènḍhu]] kasebbhut, para penyintas èevakuasi bân ètampong ḍâlem kamp pangungsiân.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Seorang pejabat pamarènta'an nghâmbhâraghi kondisi è kamp pangungsiân kasebhut kalabân "marèngès bân tako' ". Sèkrètaris Daerah Irian Jaya, Syarifuddin Harahap, ngèrèmaghi sejumlah [[Raḍiogram|radiogram]] ḍâ' departemen bân perusahaan è Irian Jaya bân mènta mereka ka'angghuy ngèrèmaghi bântowan. Prèsidèn Soeharto nangghâpi kalabân marènta lembaga pamarènta'an ka'angghuy abento' suatu satuan tugas ka'angghuy ngaḍhepi lèndhu kasebhut. bântowan kabidhân sè èberri' èbâghi ḍâ' penyintas sè terisolasi bân klaparan abento' sak [[Sabbhrâng longghâ|obi]] sè è paghâgghâr ḍâri odârâ. Tapè, sejumlah obi sèttong sak ancor polana sak la ancor. È tangghâl 3 Juli, pamarènta [[Papua Nugini|Papua Nugin]]<nowiki/>i abânto proses nyarè bân penyelamatan ḍâlem bento' sebuah pesawat [[Cessna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 Juli 1976 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Ujian Berat Buat Soetran |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/ujian-berat-buat-soetran-1094390 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Soetran terbang ḍâ' Jakarta è tangghâl 10 Juli ka'angghuy abahas masalah kasebhut kalabân Prèsidèn Soeharto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Soeharto mherri' bântowan sebesar 100 juta rupiya ka'angghuy nangani cobhâ'ân kasebhut bân nyata'aghi jhâ' lenḍhu panèka chobâ'ân nasional.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PT Kompas Media Nusantara |title=KompasData |url=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19237898 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073235/http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19237898 |archive-date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=KompasData |language=en}}</ref> Soetran mengeluhkan laona bhântowana pamerènta ḍâ' chobâ'ân alam kasebhut. È tangghâl 19 Juli, Soetran nyampè'aghi ta' puwasa Soetran kalabân penanganan pamarènta pusat ḍâ' chobâ'ân kasebhut. Ta' puwas polana satgas sè èbènto' sareng pamarènta pusat ghilok dhik ḍâteng.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KompasData |url=https://data.kompas.id/ |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=data.kompas.id |language=en}}</ref> Èpon jhughân ngoca' jhâ' sampè' kalabân tangghâl 19 Juli, coma 2 dokter bân 10 perabât sè bâḍâ è kennanga chobâ'ân. Ḍâlem sebuah pertemuana kalabân Soeharto, Soetran jhughân mengkritisi korangan bhântowana pesawat bân medis sè èberri' sareng pamarènta pusat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PT Kompas Media Nusantara |title=KompasData |url=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19461819 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073250/http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/News?ref=http://www.kompasdata.id/Search/NewsDetail/19461819 |archive-date=2020-12-15 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=KompasData |language=en}}</ref> Menurut Kantor Koordinasi Orosan Penanggulangan Chobâ'ân Perserikatan Bhângsa-Bhângsa (UNDRO), sampè' kalabân tangghâl 30 Sèptèmber, ra kèra sèttong satengga juta dolar AS ampon èbherri' sareng organisasi ḍâri cem macem naghârâ ka'angghuy nanganaghi chobâ'ân è Irian Jaya. UNDRO ngèra'aghi pamarènta mataḍâ' setidaknya 10 èbu dolar satiyap bulâna ka'angghuy maghâgghâr obi ḍâri oḍârâ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=4 Desember 1976 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Pindah Atau Tidak ? |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/pindah-atau-tidak--1093573 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> [[Lènḍhu|Lèndhu]] sè kaduwâ' è bulân November 1976. Lèndhu kasebhut berdampak ḍâ' [[Ghunong Jayawijaya|paghunongan Jayawijaya]], bân ra kèra 110 orèng seḍhâ polana lèndhu kasebhut. Lèndhu sè nomer duwâ' andi' skala sè lebbhi kecil bân narèma lebbhi dhiddi' peliputan ḍâri media.<ref name=":2" /> === Atokar bi' Elias Paprindey === [[Elias Paprindey]], panèka birokrat asli [[Papua]], èpèlè Soetran dhâddhi bâkkèl gubernur aghântè'èn [[Jan Mamoribo]] sè sèḍhâ è tangghâl 19 Oktober 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tempo |title=Keputusan Presiden Indonesia Nomor 32/M Tahun 1977 |url=https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital%2F148437-%5B_Konten_%5D-KEPRES%20NO.%2032-M%20TAHUN%201977.PDF |access-date=2026-07-06 |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111055809/https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital%2F148437-%5B_Konten_%5D-KEPRES%20NO.%2032-M%20TAHUN%201977.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sa'ampona dhâddhi bâkkèl Gubernur, Paprindey molay atokar kalabân Soetran parkara pembangunan è Irian Jaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Agustus 1979 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Irian Jaya, 10 Tahun Kemudian |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/irian-jaya-10-tahun-kemudian-1086208 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Paprindey ngoca' jhâ' bâkkèl Gubernur "ta' lebbi ḍâri simbol".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1980-11-29 |title=Dari Wagub Sampai Trikora |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/dari-wagub-sampai-trikora-1083071 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Bâkto ètanya sareng wartawan ''[[Tèmpo|Tempo]]'' Widi Yarmanto, Soetran ta' ngako hal kasebbhut bân nyata'aghi jhâ' pagghun bhâghus."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Agustus 1979 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Sesungguhnya Tak Ada Apa-apa |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/sesungguhnya-tak-ada-apa-apa-1086206 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Lamon berta atokaran kasebbut èkataoè rèng bânnya', PNS asli Irian Jaya tako' ka pamarènta ḍaèra. Orèng PNS nyata'aghi "Mon pagghun ḍâ' iyyâ, lebbi bhâghus ngallè ḍâ' [[Papua Nugini|PNG]] bhâin."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Agustus 1979 {{!}} 00.00 WIB |title=Irian Jaya, 10 Tahun Kemudian |url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/irian-jaya-10-tahun-kemudian-1086208 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> == Sombher == <references /> [[Bhângsa:Gubernur Papua]] [[Bhângsa:Tokoh TNI]] [[Bhângsa:Bupati Trenggalek]] [[Bhângsa:Kalahèran 1921]] [[Bhângsa:Sèḍhâ 1987]] [[Bhângsa:Sèḍhâ omur 66]] 5segjn6nvppj0m4f80hr07iif7rxij8 Bhângsa:Bhâsa è Kènya 14 19592 65591 2026-08-08T07:11:51Z Alfiyah Rizzy Afdiquni 9 ←Membuat halaman berisi 'Kompolan serradhân bhâsa è Kènya' 65591 wikitext text/x-wiki Kompolan serradhân bhâsa è Kènya rtafms7afmd40tozv8zbw6wfu7s58ov