Ralambo

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    <title>Ralambo</title>
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      <text bytes="23305" sha1="2310z7egzpvq7qfca5bncpg3iqc4wpa" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Tomb of Ralambo in Ambohitrabiby Madagascar.JPG|vignette|311x311px|Fasan-dRalambo ao Ambohitrabiby]]'''Ralambo''' dia mpanjaka tao [[Imerina]] izay nanjaka tamin'ny taona 1575 hatramin' ny taona 1610. Nandimby an-drainy [[Andriamanelo]] mpanjakan'i [[Alasora]] izy ka nanohy ny fikasan-drainy hamory ny faritra rehetra manodidina an'Antananarivo &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.globalvoices.org/2018/08/11/123305/&lt;/ref&gt;izay nomeny ny anarana hoe [[Imerina-Ambaniandro]]. 

== Ny nahaterahany ==
Teraka tamin'ny taonjato faha-16 Ralambo. Randapavola zanaka vavin' ny mpanjaka [[Rabiby]] teo [[Ambohidrabiby]] no reniny ary Andriamanelo mpanjakan' i [[Alasora]] no rainy. Tao Ambohibaoladina atsimo-antsinanan' Ambohimalazabe no nahaterahany tamin' ny andro vava [[Alahamady]] amin' ny volana [[Alahamady]]. Efa nitoe-jaza inenina ny reniny saigy tsisy azo avokoa ireo zaza ireo. 

== Ny anarany ==
Talohan'ny nahaterahan-dRalambo, raha nihetsi-jaza ny reniny dia nanao toerana hiterahany teo avaratr' Ambohimahatsinjo ireo mpitaiza ny reniny sy mpanaraka azy ary tamin' izany, nisy [[lambo]] efa lehibe nandalo ka nirohitra nanara-dia sy nihaza izany lambo izany ireo miaramila maro ka tamin' izany indrindra no nahita masoandro izy ka natao hoe ''Ralambo'' no anarany. Teo Ambohimalazabe no nampitoerindrainy Ralambo fony fahatanorany satria Ambohimalazabe dia vohitra any amin' ny lafiny avaratra raha mitaha amin' i [[Alasora]], satria amin' ny avaratra na amin' ny andrefana no fametrahana ny andriana natao hanjaka araka ny fomba fanajana azy fahizay.

== Ny nahazoany ny fanjakana ==
Ny mpanjaka Rabiby raiben-dRalambo dia mbola nanjaka teo [[Ambohidrabiby]] talohan' ny taona 1575. Nanambady an-[[Ramaintsoakanjo|dRamaintsoakanjo]] izy ka niterahany roa vavy dia Rabefaravolamanjaka sy Ramaintsoanala (na Randapavola). Iray amin' ireo zana-dRabefaravolamanjaka tamin' [[Andrianamboninolona]] natao hoe Andriandambotanimanjaka no nokasain' ny mpanjaka Rabiby efa tratra antitra tokoa handimby azy saingy nanda tsy hanjaka io. Ary rehefa nanontaniana koa ireo iray tampo amin' Andriandambotanimanjaka dia tsy nisy nanaiky ireo ka nalahelo tokoa Rabiby, hany heriny nangataka an-dRalambo zafikeliny avy amin-dRandapavola mba hanjaka handimby azy ary dia nanaiky izany Ralambo. Rehefa izany dia natolotr' [[Andriamanelo]] ho an-dRalambo koa ny fanjakany teo [[Alasora]] fa efa tratra antitra sy madiva ho masina (faty) koa Andriamanelo. Rehefa izany dia tafatamba-dRalambo ho iray sy lehibe ny fanjakany ka nahitana an' [[Ambohidrabiby]]  sy ny vohitra miaraka aminy sy i Alasora sy ny vohitra miaraka aminy. Ambohidrabiby izay vohitra avy amin' ny raibeny avy amin' ny reniny anefa no nofidian-dRalambo ho renivohi-pari-taniny ka teo no lapa nanjakany ny taona 1575-1610 ary ao koa ny fasany.

== Ny taranany ==
Tsy ny mpanjaka [[Andrianampoinimerina]] akory fa ny mpanjaka Ralambo no nahitana ny fanambadian' ny mpanjaka vady maro mba hitazomana ny fanjakana. Isan' ireo vadiny:

* Rabehavina renin' [[Andriatompokoindrindra|Andriantompokoindrindra]] sady vadiben'ny mpanjaka Ralambo. Izany fanambadiana izany dia natao mba hitazomana ny fihavanana eo amin'ny fianakavian'ny raibeny avy amin'ny reniny;
* Ratsitohinamanjaka izay renin'ny mpanjaka [[Andrianjaka]], ity fanambadiana ity kosa dia hitazomana ny tenin-dRafohy fa ny alakamisy an'Andriamanelo ary ny zoma an'Andriamananitany;
* ireo renin'ny [[Zanadralambo]] amin'Andrianjaka ao Lazaina, Antsomangy, Manandriana ary Ambatofotsy - ireto fanambadiana tamin'ny andriambavy maro ireto kosa dia natao hitazomana ny fihavanana tamin'ireo andriana maro nanaiky an-dRalambo;
* ary [[Ravoromanga]] renin' ny Zanadravoromanga, ity fanambadiana ity kosa dia natao hitazomana ny fihavanana teo amin-dRalambo sy ny mpanjaka [[vazimba]] nanjaka teo Ankotrokotroka sy Analamanga satria taranak'ireo mpanjaka vazimba ireo Ravoromanga. Araka ny [[lovantsofina]] dia Ravoromanga no tian-dRalambo indrindra amin'ireo vadiny koa avy amin'izany ny fitenin'ny mpifankatia manao hoe &quot;voromanganao anie aho&quot;.

Ratsitohinamanjaka sy ny renin' Andriampolofantsy ihany anefa no manana fasana eo akaikin'ny fasan'ny mpanjaka Ralambo ao [[Ambohidrabiby]]. Araka izany dia maro ireo taranaky ny mpanjaka Ralambo ary taranaky ny mpanjaka Ralambo eo Ambohidrabiby rehefa mpanjaka nanjaka taty Imerina nanomboka tamin' [[Andrianjaka]] ka hatramin-d[[Ranavalona III]].

== Ny nanamarika azy ==
Ny tera-dRabefaravolamanjaka rahavavin-dreniny dia notazomin' ny mpanjaka Ralambo teo [[Ambohidrabiby]] ihany ka mbola misy eo Ambohidrabiby sy [[Fonohasina]] ireo taranany. Nataon'ny mpanjaka Ralambo ho [[Andriandoriamanjaka]] ny firazanan'ireo tera-dRabefaravolamanjaka tamin'ny rahavavin-dreniny ireo satria ireo hono ny &quot;kibo tsy omby niraisana&quot; ary nataony ho mpanenona ny jakin'ny mpanjaka mifandimby ary lehiben'ny mpanolotsain-dRalambo. Andriandambotanimanjaka moa dia nafenina (nalevina) eo anilan'ny mpanjaka Rabiby mivady eo Ambohidrabiby. Ary Ralambo mivady kosa dia nafenina eo amin'ny fasana ampita atsimon'ny fasan-dRabiby mivady sy Andriandambotanimanjaka araka ny hafatry ny mpanjaka Rabiby. Nataon'ny mpanjaka Ralambo ho lehiben'ny mpanolotsainy koa ireo [[Andriandoriamanjaka]] zanadrahavavin-dreniny ireo ary tsy namponeniny lavitra azy amin'ny maha-tandapa ireo Andriandoriamanjaka ireo fa napetrany teo avaratry ny lapany teo Ambohidrabiby ihany. 

Maro ny nanamarika ny fanjakan-dRalambo fa ny soritana indrindra amin'izany dia ny anarana hoe &quot;imerina ambaniandro&quot;, ny fankalazana ny [[alahamadibe]] sy ny [[Fandroan'andriana|fandroana]], ny jakimena ary ny antanatohatr'andriana.

=== Ny anarana hoe ''Imerina'' ===
Voalohany, ny mpanjaka Ralambo no voalazan' ny [[lovantsofina]] fa namorona ny anarana hoe &quot;imerina Ambaniandro&quot; ka ''Imerina'' no anaran'ny faritry ny fanjakany ary ny [[Ambaniandro]] kosa no iantsoana ny vahoakany monina amin'izany faritra izany na andriana na hova na andevo, fa izy Ralambo ihany hono no &quot;amboniandro&quot;.

=== Ny Alahamadibe ===
Fahatelo, ny mpanjaka Ralambo koa no lazain'ny lovantsofina namorona ny fankalazana ny [[Alahamadibe]] mba hanamarihana ny fitsingerenan' ny andro vava Alahamady amin'ny volana [[Alahamady]] ary izany andro izany no nataony voalohan'ny taona. Amin'io koa no anaovana ny [[fandroan'andriana|fandroan' andriana]] ka ampandroina amin'ny rano misy volatsivaky sy tantely sy hasina (ravinkazo) ary tafiana jaky vaovao notenomin'Andriandoriamanjaka ny mpanjaka. Ary eo amin'ny zoro avaratra antsinana amin'ny ati-lapan'ny mpanjaka no atao izany fandroana izany. Amin'io fankalazana ny Alahamadibe io, na [[Taom-baovao malagasy|taom-baovao]], dia misy ny harendrina sy afo tsy maty sy [[Lapabe|lapa be]]. Ka teo [[Ambohidrabiby]] hono no nanaovana afo tsy maty voalohany taty Imerina amin'izany fankalazana ny taom-baovao izany ary teo Ambohidrabiby koa no namonoana omby volavita voalohany taty Imerina.

=== Ny jakimena ===
Fahefatra, tamin'ny mpanjaka Ralambo koa no nitafy jaky mena voalohany ny mpanjaka fa talohan'izany dia mbola salaka no nanaovany. Nahita ireo [[Andriandoriamanjaka]] nitafy landy  mena mitsoriaka volombarahina hono ny npanjaka Ralambo ka nanontany hoe &quot;fa nahoana ianareo no manao izao?&quot; Ary namaly ireo Andriandoriamanjaka nanao hoe &quot;izao no ataonay dia tsy hisomongoan'olona anay&quot;. Koa hoy ny mpanjaka Ralambo: &quot;Tsara izao ataonareo izao fa mba hanao izao ataonareo izao koa ny tenako sy ny taranako fa isika izao no iray lamba, koa tsy misy mahazo manjaka amin'ity tany ity raha tsy nitafy ny lamba tenomin'Andriandoriamanjaka&quot;. Fa ny azy Ralambo kosa hono natao mena rano iray fa tsy mena mitsoriaka loko hafa akory. Ary nanomboka tamin'izany dia marika famantarana ny mpanjaka ny jakimena.

== Ny antanan-tohatr' andriana ==
Ary farany, ny mpanjaka Ralambo no nanao ny antanatohatr'Andriana voalohany ka izao no nandaharany izany izay misy efatra: araka ny lehibe indrindra mankamin'ny kely indrindra:

# Ny [[Andriatompokoindrindra]], ireo taranak'Andriantompokoindrindra, zanaka lahimatoan-dRalambo.
# Ny [[Andrianamboninolona]], ireo taranak'Andrianamboninolona dadatoa sady rafozan-dRalambo. Zanadralambo, miray amin' ny Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka, izay misy ny zanaky ny Mpanjaka Ralambo sy ireo havany natsangany.
# Ny [[Andriandranando]], ireo taranak'Andriandranandobe izay dadatoan-dRalambo.
# Ny [[Zanadralambo]] amin'Andrianjaka sy ny Zanadralambo, izay misy ny zanaky ny mpanjaka Ralambo tamin'ny vadikeliny sy ireo havany nataony ho isan'ny Zanadralambo.

Napetraky ny mpanjaka Ralambo araka ny filahatra etsy ambony ny toerana misy ireo sokajin'andriana ireo ka manomboka eo Ambohidrabiby miantsinana, ny tanàna nametrahany ireo Zanadralambo naterany no akaiky indrindra an'Ambohidrabiby, eo atsinanan' io kosa no misy ny tandavan-tendrombohitra misy ny Andriandranandobe dia Masinandriana, Ambohimailala, Ambohibe, Manankasina. Eo atsinanan'ny Andriandranando kosa ny tandavan-tendrombohitra misy ny Andrianamboninolona dia Ambohitrandriananahary, ka hatrany Kilonjy, Ambonisoa sy Viliahazo sns. Ary farany any amin'ny antsinana indrindra ny tandavan-tendrombohitra misy an'Ambohimalazabe sy [[Ambohimalaza]]. Io fandaminana ny filaharan'ny andriana voarakitra amin'ny fizaran-tany miantsinana io no mandiso tanteraka ny lovantsofina milaza fa tamin'ny mpanjaka Ralambo dia ny Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka no ambony indrindra fa ny mpanjaka [[Andriamasinavalona]] no nanova izany.

Marihina anefa fa ny mpanjaka sy ny andriana azo asandratra ho mpanjaka dia tsy mba nampidirin-dRalambo ao anaty fa ivelan'io antanatohatra efatra io, dia [[Andriatompokoindrindra|Andriantompokoindrindra]] zanany, [[Andrianjaka]] sy ireo taranany, ary ny [[Andriandoriamanjaka]]. Manaporofo izany, Andriantompokoindrindra sy Andrianjaka ihany no nanaovan'i Ralambo fitsapana satria izy roa lahy ireo no hany manana zo hanjaka tamin'ireo zanany naterany maro, ary izy roalahy ihany no Zanakandriana ankoatry ireo Andriandoriamanjaka. Midika izany fa tsy tamin'Andriamasinavalona akory no nipoitra ny firazanana &quot;Zanakandriana&quot;, hakana ny andriamanjaka fa efa tamin-dRalambo.

Manaporofo izany hono, araka ny mpitantara sasany, fa ireo andriana nahazo nanjaka tamin'ny mpanjaka Ralambo dia ivelan'io antanantohatra efatra io, ary izy ireo no nahazo niely patrana sy nonina tamin'ny faritra andrefan'Ambohidrabiby. [[Andrianjaka]] (sy ny vady aman-janany izay handimby azy) ihany no zanaky ny mpanjaka Ralambo napetrany eny ampita andrefan'Ambohidrabiby dia teny [[Ambohimanga]] izany, fa tato aoriana Andrianjaka rehefa nanjaka vao nianatsimo nankeo Analamanga. Ireo Andriandoriamanjaka izay tsy nanaiky fa hitady fanjakana dia miala teo Ambohidrabiby ka nianavaratra any Andavakisakay sy niakandrefana any [[Imamo]] sy Ivonizongo. Ary farany, Andriamanentoarivo izay mpanolotsain'Andriantompokoindrindra dia niala avy any Ambohimalazabe ka niankandrefana tonga razan'andriamanjaka any Vonizongo. Ireo ohatra 3 ireo dia maneho fa misy ireo karazan'andriana izay tsy voasokajy ao anatin'ny antanantohatra efatra nataon-dRalambo noho izy ireo natao hanjaka ary ny toerana nametrahan-dRalambo azy ireo dia porofo materialy manamarina izany, ny zo hiakandrefana.

Very hevitra hono ny mpanjaka Ralambo ny amin'izay handimby azy amin'ny fanjakana satria kasainy zaraina roa ny fanjakana ka ny iray an'Andriatompokoindrindra ary ny iray an'Andrianjaka. Ka naka hevitra tamin'ny mpanolotsainy hono ny mpanjaka Ralambo ny amin'izay mahamety izany na tsia. Ary dia nilaza Andriandambotanimanjaka nanao hoe &quot;samy ombalahy izy roalahy ka hiady raha mifanila fanjakana fa aleo ianao mody mafanafana ka ampiantsoy izy roa tonta ka izay tonga voalohany no mahalasa&quot;. Dia natao araka izany ka nody narary ny mpanjaka Ralambo ary nandefa iraka nampiantso ireo zanany roalahy. [[Andriatompokoindrindra|Andriantompokoindrindra]] hono dia nandà satria mbola hamono fanorona telo noho ny dimy araka ny ana-drainy manao hoe &quot;tsy mety ny resy am-panorona fa mahavery fanjakana&quot; fa [[Andrianjaka]] kosa hono tsy nahandry vary masaka fa avy dia tonga nilomay teo Ambohidrabiby. Ary Andrianjaka no nofidiany handimby azy. Ny lovan-tsofina hafa kosa dia milaza fa tena nanjaka aloha Andriantompokoindrindra, ary nosalorana satroka jaky, nitondra elo jaky, nanao fehi-kibo jaky, nanao akanjo jaky, ary Andrianjaka nanoa ary nanao akanjo fotsy, satroka fotsy, fehi-kibo fotsy. Fa taty aoriana Andrianjaka vao nanjaka. Ny zavatra tsy azo iadian-kevitra dia tsy maintsy avy amin'Andriantompokoindrindra sy Andrianjaka no ipoiran' ny mpanjaka lahy mahazo manjaka.

== Ny niafarany ==
Tamin'ny faran'ny fanjakany dia efa nitatra lehibe tokoa ny fanjakany ka ny miantsinana dia tonga hatrany antsinanan'Ambohimalaza, ny atsimo dia hatrany Ankaratra, ny andrefana dia hatrany ambadik'Ambohimanga ary ny avaratra dia tsy voafaritra mazava. 

Rehefa niamboho izy dia nafenina teo atsimon' ny fasana misy ny mpanjaka [[Rabiby]] mivady sy Andriandambotanimanjaka. Ary ny zanany Andriantompokoindrindra ary avy eo Andrianjaka no notendreny handimby azy.

Isan'ny mpanjaka nalaza tokoa Ralambo ka maro ireo toerana nitondra ny anarany. Soritana amin'izany Ampahidralambo, tanàna aroa andafy avaratra antsinanan'Ambohidrabiby izay natao hametrahana ny omby volavitan'ny mpanjaka Ralambo. Toy izany koa Ambatondralambo izay toerana ao ambany andrefan'Ambohidrabiby misy vato fitsanganan-dRalambo rehefa mikabary amin'ny vahoaka izy. Toy izany koa ny toerana atao hoe Lohalambo izay toerana fitodihan'ny loha na ny avaratry ny lohan'ny mpanjaka raha mandry ao andapany Ralambo. Ary maro ireo taranany no nitondra ny anarana hoe Ralambo indrindra fa ireo manankanja dia natao hoe Andriandambo. Fa natahoran'ny fanjakana nanodidina azy koa ny mpanjaka Ralambo ka na dia ny vahoakan-dRalambo aza dia nantsoin'ireo fanjakana manodidina ireo tamin'ny anarana hoe &quot;Amboalambo&quot;. Ary farany, maro tamin'ireo taranaky Ralambo no nitondra ny anarany.

== Ny angano momba ny anaran' ny omby ==
Ny [[omby]] dia &quot;jamoka&quot;, hono, no anarany fahizay, araka ny [[lovantsofina]], ary tsy mbola nisy homana azy, hono, tamin-dRalambo. Nisy [[afotroa]] na [[dorotanety]] lehibe anefa ka nisy jamoka matin'ny taviny ka nasain-dRalambo nandraman'ireo angaralahiny mpanompony ka nahita ireo fa tsara tsy mahafaty izy io. Vokatr'izany, nanandrana koa Ralambo ka hitany fa ny trafony sy ny vodihena no matsiro indrindra ka natokany io mba ho azy raha mamono jamoka. Nisy karazan'omby araka ny volony mba tian-dRalambo loatra dia omby mena volo misy fotsy amin'ny handriny sy trafony sy tongony ary rambony ka nataon-dRalambo ho &quot;volavita&quot; no anaran'izany ka azy ny volavita rehetra amin'ny fanjakany, ary teo Ampahidralambo amin'ny faritra avaratra antsinanan'Ambohidrabiby no namahanany izany. Indray andro, nisy fety lehibe tao an-drova ka nasainy nampakarina teo Ambohidrabiby ny volavita vondraka iray avy eny Ampahidralambo. Saika tsy tafiditra tamin'ny vavahady vato eo avaratra antsinanan'ny vohitra ambohidrabiby ilay jamoka ka betsaka ny nanontany hoe omby sa tsy omby io jamoka io? Kinanjo omby ilay vavahady ilay jamoka ka novain-dRalambo ho &quot;omby&quot; ny fiantsoana ny jamoka nanomboka teo.

Raha ny tena marina dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny soahily|teny soahily]] hoe ''ngumbe'' na ''[[:sw:Ng'ombe|ng'ombe]]'' ny teny malagasy hoe ''omby'', izany koa no iantsoana io biby io hoe ''agnombe'' na ''agnomby'' any amin' ny faritra maro mpiompy omby eto Madagasikara&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Randriamamonjy Frédéric, 2001, ''Tantaran' i Madagasikara isam-paritra'': &quot;Ny teny hoe ''jamoka'' dia avy tamin' ny teny arabo persiana hoe &quot;''jamous''&quot; ary ny anarana hoe &quot;''omby''&quot; izay voalaza fa nasolon-dRalambo ny &quot;''Jamoka''&quot; dia mety ho avy tamin' ny [[Fiteny soahily|teny soahilia]] hoe&quot;''ngombe''.&quot;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Inona ny Imerina? ==
Ny Imerina dia anaran’ny faritra sy fanjakana lehibe teo amin’ny faritra afovoan’i Madagasikara, niorina sy nihanivelatra manomboka tamin’ny taonjato faha-16 ka hatramin’ny faha-19. Ny vahoaka tao dia nantsoina hoe Merina, izay midika hoe &quot;avy amin’ny tany ambony&quot;.

=== Aiza no misy azy? ===
Ao amin’ny faritra afovoan-tendrombohitra ao Madagasikara, izay misy ankehitriny ny faritra 

Analamanga, Vakinankaratra, ary Bongolava. Ny renivohiny farany dia Antananarivo.

==== Mpanjaka nanan-danja ====
. Andriamanelo – nanomboka nanangana fanjakana tany Alasora.

. Ralambo – nanome anarana ny faritra hoe &quot;Imerina&quot;, nampiditra fomban-drazana maro.

. Andrianjaka – nanangana ny Rova Antananarivo.

.Andrianampoinimerina – nampiray indray ny Imerina sy nanitatra ny fifehezany tamin'ny faritra maro.

.Radama I – zanak’Andrianampoinimerina, nampiditra ny fanabeazana tandrefana, niara-niasa tamin’ny Anglisy.

. Ranavalona I, II, III – mpanjakavavy farany teo amin’ny tantara Merina.

===== Rafitra ara-tsosialy sy fanjakana =====
Fizaram-piarahamonina: Andriana (mpanjaka), Hova (olona mahaleotena), ary Andevo (mpanompo).

Nisy fitsipika sy lalàna voatokana, toy ny didim-panjakana sy ny hasin’ny mpanjaka.

Nampiasa fanampiana ara-panjakana sy fiarovana toy ny rova, hadifetsy, ary vavahady.

===== Fampianarana sy Kolontsaina =====
Nampianatra amin’ny alalan’ny teny sy fomba amam-panao nentin-drazana.

Nisy fiteny mitovy (teny Merina, fiteny malagasy ofisialy ankehitriny).

Nisy kolontsaina matanjaka amin’ny fombandrazana, hira, angano, famadihana, sns.

====== Fahalavoana ======
Lasa zanatany frantsay tamin’ny 1896, rehefa resin’ny tafika frantsay.

Tapitra ny fanjakana Merina, naongana ny mpanjakavavy Ranavalona III.

====== Hevitra manan-danja ======
&quot;Ny taniko tsy amidiko, fa an’ny razako sy ny taranako.&quot;

Andrianampoinimerina

=== Bibliographie momban'ny Imerina ===
.Callet, M. (1908). Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara. Imprimerie Catholique.

Boky fototra mitantara ny fiavian’ny fanjakana Merina sy ny andriana rehetra.

.Kent, R. K. (1970). Early Kingdoms in Madagascar, 1500–1700. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Miresaka manokana ny niandohan'ny fanjakana Merina sy ny fiforonan’ny andrim-panjakana voalohany.

.Freeman, J., &amp; Johns, A. (1840). Narrative of the Persecution of the Christians in Madagascar. John Snow.

Manome fijoroana vavolombelona amin’ny andron’i Ranavalona I sy ny fanjakana Merina.

.Raison-Jourde, F. (1983). Bible et pouvoir à Madagascar au XIXe siècle. Karthala.

Mampiseho ny fifandraisan’ny fivavahana, ny fanabeazana, ary ny fanjakana Merina.

. Campbell, G. (2005). An economic history of imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: The rise and fall of an island empire. Cambridge University Press.

Manadihady amin’ny antsipiriany ny fivelaran’ny toekarena sy ny rafi-pitantanana Merina.

. Domenichini-Ramiaramanana, B. (1983). La royauté à Madagascar: L’exemple Merina.L’Harmattan.

Manazava ny fomba fitondrana sy rafitra ara-panjakana amin’ny fanjakan’Imerina.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Imerina]]
* [[Madagasikara]]
* [[Ambohidrabiby]]

* [[Lisitr' ireo mpanjaka merina]]

=== Boky ===
* {{Cite book | last = Bloch | first = Maurice | title = Placing the dead: tombs, ancestral villages and kinship organization in Madagascar | publisher = Berkeley Square House | location = Berkeley Square, UK | year = 1971 | isbn = 978-0-12-809150-0 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Bloch | first = Maurice | title = Almost Eating the Ancestors | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_man-uk_1985-12_20_4/page/631 | journal = Man | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 631–646 | year = 1985 | jstor = 2802754 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Callet | first = François | origyear = 1908| year = 1972 | title = Tantara ny andriana eto Madagasikara (histoire des rois) | publisher = Imprimerie catholique | location = Antananarivo|language=fr}}
* {{Citation | last = Ellis | first = William | contribution = Ellis's History of Madagascar | year = 1832 | title = The Monthly Review | editor-last = Henderson | editor-first = E. | volume = III | place = London | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v_gEAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book | last = Graeber | first = David | title = [[Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar]] | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington, IN | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-253-21915-2 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Kent | first = R.K. | title = Madagascar and Africa II: The Sakalava, Maroserana, Dady and Tromba before 1700 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1968_9_4/page/517 | journal = The Journal of African History | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 517–546 | year = 1968 | doi = 10.1017/S0021853700009026 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book | last = Kus | first = Susan | contribution = Sensuous human activity and the state: towards an archaeology of bread and circuses | year = 1995 | title = Domination and Resistance | editor-last = Miller | editor-first = Daniel  | editor2-last = Rowlands | editor2-first = Michael | place = London | publisher = Psychology Press | isbn = 978-0-415-12254-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rQzW77L_GlgC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false| ref = harv}}
* {{Citation | last = Larson | first = Pier M. | contribution = A cultural politics of bedchamber construction and progressive dining in Antananarivo: ritual inversions during the ''fandroana'' of 1817  | title = Ancestors, Power and History in Madagascar| editor-last = Middleton | editor-first = Karen | pages = 37–70 | place = Leiden, The Netherlands | publisher = Brill | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-90-04-11289-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=My4B9q9FTiYC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book | last = Ogot | first = Bethwell A. | title = Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century | publisher = UNESCO | location = Paris | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-92-3-101711-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WAQbp7aLpZkC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book | last = Oliver | first = Samuel | authorlink = Samuel Pasfield Oliver | title = Madagascar: An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Island and its Former Dependencies, Volume 1 | publisher = Macmillan and Co. | location = New York | year = 1886 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lKtBAAAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book | last = Raison-Jourde | first = Françoise | title = Les souverains de Madagascar | publisher = Karthala Editions | location = Antananarivo | year = 1983 | isbn = 978-2-86537-059-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nKSlFJjgC9UC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | ref = harv|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book | last1 = de la Vaissière | first1 = Camille | last2 = Abinal | first2 = Antoine | title = Vingt ans à Madagascar: colonisation, traditions historiques, moeurs et croyances | publisher = V. Lecoffre | location = Paris | year = 1885 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jtByAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | ref = harv|language=fr}}

== Rohy ivelany ==

*[http://www.andriantompokoindrindra.blogspot.com Andriantompokoindrindra.blogspot.com]
*[http://www.zanadralambo.blogspot.com Zanadralambo.blogspot.com]

== Loharano sy fabamarihana ==
[[sokajy:mpanjaka tao Madagasikara]]</text>
      <sha1>2310z7egzpvq7qfca5bncpg3iqc4wpa</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Gripa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T16:54:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>1149465</origin>
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      <text bytes="5516" sha1="47xbfo7fqalwqwv6fzjc6k8f3e4imbc" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:EM of influenza virus.jpg|ankavanana|301x301px|thumb|Virosin' ny gripa, miala amin' ny [[sela]] niompy azy, nohangezaina in-100.000]]
Ny '''gripa''' dia [[areti-mihanaka]] sy [[Areti-mifindra|mifindra]] mitranga matetika vokatry ny virosy ARN sasany ao amin' ny fianankavian' ny ''Orthomyxoviridae'' (''Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae'' sy ''Betainfluenzavirus influenzae'' sy ''Gammainfluenzavirus influenzae'' ary ''Deltainfluenzavirus influenzae''), izay mahavoa ny [[vorona]] sy ny [[biby mampinono]] sasany toy ny [[kisoa]] sy ny [[olombelona]].

== Ny gripa epidemika na gripa tsotra ==
Miseho arakaraka ny [[fizaràn-taona]] ny gripa epidemika na gripa tsotra, indrindra amin' ny [[fararano]] sy [[ririnina]] (mangatsiaka) any amin' ny faitra manana toetany antonony, ary mahatratra ny tampony mandritra ny fizaràn-taonan' ny orana (vanim-potoana mafana) any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly. Misy aretin-doha sy kohaka ary misy aretin-tenda ary malain-komana ny [[olombelona|olona]] voan' ny gripa. Mitsahatra ireo famantarana ireo afaka telo na efatra andro. Raha tsy sitrana ny gripa ([[pnemônia]] vokatry ny [[bakteria]] na tsy fahampian-drano) dia mety hahafaty. 

Amin' ny alalan' ny teten-dranoka bitika feno virosy avoakan' ny [[evina]] sy ny [[Kohaka|kohaky]] ny olona na biby marary ny fifindran' ny gripa. Ny fizahana ny gripa amin' ny fotoan' ny valanaretina dia tsotra, ary ny fitsaboana ny gripa arakaraka ny famantarana dia tsy sarotra. Ny [[Vaksiny|vakisiny]] no tena fisorohana ny gripa. Any amin' ny [[Firenena mandroso|tany mandroso]] dia matetika manome vakisiny ho an' ny olona mora andairanyma&lt;ref name=WHOvaccines&gt;[http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8033.pdf Publication de l'OMS : vaccins grippaux] ''Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire de l'OMS'', 19 août 2005, vol. 80, 33, pp. 277–288.&lt;/ref&gt;, ary omena koa ny akoho amam-borona ompiana&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Villegas | first = P | title = Viral diseases of the respiratory system | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_poultry-science_1998-08_77_8/page/1143 | journal = Poult Sci | volume = 77 | issue = 8 | pages = 1143–5 | year = 1998 | id = PMID 9706079}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Jereo koa ==

*[[Farasisa]]
*[[Angatra (aretina)]]
*[[Tazomoka]]
*[[Antibiôtika]]
*[[Habokana]]
*[[Kôlerà]]
*[[Voambolana momba ny fahasalamana sy ny fitsaboana]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
'''Miteny anglisy'''
* [http://www.ers-education.org/pages/default.aspx?id=331 ERS Online Course on Influenza]
* [http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx Swine and Seasonal Flu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx |date=20110727105753 }}, [http://www.goodmedicine.org Institute for Good Medicine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.goodmedicine.org/ |date=20090801102113 }} at the [http://www.pamedsoc.org Pennsylvania Medical Society]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ Info on influenza] at [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]
* [http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html Summary of the disease] at the [[NYTimes]].
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/health/05virus.html 10 Genes, Furiously Evolving] [[NYTimes]] May 4, 2009
* [http://www.outbreakalerts.com Outbreak Alerts] United States based communicable disease notification website.
* [http://www.fludb.org Influenza Research Database] – Database of influenza genomic sequences, serotypes, polymorphisms, structures, epitopes, drugs and related tools.
* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/influenza/DS00081 Influenza (Mayo Clinic)]
* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/index.html Fact Sheet] Overview of influenza at [[World Health Organization]]
* [http://origem.info/misms/index.php The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS)] {{Wayback|url=http://origem.info/misms/index.php |date=20160909230155 }} [[Fogarty International Center]]
* [http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/a-z/index.aspx Health encyclopedia entry] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/a-z/index.aspx |date=20081026020117 }} at [[NHS Direct]]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm Orthomyxoviridae] The Universal Virus Database of the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/flubiology.html Influenza Virus Resource] from the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]
* [http://www.eiss.org/ European Influenza Surveillance Scheme] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eiss.org/ |date=20111013203342 }}
* [http://www.google.org/flutrends/ Flu Trends] {{Wayback|url=http://www.google.org/flutrends/ |date=20081225232746 }} – flu activity across the U.S.
* [https://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&amp;SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&amp;TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd Cold and flu advice] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&amp;SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&amp;TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd |date=20081112112347 }} (NHS Direct)
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 Online video discussing influenza outbreaks and spread of other infectious diseases] (Vega Science Trust)
* [http://www.pandemicflu.gov Flu.gov: Know What To Do About the Flu]
* [http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/influenza.php PATH Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources]

== Tsiahy ==
{{ref}}

{{vangovango}}

[[Sokajy:Gripa|*]]
[[Sokajy:Aretina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Saint-Genest-Lerpt</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Replacing St-gen_ler_1.JPG with [[File:Vue_sur_Saint-Genest-Lerpt_1.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · the right name of the town, Sain</comment>
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      <text bytes="1202" sha1="slpz5a07ekm4721ks5wilpkj7ou1gol" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|45.4469|4.3375}}

{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Saint-Genest-Lerpt
|sary=Vue sur Saint-Genest-Lerpt 1.jpg
|firenena={{Frantsa}}
|faritany=[[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]]
|velarantany=12.68
|isam-ponina=5672
|ben'ny tanàna=Christian Julien
}}

I '''Saint-Genest-Lerpt''' dia kaominina ao amin'ny fivondronan'i Saint-Étienne, ao amin'ny departemantan'i [[Loire]], ao amin'ny faritr'i [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]], ao [[Frantsa]]. 
Ny INSEE dia mampiasa ny kaodim-paositra 42223.
I Christian Julien no ben'ny tanàna mandritry ny taona 2001&amp;ndash;2008. Ilay kaominina dia kaominina mpikambana amin'ny fivondronan-kaominin'i Saint-Étienne Métropole
== Jeografia ==

Ny isam-ponin'i Saint-Genest-Lerpt dia 5672 mponina araka ny fanisana natao tamin'ny taona 1999.  Ny haavon'ny toerana ambany indrindra dia 437 metatra. Ny haavon'ny toerana avo indrindra dia 698 metatra. Ny fisiana ara-daharampehintany ary ara-daharanjarahasin'ilay kaominina dia 45.4469° ary 4.3375° amin'ny soratra desimaly.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT+1.

== Rohy ivelany ==
*  : Tranonkala 
* [http://www.communes.com/recherche/?q=Saint-Genest-Lerpt Eo amin'i www.communes.com]

&lt;references/&gt;


[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Loire]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Santa Inês (Paraná)</title>
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        <username>Marcus Cyron</username>
        <id>245</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Bandeira Santa Inês.png]] → [[File:Bandeira de Santa Inês, PR.png]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name)</comment>
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      <text bytes="632" sha1="h5v1070hltcvohw31nvxc0a3by9up03" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox tanàna
|anarana=Santa Inês (Paraná)
|velarantany= 138,480
|isam-ponina= 1.624
|firenena={{BRA}}
|fanjakana = {{Paraná}}
|sary =Divisa de Santo Inácio e Santa Inês - panoramio (1).jpg
|saina =Bandeira de Santa Inês, PR.png
}}
[[File:Parana Municip SantaInes.svg|thumb|left|Santa Ines]]
I '''Santa Inês (Paraná)''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i {{Paraná}}, ao amin'i  [[Norte Central Paranaense]],  [[Microregione di Astorga|Astorga]].

==Jeografia==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia  138,480 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 1624 (2018)

{{commonscat}}

{{reflist}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Paraná]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="34207" sha1="fxesjlh1gbegbemc6k0mfkxj1vk2wdr" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Honda ASIMO Walking Stairs.JPG|280px|right|thumb|Rôbô ASIMO izay manana kaptera sy mampiasa [[aligôritma]] mivoatra hahafahany midina tohatra]]

Ny '''Ilontsaina Amboarina''' nalaina avy amin'ny fanafohezanteny IA na '''haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona''' dia sampanan' ny [[kajimirindra]] izay mandinika sy mamolavola ary mampandroso milina asy [[rindrankajy]] marani-tsaina. Amin' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]] izany dia atao hoe '''''intelligence artificielle''''' (izay hafohezina amin' ny hoe '''IA'''); fa amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] kosa dia '''''artificial intelligence''''' (izay hafohezina amin' ny hoe '''AI'''). 

Taranja siantifika manan-tanjona ny hanome fahafahana mamaha olana an' ny milina ny AI. Ny hamaha olana no tanjon' ny rafitra manana azy. Ny lalao videô, ny rôbô, ny rindrankajy mampiasa lôjika manjavozavo ary ny tambajotra neorôna no rindrankajy efa mampiasa haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona. 

== Fahazoana ny eritreritra ==

Ao amin' ny fandihihana ny haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona dia hita misongadina ny AI tsotra sy ny [[haranitan-tsaina ara-kajy]] (anglisy: ''Computational Intelligence'' na ''CI'').

Mifototra amin' ny fianaran' ny milina manao, izay miseho amin' ny endriky ny fôrmalisma sy ny dinika ara-statistika, ny AI tsotra. Ny fampiasana AI tsotra dia fampiasana:
* [[rafitra mpahay]]: mampihatra ny fizohian-kevitra hahatongavana any amin' ny famahana. Afaka mikirakira fampahalalana maro dia maro ny rafitra mpahay.
* [[rafitra mifototra amin' ny tranga]]
* [[tambajotra Bayesianina]]

Mampiasa famerimberenana ny haranitan-tsaina ara-kajy. Ny fampiasana ny haranitan-tsaina ara-kajy dia voafaritra amin' ny:
* fampiasana [[tambajotra nerônina]] (anglisy: ''neural network''): manavanana ny rafitra amin' ny famantarana endrika;
* rafitra tsy mazava (anglisy: ''fuzzy logic''): fizohian-kevitra ampiasaina amin' ny rafi-pifehezana ny entana amidy ankehitriny.
* [[kajimirindra mivoatra]]: fampiharana amin' ny voan-kevitra toy ny [[isan' ny mponina]], ny fivoaran' ny fihetsika ary ny faharetan' ny rafitra zatra indrindra izay hahitana ny vahaolana tsara indrindra.

Zarazaraina ho aligôritma mivoatra (ohatra, aligôritma jenetika) sy haranita-tsain' ny andiana (ohatra, [[aligôritman' ny vitsika]]) ireo fomba ireo.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Taranja mampiasa AI ===
Ny sehatra mampiasa ny AI dia: 
* ny [[banky]], amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra mpahay izay maminavina ny zava-dratsy mety hitranga rehefa mamela tsotra (credit-scoring);
* ny [[tafika]], amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra mahaleotena toa ny drôna sy ny rafitra fibaikoana sy fanampiana hanapa-kevitra;
* ny ankamaroan' ny lalao videô ankehitriny, manomboka amin' ny lalao eseky hatramin' ny lalao tifitifitra lalaovina eo amin' ny tambajotra;
* ny [[fitsaboana]], amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra mpahay manampy ny mpitsabo mamantatra ny aretina;
* ny [[lôjistika]];
* ary ny [[fibeazana]]

==Jereo koa==
*[[Quantum computing]]

== Tsiahy ==

=== Bokin-dahatsoratra mikasika ny AI ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last=Hutter |first=Marcus |author-link=Marcus Hutter |year=2005
| title=[[AIXI|Universal Artificial Intelligence]]
| isbn=978-3-540-22139-5
| publisher=Springer
| location=Berlin
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last1=Luger |first1=George |author-link=George Luger
| last2=Stubblefield |first2=William |author2-link=William Stubblefield
| year=2004
| title=Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving
| publisher=Benjamin/Cummings |edition=5th
| isbn=0-8053-4780-1
| url=http://www.cs.unm.edu/~luger/ai-final/tocfull.html
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Neapolitan
| first=Richard
| last2=Jiang
| first2=Xia
| year=2012
| title=Contemporary Artificial Intelligence
| publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall/CRC
| isbn=978-1-4398-4469-4
| url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439844694
| archive-date=2015-01-08
| access-date=2015-05-09
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108205412/http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439844694
| url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last=Nilsson |first=Nils |author-link=Nils Nilsson (researcher) |year=1998
| title=Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis
| publisher=Morgan Kaufmann
| isbn=978-1-55860-467-4
}}
* {{Russell Norvig 2003}}.
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| first1=David |last1=Poole |author-link=David Poole (researcher)
| first2=Alan |last2=Mackworth |author2-link=Alan Mackworth
| first3=Randy |last3=Goebel |author3-link=Randy Goebel
| year=1998
| title=Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach
| publisher=Oxford University Press |location = New York
| isbn=0-19-510270-3
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
| last=Rich |first=Elaine |author-link=Elaine Rich |year=1983
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}}
{{refend}}

=== Tantaran'ny AI ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Crevier 1993}}.
* {{McCorduck 2004}}.
* {{cite book
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| isbn=978-0-521-12293-1
}}
{{refend}}

=== Loharanon-karena hafa===
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}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}
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}} Cited by {{harvnb|Tao|Tan|2005}}.
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}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|NRC|1999}}
| author=NRC (United States National Research Council) | authorlink=United States National Research Council
| year=1999
| chapter=Developments in Artificial Intelligence
| title=Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research
| publisher=National Academy Press
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last=Needham | first=Joseph | authorlink = Joseph Needham
| year=1986
| title=[[Science and Civilization in China]]: Volume 2
| publisher=Caves Books Ltd.
}}
* {{cite journal
 |ref          = harv
 |last         = Newell
 |first        = Allen
 |author-link  = Allen Newell
 |last2        = Simon
 |first2       = H. A.
 |authorlink2  = Herbert A. Simon
 |year         = 1976
 |title        = Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search
 |journal      = Communications of the ACM
 |volume       = 19
 |issue        = 3
 |url          = http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html
 |access-date  = 2015-05-09
 |archivedate  = 2008-10-07
 |archiveurl   = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007162810/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html
 |deadurl      = yes
 |archive-date = 2008-10-07
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007162810/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html
 |url-status   = dead
}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}.
* {{Cite journal |ref=harv
| last=Nilsson |first=Nils |author-link = Nils Nilsson (researcher) |year=1983
| title=Artificial Intelligence Prepares for 2001
| journal=AI Magazine |volume=1 |number=1
| url=http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/General%20Essays/AIMag04-04-002.pdf
}} Presidential Address to the [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]].
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last1=O'Brien |first1=James |last2=Marakas |first2=George |year=2011
| title=Management Information Systems |publisher=McGraw-Hill/Irwin |edition=10th
| isbn=978-0-07-337681-3
}}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv
| last=O'Connor |first=Kathleen Malone |year=1994
| title=The alchemical creation of life (takwin) and other concepts of Genesis in medieval Islam
| publisher=University of Pennsylvania
| url=http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9503804
}}
* {{cite journal
|ref=harv
|last=Oudeyer
|first=P-Y.
|year=2010
|title=On the impact of robotics in behavioral and cognitive sciences: from insect navigation to human cognitive development
|journal=IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development
|volume=2
|issue=1
|pages=2–16
|url=http://www.pyoudeyer.com/IEEETAMDOudeyer10.pdf
|doi=10.1109/tamd.2009.2039057
|access-date=2015-05-09
|archivedate=2018-10-03
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003202543/http://www.pyoudeyer.com/IEEETAMDOudeyer10.pdf
|deadurl=yes
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last=Penrose |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Penrose |year=1989
| title=The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computer, Minds and The Laws of Physics
| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
| isbn=0-19-851973-7
}}
* {{cite techreport |ref=harv
| last=Picard |first=Rosalind |authorlink=Rosalind Picard |year=1995
| title=Affective Computing |institution=MIT |number=321
| url=http://affect.media.mit.edu/pdfs/95.picard.pdf
| laysource=Abstract |layurl=http://vismod.media.mit.edu/pub/tech-reports/TR-321-ABSTRACT.html
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last1=Poli |first1=R. |last2=Langdon |first2=W. B. |last3=McPhee |first3=N. F. |year=2008
| title=A Field Guide to Genetic Programming |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4092-0073-4
| url=http://www.gp-field-guide.org.uk/ |via=gp-field-guide.org.uk
}}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv
| last=Rajani |first=Sandeep |year=2011
| title=Artificial Intelligence – Man or Machine
| journal=International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management
| volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=173–176
| url=http://www.csjournals.com/IJITKM/PDF%204-1/35.Sandeep%20Rajani.pdf
}}
* {{Cite journal |ref=harv
| last = Searle | first = John | author-link=John Searle
| year = 1980
| title = Minds, Brains and Programs
| journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages= 417–457
| url = http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/04/84/bbs00000484-00/bbs.searle2.html |doi=10.1017/S0140525X00005756
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last=Searle | first=John | author-link=John Searle
| year = 1999
| title = Mind, language and society
| publisher = Basic Books | location = New York, NY
| isbn = 0-465-04521-9 | oclc = 231867665 43689264
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last=Shapiro | first= Stuart C. | editor-first=Stuart C. | editor-last=Shapiro
| year=1992
| contribution=Artificial Intelligence
| title=Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence | edition=2nd | pages=54–57
| url=http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/ai.pdf
| publisher= John Wiley | location=New York
| isbn=0-471-50306-1
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last=Simon | first = H. A. | author-link=Herbert A. Simon
| year = 1965
| title=The Shape of Automation for Men and Management
| publisher = Harper &amp; Row | publication-place = New York
}}
* {{cite web |ref=harv
| last=Skillings | first=Jonathan
| url=http://news.cnet.com/Getting-machines-to-think-like-us/2008-11394_3-6090207.html
| title=Getting Machines to Think Like Us
| work=cnet
| date=3 July 2006
| accessdate=3 February 2011
}}
* {{cite conference |ref=harv
| last=Solomonoff |first=Ray |authorlink=Ray Solomonoff |year=1956
| title=An Inductive Inference Machine
| conference=Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on Artificial Intelligence
| url=http://world.std.com/~rjs/indinf56.pdf |via=std.com, pdf scanned copy of the original
}} Later published as&lt;br/&gt;{{cite book
| last=Solomonoff |first=Ray |year=1957 |pages=56–62
| chapter=An Inductive Inference Machine
| title=IRE Convention Record |volume=Section on Information Theory, part 2
}}
* {{cite conference |ref=harv
| last=Tao |first=Jianhua |first2=Tieniu |last2=Tan |year=2005
| conference=Affective Computing: A Review
| booktitle=Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction |volume=[[LNCS]] 3784 |pages=981–995
 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/11573548
}}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv
| last=Tecuci |first=Gheorghe |date=March–April 2012
| title=Artificial Intelligence
| journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics
| volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=168–180 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1002/wics.200
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last=Thro |first=Ellen |year=1993
| title=Robotics: The Marriage of Computers and Machines
| location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-2628-9
}}
* {{Turing 1950}}.
* {{cite web
 |ref         = harv
 |last        = van der Walt
 |first       = Christiaan
 |last2       = Bernard
 |first2      = Etienne
 |year        = 2006&lt;!--year is presumed based on acknowledgements at the end of the article--&gt;
 |title       = Data characteristics that determine classifier performance
 |url         = http://www.patternrecognition.co.za/publications/cvdwalt_data_characteristics_classifiers.pdf
 |format      = PDF
 |accessdate  = 5 August 2009
 |archivedate = 2009-03-25
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325194051/http://www.patternrecognition.co.za/publications/cvdwalt_data_characteristics_classifiers.pdf
}}
* {{cite web | ref=harv
| last=Vinge | first=Vernor | authorlink=Vernor Vinge
| year=1993
| title=The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era
| url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/vinge/misc/singularity.html
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last1=Wason | first1=P. C. | author-link=Peter Cathcart Wason
| last2=Shapiro | first2=D.
| editor=Foss, B. M.
| year=1966
| title=New horizons in psychology
| location=Harmondsworth | publisher=Penguin
| chapter=Reasoning
}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv
| last=Weizenbaum | first = Joseph | authorlink=Joseph Weizenbaum
| year = 1976
| title = [[Computer Power and Human Reason]]
| publisher = W.H. Freeman &amp; Company | location = San Francisco
| isbn = 0-7167-0464-1
}}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv
| last1=Weng |first1=J. |last2=McClelland |first= |last3=Pentland |first3=A. |last4=Sporns |first4=O.
| last5=Stockman |first5=I. |last6=Sur |first6=M. |last7=Thelen |first7=E. |year=2001
| url=http://www.cse.msu.edu/dl/SciencePaper.pdf |via=msu.edu
| title=Autonomous mental development by robots and animals |work=Science |volume=291 |pages=599–600
}}
{{refend}}


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      <comment>Replacing Russian_church_(37591925970).jpg with [[File:Panoramic_view_over_central_Sofia_and_the_Vitosha_Mountain_2017-10-08.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious</comment>
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{{infobox tanàna
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I '''Sofia''' dia tanàna renivohitr'i [[Biolgaria]].

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Biolgaria]]

{{commonscat|Sofia}}

[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Biolgaria]]
[[sokajy:Biolgaria]]
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'''Grenola, Kansas''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i [[Kansas]], ao [[Etazonia]]. 67346.

== Jeografia ==
 
Ny laharam-pehintaniny ary ny laharan-jarahasiny dia 37.35 ary -96.45.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT -6.

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Kansas]]
* [[Etazonia]]

== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.GrenolaKS.com GrenolaKS.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.grenolaks.com/ |date=20130921212943 }}
{{vangovango}}


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'''Hilbert, Wisconsin''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i [[Wisconsin]], ao [[Etazonia]]. Ny kaodim-paositra dia 54129..

== Jeografia ==
 
Ny laharam-pehintaniny ary ny laharan-jarahasiny dia 44.14 ary -88.1622222222.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT -6.

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Etazonia]]
** [[Wisconsin]]
=== Rohy ivelany ===
* http://villageofhilbert.com/index.php {{Wayback|url=http://villageofhilbert.com/index.php |date=20141222102827 }}


[[sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i Wisconsin]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11642" sha1="961150mmb6f9xiwjp2fxv7hsm7375re" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Mony
| synonym       = 
| image         = Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
| caption       = Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
| symptoms      = [[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
| onset         = [[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = [[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = [[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
| medication    = [[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[fanafody manohitra otrik'aretina]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Titus S, Hodge J | title = Diagnosis and treatment of acne | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 86 | issue = 8 | pages = 734–40 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23062156 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html | url-status = live | type = Review | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150218104435/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html | archive-date = 18 February 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218104435/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p734.html |date=18 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = Olona 633 tapitrisa voakasika (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
| deaths        = 
}}

Ny '''mony''', izay fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe fantatra ihany koa amin' ny  hoe '''''Akne vulgaris''''', dia dia aretin-koditra maharitra miseho amin' ny alalan' ny fibontsimbontsinana kely miseho eny amin' ny tarehy, indrindra amin' ny tarehin' ny zatovo mitombo, izay vokatry ny tavo be loatra sy ny [[sela]] maty amin' ny hoditra izay tsy tafavoaka ao amin' ny [[mason-koditra]] fa manentsina azy. Menaka avoakan' ny fihary ao amin' ny [[hoditra]] ny tavo.

Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, mony, hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2005-04-07_352_14/page/n90|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Sary:20200822 Pustule 2.jpg|vignette|296x296px|Mony]]Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-dermatology_2009-04_48_4/page/339|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Voambolana momba ny fahasalamana sy ny fitsaboana]]

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohihy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-21T10:38:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
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      <comment>Anarana amin' ny teny malagasy</comment>
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      <text bytes="949" sha1="g9jm5fo2v6m4jmstvdq76yb2hgpw29v" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''sohihy''' dia zavamaniry isan-karazany ao amin' ny fianakaviana samihafa, anisan' izany ireto:

* ''[[Acridocarpus excelsus]]'' &lt;small&gt;A. Jussieu&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malpighiaceae]]''): kiragy, kirajy, mahavoravina, maroravina, matalihazo, maveravy, mavorano, mavoravina, moramena, sariheza, sohihy, tsarieza
* ''[[Adianta microcephala]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hiern&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rubiaceae]]''): sohihy
* ''[[Manilkara sohihy]]'' &lt;small&gt;Auberville&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Sapotaceae]]''): nanto, natoboka, natovavy, sohihy
* ''[[Potameia thouarsii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lauraceae]]''): hazombaratra, hazontoho, hazotoho, mampisarakalahy, mataviavaratra, rohitralahy, rotralahy, sohihy, sohirano, trobotroboka, voaneny
* ''[[Protorhus deflexa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Perrier de la Bathie&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Anacardiaceae]]''): sohihy, sohy, tarata

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Abrahamia]]''
* ''[[Acridocarpus]]''
* ''[[Adianta]]''
* ''[[Manilkara]]''
* ''[[Potameia]]''
* ''[[Protorhus]]''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nendra</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:01:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="14434" sha1="azxrlsvd9y8846mg3olyty7e7qghtk8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Smallpox
|synonym          =Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;/&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017/&gt;
|image            =Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         ={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;}}
|onset            =1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;
|duration         =About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;
|causes           =''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What/&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag/&gt;
|differential     =[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact/&gt;
|medication       =[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym/&gt;
|frequency        =[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)
|deaths           =
}}Aretina mifindra vokatry ny iray amin'ireo karazana [[Virosy|viriosy]] roa '''ny nendra''', ''dia ny Variola major'' sy ''ny Variola minor''.&lt;ref name=&quot;She2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tranga farany hita voajanahary dia voamarina tamin'ny Oktobra 1977, ary ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana|Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana]] (WHO) dia nanome mari-pankasitrahana ny famongorana maneran-tany ny aretina tamin'ny 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 30% eo ho eo ny mety ho fahafatesana aorian'ny nahazoana ny aretina, ary ambony kokoa ny tahan'ny fahafatesana eo amin'ny zazakely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ireo izay tafavoaka velona dia nanana holatra be dia be teo amin'ny hodiny, ary ny sasany dia lasa jamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny soritr'aretina voalohany tamin'ilay aretina ny tazo sy ny fandoavana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Nanaraka izany ny fiforonan'ny fery tao am-bava sy ny mangidihidy tao amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Nandritra ny andro maromaro dia niova ho fivontosana feno ranoka miavaka misy lavaka eo afovoany ny maimaika amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Niparitaka ireo fivontosana ary nilatsaka, namela takaitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niely teo amin'ny olona na tamin'ny alalan'ny zavatra voaloto ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisorohana voalohany indrindra dia tamin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny nendra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot; /&gt; Raha vao nipoitra ny aretina dia mety ho nanampy ny fanafody antiviral sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy fantatra ny niandohan'ny nendra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot; /&gt; Ny porofo voalohany momba ny aretina dia tamin'ny taonjato faha-3 talohan'i JK tao amin'ny momi Ejiptiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitranga nandritra ny fihanaky ny aretina ara-tantara ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Tany Eoropa tamin'ny taonjato faha-18, tombanana ho 400.000 isan-taona ny olona matin'ny aretina, ary ny ampahatelon'ny tranga dia niafara tamin'ny fahajambana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ireo maty ireo ny mpanjaka enina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot; /&gt; Tombanana ho 300 no maty vokatry ny nendra&amp;nbsp;olona tapitrisa tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary manodidina ny 500&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany tao anatin'ny 100 taona farany nisiany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vao tamin'ny 1967, 15&amp;nbsp;tranga an-tapitrisany no nitranga isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt;

Toa nanomboka tany [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Shina]] tamin'ny taona 1500 teo ho eo ny vaksiny ho an'ny nendra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandray ity fomba fanao avy any Azia ity i Eoropa tamin'ny tapany voalohany tamin'ny taonjato faha-18.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny 1796, [[Edward Jenner|i Edward Jenner]] no nampiditra ny vaksiny nendra maoderina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny 1967, nanamafy ny ezaka natao hanafoanana ity aretina ity ny OMS.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Ny nendra dia iray amin'ireo aretina mifindra roa izay efa nofoanana, ny iray hafa dia ny rinderpest tamin'ny taona 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe &quot;nendra&quot; dia nampiasaina voalohany tany Grande-Bretagne tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taonjato faha-16 mba hanavahana ny aretina amin'ny [[Farasisa|syphilis]], izay fantatra tamin'ny anarana hoe &quot;nendra lehibe&quot; tamin'izany fotoana izany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1997-10-15_127_8/page/635|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anarana ara-tantara hafa ho an'ity aretina ity ny pox, speckled monster, ary red plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID|chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World|title=Smallpox and its eradication|series=History of International Public Health|volume=6|date=1988|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156110-5|hdl=10665/39485|pages=209–44|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>azxrlsvd9y8846mg3olyty7e7qghtk8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Diabeta insipidus</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|name             =Diabetes insipidus
|synonym          =
|image            =Arginine vasopressin3d.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Vasopressin]]
|pronounce        =&quot;Diabetes: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|iː|z}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|iː|t|ᵻ|s}}
|specialty        =[[Endocrinology]]
|symptoms         =Large amounts of dilute urine, increased thirst&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|onset            =Any age&lt;ref name=NORD2015CDI/&gt;&lt;ref name=NORD2016NDI/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Depends on the type&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[urinalysis|Urine tests]], [[blood tests]], [[fluid deprivation test]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|differential     =[[Diabetes|Diabetes mellitus]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Drinking sufficient fluids&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|medication       =[[Desmopressin]], [[thiazides]], [[aspirin]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|prognosis        =Good with treatment&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|frequency        =3 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Sab2000/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny diabeta insipide''' ( '''DI''' ) dia [[Aretina|toe-javatra]] iray miavaka amin'ny urine be dia be sy ny fitomboan'ny hetaheta.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Insipidus|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/diabetes-insipidus|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=28 May 2017|date=October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513120920/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/diabetes-insipidus|archive-date=13 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho efa ho 20 litatra isan'andro ny habetsahan'ny urine vokarina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Tsy dia misy fiantraikany firy amin'ny fifantohan'ny urine ny fihenan'ny ranoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny tsy fahampian-drano na ny fikorontanan-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

Misy karazany efatra, samy manana ny antony mahatonga azy avy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ny DI afovoany (CDI) dia vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny hormonina vasopressin (hormone antidiuretic).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny ratra amin'ny hypothalamus na ny fihary pituitary na ny fototarazo izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Mitranga ny DI nefrogenika (NDI) rehefa tsy mamaly tsara ny vasopressina ny [[Voa (taovam-biby)|voa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ny DI dipsogenic dia vokatry ny fihinanana rano be loatra noho ny fahasimban'ny mekanisma hypothalamus amin'ny hetaheta.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika kokoa no mitranga izany amin'ireo manana aretina ara-tsaina sasany na mihinana fanafody sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ny DI mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka dia mitranga mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fitiliana urine, fitiliana ra ary fitiliana tsy fahampian-drano.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Aretina misaraka tsy mifandray ny [[Diabeta|diabeta mellitus]], na dia samy mety hiteraka famokarana urine be dia be aza izy roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia ny fisotroana rano ampy mba hisorohana ny tsy fahampian-drano.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Miankina amin'ny karazana ny fitsaboana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny DI afovoany sy amin'ny fitondrana vohoka, ny fitsaboana dia amin'ny desmopressin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Azo tsaboina amin'ny alalan'ny fitsaboana ny antony fototra na amin'ny fampiasana thiazide, [[Aspirinina|aspirine]] na ibuprofen ny DI nephrogenic.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ny isan'ny tranga vaovao amin'ny diabeta insipidus isan-taona dia 3 amin'ny 100.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sab2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Saborio P, Tipton GA, Chan JC|title=Diabetes Insipidus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics-in-review_2000-04_21_4/page/122|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=21|issue=4|pages=122–129|year=2000|pmid=10756175|pmc=|doi=10.1542/pir.21-4-122}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Central DI dia mazàna manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 10 sy 20 taona ary mitranga amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy mitovy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015CDI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Central Diabetes Insipidus|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/central-diabetes-insipidus/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=28 May 2017|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221045116/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/central-diabetes-insipidus/|archive-date=21 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanomboka amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra ny DI nefrogenika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2016NDI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/nephrogenic-diabetes-insipidus/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=28 May 2017|date=2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219084854/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/nephrogenic-diabetes-insipidus/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe &quot;diabeta&quot; dia avy amin'ny teny [[Fiteny grika|grika]] midika hoe siphon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rubin|first=Alan L.|title=Diabetes For Dummies|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118052488|page=19|edition=3|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=uYD92j-iQo8C&amp;pg=PA19|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191512/https://books.google.ca/books?id=uYD92j-iQo8C&amp;pg=PA19|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>aij40ghdm1zjftzvfts2xh84orblm0q</sha1>
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|image_thumbtime  =94
|alt              =Horonan-tsary fohy maneho ny fivoaran'ny aretina Goty eny amin'ny tongotry ny olona iray.
|caption          =Video summary ([[Video:Gout|script]]). Leading with ''The Gout'' ([[James Gillray]], 1799) depicts the pain of the artist's gout as a [[demon]] or [[dragon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Brookhiser|first=Richard|title=Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris, the Rake Who Wrote the Constitution|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781439104088|page=212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBdxESrTkHsC&amp;pg=PA212|access-date=2016-01-10|archive-date=2016-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501163529/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBdxESrTkHsC&amp;pg=PA212|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Haslam|first=Fiona|title=From Hogarth to Rowlandson : medicine in art in eighteenth-century Britain|date=1996|publisher=Liverpool University Press|location=Liverpool|isbn=9780853236405|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ab_pQOdi2fUC&amp;pg=PA143|edition=1. publ.|access-date=2016-01-10|archive-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513151127/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ab_pQOdi2fUC&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ɡ|aʊ|t}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gout {{!}} Definition of Gout by Lexico |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gout |website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English |access-date=20 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019015640/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gout |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =
|symptoms         =[[Fanaintainan'ny tonon-taolana]], [[fivontosana amin'ny tonon-taolana]], sy [[mena hoditra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Dalbeth|first1=N|last2=Merriman|first2=TR|last3=Stamp|first3=LK|title=Gout|journal=Lancet|date=April 2016|volume=388|issue=10055|pages=2039–52|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00346-9|pmid=27112094|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =Lehilahy efa antitra,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt; [[fijanonan'ny fadimbolana]]&lt;ref name=Hui2017/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Asidra urika]]&lt;ref name=Hui2017/&gt;
|risks            =Rafitra sakafo be hena sy labiera, [[matavy loatra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Be2016/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Aretin'ny tonon-taolana vokatry ny otrikaretina]], [[Aretin'ny tonon-taolana vokatry ny hery fiarovan'ny tena]], [[aretin'ny tonon-taolana mitovy amin'ny Goty]], hafa&lt;ref name=&quot;Neogi2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Neogi |first1=T |title=Gout |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |date=July 2016 |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=ITC1-16 |doi=10.7326/AITC201607050 |pmid=27380294|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =Fihenan-danja, [[vitamin C]], tsy misotro toaka, [[allopurinol]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;
|treatment        =[[fanafody manohitra fivontosana tsy misy ''Sterid&quot;|NSAIDs]], [[fanafody|steroids]], [[colchicine]]&lt;ref name=Hui2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=Qa2017&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Qaseem|first1=A|last2=Harris|first2=RP|last3=Forciea|first3=MA|last4=Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of|first4=Physicians.|title=Management of Acute and Recurrent Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=3 January 2017|volume=166|issue=1|pages=58–68|pmid=27802508|doi=10.7326/m16-0570|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =1–2% (tontolo mandroso)&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}

Ny '''gaotra''' na '''aretin'ny tonon-taolana''' dia karazana aretin-kozatra izay miavaka amin'ny fihetsehan'ny tonon-taolana mena, mangidihidy, mafana ary mivonto miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hui|first=M|last2=Carr|first2=A|last3=Cameron|first3=S|last4=Davenport|first4=G|last5=Doherty|first5=M|last6=Forrester|first6=H|last7=Jenkins|first7=W|last8=Jordan|first8=KM|last9=Mallen|first9=CD|last10=McDonald|first10=TM|last11=Nuki|first11=G|last12=Pywell|first12=A|last13=Zhang|first13=W|last14=Roddy|first14=E|last15=British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working|first15=Group.|title=The British Society for Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout|journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England)|volume=56|issue=7|pages=e1–e20|date=26 May 2017|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kex156|pmid=28549177|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny fanaintainana dia miseho haingana, mahatratra ny hamafiny indrindra ao anatin'ny latsaky ny 12 ora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richette P, Bardin T|title=Gout|journal=Lancet|volume=375|issue=9711|pages=318–28|date=January 2010|pmid=19692116|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-23-29-2010_375_9711/page/318}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tonon-taolana eo amin'ny fototry ny rantsan-tongotra lehibe no voakasika amin'ny antsasaky ny tranga eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;PM2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schlesinger N|title=Diagnosing and treating gout: a review to aid primary care physicians|journal=Postgrad Med|volume=122|issue=2|pages=157–61|date=March 2010|pmid=20203467|doi=10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2133|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiteraka tophi, [[Vato ao amin' ny voa|vato ao amin'ny voa]], na fahasimban'ny voa ihany koa izany. 

Izany dia vokatry ny fiakaran'ny tahan'ny asidra urika ao amin'ny ra tsy tapaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Mitranga izany noho ny fitambaran'ny sakafo, olana ara-pahasalamana hafa, ary anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ambaratonga avo dia mivaingana ny asidra urika ary miangona ao amin'ny tonon-taolana, hozatra ary [[Tambatsela|sela]] manodidina azy ny [[kristaly]], ka miteraka aretin'ny tonon'taolana.  Matetika kokoa no mitranga izany amin'ireo izay mihinana hena na hazan-dranomasina tsy tapaka, misotro labiera, na matavy loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Be2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=27452679|year=2016|last=Beyl Jr|first=R. N.|title=Update on Importance of Diet in Gout|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=129|issue=11|pages=1153–1158|last2=Hughes|first2=L|last3=Morgan|first3=S|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.06.040}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo hamarinina amin'ny fisian'ny kristaly ao amin'ny ranon-tonon-taolana na ao anaty fasika any ivelan'ny tonon-taolana ny aretina.  Mety ho ara-dalàna ny tahan'ny asidra urika ao amin'ny ra mandritra ny fanafihana. 

Manatsara ny soritr'aretina ny fitsaboana amin'ny fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID), steroids, na colchicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Annals2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=27802478|year=2017|last=Shekelle|first=P. G|title=Management of Gout: A Systematic Review in Support of an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=166|issue=1|pages=37–51|last2=Newberry|first2=S. J|last3=Fitzgerald|first3=J. D|last4=Motala|first4=A|last5=O'Hanlon|first5=C. E|last6=Tariq|first6=A|last7=Okunogbe|first7=A|last8=Han|first8=D|last9=Shanman|first9=R|doi=10.7326/M16-0461|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha vao mihena ny fanafihana tampoka, dia azo ahena ny tahan'ny asidra urika amin'ny alàlan'ny fanovana ny fomba fiaina ary ho an'ireo izay matetika no tratran'ny fanafihana, ny allopurinol na probenecid dia manome fisorohana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Mety ho fisorohana ny fihinanana vitamina C sy ny fihinanana sakafo be dia be amin'ny vokatra vita amin'ny ronono tsy dia matavy loatra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Gout|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Gout/|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=2 February 2016|date=June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115123309/http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/gout/|archive-date=15 January 2016|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roddy|first=E|last2=Choi|first2=HK|title=Epidemiology of gout.|journal=Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America|date=May 2014|volume=40|issue=2|pages=155–75|doi=10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.001|pmid=24703341|pmc=4119792}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahakasika ny 1 ka hatramin'ny 2% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina [[Tontolo Tandrefana|Tandrefana]] ny gout amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Niha-mahazatra kokoa izany tato anatin'ny folo taona faramparany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa vokatry ny fitomboan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza eo amin'ny mponina izany, toy ny aretin'ny metabolika, ny androm-piainana lava kokoa, ary ny fiovan'ny sakafo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Ny lahy zokiny no tena voakasik'izany matetika.  Ny Aretin'ny tonon-taolana dia fantatra ara-tantara ho &quot;aretin'ny mpanjaka&quot; na &quot;aretin'ny mpanankarena&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease|title=Rich Man's Disease – definition of Rich Man's Disease in the Medical dictionary|website=Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia|access-date=2009-05-01|archive-date=2013-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114084137/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efa fantatra hatramin'ny andron'ny [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Ejiptiana fahiny]] izany farafaharatsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fitsaboana tonon-taolana]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ketrona</title>
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      <text bytes="10611" sha1="32xr2cd7u1pwnk00qfy860l4679gq0g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[fanafody manohitra otrik'aretina]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Olona 633 tapitrisa voakasika (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-dermatology_2009-04_48_4/page/339|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'ny toetra maha-olona eo amin'ny sisin-tany</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:42:40Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10159" sha1="l7kgwan5p68gwp707sz6fst2pswil7u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Borderline personality disorder
|synonym          ={{plainlist|
*Emotionally unstable personality disorder – impulsive or borderline type&lt;ref name=Maj2005&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert C.|last=Cloninger|editor1-first=Mario|editor1-last=Maj|editor2-first=Hagop S.|editor2-last=Akiskal|editor3-first=Juan E.|editor3-last=Mezzich|chapter=Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Review|title=Personality disorders|date=2005|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley &amp; Sons]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-470-09036-7|page=126|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fgwbCW7OQMC&amp;pg=PA126|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204232038/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fgwbCW7OQMC&amp;pg=PA126|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Emotional intensity disorder&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Blom|first1=Jan Dirk|title=A dictionary of hallucinations|date=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4419-1223-7|page=74|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&amp;pg=PA74|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204232039/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&amp;pg=PA74|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|image            =Edvard Munch - The Brooch. Eva Mudocci - Google Art Project.jpg
|image_size       =280px
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Idealization and devaluation|Idealization]] is seen in [[Edvard Munch|Edvard Munch's]] ''The Brooch. Eva Mudocci'' (1903)&lt;ref name=&quot;Ed1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Edvard Munch : the life of a person with borderline personality as seen through his art|date=1990|publisher=Lundbeck Pharma A/S|location=[Danmark]|isbn=978-8798352419|pages=34–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Unstable [[interpersonal relationships|relationships]], [[self-image|sense of self]], and [[affect (psychology)|emotions]]; [[impulsivity]]; recurrent suicidal behavior and [[self-harm]]; fear of [[abandonment (emotional)|abandonment]]; chronic feeling of [[emptiness]]; inappropriate [[anger]]; [[Dissociation (psychology)|feeling detached from reality]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|onset            =Early adulthood&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|duration         =Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|causes           =Unclear&lt;ref name=CP2013/&gt;
|risks            =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], [[Psychological trauma|trauma]], [[Child abuse|abuse]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lei2011/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on reported symptoms&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Identity disorder]], [[mood disorder]]s, [[post traumatic stress disorder]], [[substance use disorder]]s, [[Cluster B personality disorders|histrionic, narcissistic, or antisocial personality disorder]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Borderline Personality Disorder Differential Diagnoses |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/913575-differential |website=emedicine.medscape.com |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429130848/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/913575-differential |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Behavioral therapy]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Improves over time&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|frequency        =1.6% of people in a given year&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}{{Personality disorders sidebar}}
'''Ny fikorontanan'ny toetra tsy miovaova ara-pihetseham-po''' ( '''BPD''' ), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''fikorontanan'ny toetra tsy miovaova ara-pihetseham-po''' ( '''EUPD''' ),&lt;ref name=&quot;NICEGuidelines2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55415/|title=Borderline personality disorder NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 78|date=2009|publisher=British Psychological Society|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031402/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55415/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; dia aretina ara-tsaina miavaka amin'ny fifandraisana tsy miovaova maharitra, fahatsapana ho tsy mety amin'ny tena, ary fihetseham -po mahery vaika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|title=Borderline Personality Disorder|website=NIMH|access-date=16 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322130612/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml|archive-date=22 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chapman|first=Alexander L.|date=August 2019|title=Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954579419000658/type/journal_article|journal=[[Development and Psychopathology]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|language=en|volume=31|issue=3|pages=1143–1156|doi=10.1017/S0954579419000658|pmid=31169118|issn=0954-5794|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204232023/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/abs/borderline-personality-disorder-and-emotion-dysregulation/EA2CB1C041307A34392F49279C107987|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny olona no manao fandratrana tena sy fitondran-tena mampidi-doza hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voakasik'izany dia mety hiady amin'ny fahatsapana ho foana, ny tahotra ny ho lao, ary ny fisarahana amin'ny zava-misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny zava-mitranga izay heverina ho ara-dalàna amin'ny hafa ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika dia manomboka amin'ny fiandohan'ny fahamatorana io fitondran-tena io ary mitranga amin'ny toe-javatra isan-karazany.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Publishing]]|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/645 645, 663–6]|edition=5th|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/645}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, ny fahaketrahana ary ny fikorontanan'ny fihinanana dia matetika mifandray amin'ny BPD.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no maty noho ny famonoan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Tsy mazava ny antony mahatonga ny BPD, saingy toa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fototarazo, ny rafi-pitatitra, ny tontolo iainana ary ny fiaraha-monina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CP2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Borderline Personality Disorder|publisher=National Health and Medical Research Council|year=2013|isbn=978-1-86496-564-3|location=Melbourne|pages=40–41|quote=In addition to the evidence identified by the systematic review, the Committee also considered a recent narrative review of studies that have evaluated biological and environmental factors as potential risk factors for BPD (including prospective studies of children and adolescents, and studies of young people with BPD)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitranga in-dimy eo ho eo matetika kokoa izany amin'ny olona manana havana akaiky voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Toa mitana anjara toerana ihany koa ireo zava-mitranga ratsy eo amin'ny fiainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lei2011&quot; /&gt; Toa mahakasika ny tambajotra frontolimbic an'ny [[Nerônina|neurons]] ny mekanisma fototra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lei2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leichsenring F, Leibing E, Kruse J, New AS, Leweke F|title=Borderline personality disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-1-7-2011_377_9759/page/n115|journal=[[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]]|volume=377|issue=9759|pages=74–84|date=January 2011|pmid=21195251|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61422-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny BPD dia eken'ny ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM) ho toy ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, miaraka amin'ny aretina sivy hafa mitovy amin'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina, raha toa kosa ka azo atao ny manao fizahana ara-pitsaboana mba hanitsiana ny olana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy maintsy avahana amin'ny olana momba ny maha-izy azy na ny fikorontanan'ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina, ankoatra ny mety ho antony hafa, ny toe-javatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny BPD dia tsaboina amin'ny fitsaboana, toy ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina momba ny fitondran-tena (CBT) na ny fitsaboana amin'ny fitondran-tena dialektika (DBT).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hampihena ny mety hisian'ny famonoan-tena ny DBT.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hatao tsirairay na miaraka amin'ny vondrona ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Na dia tsy manasitrana ny BPD aza ny fanafody, dia azo ampiasaina hanampiana amin'ireo soritr'aretina mifandraika amin'izany izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Misy olona mila fitsaboana any amin'ny hopitaly.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Manodidina ny 1.6%-n'ny olona no voan'ny BPD isan-taona, ary misy tombana sasany mahatratra 6%.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Intelo mahery noho ny lehilahy ny vehivavy no voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Toa miha-tsy fahita firy izany eo amin'ny zokiolona.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Mihatsara ny fahasalamany mandritra ny folo taona, hatramin'ny antsasaky ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Ireo olona voakasik'izany dia mazàna mampiasa loharanon-karena ara-pahasalamana betsaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Misy adihevitra mitohy momba ny fanomezana anarana ny aretina, indrindra ny maha-mety ny fampiasana ny teny hoe ''borderline''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika ity aretina ity dia avakavahana na amin'ny fampitam-baovao na amin'ny sehatry ny aretin-tsaina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aviram RB, Brodsky BS, Stanley B|title=Borderline personality disorder, stigma, and treatment implications|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=14|issue=5|pages=249–56|date=2006|pmid=16990170|doi=10.1080/10673220600975121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
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[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Autiste</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1149483</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:16:21Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="13548" sha1="rqespcpaimlvav70nl0xcaq5cdsi5t5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Autism
|synonym          =
|image            =Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Boy stacking cans
|caption          =Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=Land2008/&gt;
|onset            =By age two or three&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title= NIMH &quot; Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|duration         =[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|causes           =[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Ch2012/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on behavior and developmental history&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press, New York |date=9 February 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516830-3 |oclc=466433183 |lccn=2005027740 |page=72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]&lt;ref name=CCD2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|medication       =[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)&lt;ref name=Ji2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oswald DP 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prognosis        =Frequently poor&lt;ref name=Ste106/&gt;
|frequency        =24.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny autisme''' na &quot;hafakely&quot; dia fikorontanan’ny fivoaran’ny atidoha miavaka amin'ny fananana fahasarotana amin'ny fifandraisana ara-tsosialy sy ara-tserasera, ary amin'ny fitondran-tena voafetra sy miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny ray aman-dreny no mahatsikaritra famantarana mandritra ny telo taona voalohany amin'ny fiainan'ny zanany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Landa RJ|title=Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life|journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol|volume=4|issue=3|pages=138–147|year=2008|pmid=18253102|doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0731|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Matetika ireo famantarana ireo dia miseho tsikelikely, misy olona hafakely manana fahasarotana amin'ny fahaizany mifandray amin'ny hafa mandritry ny dingana ara-dalàna amin'ny fivoarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stef2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|s2cid=34658024|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuropsychology-review_2008-12_18_4/page/305|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny autisme dia mifandray amin'ny fitambaran'ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra sy ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M|title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=14|issue=3|pages=281–292|year=2012|pmid=23226953|pmc=3513682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety mahatonga izany mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ny aretina sasany, toy ny rubella, poizina toy ny asidra valproika, alikaola, [[kôkainina]], fanafody famonoana bibikely, [[Firamainty|firaka]], ary fahalotoan'ny rivotra, fihenan'ny fitomboan'ny zaza ao am-bohoka, ary aretina &quot;autoimmune&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)|vauthors=Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=56|year=2015|pages=155–169|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007|pmid=26021712}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VohrPoggiDavis2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vohr BR, Poggi Davis E, Wanke CA, Krebs NF|title=Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings|journal=Pediatrics|year=2017|volume=139|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S38–S49|pmid=28562247|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-2828F|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SamsamAhangari2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA|title=Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.|journal=World J Gastroenterol|year=2014|volume=20|issue=29|pages=9942–9951|pmid=25110424|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942|pmc=4123375|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy adihevitra manodidina ireo antony hafa momba ny tontolo iainana naroso; ohatra, ny petra-kevitra momba ny vaksiny, izay efa voaporofo fa tsy marina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rut2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rutter M|title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2005-01_94_1/page/n3|journal=Acta Paediatr|volume=94|issue=1|pages=2–15|year=2005|pmid=15858952|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fanodinana fampahalalana ao amin'ny atidoha sy ny fomba ifandraisan'ny [[nerônina]] ny autisme; tsy mazava tsara ny fomba isehoan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lev2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT|title=Autism|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9701|pages=1627–1638|year=2009|pmid=19819542|pmc=2863325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Boky Torolalana Diagnostika sy Statistika momba ny Aretina Ara-tsaina (DSM-5), dia mampifangaro ny hafakely sy ireo endrika malefaka kokoa amin'ity aretina ity, anisan'izany ny Asperger syndrome sy ny pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise spectrum disorder (PDD-NOS) ao anatin'ny famaritana ny autisme spectrum disorder (ASD).&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM|title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1183–1215|year=2007|pmid=17967920|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-date=8 February 2009|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fanampiana ara-pitondrantena mialoha na ny fitsaboana amin'ny fahaizana miteny dia afaka manampy ny ankizy autiste hahazo fahaiza -mikarakara tena, ara-tsosialy ary ara-pifandraisana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP|title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|date=November 2007|pmid=17967921|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;San2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sanchack KE, Thomas CA|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles|journal=American Family Physician|volume=94|issue=12|pages=972–979|date=December 2016|pmid=28075089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia tsy misy fanafody fantatra aza,&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt; dia nisy tranganà ankizy sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helt2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D|s2cid=4317267|title=Can children with autism recover? If so, how?|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=18|issue=4|pages=339–366|date=December 2008|pmid=19009353|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9|url=https://www.academia.edu/16961306|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.2995|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017031345/https://www.academia.edu/16961306/Can_Children_with_Autism_Recover_If_So_How|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy olon-dehibe hafakely tsy afaka miaina irery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste106&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB|title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=133|issue=6|pages=445–452|date=June 2016|pmid=26763353|doi=10.1111/acps.12559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niforona ny kolontsaina autiste, misy olona mitady fanasitranana ary ny hafa mino fa ny autiste dia tokony hekena ho toy ny fahasamihafana tokony horaisina fa tsy ho sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=BioSocieties|year=2008|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–341|title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum|vauthors=Silverman C|s2cid=145379758|doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frith2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|work=[[The Psychologist (magazine)|The Psychologist]]|publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]|date=October 2014|volume=27|pages=744–745|access-date=2020-08-06|archivedate=2019-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510154825/https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maneran-tany, tombanana ho 24.8 tapitrisa ny olona autiste {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2000, tombanana ho 1–2 isaky ny olona 1.000 maneran-tany ny isan'ny olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny firenena mandroso, eo amin'ny 1.5% eo ho eo amin'ny ankizy no voamarina fa voan'ny ASD {{as of|2017|lc=y}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C|title=The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=38|pages=81–102|date=March 2017|pmid=28068486|pmc=6566093|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318}}&lt;/ref&gt; avy amin'ny 0.7% tamin'ny taona 2000 tany Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot; /&gt; Miseho in-efatra ka hatramin'ny dimy heny ny tahan'ny fitodran'ny lehilahy azy noho ny vehivavy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|title=ASD data and statistics|publisher=CDC.gov|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|archive-date=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo be ny isan'ny olona voamarina fa mitondra ity fikorontanana ara-pitondrantena ity nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1960, izay mety ho vokatry ny fiovan'ny fomba fanao amin'ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Mbola tsy voavaha ny fanontaniana hoe nitombo ve ny tahan'ny tena izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC|title=The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=28|pages=235–258|year=2007|pmid=17367287|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ketamine</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="21081" sha1="29ltm3haaoq29d32h6xd8akzaar1cfo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =477168837
|image            =Ketamine2DCSD.svg
|width            =150px
|alt              =
|image2           =S-ketamine-from-HCl-xtal-3D-balls.png
|width2           =175px
|alt2             =(''S'')-Ketamine ball-and-stick model
|caption          =&lt;!--
|type             =

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Ketalar, others
|synonyms         =CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2&lt;ref name=&quot;MortonHall2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Morton IK, Hall JM |title=Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-4439-1 |pages=159– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411144623/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |archive-date=11 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|IUPAC_name       =(''RS'')-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[NMDA receptor antagonists]]; [[General anaesthetic|General anesthetics]]; [[Dissociative|Dissociative hallucinogen]]s; [[Analgesic]]s; [[Antidepressant]]s
|uses             =&lt;!-- primary uses --&gt;
|side_effects     =&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B3
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=22 November 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | access-date=18 May 2020 | archive-date=26 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626125239/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =N
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=Any&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA | title = Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD003351 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28657160 | pmc = 6481583 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3 | url = http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | access-date = 2020-08-09 | archive-date = 2024-01-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240112122726/http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S | title = Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain | journal = Pain Physician | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 173–184 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28339431 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first1 = Sanjay J. | last1 = Mathew | first2 = Carlos A. | last2 = Zarate Jr  |title=Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA22 |date=25 November 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-42925-0 |pages=8–10, 14–22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA22 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|date=9 January 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|editor=Brayfield, A|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|website=MedicinesComplete|url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ms-3114-h.htm|location=London, UK|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134205/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/themes/mc-marketing/assets/images/favicons-tiles/favicon.ico|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =* Intravenous: seconds&lt;ref name=sinner&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Sinner B, Graf BM |chapter= Ketamine |title= Modern Anesthetics | veditors = Schüttler J, Schwilden H |series= Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology |year= 2008 |volume= 182 |issue= 182 |pages= 313–33 |isbn= 978-3-540-72813-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15 |pmid=18175098}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Intramuscular: 1–5 min&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Quibell R, Prommer EE, Mihalyo M, Twycross R, Wilcock A | title = Ketamine* | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 640–9 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21419322 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.001 | url = http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | type = Therapeutic Review | doi-access = free | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 16 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180916035324/https://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924%2811%2900046-7/fulltext | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Subcutaneous: 15–30 min&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
* Insufflation: 5–10 min&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;
* By mouth: 15–30 min&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
|duration_of_action=* Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
* Insufflation: 45–60 min&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;
* By mouth: 1–6+ hours&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
|defined_daily_dose=Not established&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029104027/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AX03 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|addiction_liability=Low–moderate&lt;ref name=&quot;NHM-PCP and ketamine&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY |title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience |year=2009 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-148127-4 | pages=374–375 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders |quote=Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--Start widen drugbox--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--End widen drugbox--&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|ketamine-hydrochloride}}
|MedlinePlus      =

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S8
|legal_CA         =Schedule I
|legal_UN         =Unscheduled
|legal_UK         =Class B
|legal_US         =Schedule III
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Ketamine
|licence_US       =Ketamine
|licence_EU       =

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =* [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]: 100%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;
* [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 93%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;
* [[Subcutaneous administration|Subcutaneous]]: high&lt;ref name=&quot;Mao2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Jianren Mao |title=Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA127 |date=19 April 2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-8900-4 |pages=127– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VrvBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA127 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Epidural administration|Epidural]]: 77%&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintz2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Pascal Kintz |title=Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA87 |date=22 March 2014 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-416969-2 |pages=87– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA87 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Nasal administration|Intranasal]]: 8–50%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid29736744&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Molero P, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Martin-Santos R, Calvo-Sánchez E, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Meana JJ | title = Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 411–420 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29736744 | doi = 10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;
* [[Sublingual administration|Sublingual]]: 24–30%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hashimoto2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto K | title = Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective | journal = Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 73 | issue = 10 | pages = 613–627 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31215725 | pmc = 6851782 | doi = 10.1111/pcn.12902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rectal administration|Rectal]]: 11–30%&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemeroff2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first1 = Alan F. | last1 = Schatzberg | first2 = Charles B. | last2 = Nemeroff  |title=The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Fifth Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA550 |year=2017 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-523-9 |pages=550– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA550 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2018 /&gt;
* [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 16–29%&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintz2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DickmanSchneider2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Dickman | first2 = Jennifer | last2 = Schneider  |title=The Syringe Driver: Continuous Subcutaneous Infusions in Palliative Care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA114 |date=22 September 2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-873372-0 |pages=114– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbUSDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA114 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Zhang2018 /&gt;
|protein_bound    =12–47% (low)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kintz2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DowdJohnson2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Frank J.|last1=Dowd|first2=Bart|last2=Johnson|first3=Angelo|last3=Mariotti|title=Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry – E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA235|date=3 September 2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44595-5|pages=235–|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185945/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA235|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|metabolism       =[[Liver]] ([[demethylation|''N''-demethylation]]):&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hijazi Y, Boulieu R | title = Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 30 | issue = 7 | pages = 853–8 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12065445 | doi = 10.1124/dmd.30.7.853 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | access-date = 9 August 2020 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134155/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Contribution-of-CYP3A4%2C-CYP2B6%2C-and-CYP2C9-isoforms-Hijazi-Boulieu/935c35b819e091b777788d99379fbb33bcc9e24f | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Major: [[CYP3A4]]
* Minor: [[CYP2B6]], [[CYP2C9]]
|metabolites      =* [[Norketamine]]
* [[Dehydronorketamine]]
* [[Hydroxynorketamine]]
* [[Bioconjugation|Conjugates]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Levine2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Barry Levine |title=Principles of Forensic Toxicology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&amp;pg=PA282 |year=2003 |publisher=[[American Association for Clinical Chemistry]] |isbn=978-1-890883-87-4 |pages=282– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&amp;pg=PA282 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elimination_half-life=* Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;
* Norketamine: 12 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;Quibell2011&quot; /&gt;
|excretion        =* [[Urine]]: 91%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;
* [[Feces]]: 1–3%&lt;ref name=&quot;MathewZarate2016&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =13
|Cl               =1
|H                =16
|N                =1
|O                =1
|SMILES           =Clc1ccccc1C2(NC)CCCCC2=O
|StdInChI         =1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|molecular_weight =237.725
|chirality        =[[Racemic mixture]]:&lt;ref name=sinner /&gt;
* [[Esketamine]] (''S''(+)-isomer)
* [[Arketamine]] (''R''(−)-isomer)
|melting_point    =258
|melting_high     =261
&lt;!--Empty--&gt;
|urine            =2 weeks&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|drug_name        =Ketamine
}}[[Fanafody]] ampiasaina indrindra hanombohana sy hihazonana ny fanatoranana '''ny ketamine'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketamine Injection|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|website=[[Drugs.com]]|access-date=1 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210181630/http://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|archive-date=10 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahatonga toe-javatra toy ny hoe tsy mahatsiaro tena izy io sady manome fanamaivanana ny fanaintainana, fampitoniana ary fahaverezan'ny fitadidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;GreenRoback2011&quot; /&gt; Ny fampiasana hafa dia ahitana ny fampitoniana amin'ny fitsaboana mafy sy ny fitsaboana ny fanaintainana sy ny fahaketrahana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zgaia AO, Irimie A, Sandesc D, Vlad C, Lisencu C, Rogobete A, Achimas-Cadariu P|title=The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain|journal=Clujul Medical|volume=88|issue=4|pages=457–61|date=2015|pmid=26733743|pmc=4689236|doi=10.15386/cjmed-500}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zapantis A, Leung S|title=Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-nursing-clinics-of-north-america_2005-09_17_3/page/211|journal=Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America|volume=17|issue=3|pages=211–23|date=September 2005|pmid=16115529|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zhang2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhang K, Hashimoto K|title=An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=83–92|date=January 2019|pmid=30513009|doi=10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kraus C, Rabl U, Vanicek T, Carlberg L, Popovic A, Spies M, Bartova L, Gryglewski G, Papageorgiou K, Lanzenberger R, Willeit M, Winkler D, Rybakowski JK, Kasper S|display-authors=6|title=Administration of ketamine for unipolar and bipolar depression|journal=International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice|volume=21|issue=1|pages=2–12|date=March 2017|pmid=28097909|doi=10.1080/13651501.2016.1254802}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RD9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Hendersen G, Loke YK, MacEwan D, Rang HP|title=Rang and Dale's Pharmacology|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780702074462|page=560|edition=Ninth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia mbola miasa tsara ny fiasan'ny fo, ny fifohana rivotra, ary ny fiasan'ny lalan-drivotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;GreenRoback2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B|title=Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update|journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine|volume=57|issue=5|pages=449–61|date=May 2011|pmid=21256625|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika dia manomboka ao anatin'ny dimy minitra ny vokany rehefa omena amin'ny alalan'ny tsindrona, ary maharitra hatramin'ny 25 minitra eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketamine – CESAR|url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|website=Center for Substance Abuse Research|publisher=[[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]|access-date=26 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080924/http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|archive-date=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny fisafotofotoana, na ny fahitana zavatra tsy misy dikany rehefa mihena ny fanafody.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;StrayerNelson2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Strayer RJ, Nelson LS|title=Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults|journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=26|issue=9|pages=985–1028|date=November 2008|pmid=19091264|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0026626/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185727/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0026626/|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KetSide2014&quot; /&gt; Fahita matetika [[Tosi-dra|ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà]] sy ny hovitrovitra eo amin'ny hozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KetSide2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketamine Side Effects|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/ketamine-side-effects.html|website=drugs.com|access-date=1 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210173330/http://www.drugs.com/sfx/ketamine-side-effects.html|archive-date=10 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety tsy fahita firy ny fihenjanana eo amin'ny larynx.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt; Mifanohitra amin'ny mpandray NMDA ny Ketamine, saingy mety manana fiantraikany hafa koa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACS2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tyler MW, Yourish HB, Ionescu DF, Haggarty SJ|title=Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ketamine|journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience|volume=8|issue=6|pages=1122–1134|date=June 2017|pmid=28418641|doi=10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00074}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hita tamin'ny 1962 ny Ketamine, nosedraina voalohany tamin'ny olombelona tamin'ny 1964, ary nekena hampiasaina tany Etazonia tamin'ny 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Domino2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Domino EF|title=Taming the ketamine tiger. 1965|journal=Anesthesiology|volume=113|issue=3|pages=678–84|date=September 2010|pmid=20693870|doi=10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181ed09a2|url=https://zenodo.org/record/896636|doi-access=free|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134221/https://zenodo.org/record/896636/preview/article.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nampiasaina betsaka tamin'ny fandidiana fanatoranana nandritra ny [[Ady tany Vietnamy|Adin'i Vietnam]] izy io noho ny fiarovana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Domino2010&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;KetPres2013&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny US$0.84 sy US$3.22 isaky ny tavoahangy ny vidin'ny ambongadiny any amin'ireo [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketamine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=454&amp;searchYear=2014|access-date=12 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823163821/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=454&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-date=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina ho zava-mahadomelina fialamboly ihany koa ny ketamine noho ny fiantraikany ratsy ateraky ny hallucinogenika sy ny dissociative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Morgan CJ, Curran HV|title=Ketamine use: a review|journal=Addiction|volume=107|issue=1|pages=27–38|date=January 2012|pmid=21777321|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bbfba0ebcd72ce21fd1ee3e3813bca775eebaf62|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134156/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ketamine-use%3A-a-review.-Morgan-Curran/bbfba0ebcd72ce21fd1ee3e3813bca775eebaf62|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>29ltm3haaoq29d32h6xd8akzaar1cfo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aretin'i Graves</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298921</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:22:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7196" sha1="00cn17pnevhaes9uq8zoo0nwua02u9o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Graves' disease
|synonym          =Toxic diffuse goiter, &lt;br&gt;Flajani–Basedow–Graves disease
|image            =Proptosis and lid retraction from Graves' Disease.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The classic finding of [[exophthalmos]] and lid retraction in Graves' disease
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Endocrinology]]
|symptoms         =[[goitre|Enlarged thyroid]], irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, [[tachycardia|fast heartbeat]], weight loss, poor tolerance of heat&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Unknown&lt;ref name=Men2014/&gt;
|risks            =Family history, other [[autoimmune disease]]s&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Blood tests, [[radioiodine]] uptake&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2008/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Iodine-131|Radioiodine therapy]], medications, thyroid surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =0.5% (males), 3% (females)&lt;ref name=Hen2015/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny aretin'i Graves''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''goiter diffuse misy poizina''', dia aretina autoimmune izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny tiroida.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io no miteraka ary io no antony mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny hyperthyroidism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hen2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Burch HB, Cooper DS|title=Management of Graves Disease: A Review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-15_314_23/page/2544|journal=JAMA|volume=314|issue=23|pages=2544–54|date=December 2015|pmid=26670972|doi=10.1001/jama.2015.16535}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika koa izany no miteraka [[Gaotra|fitomboan'ny tiroida]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny soritr'aretin'ny hyperthyroidism dia mety ahitana ny fahasosorana, ny fahalemen'ny hozatra, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ny fitempon'ny fo haingana, ny tsy fahazakana hafanana, ny aretim-pivalanana ary ny fihenan-danja tsy nahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny soritr'aretina hafa dia mety ahitana ny hatevin'ny hoditra eo amin'ny kitrokely, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe pretibial myxedema, ary ny fivontosan'ny maso, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe Graves' ophthalmopathy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 25 ka hatramin'ny 80% eo ho eo amin'ny olona voan'io aretina io no manana olana amin'ny maso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Graves' Disease|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/graves-disease/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|website=www.niddk.nih.gov|access-date=2015-04-02|date=August 10, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402223830/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/graves-disease/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brent GA|title=Clinical practice. Graves' disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-06-12_358_24/page/2594|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=24|pages=2594–605|date=June 2008|pmid=18550875|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0801880}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy mazava ny antony marina; na izany aza, inoana fa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fitambaran'ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra sy ara-tontolo iainana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Men2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Menconi F, Marcocci C, Marinò M|title=Diagnosis and classification of Graves' disease|journal=Autoimmunity Reviews|volume=13|issue=4–5|pages=398–402|date=2014|pmid=24424182|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo inoana kokoa fa ho voan'io aretina io ny olona iray raha manana mpianakaviny voan'io aretina io izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Raha voan'ny aretina [[Kambana|ny kambana]] iray, dia mety ho voan'ny aretina koa ny kambana iray hafa, 30%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nikiforov|first=Yuri E.|last2=Biddinger|first2=Paul W.|last3=Nikiforova|first3=Lester D.R.|last4=Biddinger|first4=Paul W.|title=Diagnostic pathology and molecular genetics of the thyroid|date=2012|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781451114553|page=69|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jX1h00B4QJoC&amp;pg=PA69|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908171950/https://books.google.com/books?id=jX1h00B4QJoC&amp;pg=PA69|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny adin-tsaina ara-batana na ara-pihetseham-po, aretina na fiterahana ny fiandohan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot; /&gt; Ireo manana aretina autoimmune hafa, toy ny diabeta karazany 1 sy ny rheumatoid arthritis, no mety ho voan'izany kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny aretina ny fifohana sigara ary mety hampitombo ny olana amin'ny maso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny aretina dia vokatry ny antibody antsoina hoe immunoglobulin mampirisika ny tiroida (TSI), izay manana fiantraikany mitovy amin'ny hormonina mampirisika ny tiroida (TSH).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ireo antikôra TSI ireo dia mahatonga ny fihary tiroida hamokatra hormonina tiroida be loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ahiahiana ny aretina mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ary azo hamarinina amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana ra sy ny fidiran'ny radioiodine.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot; /&gt; Matetika, ny fitiliana ra dia mampiseho fiakaran'ny &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwgA&quot;&gt;T3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; sy &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwgg&quot;&gt;T4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, TSH ambany, fitomboan'ny fidiran'ny radioiodine amin'ny faritra rehetra amin'ny tiroida ary ny antibody TSI.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot; /&gt;

Ny safidy fitsaboana telo dia ny fitsaboana amin'ny radioiodine, ny fanafody, ary ny fandidiana tiroida.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny radioiodine dia ny fihinanana iodine-131 am-bava, izay avy eo dia mifantoka ao amin'ny tiroida ary manimba azy mandritra ny herinandro na volana maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Ny hypothyroidism vokatr'izany dia tsaboina amin'ny hormonina tiroida sentetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hifehy ny sasany amin'ireo soritr'aretina ny fanafody toy ny beta blockers, ary mety hanampy vetivety ny olona ny fanafody antithyroid toy ny methimazole raha mbola misy vokany ny fitsaboana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Safidy iray hafa ny fandidiana hanesorana ny tiroida.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Mety mitaky fitsaboana fanampiny ny olana amin'ny maso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;

Ny aretin'i Graves dia hivoatra amin'ny 0.5% eo ho eo amin'ny lehilahy ary 3% amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hen2015&quot; /&gt; Mitranga in-7.5 eo ho eo matetika kokoa amin'ny vehivavy noho ny amin'ny lehilahy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika, manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 40 sy 60 taona izy io saingy mety hanomboka amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt; Io no antony mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny hyperthyroidism any Etazonia (eo amin'ny 50 ka hatramin'ny 80% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot; /&gt; Nomena anarana avy amin'ilay mpandidy Irlandey Robert Graves ilay aretina, izay nilazalaza azy tamin'ny 1835.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt; Misy ihany koa ny famaritana maromaro teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sinestesia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298922</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7971" sha1="5jps1phcwtns0wqdkxd3gninqxhquwg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Synesthesia
|synonym          =Synaesthesia&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;
|image            =Synesthesia.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Synæsthesia, synaesthesia
|caption          =Some of those affected perceive certain letters and numbers as also colors.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]], [[neurology]]
|symptoms         =Experiencing one [[perception|sensation]] as an additional sensation&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Unclear&lt;ref name=Kell2015/&gt;
|risks            =[[Family history]], [[sensory loss]], [[lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]]&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Illusion]], [[hallucination]]&lt;ref name=Ward2013/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =~4% of people&lt;ref name=Bra2011/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny sinestesia''' dia tranga iray izay ny fientanentanana ny lalan'ny fahatsapana na ny saina iray dia mitarika traikefa tsy nahy amin'ny lalan'ny fahatsapana na ny saina hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=J|title=Synesthesia.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_2013_64/page/49|journal=Annual review of psychology|date=2013|volume=64|pages=49-75|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143840|pmid=22747246}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brang|first=D|last2=Ramachandran|first2=VS|title=Survival of the synesthesia gene: why do people hear colors and taste words?|journal=PLoS biology|date=November 2011|volume=9|issue=11|pages=e1001205|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001205|pmid=22131906}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fanentanana mahazatra indrindra dia litera, isa, na teny; ary ny traikefa mahazatra indrindra dia loko na endrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Ny karazany hafa dia mety mahakasika andro, mozika, tsiro, na olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Mety manana karazany mihoatra ny iray ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt;

Tsy mazava ny antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kell2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Evelyn B.|title=The 101 Most Unusual Diseases and Disorders|date=23 November 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-676-0|page=269|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_101_Most_Unusual_Diseases_and_Disord/oF_lCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Synesthesia+cause+unknown&amp;pg=PA269|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_101_Most_Unusual_Diseases_and_Disord/oF_lCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Synesthesia+cause+unknown&amp;pg=PA269|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hipoitra aloha kokoa eo amin'ny fiainana ny tranga na azo avy amin'ny trangan-javatra iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza [[Tetiarana|ny tantaram-pianakaviana]], ny fahaverezan'ny fahatsapana toy ny fahajambana, ary ny akora toy ny lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 40% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga no misy havana akaiky voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt; Ny mekanisma fototra dia mety ahitana ny fihenan'ny fanakanana ny neurona na ny fihenan'ny fanapahana ny fifandraisan'ny nerveo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cavallaro|first=Dani|title=Synesthesia and the Arts|date=2 October 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7563-6|page=22|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA22|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA22|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbola misy adihevitra mitohy momba ny fomba tsara indrindra hamaritana ny toe-javatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Def2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Simner J|title=Defining synaesthesia|journal=British Journal of Psychology|volume=103|issue=1|pages=1–15|date=February 2012|pmid=22229768|doi=10.1348/000712610X528305|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/12435588/Defining_synaesthesia.pdf|type=Review|access-date=17 July 2022|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709165250/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/12435588/Defining_synaesthesia.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo anelanelan'ny 2% sy 20%-n'ny olona no voakasik'izany amin'ny ambaratonga sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Toa mitovy ny fatran'ny aretina amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward2013&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka tombontsoa amin'ny fikirakirana ara-tsaina toy ny fahaiza-mamorona ity toe-javatra ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt; Ny sasany nampiasa azy io mba hanampiana amin'ny fitadidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bra2011&quot; /&gt;

Ny tranga voarakitra voalohany indrindra dia mety ho tamin'ny taona 1690 nataon'ny filozofa [[John Locke]], izay nilazalaza lehilahy jamba iray izay nahatsapa ny loko mena midorehitra rehefa nandre ny feon'ny [[trompetra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cav2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cavallaro|first=Dani|title=Synesthesia and the Arts|date=2 October 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7563-6|page=53|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA53|language=en|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia_and_the_Arts/kZPqAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA53|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, misy ny miady hevitra raha toa ka tena ohatra amin'ilay toe-javatra sa fanoharana fotsiny ilay nolazain'i Locke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jew2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jewanski J, Day SA, Ward J|title=A colorful albino: the first documented case of synaesthesia, by Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs in 1812|journal=Journal of the History of the Neurosciences|volume=18|issue=3|pages=293–303|date=July 2009|pmid=20183209|doi=10.1080/09647040802431946|s2cid=8641750}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny tantara ara-pitsaboana voalohany dia nolazaina fa nosoratan'i Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs, dokotera alemà, tamin'ny 1812.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jew2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brit2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/synesthesia|title=Synesthesia|date=2018-12-28|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=2019-01-25|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729165118/https://www.britannica.com/science/synesthesia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SA2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=From the words of an albino, a brilliant blend of color|date=2013-02-26|journal=Scientific American Blog Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin'ny [[Fiteny grika taloha|teny grika fahiny]] {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:σύν|σύν]]}} ny teny {{Lang|grc-Latn|syn}}, midika hoe &quot;miaraka&quot;, ary {{Lang|grc|[[wikt:αἴσθησις|αἴσθησις]]}} {{Lang|grc-Latn|aisthēsis}}, midika hoe &quot; [[wikt:sensation|fahatsapana]] &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robertson|first=Lynn C.|last2=Robertson|first2=Lynn C.|last3=Sagiv|first3=Noam|last4=Sagiv|first4=Research Fellow Noam|title=Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516623-1|page=3|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia/GL8TDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA3|language=en|access-date=2022-07-25|archive-date=2022-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805000411/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Synesthesia/GL8TDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo izay efa ela niaina izany dia fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe '''synesthetes'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Camp2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Campen C|date=2009|title=The Hidden Sense: On Becoming Aware of Synesthesia|journal=Teccogs|volume=1|pages=1–13|url=http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/teccogs/artigos/pdf/teccogs_edicao1_2009_artigo_CAMPEN.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708013028/http://www.pucsp.br/pos/tidd/teccogs/artigos/pdf/teccogs_edicao1_2009_artigo_CAMPEN.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Psoriasis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:10:33Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10039" sha1="0w7xixj4lsh07pnlivwwfa83dpay8an" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Psoriasis
|synonym          =
|image            =Psoriasis on back1.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Back and arms of a person with psoriasis
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|p|s|-|,_|s|ɒ|-|,_|s|ɔː|-|,_|s|oʊ|-}}{{refn|{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8  }}}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Psoriasis}}}} &lt;br&gt; (''[[#Etymology|psora + -iasis]]'')
|specialty        =[[Dermatology]]
|symptoms         =[[erythema|Red]] (purple on darker skin), itchy, scaly patches of skin&lt;ref name=Menter2008/&gt;
|onset            =Adults&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|duration         =Long term&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|causes           =[[Genetic disease]] triggered by environmental factors&lt;ref name=Menter2008 /&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[corticosteroid|Steroid creams]], [[vitamin D3]] cream, [[ultraviolet light]], [[Immunosuppressive drug|immune system suppressing medications]] such as [[methotrexate]]&lt;ref name=NIH2013/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =79.7 million&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = ((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; / 2–4%&lt;ref name=Parisi2013/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Aretina maharitra vokatry ny hery fiarovana '''ny psoriasis''', izay miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny faritra mibontsina amin'ny hoditra tsy ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Psoriasis|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Psoriasis/default.asp|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=1 July 2015|date=October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708150114/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_info/Psoriasis/default.asp|archive-date=8 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo faritra ireo dia mazàna mena amin'ny hoditra mazava, na volomparasy amin'ny olona sasany manana hoditra maizina kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=LeMone|first=Priscilla|last2=Burke|first2=Karen|last3=Dwyer|first3=Trudy|last4=Levett-Jones|first4=Tracy|last5=Moxham|first5=Lorna|last6=Reid-Searl|first6=Kerry|title=Medical-Surgical Nursing|date=2015|publisher=Pearson Higher Education AU|isbn=9781486014408|page=454|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDXiBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA454|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829015354/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDXiBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA454|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho maina, mangidihidy ary misy kirany ny hoditra voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fitz2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Saavedra|first=Arturo|title=Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology|last2=Roh|first2=Ellen K.|last3=Mikailov|first3=Anar|date=2023|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-1-264-27801-5|edition=9th|location=New York|language=en|chapter=3. Psoriasis, psoriasiform, and pityriasiform dermatoses|pages=52-73|access-date=13 October 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929074552/https://books.google.com/books?id=ctOLEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miovaova ny hamafin'ny psoriasis, manomboka amin'ny faritra kely eo an-toerana ka hatramin'ny faritra rehetra amin'ny vatana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menter2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Van Voorhees AS, Leonardi CL, Gordon KB, Lebwohl M, Koo JY, Elmets CA, Korman NJ, Beutner KR, Bhushan R|display-authors=6|title=Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2008-05_58_5/page/826|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=58|issue=5|pages=826–50|date=May 2008|pmid=18423260|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ratra amin'ny hoditra dia mety hiteraka fiovan'ny hoditra psoriatika eo amin'io toerana io, izay fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe trangan-javatra Koebner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ely2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ely JW, Seabury Stone M|title=The generalized rash: part II. Diagnostic approach|journal=American Family Physician|volume=81|issue=6|pages=735–9|date=March 2010|pmid=20229972|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0315/p735.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202152931/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0315/p735.html|archive-date=2014-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy karazany dimy ny psoriasis: plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular, ary erythrodermic.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Ny psoriasis misy takelaka, fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe psoriasis vulgaris, dia mahatratra 90 isan-jaton'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io dia miseho amin'ny endrika teboka mena misy kirany fotsy eo ambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ny faritra amin'ny vatana izay matetika voakasik'izany dia ny lamosin'ny sandry, ny kitrokely, ny foitra ary ny hodi-doha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Manana fery miendrika ranoka mitete ny psoriasis guttate.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Ny psoriasis pustular dia miseho ho toy ny vay kely feno nana tsy misy mifindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jain2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jain|first=Sima|title=Dermatology : illustrated study guide and comprehensive board review|year=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-0524-6|pages=83–87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4Xzi0LKROcC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=dermatology&amp;pg=PA86|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183432/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4Xzi0LKROcC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=dermatology&amp;pg=PA86|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny psoriasis mivadika dia mamorona teboka mena eo amin'ny valan'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Mitranga ny psoriasis erythrodermika rehefa miely patrana be ny maimaika, ary mety hipoitra avy amin'ny karazana hafa rehetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Voakasik'izany [[Hoho|ny hoho]] sy ny hoho amin'ny ankabeazan'ny olona voan'ny psoriasis amin'ny fotoana iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Mety ho tafiditra ao anatin'izany ny fisian'ny lavaka eo amin'ny hoho na ny fiovan'ny lokon'ny hoho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Boehncke WH, Schön MP|title=Psoriasis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_september-5-11-2015_386_9997/page/983|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9997|pages=983–94|date=September 2015|pmid=26025581|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61909-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ny ankapobeny dia heverina ho aretina ara-pandovan-toetra izay ateraky ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana ny psoriasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menter2008&quot; /&gt; Raha voan'ny psoriasis ny kambana iray, dia avo telo heny ny mety ho voan'izany raha [[Kambana|mitovy]] ny kambana noho ny raha [[Kambana|tsy mitovy]] izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Izany dia manondro fa ny fototarazo dia mety hiteraka psoriasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika miharatsy ny soritr'aretina mandritra ny ririnina sy miaraka amin'ny fanafody sasany, toy ny beta blockers na NSAIDs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Mety hisy fiantraikany amin'izany koa ny aretina sy ny adin-tsaina ara-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Menter2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mifindra ny psoriasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ny mekanisma fototra dia mahakasika ny fihetsiky ny hery fiarovana amin'ny sela hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny psoriasis; na izany aza, misy fitsaboana isan-karazany afaka manampy amin'ny fanaraha-maso ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo fitsaboana ireo dia ahitana crème stéroïde, crème vitamina D3, taratra ultraviolet ary fanafody manakana ny hery fiarovana, toy ny methotrexate.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 75 isan-jaton'ny fahasimban'ny hoditra no mihatsara amin'ny fampiasana crème fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Roa ka hatramin'ny efatra isan-jaton'ny mponina no voakasik'ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parisi2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM|title=Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=133|issue=2|pages=377–85|date=February 2013|pmid=23014338|doi=10.1038/jid.2012.339|others=Identification and Management of Psoriasis and Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) project team|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy ny fahamaroan'ny olona voakasik'izany eo amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt; Mety hanomboka amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra ny aretina, saingy matetika manomboka amin'ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers About Psoriasis|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/psoriasis/|website=www.niams.nih.gov|access-date=22 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134800/https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/psoriasis/|archive-date=22 April 2017|date=2017-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny psoriasis dia mifandray amin'ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana, lymphoma, aretim-po, aretin'i Crohn, ary fahaketrahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Mahatratra 30 isan-jaton'ny olona voan'ny psoriasis no voan'ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana vokatry ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jain2012&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="13022" sha1="4lp9cvsb5uuf0v15ld2s2t3ha9ywjme" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Stroke
|synonym          =Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack
|image            =MCA Territory Infarct.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[CT scan]] of the brain showing a prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Neurology]], stroke medicine
|symptoms         =[[hemiplegia|Inability to move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=HLB2014S/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)&lt;ref name=HLB2014W/&gt;
|risks            =[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=HLB2014C/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hu2018&quot;/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding&lt;ref name=HLB2014D/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|differential     =[[Hypoglycemia|Low blood sugar]]&lt;ref name=HLB2014D/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Based on the type&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Average life expectancy 1 year&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;
|frequency        =42.4 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =6.3 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}Ny '''fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra''' dia [[aretina]] iray izay mahatonga ny tsy fikorianan'ny ra mankany amin'ny [[atidoha]] ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra: ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ischemic, vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fikorianan'ny ra, ary ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra hemorrhagic, vokatry ny rà mandriaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Samy mahatonga ny ampahany amin'ny atidoha tsy hiasa tsara izy roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia mety ahitana ny tsy fahafahana mihetsika na mahatsapa amin'ny ilany iray amin'ny vatana, ny olana amin'ny fahatakarana na ny fitenenana, ny fanina, na ny fahaverezan'ny fahitana amin'ny ilany iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina dia miseho avy hatrany aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Raha latsaky ny adiny iray na roa ny faharetan'ny soritr'aretina, dia antsoina hoe &quot; transient ischemic attack &quot; (TIA) ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, izay antsoina koa hoe &quot;mini-stroke&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety mifandray amin'ny aretin'andoha mafy ihany koa ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC).&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Mety haharitra ela ny soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana pnemonia sy fahaverezan'ny fifehezana ny tatavia ny fahasarotana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt;

Ny anton-javatra mampidi-doza lehibe indrindra amin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014C&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fifohana sigara, ny hatavezana, ny kolesterola avo ao amin'ny ra, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny TIA teo aloha, ny aretin'ny voa efa ho tapitra ny dingana farany, ary ny fibrillation atrial.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014C&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hu2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC ischemic) dia matetika vokatry ny fikatonan'ny lalan-dra, na dia misy ihany koa ireo antony tsy dia fahita firy.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&amp;pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&amp;pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&amp;pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&amp;pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha dia vokatry ny rà mandriaka mivantana ao amin'ny atidoha na ao amin'ny toerana eo anelanelan'ny fonon'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feigin05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_stroke_2005-12_36_12/page/2773|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitranga ny rà mandriaka noho ny fahatapahan'ny aneurysm ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fizahana ara-batana ary tohanan'ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny scan CT na MRI.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot; /&gt; Afaka manaporofo ny fisian'ny rà mandriaka ny fitiliana CT scan, saingy mety tsy voatery hanaporofo ny fisian'ny ischemia, izay matetika tsy hita amin'ny fitiliana CT scan raha vao manomboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fitiliana hafa toy ny electrocardiogram (ECG) sy fitiliana ra atao mba hamaritana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza sy hanilihana ireo antony hafa mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany ny siramamy ambany ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fampihenana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza, ny fandidiana hanokafana ny lalan-dra mankany amin'ny atidoha ho an'ireo izay manana olana amin'ny fampihenana ny tahan'ny fo ao amin'ny carotid, ary ny fampiasana warfarin na fanafody hafa manakana ny fiforonan'ny ra ao amin'ny olona voan'ny atrial fibrillation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana [[Aspirinina|aspirine]] na statins ho fisorohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra na ny TIA dia mitaky fitsaboana maika.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra iskemika, raha hita ao anatin'ny telo ka hatramin'ny efatra ora sy sasany, dia azo tsaboina amin'ny fanafody afaka manapaka ny fivontosan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Misy ihany koa ireo fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra vokatry ny fandidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana mba hamerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fiasan'ny atidoha very dia antsoina hoe fanarenana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, ary tsara indrindra raha atao ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra; na izany aza, tsy misy izany any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena eran-tany. 

Tamin'ny taona 2013, olona 6.9 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha ary 3.4 tapitrisa no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tokony ho 42.4&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany izay efa voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra teo aloha ary mbola velona ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan'ny taona 1990 sy 2010, nihena 10% teo ho eo ny isan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra isan-taona tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] ary nitombo 10% tany amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fei2013&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no antony faharoa mahatonga fahafatesana matetika indrindra aorian'ny aretin'ny lalan-dra ao am-po, izay mitentina 6.3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana (11% amin'ny fitambarany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maty teo amin'ny 3.0 tapitrisa teo ho eo ny olona voan'ny stroke ischemic raha 3.3 tapitrisa kosa ny olona maty vokatry ny stroke hemorrhagic.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot; /&gt; Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no miaina latsaky ny herintaona.  Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny roa ampahatelon'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia nitranga tamin'ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fei2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-18-24-2014_383_9913/page/245|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>4lp9cvsb5uuf0v15ld2s2t3ha9ywjme</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Pleurisy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:41:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4424" sha1="cxpwvn6kzr6e3zn0yi7ob18rt8i7kqm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Pleurisy
|synonym          =Pleuritis, pleuritic chest pain&lt;ref name=NIH2011What/&gt;
|image            =Pleurisy and pneumothorax.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Figure A shows normal anatomy. Figure B shows lungs with pleurisy in the right lung, and a pneumothorax of the left lung.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Pulmonology]]
|symptoms         =Sharp chest pain&lt;ref name=NIH2011What/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Viral infection]], [[pneumonia]], [[pulmonary embolism]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Ca/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Chest X-ray]], [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG), [[blood test]]s&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Pericarditis]], [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], [[cholecystitis]]&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Based on the underlying cause&lt;ref name=Fer2016/&gt;
|medication       =[[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), [[ibuprofen]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =1 million cases per year (United States)&lt;ref name=Di2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny pleurisy''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''pleuritis''', dia fivontosan'ny fonon-taolana manodidina ny [[havokavoka]] sy mandrakotra ny lavaky ny tratra ( pleurae ).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011What&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka fanaintainana mafy eo amin'ny tratra izany rehefa miaina.  Indraindray ny fanaintainana dia mety ho fanaintainana tsy tapaka sy tsy misy fiafarany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Sym&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana sempotra, kohaka, tazo na fihenan-danja ny soritr'aretina hafa, arakaraka ny antony fototra. 

Ny antony mahazatra indrindra dia ny aretina vokatry ny virosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny pnemonia, ny embolisma amin'ny havokavoka, ny aretina autoimmune, ny homamiadan'ny havokavoka, ny fandidiana fo, ny pancreatitis, ny ratra amin'ny tratra, ary ny asbestosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot; /&gt; Indraindray dia mbola tsy fantatra ny antony.  Ny mekanisma fototra dia ny fikosehana miaraka ny pleurae fa tsy ny fivezivezena malefaka.  Ny toe-javatra hafa mety hiteraka soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany dia ahitana ny pericarditis, ny aretim-po, ny cholecystitis, ary ny pneumothorax.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana fitiliana X-ray tratra, electrocardiogram (ECG), ary fitiliana ra ny fitiliana diagnostika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323448383|page=981|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA981|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215630/https://books.google.ca/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA981|archive-date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kass|first=SM|last2=Williams|first2=PM|last3=Reamy|first3=BV|title=Pleurisy.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-05-01_75_9/page/1357|journal=American Family Physician|date=1 May 2007|volume=75|issue=9|pages=1357–64|pmid=17508531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miankina amin'ny antony fototra ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2016&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina hampihena ny fanaintainana ny Paracetamol (acetaminophen) sy ibuprofen .  Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana &quot;spirometry&quot; mba hamporisihana ny fofonaina bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Di2012&quot; /&gt; Olona iray tapitrisa eo ho eo no voakasik'izany any Etazonia isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Di2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Disease &amp; Drug Consult: Respiratory Disorders|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9781451151947|page=Pleurisy|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bdkPAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT175|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215903/https://books.google.ca/books?id=bdkPAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT175|archive-date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny toe-javatra dia efa nosoratan'i [[Hippocrate|Hippocrates]] tamin'ny taona 400 talohan'i Kristy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Light|first=Richard W.|last2=Lee|first2=Y. C. Gary|title=Textbook of Pleural Diseases Second Edition|date=2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340940174|page=2|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=v5T0MWmBLDYC&amp;pg=PA2|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215905/https://books.google.ca/books?id=v5T0MWmBLDYC&amp;pg=PA2|archive-date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>cxpwvn6kzr6e3zn0yi7ob18rt8i7kqm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sigara elektronika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1149459</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T16:50:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>1149459</origin>
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      <text bytes="17590" sha1="rdi4uhho25ugsca4v1992qf13buyjqc" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Electronic_Cigarette_and_USB_Charger_(14939561277)_(retouched).jpg|alt=A first-generation e-cigarette that resembles a tobacco cigarette. Also shown is a USB power charger, which the battery portion of the e-cigarette can be disconnected and recharged with.|thumb| Sigara elektronika taranaka voalohany izay mitovy amin'ny [[Sigara|sigara paraky]] . Azo esorina ny bateria amin'ny sigara elektronika ary azo ampiasaina indray amin'ny alàlan'ny charger USB.]]
[[Sary:CDC_electronic_cigarettes_October_2015_(cropped).png|alt=Various types of e-cigarettes, including a disposable e-cigarette, a rechargeable e-cigarette, a medium-size tank device, large-size tank devices, an e-cigar, and an e-pipe.|thumb| Karazana sigara elektronika isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny sigara azo ariana, ny sigara azo averina ampiasaina, ny sigara antonony habe, ny sigara lehibe, ary ny sigara elektronika.]]
'''Sigara elektronika''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''sigara elektronika''', {{#tag:ref|Vapes, vaporizers, vape pens, hookah pens, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs), and e-pipes are terms used to describe electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS).&lt;ref name=FDA2020&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/vaporizers-e-cigarettes-and-other-electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems-ends|title=Vaporizers, E-Cigarettes, and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS)|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration|date=14 February 2020|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125125153/https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/vaporizers-e-cigarettes-and-other-electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems-ends|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;|&lt;nowiki&gt;group=notes&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} dia fitaovana elektronika izay manahaka ny fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cap2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Caponnetto|first=Pasquale|last2=Campagna|first2=Davide|last3=Papale|first3=Gabriella|last4=Russo|first4=Cristina|last5=Polosa|first5=Riccardo|title=The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=6|issue=1|year=2012|pages=63–74|issn=1747-6348|doi=10.1586/ers.11.92|pmid=22283580}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fampiasana sigara elektronika dia antsoina hoe &quot;vaping&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Orellana-Barrios|first=Menfil A.|last2=Payne|first2=Drew|last3=Mulkey|first3=Zachary|last4=Nugent|first4=Kenneth|title=Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|year=2015|volume=128|issue=7|pages=674–81|issn=0002-9343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033|pmid=25731134}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOrellana-BarriosPayneMulkeyNugent2015&quot;&gt;Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy azo antoka ny tombontsoa sy ny loza mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebb2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ebbert|first=Jon O.|last2=Agunwamba|first2=Amenah A.|last3=Rutten|first3=Lila J.|title=Counseling Patients on the Use of Electronic Cigarettes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mayo-clinic-proceedings_mayo-clinic-proceedings_2015-01_90_1/page/128|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=90|issue=1|year=2015|pages=128–134|issn=0025-6196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.11.004|pmid=25572196}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brady2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=Benjamin R.|last2=De La Rosa|first2=Jennifer S.|last3=Nair|first3=Uma S.|last4=Leischow|first4=Scott J.|title=Electronic Cigarette Policy Recommendations: A Scoping Review|journal=American Journal of Health Behavior|volume=43|issue=1|year=2019|pages=88–104|issn=1087-3244|doi=10.5993/AJHB.43.1.8|pmid=30522569|s2cid=54566712}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bals2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bals|first=Robert|last2=Boyd|first2=Jeanette|last3=Esposito|first3=Susanna|last4=Foronjy|first4=Robert|last5=Hiemstra|first5=Pieter S.|last6=Jiménez-Ruiz|first6=Carlos A.|last7=Katsaounou|first7=Paraskevi|last8=Lindberg|first8=Anne|last9=Metz|first9=Carlos|last10=Schober|first10=Wolfgang|last11=Spira|first11=Avrum|last12=Blasi|first12=Francesco|title=Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society|journal=European Respiratory Journal|volume=53|issue=2|year=2019|pages=1801151|issn=0903-1936|doi=10.1183/13993003.01151-2018|pmid=30464018|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an'ny olona iray dia azo inoana fa azo antoka kokoa noho ny fifohana sigara izy ireo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Balf2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416|title=Balancing Consideration of the Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes|date=September 2021|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416|last=Balfour|first=David J. K.|last2=Benowitz|first2=Neal L.|last3=Colby|first3=Suzanne M.|last4=Hatsukami|first4=Dorothy K.|last5=Lando|first5=Harry A.|last6=Leischow|first6=Scott J.|last7=Lerman|first7=Caryn|last8=Mermelstein|first8=Robin J.|last9=Niaura|first9=Raymond|last10=Perkins|first10=Kenneth A.|last11=Pomerleau|first11=Ovide F.|last12=Rigotti|first12=Nancy A.|last13=Swan|first13=Gary E.|last14=Warner|first14=Kenneth E.|last15=West|first15=Robert|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=111|issue=9|pages=1661–1672|pmid=34410826|pmc=8589069|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718034046/https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny NHS England dia manombana fa 95% tsy dia mampidi-doza loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHE95percent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=E-cigarettes around 95% less harmful than tobacco estimates landmark review|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/e-cigarettes-around-95-less-harmful-than-tobacco-estimates-landmark-review|website=gov.uk|publisher=Public Health England|access-date=2022-07-26|archive-date=2022-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725191351/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/e-cigarettes-around-95-less-harmful-than-tobacco-estimates-landmark-review|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toa mampitombo ny fampiasana sigara any aoriana ny fampiasana azy eo amin'ny tanora, ary koa eo amin'ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes|url=https://www.nap.edu/resource/24952/012318ecigaretteHighlights.pdf|access-date=27 February 2020|quote=For youth and young adults, there is substantial evidence that e-cigarette use increases the risk of ever using combustible tobacco cigarettes.|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323141453/https://www.nap.edu/resource/24952/012318ecigaretteHighlights.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=E-cigarettes|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/e-cigarettes-how-risky-are-they|website=www.who.int|access-date=27 February 2020|language=en|quote=Furthermore, there is a growing body of evidence in some settings that never-smoker minors who use ENDS at least double their chance of starting to smoke conventional tobacco cigarettes later in life.|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224204539/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/e-cigarettes-how-risky-are-they|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McMillen|first=R|last2=Klein|first2=JD|last3=Wilson|first3=K|last4=Winickoff|first4=JP|last5=Tanski|first5=S|title=E-Cigarette Use and Future Cigarette Initiation Among Never Smokers and Relapse Among Former Smokers in the PATH Study.|journal=Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)|date=2019|volume=134|issue=5|pages=528-536|doi=10.1177/0033354919864369|pmid=31419184}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy fantatra ny fiantraikany maharitra sy ny fahasalaman'ny mponina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAS2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2025&quot; /&gt; Na dia heverina ho azo antoka kokoa aza ireo vokatra fanoloana nikôtinina voafehy, dia mety hanampy ny fialana amin'ny fifohana sigara elektronika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lind2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lindson|first=N|last2=Butler|first2=AR|last3=McRobbie|first3=H|last4=Bullen|first4=C|last5=Hajek|first5=P|last6=Wu|first6=AD|last7=Begh|first7=R|last8=Theodoulou|first8=A|last9=Notley|first9=C|last10=Rigotti|first10=NA|last11=Turner|first11=T|last12=Livingstone-Banks|first12=J|last13=Morris|first13=T|last14=Hartmann-Boyce|first14=J|title=Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=29 January 2025|volume=1|issue=1|pages=CD010216|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub9|pmid=39878158}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thombs|first=Brett D.|last2=Traversy|first2=Gregory|last3=Reynolds|first3=Donna L.|last4=Lang|first4=Eddy|last5=Groulx|first5=Stéphane|last6=Wilson|first6=Brenda J.|title=Recommendations on interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults in Canada|journal=CMAJ|date=25 August 2025|volume=197|issue=28|pages=E846–E861|doi=10.1503/cmaj.241584|url=https://www.cmaj.ca/content/197/28/E846#msdynmkt_trackingcontext=56b3452a-7303-4eb4-a582-3f7ff6120200|access-date=26 August 2025|language=en|issn=0820-3946|archive-date=26 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826070811/https://www.cmaj.ca/content/197/28/E846#msdynmkt_trackingcontext=56b3452a-7303-4eb4-a582-3f7ff6120200|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drum2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Drummond|first=MB|last2=Upson|first2=D|title=Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits.|journal=Annals of the American Thoracic Society|date=February 2014|volume=11|issue=2|pages=236–42|doi=10.1513/annalsats.201311-391fr|pmc=5469426|pmid=24575993}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDrummondUpson2014&quot;&gt;Drummond, MB; Upson, D (February 2014). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an'ny hafa, tsy manova ny tahan'ny fialana amin'ny sigara izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedman2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Electronic cigarette use and smoking cessation in cohort studies and randomized trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis|last=Hedman|first=L|last2=Galanti|first2=MR|last3=Ryk|first3=L|last4=Gilljam|first4=H|last5=Adermark|first5=L|date=13 Oct 2021|journal=Tobacco Prevention and Cessation|volume=7|issue=62|page=62|publisher=European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention|doi=10.18332/tpc/142320|pmid=34712864|pmc=8508281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia ambany aza ny mety hisian'ny voka-dratsy lehibe amin'ny fotoana fohy, dia mitranga ihany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pale2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Paley|first=Grace L.|last2=Echalier|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Eck|first3=Thomas W.|last4=Hong|first4=Augustine R.|last5=Farooq|first5=Asim V.|last6=Gregory|first6=Darren G.|last7=Lubniewski|first7=Anthony J.|title=Corneoscleral Laceration and Ocular Burns Caused by Electronic Cigarette Explosions|journal=Cornea|volume=35|issue=7|year=2016|pages=1015–1018|issn=0277-3740|doi=10.1097/ICO.0000000000000881|pmc=4900417|pmid=27191672}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izy io dia misy atomizer, loharanon-kery toy ny bateria, ary fitoeran-javatra toy ny cartridge na tanky.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt; Etona no fofonain'ny mpampiasa fa tsy setroka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheng2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cheng|first=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singa fanafanana ny atomizer izay manapotika vahaolana ranoka antsoina hoe e-liquid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weaver2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weaver|first=Michael|last2=Breland|first2=Alison|last3=Spindle|first3=Tory|last4=Eissenberg|first4=Thomas|title=Electronic Cigarettes|journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine|volume=8|issue=4|year=2014|pages=234–240|issn=1932-0620|doi=10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043|pmc=4123220|pmid=25089953}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alefa amin'ny alalan'ny fifohana na fanindriana bokotra ny sigara elektronika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rah2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues|journal=Tob Induc Dis|volume=12|issue=1|pages=21|year=2014|doi=10.1186/1617-9625-12-21|pmc=4350653|pmid=25745382}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny sasany dia mitovy amin'ny [[Sigara|sigara nentim-paharazana]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt; ary ny ankamaroan'ny karazany dia azo averina ampiasaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drop2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Drope|first=Jeffrey|last2=Cahn|first2=Zachary|last3=Kennedy|first3=Rosemary|last4=Liber|first4=Alex C.|last5=Stoklosa|first5=Michal|last6=Henson|first6=Rosemarie|last7=Douglas|first7=Clifford E.|last8=Drope|first8=Jacqui|title=Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=67|issue=6|pages=449–471|year=2017|issn=0007-9235|doi=10.3322/caac.21413|pmid=28961314|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny etona dia miforona avy amin'ny ranoka izay matetika ahitana propylene glycol, glycerin, [[nikôtinina]] ary zava-manitra .  Matetika ny etona dia misy soritra loto toy ny nitrosamines, carcinogens, ary [[metaly mavesatra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Health|first=CDC's Office on Smoking and|title=Smoking and Tobacco Use; Electronic Cigarettes|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/about-e-cigarettes.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=27 July 2022|language=en-us|date=21 March 2022|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126004411/https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/about-e-cigarettes.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miovaova ny firafiny marina, ary miankina amin'ny zavatra maromaro, anisan'izany ny fitondran-tenan'ny mpampiasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAS2018&quot; /&gt;

Noforonina tany Shina tamin'ny taona 2003 izy ireo ary nozaraina voalohany tany Eoropa tamin'ny taona 2005 sy tany Etazonia tamin'ny taona 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=PHE|title=Electronic cigarettes: reports commissioned by PHE|website=GOV.UK|access-date=29 October 2019|date=15 May 2014|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/electronic-cigarettes-reports-commissioned-by-phe|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128110401/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/electronic-cigarettes-reports-commissioned-by-phe|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ore2015&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2011 dia nisy mpampiasa sigara elektronika olon-dehibe tokony ho 7 tapitrisa, niakatra ho 68 tapitrisa maneran-tany tamin'ny taona 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;GST2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shapiro|first=Harry|date=2020|title=Burning Issues: The Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction|url=https://gsthr.org/resources/item/burning-issues-global-state-tobacco-harm-reduction-2020|access-date=2022-07-25|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729215909/https://gsthr.org/resources/item/burning-issues-global-state-tobacco-harm-reduction-2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tany am-piandohan'ny taona 2010, eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ireo tanora mpampiasa sigara elektronika no mbola tsy nifoka sigara mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dutra2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dutra|first=LM|last2=Glantz|first2=SA|title=High international electronic cigarette use among never smoker adolescents.|journal=The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine|date=November 2014|volume=55|issue=5|pages=595-7|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.010|pmid=25344030}}&lt;/ref&gt; Noho ny fifanindran-dàlana amin'ny lalàna momba ny paraky sy ny politika momba ny fanafody ara-pitsaboana, dia iadian-kevitra any amin'ny firenena maro ny lalàna momba ny sigara elektronika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Ki-Hyun|last2=Kabir|first2=Ehsanul|last3=Jahan|first3=Shamin Ara|title=Review of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: their potential human health impact|journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C|volume=34|issue=4|year=2016|pages=262–275|issn=1059-0501|doi=10.1080/10590501.2016.1236604|pmid=27635466|s2cid=42660975}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Torolàlana momba ny Vokatra Paraky nohavaozina avy amin'ny EU tamin'ny taona 2016, izay manome fitsipika henjana kokoa.  Nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2016, nanitatra ny fahefany ara-dalàna ny FDA Amerikana mba hampidirana sigara elektronika.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA-August-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/tobaccoproducts/labeling/rulesregulationsguidance/ucm394909.htm|title=FDA's New Regulations for E-Cigarettes, Cigars, and All Other Tobacco Products|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration|date=17 August 2017|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422143658/https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/RulesRegulationsGuidance/ucm394909.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nampitombo ny ezaka ara-barotra nataony ireo orinasa mpanao paraky lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drum2014&quot; /&gt; {{Asof|2014}} , nisy marika sigara elektronika miisa 466.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO report on regulation of e-cigarettes and similar products|url=https://blogs.bmj.com/tc/2014/08/27/who-report-on-regulation-of-e-cigarettes-and-similar-products/|website=Blog - Tobacco Control|access-date=27 July 2022|date=27 August 2014|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113022454/http://blogs.bmj.com/tc/2014/08/27/who-report-on-regulation-of-e-cigarettes-and-similar-products/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 19 miliara dolara ny varotra maneran-tany tamin'ny taona 2020, ary i Etazonia no tsena lehibe indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;GST2020&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>rdi4uhho25ugsca4v1992qf13buyjqc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Celecoxib</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =458612013
|drug_name        =Celecoxib
|INN              =
|image            =Celecoxib2DACS.svg
|width            =220
|alt              =Skeletal formula of celecoxib
|image2           =Celecoxib-3D-spacefill.png
|width2           =
|alt2             =Space-filling model of the celecoxib molecule
|caption          =
|type             =&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|s|ɛ|l|ɪ|ˈ|k|ɒ|k|s|ɪ|b}} {{respell|SEL|i|KOK|sib}}
|tradename        =Celebrex, Onsenal, Elyxyb, others
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =4-[5-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID]] ([[COX-2 inhibitor]])&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|uses             =[[Pain]], [[inflammation]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|side_effects     =[[Abdominal pain]], nausea, [[diarrhea]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B3
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Celecoxib (Celebrex) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=4 May 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/celecoxib.html | access-date=5 May 2020 | archive-date=25 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125072333/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/celecoxib.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =C
|pregnancy_US_comment=up to 30 weeks;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt; D after 29 weeks&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]]
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=200 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AH01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702043144/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AH01 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=
|addiction_liability=

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|celecoxib}}
|MedlinePlus      =a699022

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_AU_comment =
|legal_BR         =&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--&gt;
|legal_BR_comment =
|legal_CA         =Rx-only
|legal_CA_comment =
|legal_DE         =&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--&gt;
|legal_DE_comment =
|legal_NZ         =&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;
|legal_NZ_comment =
|legal_UN         =&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;
|legal_UN_comment =
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_UK_comment =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Celebrex 100mg capsule - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) | website=(emc) | date=13 January 2020 | url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5533/smpc | access-date=5 May 2020 | archive-date=6 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222736/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5533/smpc | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|legal_US_comment =
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Celecoxib
|licence_US       =Celebrex
|licence_CA       =&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;
|licence_EU       =&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =Unknown&lt;ref name=drugs&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McCormack PL | title = Celecoxib: a review of its use for symptomatic relief in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis | journal = Drugs | volume = 71 | issue = 18 | pages = 2457–89 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22141388 | doi = 10.2165/11208240-000000000-00000 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|protein_bound    =97% (mainly to [[serum albumin]])&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;
|metabolism       =Liver (mainly [[CYP2C9]])&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;
|metabolites      =
|elimination_half-life=7.8 hours; 11 hours (mild hepatic impairment); 13 hours (moderate-severe hepatic impairment)&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;
|excretion        =Faeces (57%), urine (27%)&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =17
|F                =3
|H                =14
|N                =3
|O                =2
|S                =1
|SMILES           =O=S(=O)(c3ccc(n1nc(cc1c2ccc(cc2)C)C(F)(F)F)cc3)N
|StdInChI         =1S/C17H14F3N3O2S/c1-11-2-4-12(5-3-11)15-10-16(17(18,19)20)22-23(15)13-6-8-14(9-7-13)26(21,24)25/h2-10H,1H3,(H2,21,24,25)
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChI_comment =
|StdInChIKey      =RZEKVGVHFLEQIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|Jmol             =
|molecular_weight =381.373
|density          =
|density_notes    =
|melting_point    =
|melting_high     =
|melting_notes    =
|boiling_point    =
|boiling_notes    =
|solubility       =
|sol_units        =
|specific_rotation=
}}
'''Ny Celecoxib''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Celebrex''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody manakana ny COX-2 ary fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|date=11 November 2019|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520124313/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina hitsaboana ny fanaintainana sy ny fivontosana amin'ny osteoarthritis, fanaintainana mafy amin'ny olon-dehibe, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, fanaintainana mandritra ny fadimbolana, ary rheumatoid arthritis ho an'ny tanora izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io mba hampihenana ny mety hisian'ny adenoma colorectal amin'ny olona manana polyposis adenomatous familial.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Atelina izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Matetika hita ao anatin'ny adiny iray ny tombontsoa azo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fanaintainan'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny voka-dratsy lehibe ny aretim-po, fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, lavaka ao amin'ny tsinay, rà mandriaka ao amin'ny tsinay, tsy fahombiazan'ny voa, ary anafilaksia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coxib2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C|title=Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials|journal=Lancet|volume=382|issue=9894|pages=769–79|date=August 2013|pmid=23726390|pmc=3778977|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy ho an'ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny aretim-po.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA|title=Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2007-03-27_115_12/page/1634|journal=Circulation|volume=115|issue=12|pages=1634–42|date=March 2007|pmid=17325246|doi=10.1161/circulationaha.106.181424|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Consumer2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|title=Should you still take Celebrex?|website=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=August 2009|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=18 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218111927/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy amin'ny NSAID hafa ny loza mety hitranga, toy ny [[ibuprofen]] sy naproxen .  Tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy amin'ny faramparan'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]] na mandritra ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; 

Nahazo patanty ny Celecoxib tamin'ny 1993 ary nanomboka nampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tamin'ny 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=522|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA522|language=en|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA522&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Latsaky ny £2 ny vidin'ny famatsiana iray volana any Royaume-Uni ho an'ny NHS tamin'ny taona 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1097–1098|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny amin'ity vola ity dia eo amin'ny $US12.90 eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2011, iray amin'ireo fanafody be mpividy indrindra avy amin'ny Pfizer izy io, miaraka amin'ny varotra 2.5 lavitrisa dolara.  Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-106 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny fito tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412021206/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Famonoan-tena</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:21:06Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="16152" sha1="m5vo4yk3twzqj8d2l25ghk9zu57vkmt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Famonoan-tena
| synonym       = 
| image         = Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = ''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Psychiatry]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = &gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre/&gt;
| duration      = 
| causes        = [[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008/&gt;
| risks         = [[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014/&gt;
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012/&gt;
| deaths        = 793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020/&gt;
}}

Ny '''famonoan-tena''' dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana hahahafaty ny tena&lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo aretina ara-tsaina — anisan'izany ny [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]], ny fikorontanana bipolary, ny aotisma, ny sizofrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby, ary ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina — anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzôdiazepinina — dia anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-18-24-2009_373_9672/page/1372|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-pifandraisana toy ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hanao izany amin'ny ho avy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;. Ny ezaka mahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny famonoan-tena dia ahitana ny famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; tatitra amim-pitandremana momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media ; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Na dia mahazatra aza ny laharana finday hotline amin'ny krizy, dia mbola tsy dia nodinihina tsara izy ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, fitomboana raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 712.000 tamin'ny taona 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena ho antony faha-10 mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny, avo kokoa ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena tanteraka eo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny eo amin'ny vehivavy, manomboka amin'ny in-1.5 heny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena dia matetika hita indrindra amin'ireo mihoatra ny 70 taona; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt;. I Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra araka ny faritra tamin'ny taona 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 eo ho eo ny&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa isan-taona ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt;. Any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], ny andrana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny tanora sy ny vehivavy&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny fomba fijery momba ny famonoan-tena dia voataonan'ny lohahevitra mivelatra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor2-last=Stepnisky|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana Abrahamika]] dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny [[Fahotana|fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra]], noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) dia nohajaina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny [[India Britanika|Raj Britanika]], dia nanantena fa hamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ilay mpitondratena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena, na dia tsy ara-dalàna aza taloha, dia tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, ny famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina indraindray ho endrika fihetsiketsehana, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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    <title>Aretin'ny sarakaty</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|name             =Aretin'ny sarakaty
|synonym          =
|image            =Illu pancrease.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Ny [[sarakaty]] sy ny  taova manodidina azy
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny vavony sy ny tsinay]], [[Fandidiana ankapobeany]]
|symptoms         =[[Fanaitainan'ny faritra ambony amin'ny kibo]], [[mandoa]], [[tazo]], [[Fivalanana]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Short or long term&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|causes           =[[Gallstone]]s, heavy [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, direct trauma, certain medications, [[mumps]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|risks            =Smoking&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Yad2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, blood [[amylase]] or [[lipase]]&lt;ref name=Gastroenterology2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluid]]s, [[pain medication]], [[antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =8.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- incidence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =132,700 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny aretin'ny sarakaty''' dia aretina iray izay miavaka amin'ny fivontosan'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny sarakaty dia taova lehibe ao ambadiky ny [[vavony]] izay mamokatra anzima fandevonan-kanina sy hormonina maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe: ny pancreatitis acute, sy ny pancreatitis chronique.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny pancreatitis ny fanaintainana eo amin'ny tapany ambony amin'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny mandoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fanaintainana dia mipaka any amin'ny lamosina ary mazàna mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika, mety hitranga ny tazo, ary mazàna dia mivaha ao anatin'ny andro vitsivitsy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia mety hitranga ny fihenan-danja, ny fivalanana matavy, ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Witt|first=Heiko|title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2007-04_132_4/page/1557|journal=Gastroenterology|date=April 2007|volume=132|issue=4|pages=1557-1573|pmid=17466744|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny aretina, ny rà mandriaka, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta mellitus]], na ny olana amin'ny taova hafa. 

Ny antony roa mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny pancreatitis mahery dia ny vato ao amin'ny aty izay manakana ny lalan-drano bile rehefa avy nifandray ny lalan-drano pancreatic ; ary ny fisotroana toaka be loatra.  Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ratra mivantana, fanafody sasany, aretina toy ny mony, ary fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra vokatry ny pancreatitis mahery vaika ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika indrindra dia vokatry ny fampiasana toaka be loatra nandritra ny taona maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny tavy be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny kalsioma be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny fanafody sasany, ary ny aretina fototarazo sasany, toy ny fibrosis cystika, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika sy mitaiza ny fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lankisch|first=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_july-4-10-2015_386_9988/page/85|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=85–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068|pmc=3662544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny pancreatitis acute dia mifototra amin'ny fitomboan'ny amylase na lipase avo telo heny ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ho ara-dalàna ireo fitiliana ireo amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ihany koa ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny ultrasound sy ny CT scan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny pancreatitis mahery dia tsaboina amin'ny ranon-javatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, fanafody fanaintainana, ary indraindray [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] .  Matetika dia tsy azo atao ny mihinana sy misotro, ary misy fantsona nasogastric apetraka ao amin'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fomba fiasa fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) mba handinihana ny lakandrano bile mahazatra distal ary hanesorana vato ao amin'ny apdo raha misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no esorina ny gallbladder amin'ireo manana vato ao amin'ny aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza, ankoatra ireo voalaza etsy ambony ireo, dia azo ampiasaina ny famahanana vetivety amin'ny alalan'ny fantsona nasogastric mba hanomezana sakafo ampy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanovana maharitra ny sakafo sy ny fanoloana ny anzima ao amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ary indraindray dia misy fandidiana atao mba hanesorana ireo ampahany amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Maneran-tany, tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tranganà pancreatitis 8.9 tapitrisa teo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana 132 700 izany, raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 83 000 tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–44|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia mitranga amin'ny olona 30 isaky ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Misy tranga vaovao amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza mitranga eo amin'ny 8 isaky ny 100.000 olona isan-taona ary amin'izao fotoana izao dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 50 isaky ny 100.000 olona any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy izany.  Matetika ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 30 sy 40 taona raha mahalana kosa amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny alalan'ny fizahana faty tamin'ny 1882 raha ny pancreatitis mitaiza kosa dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muniraj|first=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
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      <sha1>9p1k3fo8ck7pj20070tt4da3csnmuyn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tonga fotoana</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5100" sha1="fm734ty4w8fxm6q8zb6cyx9w42ns8ke" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Figure_28_02_07.jpg|right|thumb|634x634px| Sary mampiseho ny fivoaran'ny tsingerin'ny fadimbolana sy ireo hormonina samihafa mandray anjara amin'izany]]
'''Ny fadimbolana''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''fadimbolana''' na '''isam-bolana''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women's Gynecologic Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9780763756376|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&amp;pg=PA94|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120253/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&amp;pg=PA94|archive-date=26 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; dia ny fivoahan'ny ra sy [[Hodimando|ny sela mucosal]] (fantatra amin'ny hoe fadimbolana) tsy tapaka avy amin'ny rindrin'ny tranonjaza mankany amin'ny [[Lalanjaza|fivaviana]] .  Ny fadimbolana voalohany dia mazàna manomboka eo anelanelan'ny roa ambin'ny folo sy dimy ambin'ny folo taona, fotoana iray fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe menarche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2011&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, mety manomboka amin'ny valo taona ny fadimbolana indraindray ary mbola heverina ho ara-dalàna ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Ny salan-taonan'ny fadimbolana voalohany dia matetika tara kokoa any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]], ary aloha kokoa any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Diaz2006&quot; /&gt; Ny faharetan'ny fotoana mahazatra eo anelanelan'ny andro voalohany amin'ny fadimbolana iray sy ny andro voalohany amin'ny manaraka dia 21 ka hatramin'ny 45 andro ho an'ny vehivavy tanora, ary 21 ka hatramin'ny 31 andro ho an'ny olon-dehibe (eo amin'ny 28 andro eo ho eo).&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Diaz2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diaz A, Laufer MR, Breech LL, ((American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence)), ((American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Adolescent Health))|title=Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign|journal=Pediatrics|volume=118|issue=5|pages=2245–50|date=November 2006|pmid=17079600|doi=10.1542/peds.2006-2481|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika maharitra 2 ka hatramin'ny 7 andro eo ho eo ny rà mandriaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Mijanona ny fadimbolana aorian'ny fadimbolana, izay matetika mitranga eo anelanelan'ny 45 sy 55 taona.  Mijanona ihany koa ny fadimbolana mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] ary mazàna tsy miverina intsony mandritra ireo volana voalohany amin'ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt;

Mahatratra 80%-n'ny vehivavy no mitatitra fa misy soritr'aretina sasany alohan'ny fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2011&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina mahazatra [[ny mony]], ny nono mangozohozo, ny fivontosana, ny fahatsapana ho reraka, ny fahasosorana ary ny fiovan'ny toe-po.  Mety hanelingelina ny fiainana ara-dalàna ireo, ka azo sokajiana ho aretin'ny fadimbolana mialoha ny fadimbolana, amin'ny 20 ka hatramin'ny 30%-n'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2011&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny 3 ka hatramin'ny 8%, dia mafy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Biggs WS, Demuth RH|title=Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2011-10-15_84_8/page/918|journal=American Family Physician|volume=84|issue=8|pages=918–24|date=October 2011|pmid=22010771}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny tsy fahatongavan'ny fadimbolana, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe amenorrhea, dia rehefa tsy tonga ny fadimbolana amin'ny faha-15 taonany na tsy tonga tao anatin'ny 90 andro.  Ny olana hafa amin'ny tsingerin'ny fadimbolana dia ahitana ny fanaintainana amin'ny fadimbolana sy ny rà mandriaka tsy ara-dalàna toy ny rà mandriaka eo anelanelan'ny fadimbolana na rà mandriaka be.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Ny fadimbolana amin'ny biby hafa dia mitranga amin'ny [[Primates|rajako]] ( [[Hominoidea|rajako]] sy [[rajako]] ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kris2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kristin H. Lopez|title=Human Reproductive Biology|date=2013|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780123821850|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&amp;pg=PA53|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621165031/https://books.google.ca/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&amp;pg=PA53|archive-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Martin RD|title=The evolution of human reproduction: a primatological perspective|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=Suppl 45|pages=59–84|year=2007|pmid=18046752|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20734}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mitranga ny tsingerin'ny fadimbolana noho ny fiakarana sy ny fihenan'ny hormonina .  Io tsingerina io dia miteraka fihatevin'ny rindrin'ny tranonjaza, ary fitomboan'ny atody (izay ilaina amin'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]] ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Avoaka avy amin'ny ovaire ny atody eo amin'ny andro faha-14 amin'ny tsingerina; ny sosona matevina amin'ny tranonjaza no manome otrikaina ho an'ny embryon aorian'ny fametrahana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy mitranga ny fametrahana ny tranonjaza, dia avoaka ny sosona anatiny amin'ny antsoina hoe fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women2014Men&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretina bubonika</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8742" sha1="qhxxc177bpgo83frt305fv468lkcx60" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Bubonic plague
|synonym          =
|image            =Plague_-buboes.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A ''[[bubo]]'' on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =[[Fever]], [[headache]]s, vomiting, swollen [[lymph node]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2012Sym/&gt;
|onset            =1–7 days after exposure&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' spread by [[fleas]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Finding the bacterium in the blood, [[sputum]], or lymph nodes&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Antibiotics such as [[streptomycin]], [[gentamicin]], or [[doxycycline]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2012Tx/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =650 cases reported a year&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|deaths           =10% mortality with treatment&lt;ref name=Lancet2007/&gt;&lt;br&gt;30-90% if untreated&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2007/&gt;
}}
'''Ny pesta bubonika''' dia iray amin'ireo karazana pesta telo vokatry ny bakteria ''Yersinia pestis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=World Health Organization|title=Plague Fact sheet N°267|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|access-date=10 May 2015|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424065540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|archive-date=24 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray ka hatramin'ny fito andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny bakteria dia mipoitra ny soritr'aretina toy ny gripa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ireo soritr'aretina ireo ny tazo, aretin'andoha ary fandoavana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Miseho eo amin'ny faritra akaiky indrindra ny toerana nidiran'ny bakteria tao amin'ny hoditra ny fihary atodinaina mivonto sy maharary.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html|title=Plague Symptoms|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819134608/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html|archive-date=19 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray, mety ho vaky ireo fihary atodinaina mivonto.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Ny karazana pesta telo dia vokatry ny lalan'ny aretina: pesta bubonika, pesta septikemia, ary pesta pulmonari.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny pesta bubonika dia miparitaka indrindra amin'ny alalan'ny [[parasy]] voan'ny aretina avy amin'ny [[biby]] kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny fifohana ranon-javatra avy amin'ny biby maty voan'ny areti-mandringana ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Tran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html|title=Plague Ecology and Transmission|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822100946/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html|archive-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny endrika pesta bubonika, miditra amin'ny hoditra amin'ny alalan'ny kaikitry ny parasy ny bakteria ary mandeha amin'ny alalan'ny lalan-dra lymphatic mankany amin'ny node lymph, ka mahatonga azy hivonto.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny fitiliana dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitadiavana bakteria ao amin'ny ra, rora, na ranon-javatra avy amin'ny fihary atodinaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fepetra ara-pahasalamana ho an'ny daholobe toy ny tsy fikirakirana biby maty any amin'ny faritra ahitana pesta matetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Tsy dia hita fa tena ilaina amin'ny fisorohana ny areti-mandringana [[Vaksiny|ny vaksiny]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] maromaro mahomby amin'ny fitsaboana, anisan'izany ny streptomycin, gentamicin, ary [[doxycycline]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Prentice MB, Rahalison L|title=Plague|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-7-13-2007_369_9568/page/1196|journal=Lancet|volume=369|issue=9568|pages=1196–207|date=April 2007|pmid=17416264|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60566-2|s2cid=208790222}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html|title=Plague Resources for Clinicians|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821214546/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html|archive-date=21 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy misy fitsaboana, dia mety ho faty ny 30% ka hatramin'ny 90% amin'ireo voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2007&quot; /&gt; Raha mitranga izany dia mazàna ao anatin'ny folo andro ny fahafatesana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Keyes|first=Daniel C.|title=Medical response to terrorism : preparedness and clinical practice|date=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia [u.a.]|isbn=9780781749862|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4uCV4Gm82YC&amp;pg=PA74|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140038/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4uCV4Gm82YC&amp;pg=PA74|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 10% eo ho eo ny mety hahafaty rehefa tsaboina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2007&quot; /&gt; Manerantany teo anelanelan'ny taona 2010 sy 2015 dia nisy tranga 3248 voarakitra an-tsoratra, izay niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana 584.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny [[Repoblika Demôkratikan'i Kôngô|Repoblika Demokratikan'i Kongo]], [[Madagasikara]], ary [[Però|Però no]] firenena manana tranga betsaka indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

Ny areti-mandringana no anton'ny [[Fahafatesana Mainty]] izay nanenika an'i Azia, Eoropa ary Afrika tamin'ny taonjato faha-14 ary nahafaty olona tombanana ho 50 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Haensch S, Bianucci R, Signoli M, Rajerison M, Schultz M, Kacki S, Vermunt M, Weston DA, Hurst D, Achtman M, Carniel E, Bramanti B|title=Distinct Clones of ''Yersinia pestis'' Caused the Black Death|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=#10|pages=e1001134|year=2010|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134|pmid=20949072|pmc=2951374}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 25% ka hatramin'ny 60% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina Eoropeana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Hx&quot; /&gt; Satria nahafaty olona maro tao amin'ny mpiasa ny areti-mandringana, dia niakatra ny karama noho ny filàna mpiasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Hx&quot; /&gt; Misy mpahay tantara mahita izany ho toy ny teboka fiovana eo amin'ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena Eoropeana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012Hx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/history/index.html|title=Plague History|date=13 June 2012|access-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821062557/http://www.cdc.gov/plague/history/index.html|archive-date=21 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Io aretina io ihany koa no nahatonga ny areti-mandringana Justiniana izay niainga avy tao amin'ny [[Empira Bizantina|Empira Romana Atsinanana]] tamin'ny taonjato faha-6 am.f.i., ary koa ny valanaretina fahatelo izay namely an'i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Shina]], [[Môngôlia|Mongolia]] ary [[India]] izay niainga avy tao amin'ny [[Yunnan|Faritanin'i Yunnan]] tamin'ny 1855.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cohn SK|title=Epidemiology of the Black Death and successive waves of plague|journal=Medical History Supplement|issue=27|pages=74–100|date=2008|volume=52|doi=10.1017/S0025727300072100|pmid=18575083|pmc=2630035}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe ''bubonic'' dia avy amin'ny teny grika hoe [[wikt:βουβών|βουβών]], izay midika hoe &quot;feny&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=LeRoux|first=Neil|date=2007|title=Martin Luther As Comforter: Writings on Death Volume 133 of Studies in the History of Christian Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJK9MucO298C&amp;pg=PA247|publisher=BRILL|page=247|isbn=9789004158801|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727142346/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJK9MucO298C&amp;pg=PA247|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe &quot; buboes &quot; dia ampiasaina ihany koa hilazana ireo fihary lymph mivonto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Edman|first=Bruce F. Eldridge, John D.|title=Medical Entomology a Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods|date=2004|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9789400710092|page=390|edition=Rev..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61vuCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA390|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140150/https://books.google.com/books?id=61vuCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA390|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Syndrome Down</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="11004" sha1="4b0q1jtdogmmt7g5jnx1hne7tjkuqkn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Down syndrome
|synonym          =Down's syndrome, Down's, trisomy 21
|image            =Down syndrome lg.jpg &lt;!-- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pictures will be immediately reverted. --&gt;
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome
|caption          =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Medical genetics]], [[pediatrics]]
|symptoms         =Delayed [[child development|physical growth]], characteristic [[dysmorphic feature|facial features]], mild to moderate [[intellectual disability]]&lt;ref name=Wei2010/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Third copy of [[chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]]&lt;ref name=Patt2009/&gt;
|risks            =[[Advanced maternal age|Older age of mother]], prior affected child&lt;ref name=Mor2002&gt;{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|author2=Mutton, DE |author3=Alberman, E |title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=17 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035402/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Prenatal testing|Prenatal screening]], [[genetic testing]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014Diag/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Educational support, sheltered work environment&lt;ref name=Roi2003/&gt;&lt;ref name=NADS/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Life expectancy 50 to 60 years (developed world)&lt;ref name=Malt2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Nelson2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ts2020&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tsou |first1=Amy Y. |last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|frequency        =0.1% of newborns (5.4 million)&lt;ref name=Wei2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =26,500 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny Down syndrome''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie 21''', dia aretina ara-pandovan-toetra vokatry ny fisian'ny dika mitovy fahatelo amin'ny chromosome 21 manontolo na ampahany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patt2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Patterson|first=D|title=Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome.|journal=Human Genetics|date=Jul 2009|volume=126|issue=1|pages=195–214|pmid=19526251|doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0696-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika izy io dia mifandray amin'ny fahatarana amin'ny fitomboana ara-batana, fahasembanana ara-tsaina malefaka ka hatramin'ny antonony, ary endrika mampiavaka ny tarehy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wei2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weijerman|first=ME|last2=de Winter, JP|title=Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome.|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|date=Dec 2010|volume=169|issue=12|pages=1445–52|pmid=20632187|doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1253-0|pmc=2962780}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny salan'isa IQ an'ny tanora manana Down syndrome dia 50, mitovy amin'ny fahaiza-misaina an'ny zaza 8 na 9 taona, saingy mety miovaova be izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Malt|first=EA|last2=Dahl, RC|last3=Haugsand, TM|last4=Ulvestad, IH|last5=Emilsen, NM|last6=Hansen, B|last7=Cardenas, YE|last8=Skøld, RO|last9=Thorsen, AT|last10=Davidsen, EM|title=Health and disease in adults with Down syndrome|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke|date=Feb 5, 2013|volume=133|issue=3|pages=290–94|pmid=23381164|doi=10.4045/tidsskr.12.0390|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matetika ara- dalàna ny fototarazon'ny ray aman-drenin'ilay olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steph2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hammer|first=edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Gary D.|title=Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine|year=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162167-0|pages=Chapter 2|edition=6th|chapter=Pathophysiology of Selected Genetic Diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitombo avy amin'ny latsaky ny 0.1% amin'ny reny 20 taona ny mety hisian'ny zaza ka hatramin'ny 3% amin'ny reny 45 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mor2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free|last2=Mutton, DE|last3=Alberman, E}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa kisendrasendra ny fisian'ny krômôzôma fanampiny, tsy misy fihetsika na anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana fantatra izay manova ny mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cause&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What causes Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082310/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 January 2016|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo fantarina mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ny &quot;syndrome Down&quot; amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana mialoha ny fiterahana arahin'ny fitiliana diagnostika na aorian'ny fiterahana amin'ny alalan'ny fandinihana mivantana sy ny fitiliana fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=4 March 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142500/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatramin'ny nampidirana ny fitiliana dia matetika no [[Fahafahan-jaza|ajanona]] [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] izay voamarina fa voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nat2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Natoli|first=JL|last2=Ackerman, DL|last3=McDermott, S|last4=Edwards, JG|title=Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: a systematic review of termination rates (1995–2011)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_prenatal-diagnosis_2012-02_32_2/page/142|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Feb 2012|volume=32|issue=2|pages=142–53|pmid=22418958|doi=10.1002/pd.2910}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mans1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mansfield|first=C|last2=Hopfer, S|last3=Marteau, TM|title=Termination rates after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a systematic literature review. European Concerted Action: DADA (Decision-making After the Diagnosis of a fetal Abnormality)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_prenatal-diagnosis_1999-09_19_9/page/808|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Sep 1999|volume=19|issue=9|pages=808–12|pmid=10521836|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199909)19:9&lt;808::aid-pd637&gt;3.0.co;2-b}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amporisihina mandritra ny androm-piainan'ny olona iray ny fanaovana fitiliana tsy tapaka ireo olana ara-pahasalamana mahazatra amin'ny Syndrome Down.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny Down syndrome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Down Syndrome: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106221704/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|archive-date=6 January 2016|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hita fa manatsara ny kalitaon'ny fiainana ny fanabeazana sy ny fikarakarana sahaza azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roi2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roizen, NJ|last2=Patterson, D|title=Down's syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-04-12_361_9365/page/1281|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9365|pages=1281–89|date=April 2003|pmid=12699967|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12987-X|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy ankizy manana Down syndrome mianatra any an-tsekoly mahazatra, fa ny hafa kosa mila fampianarana manokana kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADS&quot; /&gt; Misy olona manana Down syndrome mahazo diplaoma amin'ny lise, ary misy vitsivitsy manohy fianarana ambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Steinbock|first=Bonnie|title=Life before birth the moral and legal status of embryos and fetuses|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-971207-6|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ehYs43QBYAC&amp;pg=PA222|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123082359/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ehYs43QBYAC&amp;pg=PA222|archive-date=2017-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa lehibe, eo amin'ny 20% eo ho eo any Etazonia no manao asa karamaina amin'ny lafiny sasany,  ary maro amin'izy ireo no mitaky tontolo iasana voaaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Facts About Down Syndrome|publisher=National Association for Down Syndrome|url=http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162637/http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|archive-date=3 April 2012|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika no ilaina ny fanohanana amin'ny raharaha ara-bola sy ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson2011&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 50 sy 60 taona eo ny androm-piainana&amp;nbsp;taona maro any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]] miaraka amin'ny fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana sahaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malt2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Kliegma|title=Nelson textbook of pediatrics|year=2011|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0755-7|pages=Chapter 76.2|edition=19th|chapter=Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ts2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024|last=Tsou|first=Amy Y.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'i Crohn</title>
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      <text bytes="3630" sha1="66lcnuh1zix7v8ls95ulnhe52asn4wn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Crohn's disease
|synonym          =Crohn disease, Crohn syndrome, granulomatous enteritis, regional enteritis, Leśniowski-Crohn disease
|image            =Patterns_of_Crohn's_Disease.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The three most common sites of intestinal involvement in Crohn's disease
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]]
|symptoms         =[[Abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]] (may be bloody), [[fever]], [[weight loss]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|onset            =20 to 30&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot; /&gt;
|duration         =Long-term&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|causes           =
|risks            =Tobacco smoking&lt;ref name=Cosnes2004/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Biopsy]], [[medical imaging]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|differential     =[[Irritable bowel syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], [[Behçet's disease]], [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] enteropathy, intestinal [[tuberculosis]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WGO-IBD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/inflammatory-bowel-disease-english-2015.pdf|title=Inflammatory Bowel Disease|date=August 2015|publisher=World Gastroenterology Organization|access-date=March 13, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314014940/http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/inflammatory-bowel-disease-english-2015.pdf|archive-date=March 14, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Corticosteroid]]s, [[methotrexate]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =Slightly reduced [[life expectancy]]&lt;ref name=Baumgart2012/&gt;
|frequency        =3.2 per 1,000 (developed world)&lt;ref name=Mol2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny aretin'i Crohn''' dia karazana aretin'ny tsinay mamaivay (IBD) izay mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny ampahany rehetra amin'ny [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|taratasy mivalona amin'ny tsinay]] manomboka amin'ny [[vava]] ka hatrany amin'ny [[Lavabody|lava-pitombenana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny soritr'aretina dia ahitana fanaintainan'ny kibo, aretim-pivalanana (izay mety hisy rà raha mafy ny fivontosana), tazo, ary fihenan-danja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ|title=Crohn's disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_november-3-9-2012_380_9853/page/n91|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9853|pages=1590–605|date=August 2012|pmid=22914295|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDK2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Crohn's Disease|website=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK)|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/all-content|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208230827/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/all-content|archive-date=December 8, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=December 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahasarotana hafa ivelan'ny lalan-drà dia mety ahitana ny tsy fahampian-dra, ny maimaika amin'ny hoditra, ny aretin-tonon-taolana, ny fivontosan'ny maso, ary ny havizanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ho vokatry ny aretina sy ny pyoderma gangrenosum na ny erythema nodosum ny mangidihidy amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ny tsentsina amin'ny tsinay ho toy ny fahasarotan'ny fivontosana mitaiza, ary ireo izay voan'io aretina io dia atahorana kokoa ho voan'ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe sy ny tsinay kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baumgart2012&quot; /&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>ALS</title>
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      <text bytes="14986" sha1="5huaypfrdmz5cwhjooaqa53unj79ygx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|synonym          =Lou Gehrig's disease; Charcot's disease; motor neurone disease (MND)&lt;ref name=Orphanet2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wijesekera LC, Leigh PN | title = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | journal = Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | volume = 3  | issue = 4  | pages = 3   | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19192301 | pmc = 2656493 | doi = 10.1186/1750-1172-4-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =ALS Coronal.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =An [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] with increased [[Magnetic resonance imaging|signal]] in the posterior part of the [[internal capsule]] that can be tracked to the [[motor cortex]], consistent with the diagnosis of ALS
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Neurology]]
|symptoms         =[[spasticity|Stiff muscles]], [[fasciculation|muscle twitching]], gradually worsening weakness&lt;ref name=NINDS2014MND/&gt;
|onset            =50s–60s&lt;ref name=Lancet2011/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Unknown (most), inherited (few)&lt;ref name=Lancet2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=NINDS2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=NINDS2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Non-invasive ventilation]]&lt;ref name=Support2016/&gt;
|medication       =[[Riluzole]], [[edaravone]]&lt;ref name=CD001447/&gt;&lt;ref name=FDA2017&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm557102.htm|title=FDA approves drug to treat ALS|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=5 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508180037/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm557102.htm|archive-date=8 May 2017|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508180037/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm557102.htm |date=8 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prognosis        =Life expectancy 2–4 years&lt;ref name=Support2016/&gt;
|frequency        =2.6/100,000 per year (Europe)&lt;ref name=Har2017/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny sklerose amyotrophique lateral''' ( '''ALS''' ), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''aretin'ny neurone motor''' ( '''MND''' ) na '''aretin'i Lou Gehrig''', dia aretina izay mahatonga ny fahafatesan'ny neurons izay mifehy ny hozatra an-tsitrapo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet|publisher=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]|access-date=2 January 2015|date=19 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105002627/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet|archive-date=5 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHSchoices&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Motor neurone disease|url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx|access-date=2 January 2015|publisher=NHS Choices|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229064258/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx|archive-date=29 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy ihany koa mampiasa ny teny hoe aretin'ny neuron motor ho an'ny vondron'ny aretina izay ny ALS no mahazatra indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014MND&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/motor_neuron_diseases/detail_motor_neuron_diseases.htm|title=Motor Neuron Diseases Fact Sheet|publisher=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413093035/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/motor_neuron_diseases/detail_motor_neuron_diseases.htm|archive-date=13 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ALS dia miavaka amin'ny hozatra henjana, fihetsehana hozatra, ary fahalemena miharatsy tsikelikely noho ny fihenan'ny haben'ny hozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014MND&quot; /&gt; Mety hanomboka amin'ny fahalemena eo amin'ny sandry na ny tongotra izany, na amin'ny fahasarotana miteny na mitelina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chio A, Corr EM, Logroscino G, Robberecht W, Shaw PJ, Simmons Z, van den Berg LH|title=Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=3|issue=17071|pages=17071|date=October 2017|pmid=28980624|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.71|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/122838/1/WR_ALS-Hardiman_V3_EDITED_FOR_AUTHOR_APPROVAL_FINAL_APPROVED-1.pdf|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201185718/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/122838/1/WR_ALS-Hardiman_V3_EDITED_FOR_AUTHOR_APPROVAL_FINAL_APPROVED-1.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany no manana olana kely amin'ny fisainana sy ny fitondran-tena ary ny ankamaroan'ny olona dia mahatsapa fanaintainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Es MA, Hardiman O, Chio A, Al-Chalabi A, Pasterkamp RJ, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH|title=Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10107|pages=2084–2098|date=November 2017|pmid=28552366|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31287-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pain2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chiò A, Mora G, Lauria G|title=Pain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=16|issue=2|pages=144–57|date=February 2017|pmid=27964824|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30358-1|arxiv=1607.02870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroany amin'ny farany dia tsy afaka mandeha, mampiasa ny tanany, miteny, mitelina ary miaina intsony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Support2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hobson EV, McDermott CJ|title=Supportive and symptomatic management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Nature Reviews. Neurology|volume=12|issue=9|pages=526–38|date=September 2016|pmid=27514291|doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2016.111|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/104445/1/16.pdf|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201183335/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/104445/1/16.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy fantatra ny antony amin'ny 90% ka hatramin'ny 95% amin'ny tranga,&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt; fa inoana fa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wingo2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wingo TS, Cutler DJ, Yarab N, Kelly CM, Glass JD|title=The heritability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a clinically ascertained United States research registry|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=11|pages=e27985|year=2011|pmid=22132186|pmc=3222666|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0027985|bibcode=2011PLoSO...627985W}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny 5–10%-n'ny tranga sisa dia nolovaina tamin'ny ray aman-drenin'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kiernan MC, Vucic S, Cheah BC, Turner MR, Eisen A, Hardiman O, Burrell JR, Zoing MC|title=Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-12-18-2011_377_9769/page/942|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9769|pages=942–55|date=March 2011|pmid=21296405|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61156-7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny antsasaky ny tranga ara-pandovan-toetra ireo dia vokatry ny iray amin'ireo [[fototarazo]] roa manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt; Ny mekanisma fototra dia ny fahasimban'ny neuron motor ambony sy ambany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014MND&quot; /&gt; Ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretin'ny olona iray, miaraka amin'ny fitiliana atao mba hanitsiana ny mety ho antony hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fanafody fantatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt; Ny tanjon'ny fitsaboana dia ny hanatsara ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2017&quot; /&gt; Mety hanalava ny androm-piainana mandritra ny roa ka hatramin'ny telo volana eo ho eo ny fanafody antsoina hoe riluzole.&lt;ref name=&quot;CD001447&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Miller RG, Mitchell JD, Moore DH|title=Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND)|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=3|issue=3|pages=CD001447|date=March 2012|pmid=22419278|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001447.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanatsara ny kalitao sy ny faharetan'ny fampiasana rivotra tsy miditra an-tsehatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Support2016&quot; /&gt; Afaka manalava ny androm-piainana ny fampiasana &quot;ventilation&quot; mekanika saingy tsy manakana ny fivoaran'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Care2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Soriani M, Desnuelle C|title=Care management in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Revue Neurologique|volume=173|issue=5|pages=288–89|date=May 2017|pmid=28461024|doi=10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.031}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanampy ny fantsona famahanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conn2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Connolly S, Galvin M, Hardiman O|title=End-of-life management in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=14|issue=4|pages=435–42|date=April 2015|pmid=25728958|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70221-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny olona amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra ity aretina ity, saingy matetika manomboka eo amin'ny faha-60 taonany eo ho eo ary amin'ny tranga nolovaina eo amin'ny faha-50 taonany eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot; /&gt; Roa ka hatramin'ny efa-taona ny salan'isa fahavelomana manomboka amin'ny fiandohan'ny aretina ka hatramin'ny fahafatesana, na dia mety miovaova aza izany, ary eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo no velona mihoatra ny 10 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Support2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Swinnen B, Robberecht W|title=The phenotypic variability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|journal=Nature Reviews. Neurology|volume=10|issue=11|pages=661–70|date=November 2014|pmid=25311585|doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.184|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/469667|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043137/https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS548693&amp;context=L&amp;vid=Lirias&amp;search_scope=Lirias&amp;tab=default_tab&amp;lang=en_US&amp;fromSitemap=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2014&quot; /&gt; Ny ankamaroany dia maty noho ny tsy fahafahan'ny taovam-pisefoana miasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot; /&gt; Any Eoropa, ity aretina ity dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny olona roa ka hatramin'ny telo isaky ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Har2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Brayne C, Beghi E, van den Berg LH, Chio A, Martin S, Logroscino G, Rooney J|title=The changing picture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: lessons from European registers|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=88|issue=7|pages=557–63|date=July 2017|pmid=28285264|doi=10.1136/jnnp-2016-314495|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-changing-picture-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis(93e2a283-3125-4464-88ed-009897be906c).html|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151144/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-changing-picture-of-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis(93e2a283-3125-4464-88ed-009897be906c).html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy mazava ny tahan'ny any amin'ny ankamaroan'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conspiracy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Al-Chalabi A, Hardiman O|title=The epidemiology of ALS: a conspiracy of genes, environment and time|journal=Nature Reviews. Neurology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=617–28|date=November 2013|pmid=24126629|doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2013.203}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, mahazatra kokoa amin'ny olona fotsy hoditra noho [[Mainty hoditra|ny olona mainty hoditra]] izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;MMWR 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mehta P, Kaye W, Raymond J, Punjabi R, Larson T, Cohen J, Muravov O, Horton K|title=Prevalence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis – United States, 2015|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=67|issue=46|pages=1285–1289|date=November 2018|pmid=30462626|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6746a1|pmc=5858037}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny famaritana ny aretina dia efa tamin'ny taona 1824 farafahakeliny nataon'i Charles Bell.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowland2001&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny 1869, ny fifandraisana misy eo amin'ny soritr'aretina sy ny olana ara-pitatitra fototra dia nohazavain'i [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] voalohany, izay nanomboka nampiasa ny teny hoe ''sklerose amyotrophique lateral'' tamin'ny 1874.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowland2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rowland LP|title=How amyotrophic lateral sclerosis got its name: the clinical-pathologic genius of Jean-Martin Charcot|journal=Archives of Neurology|volume=58|issue=3|pages=512–15|date=March 2001|pmid=11255459|doi=10.1001/archneur.58.3.512}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanjary nalaza tany Etazonia tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 izany rehefa nisy fiantraikany tamin'ilay mpilalao baseball [[Lou Gehrig]] tamin'ny 1939 ary taty aoriana eran-tany taorian'ny nahitana ny aretina tamin'ny 1963 nataon'ilay kosmolojista [[Stephen Hawking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kel2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Evelyn B.|title=Encyclopedia of human genetics and disease|date=2013|publisher=Greenwood|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-0-313-38713-5|pages=79–80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqMYt17klVIC&amp;pg=PA79|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908005608/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqMYt17klVIC&amp;pg=PA79|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Youngson|first=David B. Jacoby, Robert M.|title=Encyclopedia of family health|date=2004|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|location=Tarrytown, NY|isbn=978-0-7614-7486-9|page=1256|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA8DQCONgUC&amp;pg=PA1256|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908005608/https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA8DQCONgUC&amp;pg=PA1256|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hita tamin'ny 1993 ny fototarazo ALS voalohany raha novolavolaina tamin'ny 1994 kosa ny modely biby voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neuroscience2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Renton AE, Chiò A, Traynor BJ|title=State of play in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genetics|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=17|issue=1|pages=17–23|date=January 2014|pmid=24369373|pmc=4544832|doi=10.1038/nn.3584|hdl=2318/156177}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MouseModels2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lutz C|title=Mouse models of ALS: Past, present and future|journal=Brain Research|volume=1693|issue=Part A|pages=1–10|date=August 2018|pmid=29577886|doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2014, niparitaka be tao amin'ny Aterineto ireo lahatsary momba ny Ice Bucket Challenge ary nampitombo ny fahatsiarovan'ny vahoaka momba io aretina io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Song P|title=The Ice Bucket Challenge: The public sector should get ready to promptly promote the sustained development of a system of medical care for and research into rare diseases|journal=Intractable &amp; Rare Diseases Research|volume=3|issue=3|pages=94–96|date=August 2014|pmid=25364651|pmc=4214244|doi=10.5582/irdr.2014.01015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gabapentin</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="12687" sha1="tem43lfl5w5rwo3eefvw8m32rpj1hw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|verifiedrevid    =461115603
|drug_name        =Gabapentin
|INN              =
|image            =Gabapentin2DACS.svg
|width            =
|alt              =
|image2           =Gabapentin3Dan.gif
|width2           =
|alt2             =
|caption          =
|type             =&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Neurontin, others&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot; &gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/gabapentin.html Drugs.com international listings for Gabapentin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216074247/http://www.drugs.com/international/gabapentin.html |date=16 February 2016 }} Page accessed 9 February 2016&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =CI-945; GOE-3450; DM-1796 (Gralise)
|IUPAC_name       =1-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Gabapentinoid]]
|uses             =[[Partial seizures]], [[neuropathic pain]], [[hot flashes]], [[restless legs syndrome]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Wij2015/&gt;
|side_effects     =[[Somnolence|Sleepiness]], [[dizziness]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B1
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Gabapentin Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=2 December 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html | access-date=21 December 2019 | archive-date=29 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829040336/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =C
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com Pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]]
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=1.8 gram&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N03AX12 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818185127/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N03AX12 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=Low
|addiction_liability=Low

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|gabapentin}}
|MedlinePlus      =a694007

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_AU_comment =
|legal_BR         =&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--&gt;
|legal_BR_comment =
|legal_CA         =Rx-only
|legal_CA_comment =
|legal_DE         =&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--&gt;
|legal_DE_comment =
|legal_NZ         =&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;
|legal_NZ_comment =
|legal_UN         =&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;
|legal_UN_comment =
|legal_UK         =Class C
|legal_UK_comment =
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|legal_US_comment =/&amp;nbsp;Schedule V in some states
|legal_status     =&lt;!--For countries not listed above--&gt;
|DailyMedID       =Gabapentin
|licence_US       =Gabapentin
|licence_CA       =&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;
|licence_EU       =&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =27–60% (inversely proportional to dose; a high fat meal also increases bioavailability)&lt;ref name=MSR&gt;{{cite web |title = Neurontin, Gralise (gabapentin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more |work = Medscape Reference |publisher = WebMD |access-date = 6 April 2014 |url = http://reference.medscape.com/drug/neurontin-gralise-gabapentin-343011#showall |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141216215811/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/neurontin-gralise-gabapentin-343011#showall |archive-date = 16 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Goa KL, Sorkin EM | title = Gabapentin. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in epilepsy | journal = Drugs | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 409–427 | date = September 1993 | pmid = 7693432 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-199346030-00007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|protein_bound    =Less than 3%&lt;ref name = MSR /&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93 /&gt;
|metabolism       =Not significantly metabolized&lt;ref name = MSR /&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93 /&gt;
|metabolites      =
|elimination_half-life=5 to 7 hours&lt;ref name = MSR /&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93 /&gt;
|excretion        =[[Kidney]]&lt;ref name = MSR /&gt;&lt;ref name = drugs93 /&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =9
|H                =17
|N                =1
|O                =2
|chemical_formula =
|SMILES           =O=C(O)CC1(CN)CCCCC1
|StdInChI         =1S/C9H17NO2/c10-7-9(6-8(11)12)4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-7,10H2,(H,11,12)
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChI_comment =
|StdInChIKey      =UGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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|boiling_notes    =
|solubility       =
|sol_units        =
|specific_rotation=
}}
'''Ny Gabapentin''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Neurontin''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody anticonvulsant ampiasaina hitsaboana ny androbe ampahany, ny fanaintainana neuropathique, ny hafanana tampoka, ary ny restless legs syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/gabapentin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 Oct 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819150204/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/gabapentin.html|archive-date=19 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wij2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wijemanne S, Jankovic J|title=Restless legs syndrome: clinical presentation diagnosis and treatment|journal=Sleep Medicine|volume=16|issue=6|pages=678–90|date=June 2015|pmid=25979181|doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2015.03.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aroso ho iray amin'ireo fanafody laharana voalohany amin'ny fitsaboana ny fanaintainan'ny nerveo vokatry ny neuropathy diabetika, ny neuralgia postherpetika, ary ny fanaintainan'ny nerveo afovoany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attal2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, Nurmikko T|title=EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision|journal=European Journal of Neurology|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1113–e88|date=September 2010|pmid=20402746|doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 15%-n'ny olona voan'ny neuropathy diabetika na neuralgia postherpetika no manana tombony azo refesina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiffen2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, Rice AS, Tölle TR, Phillips T, Moore RA|title=Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|pages=CD007938|date=June 2017|pmid=28597471|pmc=6452908|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4|hdl=10044/1/52908}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabapentin dia raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana rendremana sy ny fanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny lehibe ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny [[mpikambana:Bluerose25/Mamono Tena|famonoan-tena]], ny fitondran-tena mahery setra, ary ny fihetseham-po vokatry ny fanafody.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava raha azo antoka ampiasaina mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] na ny fampinonoana izy io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html|access-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829040336/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/gabapentin.html|archive-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aroso ny fatra ambany kokoa ho an'ireo olona tsy dia miasa tsara ny voa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Gabapentin dia gabapentinoïde.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27345098&quot; /&gt; Manana rafitra molekiola mitovy amin'ny an'ny neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) izy ary miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny fantsona kalsioma sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneader2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sneader|first=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01552-0|pages=219–220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA219|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192246/https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&amp;pg=PA219|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27345098&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Calandre EP, Rico-Villademoros F, Slim M|title=2delta ligands, gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use|journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics|volume=16|issue=11|pages=1263–1277|date=November 2016|pmid=27345098|doi=10.1080/14737175.2016.1202764}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21150315&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Uchitel OD, Di Guilmi MN, Urbano FJ, Gonzalez-Inchauspe C|title=Acute modulation of calcium currents and synaptic transmission by gabapentinoids|journal=Channels|volume=4|issue=6|pages=490–6|year=2010|pmid=21150315|doi=10.4161/chan.4.6.12864|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nekena voalohany hampiasaina tamin'ny 1993 ny Gabapentin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Pitkänen|first=Asla|last2=Schwartzkroin|first2=Philip A.|last3=Moshé|first3=Solomon L.|title=Models of Seizures and Epilepsy|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-08-045702-4|page=539|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw6KqLjwtZQC&amp;pg=PA539|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192246/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw6KqLjwtZQC&amp;pg=PA539|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neurontin label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neurontin- gabapentin capsule Neurontin- gabapentin tablet, film coated Neurontin- gabapentin solution|website=[[DailyMed]]|date=11 April 2019|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee9ad9ed-6d9f-4ee1-9d7f-cfad438df388|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707221151/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee9ad9ed-6d9f-4ee1-9d7f-cfad438df388|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efa azo ampiasaina ho fanafody tsy misy fangarony any Etazonia izy io nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ny vidin'ny ambongadiny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  teo amin'ny {{USD|10.80|link=yes}} isam-bolana teo ho eo; &lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1036&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140529/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1036&amp;searchYear=2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; tany Etazonia, dia 100 dolara amerikana ka hatramin'ny 200 dolara amerikana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-05756-0|page=327}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody fahiraika ambin'ny folo be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 46 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gabapentin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Gabapentin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411200205/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Gabapentin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandritra ny taona 1990, nanomboka nampiasa teknika tsy ara-dalàna maromaro ny Parke-Davis, sampan'ny Pfizer, mba hampirisihana [[Dokotera|ny dokotera]] any Etazonia hampiasa gabapentin amin'ny fampiasana tsy nahazoana alalana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hen2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henney JE|title=Safeguarding patient welfare: who's in charge?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2006-08-15_145_4/page/n104|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=145|issue=4|pages=305–7|date=August 2006|pmid=16908923|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandoa vola an-tapitrisany dolara izy ireo mba handaminana ny fitoriana momba ireo hetsika ireo. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Herpes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11408" sha1="fu89kv9mc86papwie42udoopc72g7zx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Herpes
|synonym          =Cold sores, fever blisters
|image            =Herpes(PHIL 1573 lores).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Herpes labialis]] of the lower lip. Note the blisters in a group marked by an arrow.
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜɹ|p|iː|z}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Blisters that break open and form small [[ulcer]]s, fever, swollen [[lymph node]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =2–4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;
|causes           =[[Herpes simplex virus]] spread by direct contact&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;
|risks            =[[immunosuppression|Decreased immune function]], stress, sunlight&lt;ref name=Bal2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cancer&quot;/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, [[PCR]],  [[viral culture]]&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bal2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Aciclovir]], [[valaciclovir]], [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), topical lidocaine&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bal2014/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =60–95% (adults)&lt;ref name=Peds09/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny Herpes''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''herpes simplex''', dia aretina vokatry ny viriosy herpes simplex.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Genital Herpes – CDC Fact Sheet|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/STDFact-Herpes-detailed.htm|website=cdc.gov|access-date=31 December 2014|date=December 8, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231122747/http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/STDFact-Herpes-detailed.htm|archive-date=31 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizara ho sokajy araka ny faritra voakasiky ny vatana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|pages=362-370|edition=13th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA362&amp;dq=human&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=19. Viral diseases|access-date=2022-05-28|archive-date=2022-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604031910/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA362&amp;dq=human&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny herpes am-bava dia mahakasika ny tarehy na ny vava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2020&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka vay kely miangona maromaro izay matetika antsoina hoe fery mangatsiaka na vay vokatry ny tazo izany, na mety hiteraka tenda maharary fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Balasubramaniam|first=R|last2=Kuperstein|first2=AS|last3=Stoopler|first3=ET|title=Update on oral herpes virus infections.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_dental-clinics-of-north-america_2014-04_58_2/page/n14|journal=Dental Clinics of North America|date=April 2014|volume=58|issue=2|pages=265–80|pmid=24655522|doi=10.1016/j.cden.2013.12.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mosby|title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323112581|pages=836–37|edition=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&amp;pg=PA836|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210724/https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&amp;pg=PA836|archive-date=2017-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny herpes amin'ny fivaviana, izay matetika fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe herpes, dia mety tsy dia misy soritr'aretina firy na mamorona vay izay vaky ka miteraka fery kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Matetika ireo dia sitrana ao anatin'ny roa ka hatramin'ny efatra herinandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ny mangidihidy na ny fanaintainana tampoka alohan'ny hisehoan'ny vay.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Miovaova ny tsingerin'ny herpes eo anelanelan'ny vanim-potoanan'ny aretina mavitrika arahin'ny vanim-potoana tsy misy soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny tranga voalohany dia mahery kokoa ary mety mifandray amin'ny tazo, fanaintainan'ny hozatra, fivontosan'ny fihary atodinaina ary aretin'andoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Rehefa mandeha ny fotoana, mihena ny hamafin'ny fisehoan'ny aretina sy ny hamafiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ireto avy ireo aretina hafa ateraky ny herpes simplex: herpetic whitlow rehefa mahakasika ny rantsantanana,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=IB|last2=Schwartz|first2=RA|title=Herpetic whitlow.|journal=Cutis|date=March 2007|volume=79|issue=3|pages=193–06|pmid=17674583}}&lt;/ref&gt; herpes amin'ny maso,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rowe|first=AM|last2=St Leger|first2=AJ|last3=Jeon|first3=S|last4=Dhaliwal|first4=DK|last5=Knickelbein|first5=JE|last6=Hendricks|first6=RL|title=Herpes keratitis.|journal=Progress in Retinal and Eye Research|date=January 2013|volume=32|pages=88–101|pmid=22944008|doi=10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.08.002|pmc=3529813}}&lt;/ref&gt; aretin'ny herpes amin'ny atidoha,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steiner|first=I|last2=Benninger|first2=F|title=Update on herpes virus infections of the nervous system.|journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|date=December 2013|volume=13|issue=12|pages=414|pmid=24142852|doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0414-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary herpes amin'ny zaza vao teraka rehefa mahakasika ny zaza vao teraka, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stephenson-Famy|first=A|last2=Gardella|first2=C|title=Herpes Simplex Virus Infection During Pregnancy.|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|date=December 2014|volume=41|issue=4|pages=601–14|pmid=25454993|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2014.08.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy karazany roa ny viriosy herpes simplex, ny karazany 1 (HSV-1) sy ny karazany 2 (HSV-2).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ny HSV-1 dia matetika kokoa miteraka aretina manodidina ny vava raha toa kosa ny HSV-2 dia matetika kokoa miteraka aretina amin'ny taovam-pananahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Mifindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana mivantana amin'ny tsiranoka na fery amin'ny olona voan'ny aretina izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mety mbola hisy ny fifindran'ny aretina na dia tsy misy aza ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Voasokajy ho aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo ny herpes amin'ny fivaviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra amin'ny zaza mandritra ny fiterahana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Aorian'ny aretina, dia alefa amin'ny alalan'ny ozatra sensorika mankany amin'ny vatan'ny sela nerveo ireo viriosy, izay ipetrahany mandritra ny androm-piainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana ireto antony mahatonga ny fiverenan'ny aretina ireto: fihenan'ny hery fiarovana, adin-tsaina, ary fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cancer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Elad S|title=A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea|journal=Support Care Cancer|volume=18|issue=8|pages=993–1006|date=August 2010|pmid=20544224|doi=10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3|last2=Zadik Y|last3=Hewson I|display-authors=3|last4=Hovan|first4=Allan|last5=Correa|first5=M. Elvira P.|last6=Logan|first6=Richard|last7=Elting|first7=Linda S.|last8=Spijkervet|first8=Fred K. L.|last9=Brennan|first9=Michael T.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny herpes amin'ny vava sy ny taovam-pananahana dia voamarina mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina miseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Azo hamarinina amin'ny alalan'ny kolontsaina virosy na ny fahitana ny ADN herpes ao anaty ranon-javatra avy amin'ny vay ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ny fitiliana ny ra mba hahitana hery fiarovana amin'ny viriosy dia afaka manamarina ny aretina efa nisy teo aloha saingy ho ratsy kosa ny vokany amin'ny aretina vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;

Ny fomba mahomby indrindra hisorohana ny aretina amin'ny taovam-pananahana dia ny fisorohana ny firaisana ara-nofo amin'ny fivaviana, am-bava ary lava-pitombenana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mampihena ny risika ny fampiasana kapaoty.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ny fanafody antiviral isan'andro raisin'ny olona voan'ny aretina dia afaka mampihena ny fihanaky ny aretina ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] azo ampiasaina &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; ary rehefa voan'ny aretina dia tsy misy fanafodiny intsony.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ny Paracetamol (acetaminophen) sy ny lidocaine eo an-toerana mba hanampiana amin'ny fanalefahana ireo soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny aciclovir na valaciclovir dia afaka mampihena ny hamafin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt;

Eo anelanelan'ny 60% sy 95% eo ho eo ny tahan'ny HSV-1 na HSV-2 maneran-tany amin'ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny HSV-1 dia azo mandritra ny fahazazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mitombo ny tahan'ny roa tonta rehefa mihantitra ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 70% sy 80% ny tahan'ny HSV-1 amin'ny mponina manana fari-piainana ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena ambany ary 40% ka hatramin'ny 60% amin'ny mponina manana fari-piainana ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena mihatsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chayavichitsilp P, Buckwalter JV, Krakowski AC, Friedlander SF|title=Herpes simplex|journal=Pediatr Rev|volume=30|issue=4|pages=119–29; quiz 130|date=April 2009|pmid=19339385|doi=10.1542/pir.30-4-119|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c6007147e5b196be342f5881d263149ae404a32f|access-date=2020-07-11|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828105541/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Herpes-simplex.-Chayavichitsilp-Buckwalter/c6007147e5b196be342f5881d263149ae404a32f|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho 536 tapitrisa ny olona eran-tany (16%-n'ny mponina) no voan'ny HSV-2 tamin'ny taona 2003, ary ambony kokoa ny tahan'izany eo amin'ny vehivavy sy ireo any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Looker2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Looker|first=KJ|last2=Garnett, GP|last3=Schmid, GP|title=An estimate of the global prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=October 2008|volume=86|issue=10|pages=805–12, A|pmid=18949218|pmc=2649511|doi=10.2471/blt.07.046128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ny olona voan'ny HSV-2 dia tsy mahatsapa fa voan'ny aretina izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Avy amin'ny [[Template:Lang-grc-gre|Endrika:Lang-grc-gre]] ''herpēs'' ny anarana, izay mifandray amin'ny dikan'ny hoe &quot;mivezivezy&quot;, izay manondro ny fiparitahan'ny vay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Beswick|first=TSL|title=The Origin and the Use of the Word Herpes|journal=Med Hist|volume=6|date=1962|issue=3|pages=214–232|doi=10.1017/S002572730002737X|pmid=13868599|pmc=1034725}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy manondro ny fahatarana ny anarana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reese|first=Vail|title=Countering Creeping Confusion: A Proposal to Re-Name Herpes Virus TAXONOMY|url=http://ojcpcd.com/reese-v/countering-creeping-confusion-a-proposal-to-re-name-herpes-virus-taxonomy/|website=Online Journal of Community and Person-Centered Dermatology|publisher=Dr. David Elpern|access-date=22 September 2018|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005836/http://ojcpcd.com/reese-v/countering-creeping-confusion-a-proposal-to-re-name-herpes-virus-taxonomy/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fahatairana septika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299059</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7153" sha1="8j1hhgieba953per8jox4x7lyz2ah4t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Septic_shock
|synonym          =
|image            =Gabriel Metsu - La Fille malade.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =''The Sick Girl'' by [[Gabriël Metsu]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         ='''Early''': Temperature &gt; {{convert|38|C|F|1}}, [[fast heart rate]], [[narrow pulse pressure]]&lt;ref name=ATLS2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Worsens''': Confusion, [[cyanosis|bluish skin]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Infection&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|risks            =[[Diabetes]], [[cancer]], [[liver disease|liver]] or [[kidney problems]], [[corticosteroid]] use, [[burns]], poor immune function, extremes of age&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on MAP &lt; 65 mmHg and lactate &lt; 2 mmol/L despite [[intravenous fluids|fluids]]&lt;ref name=LF2020/&gt;
|differential     =Other types of [[circulatory shock|shock]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[adrenal crisis]], drug overdose&lt;ref name=ATLS2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], removing infected tissue, [[intravenous fluids]], [[norepinephrine (medication)|norepinephrine]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =
|deaths           =Risk &gt; 40%&lt;ref name=Sing2016/&gt;
}}
'''Ny fahatairana septika''' dia karazana sepsis mafy izay mijanona ho ambany ny tosidra ary mihoatra ny 2 mmol/L (&gt;18 mg/dL) ny laktate na dia ampy aza ny ranoka miditra amin'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sing2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC|display-authors=6|title=The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=8|pages=801–10|date=February 2016|pmid=26903338|pmc=4968574|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0287}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSingerDeutschmanSeymourShankar-Hari2016&quot;&gt;Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et&amp;nbsp;al. (February 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4968574 &quot;The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)&quot;]. ''JAMA''. '''315''' (8): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;801–&lt;/span&gt;10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.0287 10.1001/jama.2016.0287]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4968574 4968574]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26903338 26903338].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LF2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sepsis Definitions and Diagnosis • LITFL • CCC Sepsis|url=https://litfl.com/sepsis-definitions-and-diagnosis/|website=Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL • Medical Blog|access-date=5 January 2021|date=3 November 2020|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118001932/https://litfl.com/sepsis-definitions-and-diagnosis/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny soritr'aretina voalohany dia mety ahitana mari-pana mihoatra ny {{Convert|38|C|F|1}} na latsaky ny {{Convert|36|C|F|1}}, fitempon'ny fo haingana, tsindrin'ny fitempon'ny fo tery, ary fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;ATLS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=ATLS - Advanced Trauma Life Support - Student Course Manual|date=2018|publisher=American College of Surgeons|isbn=78-0-9968262|pages=51|edition=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mahapatra|first=S|last2=Heffner|first2=AC|title=Septic Shock|date=January 2020|pmid=28613689|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMahapatraHeffner2020&quot;&gt;Mahapatra, S; Heffner, AC (January 2020). &quot;Septic Shock&quot;. ''StatPearls''. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613689 28613689].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana fisafotofotoana sy hoditra manga ny soritr'aretina mahery kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny &quot;acute respiratory distress syndrome&quot; sy ny &quot;multiple organ dysfunction syndrome&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Ny karazana aretina mahazatra indrindra dia [[Bakteria|ny bakteria]], miaraka amin'ny aretina bakteria gram-negatif izay hita amin'ny 62% amin'ny tranga ary aretina bakteria gram-positive izay hita amin'ny 47% amin'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Latsaky ny 5%-n'ny tranga no voakasik'izany [[Virosy|viriosy]] na [[katsentsitra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ny toerana mahazatra indrindra ahitana aretina dia ny havokavoka (42%), ny ra (21%), ary ny urine (10%), na dia tsy mazava aza ny toerana misy azy amin'ny ampahatelon'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza amin'ny sepsis [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], homamiadana, olana amin'ny aty na voa, fampiasana corticosteroid, may, tsy fahampian'ny hery fiarovana, ary ny fahanterana tafahoatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Karazana fahatairana mizara izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITLS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers|date=2018|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|isbn=978-1292-17084-8|pages=175|edition=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia ahitana fitsaboana mialoha ny tanjona, amin'ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]], fanesorana ny sela voan'ny aretina, ranoka ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, ary akora vasoactive toy ny norepinephrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana ny fampidirana rivotra mekanika sy ny corticosteroids ny fepetra hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Mitranga amin'ny olona 750.000 eo ho eo (300 isaky ny 100.000) isan-taona any Etazonia ny sepsis mafy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ronco|first=Claudio|last2=Bellomo|first2=Rinaldo|last3=Kellum|first3=John A.|title=Critical Care Nephrology|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4160-4252-5|page=831|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&amp;pg=PA831|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053548/https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&amp;pg=PA831|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jos2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=FCCM|first=Joseph E. Parrillo, MD|last2=MS|first2=R. Phillip Dellinger, MD|title=Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-08929-6|page=339|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA339|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053812/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA339|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mihoatra ny 40% ny mety ho fahafatesana ary ny sasany amin'ireo izay tafavoaka velona dia manana fahasembanana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sing2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jos2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fiterahana</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11915" sha1="b8dqxpz2rk2zex09srhfuxhw3rqxx10" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Childbirth
|synonym          =Labour and delivery, labor and delivery, partus, giving birth, parturition, birth, confinement&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|title=confinement - Definition of confinement in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries - English|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154402/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/confinement|title=CONFINEMENT - meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125625/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/confinement|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Postpartum baby2.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Newborn baby and mother
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]]
|symptoms         =
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Pregnancy]]
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Birth control]], [[abortion]]
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Azithromycin]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2023/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =135 million (2015)&lt;ref name=CIA2015/&gt;
|deaths           =500,000 [[maternal deaths]] a year&lt;ref name=WHO2008Ed/&gt;
}}
'''Ny fiterahana''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''fiterahana''', dia ny fiafaran'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]] izay ivoahan'ny [[Zazakely|zaza]] iray na maromaro avy ao amin'ny [[tranonjaza]] amin'ny alàlan'ny [[Lalanjaza|fivaviana]] na amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana sesarienne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mart2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=Elizabeth|title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968799-2|page=375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA375|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA375|archive-date=2017-09-11|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, nisy [[Fahaterahana|zaza teraka]] 135 tapitrisa teo ho eo maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=30 July 2016|date=July 11, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116011033/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|archive-date=16 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teraka talohan'ny 37 herinandron'ny fitondrana vohoka ny 15 tapitrisa eo ho eo,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|website=WHO|access-date=30 July 2016|date=November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307050438/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|archive-date=7 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; raha teo anelanelan'ny 3 sy 12 isan-jato kosa no teraka taorian'ny 42 herinandro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Buck|first=Germaine M.|last2=Platt|first2=Robert W.|title=Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-985774-6|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&amp;pg=PA163|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&amp;pg=PA163|archive-date=2017-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin'ny [[Firenena mandroso|firenena mandroso,]] ny ankamaroan'ny fiterahana dia mitranga any amin'ny hopitaly,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Co-Operation|first=Organisation for Economic|last2=Development|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-05934-4|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA105|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA105|archive-date=2017-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Olsen O, Clausen JA|title=Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=9|pages=CD000352|date=September 2012|pmid=22972043|pmc=4238062|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub2}}&lt;/ref&gt; raha any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] kosa dia any an-trano no misy ny ankamaroan'ny fiterahana miaraka amin'ny fanohanan'ny mpitsabo nentim-paharazana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fossard|first=Esta de|last2=Bailey|first2=Michael|title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-758-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT138|access-date=31 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT138|archive-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fomba fiterahana mahazatra indrindra dia ny fiterahana amin'ny alalan'ny fivaviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mem2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Memon HU, Handa VL|title=Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders|journal=Women's Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265–77; quiz 276–77|date=May 2013|pmid=23638782|pmc=3877300|doi=10.2217/whe.13.17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy dingana telo amin'ny fiterahana izany: ny fanafohezana sy ny fisokafan'ny vozon-tranonjaza, ny fidinana sy ny fahaterahan'ny zaza, ary ny fiterahana ny placenta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Col2016&quot; /&gt; Maharitra 12 ka hatramin'ny 19 ora ny dingana voalohany, 20 minitra ka hatramin'ny adiny roa ny dingana faharoa, ary dimy ka hatramin'ny 30 minitra ny dingana fahatelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Ny dingana voalohany dia manomboka amin'ny fanaintainan'ny kibo na lamosina izay maharitra antsasak'adiny eo ho eo ary mitranga isaky ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 30 minitra.  Mihamafy sy miha-mifanakaiky kokoa ny fanaintainana rehefa mandeha ny fotoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Women's Health|access-date=31 July 2016|date=September 27, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|archive-date=28 July 2016|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labor, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours&lt;br&gt;..&lt;br&gt;The second stage involves pushing and delivery of your baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny dingana faharoa, mety hitranga ny fanosehana miaraka amin'ny fihenjanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny dingana fahatelo, ny famehezana ny tadim-poitra dia matetika atolotra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS|title=Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|issue=7|pages=CD004074|date=July 2013|pmid=23843134|pmc=6544813|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fomba maro afaka manampy amin'ny fanaintainana, toy ny teknika fialan-tsasatra, opioids, ary spinal blocks.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt;

Ny ankamaroan'ny zazakely dia teraka aloha ny lohany ; na izany aza, eo amin'ny 4% eo ho eo no teraka aloha ny tongotra na ny fitombenana, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe &quot;breech&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hofmeyr GJ, Hannah M, Lawrie TA|title=Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=7|pages=CD000166|date=July 2015|pmid=26196961|pmc=6505736|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000166.pub2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny loha dia miditra ao amin'ny valahana mitodika amin'ny ilany iray, ary avy eo mihodina mitodika midina.  Mandritra ny fiterahana, ny vehivavy dia afaka mihinana sy mihetsika araka izay tiany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBK2016&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, tsy soso-kevitra ny manosika mandritra ny dingana voalohany na mandritra ny fiterahana ny loha, ary tsy soso-kevitra ny fampiasana enema.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBK2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154935-6|page=Chapter D|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|access-date=31 July 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|archive-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mahazatra aza ny fandidiana amin'ny vava, fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe episiotomy, dia tsy ilaina izany amin'ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2012, niteraka 23 tapitrisa teo ho eo tamin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana Caesarean, izay fandidiana natao teo amin'ny kibo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mol2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Molina G, Weiser TG, Lipsitz SR, Esquivel MM, Uribe-Leitz T, Azad T, Shah N, Semrau K, Berry WR, Gawande AA, Haynes AB|title=Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-01_314_21/page/2263|journal=JAMA|volume=314|issue=21|pages=2263–70|date=December 2015|pmid=26624825|doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15553|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fandidiana sesariana ho an'ny [[kambana]], famantarana ny fahasahiranana eo amin'ny zaza, na ny toerana misy ny soroka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Mety haharitra ela kokoa ny fahasitranana amin'ity fomba fiterahana ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina hisorohana ny aretina any amin'ireo firenena tsy dia manana aretina [[Firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana|firy (LMICs)]] ny fatra tokana amin'ny antibiotika, azithromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tita|first=Alan T.N.|last2=Carlo|first2=Waldemar A.|last3=McClure|first3=Elizabeth M.|last4=Mwenechanya|first4=Musaku|last5=Chomba|first5=Elwyn|last6=Hemingway-Foday|first6=Jennifer J.|last7=Kavi|first7=Avinash|last8=Metgud|first8=Mrityunjay C.|last9=Goudar|first9=Shivaprasad S.|last10=Derman|first10=Richard|last11=Lokangaka|first11=Adrien|last12=Tshefu|first12=Antoinette|last13=Bauserman|first13=Melissa|last14=Bose|first14=Carl|last15=Shivkumar|first15=Poonam|title=Azithromycin to Prevent Sepsis or Death in Women Planning a Vaginal Birth|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=30 March 2023|volume=388|issue=13|pages=1161–1170|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2212111}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isan-taona, ny fahasarotana ateraky ny fitondrana vohoka sy ny fiterahana dia miteraka fahafatesan'ny reny eo amin'ny 500.000 eo ho eo, vehivavy fito tapitrisa no manana olana lehibe maharitra, ary vehivavy 50 tapitrisa no manana olana ara-pahasalamana ratsy aorian'ny fiterahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008Ed&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=978-92-4-154666-9|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|page=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2015-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan’ireo tranga ireo dia miseho any amin’ny tontolo an-dalam-pandrosoana.[17] Ny fahasarotana manokana dia ahitana ny Obstructed labour, ny Postpartum bleeding, ny Eclampsia, ary ny Postpartum infection.[17]

Ny fahasarotana mety hitranga amin’ny zaza kosa dia ahitana ny tsy fahampian’ny oksizena amin’ny fahaterahana (Birth asphyxia), ny ratra ara-batana amin’ny fahaterahana (Birth trauma), ny fahaterahana mialoha ny fotoana (Preterm birth), ary ny aretina.[18][19]

== References ==
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    <title>Progeria</title>
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      <text bytes="4281" sha1="bifzmbc4beevbkd44lnosc9aqbpmbfy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Progeria
|synonym          =Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS),&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt; progeria syndrome&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A young girl with progeria (left). A healthy cell nucleus (right, top) and a progeric [[cell nucleus]] (right, bottom).
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|p|r|oʊ|ˈ|dʒ|ɪər|i|ə}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Definition of progeria {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Progeria |website=www.dictionary.com |access-date=28 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410001415/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/progeria |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410001415/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/progeria |date=10 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Progeria |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Progeria |website=The Free Dictionary |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515093101/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/progeria |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515093101/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/progeria |date=15 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =[[Medical genetics]]
|symptoms         =Growth delay, short height, small face, [[hair loss]]&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|onset            =9–24 months&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Genetics|Genetic]] ([[autosomal dominant]])&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, [[genetic tests]]&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|differential     =[[Hallermann–Streiff syndrome]], [[Acrogeria|Gottron's syndrome]], [[Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome]]&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Mostly [[Symptomatic treatment|symptomatic]]&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|medication       =[[Lonafarnib]]&lt;ref name=FDA2020/&gt;
|prognosis        =Average age at death is 13 years&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|frequency        =1 in 6 million births&lt;ref name=NORD2020/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Aretina ara-pandovan-toetra '''ny Progeria''' izay ahitana soritr'aretina mitovy amin'ny fahanterana amin'ny fahazazana.  Matetika dia miharihary eo anelanelan'ny 9 ka hatramin'ny 24 volana ny soritr'aretina miaraka amin'ny fihenan'ny fitomboana, ny endrika kely, ary ny fihenan'ny volo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Ireo olona voan'izany dia mazàna maty eo anelanelan'ny 8 sy 21 taona noho ny aretim-po.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt;

Ny antony dia matetika fiovan'ny fototarazo vaovao izay mamokatra ny proteinina lamin A.  Rehefa avy niteraka zaza iray voakasik'izany dia mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny zaza manaraka, izay mety ho 3% ihany koa &lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Karazana syndrome progeroid izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ramírez|first=CL|last2=Cadiñanos|first2=J|last3=Varela|first3=I|last4=Freije|first4=JM|last5=López-Otín|first5=C|title=Human progeroid syndromes, aging and cancer: new genetic and epigenetic insights into old questions.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_2007-01_64_2/page/155|journal=Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS|date=January 2007|volume=64|issue=2|pages=155-70|doi=10.1007/s00018-006-6349-3|pmid=17131053}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ary voamarina amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia matetika ahitana soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Nekena hitsaboana ny progeria ny fanafody lonafarnib tamin'ny taona 2020.  Olona 1 amin'ny 6 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Mitovy matetika ny endrika isehoany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2020&quot; /&gt; Ny Progeria dia nofaritan'i Jonathan Hutchinson voalohany tamin'ny 1886 ary i Hastings Gilford tamin'ny 1897. 

== References ==
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[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Tazo tifoida</title>
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|synonym          =Slow fever, typhoid
|image            =Salmonella typhi typhoid fever PHIL 2215 lores.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Rose spots]] on the chest of a person with typhoid fever
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash&lt;ref name=Yellow2014/&gt;
|onset            =6–30 days after exposure&lt;ref name=Yellow2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica|''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. enterica]] (spread by food or water contaminated with [[feces]])&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt;
|risks            =Poor [[sanitation]], poor hygiene.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Bacterial culture]], DNA detection&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Crump2010/&gt;
|differential     =Other infectious diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2013Tech/&gt;
|prevention       =[[Typhoid vaccine]], handwashing&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Mil2018/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12.5 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =149,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny tazo tifoida''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''tifoida''', dia aretina vokatry ny bakteria vokatry ny karazana ''Salmonella'' manokana izay miteraka soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL|s2cid=2409150|title=Typhoid fever|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_march-21-27-2015_385_9973/page/1136|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|pages=1136–45|date=March 2015|pmid=25458731|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety miovaova ny soritr'aretina manomboka amin'ny malemy ka hatramin'ny mafy, ary mazàna manomboka 6 ka hatramin'ny 30 andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt; Matetika misy fiakaran'ny tazo mahery tsikelikely mandritra ny andro maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Anna E.|last=Newton|title=CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book|date=2014|isbn=9780199948499|chapter=3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125517/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever|archive-date=2015-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika miaraka amin'ny fahalemena, fanaintainan'ny kibo, [[fitohanana]], aretin'andoha ary fandoavana kely izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Typhoid Fever|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/technical.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2015|date=May 14, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183317/http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/technical.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy olona sasany miteraka maimaika amin'ny hoditra misy teboka mavokely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Typhoid Fever|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2015|date=May 14, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606190251/http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html|archive-date=6 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny tranga mafy, mety hikorontana ny sain'ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy misy fitsaboana dia mety haharitra herinandro na volana maromaro ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt; Mahalana ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Mety hitondra ny bakteria ny olon-kafa nefa tsy voakasik'izany; na izany aza, mbola afaka mampiely ny aretina amin'ny hafa izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire|volume=83|issue=6|pages=49–59|date=February 2008|pmid=18260212|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103504/http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karazana tazo [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|enterika]] ny tazo tifoida, miaraka amin'ny tazo paratyphoida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny antony dia ny bakteria ''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. enterica serovar Typhi mitombo ao amin'ny [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|tsinay]] sy [[Ra|ny ra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Miely amin'ny fihinanana na fisotroana sakafo na rano voaloto amin'ny [[Tay|dikin'ny]] olona voan'ny aretina ny tifoida.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny tsy fahampian'ny fahadiovana sy ny tsy fahampian'ny fahadiovana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay mandeha any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana dia tandindonin-doza ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Ny olombelona ihany no mety ho voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Mitovy amin'ny soritr'aretin'ny aretina mifindra maro hafa ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Ny fitiliana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fambolena ny bakteria na ny fitadiavana ny [[Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika|ADN-]] ny ao amin'ny ra, ny fivalanana, na [[Tsoka|ny tsoka taolana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crump2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Crump JA, Mintz ED|title=Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=50|issue=2|pages=241–6|date=January 2010|pmid=20014951|pmc=2798017|doi=10.1086/649541}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho sarotra ny mamboly ny bakteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Alan J.|last=Magill|title=Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases|date=2013|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=London|isbn=9781455740437|pages=568–572|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&amp;pg=PA568|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228055647/https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&amp;pg=PA568|archive-date=2017-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana tsoka taolana no marina indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crump2010&quot; /&gt;

Afaka misoroka eo amin'ny 40 ka hatramin'ny 90% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga ny vaksiny tifoida mandritra ny roa taona voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A|title=Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD001261|date=May 2018|pmid=29851031|pmc=6494485|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy fiantraikany mandritra ny fito taona ny vaksiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny aretina na ireo olona mandeha any amin'ny faritra ahitana ity aretina ity dia asaina manao vaksiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka hafa hisorohana ny aretina dia ahitana ny fanomezana rano fisotro madio, ny fahadiovana tsara, ary ny fanasana tanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy voamarina fa voa ny aretina mahazo ny olona iray dia tsy tokony hanomana sakafo ho an'ny hafa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt; Tsaboina amin'ny [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] toy ny azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, na cephalosporins taranaka fahatelo ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Miha-mitombo ny fanoherana ireo antibiotika ireo, izay nahatonga ny fitsaboana ny aretina ho sarotra kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, Angelo KM, Walker AT, Hatley N, Masani S, Nash J, Belko J, Ryan ET, Mintz E, Friedman CR|display-authors=6|title=Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=68|issue=1|pages=11–13|date=January 2019|pmid=30629573|pmc=6342547|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2015, tranga vaovao miisa 12.5 tapitrisa no voalaza maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fahita matetika indrindra any India ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ny ankizy no tena voa mafy indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Nihena ny tahan'ny aretina tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] tamin'ny taona 1940 vokatry ny fanatsarana ny fahadiovana sy ny fampiasana antibiotika hitsaboana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Isan-taona any Etazonia, tranga 400 eo ho eo no voalaza fa voan'ny aretina ary tombanana ho 6 000 ny olona voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B|title=Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=64|issue=11|pages=305–8|date=March 2015|pmid=25811680|pmc=4584884}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, dia nahafaty olona 149.000 teo ho eo maneran-tany izany - nidina avy amin'ny 181.000 tamin'ny taona 1990 (eo amin'ny 0.3% eo ho eo amin'ny fitambarany maneran-tany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hahatratra 20% ny mety hahafaty raha tsy misy fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 1 sy 4% eo ho eo ny tahan'ny fitsaboana &lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Aretina hafa ny tifosy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cunha BA|title=Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2004-03_18_1/page/111|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=18|issue=1|pages=111–25|date=March 2004|pmid=15081508|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, ny anarana hoe typhoid dia midika hoe &quot;mitovy amin'ny typhus &quot; noho ny fitoviana eo amin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oxford English Dictionary (Online)|url=http://www.oed.com|access-date=28 March 2015|page=typhoid, adj. and n|quote=Resembling or characteristic of typhus|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/|archive-date=11 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Aretin'ny seliaka</title>
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      <text bytes="21028" sha1="th6a0vin612dwm5542r66ye3wsfw46g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coeliac disease
|synonym          =Celiac sprue, nontropical sprue, endemic sprue, gluten enteropathy
|image            =Coeliac path.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Biopsy of [[small bowel]] showing coeliac disease manifested by blunting of [[intestinal villus|villi]], crypt [[hypertrophy]], and [[lymphocyte]] infiltration of crypts
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|i|æ|k}} {{respell|SEE|lee|ak}}
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[internal medicine]]
|symptoms         =None or [[Signs and symptoms|non-specific]], [[abdominal distention]], [[diarrhea|diarrhoea]], [[constipation]], [[malabsorption]], weight loss, [[dermatitis herpetiformis]]&lt;ref name=Fasano2005Pediatric/&gt;&lt;ref name=SymptomsCausesNIDDK&gt;{{cite web|title=Symptoms &amp; Causes of Celiac Disease {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=24 April 2017|date=June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175500/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|archive-date=24 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =Any age&lt;ref name=Fasano2005Pediatric/&gt;&lt;ref name=ESPGHAN2012 /&gt;
|duration         =Lifelong&lt;ref name=Cic2015 /&gt;
|causes           =Reaction to [[gluten]]&lt;ref name=TovoliMasi2015/&gt;
|risks            =[[Genetic predisposition]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], blood [[antibody]] tests, intestinal [[biopsy|biopsies]], [[genetic testing]], response to gluten withdrawal&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=VivasVaquero2015 /&gt;
|differential     =[[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[intestinal parasites]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[cystic fibrosis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter C|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Gluten-free diet]]&lt;ref name=SeeKaukinen2015/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =~1 in 135&lt;ref name=NEJM2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny aretin'ny seliaka''' na '''ny aretin'ny seliaka''' dia aretina maharitra ateraky ny hery fiarovana izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny tsinay kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celiac Disease|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDKD|access-date=17 March 2016|date=June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313222154/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny soritr'aretina mahazatra ny olana amin'ny fandevonan-kanina toy ny aretim-pivalanana mitaiza, fivontosan'ny kibo, tsy fahatomombanan'ny fidiran'ny sakafo, tsy fahazotoan-komana, ary ny tsy fahampian'ny fitomboana ara-dalàna eo amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot; /&gt; Matetika izany dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny enim-bolana sy roa taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot; /&gt; Ireo soritr'aretina tsy mahazatra dia mahazatra kokoa, indrindra amin'ny olona mihoatra ny roa taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPGHAN2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newnham2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/jgh.13704|doi-access=free|pmid=28244672|title=Coeliac disease in the 21st century: Paradigm shifts in the modern age|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=32|pages=82–85|year=2017|last=Newnham|first=Evan D|s2cid=46285202|quote=Presentation of CD with malabsorptive symptoms or malnutrition is now the exception rather than the rule.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TonuttiBizzaro2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tonutti E, Bizzaro N|title=Diagnosis and classification of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity|journal=Autoimmun Rev|volume=13|issue=4–5|pages=472–6|date=2014|pmid=24440147|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.043}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy soritr'aretina malemy na tsy misy mihitsy eo amin'ny tsinay, soritr'aretina maro samihafa mahakasika ny faritra rehetra amin'ny vatana na tsy misy soritr'aretina miharihary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot; /&gt; Ny aretin'ny seliaka dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny fahazazana; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cic2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ciccocioppo R, Kruzliak P, Cangemi GC, Pohanka M, Betti E, Lauret E, Rodrigo L|title=The Spectrum of Differences between Childhood and Adulthood Celiac Disease|journal=Nutrients|volume=7|issue=10|pages=8733–51|date=22 October 2015|pmid=26506381|pmc=4632446|doi=10.3390/nu7105426|type=Review|quote=Several additional studies in extensive series of coeliac patients have clearly shown that TG2A sensitivity varies depending on the severity of duodenal damage, and reaches almost 100% in the presence of complete villous atrophy (more common in children under three years), 70% for subtotal atrophy, and up to 30% when only an increase in IELs is present. ''(IELs: intraepithelial lymphocytes)''}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPGHAN2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, Troncone R, Giersiepen K, Branski D, Catassi C, Lelgeman M, Mäki M, Ribes-Koninckx C, Ventura A, Zimmer KP,(( ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis; ESPGHAN Gastroenterology Committee; European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition))|s2cid=15029283|title=European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease|journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr|volume=54|issue=1|pages=136–60|date=January 2012|pmid=22197856|url=http://www.espghan.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidelines_pdf/Guidelines_2404/European_Society_for_Pediatric_Gastroenterology_.28__1_.pdf|doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0|type=Practice Guideline|quote=Since 1990, the understanding of the pathological processes of CD has increased enormously, leading to a change in the clinical paradigm of CD from a chronic, gluten-dependent enteropathy of childhood to a systemic disease with chronic immune features affecting different organ systems. (...) atypical symptoms may be considerably more common than classic symptoms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403065800/http://www.espghan.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidelines_pdf/Guidelines_2404/European_Society_for_Pediatric_Gastroenterology_.28__1_.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2016|access-date=19 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na izany aza, mety hitranga amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fasano A|title=Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=128|issue=4 Suppl 1|pages=S68–73|date=April 2005|pmid=15825129|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.015|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPGHAN2012&quot; /&gt; Mifandray amin'ny aretina autoimmune hafa izy io, toy ny diabeta mellitus karazany 1 sy ny tiroidita, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cic2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny aretin'ny seliaka dia vokatry ny fihetsika amin'ny gluten, vondron'ny proteinina isan-karazany hita ao amin'ny [[varimbazaha]] sy amin'ny voamaina hafa toy ny [[Vary ôrza|orza]] sy ny rye.&lt;ref name=&quot;TovoliMasi2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tovoli F, Masi C, Guidetti E, Negrini G, Paterini P, Bolondi L|title=Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders|journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases|volume=3|issue=3|pages=275–84|date=March 2015|pmid=25789300|pmc=4360499|doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PenaginiDilillo2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Penagini F, Dilillo D, Meneghin F, Mameli C, Fabiano V, Zuccotti GV|title=Gluten-free diet in children: an approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet|journal=Nutrients|volume=5|issue=11|pages=4553–65|date=November 2013|pmid=24253052|pmc=3847748|doi=10.3390/nu5114553|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR|s2cid=8415780|title=Coeliac disease|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9673|pages=1480–93|date=April 2009|pmid=19394538|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60254-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika azo leferina ny [[Oany|oats]] amin'ny habetsahana antonony, izay tsy misy loto avy amin'ny voamaina hafa misy gluten.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenaginiDilillo2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pinto-Sánchez MI, Causada-Calo N, Bercik P, Ford AC, Murray JA, Armstrong D, Semrad C, Kupfer SS, Alaedini A, Moayyedi P, Leffler DA, Verdú EF, Green P|title=Safety of Adding Oats to a Gluten-Free Diet for Patients With Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical and Observational Studies|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=153|issue=2|pages=395–409.e3|date=August 2017|pmid=28431885|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115341/1/FordSafety%20of%20Adding%20Oats.pdf|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2021-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129071334/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115341/1/FordSafety%20of%20Adding%20Oats.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiankina amin'ny karazana vary orza ny fisian'ny olana.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenaginiDilillo2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CominoMoreno2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Comino I, Moreno M, Sousa C|title=Role of oats in celiac disease|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=21|issue=41|pages=11825–31|date=November 2015|pmid=26557006|pmc=4631980|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11825|quote=It is necessary to consider that oats include many varieties, containing various amino acid sequences and showing different immunoreactivities associated with toxic prolamins. As a result, several studies have shown that the immunogenicity of oats varies depending on the cultivar consumed. Thus, it is essential to thoroughly study the variety of oats used in a food ingredient before including it in a gluten-free diet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitranga amin'ny olona manana fototarazo mora voan'izany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Rehefa tratran'ny gluten, ny valin-kafatra tsy ara-dalàna amin'ny hery fiarovana dia mety hitarika amin'ny famokarana autoantibodies samihafa izay mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny [[taova]] samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lund2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lundin KE, Wijmenga C|s2cid=24533103|title=Coeliac disease and autoimmune disease-genetic overlap and screening|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology|volume=12|issue=9|pages=507–15|date=September 2015|pmid=26303674|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.136|type=Review|quote=The abnormal immunological response elicited by gluten-derived proteins can lead to the production of several different autoantibodies, which affect different systems.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ao amin'ny tsinay kely, miteraka fivontosana izany ary mety hiteraka fihenan'ny villi mandrakotra ny tsinay kely ( atrophy villous ).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VivasVaquero2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vivas S, Vaquero L, Rodríguez-Martín L, Caminero A|title=Age-related differences in celiac disease: Specific characteristics of adult presentation|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=6|issue=4|pages=207–12|date=November 2015|pmid=26558154|pmc=4635160|doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.207|type=Review|quote=In addition, the presence of intraepithelial lymphocytosis and/or villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia of small-bowel mucosa, and clinical remission after withdrawal of gluten from the diet, are also used for diagnosis antitransglutaminase antibody (tTGA) titers and the degree of histological lesions inversely correlate with age. Thus, as the age of diagnosis increases antibody titers decrease and histological damage is less marked. It is common to find adults without villous atrophy showing only an inflammatory pattern in duodenal mucosa biopsies: Lymphocytic enteritis (Marsh I) or added crypt hyperplasia (Marsh II)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fidiran'ny otrikaina izany, izay matetika mitarika ho amin'ny tsy fahampian-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2009&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny aretina dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitambaran'ny fitiliana antibody amin'ny ra sy ny biopsie amin'ny tsinay, izay ampian'ny fitiliana fototarazo manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Tsy mora foana ny mamantatra ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;MatthiasPfeiffer2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Matthias T, Pfeiffer S, Selmi C, Eric Gershwin M|s2cid=33661098|title=Diagnostic challenges in celiac disease and the role of the tissue transglutaminase-neo-epitope|journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol|volume=38|issue=2–3|pages=298–301|date=April 2010|pmid=19629760|doi=10.1007/s12016-009-8160-z|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika, ratsy ny autoantibodies ao amin'ny ra,&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisScott2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lewis NR, Scott BB|title=Systematic review: the use of serology to exclude or diagnose coeliac disease (a comparison of the endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody tests)|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|volume=24|issue=1|pages=47–54|date=July 2006|pmid=16803602|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02967.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AGA2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rostom A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF|title=American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=131|issue=6|pages=1981–2002|date=December 2006|pmid=17087937|url=http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2806%2902227-X/fulltext|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.004|type=Review|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2014-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318130040/http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(06)02227-X/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary olona maro no manana fiovana kely amin'ny tsinay miaraka amin'ny villi ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, Fernández-Bañares F|title=Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|volume=41|issue=9|pages=807–20|date=May 2015|pmid=25753138|doi=10.1111/apt.13155|type=Review|quote=Furthermore, seronegativity is more common in coeliac disease patients without villous atrophy (Marsh 1-2 lesions), but these ‘minor’ forms of coeliac disease may have similar clinical manifestations to those with villous atrophy and may show similar clinical–histological remission with reversal of haematological or biochemical disturbances on a gluten-free diet (GFD).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy soritr'aretina mafy ny olona ary mety hodinihina mandritra ny taona maro izy ireo alohan'ny hahitana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CichewiczMearns2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cichewicz AB, Mearns ES, Taylor A, Boulanger T, Gerber M, Leffler DA|s2cid=71143826|display-authors=etal|title=Diagnosis and Treatment Patterns in Celiac Disease|journal=Dig Dis Sci|volume=64|issue=8|pages=2095–2106|date=1 March 2019|pmid=30820708|doi=10.1007/s10620-019-05528-3|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LudvigssonCard2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ludvigsson JF, Card T, Ciclitira PJ, Swift GL, Nasr I, Sanders DS, Ciacci C|title=Support for patients with celiac disease: A literature review|journal=United European Gastroenterology Journal|volume=3|issue=2|pages=146–59|date=April 2015|pmid=25922674|pmc=4406900|doi=10.1177/2050640614562599|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mihamaro hatrany ny olona tsy manana soritr'aretina voamarina, vokatry ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;VanHeelWest&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Heel DA, West J|title=Recent advances in coeliac disease|journal=Gut|volume=55|issue=7|pages=1037–46|date=July 2006|pmid=16766754|pmc=1856316|doi=10.1136/gut.2005.075119|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, tsy ampy ny porofo momba ny vokatry ny fitiliana mba hamaritana ny maha-ilaina azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPSTF2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Ebell M, Epling JW, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW|s2cid=205086614|title=Screening for Celiac Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|journal=JAMA|volume=317|issue=12|pages=1252–1257|date=March 2017|pmid=28350936|doi=10.1001/jama.2017.1462}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia vokatry ny tsy fahazakana maharitra ny proteinina gluten aza ity aretina ity,&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; dia miavaka amin'ny alèjy amin'ny varimbazaha izy io, izay tsy fahita firy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burkhardt|first=J. G.|last2=Chapa-Rodriguez|first2=A.|last3=Bahna|first3=S. L.|title=Gluten sensitivities and the allergist: Threshing the grain from the husks|journal=Allergy|date=July 2018|volume=73|issue=7|pages=1359–1368|doi=10.1111/all.13354|pmid=29131356}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fitsaboana mahomby fantatra ihany dia ny fihinanana sakafo tsy misy gluten mandritra ny androm-piainana, izay mitarika amin'ny famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny rindrin'ny tsinay, manatsara ny soritr'aretina ary mampihena ny mety hisian'ny fahasarotana amin'ny ankamaroan'ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeeKaukinen2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=See JA, Kaukinen K, Makharia GK, Gibson PR, Murray JA|s2cid=20270743|title=Practical insights into gluten-free diets|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology|volume=12|issue=10|pages=580–91|date=October 2015|pmid=26392070|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.156|type=Review|quote=A lack of symptoms and/or negative serological markers are not reliable indicators of mucosal response to the diet. Furthermore, up to 30% of patients continue to have gastrointestinal symptoms despite a strict GFD.122,124 If adherence is questioned, a structured interview by a qualified dietitian can help to identify both intentional and inadvertent sources of gluten.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy voatsabo dia mety hiteraka homamiadana toy ny lymphoma amin'ny tsinay ary mety hampitombo kely ny mety ho fahafatesana aloha loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH|title=Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity|journal=BMJ|volume=351|pages=h4347|date=October 2015|pmid=26438584|pmc=4596973|doi=10.1136/bmj.h4347|quote=Celiac disease occurs in about 1% of the population worldwide, although most people with the condition are undiagnosed. It can cause a wide variety of symptoms, both intestinal and extra-intestinal because it is a systemic autoimmune disease that is triggered by dietary gluten. Patients with coeliac disease are at increased risk of cancer, including a twofold to fourfold increased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and a more than 30-fold increased risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma, and they have a 1.4-fold increased risk of death.|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miovaova arakaraka ny faritra eto amin'izao tontolo izao ny tahan'ny aretina, manomboka amin'ny 1 amin'ny 300 ka hatramin'ny 1 amin'ny 40, miaraka amin'ny salan'isa eo anelanelan'ny 1 amin'ny 100 sy 1 amin'ny olona 170.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fasano A, Catassi C|title=Clinical practice. Celiac disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-12-20_367_25/page/2419|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=367|issue=25|pages=2419–26|date=December 2012|pmid=23252527|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1113994|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho 80%-n'ny tranga no mbola tsy voamarina, matetika noho ny tsy fahampian'ny na tsy fisian'ny olana amin'ny fandevonan-kanina sy ny tsy fahampian'ny fahalalana ny soritr'aretina sy ny fepetra takiana amin'ny diagnostika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WGO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english|title=Celiac disease|date=July 2016|publisher=[[World Gastroenterology Organisation]] Global Guidelines|access-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317123604/http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english|archive-date=17 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CichewiczMearns2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LionettiGatti2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lionetti E, Gatti S, Pulvirenti A, Catassi C|title=Celiac disease from a global perspective|journal=Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Gastroenterology|volume=29|issue=3|pages=365–79|date=June 2015|pmid=26060103|doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2015.05.004|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Somary mahazatra kokoa amin'ny vehivavy ny aretin'ny seliaka raha oharina amin'ny lehilahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;His2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, Mäki M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Romano A, Troncone R, Ward R|title=Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|volume=23|issue=5|pages=559–75|date=March 2006|pmid=16480395|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>th6a0vin612dwm5542r66ye3wsfw46g</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Vaky ny karandohany</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299094</id>
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      <id>1149499</id>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3705" sha1="1zwm9xpb9nw9nz1umowya8zhirphy5q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Basilar skull fracture
|synonym          =Basal skull fracture, skull base fractures&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|image            =Tempbonefract.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A subtle temporal bone fracture as seen on CT in a person with a severe head injury
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Emergency medicine]], [[neurosurgery]]
|symptoms         =[[Battle sign|Bruising behind the ears]], [[periorbital ecchymosis|bruising around the eyes]], [[hemotympanum|blood behind the ear drum]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Major trauma|Trauma]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[CT scan]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Based on injuries inside the [[skull]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =≈12% of severe [[head injuries]]&lt;ref name=Bau2014/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny '''vaky karandoha basilar''' dia tapaka taolana eo amin'ny fotony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Baugnon|first=KL|last2=Hudgins|first2=PA|title=Skull base fractures and their complications|journal=Neuroimaging Clinics of North America|date=August 2014|volume=24|issue=3|pages=439–65, vii–viii|doi=10.1016/j.nic.2014.03.001|pmid=25086806}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana mangana ao ambadiky ny sofina, mangana manodidina ny maso, na rà ao ambadiky ny ampongan-tsofina ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Miseho amin'ny 20% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga ny fivoahan'ny ranoka cerebrospinal (CSF) ary mety hahatonga fivoahan'ny ranoka avy amin'ny orona na sofina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Fahasarotana eo amin'ny 14% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga ny meningite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nel2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nellis|first=JC|last2=Kesser|first2=BW|last3=Park|first3=SS|title=What is the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in basilar skull fractures?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_laryngoscope_2014-01_124_1/page/8|journal=The Laryngoscope|date=January 2014|volume=124|issue=1|pages=8–9|doi=10.1002/lary.23934|pmid=24122671}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny fahasarotana hafa ny ratra amin'ny nerveo na ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt;

Matetika izy ireo dia mitaky ratra mafy vao mitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Ny taolana tapaka dia farafahakeliny iray amin'ireto taolana manaraka ireto: taolana temporal, taolana occipital, taolana sphenoid, taolana frontal, na taolana ethmoid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Mizara ho fossa anterior, fossa afovoany, ary fossa posterior vaky izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no mitranga ny vaky eo amin'ny tarehy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fitiliana dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana CT.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt;

Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny fitsaboana dia mifototra amin'ny ratra amin'ny rafitra ao anatin'ny loha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fandidiana raha misy fivoahan'ny CSF tsy mijanona na ratra amin'ny lalan-dra na ozatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|ireo antibiotika]] fisorohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ratilal|first=Bernardo O|last2=Costa|first2=João|last3=Pappamikail|first3=Lia|last4=Sampaio|first4=Cristina|last5=Ratilal|first5=Bernardo O|title=Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=4|issue=4|pages=CD004884|year=2015|pmid=25918919|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004884.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nel2014&quot; /&gt; Mitranga amin'ny 12% eo ho eo amin'ny olona manana ratra mafy amin'ny loha izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bau2014&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>1zwm9xpb9nw9nz1umowya8zhirphy5q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tongotra kibo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1149466</id>
      <parentid>1135367</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T16:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>1149466</origin>
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      <text bytes="6735" sha1="5g44r9w88qbsesemhd2nx1blpjbh7te" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Clubfoot
|synonym          =Clubfeet, congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|image            =Pied bot, varus équin (bilateral).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Bilateral clubfeet
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]], [[podiatry]]
|symptoms         =Foot that is rotated inwards and downwards&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt;
|onset            =During early pregnancy&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Unknown&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|risks            =[[Genetics]], [[Smoking and pregnancy|mother who smokes cigarettes]], males&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Physical examination]], [[prenatal ultrasound|ultrasound during pregnancy]]&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|differential     =[[Metatarsus adductus]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Moses|first1=Scott|title=Clubfoot|url=http://www.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/Peds/Clbft.htm|website=www.fpnotebook.com|access-date=15 October 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150501/http://www.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/Peds/Clbft.htm|archive-date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Ponseti method]] (manipulation, casting, cutting the [[Achilles tendon]], braces), French method, surgery&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Good with proper treatment&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|frequency        =1 to 4 in 1,000&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny tongotra mikitoantoana dia kilema hatrany am-bohoka izay mahatonga ny tongotra iray na roa hihodina mankany anatiny ary hitongilana midina. [1] [2]

Mety ho kely kokoa ny haben’ny tongotra sy ny ranjo voakasika raha oharina amin’ny ilany hafa. [1] Manodidina ny 50% amin’ireo tranga no mahakasika ny tongotra roa. [1] [3]

Matetika tsy misy ifandraisany amin’ny aretina hafa izany. [1] Raha tsy tsaboina dia mitohy tsy ara-dalàna ny endriky ny tongotra, ka mandeha amin’ny sisin’ny tongotra ny olona. [4] Mety hiteraka fanaintainana sy fahasarotana amin’ny fandehanana izany. [5]

Matetika tsy fantatra ny tena antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gibbons|first=PJ|last2=Gray|first2=K|title=Update on clubfoot.|journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health|date=September 2013|volume=49|issue=9|pages=E434–7|doi=10.1111/jpc.12167|pmid=23586398}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dobbs|first=Matthew B.|last2=Gurnett|first2=Christina A.|title=Update on clubfoot: etiology and treatment|journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research|date=18 February 2009|volume=467|issue=5|pages=1146–1153|doi=10.1007/s11999-009-0734-9|pmid=19224303|issn=1528-1132|pmc=2664438}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa samy voakasik'izany na ny fototarazo na ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt; Raha [[Kambana|kambana mitovy]] iray no voakasika, dia misy ny vintana 33% ho voakasika koa ny iray hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Ny antony fototra mahatonga izany dia ny fikorontanan'ny [[hozatra]] na ny sela mampitohy ny tongotra ambany, izay mitarika amin'ny fihenjanan'ny tonon-taolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cummings|first=R. Jay|last2=Davidson|first2=Richard S.|last3=Armstrong|first3=Peter F.|last4=Lehman|first4=Wallace B.|date=February 2002|title=Congenital Clubfoot|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bone-and-joint-surgery_2002-02_84a_2/page/290|journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume|language=en-US|volume=84|issue=2|pages=290–308|issn=0021-9355|doi=10.2106/00004623-200202000-00018|pmid=11861737}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy tsy fetezana hafa mifandray amin'izany eo amin'ny 20%-n'ny fotoana, ary ny mahazatra indrindra dia ny arthrogryposis distal sy ny myelomeningocele.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny mamantatra ny aretina amin'ny alalan'ny fizahana na alohan'ny hahaterahana mandritra ny fanadinana amin'ny alalan'ny &quot;ultrasound&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia matetika amin'ny alalan'ny fomba Ponseti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Izany dia midika hoe mamindra ny tongotra amin'ny toerana tsara kokoa arahin'ny fanariana, izay averina isaky ny herinandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Rehefa mihatsara ny fiolahana anatiny, dia matetika tapahina ny tendon'i Achilles, ary ampiasaina ny vy fanitsiana tongotra hatramin'ny faha-efatra taonany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny voalohany, ny brace dia anaovana saika tsy tapaka ary avy eo amin'ny alina fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny 20% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga dia ilaina ny fandidiana fanampiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Azo tanterahin'ny mpitsabo isan-karazany ny fitsaboana ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia azo tanterahina any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] miaraka amin'ny loharanon-karena vitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;

Ny tongotra mikitoantoana dia mitranga amin'ny 1 ka hatramin'ny 4 amin'ny zaza teraka 1.000, ka mahatonga azy io ho iray amin'ireo kilema mahazatra indrindra amin'ny zaza teraka izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny tongotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sm2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Smythe|first=Tracey|last2=Kuper|first2=Hannah|last3=Macleod|first3=David|last4=Foster|first4=Allen|last5=Lavy|first5=Christopher|date=March 2017|title=Birth prevalence of congenital talipes equinovarus in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health: TM &amp; IH|volume=22|issue=3|pages=269–285|doi=10.1111/tmi.12833|issn=1365-3156|pmid=28000394|url=https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3302660/6/CF%20birth%20prevalence%20systematic%20rv_REVIEW_clean.docx|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828042440/https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3302660/6/CF|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Shea|first=Ryan M.|last2=Sabatini|first2=Coleen S.|date=December 2016|title=What is new in idiopathic clubfoot?|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine|volume=9|issue=4|pages=470–477|doi=10.1007/s12178-016-9375-2|issn=1935-973X|pmc=5127955|pmid=27696325}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 80% eo ho eo amin'ireo tranga ireo no mitranga any amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana izay voafetra ny fahazoana fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sm2017&quot; /&gt; Ny tongotra mikitoantoana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny zanaka lahimatoa sy ny lahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sm2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O2016&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny vahoaka [[Vahoaka maory|Māori]] izany, ary tsy dia fahita firy amin'ny vahoaka [[Hana (vahoaka)|Sinoa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'i Raynaud</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:07:36Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6178" sha1="imjppldudemkdr6hlm3u5d9juev6acz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Raynaud syndrome
|synonym          =Raynaud's, Raynaud's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, Raynaud's syndrome&lt;ref name=NIH2014What&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Raynaud's?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud|website=NHLBI|access-date=1 October 2016|date=21 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004225518/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud|archive-date=4 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004225518/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud |date=4 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Raynaud_syndrome_on_female_airman's_hand.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A hand with pale fingers due to Raynaud's
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|r|eɪ|ˈ|n|oʊ}} {{respell|ray|NOH}}
|specialty        =[[Rheumatology]]
|symptoms         =An affected part turning [[pallor|white]], then [[cyanosis|blue]], then red, burning&lt;ref name=NIH2014Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Raynaud's?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=1 October 2016|date=21 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005190513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/signs|archive-date=5 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005190513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/signs |date=5 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =15–30 year old, typically females&lt;ref name=NEJM2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2014Epi/&gt;
|duration         =Up to several hours per episode&lt;ref name=NIH2014Sym /&gt;
|causes           =
|risks            =Cold, emotional stress&lt;ref name=NIH2014Sym /&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on the symptoms&lt;ref name=NEJM2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Complex regional pain syndrome|Causalgia]], [[erythromelalgia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barker|first1=Roger A.|title=The A-Z of Neurological Practice: A Guide to Clinical Neurology|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521629607|page=728|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=LRRiuFfr9UkC&amp;pg=PA728|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174703/https://books.google.ca/books?id=LRRiuFfr9UkC&amp;pg=PA728|archive-date=24 April 2017|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014014058/https://books.google.ca/books?id=LRRiuFfr9UkC&amp;pg=PA728 |date=14 October 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Avoiding cold, [[calcium channel blockers]], [[iloprost]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =4% of people&lt;ref name=NEJM2016/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny aretin’i Raynaud, fantatra koa amin’ny hoe trangan-javatra Raynaud, dia toe-pahasalamana izay mahatonga ny fihenjanan’ny lalan-dra ka miteraka fihenan’ny fikorianan-dra. [1]

Matetika ny rantsantanana no voakasika, ary tsy dia fahita loatra ny rantsan-tongotra. [1] Amin’ny tranga tsy fahita firy dia mety hisy fiantraikany amin’ny orona, sofina, na molotra. [1]

Ireo fizaran’ny aretina ireo dia mahatonga ny faritra voakasika ho fotsy, avy eo manga, alohan’ny hiverenan’ny fikorianan-dra ka mahatonga azy ho mena sy mangirifiry. [2] Matetika dia miseho ihany koa ny fahatsapana mangorintsina na fahamainan’ny faritra sy fanaintainana. [2]

Matetika maharitra minitra vitsy ireo fizarana ireo, saingy mety haharitra ora maromaro amin’ny tranga sasany. [2]

Matetika ny hatsiaka na ny adin-tsaina ara-pihetseham-po no mahatonga ny trangan-javatra toy izany.  Ny karazany roa lehibe dia ny Raynaud voalohany, rehefa tsy fantatra ny antony, ary ny Raynaud faharoa, izay mitranga vokatry ny toe-javatra hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wigley|first=FM|last2=Flavahan|first2=NA|title=Raynaud's Phenomenon.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2016-08-11_375_6/page/556|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=11 August 2016|volume=375|issue=6|pages=556–65|pmid=27509103|doi=10.1056/nejmra1507638}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Raynaud faharoa dia mety hitranga noho ny aretina mifandray amin'ny sela, toy ny scleroderma na lupus, ratra amin'ny tanana, hovitrovitra maharitra, fifohana sigara, olana amin'ny tiroida, ary fanafody sasany, toy ny pilina fanabeazana aizana .  Matetika ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia ny fisorohana ny sery.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny fepetra hafa ny fampitsaharana ny fampiasana nikôtinina na stimulant.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny fanafody fitsaboana ireo tranga tsy mihatsara ny calcium channel blockers sy iloprost.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Vitsy ny porofo manohana ny fitsaboana hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Mahalana vao mety ho sarotra amin'ny fery amin'ny hoditra na gangrene ny aretina mafy. 

Eo amin'ny 4% eo ho eo amin'ny olona no voan'io aretina io.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt; Ny fiandohan'ny endrika voalohany dia matetika eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona ary mitranga matetika kokoa amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt;  Ny endrika faharoa dia mazàna misy fiantraikany amin'ny zokiolona.&lt;ref name=NIH2014Epi&gt;{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Raynaud's?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/atrisk|website=NHLBI|access-date=1 October 2016|date=21 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005190503/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/atrisk|archive-date=5 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005190503/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/raynaud/atrisk |date=5 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Samy mahazatra kokoa any amin'ny [[Toetany|toetrandro]] mangatsiaka ireo endrika roa ireo.&lt;ref name=NIH2014Epi /&gt; Nomena anarana avy amin'ilay dokotera frantsay Maurice Raynaud izy io, izay nilazalaza ny aretina tamin'ny 1862.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2016&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'ny havokavoka mitaiza</title>
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      <text bytes="11888" sha1="ldngl2qaunuc5b8aosxyf50j4luj6ur" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|synonym          =Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary emphysema
|image            =Centrilobular emphysema 865 lores.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Gross pathology]] of a lung showing [[Pneumatosis#Centrilobular emphysema|centrilobular emphysema]] characteristic of smoking. This close-up of the [[Fixation (histology)|fixed]], cut lung surface shows multiple cavities filled with heavy [[black carbon]] deposits.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Pulmonology]]
|symptoms         =[[Shortness of breath]], [[cough]] with [[sputum]] production.&lt;ref name=GOLD2017Chp1/&gt;&lt;!--pp. 25–26--&gt;
|onset            =Over 40 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|duration         =Long term&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|causes           =[[Tobacco smoking]], [[air pollution]], [[genetics]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[pulmonary function test|Lung function test]]s&lt;ref name=Nathell/&gt;
|differential     =[[Asthma]]&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|prevention       =Improving indoor and outdoor [[air quality]], [[tobacco control]] measures&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|treatment        =[[smoking cessation|Stopping smoking]], [[respiratory rehabilitation]], [[lung transplantation]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Vaccination]]s, inhaled [[bronchodilator]]s, inhaled [[Corticosteroid|steroids]], [[oxygen therapy|long-term oxygen therapy]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=GOLD2007/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =174.5&amp;nbsp;million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =3.2&amp;nbsp;million (2019)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Fact&gt;{{cite web |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd) |website=www.who.int |access-date=28 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418080747/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}Ny aretin’ny havokavoka mitaiza (COPD) dia karazana aretin’ny havokavoka mitaiza miavaka amin’ny fahasarotana maharitra amin’ny fifohana rivotra sy ny fihenan’ny fikorianan’ny rivotra ao amin’ny lalan-drivotra. [1] [2]

Ny soritr’aretina fototra dia ahitana indrindra ny fahasemporana rehefa miaina sy ny kohaka maharitra, izay matetika miaraka amin’ny famokarana rora. [1] Ny COPD dia aretina miandalana, midika izany fa mihamafy tsikelikely ny fisehoany rehefa mandeha ny fotoana. [3]

Rehefa mandroso ny aretina dia mety hitarika fahasahiranana amin’ny fanaovana asa andavanandro izany, toy ny fandehanana an-tongotra lavitra, ny fiakarana tohatra, na ny fiakanjoana. [4]

Ny bronchitis mitaiza sy ny emphysema dia anarana nampiasaina taloha hilazana endrika samihafa amin’ny COPD. [5] [6] [7] Ny “bronchitis mitaiza” dia mbola ampiasaina amin’izao fotoana izao hilazana kohaka mamokatra (mamoaka rora) izay maharitra farafahakeliny telo volana isan-taona mandritra ny roa taona misesy. [1] Ireo olona manana io karazana kohaka maharitra io dia manana loza mitombo ho voan’ny COPD. [8]

Ny teny hoe “emphysema” kosa dia ampiasaina hilazana fahasimban’ny havokavoka izay ahitana fitangoronana rivotra na entona tsy ara-dalàna ao anatin’ny sela havokavoka. [9]

Ny antony mahazatra indrindra dia ny fifohana sigara, ary vitsy kokoa ny tranga noho ny anton-javatra toy ny fahalotoan'ny rivotra sy ny fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9823|pages=1341–51|date=April 2012|pmid=22314182|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|pmc=7172377|citeseerx=10.1.1.1000.1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]], ny iray amin'ireo loharanon'ny fahalotoan'ny rivotra mahazatra dia ny afo fanafanana sy fandrahoan-tsakafo tsy dia tsara rivotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 March 2016|date=January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082716/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiparitahana maharitra amin'ireo zavatra manelingelina ireo dia miteraka fivontosana ao amin'ny [[havokavoka]], ka miteraka fihenan'ny lalan-drivotra kely sy fahasimban'ny sela ao amin'ny havokavoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J|s2cid=20863981|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_2007-09-15_176_6/page/n41|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=176|issue=6|pages=532–55|date=September 2007|pmid=17507545|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|hdl=2066/51740|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fivezivezen'ny rivotra ratsy araka ny fandrefesana amin'ny alalan'ny fitsapana ny fiasan'ny havokavoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nathell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K|title=COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques|journal=Respiratory Research|volume=8|issue=1|pages=89|date=December 2007|pmid=18053200|pmc=2217523|doi=10.1186/1465-9921-8-89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin'ny [[Sohika|asma]], ny fihenan'ny fivezivezen'ny rivotra dia tsy mihatsara firy amin'ny fampiasana bronchodilator.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WebM2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asthma vs. COPD: What's the Difference?|website=WebMD|date=2019-01-30|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226050947/https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo sorohina ny ankamaroan'ny tranga amin'ny alàlan'ny fampihenana ny fihanaky ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Piro2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pirozzi C, Scholand MB|title=Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2012-07_96_4/page/n192|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=96|issue=4|pages=849–67|date=July 2012|pmid=22793948|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiditra ao anatin'izany ny tsy fifohana sigara sy ny fanatsarana ny kalitaon'ny rivotra anatiny sy ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Na dia mety hampihena ny fiharatsiana aza ny fitsaboana, dia tsy misy fanafody fantatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny fitsaboana ny fialana amin'ny fifohana sigara, ny fanaovana vaksiny, ary ny fanarenana ny taovam-pisefoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cagle SD|first=Jr|last2=Landrum|first2=LS|last3=Kennedy|first3=AM|title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis and Management.|journal=American family physician|date=June 2023|volume=107|issue=6|pages=604-612|pmid=37327161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny bronchodilator voalohany dia matetika LAMA, miaraka amin'ny LABA sy steroïde mifoka rivotra raha ilaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Mety handray soa avy amin'ny fitsaboana oksizenina maharitra na famindrana havokavoka ny olona sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay miharatsy haingana ny toe-pahasalamany, mety ilaina ny fampiasana fanafody, [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]], steroïde, ary ny fampidirana hopitaly bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dobler|first=Claudia C.|last2=Morrow|first2=Allison S.|last3=Beuschel|first3=Bradley|last4=Farah|first4=Magdoleen H.|last5=Majzoub|first5=Abdul M.|last6=Wilson|first6=Michael E.|last7=Hasan|first7=Bashar|last8=Seisa|first8=Mohamed O.|last9=Daraz|first9=Lubna|last10=Prokop|first10=Larry J.|last11=Murad|first11=M. Hassan|last12=Wang|first12=Zhen|title=Pharmacologic Therapies in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=25 February 2020|volume=172|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.7326/M19-3007|pmid=32092762}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 174.5 eo ho eo no voakasiky ny COPD&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany (12% amin'ny mponina manerantany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agusti|first=A|last2=Böhm|first2=M|last3=Celli|first3=B|last4=Criner|first4=GJ|last5=Garcia-Alvarez|first5=A|last6=Martinez|first6=F|last7=Sin|first7=DD|last8=Vogelmeier|first8=CF|title=GOLD COPD DOCUMENT 2023: a brief update for practicing cardiologists.|journal=Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society|date=26 May 2023|pages=1-10|doi=10.1007/s00392-023-02217-0|pmid=37233751}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny 6%-n'ny olona izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io no mitranga amin'ny olona mihoatra ny 40 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Mitovy ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, niteraka 3.2&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana, mihoatra ny 90% any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; niakatra avy amin'ny 2.4&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vinavinaina hitombo hatrany ny isan'ny fahafatesana noho ny fiakaran'ny tahan'ny fifohana sigara any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana, ary ny fitomboan'ny isan'ny mponina mihantitra any amin'ny firenena maro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mathers CD, Loncar D|title=Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=3|issue=11|pages=e442|date=November 2006|pmid=17132052|pmc=1664601|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny tombana ho 2.1 dolara amerikana ny fandaniana ara-toekarena&amp;nbsp;trillion tamin'ny taona 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cost2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lomborg|first=Bjørn|title=Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03959-9|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517163338/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ldngl2qaunuc5b8aosxyf50j4luj6ur</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ranitidine</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="14261" sha1="51mk5pi6uxsrvdgxrle97jq2ymsw1br" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=458460406|drug_name=|INN=|image=Ranitidine.svg|width=250|alt=|image2=File:Ranitidine-A-3D-balls.png|width2=|alt2=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en
|r|ə|ˈ|n|ɪ|t|ᵻ|d|iː|n
}}|tradename=Zantac&lt;ref name = Patient.info&gt;{{cite web | author = Michael Stewart, &lt;small&gt;BPharm, MRPharmS&lt;/small&gt; | date = 12 Apr 2018 | title = Zantac – Ranitidine to reduce stomach acid | url = https://Patient.info/medicine/ranitidine-to-reduce-stomach-acid-zantac | website = Patient.info | location = [[Leeds]], England, United Kingdom | publisher = [[Patient UK | Patient Platform Limited]] | access-date = 31 March 2020 | quote = Ranitidine reduces the amount of acid produced by your stomach. Any side-effects are usually mild and do not last long. | archive-date = 20 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210120133304/https://patient.info/medicine/ranitidine-to-reduce-stomach-acid-zantac | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120133304/https://patient.info/medicine/ranitidine-to-reduce-stomach-acid-zantac |date=20 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(original)&lt;/small&gt;, and others|synonyms=Dimethyl [(5-&lt;nowiki/&gt;{[(2-&lt;nowiki/&gt;{[1-(methylamino)-2-nitroethenyl]amino}ethyl)sulfanyl]methyl}furan-2-yl)methyl]amine|JAN=ranitidine hydrochloride|IUPAC_name=''N''-(2-[(5-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]furan-2-yl)methylthio]ethyl)-''N'''-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[H2 antagonist|Histamine H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; receptor antagonist]], aka H2 blocker&lt;ref name = Patient.info/&gt;|uses=&lt;!-- primary uses --&gt;|side_effects=&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;|interactions=&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;|pregnancy_AU=B1|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name = RanitidinePregnancy&gt;{{cite web | title = Ranitidine use during pregnancy | website = Drugs.com | date = 2 December 2019 | url = https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ranitidine.html | access-date = 18 December 2019 | archive-date = 29 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029013537/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ranitidine.html | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029013537/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ranitidine.html |date=29 October 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=B|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name = RanitidinePregnancy/&gt;|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] (IV)|onset=55–65&amp;nbsp;minutes (150&amp;nbsp;mg dose)&lt;ref name = &quot;pmid12144582&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;55–115&amp;nbsp;minutes (75&amp;nbsp;mg dose)&lt;ref name = &quot;pmid12144582&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Gardner JD, Ciociola AA, Robinson M, McIsaac RL | display-authors = 3 | title = Determination of the time of onset of action of ranitidine and famotidine on intra-gastric acidity | journal = Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 1317–1326 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12144582 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01291.x | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_alimentary-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_2002-07_16_7/page/1317}}&lt;/ref&gt;|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=300 mg&lt;ref name=MSH2015&gt;{{cite web |title=Single Drug Information – International Medical Products Price Guide |url=https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2015 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829025832/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2015 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829025832/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2015 |date=29 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|typical_dose=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ranitidine}}|MedlinePlus=a601106

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_AU_comment=/&amp;nbsp;S2 (Pharmacy Medicine)|legal_BR=&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F --&gt;|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--&gt;|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=/&amp;nbsp;GSL (General sales list)|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=/&amp;nbsp;OTC|legal_status=&lt;!-- For countries not listed above --&gt;|DailyMedID=Ranitidine|licence_US=Ranitidine|licence_CA=&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_EU=&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=50% (by mouth)&lt;ref name = AHFS2015/&gt;|protein_bound=15%|metabolism=[[Liver]]: [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase|FMO]]s, including [[FMO3]]; other enzymes|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=2–3 hours|excretion=30–70% [[kidney]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=13|H=22|N=4|O=3|S=1|SMILES=[O-][N+]( = O)C = C(NC)NCCSCc1ccc(o1)CN(C)C|StdInChI=1S/C13H22N4O3S/c1-14-13(9-17(18)19)15-6-7-21-10-12-5-4-11(20-12)8-16(2)3/h4-5,9,14-15H,6-8,10H2,1-3H3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=VMXUWOKSQNHOCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=}}Ny Ranitidine, amidy amin’ny anarana ara-barotra Zantac sy hafa, dia fanafody iray izay mampihena ny famokarana asidra ao amin’ny vavony. [1]

Izy io dia ampiasaina indrindra amin’ny fitsaboana aretina mifandray amin’ny fitomboan’ny asidra ao amin’ny vavony, toy ny fery amin’ny vavony, ny reflux gastroesophageal, ary ny syndrome Zollinger–Ellison. [1]

Misy ihany koa porofo sasany milaza fa mety hanampy amin’ny fitsaboana tohotra izy, na dia mbola heverina ho vonjimaika aza izany tombontsoa izany. [2]

Azo omena amin’ny endrika samihafa ny ranitidine, anisan’izany ny fihinanana am-bava, ny tsindrona amin’ny hozatra (intramuscular), na ny tsindrona amin’ny lalan-drà (intravenous). [1]

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny aretin'andoha, ary fanaintainana na may raha omena amin'ny tsindrona.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ranitidine hydrochloride monograph|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ranitidine-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909005129/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ranitidine-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=2017-09-09|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny voka-dratsy lehibe ny olana amin'ny aty, ny fitempon'ny fo miadana, ny pnemonia, ary ny mety ho fanaronana ny homamiadan'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Mifandray amin'ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny colitis &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwUA&quot;&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ihany koa izany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tleyjeh IM, Abdulhak AB, Abdulhak AA, Riaz M, Garbati MA, Al-Tannir M, Alasmari FA, Alghamdi M, Khan AR, Erwin PJ, Sutton AJ, Baddour LM|display-authors=3|title=The association between histamine 2 receptor antagonist use and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=PLoS ONE|date=2013|volume=8|issue=3|pages=e56498|pmid=23469173|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056498|pmc=3587620|bibcode=2013PLoSO...856498T}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo antoka amin'ny ankapobeny mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ranitidine dia mpifanandrina amin'ny mpandray histamine &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwWw&quot;&gt;H2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; izay miasa amin'ny fanakanana ny histamine, ary noho izany dia mampihena ny habetsahan'ny asidra avoakan'ny sela ao amin'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Hita tany [[Angletera]], Royaume-Uni tamin'ny 1976 ny Ranitidine, ary nanomboka nampiasaina ara-barotra tamin'ny 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=444|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA444|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084238/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA444|archive-date=2016-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Teo amin'ny 0.01–0.05 dolara amerikana isaky ny takelaka ny vidin'ny ambongadiny tamin'ny taona 2015 tany amin'ireo [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ranitidine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=1 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510161832/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=693&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-date=10 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia dia eo amin'ny $0.05 eo ho eo isaky ny fatra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-48 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 16.&amp;nbsp;fanafody an-tapitrisany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ranitidine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ranitidine|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412130304/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ranitidine|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny Septambra 2019, hita tao amin'ireo vokatra ranitidine avy amin'ny mpanamboatra maromaro ny &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwhQ&quot;&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; -nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) izay miteraka homamiadana, ka nahatonga ny famerenana ireo vokatra ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;HealthCanada&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health Canada assessing NDMA in ranitidine|website=[[Health Canada]]|date=13 September 2019|url=https://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2019/70989a-eng.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926211206/https://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2019/70989a-eng.php|archive-date=26 September 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2019NDMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Statement alerting patients and health care professionals of NDMA found in samples of ranitidine|website=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]|date=13 September 2019|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-alerting-patients-and-health-care-professionals-ndma-found-samples-ranitidine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926210751/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-alerting-patients-and-health-care-professionals-ndma-found-samples-ranitidine|archive-date=26 September 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA NDMA ranitidine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=FDA updates and press announcements on NDMA in Zantac (ranitidine)|website=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]|date=28 October 2019|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updates-and-press-announcements-ndma-zantac-ranitidine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029011848/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updates-and-press-announcements-ndma-zantac-ranitidine|archive-date=29 October 2019|url-status=live|access-date=28 October 2019|quote=FDA observed the testing method used by a third-party laboratory uses higher temperatures. The higher temperatures generated very high levels of NDMA from ranitidine products because of the test procedure. FDA published the method for testing angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for nitrosamine impurities. That method is not suitable for testing ranitidine because heating the sample generates NDMA.&lt;br&gt;FDA recommends using an LC-HRMS testing protocol to test samples of ranitidine. FDA's LC-HRMS testing method does not use elevated temperatures and has shown the presence of much lower levels of NDMA in ranitidine medicines than reported by the third-party laboratory. International regulators using similar LC-MS testing methods have also shown the presence of low levels of NDMA in ranitidine samples.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny Aprily 2020, nesorina tamin'ny tsena amerikana izy io ary najanona tao amin'ny Vondrona Eoropeana sy Aostralia noho ireo ahiahy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA Q&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers: NDMA impurities in ranitidine (commonly known as Zantac)|website=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]|date=11 October 2019|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/questions-and-answers-ndma-impurities-ranitidine-commonly-known-zantac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024040431/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/questions-and-answers-ndma-impurities-ranitidine-commonly-known-zantac|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=live|access-date=23 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ranitidine|website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)|date=2 April 2020|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/node/882059|access-date=19 July 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829025912/https://www.tga.gov.au/alert/ranitidine-0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>51mk5pi6uxsrvdgxrle97jq2ymsw1br</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mitsahatra amin'ny fananahana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11087" sha1="r66qm1v595wcghxdtt0am9fxnvw43b6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Menopause
|synonym          =Climacteric
|image            =Menopause symbol.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Symbolic representation of menopause
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gynaecology|Gynecology]]
|symptoms         =No [[menstrual period]]s for a year&lt;ref name=NIH2013Def&gt;{{cite web|title=Menopause: Overview|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx |date=2 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =49 to 52 years of age&lt;ref name=Tak2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Takahashi TA, Johnson KM | title = Menopause | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–34 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25841598 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Usually a natural change, surgery that removes both [[Ovary|ovaries]], some types of [[chemotherapy]]&lt;ref name=NIH2013Con/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2013Ca&gt;{{cite web|title=What causes menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091652/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091652/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx |date=2 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =None, lifestyle changes&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx/&gt;
|medication       =[[Hormone replacement therapy|Menopausal hormone therapy]], [[clonidine]], [[gabapentin]], [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kra2015/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =
|deaths           =
}}Ny fitsaharan'ny fadimbolana, fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe menopause, dia dingana voajanahary eo amin’ny fiainan’ny ankamaroan’ny vehivavy izay ahitana ny fijanonan’ny fadimbolana tanteraka, ka mahatonga ny vehivavy tsy ho afaka miteraka intsony. [1] [2]

Matetika io toe-javatra io dia miseho eo anelanelan’ny 49 sy 52 taona eo ho eo. [3] Amin’ny fitsaboana, dia heverina ho efa tonga ny fadimbolana rehefa tsy nisy rà fadimbolana nandritra ny herintaona manontolo ny vehivavy iray. [4]

Ny fadimbolana dia mifandray amin’ny fihenan’ny famokarana hormonina ataon’ny ovaire. [5] Ho an’ireo vehivavy efa nodidiana nanalana ny tranon-jaza nefa mbola manana ovaire, dia azo heverina fa efa nitranga ny fadimbolana tamin’ny fotoana nanaovana ny fandidiana na rehefa nihena ny hormonina ao amin’ny vatana. [5]

Amin’ny tranga sasany, aorian’ny fanesorana ny tranonjaza dia mety hiseho aloha kokoa ny soritr’aretin’ny fadimbolana, matetika manodidina ny 45 taona eo ho eo. [6]

Amin'ireo taona mialoha ny fadimbolana, dia mazàna tsy ara-dalàna ny fadimbolana amin'ny vehivavy,&lt;ref name=NIH2013Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=What are the symptoms of menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320015025/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx|archive-date=20 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320015025/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |date=20 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  izay midika fa mety ho lava kokoa na fohy kokoa ny faharetan'ny fadimbolana na ho maivana kokoa na ho mavesatra kokoa ny habetsahan'ny fikorianan'ny fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Sym /&gt; Mandritra io fotoana io, matetika ny vehivavy no mahatsapa hafanana tampoka ; matetika izany dia maharitra 30 segondra ka hatramin'ny folo minitra ary mety mifandray amin'ny fangovitana, hatsembohana ary mena ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Sym /&gt; Matetika ny hafanana tampoka dia mijanona rehefa afaka herintaona na roa taona.  Mety ahitana soritr'aretina hafa koa ny fahamainan'ny fivaviana, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ary ny fiovan'ny toe-po.  Miovaova arakaraka ny vehivavy ny hamafin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=PubMed2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Menopause: Overview|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|publisher=PubMedHealth|access-date=8 March 2015|date=29 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181404/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181404/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/ |date=10 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia matetika heverina ho mifandray amin'ny fitomboan'ny aretim-po aza ny fadimbolana, dia mitranga indrindra izany noho ny fitomboan'ny taona ary tsy misy ifandraisany mivantana amin'ny fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=PubMed2013 /&gt; Ho an'ny vehivavy sasany, ireo olana izay nisy toy ny endometriosis na ny fanaintainana mandritra ny fadimbolana dia hihatsara aorian'ny fadimbolana.&lt;ref name=PubMed2013 /&gt;

Matetika fiovana voajanahary ny fadimbolana,  satria mihakely tsikelikely ny ovaire rehefa mihantitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zheng2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Suster|first=David|last2=Liu|first2=Martina Z.|last3=Lin|first3=Douglas I.|editor-last=Zheng|editor-first=Wenxin|editor2-last=Fadare|editor2-first=Oluwole|editor3-last=Quick|editor3-first=Charles Matthew|editor4-last=Shen|editor4-first=Danhua|editor5-last=Guo|editor5-first=Donghui|title=Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology|volume=2|date=2019|publisher=Springer|location=Springer|isbn=978-981-13-3018-6|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA96&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=3. Benign diseases of the ovary|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802001238/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA96&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitranga aloha kokoa amin'ireo izay mifoka sigara izany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Warren|first=volume editors, Claudio N. Soares, Michelle|title=The menopausal transition : interface between gynecology and psychiatry|date=2009|publisher=Karger|location=Basel|isbn=978-3805591010|page=73|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ny fandidiana izay manala ny ovaire roa na karazana chimiothérapie sasany.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Con&gt;{{cite web|title=What is menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319224154/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319224154/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |date=19 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny lafiny ara-batana, ny fadimbolana dia mitranga noho ny fihenan'ny famokarana hormonina estrogen sy progesterone ao amin'ny ovaire.  Na dia tsy ilaina aza matetika, ny famaritana ny fadimbolana dia azo hamarinina amin'ny fandrefesana ny haavon'ny hormonina ao amin'ny ra na ny urine.  Mifanohitra amin'ny menarche ny fadimbolana, izay fotoana anombohan'ny fadimbolana amin'ny zazavavy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James|title=Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9780202365701|page=401|chapter=9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181403/https://books.google.com/books?id=I0_SrDBNy24C&amp;pg=PA401|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy ilaina matetika ny fitsaboana manokana.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=What are the treatments for other symptoms of menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320030632/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=20 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320030632/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx |date=20 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hihatsara amin'ny alalan'ny fitsaboana anefa ny soritr'aretina sasany.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt; Raha ny amin'ny hafanana tampoka, dia matetika no soso-kevitra ny hialana amin'ny fifohana sigara, kafeinina ary alikaola.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt; Mety hanampy ny fatoriana ao amin'ny efitrano mangatsiaka sy ny fampiasana mpankafy.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt; Ireto fanafody manaraka ireto dia mety hanampy: fitsaboana hormonina mandritra ny fadimbolana (MHT), clonidine, [[gabapentin]], na [[Mpanakantsakana ny fiverimberenan'ny serotoninina voafantina|fanafody manakana ny fidiran'ny serotoninina amin'ny vatana]].&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Krause MS, Nakajima ST|title=Hormonal and nonhormonal treatment of vasomotor symptoms|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|volume=42|issue=1|pages=163–79|date=March 2015|pmid=25681847|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanampy amin'ny olana amin'ny torimaso ny fanatanjahan-tena.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx /&gt; Raha toa ka efa mahazatra ny fampiasana ny MHT taloha, dia ireo manana soritr'aretina lehibe ihany no atolotra azy ankehitriny, satria misy ny ahiahy momba ny voka-dratsiny.  Tsy mbola nisy porofo avo lenta momba ny fahombiazan'ny fitsaboana hafa .  Misy porofo vonjimaika momba ny fisian'ny phytoestrogens.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franco2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Franco OH, Chowdhury R, Troup J, Voortman T, Kunutsor S, Kavousi M, Oliver-Williams C, Muka T|title=Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-06-21_315_23/page/n73|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=23|pages=2554–63|date=June 2016|pmid=27327802|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.8012|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>r66qm1v595wcghxdtt0am9fxnvw43b6</sha1>
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    <title>Fahamamoana amin'ny rano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5926" sha1="km3mf3a8z6hflmkk9qumxgxr7tb2kj1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Water intoxication
|synonym          =Water poisoning,&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt; hypotonic hyperhydration,&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt; overhydration, water toxicity,&lt;ref name=Stat2023&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Peechakara |first1=BV |last2=Gupta |first2=M |title=Water Toxicity. |journal=StatPearls |date=January 2023 |pmid=30725916}}&lt;/ref&gt; water toxemia
|image            =Glass-half-full.jpeg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[toxicology]], [[critical care medicine]]
|symptoms         =[[polyuria|Large amounts of urine]], [[headache]], weakness, muscle cramps, nausea, confusion&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Drinking excess [[water]]&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;
|risks            =[[Psychiatric conditions]], [[child abuse]], [[ecstasy]], water-drinking [[competition|contests]], excess fluids during [[exercise]]&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Noa2006/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Drinking to thirst during sport, [[oral rehydration solutions]]&lt;ref name=Sie2015/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Fluid restriction|Restricting fluids]], [[intravenous hypertonic saline]]&lt;ref name=Met2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sie2015/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Rare&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny fahamamoana amin’ny rano (WI) dia toe-javatra ara-pahasalamana miseho rehefa misotro rano be loatra ny olona iray ka manelingelina ny fifandanjan’ny rano sy ny sira ao amin’ny vatana. [1]

Ny famantarana voalohany dia matetika ny famokarana urine be dia be. [1] Rehefa mihamafy ny toe-javatra dia mety hiseho ny soritr’aretina toy ny aretin’andoha, fahalemena, fanaintainan’ny hozatra, maloiloy, ary fahasafotofotoana ara-tsaina. [1]

Amin’ny tranga mafy kokoa, dia mety hiteraka fikorontanan-tsaina izany ary mety hitarika amin’ny aretina mahery vaika antsoina hoe osmotic demyelination syndrome. [1] [2]

Mety hitranga vokatry ny toe-pahasalamana ara-tsaina toy ny schizophrenia sy ny anorexia, [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|ny fanararaotana zaza]], ny fampiasana ecstasy, ny fifaninanana fisotroana rano, na ny fisotroana rano be loatra mandritra ny fanatanjahan-tena izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Radojevic|first=N|last2=Bjelogrlic|first2=B|last3=Aleksic|first3=V|last4=Rancic|first4=N|last5=Samardzic|first5=M|last6=Petkovic|first6=S|last7=Savic|first7=S|title=Forensic aspects of water intoxication: four case reports and review of relevant literature.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forensic-science-international_2012-07-10_220_1-3/page/1|journal=Forensic science international|date=10 July 2012|volume=220|issue=1-3|pages=1-5|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.021|pmid=22306188}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noa2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Noakes TD, Speedy DB|title=Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=40|issue=7|pages=567–72|date=July 2006|pmid=16799109|pmc=2564296|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antony hafa dia ahitana siramamy be loatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra nefa tsy ampy sira sy fomba fampijaliana izay anerena olona hisotro rano be loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt; Ny antony fototra mahatonga izany dia ny fampidirana rano mihoatra noho izay [[Voa (taovam-biby)|azon'ny voa]] esorina ka miteraka fihenan'ny sodium ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Siegel|first=AJ|title=Fatal water intoxication and cardiac arrest in runners during marathons: prevention and treatment based on validated clinical paradigms.|journal=The American journal of medicine|date=October 2015|volume=128|issue=10|pages=1070-5|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.03.031|pmid=25910792}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa miha- tsy ampy ny ra dia [[Edema ao amin'ny atidoha|mivonto ny ati-doha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt;

Ny fisorohana amin'ny fanatanjahan-tena dia ny fisotroana toaka mba hampitoniana ny hetahetan'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot; /&gt; Mety hanampy ihany koa ny fampiasana ranoka fa tsy zava- pisotro fanatanjahan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ny tranga malefaka, mety ho ampy ny famerana ny rano fisotro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Met2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Metheny|first=NA|last2=Meert|first2=KL|title=Water Intoxication and Child Abuse.|journal=Journal of emergency nursing|date=January 2018|volume=44|issue=1|pages=13-18|doi=10.1016/j.jen.2017.10.002|pmid=29103598}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an'ny tranga mafy dia azo ampiasaina ny saline hypertonic intravenous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot; /&gt; Mahalana ny fahamamoana anaty rano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt; Nisy fahafatesana vokatry ny fisotroana rano 6 litatra nandritra ny adiny telo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ballantyne|first=Coco|title=Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill|journal=Scientific American|date=21 June 2007|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529091314/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nohazavain'i Rowntree hatramin'ny taona 1923 farafahakeliny io toe-javatra io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Joo|first=Min A|last2=Kim|first2=Eun Young|title=Hyponatremia caused by excessive intake of water as a form of child abuse|journal=Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism|date=2013|volume=18|issue=2|pages=95|doi=10.6065/apem.2013.18.2.95|pmid=24904860}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rowntree|first=Leonard G.|title=WATER INTOXICATION|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=1 August 1923|volume=32|issue=2|pages=157|doi=10.1001/archinte.1923.00110200003001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>km3mf3a8z6hflmkk9qumxgxr7tb2kj1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kostochondritis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1149472</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:04:55Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5341" sha1="besk25mtdsoebcgf1qbu8uwn1db6yck" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Costochondritis
|synonym          =Costosternal syndrome,&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt; anterior chest wall syndrome,&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt; costosternal chondrodynia,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/costochondritis/DS00626 |title=Costochondritis Definition |author=Mayo Clinic Staff |year=2012 |website= |publisher=Mayo Clinic |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102063234/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/costochondritis/DS00626 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; parasternal chondrodynia&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|image            =Gray390.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The costal cartilages
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Emergency medicine]]
|symptoms         =[[Pain]] and tenderness at the [[costal cartilage]]&lt;ref name=Sto2010/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Weeks to months&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|causes           =
|risks            =Repetitive physical activities, preceding cough&lt;ref name=Sto2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms after ruling out other causes&lt;ref name=AFP2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|differential     =[[Myocardial infarction|Heart attack]], [[angina]], [[heartburn]], [[pneumonia]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[shingles]], [[Tietze syndrome|Tietze's syndrome]]&lt;ref name=AFP2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]], ice and heat, [[physiotherapy]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Good&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;
|frequency        =~25% of chest pain&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny costochondritis dia toe-pahasalamana ahitana fanaintainana eo amin’ny rindrin’ny tratra, vokatry ny fivontosana eo amin’ny taolan-tehezana, izany hoe ny taola-malemy mampifandray ny taolan-tehezana amin’ny sternum. [1]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, eo an-toerana ny fanaintainana ary azo tsapaina na averina amin’ny alalan’ny fanindriana ilay faritra voakasika. [2] Mety hisy fiantraikany amin’ny faritra maromaro amin’ny taola-malemy ihany koa izy io. [3]

Matetika ny fanaintainana dia mety hihamafy rehefa mihetsika ny vatana na rehefa mifoka rivotra lalina. [1] Mety ho maranitra na mitohy tsy dia mazava tsara ny toetry ny fanaintainana. [1]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, ny costochondritis dia aretina tsy dia maharitra ary matetika sitrana ho azy rehefa mandeha ny fotoana, na dia mety hiverina indraindray aza izy. [1]

Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fanaovana hetsika ara-batana miverimberina na ny kohaka efa nisy teo aloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sto2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2010|last=Stochkendahl|first=MJ|last2=Christensen|first2=HW|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=94|issue=2|pages=259–273|pmid=20380955|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2010.01.007|title=Chest pain in focal musculoskeletal disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2010-03_94_2/page/259}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2009|last=Proulx|first=AM|last2=Zryd|first2=TW|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=6|pages=617–620|pmid=19817327|title=Costochondritis: diagnosis and treatment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2009-09-15_80_6/page/617}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia ny fanafoanana ireo aretina hafa mety hiseho mitovy amin'izany, anisan'izany: aretim-po, angina, heartburn, pnemonia, ary embolism pulmonary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schumann|first=JA|last2=Sood|first2=T|last3=Parente|first3=JJ|title=Costochondritis|date=January 2020|pmid=30422526|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McConaghy|first=JR|last2=Oza|first2=RS|title=Outpatient diagnosis of acute chest pain in adults.|journal=American family physician|date=1 February 2013|volume=87|issue=3|pages=177-82|pmid=23418761}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ara-dalàna amin'ny ankapobeny ny mari-pana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa ny antony fototra mahatonga izany dia ny fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt; Raha misy fivontosana dia fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe aretin'i Tietze ny aretina, teny iray izay mety ampiasaina mifandimby saingy heverina ho aretina misaraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jin2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=21541647|year=2011|last=Jindal|first=A|last2=Singhi|first2=S|title=Acute chest pain.|volume=78|issue=10|pages=1262–1267|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|doi=10.1007/s12098-011-0413-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Heverina ho vonjy taitra ara-pitsaboana ny fanaintainan'ny tratra mandra-pisian'ny porofo fa tsy misy aretina mety hahafaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana ny costochondritis dia mety ahitana fitsaharana, ranomandry sy hafanana, paracetamol (acetaminophen), ary fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID).&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt; Azo tsaboina amin'ny alalan'ny fitsaboana ara-batana &lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; na tsindrona stéroïde eo an-toerana ireo tranga maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt; Ny costochondritis dia maneho eo amin'ny 13 ka hatramin'ny 36% eo ho eo amin'ny tranganà fanaintainan'ny tratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany na ny ankizy na ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>besk25mtdsoebcgf1qbu8uwn1db6yck</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Hidromorfôna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299113</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11089" sha1="mi4opajwz5dh67zem37hokg1yz5d4m9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =464191262
|image            =Hydromorphone skeletal.svg
|width            =180
|alt              =Structural formula of hydromorphone
|image2           =Hydromorphone molecule spacefill.png
|width2           =
|alt2             =Space-filling model of hydromorphone

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        =
|tradename        =Dilaudid, Hydromorph Contin, Palladone, others
|synonyms         =Dihydromorphinone, dillies
|IUPAC_name       =4,5-α-Epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methyl morphinan-6-one

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Opioid]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|uses             =[[Pain]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|side_effects     =Dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, itchiness, constipation&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =C
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Hydromorphone Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=19 November 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-date=26 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092653/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =N
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous
|onset            =15 to 30 min&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|duration_of_action=4 to 5 hrs&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|defined_daily_dose=20 mg (by mouth)&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AA03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806152716/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AA03 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;4 mg (injection, rectal)&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD /&gt;
|typical_dose     =2 to 4 mg by mouth&lt;ref name=Tara2009&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Richard J. |title=Tarascon Pharmacopoeia |date=December 2009 |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-7768-5 |page=12 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Tarascon_Pharmacopoeia/Urmh7ylCXnoC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Tarascon+pharmacopoeia+hydromorphone&amp;pg=PA12 |language=en |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819003452/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Tarascon_Pharmacopoeia/Urmh7ylCXnoC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Tarascon+pharmacopoeia+hydromorphone&amp;pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|dependency_liability=High&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bonewit-West |first1=Kathy |last2=Hunt |first2=Sue A. |last3=Applegate |first3=Edith |title=Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures |date=2012 |page=571 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9781455701506 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&amp;pg=PA571 |language=en |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728034412/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&amp;pg=PA571 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|hydromorphone-hydrochloride}}
|MedlinePlus      =a682013

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S8
|legal_CA         =Schedule I
|legal_DE         =Anlage III
|legal_NZ         =Class B
|legal_UN         =N I
|legal_UK         =Class A
|legal_UK_comment =and Classified Drug
|legal_US         =Schedule II
|legal_status     =
|DailyMedID       =Hydromorphone

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =By mouth: 30–35%, Intranasal: 52–58%&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12818953&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Coda BA, Rudy AC, Archer SM, Wermeling DP |title = Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of single-dose intranasal hydromorphone hydrochloride in healthy volunteers |journal = Anesth. Analg. |volume = 97 |issue = 1 |pages = 117–23, table of contents |date = July 2003 |pmid = 12818953 |doi = 10.1213/01.ANE.0000066311.40978.4F |url =https://archive.org/details/sim_anesthesia-and-analgesia_2003-07_97_1/page/117|citeseerx = 10.1.1.551.6509 }}&lt;/ref&gt; IV/IM:100%
|protein_bound    =20%
|metabolism       =Aty
|elimination_half-life=2–3 hours&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid6165742&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Vallner JJ, Stewart JT, Kotzan JA, Kirsten EB, Honigberg IL |title = Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydromorphone following intravenous and oral administration to human subjects |journal = J Clin Pharmacol |volume = 21 |issue = 4 |pages = 152–6 |date = April 1981 |pmid = 6165742 |doi = 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1981.tb05693.x |url = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|excretion        =Kidney

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =17
|H                =19
|N                =1
|O                =3
|SMILES           =O=C4[C@@H]5Oc1c2c(ccc1O)C[C@H]3N(CC[C@]25[C@H]3CC4)C
|StdInChI         =1S/C17H19NO3/c1-18-7-6-17-10-3-5-13(20)16(17)21-15-12(19)4-2-9(14(15)17)8-11(10)18/h2,4,10-11,16,19H,3,5-8H2,1H3/t10-,11+,16-,17-/m0/s1
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =WVLOADHCBXTIJK-YNHQPCIGSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|solubility       =[[hydrochloride|HCl salt]]: 333
|urine            =&lt;4 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|drug_name        =Hydromorphone
}}Ny Hydromorphone, fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe dihydromorphinone, ary amidy amin’ny anarana ara-barotra Dilaudid sy hafa, dia fanafody ao amin’ny sokajin’ny opioid, ampiasaina indrindra amin’ny fitsaboana fanaintainana antonony ka hatramin’ny mafy. [1]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, ny fampiasana maharitra azy dia matetika natokana ho an’ny fanaintainana mifandray amin’ny homamiadana. [2] Azo omena amin’ny endrika samihafa izy io, anisan’izany ny fihinanana am-bava, ny tsindrona ao anaty lalan-drà (intravenous), ny tsindrona amin’ny hozatra (intramuscular), na ny tsindrona eo ambanin’ny hoditra (subcutaneous administration). [1]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, manomboka miseho ao anatin’ny antsasak’adiny ny vokany, ary mety haharitra hatramin’ny adiny dimy eo ho eo. [1]

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fanina, ny rendremana, ny maloiloy, ny mangidihidy ary ny fitohanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydromorphone-hydrochloride.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601084504/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydromorphone-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana voka-dratsy lehibe ny fampiasana tafahoatra, ny tosidrà ambany, ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny fahaketrahana amin'ny taovam-pisefoana ary ny serotonin syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ny fampihenana haingana ny fatra dia mety hiteraka fisintahana amin'ny opioid.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny, tsy soso-kevitra ny fampiasana azy mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] na ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Preg2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydromorphone Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=15 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092653/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fampandehanana ireo mpandray opioid ny hydromorphone, indrindra fa ao amin'ny atidoha sy ny hazondamosina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Hydromorphone 2&amp;nbsp;mg amin'ny vava dia mitovy amin'ny 10 eo ho eo&amp;nbsp;mg morphine am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=24, 456|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Hydromorphone tamin'ny 1923.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=526|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA526|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801190437/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA526|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO22nd&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)|year=2021|hdl=10665/345533|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Any Royaume-Uni dia mitentina £0.32 eo ho eo isaky ny 2 ny NHS .&amp;nbsp;mg takelaka tamin'ny taona 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny amin'io vola io dia eo amin'ny 0.07 {{US$}} eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-205 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny roa tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydromorphone Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/HydromorphoneHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201147/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/HydromorphoneHydrochloride|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Avy amin'ny morphine no nanaovana ny hydromorphone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vardanyan|first=Ruben|last2=Hruby|first2=Victor|title=Synthesis of Essential Drugs|date=2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080462127|page=25|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Jjc7KYWZdOYC&amp;pg=PA25|language=en|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828113548/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Jjc7KYWZdOYC&amp;pg=PA25|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>mi4opajwz5dh67zem37hokg1yz5d4m9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fanafody tsy sterôida manohitra fivontosana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299114</id>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7417" sha1="26fe5cyloaiybtgjmjz5b8gwthkkg1y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug class
|name             =&lt;!-- omit to use page name --&gt;
|image            =200mg ibuprofen tablets.jpg
|alt              =
|caption          =Coated 200 mg tablets of generic [[ibuprofen]], a common NSAID

&lt;!-- Class identifiers --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|n|s|ɛ|d}} {{respell|EN|sed}}
|stem             =-profen, -butazone, -bufen, -fenamic acid, -oxicam, -metacin, -nixin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances |date=2011 |publisher=WHO |page=32 |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |access-date=2021-04-27 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |date=2018-07-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =Cyclooxygenase inhibitor,&lt;ref name=Lip1987&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipfert P, Seitz R, Arndt JO | title = Studies of local anesthetic action on natural spike activity in the aortic nerve of cats | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_anesthesiology_1987-02_66_2/page/210 | journal = Anesthesiology | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 210–3 | date = February 1987 | pmid = 3813081 | doi = 10.1097/00000542-198702000-00016 | publisher = Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | quote = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme which mediates the bioconversion of arachidonic acid to inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs). }}&lt;/ref&gt; cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitor,&lt;ref name=Lip1987/&gt; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics (NSAIAs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|use              =[[Analgesic|Pain]], [[fever]], [[inflammation]]&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=Gh2021/&gt;
|side effects     =[[Stomach ulcers]], [[heart attack]], [[high blood pressure]], [[kidney disease]]&lt;ref name=Gh2021/&gt;
|types            ='''Non-selective:''' [[Ibuprofen]], [[naproxen]], [[ketorolac]]&lt;ref name=Gh2021/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''[[COX-2 inhibitor|COX-2 selective]]''': [[Celecoxib]], [[rofecoxib]]&lt;ref name=Gh2021/&gt;
|subtypes         =
|interactions     =[[Corticosteroids|Steroids]], [[anticoagulants]], [[ACE inhibitors]]&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;
|mode_of_action   =
|mechanism_of_action=
|biological_target=[[COX-1]] and [[COX-2]]&lt;ref name=Hitch2019/&gt;
|chemical_class   =

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{Drugs.com|drug-class|nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents}}
|medicinenet      =
|rxlist           =
|video1           =
}}

Ny fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID) dia kilasin’ny fanafody ampiasaina indrindra amin’ny fitsaboana fanaintainana, tazo, ary fivontosana. [1] [2]

Anisan’ireo fanafody ao amin’ity sokajy ity ny aspirine, izay azo ampiasaina ihany koa amin’ny fisorohana ny aretim-po sy ny fahatapahan’ny lalan-dra. [3]

Azo omena amin’ny endrika samihafa ny NSAID, toy ny fihinanana am-bava, tsindrona, fametahana amin’ny hoditra, na amin’ny endrika suppository. [2] Azo ampiasaina miaraka amin’ny parasetamol (acetaminophen) ihany koa izy ireo mba hanatsarana ny vokatra amin’ny fitsaboana fanaintainana. [1]

Ho an’ireo olona mety hisy olana amin’ny vavony, dia azo ampitomboina amin’ny fampiasana fanafody manakana ny asidra ao amin’ny vavony, toy ny proton pump inhibitor, ny fitsaboana miaraka amin’ny NSAID. [1]

Mety ho anisan'ny voka-dratsiny ny fery amin'ny vavony, aretim-po, tosidra ambony, ary aretin'ny voa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gh2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ghlichloo|first=I|last2=Gerriets|first2=V|title=Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)|date=January 2021|pmid=31613522|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM|title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data|journal=BMJ|volume=357|pages=j1909|date=May 2017|pmid=28487435|pmc=5423546|doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK|title=Peptic ulcer disease|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10094|pages=613–624|date=August 2017|pmid=28242110|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7|s2cid=4547048}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ahitana ny fanafihan'ny [[Sohika|asma]] sy ny mony ny voka-dratsiny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=List of Common NSAIDs + Uses, Types &amp; Side Effects|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=27 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417144555/https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy tokony horaisina mandritra ny 3 volana farany amin'ny fitondrana vohoka izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs2021&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa ny tsy mifantina sy ny COX-2 mifantina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gh2021&quot; /&gt; Na dia mety tsy dia mety hiteraka fahasosorana amin'ny vavony aza ireo akora voafantina COX-2 dia mety hiteraka aretim-po ambony kokoa izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=168|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny asan'ny anzima cyclooxygenase ( COX-1 na COX-2 ) izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt;

Ny NSAID voalohany dia aspirine, izay nanomboka nampiasaina ara-barotra tamin'ny 1899, na dia efa nampiasaina tamin'ny endrika hodi-kazon'ny hazomalahelo aza taloha.&lt;ref name=&quot;His2020&quot; /&gt; Nanaraka izany ny [[ibuprofen]] tamin'ny taona 1960 ary ny naproxen tamin'ny taona 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;His2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Stewart|title=Who Invented Underpants?: The Weird Trivia of Human Invention, from Fire to Fast Food (and Everything In Between)|date=2020|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-64604-097-1|page=58|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA58|language=en|access-date=2021-04-27|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191048/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maro amin'izy ireo no azo vidiana ho fanafody tsy misy fangarony ary tsy dia lafo loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt; Azo vidiana eny amin'ny fivarotam-panafody ihany koa ny sasany (OTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot; /&gt; Tsy heverina ho NSAID ny Paracetamol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Is Tylenol (acetaminophen) an NSAID?|url=https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/tylenol-nsaid-3002124/|website=Drugs.com|access-date=27 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205021/https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/tylenol-nsaid-3002124/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>26fe5cyloaiybtgjmjz5b8gwthkkg1y</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Hepatita B</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1149463</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T16:53:34Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9899" sha1="4wyohmfawmqae8iuiakq0nq5bh22ckd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hepatitis B
|synonym          =
|image            =Hepatitis-B virions.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Transmission electron microscopy|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis B virus]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[gastroenterology]]
|symptoms         =None, [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], [[fatigue (medicine)|tiredness]], dark urine, [[abdominal pain]]&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|onset            =Symptoms may take up to 6 months to appear&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|duration         =Short or long term&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|causes           =[[Hepatitis B virus]] spread by some [[body fluids]]&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|risks            =[[Drug injection|Intravenous drug use]], [[sexual intercourse]], [[dialysis]], living with an infected person&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Blood tests&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Hepatitis B vaccine]]&lt;ref name=OTGPH2022/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Antiviral drug|Antiviral medication]] ([[tenofovir]], [[entecavir]], [[interferon]]), [[liver transplantation]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =296 million people worldwide (2019), 1.5 million new cases/year&lt;ref name=WHO2021/&gt;
|deaths           =820,000 deaths (2019)&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;
}}Ny Hepatita B dia hepatita viraliny, izany hoe aretina mifindra ateraky ny viriosy hepatita B (HBV), izay manafika sy manimba ny aty. [1]

Ity aretina ity dia mety miseho amin’ny endrika tampoka na maharitra. [1] Amin’ny ankamaroan’ny tranga voalohany dia tsy misy soritr’aretina mihitsy ilay olona voa. [1]

Rehefa miseho kosa ny soritr’aretina amin’ny endrika mahery dia mety ahitana fandoavana, hoditra mavomavo, havizanana, fivalanana maizina, ary fanaintainan’ny kibo. [1] Ireo soritr’aretina ireo dia matetika maharitra herinandro vitsivitsy ary tsy dia mitarika fahafatesana amin’ny dingana voalohany. [1]

Ny fotoana ilaina vao miseho ny soritr’aretina dia eo anelanelan’ny 30 ka hatramin’ny 180 andro aorian’ny fifindran’ny viriosy. [1]

Amin’ireo zaza voa amin’ny fotoana nahaterahana, manodidina ny 90% no mety hivoatra ho aretina maharitra (chronic), raha latsaky ny 10% kosa no mitranga amin’ireo voa aorian’ny faha-5 taonany. [2]

Ny ankamaroan’ny olona manana Hepatita B mitaiza dia tsy mampiseho soritr’aretina, saingy mety hitarika amin’ny fahasarotana lehibe toy ny cirrhose sy ny homamiadan’ny aty izany. [1] Tombanana fa eo amin’ny 25% eo ho eo amin’ireo voan’ny aretina mitaiza no mety hivoatra ho cirrhose na homamiadan’ny aty. [1]

''Ny viriosy Hepatita B'' dia iray amin'ireo viriosy hepatita dimy lehibe miaraka amin'ny A, [[Hepatita C|C]], D, ary E.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global hepatitis report 2017|date=2017|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156545-5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127102520/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miely amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana amin'ny [[ra]] na tsiranoka avy amin'ny vatana ny viriosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organisation|access-date=9 October 2023|language=en|date=18 July 2023|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422034331/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny aretina manodidina ny fotoana nahaterahana na avy amin'ny fifandraisana amin'ny ran'olon-kafa mandritra ny fahazazana no fomba mahazatra indrindra ahazoana ny hepatita B any amin'ny faritra izay ahitana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny faritra tsy fahita firy ny aretina, ny fampiasana fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra sy [[Firaisana ara-nofo|ny firaisana ara-nofo]] no fomba fifindran'ny aretina matetika indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fiasana amin'ny sehatry ny fahasalamana, ny fampidiran-dra, ny dialyse, ny fiarahana miaina amin'ny olona voan'ny aretina, ny dia any amin'ny firenena izay avo lenta ny tahan'ny aretina, ary ny fipetrahana any amin'ny toeram-pitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B Fact sheet N°204|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|website=who.int|access-date=4 November 2014|date=July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109161444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|archive-date=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B FAQs {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|publisher=CDC|access-date=9 October 2023|language=en-us|date=30 March 2022|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027190235/https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|title=Primary Care Management of Hepatitis B – Quick Reference (HBV-QR)|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|website=www.canada.ca|access-date=3 November 2025|date=26 February 2014|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724080337/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitarika tranga maro be ny fanaovana tatoazy sy ny acupuncture tamin'ny taona 1980; na izany aza, nihena ny fahitan'ny olona izany rehefa nohatsaraina ny fomba fanadiovan-tena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Thomas HC|title=Viral Hepatitis|year=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118637302|page=83|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803072124/https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy azo mifindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifampitantanana, fifampizarana fitaovana fisakafoana, fifanorohana, fifamihinana, kohaka, fievina, na fampinonoana ny viriosy {{Nowrap|hepatitis B}} &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot; /&gt; Azo fantarina ny aretina 30 ka hatramin'ny 60 andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia hamafisina amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana ny ra mba hahitana ny ampahany amin'ny viriosy sy ny fisian'ny hery fiarovana manohitra ny viriosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

Azo sorohina amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny ny aretina nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTGPH2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mutsaerts|first=Eleanor A. M. L.|last2=Madhi|first2=Shabir A.|author-link2=Shabir A. Madhi|editor-last=Detels|editor-first=Roger|editor2-last=Karim|editor2-first=Quarraisha Abdool|editor3-last=Baum|editor3-first=Fran|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2022|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|page=587|edition=7th|language=en|chapter=11.3. Immunisation and vaccination|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045336/https://books.google.com/books?id=03q_EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo omena globulinina miaro amin'ny hepatita B sy vaksiny ny zaza teraka avy amin'ny reny voan'ny hepatita B rehefa teraka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020hepatitis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rosene-Montella|first=Karen|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor2-last=Schafer|editor2-first=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1587-1588|edition=26th|volume=2|language=en|chapter=226. Common medical problems in pregnancy|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045301/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amporisihin'ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana|Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana]] ny fanaovana vaksiny amin'ny andro voalohany amin'ny fiainana raha azo atao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Ilaina ny fatra roa na telo fanampiny amin'ny fotoana manaraka mba hahazoana vokatra feno.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mandaitra eo amin'ny 95% eo ho eo amin'ny fotoana ity vaksiny ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Firenena 180 eo ho eo no nanome ny vaksiny ho anisan'ny fandaharan'asa nasionaly nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Will2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Williams R|title=Global challenges in liver disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2006-09_44_3/page/n28|journal=Hepatology|volume=44|issue=3|pages=521–526|year=2006|pmid=16941687|doi=10.1002/hep.21347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amporisihina ihany koa ny hanaovana fitiliana ny ra rehetra raha misy hepatita B alohan'ny fampidiran-dra, ary ny fampiasana kapaoty mba hisorohana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny aretina voalohany, ny fikarakarana dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ananan'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay voan'ny aretina mitaiza, mety ilaina ny fanafody antiviral toy ny tenofovir, entecavir, na interferon ; na izany aza, lafo vidy ireo fanafody ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Indraindray dia ampiasaina amin'ny cirrhosis ny famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo</title>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="12562" sha1="8jo5pxl3vxqffwepni3nnin2gguyu8t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coronary artery disease
|synonym          =Atherosclerotic heart disease,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Coronary heart disease – causes, symptoms, prevention|url=https://www.southerncross.co.nz/AboutTheGroup/HealthResources/MedicalLibrary/tabid/178/vw/1/ItemID/191|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303085351/https://www.southerncross.co.nz/AboutTheGroup/HealthResources/MedicalLibrary/tabid/178/vw/1/ItemID/191/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2014|website=Southern Cross Healthcare Group|access-date=15 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; atherosclerotic vascular disease,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Faxon DP, Creager MA, Smith SC, Pasternak RC, Olin JW, Bettmann MA, Criqui MH, Milani RV, Loscalzo J, Kaufman JA, Jones DW, Pearce WH | display-authors = 6 | title = Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Executive summary: Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference proceeding for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the American Heart Association | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2004-06-01_109_21/page/2595 | journal = Circulation | volume = 109 | issue = 21 | pages = 2595–604 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15173041 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000128517.52533.DB | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; coronary heart disease&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Coronary heart disease|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007115.htm|publisher=NIH|access-date=15 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912095525/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007115.htm|archive-date=12 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Blausen 0257 CoronaryArtery Plaque.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Illustration depicting atherosclerosis in a coronary artery.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Cardiology]], [[cardiac surgery]]
|symptoms         =[[Chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]]&lt;ref name=HLB2014/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Atherosclerosis]] of the [[Coronary arteries|arteries of the heart]]&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;
|risks            =[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking|smoking]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[exercise|lack of exercise]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolaemia|high blood cholesterol]]&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=Meh2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Electrocardiography|Electrocardiogram]], [[cardiac stress test]], [[coronary computed tomographic angiography]], [[Coronary catheterization|coronary angiogram]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014Diag/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Healthy diet]], regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking&lt;ref name=HLB2013P/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Percutaneous coronary intervention]] (PCI), [[coronary artery bypass surgery]] (CABG)&lt;ref name=HLB2013Tr/&gt;
|medication       =[[Aspirin]], [[beta blocker]]s, [[Nitroglycerin|nitroglycerin]], [[statins]]&lt;ref name=HLB2013Tr/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =110 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =8.9 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}Ny aretin’ny lalan-dràn’ny fo (CAD), fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe aretin’ny fo (CHD) na aretin’ny fo iskemika (IHD), dia aretina miseho noho ny fihenan’ny fikorianan’ny ra mankany amin’ny hozatry ny fo, vokatry ny fitangoronana takelaka (plaque) ao amin’ny lalan-dràn’ny fo. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Ity no karazana aretina mahazatra indrindra ao anatin’ny aretin’ny fo sy lalan-drà. [5] Anisan’ny endrika isehoany ny angina maharitra, angina tsy maharitra, infarction myocardial, ary ny fahafatesana tampoka vokatry ny fo. [6]

Ny soritr’aretina mahazatra indrindra dia ny fanaintainan’ny tratra na fahatsapana tsy fahazoana aina, izay mety hiparitaka mankany amin’ny soroka, sandry, lamosina, vozona, na valanorano. [7] Indraindray dia mety ho toy ny heartburn ihany ny fahatsapana azy.

Matetika ireo soritr’aretina ireo dia miseho rehefa manao ezaka ara-batana na tratran’ny adin-tsaina ara-pihetseham-po, maharitra minitra vitsivitsy, ary mihatsara rehefa miala sasatra. [7] Mety hisy ihany koa ny fahasemporana, ary amin’ny tranga sasany dia tsy misy soritr’aretina mihitsy. [7]

Amin’ny olona maro, ny famantarana voalohany dia mety ho aretim-po. [2] Anisan’ny fahasarotana mety hiseho koa ny tsy fahombiazan’ny fo sy ny fitempon’ny fo tsy ara-dalàna. [2]

Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà, ny fifohana sigara, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny tsy fahampian'ny fanatanjahan-tena, ny hatavezana, ny kolesterola avo ao amin'ny ra, ny sakafo tsy mahasalama, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]] ary ny fisotroana toaka be loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mendis|first=Shanthi|last2=Puska|first2=Pekka|last3=Norrving|first3=Bo|title=Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control|date=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241564373|pages=3–18|edition=1st|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=17 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mehta PK, Wei J, Wenger NK|title=Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors|journal=Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=140–51|date=February 2015|pmid=25453985|pmc=4336825|doi=10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Char2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Charlson FJ, Moran AE, Freedman G, Norman RE, Stapelberg NJ, Baxter AJ, Vos T, Whiteford HA|display-authors=6|title=The contribution of major depression to the global burden of ischemic heart disease: a comparative risk assessment|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=11|pages=250|date=November 2013|pmid=24274053|pmc=4222499|doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-250}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hanampy amin'ny famaritana ny aretina ny fitiliana maromaro, anisan'izany: electrocardiogram, fitiliana ny adin-tsaina amin'ny fo, angiography tomografia amin'ny alalan'ny kajy ny fo, ary angiograma amin'ny fo, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is Coronary Heart Disease Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/diagnosis|access-date=25 February 2015|date=29 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224070406/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/diagnosis|archive-date=24 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ireto misy fomba hampihenana ny mety ho voan'ny CAD: fihinanana sakafo ara-pahasalamana, fanaovana fanatanjahan-tena tsy tapaka, fitazonana lanja ara-pahasalamana, ary tsy fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2013P&quot; /&gt; Indraindray dia ampiasaina ny fanafody ho an'ny diabeta, kolesterola avo, na tosidra ambony.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2013P&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Can Coronary Heart Disease Be Prevented or Delayed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/prevention|access-date=25 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224105151/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/prevention|archive-date=24 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voafetra ny porofo azo ampiasaina amin'ny fitiliana ireo olona tsy dia atahorana ho voan'ny aretina ary tsy manana soritr'aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Desai CS, Blumenthal RS, Greenland P|title=Screening low-risk individuals for coronary artery disease|journal=Current Atherosclerosis Reports|volume=16|issue=4|pages=402|date=April 2014|pmid=24522859|doi=10.1007/s11883-014-0402-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy amin'ny fisorohana ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2013Tr&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Boden WE, Franklin B, Berra K, Haskell WL, Calfas KJ, Zimmerman FH, Wenger NK|title=Exercise as a therapeutic intervention in patients with stable ischemic heart disease: an underfilled prescription|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2014-10_127_10/page/n26|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=127|issue=10|pages=905–11|date=October 2014|pmid=24844736|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanafody fanampiny toy ny antiplatelets (anisan'izany [[Aspirinina|ny aspirine]] ), beta blockers, na nitroglycerin.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2013Tr&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina amin'ny aretina mafy ny fomba fitsaboana toy ny fandidiana &quot;percutaneous coronary intervention&quot; (PCI) na ny fandidiana &quot;coronary artery bypass&quot; (CABG).&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2013Tr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is Coronary Heart Disease Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/treatment|access-date=25 February 2015|date=29 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224093945/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/treatment|archive-date=24 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Deb S, Wijeysundera HC, Ko DT, Tsubota H, Hill S, Fremes SE|title=Coronary artery bypass graft surgery vs percutaneous interventions in coronary revascularization: a systematic review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2013-11-20_310_19/page/2086|journal=JAMA|volume=310|issue=19|pages=2086–95|date=November 2013|pmid=24240936|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.281718|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an'ireo manana CAD maharitra dia tsy mazava raha toa ka manatsara [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|ny androm-piainana]] na mampihena ny mety hisian'ny aretim-po ny PCI na CABG ankoatra ny fitsaboana hafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rezende PC, Scudeler TL, da Costa LM, Hueb W|title=Conservative strategy for treatment of stable coronary artery disease|journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases|volume=3|issue=2|pages=163–70|date=February 2015|pmid=25685763|pmc=4317610|doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i2.163}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 110 tapitrisa no voan'ny CAD ary nahafaty olona 8.9 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahatonga ny 15.6%-n'ny fahafatesana rehetra izany, ka mahatonga azy io ho antony mahazatra indrindra mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot; /&gt; Nihena ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny CAD nandritra ny taona iray teo anelanelan'ny taona 1980 sy 2010, indrindra fa tany amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, Naghavi M|title=Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study|journal=Circulation|volume=129|issue=14|pages=1483–92|date=April 2014|pmid=24573352|pmc=4181359|doi=10.1161/circulationaha.113.004042}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nihena ihany koa ny isan'ny tranganà CAD ho an'ny taona iray teo anelanelan'ny taona 1990 sy 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Flaxman A, Murray CJ, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study|journal=Circulation|volume=129|issue=14|pages=1493–501|date=April 2014|pmid=24573351|pmc=4181601|doi=10.1161/circulationaha.113.004046}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tany Etazonia tamin'ny taona 2010, tokony ho 20% amin'ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona no voan'ny CAD, raha toa ka 7% amin'ireo 45 ka hatramin'ny 64 taona no nahitana izany, ary 1.3% amin'ireo 18 ka hatramin'ny 45 taona; &lt;ref name=&quot;US2011&quot; /&gt; ambony kokoa ny tahan'ny tranga teo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy amin'ny taona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;US2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prevalence of coronary heart disease--United States, 2006-2010|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=60|issue=40|pages=1377–81|date=October 2011|pmid=21993341|last=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sita (aretina)</title>
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      <text bytes="6719" sha1="8wmm6412vo2kue6dbvye3q2hk4ybgqt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Sita
| synonym       = 
| image         = Bronchitis.jpg
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = Figure A shows the location of the lungs and bronchial tubes. Figure B is an enlarged view of a normal bronchial tube. Figure C is an enlarged view of a bronchial tube with bronchitis.
| pronounce     = bron-kye-tis
| specialty     = [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[pulmonology]]
| symptoms      = [[Cough|Coughing]] up [[mucus]], [[wheezing]], [[shortness of breath]], chest discomfort&lt;ref name=NHLBI2019/&gt;
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = '''Acute''': ~5% of people a year&lt;ref name=Wen2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=YLD2012&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–96 |date=December 2012 | pmid = 23245607 | pmc = 6350784 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 |display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Chronic''': ~5% of people&lt;ref name=YLD2012/&gt;
| deaths        = 
}}

Ny '''sita''' dia aretina miteraka fivontosana ao amin' ny traoka, izany hoe ireo lalan-drivotra lehibe sy antonony ao amin' ny [[havokavoka]], ka mampi[[kohaka]].

Anisan' ny [[soritr' aretina]] mahazatra ny kohaka miaraka amin' ny famokarana [[rora]], ny [[fisefosefoana]], ny [[fahasemporana]], ary ny fanaintainan' ny [[tratra]].

Azo zaraina ho karazany roa ny sita arakaraka ny faharetany: ny sita tampoka izay maharitra fotoana fohy, ary ny sita maharitra izay maharitra ela kokoa ary mety hiverimberina.

Ny sita mahery vaika dia mazàna misy kohaka maharitra telo herinandro eo ho eo Amin' ny tranga mihoatra ny 90% dia aretina vokatry ny [[virosy]] no antony. Mety hiparitaka amin' ny alalan' ny rivotra ireo viriosy ireo rehefa mikohaka na mifandray mivantana amin' ny olona ilay marary. Vitsy ny tranga vokatry ny aretina [[bakteria]] toy ny ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'' na ''Bordetella pertussis''. Anisan' ny mety hiteraka azy io ny [[fifohana sigara]] sy ny [[Vovo-tany|vovoka]] ary ny fahalotoan' ny rivotra. Ny fitsaboana ny sita mahery vaika dia mazàna ahitana fitsaharana, paracetamol (acetaminophen), ary [[fanafody tsy sterôida manohitra fivontosana]] mba hanampiana amin'ny fanalefahana ny tazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tac2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tackett|first=KL|last2=Atkins|first2=A|s2cid=37651935|title=Evidence-based acute bronchitis therapy|journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice|date=December 2012|volume=25|issue=6|pages=586–90|pmid=23076965|doi=10.1177/0897190012460826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2019Overview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is Bronchitis Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/treatment|access-date=1 April 2015|date=August 4, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113109/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/treatment|archive-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny sita mitaiza dia faritana ho kohaka mamokatra - izay mamoaka rora - izay maharitra telo volana na mihoatra isan-taona mandritra ny roa taona farafahakeliny.&lt;ref name=&quot;MeSH2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=MeSH Browser|url=https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D029481|website=meshb.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-06-05|archive-date=2020-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023120536/https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D029481|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD|date=2018|pages=4–5, 25|url=https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430194701/https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maro amin' ny olona voan' ny sita mitaiza no manana [[aretin'ny havokavoka mitaiza|aretin' ny havokavoka mitaiza]] (COPD).&lt;ref name=&quot;Harr2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=John J.|last=Reilly|first2=Edwin K.|last2=Silverman|first3=Steven D.|last3=Shapiro|chapter=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|pages=2151–9|editor-first=Dan|editor-last=Longo|editor2-first=Anthony|editor2-last=Fauci|editor3-first=Dennis|editor3-last=Kasper|editor4-first=Stephen|editor4-last=Hauser|editor5-first=J.|editor5-last=Jameson|editor6-first=Joseph|editor6-last=Loscalzo|year=2011|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=18th|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-174889-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny [[fifohana sigara]] no antony fantatra indrindra, ary misy antony hafa toy ny fahalotoan' ny rivotra sy ny [[fototarazo]] izay tsy dia misy fiantraikany firy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9823|pages=1341–51|date=April 2012|pmid=22314182|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|pmc=7172377|citeseerx=10.1.1.1000.1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan' ny fitsaboana ny fialana amin' ny fifohana sigara, ny fanaovana [[vaksiny]], ny fanarenana, ary matetika ny fampiasana bronchodilator sy sterôida amin' ny alalan' ny fifohana rivotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot; /&gt; Mety handray soa avy amin'ny fitsaboana ôksizenina maharitra ny olona sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_2007-09-15_176_6/page/532|journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.|volume=176|issue=6|pages=532–55|date=September 2007|pmid=17507545|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|hdl=2066/51740|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny sita tampoka (sita mahery vaika) dia iray amin' ny aretina fahita matetika indrindra amin' ny olombelona. Tombanana ho manodidina ny 5% amin' ny olon-dehibe sy 6% amin' ny ankizy no tratran' ity aretina ity farafahakeliny indray mandeha isan-taona. Io no endrika mahazatra indrindra amin' ny sita raha ampitahaina amin' ny sita mitaiza.

Any [[Etazonia]], araka ny [[antontanisa]] tamin' ny taona 2018, dia olona manodidina ny 9,3 tapitrisa no voamarina fa voan' ny sita mitaiza.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tazo mavo</title>
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      <text bytes="10094" sha1="fpkij66vz41tqhhq9o6utpdlm0r7ass" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Yellow fever
|synonym          =Yellow jack, yellow plague,&lt;ref name=Old2009/&gt; bronze john&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bazin |first1=Hervé |title=Vaccination: a history from Lady Montagu to genetic engineering |date=2011 |publisher=J. Libbey Eurotext |location=Montrouge |isbn=978-2-7420-0775-2 |page=407 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&amp;pg=PA407 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042240/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&amp;pg=PA407 |archive-date=2017-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =YellowFeverVirus.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A [[Transmission electron microscope|TEM]] [[micrograph]] of ''yellow fever virus'' (234,000× magnification)
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =[[Fever]], [[chills]], [[muscle pain]], [[headache]], [[Jaundice|yellow skin]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|onset            =3 – 6 days post exposure&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|duration         =3 – 4 days&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|causes           =''Yellow fever virus'' spread by [[mosquitoes]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Blood test]]&lt;ref name=Toll2009/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Yellow fever vaccine]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =~127,000 severe cases (2013)&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;
|deaths           =5,100 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Wang|first1= Haidong|last2= Naghavi|first2= Mohsen|last3= Allen|first3= Christine|last4= Barber|first4= Ryan M.|last5= Bhutta|first5= Zulfiqar A.|last6= Carter|first6= Austin|last7= Casey|first7= Daniel C.|last8= Charlson|first8= Fiona J.|last9= Chen|first9= Alan Zian|last10= Coates|first10= Matthew M.|last11= Coggeshall|first11= Megan|last12= Dandona|first12= Lalit|last13= Dicker|first13= Daniel J.|last14= Erskine|first14= Holly E.|last15= Ferrari|first15= Alize J.|last16= Fitzmaurice|first16= Christina|last17= Foreman|first17= Kyle|last18= Forouzanfar|first18= Mohammad H.|last19= Fraser|first19= Maya S.|last20= Fullman|first20= Nancy|last21= Gething|first21= Peter W.|last22= Goldberg|first22= Ellen M.|last23= Graetz|first23= Nicholas|last24= Haagsma|first24= Juanita A.|last25= Hay|first25= Simon I.|last26= Huynh|first26= Chantal|last27= Johnson|first27= Catherine O.|last28= Kassebaum|first28= Nicholas J.|last29= Kinfu|first29= Yohannes|last30= Kulikoff|first30= Xie Rachel|display-authors= 1|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980 – 2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=The Lancet |date=8 October 2016 |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459 – 1544 |pmid=27733281 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}Ny tazo vony na tazo mavo dia aretina virosy ateraky ny otrikaretina miparitaka amin’ny alalan’ny kaikitry ny moka, ary matetika miseho amin’ny endrika aretina mahery vaika maharitra vetivety. [1]

Amin’ny ankamaroan’ny tranga, ny soritr’aretina dia ahitana tazo, hatsiaka, tsy fahazotoan-komana, maloiloy, fanaintainan’ny hozatra indrindra eo amin’ny lamosina, ary aretin’andoha. [1] Matetika dia mihatsara ireo soritr’aretina ireo ao anatin’ny dimy andro. [1]

Na izany aza, eo amin’ny 15% eo ho eo amin’ny olona voa dia mety hiseho indray ny soritr’aretina aorian’ny fanatsarana voalohany. Amin’ity dingana faharoa ity dia mety hiseho ny fanaintainan’ny kibo, ary manomboka miseho ny hoditra mavomavo vokatry ny fahasimban’ny aty. [1][2]

Raha miditra amin’io dingana mavesatra io ny aretina dia mitombo ny mety hisian’ny fandehanan-dra tsy ara-dalàna sy ny tsy fahombiazan’ny voa. [1]

Ny viriosy tazo vony no mahatonga ity aretina ity ary miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny kaikitry ny [[moka]] vavy voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=23 February 2014|date=May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219011908/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|archive-date=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Olombelona|Ny olombelona]], [[Primates|ny gidro]] hafa, ary ny karazana moka maromaro ihany no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Any an-tanàn-dehibe, ''ny Aedes aegypti'' no tena miparitaka azy, karazana moka hita manerana ny [[Zana-pehintany|tropika]] sy ny subtropika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Viriosy ARN avy amin'ny karazana ''Flavivirus'' io viriosy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;lindenbach2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Fields Virology|edition=5th|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|last=Lindenbach, B. D.|editor2-last=P. M. Howley|year=2007|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=1101|isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7|chapter=Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ity aretina ity amin'ny aretina hafa, indrindra amin'ny dingana voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mba hanamafisana ny tranga ahiahiana dia ilaina ny fitiliana santionan-dra amin'ny alalan'ny polymerase chain reaction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toll2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tolle MA|title=Mosquito-borne diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-problems-in-pediatric-and-adolescent-health-care_2009-04_39_4/page/n10|journal=Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care|volume=39|issue=4|pages=97–140|date=April 2009|pmid=19327647|doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy vaksiny azo antoka sy mahomby amin'ny tazo mavo, ary misy firenena sasany mitaky vaksiny ho an'ny mpandeha.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka hafa hisorohana ny aretina dia ny fampihenana ny isan'ny moka mamindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny faritra izay ahitana tazo mavo matetika, ny fitiliana mialoha ny tranga sy ny fanaovana vaksiny ny ankamaroan'ny mponina dia zava-dehibe mba hisorohana ny fihanaky ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Rehefa voan'ny aretina dia tsy misy soritr'aretina intsony ny fitsaboana azy, ary tsy misy fepetra manokana mahomby amin'ny viriosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ny antsasaky ny olona voan'ny aretina mafy no maty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;preven&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Yellow Fever|url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/qa/|website=CDC|access-date=18 March 2016|date=August 21, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323210418/http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/qa/|archive-date=23 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2013, ny tazo mavo dia nahatonga aretina mafy teo amin'ny 127.000 teo ho eo ary fahafatesana 45.000,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; ary efa ho 90 isan-jaton'ireo no mitranga any amin'ireo firenena Afrikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toll2009&quot; /&gt; Efa ho arivo tapitrisa ny olona mipetraka any amin'ny faritra iray eto amin'izao tontolo izao izay ahitana ity aretina ity matetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Fahita any amin'ny faritra tropikaly any amin'ny kaontinanta [[Amerika Atsimo]] sy [[Afrika]] izy io, fa tsy any [[Azia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|title=CDC Yellow Fever|access-date=2012-12-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221085711/http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|archive-date=2012-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo hatrany ny isan'ny tranganà tazo mavo nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barr2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barrett AD, Higgs S|title=Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered|journal=Annu. Rev. Entomol.|volume=52|pages=209–29|year=2007|pmid=16913829|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454|s2cid=9896455|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1471c85c1528a99f06f8273e7851e5b37cfc7cfc|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429042155/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Yellow-fever:-a-disease-that-has-yet-to-be-Barrett-Higgs/1471c85c1528a99f06f8273e7851e5b37cfc7cfc|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa noho ny fihenan'ny olona tsy voan'ny aretina, ny fitomboan'ny olona mipetraka an-tanàn-dehibe, ny fivezivezen'ny olona matetika, ary [[Fiovan' ny toetany|ny fiovan'ny toetr'andro]] izay mampitombo ny toeram-ponenana ho an'ny moka no anton'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Niandoha tany [[Afrika]] ity aretina ity ary niparitaka tany [[Amerika Atsimo]] niaraka tamin'ny [[Fivarotana andevo|varotra andevo]] tamin'ny taonjato faha-17.&lt;ref name=&quot;Old2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Oldstone|first=Michael|title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975849-4|pages=102–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&amp;pg=PA103|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223052653/https://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&amp;pg=PA103|archive-date=2017-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanomboka tamin'ny taonjato faha-17, dia nisy fihanaky ny aretina maro tany Amerika, Afrika ary Eoropa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Old2009&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taonjato faha-18 sy faha-19, ny tazo mavo dia noheverina ho iray amin'ireo aretina mifindra mampidi-doza indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Old2009&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny 1927, ny viriosy tazo mavo no viriosy olombelona voalohany navahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lindenbach2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpDaaFcFA3kC&amp;pg=PA17|title=West Nile Virus|last=Sfakianos|first=Jeffrey|last2=Hecht|first2=Alan|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House|others=Foreword by David Heymann|isbn=978-1-60413-254-0|editor-last=Babcock|editor-first=Hilary|edition=2nd|series=Deadly Diseases &amp; Epidemics|location=New York|page=17|type=Curriculum-based juvenile nonfiction|quote=The yellow fever virus was isolated in 1927|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126201007/https://books.google.com/books?id=wpDaaFcFA3kC&amp;pg=PA17|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tazo dengue</title>
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      <text bytes="8561" sha1="96cz40yl0yt1zgg334822us2w25njyp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Dengue fever
|synonym          =Dengue, breakbone fever&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;
|image            =Denguerash.JPG
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of a person's back with the skin exhibiting the characteristic rash of dengue fever
|caption          =The typical rash seen in dengue fever
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|eɪ|,_|-|ɡ|i}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;
|onset            =3–14 days after exposure&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;
|duration         =2–7 days&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|causes           =[[Dengue virus]] by [[Aedes]] [[mosquito]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Detecting [[antibodies]] to the virus or its [[RNA]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;
|differential     =[[Malaria]], [[yellow fever]], [[viral hepatitis]], [[leptospirosis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics: The field of pediatrics|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455775668|page=1631|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1631|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910145008/https://books.google.com/books?id=mseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1631|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =[[Dengue vaccine|Dengue fever vaccine]], decreasing mosquito exposure&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=East2016&gt;{{cite news|author= East S|title=World's first dengue fever vaccine launched in the Philippines|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/06/health/dengue-fever-vaccine-philippines/|access-date=17 October 2016|publisher=CNN|date=6 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224555/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/06/health/dengue-fever-vaccine-philippines/|archive-date=18 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|treatment        =[[Therapy#Supportive therapy|Supportive care]], [[intravenous fluids]], [[blood transfusion]]s&lt;ref name=BMJ2015/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =100 to 4000 million per year&lt;ref name=WHO2025Fact/&gt;
|deaths           =~40,000&lt;ref name=GBD2018Death/&gt;
}}Ny tazo dengue dia aretina tropikaly sy aretina entin’ny moka vokatry ny viriosy dengue. [1]

Matetika ny soritr’aretina dia miseho 3 ka hatramin’ny 14 andro aorian’ny fifindran’ny aretina. [2] Anisan’izany ny tazo mahery, aretin’andoha, fandoavana, fanaintainan’ny hozatra sy ny tonon-taolana, ary maimaika amin’ny hoditra. [1][2]

Amin’ny ankapobeny dia maharitra 2 ka hatramin’ny 7 andro ny fahasitranana. [1] Na izany aza, amin’ny tranga vitsy dia mety hivoatra ho dengue mafy (fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe tazo dengue hemorrhagic) ny aretina, ka miteraka fandehanan-dra, fihenan’ny platelets ao amin’ny ra, ary fivoahan’ny plasma. [1][2]

Amin’ny endrika tena mafy, dia mety hiteraka dengue shock syndrome izany, izay ahitana fihenan’ny tosidra be loatra. [1][2]

Karazana [[moka]] vavy maromaro karazana ''Aedes'' no miparitaka amin'ny dengue, indrindra fa ''ny A. aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dengue and severe dengue Fact sheet N°117|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 February 2016|date=May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902041210/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/%23|archive-date=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kularatne SA|title=Dengue fever|journal=BMJ|volume=351|pages=h4661|date=September 2015|pmid=26374064|doi=10.1136/bmj.h4661}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazany dimy ny viriosy; &lt;ref name=&quot;new_type2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Normile D|title=Tropical medicine. Surprising new dengue virus throws a spanner in disease control efforts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-10-25_342_6157/page/415|journal=Science|volume=342|issue=6157|pages=415|date=October 2013|pmid=24159024|doi=10.1126/science.342.6157.415}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mustafa MS, Rasotgi V, Jain S, Gupta V|title=Discovery of fifth serotype of dengue virus (DENV-5): A new public health dilemma in dengue&amp;nbsp;control|journal=Medical Journal, Armed Forces India|volume=71|issue=1|pages=67–70|date=January 2015|pmid=25609867|pmc=4297835|doi=10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.09.011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ny aretina amin'ny karazany iray dia mazàna manome hery fiarovana mandritra ny androm-piainana ho an'io karazany io, fa hery fiarovana vetivety ihany kosa ho an'ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ny aretina hafa manaraka dia mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny fahasarotana lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Misy fitiliana maromaro azo atao mba hanamafisana ny aretina, anisan'izany ny fitadiavana hery fiarovana amin'ny viriosy na ny ARN- ny.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt;

Efa misy vaksiny ho an'ny tazo dengue ary efa azo vidiana eny an-tsena any amin'ny firenena maro.   Manomboka amin'ny taona 2025, ny vaksiny dia atolotra ho an'ireo olona efa voan'ny aretina teo aloha, na amin'ireo mponina manana taha ambony amin'ny aretina teo aloha eo anelanelan'ny 6 ka hatramin'ny 16 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2018Vac&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Dengue vaccine: WHO position paper – September 2018|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|access-date=12 April 2019|date=7 September 2018|volume=36|issue=93|pages=457–76|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274315/WER9336.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105130352/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274315/WER9336.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2025Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dengue|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue|website=www.who.int|access-date=20 August 2025|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228175303/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fomba fisorohana hafa dia ahitana ny fampihenana ny toeram-ponenan'ny moka sy ny famerana ny fihanaky ny kaikitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Azo atao izany amin'ny fanesorana na fandrakofana ny rano miangona ary fanaovana akanjo izay mandrakotra ny ankamaroan'ny vatana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana ny dengue mahery vaika dia manohana ary misy ny fanomezana ranon-javatra na amin'ny alalan'ny vava na amin'ny lalan-dra ho an'ny aretina malemy na antonony.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny famindrana ra raha sendra tranga mafy kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt; Olona antsasa-tapitrisa eo ho eo no mila miditra hopitaly isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Paracetamol (acetaminophen) no soso-kevitra fa tsy [[Fanafody tsy steroidal manohitra ny fivontosana|fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire]] (NSAID) mba hampihenana ny tazo sy hanamaivanana ny fanaintainana amin'ny dengue noho ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny rà mandriaka vokatry ny fampiasana NSAID.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USCDC_Dengue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dengue|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/dengue|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=27 April 2018|date=28 March 2016|quote=Use acetaminophen. Do not take pain relievers that contain aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil), it may lead to a greater tendency to bleed.|archive-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324100419/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/dengue|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny dengue dia aretina virosy miparitaka amin’ny alalan’ny kaikitry ny moka, izay nanjary olana ara-pahasalamam-bahoaka maneran-tany hatramin’ny Ady Lehibe Faharoa. Izy io dia fahita any amin’ny faritra maro amin’ny firenena mihoatra ny 120, indrindra any Azia Atsimo Atsinanana, Azia Atsimo, ary Amerika Atsimo. [11][12][13]

Tombanana fa olona 100 hatramin’ny 400 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan’ny dengue isan-taona, ary manodidina ny 40 000 no maty vokatry ny fahasarotany. [8][14] Tamin’ny taona 2019 dia nisy fiakaran’ny tranga hita maneran-tany. [15]

Ny famaritana voalohany momba ny fihanaky ny dengue dia efa natao tamin’ny taona 1779, ary ny fahalalana ny antony sy ny fomba fiparitahany dia nivelatra tamin’ny fiandohan’ny taonjato faha-20. [13][16]

Ankoatra ny fifehezana ny moka mpampiely azy, dia mbola mitohy ny fikarohana momba ny fanafody sy fitsaboana mikendry mivantana ny viriosy. [17] Voasokajy ho aretina tropikaly tsy voakarakara ny dengue. [18]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Ratra amin'ny ligamenta cruciate eo aloha</title>
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      <text bytes="5360" sha1="gavw4mjhadka0qvqjs6r37r0djtv7vl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Anterior cruciate ligament injury
|synonym          =
|image            =Knee diagram.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Diagram of the right knee
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]]
|symptoms         =A &quot;pop&quot; with pain, knee instability, swelling of knee&lt;ref name=OI2014/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Non-contact injury, contact injury&lt;ref name=OI2009Tx/&gt;
|risks            =Athletes, females&lt;ref name=OI2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Physical exam, [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]&lt;ref name=OI2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =[[Neuromuscular training]],&lt;ref name=Hew2006/&gt; [[core strengthening]]&lt;ref name=Sug2015/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Orthopaedic brace|Braces]], [[physical therapy]], [[Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction|surgery]]&lt;ref name=OI2014/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =c. 200,000 per year (US)&lt;ref name=OI2009Tx/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny ratra amin’ny ligamenta cruciate anterior dia toe-javatra mitranga rehefa mivelatra be, rovitra ampahany, na rovitra tanteraka ny ligamenta cruciate anterior (ACL). [1] Amin’ireo tranga ireo, ny rovitra tanteraka no tena fahita matetika. [1]

Ny soritr’aretina mahazatra dia ahitana fanaintainana eo amin’ny lohalika, feo “mipoaka” na “mikitroka” amin’ny fotoana nitrangan’ny ratra, fahatsapana tsy fahamarinan-toerana eo amin’ny lohalika, ary fivontosan’ny tonon-taolana. [1] Matetika dia miseho ao anatin’ny ora vitsivitsy aorian’ny ratra ny fivontosana. [2]

Amin’ny tranga eo amin’ny 50% eo ho eo, dia mety hisy fahasimbana miaraka amin’ireo rafitra hafa ao amin’ny lohalika, toy ny ligamenta manodidina, ny cartilage, na ny meniscus. [1]

Ny antony fototra matetika dia ny fiovan'ny lalana haingana, ny fijanonana tampoka, ny fipetrahana aorian'ny fitsambikinana, na ny fifandraisana mivantana amin'ny lohalika.&lt;ref name=&quot;OI2014&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny atleta izany, indrindra fa ireo izay mandray anjara amin'ny ski alpine, [[baolina kitra]] (baolina kitra), baolina kitra amerikana, na [[Baskety|basikety]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Prod2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A meta-analysis of the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears as a function of gender, sport, and a knee injury-reduction regimen|vauthors=Prodromos CC, Han Y, Rogowski J, Joyce B, Shi K|date=December 2007|journal=Arthroscopy|volume=23|pages=1320–25|pmid=18063176|doi=10.1016/j.arthro.2007.07.003|issue=12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny fitiliana ara-batana no atao ary indraindray tohanan'ny sary magnetika (MRI).&lt;ref name=&quot;OI2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fizahana ara-batana dia mampiseho fanaintainana manodidina ny tonon-taolana, fihenan'ny fihetsehan'ny lohalika, ary fitomboan'ny fihenjanan'ny tonon-taolana. 

Ny fisorohana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fampiofanana ny hozatra sy ny fanamafisana ny fotony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hew2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD|title=Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Part 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sports-medicine_2006-03_34_3/page/n163|journal=The American Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=34|issue=3|pages=490–8|date=March 2006|pmid=16382007|doi=10.1177/0363546505282619}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sug2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sugimoto D, Myer GD, Foss KD, Hewett TE|title=Specific exercise effects of preventive neuromuscular training intervention on anterior cruciate ligament injury risk reduction in young females: meta-analysis and subgroup analysis|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=49|issue=5|pages=282–9|date=March 2015|pmid=25452612|doi=10.1136/bjsports-2014-093461|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miankina amin'ny haavon'ny asa tiana hatao ny tolo-kevitra momba ny fitsaboana.  Ho an'ireo izay tsy dia manana hetsika firy amin'ny ho avy, dia mety ho ampy ny fitsaboana tsy misy fandidiana, anisan'izany ny fanohanana sy ny fitsaboana ara-batana.&lt;ref name=&quot;OI2014&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay manana haavon'ny hetsika avo lenta, matetika no soso-kevitra ny fandidiana amin'ny alàlan'ny fanarenana ny ligamenta cruciate anterior arthroscopic.&lt;ref name=&quot;OI2014&quot; /&gt; Izany dia mitaky fanoloana amin'ny ozatra nalaina avy amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana na avy amin'ny faty .  Ny fanarenana aorian'ny fandidiana dia ahitana ny fanitarana tsikelikely ny fihetsehan'ny tonon-taolana, ary ny fanamafisana ny hozatra manodidina ny lohalika.&lt;ref name=&quot;OI2014&quot; /&gt; Raha ilaina ny fandidiana dia tsy atao raha tsy efa sitrana ny fivontosana voalohany vokatry ny ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;OI2014&quot; /&gt;

Olona eo amin’ny 200 000 eo ho eo no voakasiky ny ratra amin’ny ligamenta cruciate anterior (ACL) isan-taona any Etazonia. [6]

Amin’ny fanatanjahan-tena sasany, dia hita fa manana risika ambony kokoa amin’ny ratra ACL ny vehivavy, raha amin’ny taranja hafa kosa dia mety ho mitovy ny fahavoazana aterak’izany eo amin’ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy. [2][7]

Na dia hita aza fa avo kokoa ny tahan’ny osteoarthritis amin’ny lohalika amin’ny olon-dehibe manana rovitra ACL tanteraka, dia toa tsy manova be izany risika izany ny fomba fitsaboana ampiharina. [8]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha</title>
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| name          = Paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha
| synonym       = 
| image         = US Navy 081028-N-3173B-027 Cmdr. John King assesses the reflexes of a Cerebral Palsy patient at the Arima District Health Facility as part of the humanitarian-civic assistance mission Continuing Promise (CP) 2008.jpg
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = A child with cerebral palsy being assessed by a physician
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Pediatrics]], [[neurology]], [[physiatry]]
| symptoms      = Poor coordination, [[spasticity|stiff muscles]], weak muscles, [[tremor]]s&lt;ref name=NINDS2013/&gt;
| onset         = Early childhood&lt;ref name=NINDS2013/&gt;
| duration      = Lifelong&lt;ref name=NINDS2013/&gt;
| causes        = Often unknown&lt;ref name=NINDS2013/&gt;&lt;!-- Quote = In many cases, the cause of cerebral palsy is unknown. --&gt;
| risks         = [[Preterm birth]], being a [[twin]], certain infections during pregnancy, difficult delivery&lt;ref name=NINDS2013/&gt;
| diagnosis     = Based on child's development&lt;ref name=NINDS2013/&gt;
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = [[Physical therapy]], [[occupational therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[Orthotics|external braces]], [[orthopedic surgery]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2013/&gt;
| medication    = [[Diazepam]], [[baclofen]], [[botulinum toxin]]&lt;ref name=NINDS2013/&gt;
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 2.1 per 1,000&lt;ref name=Osk2013&gt;{{cite journal|last=Oskoui|first=M|author2=Coutinho, F |author3=Dykeman, J |author4=Jetté, N |author5= Pringsheim, T |title=An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-medicine-and-child-neurology_2013-06_55_6/page/509|journal=Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology|date=Jun 2013|volume=55|issue=6|pages=509–19|pmid=23346889|doi=10.1111/dmcn.12080}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| deaths        = 
}}

Ny '''paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha''' dia vondron’aretina maharitra mahakasika ny fihetsehana sy ny fifehezana ny vatana, izay miseho hatramin’ny fahazazana. [1] Miovaova arakaraka ny olona sy ny fivoaran’ny aretina ny soritr’aretina. [1][2] Amin’ny ankapobeny, ireo soritr’aretina mahazatra dia ahitana ny tsy fandrindrana tsara ny fihetsika, ny hozatra henjana (spasticité), ny fahalemen’ny hozatra, ary ny hovitrovitra. [1]

Mety hisy ihany koa olana amin’ny fahatsapana, ny fahitana, ny fandrenesana, ny fitelina ary ny fitenenana. [1] Matetika, ny zazakely voan’ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha dia tara amin’ny fivoaran’ny fahaiza-mihetsika, ka tsy mahavita mihodina, mipetraka, mandady na mandeha amin’ny fotoana andrasana ho an’ny ankizy mitovy taona aminy. [1]

Anisan’ny mety hitranga koa ny fikorontanan-tsaina (seizures) sy ny fahasahiranana amin’ny fahaiza-misaina (cognition), izay hita amin’ny ampahatelon’ny olona voan’ity aretina ity. [1] Na dia mety hiseho mazava kokoa aza ny soritr’aretina mandritra ny taona voalohany amin’ny fiainana, dia tsy miharatsy tsikelikely ny fahasimbana fototra, satria aretina tsy miha-mandroso (non progressive) ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha. [1]

Ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha dia vokatry ny fivoarana tsy ara-dalàna na fahasimbana eo amin'ny faritra ao amin'ny atidoha izay mifehy ny fihetsehana, ny fifandanjana ary ny fihetsika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cerebral Palsy: Hope Through Research|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Cerebral-Palsy-Hope-Through-Research|website=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]|access-date=21 February 2017|date=July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221033227/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Cerebral-Palsy-Hope-Through-Research|archive-date=21 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014O&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cerebral Palsy: Overview|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/Pages/default.aspx|website=[[National Institutes of Health]]|access-date=21 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072205/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika indrindra, mitranga mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ireo olana ireo; na izany aza, mety hitranga ihany koa izany mandritra ny fiterahana na fotoana fohy aorian'ny fiterahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2013&quot; /&gt; Matetika, tsy fantatra ny antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2013&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fiterahana aloha loatra, ny maha- [[kambana]], ny aretina sasany mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka toy ny [[Toksoplasmosis|toksôplasmôsisy]] na rubella, ny fihanaky ny methylmercury mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka, ny fahasarotana amin'ny fiterahana, ary ny ratra amin'ny loha mandritra ny taona vitsivitsy voalohany amin'ny fiainana, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2013&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 2% eo ho eo amin'ireo tranga no heverina fa vokatry ny antony ara-pandovan-toetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;omim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=CEREBRAL PALSY, SPASTIC QUADRIPLEGIC, 1; CPSQ1|url=https://omim.org/entry/603513|website=[[Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man]]|access-date=26 January 2018|date=28 June 2016|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001135429/https://www.omim.org/entry/603513|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana maromaro voasokajy mifototra amin'ny olana manokana misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2013&quot; /&gt; Ohatra, ireo manana hozatra henjana dia voan'ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha spastika, ireo manana fandrindrana tsara dia voan'ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha ataksika ary ireo izay mihetsika mihodinkodina dia voan'ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha atetôida.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2013&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fivoaran'ny zaza rehefa mandeha ny fotoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2013&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ny fitiliana ra sy ny fitiliana sary ara-pitsaboana mba hanilihana ireo antony hafa mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS2013&quot; /&gt;

Azo sorohina amin’ny ampahany ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha, indrindra amin’ny alàlan’ny fanaovana vaksiny ny reny sy ny fepetra hisorohana ny ratra amin’ny loha amin’ny zaza, toy ny fanamafisana ny fiarovana mandritra ny fitondrana sy ny fahazazana. [1] Tsy mbola misy fanafody manasitrana tanteraka ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha; na izany aza, ny fitsaboana manohana, ny fanafody ary ny fandidiana dia afaka manampy betsaka amin’ny fanatsarana ny kalitaon’ny fiainan’ny marary. [1]

Anisan’ny fitsaboana ampiasaina matetika ny fitsaboana ara-batana (kinesiterapia), ny fitsaboana amin’ny asa (ergôterapia) ary ny fitsaboana amin’ny fitenenana (ôrtôfônia). [1] Ireo dia mikendry ny hanatsara ny fivezivezena, ny fahaiza-manao andavanandro ary ny fifandraisana. [1]

Ny fanafody sasany dia azo ampiasaina hanalefahana ny hozatra henjana (spasticité), toy ny diazepam, baclofen ary ny botulinum toxin. [1] Amin’ny tranga sasany, azo atao ny fandidiana, izay mety ahitana ny fanalavana ny hozatra na ny fanapahana ireo lalan-tsaina miasa loatra (toy ny selective dorsal rhizotomy), mba hampihenana ny fihenjanan’ny hozatra. [1]

Matetika dia manampy ihany koa ny fampiasana fitaovana ivelany manohana (orthèses na “braces”) sy ireo teknolojia fanampiana hafa, izay manatsara ny fivezivezena sy ny fahaleovantena. [1] Amin’ny alalan’ny fitsaboana sahaza sy fanohanana maharitra, ny ankizy sasany voan’ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha dia afaka mitombo ka miaina fiainana akaiky ny ara-dalàna rehefa olon-dehibe. [1]

Na dia ampiasaina matetika aza ny fitsaboana hafa na nentim-paharazana, dia tsy mbola misy porofo ara-tsiansa matanjaka manaporofo ny fahombiazan’izy ireny amin’ny fitsaboana ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha. [1]

Ny paralisisa ao amin'ny atidoha no aretina mahazatra indrindra mahakasika ny fihetsehana amin’ny ankizy. [4] Tombanana ho mitranga amin’ny 2,1 eo ho eo isaky ny fahaterahana velona 1.000 izany. [5] Efa voarakitra hatramin’ny ela teo amin’ny tantara ity aretina ity, ary ny famaritana voalohany fantatra dia hita ao amin’ny asa soratr’i Hippocrates tamin’ny taonjato faha-5 talohan’i JK. [6]

Tamin’ny taonjato faha-19 no nanomboka ny fandalinana ara-tsiansa lalina momba azy, indrindra noho ny asan’i William John Little, izay nahatonga ny diplegia spastika nantsoina hoe “aretin’i Little”. [6] Avy eo, William Osler no nampiditra ny anarana hoe “cerebral palsy”, nalaina avy amin’ny teny alemà zerebrale Kinderlähmung izay midika hoe “paralisisa ao amin'ny atidohan’ny zaza”. [7]

Misy fikarohana mitohy momba ny fitsaboana vaovao azo ampiharina, anisan’izany ny fitsaboana amin’ny sela fototra (stem cell therapy). [1] Na izany aza, mbola ilaina ny fikarohana fanampiny mba hanamarinana ny fahombiazany sy ny fiarovana azy alohan’ny hampiasana azy amin’ny fomba mahazatra. [1]

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Voambolana momba ny fahasalamana sy ny fitsaboana]]

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fanapoizinana amin'ny sianida</title>
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      <text bytes="7319" sha1="goa1xwb8r5gm9fzjoznvvgi6iv6wcas" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Cyanide poisoning
|synonym          =Cyanide toxicity, hydrocyanic acid poisoning&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Waters|first1=Brenda L.|title=Handbook of Autopsy Practice|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9781597451277|page=427|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JN4DJu_pzoMC&amp;pg=PA427|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908222016/https://books.google.com/books?id=JN4DJu_pzoMC&amp;pg=PA427|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Cyanide-ion-3D-vdW.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Cyanide]] ion
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Toxicology]], [[critical care medicine]]
|symptoms         ='''Early''': headache, dizziness, [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], shortness of breath, vomiting&lt;ref name=EU2013/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Later''': [[seizures]], [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]], low blood pressure, loss of consciousness, [[cardiac arrest]]&lt;ref name=EU2013/&gt;
|onset            =Few minutes&lt;ref name=EU2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ham2011/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Cyanide]] compounds&lt;ref name=Dor2011&gt;{{cite book|title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455709854|page=1481|edition=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&amp;pg=PA1481|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908222016/https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&amp;pg=PA1481|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|risks            =[[House fire]], [[metal polishing]], certain [[insecticides]], eating seeds such as from apples&lt;ref name=EU2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ham2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ball2011&gt;{{cite book | last=Ballhorn | first=Daniel J. | title=Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention | chapter=Cyanogenic Glycosides in Nuts and Seeds | publisher=Elsevier | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-12-375688-6 | doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-375688-6.10014-3 | pages=129–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, high [[blood lactate]]&lt;ref name=EU2013/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[decontamination|Decontamination]], [[supportive care]] (100% oxygen), [[hydroxocobalamin]]&lt;ref name=EU2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ham2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=Thom2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =
|deaths           =
}}Ny fanapoizinana amin’ny sianida dia karazana fanapoizinana ateraky ny fidiran’ny akora sianida ao amin’ny vatana, izay mety ho amin’ny alàlan’ny fifohana, fitelina, na fidirana amin’ny hoditra. [1] Ity akora ity dia manelingelina mafy ny fiasan’ny sela amin’ny fampiasana oksizena, ka mety hiteraka fahasimban’ny taova haingana.

Ny soritr’aretina voalohany dia matetika ahitana aretin’andoha, fanina, fitempon’ny fo haingana (tachycardia), sempotra, ary fandoavana. [2] Rehefa mivoatra ny fanapoizinana dia mety hiseho ny fikorontanan-tsaina (seizures), fitempon’ny fo miadana (bradycardia), tosidra ambany (hypotension), fahaverezan’ny fahatsiarovan-tena, ary mety hiafara amin’ny fijanonan’ny fo. [2]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, dia miseho haingana be ireo soritr’aretina ireo, matetika ao anatin’ny minitra vitsy monja aorian’ny fiparitahan’ny poizina. [2][3] Ho an’ireo izay velona, dia mety hisy fahasimbana maharitra amin’ny rafi-pitatitra (système nerveux), miankina amin’ny hamafin’ny fanapoizinana sy ny faharetan’ny tsy fahampian’ny oksizena tao amin’ny sela. [2]

Ny akora misy poizina ahitana sianida dia misy ny entona sianida hidrôzenina (hydrogen cyanide) sy ireo sira sianida isan-karazany. [1] Matetika, ny fanapoizinana dia mitranga rehefa mifoka setroka avy amin’ny trano may, izay mety hamoaka sianida mandritra ny fandoroana akora sasany. [1]

Misy ihany koa fomba hafa mety hahazoana sianida, toy ny fiparitahana amin’ny toeram-piasana mampiasa fandokoana na fanadiovana metaly, amin’ny fanafody famonoana bibikely sasany, na amin’ny fanafody ara-pitsaboana toy ny nitroprusside. [2][3][4] Ankoatra izany, ny voa avy amin’ny voankazo sasany, toy ny paoma sy abriko, dia mety misy akora afaka mamoaka sianida rehefa levonina. [2][3][4] Ny endrika sianida sasany, indrindra ireo amin’ny toetry ny ranoka, dia afaka miditra ao amin’ny vatana amin’ny alàlan’ny hoditra. [5]

Amin’ny lafiny mekanisma, ny iôna sianida dia manakana ny fizotry ny fifohana rivotra ao amin’ny sela (respiration cellulaire), ka tsy afaka mampiasa oksizenina ny sela ao amin’ny vatana. [1] Izany no mahatonga fahasimban’ny taova haingana, indrindra ireo mila oksizenina betsaka toy ny atidoha sy ny fo.

Matetika dia sarotra ny mamantatra ny fanapoizinana amin’ny sianida, noho ny fitovian’ny soritr’aretina amin’ny aretina hafa sy ny fivoarany haingana. [1] Tokony hoheverina ho mety misy fanapoizinana amin’ny sianida izany raha misy olona avy amin’ny toe-javatra toy ny firehetan-trano ka mampiseho fahaverezan’ny fahatsiarovan-tena, tosidra ambany, na fitomboan’ny haavon’ny lactate ao amin’ny ra. [1]

Azo refesina amin’ny alàlan’ny fitiliana ny haavon’ny sianida ao amin’ny ra, saingy matetika mila fotoana izany ka tsy dia ampiasaina amin’ny famaritana vonjy taitra. [1] Amin’ny ankapobeny, ny fatran’ny sianida ao amin’ny ra dia azo sokajiana toy izao: 0,5–1 mg/L dia heverina ho malemy, 1–2 mg/L ho antonony, 2–3 mg/L ho mahery vaika, ary mihoatra ny 3 mg/L dia matetika miteraka fahafatesana. [1]

Raha misy ahiahy fa niharan'ny aretina ilay olona dia tokony hesorina amin'ny toerana niavian'ny aretina ary diovina amin'ny loto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ham2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hamel|first=J|title=A review of acute cyanide poisoning with a treatment update.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-nurse_2011-02_31_1/page/72|journal=Critical Care Nurse|date=February 2011|volume=31|issue=1|pages=72–81; quiz 82|pmid=21285466|doi=10.4037/ccn2011799}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana dia ahitana fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana sy fanomezana oksizenina 100% ho an'ilay olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Anseeuw|first=K|last2=Delvau|first2=N|last3=Burillo-Putze|first3=G|last4=De Iaco|first4=F|last5=Geldner|first5=G|last6=Holmström|first6=P|last7=Lambert|first7=Y|last8=Sabbe|first8=M|s2cid=29844296|title=Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation: a European expert consensus.|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|date=February 2013|volume=20|issue=1|pages=2–9|pmid=22828651|doi=10.1097/mej.0b013e328357170b}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ham2011&quot; /&gt; Toa mahasoa ho toy ny fanafody fanalana aretina ny hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12 &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; ) ary matetika izy no fanafody voalohany ampiasaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thom2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=JP|last2=Marrs|first2=TC|title=Hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning.|journal=Clinical Toxicology|date=December 2012|volume=50|issue=10|pages=875–85|pmid=23163594|doi=10.3109/15563650.2012.742197}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo omena koa ny sodium thiosulphate.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2013&quot; /&gt; Ara-tantara, ny sianida dia nampiasaina tamin'ny [[mpikambana:Bluerose25/Mamono Tena|famonoan-tena]] faobe ary ny Alemaina Nazia kosa dia nampiasaina tamin'ny fandripahana foko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ham2011&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
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[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Syndrome Marfan</title>
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      <text bytes="7260" sha1="8x7vi0uts734nf0s0pwbzkjzqj43dmb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Marfan syndrome
|synonym          =Marfan's syndrome
|image            =Marfan wrist.tiff
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =A positive wrist sign in a person with Marfan syndrome (the thumb and little finger overlap when grasping the wrist of the opposite hand)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Periodontal conditions in patients with Marfan syndrome - a multicenter case control study|journal = BMC Oral Health|date = 2013-01-01|issn = 1472-6831|pmc = 3816571|pmid = 24165013|pages = 59|volume = 13|doi = 10.1186/1472-6831-13-59|first = Ingmar|last = Staufenbiel|first2 = Christian|last2 = Hauschild|first3 = Bärbel|last3 = Kahl-Nieke|first4 = Eva|last4 = Vahle-Hinz|first5 = Yskert|last5 = von Kodolitsch|first6 = Maike|last6 = Berner|first7 = Oskar|last7 = Bauss|first8 = Werner|last8 = Geurtsen|first9 = Alexander|last9 = Rahman}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Medical genetics]]
|symptoms         =Tall, thin build; long arms, legs and fingers; flexible fingers and toes&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;
|causes           =Genetic ([[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal dominant]])&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[Molecular pathology|Molecular testing]], Ghent criteria&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;
|differential     =[[Loeys–Dietz syndrome]], [[Arachnodactyly|Congenital contractural arachnodactyly]],  [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]], [[Homocystinuria]], [[MASS phenotype]], [[Stickler syndrome]]&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Beta blockers|Beta blocker]]s, [[calcium channel blocker]]s, [[ACE inhibitor]]s&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2010Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =Often normal life expectancy&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;
|frequency        =1 in 5,000–10,000&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny Marfan syndrome (MFS) dia aretina ara-pandovan-toetra mahakasika ny sela mpampitohy (tissu conjonctif), izay manome firafitra sy fanohanana ny taova maro ao amin’ny vatana. [1]

Ny olona voan’ity aretina ity dia matetika lava sy mahia, ary manana sandry, tongotra, rantsantanana ary rantsan-tongotra lava (arachnodactylie). [1] Matetika koa izy ireo no manana tonon-taolana malefaka loatra (hypermobilité articulaire) sy fiolahana tsy ara-dalàna amin’ny hazondamosina (scoliose). [1]

Ny fahasarotana lehibe indrindra dia mahakasika ny rafi-pitatitra amin’ny fo sy ny lalan-drà lehibe, indrindra ny aorta. Mety hitombo ny mety hisian’ny mitral valve prolapse sy ny aneurysma aorta, izay mety hiteraka fahatapahan’ny lalan-drà raha tsy voatsabo. [1][2]

Ankoatra izany, mety hisy fiantraikany amin’ny taova hafa ihany koa ny aretina, toy ny havokavoka, ny maso, ny taolana, ary ny fonon’ny hazondamosina (dura mater). [1] Miovaova be arakaraka ny olona ny hamafin’ny soritr’aretina sy ny fivoaran’ny aretina.

Ny Marfan syndrome (MFS) dia vokatry ny fiovan’ny fototarazo ao amin’ny FBN1, izay fototarazo tompon’andraikitra amin’ny famokarana fibrilline, singa iray manan-danja amin’ny firafitry ny sela mpampitohy. [1] Io fiovana ara-génetika io no mahatonga ny sela mpampitohy ho tsy ara-dalàna sy malemy kokoa.

Aretina autosomal dominant ny Marfan syndrome, midika fa ampy ny kopia iray amin’ny fototarazo voaova mba hisehoan’ny aretina. [1] Amin’ny ankapobeny, manodidina ny 75 % amin’ny tranga dia avy amin’ny lova avy amin’ny ray na reny efa voan’ny aretina, raha 25 % kosa dia vokatry ny fiovan’ny fototarazo vaovao (mutation de novo). [1]

Ny fitiliana dia azo atao amin’ny alalan’ny fitiliana molekiola (molecular testing) na amin’ny fampiharana ny fepetra Ghent, izay rafitra klinika ampiasaina hanamarinana ny diagnosy. [2][3]

Tsy misy fanafody fantatra ho an'ny MFS.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Is Marfan Syndrome?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar#|website=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=16 May 2016|date=October 1, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150850/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar|archive-date=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maro amin'ireo voan'io aretina io no manana androm-piainana ara-dalàna raha toa ka tsaboina tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fitsaboana dia ahitana ny fampiasana beta blockers toy ny propranolol na atenolol na, raha tsy leferina dia calcium channel blockers na ACE inhibitors.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017|title=Marfan Syndrome|url=http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/|access-date=5 November 2016|website=National Organization for Rare Disorders|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112111640/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010Tx&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fandidiana mba hanamboarana ny aorta na hanoloana ny valva fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is Marfan Syndrome Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/treatment|website=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=16 May 2016|date=October 1, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003149/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/treatment|archive-date=11 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amporisihina ny tsy hanao fanatanjahan-tena mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2017&quot; /&gt;

Eo amin'ny 1 amin'ny 5.000 ka hatramin'ny 1 amin'ny 10.000 eo ho eo ny olona voan'ny MFS.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID18506019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Keane MG, Pyeritz RE|title=Medical management of Marfan syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2008-05-27_117_21/page/2802|journal=Circulation|volume=117|issue=21|pages=2802–13|year=2008|pmid=18506019|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693523|quote=estimated prevalence of 1 case per 3000 to 5000 individuals|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy ny fitrangan'izany amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2017&quot; /&gt; Mitovy ny tahan'ny tranga eo amin'ny foko samihafa sy any amin'ny faritra samihafa eto amin'izao tontolo izao.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID18506019&quot; /&gt; Nomena anarana avy amin'ny dokoteran-jaza frantsay Antoine Marfan izy io, izay nilazalaza azy voalohany tamin'ny 1896.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marfan1896&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marfan, Antoine|year=1896|title=Un cas de déformation congénitale des quartre membres, plus prononcée aux extrémitiés, caractérisée par l'allongement des os avec un certain degré d'amincissement [A case of congenital deformation of the four limbs, more pronounced at the extremities, characterized by elongation of the bones with some degree of thinning]|journal=Bulletins et Memoires de la Société Medicale des Hôspitaux de Paris|issue=3rd series|volume=13|pages=220–226|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AntoineBernardJean&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan|url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/972.html|website=Whonamedit?|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308084456/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/972.html|archive-date=8 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Aretin'ny maha-izy azy misaraka</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11008" sha1="h8dtk0yn1ux5k2lxkayo6qu9zpeozm6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Dissociative identity disorder
|synonym          =Multiple personality disorder, split personality&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nevid |first1=Jeffrey S. |title=Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications |date=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=9781111301217 |page=432 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnF9JhxbMVoC&amp;pg=PA432 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-06 |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020259/https://books.google.com/books?id=UnF9JhxbMVoC&amp;pg=PA432 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kellerman |first1=Henry |title=Dictionary of Psychopathology |date=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231146500 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-mdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA57 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-06 |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801021043/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-mdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image            =Dissociative identity disorder art.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =An [[artist's interpretation]] of multiple &quot;dissociated personality states&quot;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]], [[clinical psychology]]
|symptoms         =At least two distinct and relatively enduring [[personality|personality states]], trouble remembering certain events&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Long-term&lt;ref name=Mer2019Pro/&gt;
|causes           =[[Childhood trauma]], therapy induced&lt;ref name=Mer2017Pro/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hersen2014/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on clinical criteria&lt;ref name=Mer2017Pro/&gt;
|differential     =[[Major depressive disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|PTSD]], [[psychotic disorder]], [[personality disorder]], [[conversion disorder]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]], [[psychotherapy]]&lt;ref name=Mer2019Pro/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =~1.5–2% of people&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;&lt;ref name=Guidelines2011/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny fikorontanan’ny maha-izy azy misaraka (DID), fantatra taloha amin’ny hoe fikorontanan’ny toetra maro (MPD), dia aretina ara-tsaina miavaka amin’ny fisian’ny toetra roa na mihoatra izay samy miavaka sy maharitra ao amin’ny olona iray. [1] [2]

Ity aretina ity dia miaraka amin’ny banga amin’ny fitadidiana izay mihoatra noho ny fanadinoana mahazatra. [2] [3] Ireo toetra samihafa ireo dia mety hifandimby hiseho amin’ny fitondran-tenan’ilay olona, na dia mety hiovaova aza ny fomba isehoan’izany. [2] [3]

Matetika, ny olona voan’ny DID dia mety hanana aretina hafa miaraka aminy, toy ny fikorontanan’ny adin-tsaina aorian’ny trauma, ny fikorontanan’ny toetra (indrindra ny borderline sy ny avoidant), ny fahaketrahana, ny fikorontanan’ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina, ny fikorontanan’ny fiovam-po, ny fikorontanan’ny soritr’aretina somatika, ny fikorontanan’ny fihinanana, ny fikorontanan’ny obsessive-compulsive, ary ny fikorontanan’ny torimaso. [2]

Fahita ihany koa ny fandratrana tena, ny fisehoan’ny fikorontanan’ny hozatra tsy vokatry ny androbe, ny fahatsiarovana tampoka ny zava-nitranga taloha (flashbacks), ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ary ny eritreritra na faniriana hamono tena. [4]

Misy matihanina mino fa ny ratram-po tamin'ny fahazazana no antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2017Pro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dissociative Identity Disorder|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=5 January 2018|date=July 2017|archive-date=6 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206212651/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec15/ch197/ch197e.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny 90%-n'ny tranga eo ho eo, dia misy tantaran'ny [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|fanararaotana nandritra ny fahazazana]], raha toa kosa ny tranga hafa dia mifandray amin'ny traikefa tamin'ny ady na olana ara-pahasalamana nandritra ny fahazazana.  Inoana fa misy anjara toerana ihany koa ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Beidel|first=Deborah C.|author-link=Deborah Beidel|last2=Frueh|first2=B. Christopher|last3=Hersen|first3=Michel|title=Adult psychopathology and diagnosis|date=2014|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=9781118657089|pages=414–422|edition=Seventh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0nCgAAQBAJ|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2021-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516154613/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0nCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny petra-kevitra hafa dia ny hoe vokatra azo avy amin'ny teknika ampiasain'ny mpitsabo sasany izany, indrindra fa ireo mampiasa hipnôzy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rein2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reinders AA|title=Cross-examining dissociative identity disorder: Neuroimaging and etiology on trial|journal=Neurocase|volume=14|issue=1|pages=44–53|year=2008|pmid=18569730|doi=10.1080/13554790801992768}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy tokony hatao ny fitiliana raha toa ka voaporofo tsara kokoa ny toe-pahasalaman'ilay olona noho ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, ny androbe, ny olana ara-pahasalamana ara-tsaina hafa, ny filalaovana sary an-tsaina amin'ny ankizy, na [[Fivavahana|ny fanao ara-pivavahana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation cs2&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2013&quot;&gt;American Psychiatric Association (2013), [https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/291 ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders''] (5th&amp;nbsp;ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp.&amp;nbsp;[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/291 291–298], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0890425558|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0890425558&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny fitsaboana dia ahitana fikarakarana sy torohevitra manohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2019Pro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 2019|title=Dissociative Identity Disorder|url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528111029/https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder|archive-date=28 May 2020|access-date=8 June 2020|publisher=MSD Manuals Professional Edition}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika mitohy tsy misy fitsaboana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2019Pro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brand2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brand|first=BL|last2=Loewenstein|first2=RJ|last3=Spiegel|first3=D|title=Dispelling myths about dissociative identity disorder treatment: an empirically based approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatry_summer-2014_77_2/page/169|journal=Psychiatry|date=2014|volume=77|issue=2|pages=169–89|doi=10.1521/psyc.2014.77.2.169|pmid=24865199}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 1.5% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny izany (mifototra amin'ny santionany kely avy amin'ny vondrom-piarahamonina amerikana) ary 3% amin'ireo miditra hopitaly noho ny olana ara-pahasalamana ara-tsaina any Eoropa sy Amerika Avaratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guidelines2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder in Adults, Third Revision|journal=Journal of Trauma &amp; Dissociation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=188–212|year=2011|pmid=21391104|doi=10.1080/15299732.2011.537248|url=http://www.isst-d.org/downloads/GUIDELINES_REVISED2011.pdf|last=International Society for the Study of Trauma Dissociation.|access-date=2014-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712183722/http://www.isst-d.org/downloads/GUIDELINES_REVISED2011.pdf|archive-date=2018-07-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika kokoa ny vehivavy no voan'ny DID raha oharina amin'ny lehilahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen2014&quot; /&gt; Nitombo be ny isan'ny tranga voarakitra an-tsoratra tamin'ny tapany faharoa tamin'ny taonjato faha-20, niaraka tamin'ny isan'ny maha-izy azy izay nolazain'ireo voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen2014&quot; /&gt;

Mampiady hevitra ny DID na eo amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana aretin-tsaina na eo amin'ny rafi-pitsarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stern&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Stern TA, Fava M, MD, Wilens TE, MD, Rosenbaum JF|title=Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=032329507X|pages=395–397|date=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deR1BwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA395|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801030252/https://books.google.com/books?id=deR1BwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA395|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rein2008&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny raharaham-pitsarana, dia nampiasaina ho toy ny endrika fiarovana amin'ny fahaverezan-tsaina tsy dia mahomby loatra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farrell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Farrell HM|title=Dissociative identity disorder: Medicolegal challenges|journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law|volume=39|issue=3|pages=402–406|year=2011|pmid=21908758|url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/39/3/402.full.pdf+html|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2016-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111141455/http://jaapl.org/content/39/3/402.full.pdf+html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Farrell2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Farrell|first=HM|title=Dissociative identity disorder: No excuse for criminal activity|journal=Current Psychiatry|volume=10|issue=6|pages=33–40|url=http://www.currentpsychiatry.org/pdf/1006/1006CP_Article3.pdf|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69gTpoEKq?url=http://www.currentpsychiatry.org/pdf/1006/1006CP_Article3.pdf|archive-date=2012-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy mazava raha ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny aretina dia vokatry ny fahafantarana tsara kokoa na ny anton-javatra ara-tsosialy sy ara-kolontsaina toy ny fanehoana an-tsary amin'ny media.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen2014&quot; /&gt; Ny ampahany betsaka amin'ny aretina dia mifandray amin'ny mpitsabo vitsivitsy, izay mifanaraka amin'ny petra-kevitra fa ny DID dia mety ho vokatry ny mpitsabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen2014&quot; /&gt; Mety miovaova arakaraka ny kolontsaina ihany koa ireo soritr'aretina mahazatra miseho any amin'ny faritra samihafa eto amin'izao tontolo izao, ohatra ny fiovan'ny maha-izy azy izay maka endrika fanahy, [[Andriamanitra (ankapobeny)|andriamanitra]], matoatoa, na olona angano ao amin'ny kolontsaina izay mahazatra ny fisian'ny fanahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|295,801}}Ny endrika fibodoana ny fikorontanan'ny maha-izy azy tsy ara-dalàna dia tsy nahy, mampijaly ary mitranga amin'ny fomba mandika ny fenitra ara-kolontsaina na ara-pivavahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|295}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Fikorontanana mitebiteby sy tsy voafehy</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7227" sha1="b7vd52i8y0ar5n40jhexbfkw5kbsvj7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Obsessive–compulsive disorder
|synonym          =
|image            =OCD handwash.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Frequent, excessive hand washing occurs in some people with OCD
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Feel the need to check things repeatedly, perform [[compulsive behavior|certain routines repeatedly]], have [[intrusive thought|certain thoughts repeatedly]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015 /&gt;
|onset            =Before 35 years&lt;ref name=NIH2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Unknown&lt;ref name=NIH2015 /&gt;
|risks            =[[Child abuse]], [[stress (psychological)|stress]]&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on the symptoms&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;
|differential     =Anxiety disorder, [[major depressive disorder]], [[eating disorders]], [[obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]]&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[psychotherapy|Counseling]], [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]], [[clomipramine]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Ve2014 /&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =2.3%&lt;ref name=Good2014 /&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny fikorontanan-tsaina obsessive-compulsive (OCD) dia aretina ara-tsaina miavaka amin’ny fisian’ny eritreritra miverimberina sy manelingelina (obsessions) sy/na fitondran-tena miverimberina (compulsions). [1]

Matetika, ny olona voan’ity aretina ity dia mahatsapa fa voatery manao asa sasany na mieritreritra zavatra miverimberina, nefa sarotra fehezina izany na dia fantany aza fa tsy mitombina. [1]

Anisan’ny ohatra mahazatra ny fanasana tanana, fanisana zavatra, ary fanamarinana miverimberina (ohatra, varavarana na hidy). [1] Mety ho sarotra amin’ny sasany ihany koa ny manary zavatra. [1]

Ireo soritr’aretina ireo dia miseho amin’ny ambaratonga izay manelingelina ny fiainana andavanandro, ary matetika maharitra mihoatra ny adiny iray isan’andro. [1] [2] Na dia mahafantatra aza ny ankamaroan’ny olon-dehibe fa tsy misy dikany ireo eritreritra na fitondran-tena ireo, dia mbola sarotra ny mifehy azy. [1]

Matetika ny OCD dia mifandray amin’ny tics, ny fikorontanan’ny tebiteby, ary fitomboan’ny mety hisian’ny eritreritra hamono tena. [2] [3]

Tsy fantatra ny antony.  Toa misy singa fototarazo sasany, ka matetika kokoa no voakasika [[Kambana|ireo kambana mitovy]] noho ireo kambana tsy mitovy.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Washington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/237 237–242]|edition=5|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/237}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny tantaran'ny [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|fanararaotana zaza]] na tranga hafa miteraka adin-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Voarakitra an-tsoratra fa mitranga aorian'ny aretina ny tranga sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ary mitaky ny fanafoanana ny antony hafa mifandraika amin'ny fanafody na ara-pahasalamana.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina hanombanana ny hamafin'ny aretina ny mizana fanombanana toy ny Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).  Anisan'ny aretina hafa mitovy soritr'aretina amin'izany ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fikorontanan'ny fahaketrahana lehibe]], ny fikorontanan'ny fihinanana, ny fikorontanan'ny tic, ary ny fikorontanan'ny toetra obsessive-compulsive.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia ahitana torohevitra, toy ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina momba ny fitondran-tena (CBT), ary indraindray fanafody mampitony fanaintainana, toy ny [[Mpanakantsakana ny fiverimberenan'ny serotoninina voafantina|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs) na clomipramine.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ve2014&quot; /&gt; Ny CBT ho an'ny OCD dia mitaky ny fampitomboana ny fijerena izay mahatonga ny olana sady tsy mamela ny fihetsika miverimberina hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Grant JE|title=Clinical practice: Obsessive-compulsive disorder.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-08-14_371_7/page/646|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=371|issue=7|pages=646–53|date=14 August 2014|pmid=25119610|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1402176}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia toa miasa tsara toy ny SSRI aza ny clomipramine, dia misy voka-dratsiny lehibe kokoa izy io ka matetika ampiasaina ho fitsaboana faharoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Mety hahasoa ny fanafody antipsychotic atypical rehefa ampiasaina miaraka amin'ny SSRI amin'ny tranga tsy mahazaka fitsaboana, saingy mifandray amin'ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny voka-dratsy ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ve2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Veale|first=D|last2=Miles|first2=S|last3=Smallcombe|first3=N|last4=Ghezai|first4=H|last5=Goldacre|first5=B|last6=Hodsoll|first6=J|date=29 November 2014|title=Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=14|issue=|pages=317|doi=10.1186/s12888-014-0317-5|pmid=25432131|pmc=4262998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dec2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Decloedt EH, Stein DJ|title=Current trends in drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder|journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat|volume=6|issue=|pages=233–42|year=2010|pmid=20520787|pmc=2877605|doi=10.2147/NDT.S3149}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy misy fitsaboana dia matetika maharitra am-polony taona maro ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Ny fikorontanan'ny fisainana mihoa-pampana dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 2.3% eo ho eo amin'ny olona amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Good2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=WK|last2=Grice|first2=DE|last3=Lapidus|first3=KA|last4=Coffey|first4=BJ|title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-clinics-of-north-america_2014-09_37_3/page/n14|journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America|date=September 2014|volume=37|issue=3|pages=257–67|pmid=25150561|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 1.2% eo ho eo ny tahan'ny zanabola mandritra ny taona iray, ary mitranga maneran-tany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Tsy mahazatra ny manomboka soritr'aretina aorian'ny faha-35 taona, ary ny antsasaky ny olona dia manana olana alohan'ny faha-20 taonany.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Mitovy ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ny andian-teny hoe ''obsessive-compulsive'' dia indraindray ampiasaina amin'ny fomba tsy ara-potoana tsy mifandray amin'ny OCD mba hilazana olona iray ho mitandrina loatra, tia ny lavorary, variana loatra, na mifantoka amin'ny zavatra hafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bynum|first=W.F.|last2=Porter|first2=Roy|last3=Shepherd|first3=Michael|title=The anatomy of madness: essays in the history of psychiatry|date=1985|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-32382-6|pages=166–187|chapter=Obsessional Disorders: A Conceptual History. Terminological and Classificatory Issues.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>b7vd52i8y0ar5n40jhexbfkw5kbsvj7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sertraline</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10997" sha1="iu9lx6z5tuftcravnvrngjbk30xw9zr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =464389436
|image            =Sertraline.svg
|image2           =Sertraline-A-3D-balls.png

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ||s|ə|r|t|r|ə|ˌ|l|iː|n}}
|tradename        =Zoloft and others&lt;ref name=Brand2015&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/sertraline.html |website=Drugs.com |title=Sertraline |access-date=11 May 2015 |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509064758/http://www.drugs.com/international/sertraline.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =(1''S'',4''S'')-4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-''N''-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]
|uses             =Major depression, PTSD&lt;ref name=MSF2020&gt;{{cite web |title=SERTRALINE oral - Essential drugs |url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/sertraline-oral-23448227.html |website=medicalguidelines.msf.org |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829054526/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/sertraline-oral-23448227.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|side_effects     =&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =C
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Sertraline (Zoloft) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=4 May 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/sertraline.html | access-date=17 May 2020 | archive-date=20 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620105207/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/sertraline.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =N
|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]] ([[tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]] and [[solution]])
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=50 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06AB06 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920052856/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06AB06 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|addiction_liability=None&lt;ref name=Hub2001&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hubbard |first1=John R. |last2=Martin |first2=Peter R. |title=Substance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled |date=2001 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780824744977 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MY1kFYk98mQC&amp;pg=PA26 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020251/https://books.google.com/books?id=MY1kFYk98mQC&amp;pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|sertraline-hydrochloride}}
|MedlinePlus      =a697048

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Sertraline

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =44%
|protein_bound    =98.5%
|metabolism       =[[Liver]] (''N''-[[demethylation]] mainly by [[CYP2B6]])&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15547048&quot; &gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Obach RS, Cox LM, Tremaine LM | s2cid = 7254643 | title = Sertraline is metabolized by multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes, monoamine oxidases, and glucuronyl transferases in human: an in vitro study | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 262–70 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15547048 | doi = 10.1124/dmd.104.002428 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|metabolites      =Norsertraline
|elimination_half-life=~23–26 h (66 h [less-active&lt;ref name=FDALabel&gt;[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019839s084,020990s043lbl.pdf Sertraline FDA Label] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030062001/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019839s084,020990s043lbl.pdf |date=30 October 2020|title=Wayback Machine}} Last updated May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; metabolite, norsertraline])&lt;ref name=&quot;GG&quot;&gt;Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B. (2010) ''Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics'', Twelfth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. {{ISBN|9780071769396}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16192315&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Obach RS, Walsky RL, Venkatakrishnan K, Gaman EA, Houston JB, Tremaine LM | s2cid = 12975686 | title = The utility of in vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition data in the prediction of drug-drug interactions | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_2006-01_316_1/page/336 | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 316 | issue = 1 | pages = 336–48 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16192315 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.105.093229 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12452737&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = DeVane CL, Liston HL, Markowitz JS | s2cid = 28720641 | title = Clinical pharmacokinetics of sertraline | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 41 | issue = 15 | pages = 1247–66 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12452737 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-200241150-00002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14709940&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = DeVane CL, Donovan JL, Liston HL, Markowitz JS, Cheng KT, Risch SC, Willard L | s2cid = 25826168 | title = Comparative CYP3A4 inhibitory effects of venlafaxine, fluoxetine, sertraline, and nefazodone in healthy volunteers | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–10 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14709940 | doi = 10.1097/01.jcp.0000104908.75206.26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|excretion        =Kidney

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =17
|Cl               =2
|H                =17
|N                =1
|SMILES           =ClC1=CC=C([C@H]2C3=C([C@H](CC2)NC)C=CC=C3)C=C1Cl
|StdInChI         =1S/C17H17Cl2N/c1-20-17-9-7-12(13-4-2-3-5-14(13)17)11-6-8-15(18)16(19)10-11/h2-6,8,10,12,17,20H,7,9H2,1H3/t12-,17-/m0/s1
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =VGKDLMBJGBXTGI-SJCJKPOMSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|drug_name        =Sertraline
}}Sertraline, amidy amin’ny anarana marika Zoloft ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody manohitra ny fahaketrahana ao amin’ny kilasy selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). [1]

Ampiasaina izy io amin’ny fitsaboana ny fahaketrahana lalina, ny fikorontanan-tsaina obsessive-compulsive, ny fikorontanan’ny tahotra, ny fikorontanan’ny adin-tsaina aorian’ny trauma, ny fikorontanan’ny dysphoria mialoha ny fadimbolana, ary ny fikorontanan’ny tebiteby ara-tsosialy. [1]

Atelina amin’ny vava ny sertraline. [1]

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny aretim-pivalanana, ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny firaisana ara-nofo, ary [[Mahita tory|ny olana amin'ny torimaso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sertraline Hydrochloride|website=Drugs.com|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/sertraline-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318013128/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/sertraline-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny lehibe ny fitomboan'ny mety ho famonoan-tena amin'ireo latsaky ny 25 taona sy ny serotonin syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava raha azo antoka ny fampiasana azy mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] na ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sertraline (Zoloft) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/sertraline.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620105207/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/sertraline.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy tokony hampiasaina miaraka amin'ny fanafody manakana ny MAO izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny fiantraikan'ny serotoninina ao amin'ny atidoha ny Sertraline.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt;

Nekena ho ampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tany Etazonia ny Sertraline tamin'ny 1991 ary namidin'ny Pfizer voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny Lisitry ny Fanafody Tena Ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izy io ho solon'ny fluoxetine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2018&quot; /&gt; Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny dia eo amin'ny 1.50 dolara amerikana isam-bolana amin'ny taona 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-01-03|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-01-03/v54n-gpyk|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624045037/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-01-03/v54n-gpyk|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2016, io no fanafody ara-tsaina be mpampiasa indrindra tany Etazonia,&lt;ref name=&quot;PsychCentral2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://psychcentral.com/blog/top-25-psychiatric-medications-for-2016/|title=Top 25 Psychiatric Medications for 2016|last=Grohol, John M.|website=Psych Central|date=12 October 2017|access-date=October 22, 2018|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920034004/https://psychcentral.com/blog/top-25-psychiatric-medications-for-2016/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 37 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sertraline Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-14 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 38 tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sertraline Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sertraline Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/SertralineHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411214351/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/SertralineHydrochloride|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>iu9lx6z5tuftcravnvrngjbk30xw9zr</sha1>
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    <title>Homamiadan'ny sarakaty</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9238" sha1="gj08xjdw9rhsj72ic5e1q80oqq5ksp0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Pancreatic cancer
|synonym          =
|image            =Diagram showing the position of the pancreas CRUK 356.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Diagram showing the position of the pancreas, behind the stomach (which is transparent in this schematic).
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Oncology]]
|symptoms         =[[jaundice|Yellow skin]], [[abdominal pain|abdominal]] or [[back pain]], [[cachexia|unexplained weight loss]], light-colored [[feces|stools]], dark urine, [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]]&lt;ref name=cancer2020/&gt;
|onset            =90% after age 50 years&lt;ref name=Søreide2021.1/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], certain rare [[genetics|genetic]] conditions&lt;ref name=Søreide2021.1/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Medical imaging]], blood tests, [[tissue biopsy]]&lt;ref name=Wolfgang2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M | title = Pancreatic cancer | journal = Lancet | volume = 378 | issue = 9791 | pages = 607–620 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21620466 | pmc = 3062508 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0 | url = http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20111127193405_869876397245.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112190623/http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20111127193405_869876397245.pdf | archive-date = 12 January 2015 | df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112190623/http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20111127193405_869876397245.pdf |date=12 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =Not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, low [[red meat]] diet&lt;ref name=Can2014Meat/&gt;
|treatment        =Surgery, [[radiation therapy|radiotherapy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[palliative care]]&lt;ref name=cancer2020/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =[[Five year survival rate]] 2% to 9%&lt;ref name=Hu2021/&gt;
|frequency        =459,000 (2018)&lt;ref name=Søreide2021.2/&gt;
|deaths           =432,000 (2018)&lt;ref name=Søreide2021.2/&gt;
}}Mipoitra '''ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty''' rehefa manomboka mihamaro tsy voafehy [[Sela|ny sela]] ao amin'ny sarakaty, taova fihary ao ambadiky ny [[vavony]], ka mamorona vongana .  Ireo sela homamiadana ireo dia afaka miditra amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana.&lt;ref name=&quot;cancer2020&quot; /&gt; Misy karazana homamiadan'ny sarakaty maromaro.  Ny '''adenokarsinoma sarakaty''' mahazatra indrindra, izay miteraka 90% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga, ary ny teny hoe &quot;homamiadan'ny sarakaty&quot; dia matetika ampiasaina hilazana io karazana io ihany.  Ireo adenocarcinoma ireo dia manomboka ao amin'ny ampahan'ny sarakaty izay mamokatra anzima fandevonan-kanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|at=Chapter 5.7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hipoitra avy amin'ireo sela ireo ihany koa ny karazana hafa maromaro, izay maneho ny ankamaroan'ny tsy adenocarcinomas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Ny iray ka hatramin'ny roa isan-jaton'ny tranganà homamiadan'ny sarakaty dia fivontosana neuroendocrine, izay mipoitra avy amin'ny sela mpamokatra hormonina ao amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy dia mahery vaika loatra ireo raha oharina amin'ny adenocarcinoma sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;

Ny soritr'aretin'ny endrika mahazatra indrindra dia mety ahitana hoditra mavomavo, fanaintainan'ny kibo na lamosina tsy hay hazavaina, fihenan-danja tsy hay hazavaina, [[Tay|fivalanana]] miloko mazava, fivalanana maizina, ary tsy fahazotoan-komana .  Matetika tsy misy soritr'aretina amin'ny dingana voalohany, ary ireo soritr'aretina izay voafaritra tsara ka manondro fa homamiadan'ny sarakaty dia mazàna tsy mipoitra raha tsy efa tonga amin'ny dingana mandroso ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;PDQ2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ryan|first=David P.|last2=Hong|first2=Theodore S.|last3=Bardeesy|first3=Nabeel|title=Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-09-11_371_11/page/1039|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=11 September 2014|volume=371|issue=11|pages=1039–1049|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1404198|pmid=25207767}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny fotoana ahafantarana ny aretina dia efa miparitaka any amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bond-Smith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bond-Smith|first=G.|last2=Banga|first2=N.|last3=Hammond|first3=T. M.|last4=Imber|first4=C. J.|title=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma|journal=BMJ|date=16 May 2012|volume=344|issue=may16 1|pages=e2476|doi=10.1136/bmj.e2476|pmid=22592847}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny mety ho voan'ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty ny fifohana sigara, ny hatavezana, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ary ny aretina fototarazo tsy fahita firy sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Søreide2021.1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Franklin|first=Oskea|last2=Sund|first2=Marlin|editor-last=Søreide|editor-first=Kjetil|editor2-last=Stättner|editor2-first=Stefan|title=Textbook of Pancreatic Cancer: Principles and Practice of Surgical Oncology|date=2021|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-53785-2|language=en|chapter=1. Risk factors pancreatic cancer|pages=3-16|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426110326/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPYZEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 25% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga no mifandray amin'ny fifohana sigara,&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfgang2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH|title=Recent progress in pancreatic cancer|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=63|issue=5|pages=318–348|date=September 2013|pmid=23856911|pmc=3769458|doi=10.3322/caac.21190}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary 5–10% no mifandray amin'ny fototarazo nolovaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM14&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty dia voamarina amin'ny alalan'ny fitambaran'ny teknika fitiliana ara-pitsaboana toy ny ultrasound na computed tomography, fitiliana ra, ary fandinihana ny santionan'ny sela ( biopsy ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfgang2013&quot; /&gt;  Mizara ho dingana maromaro ny aretina, manomboka amin'ny voalohany (dingana&amp;nbsp;I) hatramin'ny tara (dingana)&amp;nbsp;IV).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bond-Smith&quot; /&gt; Tsy hita fa mahomby ny fitiliana ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny. 

Ambany kokoa ny mety ho voan'ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty amin'ireo tsy mpifoka sigara, ary ireo olona mitazona lanja ara-pahasalamana ary mametra ny fihinanana hena mena na voahodina .  Mihena ny fahafahan'ny mpifoka sigara hahazo io aretina io raha toa ka mijanona tsy mifoka sigara izy ary saika miverina amin'ny an'ny mponina sisa rehefa afaka 20 taona.&amp;nbsp;taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ho fandidiana, radiotherapy, chimiothérapie, fikarakarana palliative, na fitambaran'ireo fitsaboana ireo no fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;PDQ2014&quot; /&gt; Miankina amin'ny dingana misy ny homamiadana ny safidy sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;PDQ2014&quot; /&gt; Ny fandidiana no hany fitsaboana afaka manasitrana ny adenocarcinoma amin'ny sarakaty,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bond-Smith&quot; /&gt; ary azo atao ihany koa mba hanatsarana ny kalitaon'ny fiainana nefa tsy misy ny mety ho fanasitranana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bond-Smith&quot; /&gt; Indraindray ilaina ny fitantanana ny fanaintainana sy ny fanafody hanatsarana ny fandevonan-kanina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bond-Smith&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ny fikarakarana palliative mialoha na dia ho an'ireo izay mahazo fitsaboana mikendry ny fahasitranana aza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bardou M, Le Ray I|title=Treatment of pancreatic cancer: A narrative review of cost-effectiveness studies|journal=Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Gastroenterology|volume=27|issue=6|pages=881–892|date=December 2013|pmid=24182608|doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2013.09.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin’ny taona 2018, ny homamiadan’ny sarakaty dia nahafaty olona manodidina ny 432 000 maneran-tany, ka izy no antony fahafito mahazatra indrindra mahatonga fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadana. [14]

Izy io ihany koa no antony fahadimy mahazatra indrindra mahatonga fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadana any Royaume-Uni, [15] ary fahatelo any Etazonia. [16]

Ny salan-taonan’ny olona voan’ity aretina ity dia manodidina ny 72 taona, ary eo amin’ny 90% amin’ny tranga dia miseho amin’ny olona mihoatra ny 50 taona. [8]

Matetika kokoa ny fisehony any amin’ireo firenena mandroso, izay ahitana manodidina ny 70% amin’ny tranga vaovao tamin’ny taona 2012. [4]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, ratsy ny vinavinan’ny adenocarcinoma amin’ny sarakaty: aorian’ny fitiliana, manodidina ny 25% ny marary no mbola velona aorian’ny herintaona, ary eo amin’ny 5% no mbola velona aorian’ny dimy taona. [17]

Ho an’ny tranga voamarina aloha dia mety hiakatra hatramin’ny 20% ny tahan’ny fahavelomana dimy taona. [18]

Ny homamiadan’ny neuroendocrine amin’ny sarakaty kosa dia manana vinavina tsara kokoa: manodidina ny 65% ny marary no mbola velona dimy taona aorian’ny fitiliana, na dia miovaova be aza izany arakaraka ny karazana fivontosana. [4]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Berthe Raharijaona</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4234" sha1="q7qcwx8uv239sz0hce7o8lbi1htmrj9" xml:space="preserve">'''Berthe Raharijaona''' (1908–2003) dia mpisolovava tao [[Madagasikara]] 

Nianatra tao [[Jules Ferry High School|amin'ny Lisea Jules Ferry]] izy ary taty aoriana dia lasa filoham-boninahitra tao amin'ny fikambanan'ny mpianatra nahazo diplaoma tao amin'ny sekoly. Izy no vehivavy Malagasy voalohany nahazo diplaoma rehefa nahazo ny mari-pahaizana bakalorea tamin'ny 1929.  Mpikambana tao amin'ny [[Malagasy Young Women's Christian Union|Fikambanan'ny Tanora Kristiana Vehivavy Malagasy]] izy ary taty aoriana, dia nitarika ny handalinana ny Baiboly sy ny fandikana azy amin'ny teny Malagasy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Combeau-Mari |first=Evelyne |date=1 August 2011 |title=The Protestant Mission and Youth Movements |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-the-history-of-sport_2011-08_28_12/page/1625 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1625–1646 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2011.592756 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=144352989}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lupo |first=Pietro |date=2006 |title=Dieu dans la tradition malgache: approches comparées avec les religions africaines et le christianisme |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vonSKtjm1fAC |language=fr |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |page=63 |isbn=9782845866621}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raharijaona no mpisolovava vehivavy voalohany nantsoina ho hisolovava teto Madagasikara.  Mpisolovava manam-boninahitra tao amin'ny Fitsarana Ambony izy ary nisolo tena ny olona arovany tao amin'ny [[Supreme Court of Madagascar|Fitsarana Tampony teto Madagasikara]] ihany koa. &lt;ref name=&quot;bulletin&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=1987 |title=Bulletin de l'Académie malgache |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7AaAQAAMAAJ |language=fr |publisher=Impr. officielle de la colonie |page=xviii}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madagascar, Cour suprême, Chambre administrative, 01 août 1984, 85/82-ADM |url=https://juricaf.org/arret/MADAGASCAR-COURSUPREME-19840801-8582ADM |access-date=26 November 2017 |publisher=Juricaf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpanoratra akademika ihany koa i Raharijaona, nanoratra lahatsoratra ho an'ny gazetin'ny [[Akademia Malagasy]] momba ny lalànan'i Madagasikara ary namoaka lahatsoratra momba ireo mpitondra ara-tantaran'i Madagasikara, indrindra fa ireo vehivavy mpitondra. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sermet |first=Laurent |date=2009 |title=Une anthropologie juridique des droits de l'homme: les chemins de l'Océan Indien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1KJKOA6XLsC |language=fr |publisher=Archives contemporaines |page=28 |isbn=9782914610926}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cairn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nativel |first=Didier |date=2004 |title=Les héritiers de Raombana. Érudition et identité culturelle à Madagascar à l'époque coloniale (fin XIXème siècle-1960), Abstract |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-des-sciences-humaines-2004-1-page-59.htm |journal=Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines |language=fr |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=59–77 |doi=10.3917/rhsh.010.0059 |issn=1622-468X |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 November 2017 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filoha lefitry ny Sampana Siansa Ara-moraly sy Politika ao amin'ny Akademia Malagasy izy. &lt;ref name=&quot;bulletin&quot; /&gt; Nanao hetsika ny akademia tamin'ny 1987 ho fankalazana ny faha-55 taonany tao amin'ny akademia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=Communication jubilaire pour les cinquante cinq ans de vie académique de Mme Berthe Raharijaona-vice président de la section des sciences morales et politiques-avocat honoraire prés la Cour d'appel |url=http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=Q00001047 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709152101/https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=Q00001047 |archive-date=2019-07-09 |access-date=2017-11-26 |website=Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache |publisher=Africabib}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanambady an'i Jean i Raharijaona ary nanan-janaka vavy iray, Suzanne, izay sosiolojista miasa ao amin'ny Ivontoerana Malagasy momba ny Fikarohana Siantifika (sampana eo an-toerana ao amin'ny Institut de recherche pour le développement ). &lt;ref name=&quot;cairn&quot; /&gt; Maty tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taona 2003 i Berthe. 

== Loharanon-dahatsoratra ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 2003]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1908]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gaotra</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:32:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9927" sha1="cp5gbj9627uqn52h6te9szxklpzhojf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Aretin'ny tonon-taolana
|synonym          =
|image            =En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Gout.webm
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =94
|alt              =Horonan-tsary fohy maneho ny fivoaran'ny aretina Goty eny amin'ny tongotry ny olona iray.
|caption          =Video summary ([[Video:Gout|script]]). Leading with ''The Gout'' ([[James Gillray]], 1799) depicts the pain of the artist's gout as a [[demon]] or [[dragon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Brookhiser|first=Richard|title=Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris, the Rake Who Wrote the Constitution|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781439104088|page=212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBdxESrTkHsC&amp;pg=PA212|access-date=2016-01-10|archive-date=2016-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501163529/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBdxESrTkHsC&amp;pg=PA212|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Haslam|first=Fiona|title=From Hogarth to Rowlandson : medicine in art in eighteenth-century Britain|date=1996|publisher=Liverpool University Press|location=Liverpool|isbn=9780853236405|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ab_pQOdi2fUC&amp;pg=PA143|edition=1. publ.|access-date=2016-01-10|archive-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513151127/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ab_pQOdi2fUC&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ɡ|aʊ|t}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gout {{!}} Definition of Gout by Lexico |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gout |website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English |access-date=20 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019015640/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gout |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|specialty        =
|symptoms         =[[Fanaintainan'ny tonon-taolana]], [[fivontosana amin'ny tonon-taolana]], sy [[mena hoditra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Dalbeth|first1=N|last2=Merriman|first2=TR|last3=Stamp|first3=LK|title=Gout|journal=Lancet|date=April 2016|volume=388|issue=10055|pages=2039–52|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00346-9|pmid=27112094|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =Lehilahy efa antitra,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt; [[fijanonan'ny fadimbolana]]&lt;ref name=Hui2017/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Asidra urika]]&lt;ref name=Hui2017/&gt;
|risks            =Rafitra sakafo be hena sy labiera, [[matavy loatra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Be2016/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Aretin'ny tonon-taolana vokatry ny otrikaretina]], [[Aretin'ny tonon-taolana vokatry ny hery fiarovan'ny tena]], [[aretin'ny tonon-taolana mitovy amin'ny Goty]], hafa&lt;ref name=&quot;Neogi2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Neogi |first1=T |title=Gout |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |date=July 2016 |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=ITC1-16 |doi=10.7326/AITC201607050 |pmid=27380294|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =Fihenan-danja, [[vitamin C]], tsy misotro toaka, [[allopurinol]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;
|treatment        =[[fanafody manohitra fivontosana tsy misy ''Sterid&quot;|NSAIDs]], [[fanafody|steroids]], [[colchicine]]&lt;ref name=Hui2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=Qa2017&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Qaseem|first1=A|last2=Harris|first2=RP|last3=Forciea|first3=MA|last4=Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of|first4=Physicians.|title=Management of Acute and Recurrent Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=3 January 2017|volume=166|issue=1|pages=58–68|pmid=27802508|doi=10.7326/m16-0570|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =1–2% (tontolo mandroso)&lt;ref name=Lancet2010/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}

Ny '''gaotra''' dia aretina miseho amin' ny alalan' ny fanaintainana tampoka sy miverimberina mahazo ny tonon-taolana mena, mora tohina, mafana, ary mivonto, vokatry ny fiangonan' ny kristalin' ny sira mônôsôdikan' ny [[Asidra orika|asidra]] [[Asidra orika|orika]] miendrika fanjaitra&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hui|first=M|last2=Carr|first2=A|last3=Cameron|first3=S|last4=Davenport|first4=G|last5=Doherty|first5=M|last6=Forrester|first6=H|last7=Jenkins|first7=W|last8=Jordan|first8=KM|last9=Mallen|first9=CD|last10=McDonald|first10=TM|last11=Nuki|first11=G|last12=Pywell|first12=A|last13=Zhang|first13=W|last14=Roddy|first14=E|last15=British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working|first15=Group.|title=The British Society for Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout|journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England)|volume=56|issue=7|pages=e1–e20|date=26 May 2017|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kex156|pmid=28549177|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny ankapobeny, ny fanaintainana dia miseho haingana, mahatratra ny fara tampony ao anatin' ny 12 ora latsaka&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richette P, Bardin T|title=Gout|journal=Lancet|volume=375|issue=9711|pages=318–28|date=January 2010|pmid=19692116|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-23-29-2010_375_9711/page/318}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amin' ny antsasaky ny tranga eo ho eo, ny tonon-taolana eo am-pototry ny ankiben-tongotra&lt;ref name=&quot;PM2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schlesinger N|title=Diagnosing and treating gout: a review to aid primary care physicians|journal=Postgrad Med|volume=122|issue=2|pages=157–61|date=March 2010|pmid=20203467|doi=10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2133|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mety hiteraka tophi, na [[Vato ao amin' ny voa|vato anaty voa]], na fahasimban' ny [[Voa (taovam-biby)|voa]] koa izany. 

Ny gaotra dia vokatry ny fiakaran' ny tahan' ny asidra orika (orata) aoamin' ny ra (hiperorisemia)&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt;. Izany dia avy amin' ny fitambaran' ny zavatra maromaro: ny sakafo, ny olana ara-pahasalamana hafa, ary ny fototarazo&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot; /&gt;. Amin' ny taha ambony, ny asidra orika dia mivaingana ary ny kristaly dia miangona ao amin' ny tonon-taolana, ny hozatra ary ny [[tambatsela]] manodidina, ka miteraka fanaintainan' ny gaotra. Ny gaotra dia miseho matetika kokoa amin' ny olona izay misotro labiera na zava-pisotro misy siramamy; mihinana sakafo be [[piorinina]] toy ny [[atin-kena]], ny [[hazandrano]], na [[tovy]] (''[[Engraulidae]]''); na ny olona matavy loatra&lt;ref name=&quot;Be2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=27452679|year=2016|last=Beyl Jr|first=R. N.|title=Update on Importance of Diet in Gout|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=129|issue=11|pages=1153–1158|last2=Hughes|first2=L|last3=Morgan|first3=S|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.06.040}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny fitiliana ny gaotra dia azo hamafisina amin' ny fisian' ny kristaly ao amin' ny tsiranoka madity ao amin' ny tonon-taolana na ivelan'ny tonon-taolana. Mety ho antonony ny tahan' ny asidra orika ao amin' ny ra mandritra ny fanaintainan' ny gaotra. 

Manatsara ny soritr'aretina ny fitsaboana amin'ny fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID), steroids, na colchicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hui2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Annals2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=27802478|year=2017|last=Shekelle|first=P. G|title=Management of Gout: A Systematic Review in Support of an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=166|issue=1|pages=37–51|last2=Newberry|first2=S. J|last3=Fitzgerald|first3=J. D|last4=Motala|first4=A|last5=O'Hanlon|first5=C. E|last6=Tariq|first6=A|last7=Okunogbe|first7=A|last8=Han|first8=D|last9=Shanman|first9=R|doi=10.7326/M16-0461|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha vao mihena ny fanafihana tampoka, dia azo ahena ny tahan'ny asidra urika amin'ny alàlan'ny fanovana ny fomba fiaina ary ho an'ireo izay matetika no tratran'ny fanafihana, ny allopurinol na probenecid dia manome fisorohana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Mety ho fisorohana ny fihinanana vitamina C sy ny fihinanana sakafo be dia be amin'ny vokatra vita amin'ny ronono tsy dia matavy loatra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Gout|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Gout/|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=2 February 2016|date=June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115123309/http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/gout/|archive-date=15 January 2016|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roddy|first=E|last2=Choi|first2=HK|title=Epidemiology of gout.|journal=Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America|date=May 2014|volume=40|issue=2|pages=155–75|doi=10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.001|pmid=24703341|pmc=4119792}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahakasika ny 1 ka hatramin'ny 2% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina [[Tontolo Tandrefana|Tandrefana]] ny gout amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Niha-mahazatra kokoa izany tato anatin'ny folo taona faramparany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalbeth2016&quot; /&gt; Inoana fa vokatry ny fitomboan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza eo amin'ny mponina izany, toy ny aretin'ny metabolika, ny androm-piainana lava kokoa, ary ny fiovan'ny sakafo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt; Ny lahy zokiny no tena voakasik'izany matetika.  Ny Aretin'ny tonon-taolana dia fantatra ara-tantara ho &quot;aretin'ny mpanjaka&quot; na &quot;aretin'ny mpanankarena&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease|title=Rich Man's Disease – definition of Rich Man's Disease in the Medical dictionary|website=Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia|access-date=2009-05-01|archive-date=2013-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114084137/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efa fantatra hatramin'ny andron'ny [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Ejiptiana fahiny]] izany farafaharatsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2010&quot; /&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Fitsaboana tonon-taolana]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>cp5gbj9627uqn52h6te9szxklpzhojf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Infobox drug</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>301326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1149525</id>
      <parentid>1147034</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:44:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>trimmed broken ones</comment>
      <origin>1149525</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35168" sha1="rhn6f7ax1la1a62e34ot59l8yshogon" xml:space="preserve">{{main other|{{short description|Pharmaceutical compound|noreplace}}}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot;/&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = border-spacing:2px;
| headerstyle = background:#ddd;color:inherit;
| labelstyle  = line-height:1.2em;
| autoheaders = yes&lt;!--

 INFOBOX TITLE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| title = {{Infobox drug/title |title={{#if:{{{drug_name|}}} |{{{drug_name}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} |INN={{{INN|}}} }}&lt;!--

 IMAGES ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}} |size={{{width|}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class|}}}|{{{image_class}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{#if:{{{width2|}}}|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class2|}}}|{{{image_class2}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}}}
&lt;!-- caption: kept old behaviour: when only 'caption=' input, put that below *both* images (Jan 2016) --&gt;
| caption1={{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} |}} |{{{caption|}}} }}
| caption2={{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} }}

| image3 = {{#if:{{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}|&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageL|}}}|size={{{widthL|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classL|}}}|{{{image_classL}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altL|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageR|}}}|size={{{widthR|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classR|}}}|{{{image_classR}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altR|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}
| caption3 = {{{captionLR|}}}&lt;!--

 TYPEHEADER=VACC/COMBO/MAB/SINGLE --&gt;
| header1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default =&lt;!-- no header when type=blank (single chemical) --&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 TYPE VACCINE: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;
| label5 = Target&lt;!-- reuse of parameter 'target'; see vacc/mab --&gt;
|  data5 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#if:{{{target|}}} |{{{target}}} |&lt;!-- cat --&gt;}} }}

| label6 = [[Vaccine#Types|Vaccine type]]
|  data6 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{vaccine_type|}}}}}
 |inactivated |killed = [[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]]
 |attenuated = [[Attenuated vaccine|Attenuated]]
 |live = Live bacteria
 |viral = [[Viral vector vaccine|Viral vector]]
 |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |subunit = [[Subunit vaccine|Subunit]]
 |protein |protein subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Protein subunit|Protein subunit]]
 |peptide |peptide subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Peptide subunit|Peptide subunit]]
 |polysaccharide = [[Subunit vaccine#Polysaccharide subunit|Polysaccharide]]
 |vlp = [[Subunit vaccine#Virus-like particles|Virus-like particles]]
 |conjugate = [[Conjugate vaccine|Conjugate]]
 |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant vector]]
 |dna = [[DNA vaccine|DNA]]
 |rna = [[RNA vaccine|RNA]]
 |mrna = [[mRNA vaccine|mRNA]]
 |heterologous = [[Heterologous vaccine|Heterologous]]
 |#default={{{vaccine_type|}}} }} }}&lt;!-- freetext, shows unedited --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE MAB: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;
| label10 = [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
|  data10 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{mab_type|}}}}}
 | mab = Whole antibody
 | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | f(ab')2 = [[Fragment antigen-binding|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment|Di-single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | #default=? }} }}

| label11 = [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
|  data11 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{Infobox drug/mab source |_mab_source={{{source|}}} }}}}&lt;!-- mab_source == internal only --&gt;

| label12 = [[Antigen|Target]]
|  data12 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{{target|}}} }}&lt;!-- alternate use of target; see vacc --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE COMBO: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 if type=combo show its components (#2 obligatory, 3-6 optional) --&gt;
| label15 = {{#if:{{{component1|}}}|[[{{{component1}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data15 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class1|? Class}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{component2|}}}|[[{{{component2}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data16 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class2|? Class}}} }}

| label17 = [[{{{component3}}}]]
|  data17 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component3|}}}|{{{class3|}}}}} | {{{class3|? Class}}} }} }}

| label18 = [[{{{component4}}}]]
|  data18 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component4|}}}|{{{class4|}}}}} | {{{class4|? Class}}} }} }}

| label19 = [[{{{component5}}}]]
|  data19 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component5|}}}|{{{class5|}}}}} | {{{class5|? Class}}} }} }}

| label20 = [[{{{component6}}}]]
|  data20 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component6|}}}|{{{class6|}}}}} | {{{class6|? Class}}} }} }}
&lt;!--
 TYPE: GENE THERAPY  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (no need to set type=... any parmeter input will show the section) --&gt;
|header21= [[Gene therapy]]

|label22 = [[Gene targeting|Target gene]]
| data22 = {{{gt_target_gene|}}}

|label23 = [[Vectors in gene therapy|Vector]]
| data23 = {{{gt_vector|}}}

|label24 = [[Nucleic acid|Nucleic acid type]]
| data24 = {{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}

|label25 = [[Genome editing|Editing method]]
| data25 = {{{gt_editing_method|}}}

|label26 = [[Gene delivery|Delivery method]]
| data26 = {{{gt_delivery_method|}}}
&lt;!--
 CLINICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header30 = Clinical data

| label31 = Pronunciation
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_ref|}}}&amp;#x20;{{{pronounce_comment|}}} }}

| label32 = [[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade name]]s
|  data32 = {{{tradename|}}}

| label33 = Anarana hafa
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{AAN|}}}{{{BAN|}}}{{{JAN|}}}{{{USAN|}}} |{{Infobox drug/localINNvariants |synonyms={{{synonyms|}}} |AAN={{{AAN|}}} |BAN={{{BAN|}}} |JAN={{{JAN|}}} |USAN={{{USAN|}}} }} |{{{synonyms|}}} }}

| label34 = [[Biosimilar]]s
|  data34 = {{{biosimilars|}}}

| label35 = [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
|  data35 = {{{Drugs.com|}}}

| label36 = [[MedlinePlus]]
|  data36 = {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}

| label37 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods |{{engvar|defaultWord=License |defaultLang=en-US |en-UK=Licence |en-AU=Licence |en-CA=Licence |en-NZ=Licence |en-EI=Licence |engvar={{{engvar|}}} }} data]]
|  data37 = {{Infobox drug/licence
 |INN_EMA={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |licence_EU={{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}|yes}}
 | _EMA_use_INN={{If empty
 |1={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |2={{#ifeq:{{{INN|}}}|none||{{{INN|}}}}}
 |3={{{drug_name|}}}
 |4={{PAGENAME}}
  }}
 |licence_US={{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_US|}}}
 |DailyMedID={{{DailyMedID|}}}
 |licence_CA=&lt;!-- switched off, no CA page available (Feb 2017):  {{{licence_CA|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}--&gt;
}}&lt;!-- so internally, spell licenCe --&gt;

&lt;!-- pregnancy categories --&gt;
| label38 = [[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;category]]
|  data38 = {{Infobox drug/pregnancy category
|pregnancy_AU         = {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
|pregnancy_AU_comment = {{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}
|pregnancy_category   = {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
}}

| label39 = [[Substance dependence|Dependence&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data39 = {{{dependency_liability|}}}

| label41 = [[Addiction|Addiction&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data41 = {{{addiction_liability|}}}

| label42 = [[Route of administration|Routes of&lt;br /&gt;administration]]
|  data42 = {{{routes_of_administration|}}}

| label43 = [[Drug class]]
|  data43 = {{{class|}}}
&lt;!--

 ATC atc human --&gt;
| label44 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|ATC code]]
|  data44 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 ATC VET --&gt;
| label45 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]]
|  data45 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
&lt;!-- ATCvet does not have a #2 option: its one for both then --&gt;
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
 Hormones, neurotransmitters etc. are not a separate drugtype (just a single chemical)
 Section 'Physiological data' appears when there is parameter input. May 2017.
--&gt;
| header50 = [[Physiological]] data

| label51= Source [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]
|  data51= {{{source_tissues|}}}

| label52= Target tissues
|  data52= {{{target_tissues|}}}

| label53= [[Receptor (biochemistry)|Receptors]]
|  data53= {{{receptors|}}}

| label54= [[Agonist]]s
|  data54= {{{agonists|}}}

| label55= [[Receptor antagonist|Antagonists]]
|  data55= {{{antagonists|}}}

| label56= [[Precursor (chemistry)|Precursor]]
|  data56= {{{precursor|}}}

| label57= [[Biosynthesis]]
|  data57= {{{biosynthesis|}}}

| label58= [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
|  data58= {{#if:{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}} |&lt;!-- has context so show here: --&gt;{{{metabolism|}}} }}&lt;!--

 LEGAL STATUS --&gt;
| header60 = Sata ara-dalàna

| label61 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Sata ara-dalàna]]
|  data61 = {{Infobox drug/legal status
 |legal_AU={{{legal_AU|}}}
 |legal_BR={{{legal_BR|}}}
 |legal_CA={{{legal_CA|}}}
 |legal_DE={{{legal_DE|}}}
 |legal_NZ={{{legal_NZ|}}}
 |legal_UK={{{legal_UK|}}}
 |legal_US={{{legal_US|}}}
 |legal_EU={{{legal_EU|}}}
 |legal_UN={{{legal_UN|}}}
 |legal_AU_comment={{{legal_AU_comment|}}}
 |legal_BR_comment={{{legal_BR_comment|}}}
 |legal_CA_comment={{{legal_CA_comment|}}}
 |legal_DE_comment={{{legal_DE_comment|}}}
 |legal_NZ_comment={{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}
 |legal_UK_comment={{{legal_UK_comment|}}}
 |legal_US_comment={{{legal_US_comment|}}}
 |legal_EU_comment={{{legal_EU_comment|}}}
 |legal_UN_comment={{{legal_UN_comment|}}}
 |legal_status={{{legal_status|}}}
 }}&lt;!--

 PHARMACOKINETIC ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header70 = [[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] data

  | label71 = [[Bioavailability]]
  |  data71 = {{{bioavailability|}}}
  | label72 = [[Plasma protein binding|Protein binding]]
  |  data72 = {{{protein_bound|}}}
  | label73 = [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
  |  data73 = {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolites|}}}{{{onset|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{duration_of_action|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |{{{metabolism|}}}|{{#if:{{{target_tissuess|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}
||{{{metabolism|}}}}} }}
  | label74 = [[Metabolite]]s
  |  data74 = {{{metabolites|}}}
  | label75 = [[Onset of action]]
  |  data75 = {{{onset|}}}
  | label76 = [[Biological half-life|Elimination {{nowrap|half-life}}]]
  |  data76 = {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
  | label77 = [[Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action|Duration of action]]
  |  data77 = {{{duration_of_action|}}}
  | label78 = [[Excretion]]
  |  data78 = {{{excretion|}}}&lt;!--

 IDENTIFIERS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header80 = Identifiers
&lt;!--
 IUPAC_name (single chemical only) --&gt;
  |  data81 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab|combo|vaccine= |#default={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}}
| {{Collapsible list &lt;!--| expand=test_yes--&gt;
|liststyle=word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;
|title = [[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|IUPAC name]]
|1=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}}}

&lt;!--
 label_comment: explain the labels --&gt;
| label83 = &amp;#x200B;&lt;!-- keeps data in righthand column --&gt;
|  data83 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#if:{{{index_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index_label|}}} |{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index_comment|}}} }}
|2={{#if:{{{index2_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}} |{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index2_comment|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CAS NUMBER --&gt;
| label84 = [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
|  data84 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental2|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM CID --&gt;
| label85 = [[PubChem#CID|PubChem]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|CID|Compound ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
|  data85 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment= }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment= }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM SID unrestricted showing (independent of CID) Feb 2017 --&gt;
|label86 = {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChem2|}}} |PubChem |[[PubChem#SID|PubChem]] }}&amp;#x20;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|1=SID|2=Substance ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
| data86 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 IUPHAR PBS iuphar --&gt;
| label87 = [[Guide to Pharmacology|IUPHAR/BPS]]
|  data87 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 DRUGBANK --&gt;
| label88 = [[DrugBank]]
|  data88 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank2|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEMSPIDER --&gt;
| label89 = [[ChemSpider]]
|  data89 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |index=0 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |index=2 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID2|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 UNII --&gt;
| label90 = [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
|  data90 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII|}}} |botref={{{UNIIRef|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII2|}}} |botref={{{UNII2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 KEGG --&gt;
| label91 = [[KEGG]]
|  data91 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG|}}} |botref={{{KEGG_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG2|}}} |botref={{{KEGG2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEBI --&gt;
| label92 = [[ChEBI]]
|  data92 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI2|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 CHEMBL --&gt;
| label93 = [[ChEMBL]]
|  data93 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL2|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 NIAID niaid --&gt;
| label94 = [[NIAID ChemDB]]
|  data94 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PDB ligand --&gt;
| label96 = [[Protein Data Bank|PDB ligand]]
|  data96 = {{#switch:{{{type|}}} |combo|vaccine=
|#default={{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand2|}}} }}
 }}}}&lt;!--

 E number from Wikidata --&gt;
| label97 = [[E number|&lt;span title=&quot;E number (food additive code)&quot;&gt;E number&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{main other|[[Category:E number from Wikidata|*]]}}
|  data97 = {{#property:P628}} {{#switch:&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:String|match|s={{#property:P628}} |pattern=E(%d%d?)%d%d[A-z]? |plain=false |nomatch=}}
|1=[[E number#E100–E199|(colours)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|2=[[E number#E200–E299|(preservatives)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|3=[[E number#E300–E399|(antioxidants, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|4=[[E number#E400–E499|(thickeners, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|5=[[E number#E500–E599|(acidity regulators, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|6=[[E number#E600–E699|(flavour enhancer)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|7=[[E number#E700–E799|(antibiotics)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|9=[[E number#E900–E999|(glazing agents, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|10|11|12|13|14|15=[[E number#E1000–E1599|(additional chemicals)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|#default= }}

&lt;!-- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header100 = Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana&lt;!--

--&gt;
  | label102 = [[Chemical formula|Raikipohy]]
  |  data102 = {{Infobox drug/chemical formula
|chemical_formula_fixed={{{chemical_formula|}}}
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|charge={{{charge|}}}
|chemical_formula_ref={{{chemical_formula_ref|}}}
|chemical_formula_comment={{{chemical_formula_comment|}}} }}

  | label103 = [[Molar mass]]
  |  data103 = {{Chem molar mass
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|fixed = {{{molecular_weight|}}}&lt;!-- should be molar mass --&gt;
|round = {{{molecular_weight_round|}}}
|unit  = {{{molecular_weight_unit|}}}
|ref   = {{{molecular_weight_ref|}}}
|comment = {{{molecular_weight_comment|}}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|source={{{molecular_weight|}}}|target=[^0-9.]|plain=false }}|0||{{main other|1=[[Category:Infobox-drug molecular-weight unexpected-character]]}}}}
&lt;!-- JMOL --&gt;
  | label104 = Modely 3D ([[JSmol]])
  |  data104 = {{#ifeq:{{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}|none||{{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index_label|}}}  |localJmol={{{Jmol|}}}  |localSMILES={{{SMILES |{{{smiles|}}}}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localJmol={{{Jmol2|}}} |localSMILES={{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} }}
}}}}

  | label106 = [[Chirality (chemistry)|Chirality]]
  |  data106 = {{{chirality|}}}
  | label107 = [[Specific rotation]]
  |  data107 = {{{specific_rotation|}}}

&lt;!-- physical data: --&gt;
  | label111 = [[Density]]
  |  data111 = {{#if:{{{density|}}} | {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} {{{density_notes|}}}
  | label112= [[Melting point]]
  |  data112 = {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{melting_point|}}} {{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}|to {{{melting_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{melting_notes|}}}
  | label113 = [[Boiling point]]
  |  data113 = {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{boiling_point|}}} {{#if:{{{boiling_high|}}}|to {{{boiling_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{boiling_notes|}}}
  | label114 = [[Aqueous solution|Solubility in water]]
  |  data114 = {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |{{{solubility}}}{{{sol_units|&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)}}}}}

  |  data118 = {{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} | {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
     |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
     |title = [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system|SMILES]]
     |1={{#if:{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
     |2={{#if:{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt; }}}}
     }}

  |  data119 = {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}|
  {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
    |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
    |title=[[International Chemical Identifier|InChI]]
    |1={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}} |&lt;br /&gt;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |2={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |3={{#if:{{{StdInChI2|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI2}}}{{{StdInChI2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |4={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey2|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey2}}}{{{StdInChIKey2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
  }}&lt;!-- eo collapsible list --&gt;}}&lt;!-- eo data89 if:StdInChI --&gt;&lt;!--

 DATA PAGE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header120 = Pejy angon-drakitra
|   data121 = {{Infobox drug/data page link| _targetpage={{#if:{{{data page|}}}|{{trim brackets|1={{{data page|}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}} (data page)}}}}&lt;!--

 VERIFICATIONS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| below =&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}} |changed|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}
|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages|rev1={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&amp;page2={{urlencode:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} (verify)]&lt;/span&gt;}}}}}}

}}&lt;!-- END OF INFOBOX ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

 Parameter check:
--&gt;{{#invoke:TemplatePar
|check
|template=Template:Infobox_drug
|all= |opt= pronounce= pronounce_ref= pronounce_comment= ATC_prefix= ATC_suffix= ATC_supplemental= ATCvet= biosimilars= CAS_number_Ref= CAS_number= CAS_supplemental= ChEBI= ChEBI_Ref= ChEMBL_Ref= ChEMBL= ChemSpiderID= ChemSpiderID_Ref= chirality= class= container_only= DailyMedID= data_page= DrugBank_Ref= DrugBank= Drugs.com= duration_of_action= INN= INN_EMA= IUPAC_name= IUPHAR_ligand= KEGG_Ref= KEGG= MedlinePlus= NIAID_ChemDB= PDB_ligand= PubChemSubstance= PubChem= StdInChIKey_Ref= StdInChIKey= StdInChI_Ref= StdInChI_comment= StdInChI= UNII_Ref= UNII= DTXSID= Verifiedfields= Watchedfields= addiction_liability= alt2= altL= altR= alt= bioavailability= boiling_high= boiling_notes= boiling_point= captionLR= caption= caption2= charge= chemical_formula= chemical_formula_ref= chemical_formula_comment= class1= class2= class3= class4= class5= class6= component1= component2= component3= component4= component5= component6= density= density_notes= dependency_liability= drug_name= elimination_half-life= engvar= excretion= image2= imageL= imageR= image= image_class= image_class2= image_classL= image_classR= Jmol= legal_AU= legal_BR= legal_CA= legal_DE= legal_EU= legal_NZ= legal_UK= legal_UN= legal_US= legal_AU_comment= legal_BR_comment= legal_CA_comment= legal_DE_comment= legal_UK_comment= legal_NZ_comment= legal_US_comment= legal_UN_comment= legal_EU_comment= legal_status= licence_CA= licence_EU= licence_US= license_CA= license_EU= license_US= mab_type= melting_high= melting_notes= melting_point= metabolism= metabolites= molecular_weight= molecular_weight_round= molecular_weight_unit= molecular_weight_ref= molecular_weight_comment= onset= pregnancy_AU= pregnancy_AU_comment= pregnancy_category= protein_bound= routes_of_administration= SMILES= smiles= solubility= sol_units= source= specific_rotation= synonyms= target= tradename= type= vaccine_type= verifiedrevid= width2= widthL= widthR= width= AAN= BAN= JAN= USAN=
&lt;!-- Physiological --&gt;source_tissues= target_tissues= receptors= agonists= antagonists= precursor= biosynthesis=
&lt;!-- Gene therapy --&gt;gt_target_gene= gt_vector= gt_nucleic_acid_type= gt_editing_method= gt_delivery_method=
&lt;!-- depr Mar 2017, but removal here would be trivial: --&gt;sec_combustion=
&lt;!-- unused, removed: InChI= InChIKey=; use StdInChI/Key because CheMoBot only checks these --&gt;
&lt;!-- chem elements --&gt;Ac=Ag=Al=Am=Ar=As=At=Au=B=Ba=Be=Bh=Bi=Bk=Br=C=Ca=Cd=Ce=Cf=Cl=Cm=Cn=Co=Cr=Cs=Cu=
D=Db=Ds=Dy=Er=Es=Eu=F=Fe=Fl=Fm=Fr=Ga=Gd=Ge=H=He=Hf=Hg=Ho=Hs=I=In=Ir=K=Kr=La=Li=Lr=Lu=Lv=
Mc=Md=Mg=Mn=Mo=Mt=N=Na=Nb=Nd=Ne=Nh=Ni=No=Np=O=Og=Os=P=Pa=Pb=Pd=Pm=Po=Pr=Pt=Pu=Ra=Rb=Re=Rf=Rg=Rh=Rn=Ru=S=Sb=Sc=Se=Sg=Si=Sm=Sn=Sr=Ta=Tb=Tc=Te=Th=Ti=Tl=Tm=Ts=U=V=W=Xe=Y=Yb=Zn=Zr=
&lt;!-- #2 identifiers (indexes): --&gt;index_label= index2_label= index_comment= index2_comment=
CAS_number2= CAS_supplemental2= ATC_prefix2= ATC_suffix2= ATC_supplemental2= PubChem2= PubChemSubstance2= IUPHAR_ligand2= DrugBank2= ChemSpiderID2= UNII2= KEGG2= ChEBI2= ChEMBL2= PDB_ligand2= NIAID_ChemDB2= SMILES2= smiles2= StdInChI2= StdInChIKey2=
CAS_number2_Ref= ChEBI2_Ref= ChEMBL2_Ref= ChemSpiderID2_Ref= DrugBank2_Ref= KEGG2_Ref= StdInChI2_Ref= StdInChIKey2_Ref= UNII2_Ref= DTXSID2=
&lt;!-- Wikidata: --&gt;QID= QID2=&lt;!--
 Deprecated per 2020-12-30, but kept here to keep UnkParameter category useful (not ~5500 pages) 2021-01-30: --&gt;PLLR= pregnancy_US= pregnancy_US_comment=
|cat=Pages using infobox drug with unknown parameters
|format=0|errNS=0
|preview=&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;@@@ (See [[Template:Infobox drug/doc/full parameter list|parameter list]]). This message only shows in Preview, it will not show after you do {{button|{{int:publishchanges}}}}.&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;!-- END of parameter checks

--&gt;&lt;!-- TRACKING:
--&gt;{{Infobox drug/maintenance categories{{yesno|{{{container_only|no}}}|yes=/container only|no=}}&lt;!--
 |container_only=yes -- uses [[Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories/container only]]
* Parameters starting with _underscore are internal constructs only, not straight article input
--&gt;
| drug_name = {{{drug_name|}}}
| INN = {{{INN|}}}
| _drugtype = {{lc:{{{type|}}}}}

&lt;!-- drugtype detected by input (not by type=): --&gt;
| _has_physiological_data={{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _has_gene_therapy={{{gt_target_gene|}}}{{{gt_vector|}}}{{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}{{{gt_editing_method|}}}{{{gt_delivery_method|}}}

&lt;!-- for catsort: --&gt;
| vaccine_type={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| mab_type={{{mab_type|}}}
| _number_of_combo_chemicals={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |component1 |component2 |component3 |component4|component5|component6 }}
&lt;!-- to check illogical input --&gt;
| _vaccine_data={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| _mab_data={{{mab_type|}}}{{{source|}}}
| _mab_vaccine_data={{{target|}}}
| _mab_other_data=&lt;!-- chem data --&gt;{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{F|}}}{{{I|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}{{{chirality|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{SMILES2|}}}{{{smiles2|}}}{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}&lt;!-- physical data --&gt;{{{density|}}}{{{density_notes|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{melting_high|}}}{{{boiling_high|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{molecular_weight|}}}
| _combo_data={{{component1|}}}{{{component2|}}}{{{component3|}}}{{{component4|}}}{{{component5|}}}{{{component6|}}}{{{class1|}}}{{{class2|}}}{{{class3|}}}{{{class4|}}}{{{class5|}}}{{{class6|}}}
| _physiological_data=&lt;!-- physiological data input/ USED??? see also _physiological_data. March2018   --&gt;{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _clinical_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogenous) data --&gt;{{{Drugs.com|}}}{{{MedlinePlus|}}}{{{addiction_liability|}}}{{{dependency_liability|}}}{{{licence_CA|}}}{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}{{{license_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}}
{{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_category|}}}{{{routes_of_administration|}}}{{{tradename|}}}{{{class|}}}{{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}{{{ATC_prefix2|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental2|}}}
| _legal_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogeneous) data --&gt;{{{legal_AU_comment|}}}{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR_comment|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA_comment|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_DE_comment|}}}{{{legal_DE|}}}{{{legal_EU_comment|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}{{{legal_NZ|}}}{{{legal_UK_comment|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_UN_comment|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_US_comment|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}

| _other_data={{{IUPAC_name|}}}

| _image_0_or_2 = {{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}
| _image_LR = {{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}

| _datapage = {{PAGENAME}} (data page)&lt;!-- 3rd ifexist on this one? / TODO: could be set by param |data page= --&gt;
| _vaccine_target={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | vaccine | {{{target|}}} | _type_not_vaccine }}&lt;!-- vaccine with empty target = to maint cat; former question mark --&gt;
| _legal_all={{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}
| _ATC_prefix_supplemental={{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}&lt;!-- together --&gt;
| _has_EMA_link = {{{licence_EU|}}}&lt;!--

 Identifiers tracked --&gt;
| CAS_number={{{CAS_number|}}}
| PubChem={{{PubChem|}}}
| ChemSpiderID={{{ChemSpiderID|}}}
| ChEBI={{{ChEBI|}}}
| ChEMBL={{{ChEMBL|}}}
| DrugBank={{{DrugBank|}}}
| KEGG={{{KEGG|}}}
| _hasInChI_or_Key={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}} |yes}}
| UNII={{{UNII|}}}
| _hasJmol02 = {{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}&lt;!--

 Second IDs (see also: WD, QID2) --&gt;
|_hasMultipleCASnumbers = {{{CAS_number2|}}}
|_hasMultiplePubChemCIDs = {{{PubChem2|}}}
|_hasMultipleChEBIs = {{{ChEBI2|}}}

| _countSecondIDs={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |CAS_number2 |ATC_prefix2 |PubChem2 |PubChemStructure2 |IUPHAR_ligand2 |DrugBank2 |ChemSpiderID2 |UNII2 |KEGG2 |ChEBI2 |ChEMBL2 |PDB_ligand2 |NIAID_ChemDB2 |SMILES2 |smiles2 |StdInChI2 |StdInChIKey2 |DTXCID2}}
| _countIndexlabels={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |index_label |index2_label}}&lt;!--

 OPTIONAL TEMP TRACKING
 When param is not empty, will be categorised in [[Category:Infobox drug tracked parameters]]
--&gt;
| _trackListSortletter=
&lt;!--

 WIKIDATA --&gt;
|QID = {{{QID|}}}
|QID2 = {{{QID2|}}}
&lt;!--

 BOT VALIDATION --&gt;
|Verifiedfields={{{Verifiedfields|}}}
|Watchedfields={{{Watchedfields|}}}
|verifiedrevid={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- END of /maintenance categories

--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rhn6f7ax1la1a62e34ot59l8yshogon</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149531</id>
      <parentid>1149525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:50:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149531</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24313" sha1="blvkt5h9286ot3mkleemusn7oc4tqih" xml:space="preserve">{{main other|{{short description|Pharmaceutical compound|noreplace}}}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot;/&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = border-spacing:2px;
| headerstyle = background:#ddd;color:inherit;
| labelstyle  = line-height:1.2em;
| autoheaders = yes&lt;!--

 INFOBOX TITLE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| title = {{Infobox drug/title |title={{#if:{{{drug_name|}}} |{{{drug_name}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} |INN={{{INN|}}} }}&lt;!--

 IMAGES ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}} |size={{{width|}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class|}}}|{{{image_class}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{#if:{{{width2|}}}|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class2|}}}|{{{image_class2}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}}}
&lt;!-- caption: kept old behaviour: when only 'caption=' input, put that below *both* images (Jan 2016) --&gt;
| caption1={{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} |}} |{{{caption|}}} }}
| caption2={{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} }}

| image3 = {{#if:{{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}|&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageL|}}}|size={{{widthL|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classL|}}}|{{{image_classL}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altL|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageR|}}}|size={{{widthR|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classR|}}}|{{{image_classR}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altR|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}
| caption3 = {{{captionLR|}}}&lt;!--

 TYPEHEADER=VACC/COMBO/MAB/SINGLE --&gt;
| header1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default =&lt;!-- no header when type=blank (single chemical) --&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 TYPE VACCINE: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;
| label5 = Target&lt;!-- reuse of parameter 'target'; see vacc/mab --&gt;
|  data5 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#if:{{{target|}}} |{{{target}}} |&lt;!-- cat --&gt;}} }}

| label6 = [[Vaccine#Types|Vaccine type]]
|  data6 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{vaccine_type|}}}}}
 |inactivated |killed = [[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]]
 |attenuated = [[Attenuated vaccine|Attenuated]]
 |live = Live bacteria
 |viral = [[Viral vector vaccine|Viral vector]]
 |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |subunit = [[Subunit vaccine|Subunit]]
 |protein |protein subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Protein subunit|Protein subunit]]
 |peptide |peptide subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Peptide subunit|Peptide subunit]]
 |polysaccharide = [[Subunit vaccine#Polysaccharide subunit|Polysaccharide]]
 |vlp = [[Subunit vaccine#Virus-like particles|Virus-like particles]]
 |conjugate = [[Conjugate vaccine|Conjugate]]
 |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant vector]]
 |dna = [[DNA vaccine|DNA]]
 |rna = [[RNA vaccine|RNA]]
 |mrna = [[mRNA vaccine|mRNA]]
 |heterologous = [[Heterologous vaccine|Heterologous]]
 |#default={{{vaccine_type|}}} }} }}&lt;!-- freetext, shows unedited --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE MAB: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;
| label10 = [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
|  data10 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{mab_type|}}}}}
 | mab = Whole antibody
 | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | f(ab')2 = [[Fragment antigen-binding|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment|Di-single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | #default=? }} }}

| label11 = [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
|  data11 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{Infobox drug/mab source |_mab_source={{{source|}}} }}}}&lt;!-- mab_source == internal only --&gt;

| label12 = [[Antigen|Target]]
|  data12 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{{target|}}} }}&lt;!-- alternate use of target; see vacc --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE COMBO: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 if type=combo show its components (#2 obligatory, 3-6 optional) --&gt;
| label15 = {{#if:{{{component1|}}}|[[{{{component1}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data15 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class1|? Class}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{component2|}}}|[[{{{component2}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data16 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class2|? Class}}} }}

| label17 = [[{{{component3}}}]]
|  data17 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component3|}}}|{{{class3|}}}}} | {{{class3|? Class}}} }} }}

| label18 = [[{{{component4}}}]]
|  data18 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component4|}}}|{{{class4|}}}}} | {{{class4|? Class}}} }} }}

| label19 = [[{{{component5}}}]]
|  data19 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component5|}}}|{{{class5|}}}}} | {{{class5|? Class}}} }} }}

| label20 = [[{{{component6}}}]]
|  data20 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component6|}}}|{{{class6|}}}}} | {{{class6|? Class}}} }} }}
&lt;!--
 TYPE: GENE THERAPY  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (no need to set type=... any parmeter input will show the section) --&gt;
|header21= [[Gene therapy]]

|label22 = [[Gene targeting|Target gene]]
| data22 = {{{gt_target_gene|}}}

|label23 = [[Vectors in gene therapy|Vector]]
| data23 = {{{gt_vector|}}}

|label24 = [[Nucleic acid|Nucleic acid type]]
| data24 = {{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}

|label25 = [[Genome editing|Editing method]]
| data25 = {{{gt_editing_method|}}}

|label26 = [[Gene delivery|Delivery method]]
| data26 = {{{gt_delivery_method|}}}
&lt;!--
 CLINICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header30 = Clinical data

| label31 = Pronunciation
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_ref|}}}&amp;#x20;{{{pronounce_comment|}}} }}

| label32 = [[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade name]]s
|  data32 = {{{tradename|}}}

| label33 = Anarana hafa
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{AAN|}}}{{{BAN|}}}{{{JAN|}}}{{{USAN|}}} |{{Infobox drug/localINNvariants |synonyms={{{synonyms|}}} |AAN={{{AAN|}}} |BAN={{{BAN|}}} |JAN={{{JAN|}}} |USAN={{{USAN|}}} }} |{{{synonyms|}}} }}

| label34 = [[Biosimilar]]s
|  data34 = {{{biosimilars|}}}

| label35 = [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
|  data35 = {{{Drugs.com|}}}

| label36 = [[MedlinePlus]]
|  data36 = {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}

| label37 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods |{{engvar|defaultWord=License |defaultLang=en-US |en-UK=Licence |en-AU=Licence |en-CA=Licence |en-NZ=Licence |en-EI=Licence |engvar={{{engvar|}}} }} data]]
|  data37 = {{Infobox drug/licence
 |INN_EMA={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |licence_EU={{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}|yes}}
 | _EMA_use_INN={{If empty
 |1={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |2={{#ifeq:{{{INN|}}}|none||{{{INN|}}}}}
 |3={{{drug_name|}}}
 |4={{PAGENAME}}
  }}
 |licence_US={{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_US|}}}
 |DailyMedID={{{DailyMedID|}}}
 |licence_CA=&lt;!-- switched off, no CA page available (Feb 2017):  {{{licence_CA|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}--&gt;
}}&lt;!-- so internally, spell licenCe --&gt;

&lt;!-- pregnancy categories --&gt;
| label38 = [[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;category]]
|  data38 = {{Infobox drug/pregnancy category
|pregnancy_AU         = {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
|pregnancy_AU_comment = {{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}
|pregnancy_category   = {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
}}

| label39 = [[Substance dependence|Dependence&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data39 = {{{dependency_liability|}}}

| label41 = [[Addiction|Addiction&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data41 = {{{addiction_liability|}}}

| label42 = [[Route of administration|Routes of&lt;br /&gt;administration]]
|  data42 = {{{routes_of_administration|}}}

| label43 = [[Drug class]]
|  data43 = {{{class|}}}
&lt;!--

 ATC atc human --&gt;
| label44 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|ATC code]]
|  data44 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 ATC VET --&gt;
| label45 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]]
|  data45 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
&lt;!-- ATCvet does not have a #2 option: its one for both then --&gt;
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
 Hormones, neurotransmitters etc. are not a separate drugtype (just a single chemical)
 Section 'Physiological data' appears when there is parameter input. May 2017.
--&gt;
| header50 = [[Physiological]] data

| label51= Source [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]
|  data51= {{{source_tissues|}}}

| label52= Target tissues
|  data52= {{{target_tissues|}}}

| label53= [[Receptor (biochemistry)|Receptors]]
|  data53= {{{receptors|}}}

| label54= [[Agonist]]s
|  data54= {{{agonists|}}}

| label55= [[Receptor antagonist|Antagonists]]
|  data55= {{{antagonists|}}}

| label56= [[Precursor (chemistry)|Precursor]]
|  data56= {{{precursor|}}}

| label57= [[Biosynthesis]]
|  data57= {{{biosynthesis|}}}

| label58= [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
|  data58= {{#if:{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}} |&lt;!-- has context so show here: --&gt;{{{metabolism|}}} }}&lt;!--

 LEGAL STATUS --&gt;
| header60 = Sata ara-dalàna

| label61 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Sata ara-dalàna]]
|  data61 = {{Infobox drug/legal status
 |legal_AU={{{legal_AU|}}}
 |legal_BR={{{legal_BR|}}}
 |legal_CA={{{legal_CA|}}}
 |legal_DE={{{legal_DE|}}}
 |legal_NZ={{{legal_NZ|}}}
 |legal_UK={{{legal_UK|}}}
 |legal_US={{{legal_US|}}}
 |legal_EU={{{legal_EU|}}}
 |legal_UN={{{legal_UN|}}}
 |legal_AU_comment={{{legal_AU_comment|}}}
 |legal_BR_comment={{{legal_BR_comment|}}}
 |legal_CA_comment={{{legal_CA_comment|}}}
 |legal_DE_comment={{{legal_DE_comment|}}}
 |legal_NZ_comment={{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}
 |legal_UK_comment={{{legal_UK_comment|}}}
 |legal_US_comment={{{legal_US_comment|}}}
 |legal_EU_comment={{{legal_EU_comment|}}}
 |legal_UN_comment={{{legal_UN_comment|}}}
 |legal_status={{{legal_status|}}}
 }}&lt;!--

 PHARMACOKINETIC ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header70 = [[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] data

  | label71 = [[Bioavailability]]
  |  data71 = {{{bioavailability|}}}
  | label72 = [[Plasma protein binding|Protein binding]]
  |  data72 = {{{protein_bound|}}}
  | label73 = [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
  |  data73 = {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolites|}}}{{{onset|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{duration_of_action|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |{{{metabolism|}}}|{{#if:{{{target_tissuess|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}
||{{{metabolism|}}}}} }}
  | label74 = [[Metabolite]]s
  |  data74 = {{{metabolites|}}}
  | label75 = [[Onset of action]]
  |  data75 = {{{onset|}}}
  | label76 = [[Biological half-life|Elimination {{nowrap|half-life}}]]
  |  data76 = {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
  | label77 = [[Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action|Duration of action]]
  |  data77 = {{{duration_of_action|}}}
  | label78 = [[Excretion]]
  |  data78 = {{{excretion|}}}&lt;!--

 IDENTIFIERS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header80 = Identifiers
&lt;!--
 IUPAC_name (single chemical only) --&gt;
  |  data81 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab|combo|vaccine= |#default={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}}
| {{Collapsible list &lt;!--| expand=test_yes--&gt;
|liststyle=word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;
|title = [[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|IUPAC name]]
|1=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}}}

&lt;!--
 label_comment: explain the labels --&gt;
| label83 = &amp;#x200B;&lt;!-- keeps data in righthand column --&gt;
|  data83 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#if:{{{index_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index_label|}}} |{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index_comment|}}} }}
|2={{#if:{{{index2_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}} |{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index2_comment|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CAS NUMBER --&gt;
| label84 = [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
|  data84 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental2|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM CID --&gt;
| label85 = [[PubChem#CID|PubChem]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|CID|Compound ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
|  data85 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment= }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment= }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM SID unrestricted showing (independent of CID) Feb 2017 --&gt;
|label86 = {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChem2|}}} |PubChem |[[PubChem#SID|PubChem]] }}&amp;#x20;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|1=SID|2=Substance ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
| data86 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 IUPHAR PBS iuphar --&gt;
| label87 = [[Guide to Pharmacology|IUPHAR/BPS]]
|  data87 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 DRUGBANK --&gt;
| label88 = [[DrugBank]]
|  data88 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank2|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEMSPIDER --&gt;
| label89 = [[ChemSpider]]
|  data89 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |index=0 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |index=2 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID2|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 UNII --&gt;
| label90 = [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
|  data90 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII|}}} |botref={{{UNIIRef|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII2|}}} |botref={{{UNII2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 KEGG --&gt;
| label91 = [[KEGG]]
|  data91 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG|}}} |botref={{{KEGG_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG2|}}} |botref={{{KEGG2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEBI --&gt;
| label92 = [[ChEBI]]
|  data92 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI2|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 CHEMBL --&gt;
| label93 = [[ChEMBL]]
|  data93 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL2|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 NIAID niaid --&gt;
| label94 = [[NIAID ChemDB]]
|  data94 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PDB ligand --&gt;
| label96 = [[Protein Data Bank|PDB ligand]]
|  data96 = {{#switch:{{{type|}}} |combo|vaccine=
|#default={{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand2|}}} }}
 }}}}&lt;!--

 E number from Wikidata --&gt;
| label97 = [[E number|&lt;span title=&quot;E number (food additive code)&quot;&gt;E number&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{main other|[[Category:E number from Wikidata|*]]}}
|  data97 = {{#property:P628}} {{#switch:&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:String|match|s={{#property:P628}} |pattern=E(%d%d?)%d%d[A-z]? |plain=false |nomatch=}}
|1=[[E number#E100–E199|(colours)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|2=[[E number#E200–E299|(preservatives)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|3=[[E number#E300–E399|(antioxidants, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|4=[[E number#E400–E499|(thickeners, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|5=[[E number#E500–E599|(acidity regulators, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|6=[[E number#E600–E699|(flavour enhancer)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|7=[[E number#E700–E799|(antibiotics)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|9=[[E number#E900–E999|(glazing agents, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|10|11|12|13|14|15=[[E number#E1000–E1599|(additional chemicals)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|#default= }}

&lt;!-- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header100 = Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana&lt;!--

--&gt;
  | label102 = [[Chemical formula|Raikipohy]]
  |  data102 = {{Infobox drug/chemical formula
|chemical_formula_fixed={{{chemical_formula|}}}
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|charge={{{charge|}}}
|chemical_formula_ref={{{chemical_formula_ref|}}}
|chemical_formula_comment={{{chemical_formula_comment|}}} }}

  | label103 = [[Molar mass]]
  |  data103 = {{Chem molar mass
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|fixed = {{{molecular_weight|}}}&lt;!-- should be molar mass --&gt;
|round = {{{molecular_weight_round|}}}
|unit  = {{{molecular_weight_unit|}}}
|ref   = {{{molecular_weight_ref|}}}
|comment = {{{molecular_weight_comment|}}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|source={{{molecular_weight|}}}|target=[^0-9.]|plain=false }}|0||{{main other|1=[[Category:Infobox-drug molecular-weight unexpected-character]]}}}}
&lt;!-- JMOL --&gt;
  | label104 = Modely 3D ([[JSmol]])
  |  data104 = {{#ifeq:{{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}|none||{{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index_label|}}}  |localJmol={{{Jmol|}}}  |localSMILES={{{SMILES |{{{smiles|}}}}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localJmol={{{Jmol2|}}} |localSMILES={{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} }}
}}}}

  | label106 = [[Chirality (chemistry)|Chirality]]
  |  data106 = {{{chirality|}}}
  | label107 = [[Specific rotation]]
  |  data107 = {{{specific_rotation|}}}

&lt;!-- physical data: --&gt;
  | label111 = [[Density]]
  |  data111 = {{#if:{{{density|}}} | {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} {{{density_notes|}}}
  | label112= [[Melting point]]
  |  data112 = {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{melting_point|}}} {{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}|to {{{melting_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{melting_notes|}}}
  | label113 = [[Boiling point]]
  |  data113 = {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{boiling_point|}}} {{#if:{{{boiling_high|}}}|to {{{boiling_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{boiling_notes|}}}
  | label114 = [[Aqueous solution|Solubility in water]]
  |  data114 = {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |{{{solubility}}}{{{sol_units|&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)}}}}}

  |  data118 = {{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} | {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
     |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
     |title = [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system|SMILES]]
     |1={{#if:{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
     |2={{#if:{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt; }}}}
     }}

 BOT VALIDATION --&gt;
|Verifiedfields={{{Verifiedfields|}}}
|Watchedfields={{{Watchedfields|}}}
|verifiedrevid={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- END of /maintenance categories

--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>blvkt5h9286ot3mkleemusn7oc4tqih</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149532</id>
      <parentid>1149531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149532</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35168" sha1="rhn6f7ax1la1a62e34ot59l8yshogon" xml:space="preserve">{{main other|{{short description|Pharmaceutical compound|noreplace}}}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot;/&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = border-spacing:2px;
| headerstyle = background:#ddd;color:inherit;
| labelstyle  = line-height:1.2em;
| autoheaders = yes&lt;!--

 INFOBOX TITLE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| title = {{Infobox drug/title |title={{#if:{{{drug_name|}}} |{{{drug_name}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} |INN={{{INN|}}} }}&lt;!--

 IMAGES ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}} |size={{{width|}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class|}}}|{{{image_class}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{#if:{{{width2|}}}|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class2|}}}|{{{image_class2}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}}}
&lt;!-- caption: kept old behaviour: when only 'caption=' input, put that below *both* images (Jan 2016) --&gt;
| caption1={{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} |}} |{{{caption|}}} }}
| caption2={{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} }}

| image3 = {{#if:{{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}|&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageL|}}}|size={{{widthL|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classL|}}}|{{{image_classL}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altL|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageR|}}}|size={{{widthR|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classR|}}}|{{{image_classR}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altR|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}
| caption3 = {{{captionLR|}}}&lt;!--

 TYPEHEADER=VACC/COMBO/MAB/SINGLE --&gt;
| header1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default =&lt;!-- no header when type=blank (single chemical) --&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 TYPE VACCINE: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;
| label5 = Target&lt;!-- reuse of parameter 'target'; see vacc/mab --&gt;
|  data5 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#if:{{{target|}}} |{{{target}}} |&lt;!-- cat --&gt;}} }}

| label6 = [[Vaccine#Types|Vaccine type]]
|  data6 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{vaccine_type|}}}}}
 |inactivated |killed = [[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]]
 |attenuated = [[Attenuated vaccine|Attenuated]]
 |live = Live bacteria
 |viral = [[Viral vector vaccine|Viral vector]]
 |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |subunit = [[Subunit vaccine|Subunit]]
 |protein |protein subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Protein subunit|Protein subunit]]
 |peptide |peptide subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Peptide subunit|Peptide subunit]]
 |polysaccharide = [[Subunit vaccine#Polysaccharide subunit|Polysaccharide]]
 |vlp = [[Subunit vaccine#Virus-like particles|Virus-like particles]]
 |conjugate = [[Conjugate vaccine|Conjugate]]
 |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant vector]]
 |dna = [[DNA vaccine|DNA]]
 |rna = [[RNA vaccine|RNA]]
 |mrna = [[mRNA vaccine|mRNA]]
 |heterologous = [[Heterologous vaccine|Heterologous]]
 |#default={{{vaccine_type|}}} }} }}&lt;!-- freetext, shows unedited --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE MAB: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;
| label10 = [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
|  data10 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{mab_type|}}}}}
 | mab = Whole antibody
 | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | f(ab')2 = [[Fragment antigen-binding|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment|Di-single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | #default=? }} }}

| label11 = [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
|  data11 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{Infobox drug/mab source |_mab_source={{{source|}}} }}}}&lt;!-- mab_source == internal only --&gt;

| label12 = [[Antigen|Target]]
|  data12 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{{target|}}} }}&lt;!-- alternate use of target; see vacc --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE COMBO: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 if type=combo show its components (#2 obligatory, 3-6 optional) --&gt;
| label15 = {{#if:{{{component1|}}}|[[{{{component1}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data15 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class1|? Class}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{component2|}}}|[[{{{component2}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data16 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class2|? Class}}} }}

| label17 = [[{{{component3}}}]]
|  data17 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component3|}}}|{{{class3|}}}}} | {{{class3|? Class}}} }} }}

| label18 = [[{{{component4}}}]]
|  data18 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component4|}}}|{{{class4|}}}}} | {{{class4|? Class}}} }} }}

| label19 = [[{{{component5}}}]]
|  data19 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component5|}}}|{{{class5|}}}}} | {{{class5|? Class}}} }} }}

| label20 = [[{{{component6}}}]]
|  data20 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component6|}}}|{{{class6|}}}}} | {{{class6|? Class}}} }} }}
&lt;!--
 TYPE: GENE THERAPY  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (no need to set type=... any parmeter input will show the section) --&gt;
|header21= [[Gene therapy]]

|label22 = [[Gene targeting|Target gene]]
| data22 = {{{gt_target_gene|}}}

|label23 = [[Vectors in gene therapy|Vector]]
| data23 = {{{gt_vector|}}}

|label24 = [[Nucleic acid|Nucleic acid type]]
| data24 = {{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}

|label25 = [[Genome editing|Editing method]]
| data25 = {{{gt_editing_method|}}}

|label26 = [[Gene delivery|Delivery method]]
| data26 = {{{gt_delivery_method|}}}
&lt;!--
 CLINICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header30 = Clinical data

| label31 = Pronunciation
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_ref|}}}&amp;#x20;{{{pronounce_comment|}}} }}

| label32 = [[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade name]]s
|  data32 = {{{tradename|}}}

| label33 = Anarana hafa
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{AAN|}}}{{{BAN|}}}{{{JAN|}}}{{{USAN|}}} |{{Infobox drug/localINNvariants |synonyms={{{synonyms|}}} |AAN={{{AAN|}}} |BAN={{{BAN|}}} |JAN={{{JAN|}}} |USAN={{{USAN|}}} }} |{{{synonyms|}}} }}

| label34 = [[Biosimilar]]s
|  data34 = {{{biosimilars|}}}

| label35 = [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
|  data35 = {{{Drugs.com|}}}

| label36 = [[MedlinePlus]]
|  data36 = {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}

| label37 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods |{{engvar|defaultWord=License |defaultLang=en-US |en-UK=Licence |en-AU=Licence |en-CA=Licence |en-NZ=Licence |en-EI=Licence |engvar={{{engvar|}}} }} data]]
|  data37 = {{Infobox drug/licence
 |INN_EMA={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |licence_EU={{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}|yes}}
 | _EMA_use_INN={{If empty
 |1={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |2={{#ifeq:{{{INN|}}}|none||{{{INN|}}}}}
 |3={{{drug_name|}}}
 |4={{PAGENAME}}
  }}
 |licence_US={{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_US|}}}
 |DailyMedID={{{DailyMedID|}}}
 |licence_CA=&lt;!-- switched off, no CA page available (Feb 2017):  {{{licence_CA|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}--&gt;
}}&lt;!-- so internally, spell licenCe --&gt;

&lt;!-- pregnancy categories --&gt;
| label38 = [[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;category]]
|  data38 = {{Infobox drug/pregnancy category
|pregnancy_AU         = {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
|pregnancy_AU_comment = {{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}
|pregnancy_category   = {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
}}

| label39 = [[Substance dependence|Dependence&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data39 = {{{dependency_liability|}}}

| label41 = [[Addiction|Addiction&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data41 = {{{addiction_liability|}}}

| label42 = [[Route of administration|Routes of&lt;br /&gt;administration]]
|  data42 = {{{routes_of_administration|}}}

| label43 = [[Drug class]]
|  data43 = {{{class|}}}
&lt;!--

 ATC atc human --&gt;
| label44 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|ATC code]]
|  data44 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 ATC VET --&gt;
| label45 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]]
|  data45 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
&lt;!-- ATCvet does not have a #2 option: its one for both then --&gt;
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
 Hormones, neurotransmitters etc. are not a separate drugtype (just a single chemical)
 Section 'Physiological data' appears when there is parameter input. May 2017.
--&gt;
| header50 = [[Physiological]] data

| label51= Source [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]
|  data51= {{{source_tissues|}}}

| label52= Target tissues
|  data52= {{{target_tissues|}}}

| label53= [[Receptor (biochemistry)|Receptors]]
|  data53= {{{receptors|}}}

| label54= [[Agonist]]s
|  data54= {{{agonists|}}}

| label55= [[Receptor antagonist|Antagonists]]
|  data55= {{{antagonists|}}}

| label56= [[Precursor (chemistry)|Precursor]]
|  data56= {{{precursor|}}}

| label57= [[Biosynthesis]]
|  data57= {{{biosynthesis|}}}

| label58= [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
|  data58= {{#if:{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}} |&lt;!-- has context so show here: --&gt;{{{metabolism|}}} }}&lt;!--

 LEGAL STATUS --&gt;
| header60 = Sata ara-dalàna

| label61 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Sata ara-dalàna]]
|  data61 = {{Infobox drug/legal status
 |legal_AU={{{legal_AU|}}}
 |legal_BR={{{legal_BR|}}}
 |legal_CA={{{legal_CA|}}}
 |legal_DE={{{legal_DE|}}}
 |legal_NZ={{{legal_NZ|}}}
 |legal_UK={{{legal_UK|}}}
 |legal_US={{{legal_US|}}}
 |legal_EU={{{legal_EU|}}}
 |legal_UN={{{legal_UN|}}}
 |legal_AU_comment={{{legal_AU_comment|}}}
 |legal_BR_comment={{{legal_BR_comment|}}}
 |legal_CA_comment={{{legal_CA_comment|}}}
 |legal_DE_comment={{{legal_DE_comment|}}}
 |legal_NZ_comment={{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}
 |legal_UK_comment={{{legal_UK_comment|}}}
 |legal_US_comment={{{legal_US_comment|}}}
 |legal_EU_comment={{{legal_EU_comment|}}}
 |legal_UN_comment={{{legal_UN_comment|}}}
 |legal_status={{{legal_status|}}}
 }}&lt;!--

 PHARMACOKINETIC ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header70 = [[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] data

  | label71 = [[Bioavailability]]
  |  data71 = {{{bioavailability|}}}
  | label72 = [[Plasma protein binding|Protein binding]]
  |  data72 = {{{protein_bound|}}}
  | label73 = [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
  |  data73 = {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolites|}}}{{{onset|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{duration_of_action|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |{{{metabolism|}}}|{{#if:{{{target_tissuess|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}
||{{{metabolism|}}}}} }}
  | label74 = [[Metabolite]]s
  |  data74 = {{{metabolites|}}}
  | label75 = [[Onset of action]]
  |  data75 = {{{onset|}}}
  | label76 = [[Biological half-life|Elimination {{nowrap|half-life}}]]
  |  data76 = {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
  | label77 = [[Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action|Duration of action]]
  |  data77 = {{{duration_of_action|}}}
  | label78 = [[Excretion]]
  |  data78 = {{{excretion|}}}&lt;!--

 IDENTIFIERS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header80 = Identifiers
&lt;!--
 IUPAC_name (single chemical only) --&gt;
  |  data81 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab|combo|vaccine= |#default={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}}
| {{Collapsible list &lt;!--| expand=test_yes--&gt;
|liststyle=word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;
|title = [[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|IUPAC name]]
|1=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}}}

&lt;!--
 label_comment: explain the labels --&gt;
| label83 = &amp;#x200B;&lt;!-- keeps data in righthand column --&gt;
|  data83 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#if:{{{index_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index_label|}}} |{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index_comment|}}} }}
|2={{#if:{{{index2_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}} |{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index2_comment|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CAS NUMBER --&gt;
| label84 = [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
|  data84 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental2|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM CID --&gt;
| label85 = [[PubChem#CID|PubChem]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|CID|Compound ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
|  data85 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment= }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment= }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM SID unrestricted showing (independent of CID) Feb 2017 --&gt;
|label86 = {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChem2|}}} |PubChem |[[PubChem#SID|PubChem]] }}&amp;#x20;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|1=SID|2=Substance ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
| data86 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 IUPHAR PBS iuphar --&gt;
| label87 = [[Guide to Pharmacology|IUPHAR/BPS]]
|  data87 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 DRUGBANK --&gt;
| label88 = [[DrugBank]]
|  data88 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank2|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEMSPIDER --&gt;
| label89 = [[ChemSpider]]
|  data89 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |index=0 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |index=2 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID2|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 UNII --&gt;
| label90 = [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
|  data90 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII|}}} |botref={{{UNIIRef|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII2|}}} |botref={{{UNII2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 KEGG --&gt;
| label91 = [[KEGG]]
|  data91 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG|}}} |botref={{{KEGG_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG2|}}} |botref={{{KEGG2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEBI --&gt;
| label92 = [[ChEBI]]
|  data92 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI2|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 CHEMBL --&gt;
| label93 = [[ChEMBL]]
|  data93 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL2|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 NIAID niaid --&gt;
| label94 = [[NIAID ChemDB]]
|  data94 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PDB ligand --&gt;
| label96 = [[Protein Data Bank|PDB ligand]]
|  data96 = {{#switch:{{{type|}}} |combo|vaccine=
|#default={{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand2|}}} }}
 }}}}&lt;!--

 E number from Wikidata --&gt;
| label97 = [[E number|&lt;span title=&quot;E number (food additive code)&quot;&gt;E number&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{main other|[[Category:E number from Wikidata|*]]}}
|  data97 = {{#property:P628}} {{#switch:&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:String|match|s={{#property:P628}} |pattern=E(%d%d?)%d%d[A-z]? |plain=false |nomatch=}}
|1=[[E number#E100–E199|(colours)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|2=[[E number#E200–E299|(preservatives)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|3=[[E number#E300–E399|(antioxidants, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|4=[[E number#E400–E499|(thickeners, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|5=[[E number#E500–E599|(acidity regulators, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|6=[[E number#E600–E699|(flavour enhancer)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|7=[[E number#E700–E799|(antibiotics)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|9=[[E number#E900–E999|(glazing agents, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|10|11|12|13|14|15=[[E number#E1000–E1599|(additional chemicals)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|#default= }}

&lt;!-- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header100 = Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana&lt;!--

--&gt;
  | label102 = [[Chemical formula|Raikipohy]]
  |  data102 = {{Infobox drug/chemical formula
|chemical_formula_fixed={{{chemical_formula|}}}
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|charge={{{charge|}}}
|chemical_formula_ref={{{chemical_formula_ref|}}}
|chemical_formula_comment={{{chemical_formula_comment|}}} }}

  | label103 = [[Molar mass]]
  |  data103 = {{Chem molar mass
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|fixed = {{{molecular_weight|}}}&lt;!-- should be molar mass --&gt;
|round = {{{molecular_weight_round|}}}
|unit  = {{{molecular_weight_unit|}}}
|ref   = {{{molecular_weight_ref|}}}
|comment = {{{molecular_weight_comment|}}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|source={{{molecular_weight|}}}|target=[^0-9.]|plain=false }}|0||{{main other|1=[[Category:Infobox-drug molecular-weight unexpected-character]]}}}}
&lt;!-- JMOL --&gt;
  | label104 = Modely 3D ([[JSmol]])
  |  data104 = {{#ifeq:{{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}|none||{{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index_label|}}}  |localJmol={{{Jmol|}}}  |localSMILES={{{SMILES |{{{smiles|}}}}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localJmol={{{Jmol2|}}} |localSMILES={{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} }}
}}}}

  | label106 = [[Chirality (chemistry)|Chirality]]
  |  data106 = {{{chirality|}}}
  | label107 = [[Specific rotation]]
  |  data107 = {{{specific_rotation|}}}

&lt;!-- physical data: --&gt;
  | label111 = [[Density]]
  |  data111 = {{#if:{{{density|}}} | {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} {{{density_notes|}}}
  | label112= [[Melting point]]
  |  data112 = {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{melting_point|}}} {{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}|to {{{melting_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{melting_notes|}}}
  | label113 = [[Boiling point]]
  |  data113 = {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{boiling_point|}}} {{#if:{{{boiling_high|}}}|to {{{boiling_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{boiling_notes|}}}
  | label114 = [[Aqueous solution|Solubility in water]]
  |  data114 = {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |{{{solubility}}}{{{sol_units|&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)}}}}}

  |  data118 = {{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} | {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
     |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
     |title = [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system|SMILES]]
     |1={{#if:{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
     |2={{#if:{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt; }}}}
     }}

  |  data119 = {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}|
  {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
    |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
    |title=[[International Chemical Identifier|InChI]]
    |1={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}} |&lt;br /&gt;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |2={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |3={{#if:{{{StdInChI2|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI2}}}{{{StdInChI2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |4={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey2|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey2}}}{{{StdInChIKey2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
  }}&lt;!-- eo collapsible list --&gt;}}&lt;!-- eo data89 if:StdInChI --&gt;&lt;!--

 DATA PAGE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header120 = Pejy angon-drakitra
|   data121 = {{Infobox drug/data page link| _targetpage={{#if:{{{data page|}}}|{{trim brackets|1={{{data page|}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}} (data page)}}}}&lt;!--

 VERIFICATIONS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| below =&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}} |changed|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}
|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages|rev1={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&amp;page2={{urlencode:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} (verify)]&lt;/span&gt;}}}}}}

}}&lt;!-- END OF INFOBOX ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

 Parameter check:
--&gt;{{#invoke:TemplatePar
|check
|template=Template:Infobox_drug
|all= |opt= pronounce= pronounce_ref= pronounce_comment= ATC_prefix= ATC_suffix= ATC_supplemental= ATCvet= biosimilars= CAS_number_Ref= CAS_number= CAS_supplemental= ChEBI= ChEBI_Ref= ChEMBL_Ref= ChEMBL= ChemSpiderID= ChemSpiderID_Ref= chirality= class= container_only= DailyMedID= data_page= DrugBank_Ref= DrugBank= Drugs.com= duration_of_action= INN= INN_EMA= IUPAC_name= IUPHAR_ligand= KEGG_Ref= KEGG= MedlinePlus= NIAID_ChemDB= PDB_ligand= PubChemSubstance= PubChem= StdInChIKey_Ref= StdInChIKey= StdInChI_Ref= StdInChI_comment= StdInChI= UNII_Ref= UNII= DTXSID= Verifiedfields= Watchedfields= addiction_liability= alt2= altL= altR= alt= bioavailability= boiling_high= boiling_notes= boiling_point= captionLR= caption= caption2= charge= chemical_formula= chemical_formula_ref= chemical_formula_comment= class1= class2= class3= class4= class5= class6= component1= component2= component3= component4= component5= component6= density= density_notes= dependency_liability= drug_name= elimination_half-life= engvar= excretion= image2= imageL= imageR= image= image_class= image_class2= image_classL= image_classR= Jmol= legal_AU= legal_BR= legal_CA= legal_DE= legal_EU= legal_NZ= legal_UK= legal_UN= legal_US= legal_AU_comment= legal_BR_comment= legal_CA_comment= legal_DE_comment= legal_UK_comment= legal_NZ_comment= legal_US_comment= legal_UN_comment= legal_EU_comment= legal_status= licence_CA= licence_EU= licence_US= license_CA= license_EU= license_US= mab_type= melting_high= melting_notes= melting_point= metabolism= metabolites= molecular_weight= molecular_weight_round= molecular_weight_unit= molecular_weight_ref= molecular_weight_comment= onset= pregnancy_AU= pregnancy_AU_comment= pregnancy_category= protein_bound= routes_of_administration= SMILES= smiles= solubility= sol_units= source= specific_rotation= synonyms= target= tradename= type= vaccine_type= verifiedrevid= width2= widthL= widthR= width= AAN= BAN= JAN= USAN=
&lt;!-- Physiological --&gt;source_tissues= target_tissues= receptors= agonists= antagonists= precursor= biosynthesis=
&lt;!-- Gene therapy --&gt;gt_target_gene= gt_vector= gt_nucleic_acid_type= gt_editing_method= gt_delivery_method=
&lt;!-- depr Mar 2017, but removal here would be trivial: --&gt;sec_combustion=
&lt;!-- unused, removed: InChI= InChIKey=; use StdInChI/Key because CheMoBot only checks these --&gt;
&lt;!-- chem elements --&gt;Ac=Ag=Al=Am=Ar=As=At=Au=B=Ba=Be=Bh=Bi=Bk=Br=C=Ca=Cd=Ce=Cf=Cl=Cm=Cn=Co=Cr=Cs=Cu=
D=Db=Ds=Dy=Er=Es=Eu=F=Fe=Fl=Fm=Fr=Ga=Gd=Ge=H=He=Hf=Hg=Ho=Hs=I=In=Ir=K=Kr=La=Li=Lr=Lu=Lv=
Mc=Md=Mg=Mn=Mo=Mt=N=Na=Nb=Nd=Ne=Nh=Ni=No=Np=O=Og=Os=P=Pa=Pb=Pd=Pm=Po=Pr=Pt=Pu=Ra=Rb=Re=Rf=Rg=Rh=Rn=Ru=S=Sb=Sc=Se=Sg=Si=Sm=Sn=Sr=Ta=Tb=Tc=Te=Th=Ti=Tl=Tm=Ts=U=V=W=Xe=Y=Yb=Zn=Zr=
&lt;!-- #2 identifiers (indexes): --&gt;index_label= index2_label= index_comment= index2_comment=
CAS_number2= CAS_supplemental2= ATC_prefix2= ATC_suffix2= ATC_supplemental2= PubChem2= PubChemSubstance2= IUPHAR_ligand2= DrugBank2= ChemSpiderID2= UNII2= KEGG2= ChEBI2= ChEMBL2= PDB_ligand2= NIAID_ChemDB2= SMILES2= smiles2= StdInChI2= StdInChIKey2=
CAS_number2_Ref= ChEBI2_Ref= ChEMBL2_Ref= ChemSpiderID2_Ref= DrugBank2_Ref= KEGG2_Ref= StdInChI2_Ref= StdInChIKey2_Ref= UNII2_Ref= DTXSID2=
&lt;!-- Wikidata: --&gt;QID= QID2=&lt;!--
 Deprecated per 2020-12-30, but kept here to keep UnkParameter category useful (not ~5500 pages) 2021-01-30: --&gt;PLLR= pregnancy_US= pregnancy_US_comment=
|cat=Pages using infobox drug with unknown parameters
|format=0|errNS=0
|preview=&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;@@@ (See [[Template:Infobox drug/doc/full parameter list|parameter list]]). This message only shows in Preview, it will not show after you do {{button|{{int:publishchanges}}}}.&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;!-- END of parameter checks

--&gt;&lt;!-- TRACKING:
--&gt;{{Infobox drug/maintenance categories{{yesno|{{{container_only|no}}}|yes=/container only|no=}}&lt;!--
 |container_only=yes -- uses [[Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories/container only]]
* Parameters starting with _underscore are internal constructs only, not straight article input
--&gt;
| drug_name = {{{drug_name|}}}
| INN = {{{INN|}}}
| _drugtype = {{lc:{{{type|}}}}}

&lt;!-- drugtype detected by input (not by type=): --&gt;
| _has_physiological_data={{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _has_gene_therapy={{{gt_target_gene|}}}{{{gt_vector|}}}{{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}{{{gt_editing_method|}}}{{{gt_delivery_method|}}}

&lt;!-- for catsort: --&gt;
| vaccine_type={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| mab_type={{{mab_type|}}}
| _number_of_combo_chemicals={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |component1 |component2 |component3 |component4|component5|component6 }}
&lt;!-- to check illogical input --&gt;
| _vaccine_data={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| _mab_data={{{mab_type|}}}{{{source|}}}
| _mab_vaccine_data={{{target|}}}
| _mab_other_data=&lt;!-- chem data --&gt;{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{F|}}}{{{I|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}{{{chirality|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{SMILES2|}}}{{{smiles2|}}}{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}&lt;!-- physical data --&gt;{{{density|}}}{{{density_notes|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{melting_high|}}}{{{boiling_high|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{molecular_weight|}}}
| _combo_data={{{component1|}}}{{{component2|}}}{{{component3|}}}{{{component4|}}}{{{component5|}}}{{{component6|}}}{{{class1|}}}{{{class2|}}}{{{class3|}}}{{{class4|}}}{{{class5|}}}{{{class6|}}}
| _physiological_data=&lt;!-- physiological data input/ USED??? see also _physiological_data. March2018   --&gt;{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _clinical_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogenous) data --&gt;{{{Drugs.com|}}}{{{MedlinePlus|}}}{{{addiction_liability|}}}{{{dependency_liability|}}}{{{licence_CA|}}}{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}{{{license_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}}
{{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_category|}}}{{{routes_of_administration|}}}{{{tradename|}}}{{{class|}}}{{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}{{{ATC_prefix2|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental2|}}}
| _legal_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogeneous) data --&gt;{{{legal_AU_comment|}}}{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR_comment|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA_comment|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_DE_comment|}}}{{{legal_DE|}}}{{{legal_EU_comment|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}{{{legal_NZ|}}}{{{legal_UK_comment|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_UN_comment|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_US_comment|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}

| _other_data={{{IUPAC_name|}}}

| _image_0_or_2 = {{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}
| _image_LR = {{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}

| _datapage = {{PAGENAME}} (data page)&lt;!-- 3rd ifexist on this one? / TODO: could be set by param |data page= --&gt;
| _vaccine_target={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | vaccine | {{{target|}}} | _type_not_vaccine }}&lt;!-- vaccine with empty target = to maint cat; former question mark --&gt;
| _legal_all={{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}
| _ATC_prefix_supplemental={{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}&lt;!-- together --&gt;
| _has_EMA_link = {{{licence_EU|}}}&lt;!--

 Identifiers tracked --&gt;
| CAS_number={{{CAS_number|}}}
| PubChem={{{PubChem|}}}
| ChemSpiderID={{{ChemSpiderID|}}}
| ChEBI={{{ChEBI|}}}
| ChEMBL={{{ChEMBL|}}}
| DrugBank={{{DrugBank|}}}
| KEGG={{{KEGG|}}}
| _hasInChI_or_Key={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}} |yes}}
| UNII={{{UNII|}}}
| _hasJmol02 = {{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}&lt;!--

 Second IDs (see also: WD, QID2) --&gt;
|_hasMultipleCASnumbers = {{{CAS_number2|}}}
|_hasMultiplePubChemCIDs = {{{PubChem2|}}}
|_hasMultipleChEBIs = {{{ChEBI2|}}}

| _countSecondIDs={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |CAS_number2 |ATC_prefix2 |PubChem2 |PubChemStructure2 |IUPHAR_ligand2 |DrugBank2 |ChemSpiderID2 |UNII2 |KEGG2 |ChEBI2 |ChEMBL2 |PDB_ligand2 |NIAID_ChemDB2 |SMILES2 |smiles2 |StdInChI2 |StdInChIKey2 |DTXCID2}}
| _countIndexlabels={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |index_label |index2_label}}&lt;!--

 OPTIONAL TEMP TRACKING
 When param is not empty, will be categorised in [[Category:Infobox drug tracked parameters]]
--&gt;
| _trackListSortletter=
&lt;!--

 WIKIDATA --&gt;
|QID = {{{QID|}}}
|QID2 = {{{QID2|}}}
&lt;!--

 BOT VALIDATION --&gt;
|Verifiedfields={{{Verifiedfields|}}}
|Watchedfields={{{Watchedfields|}}}
|verifiedrevid={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- END of /maintenance categories

--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rhn6f7ax1la1a62e34ot59l8yshogon</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149533</id>
      <parentid>1149532</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:50:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149533</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34117" sha1="atlpyc6qrplzf88v91hlsji8obn4jfe" xml:space="preserve">{{main other|{{short description|Pharmaceutical compound|noreplace}}}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot;/&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = border-spacing:2px;
| headerstyle = background:#ddd;color:inherit;
| labelstyle  = line-height:1.2em;
| autoheaders = yes&lt;!--

 INFOBOX TITLE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| title = {{Infobox drug/title |title={{#if:{{{drug_name|}}} |{{{drug_name}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} |INN={{{INN|}}} }}&lt;!--

 IMAGES ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}} |size={{{width|}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class|}}}|{{{image_class}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{#if:{{{width2|}}}|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class2|}}}|{{{image_class2}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}}}
&lt;!-- caption: kept old behaviour: when only 'caption=' input, put that below *both* images (Jan 2016) --&gt;
| caption1={{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} |}} |{{{caption|}}} }}
| caption2={{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} }}

| image3 = {{#if:{{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}|&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageL|}}}|size={{{widthL|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classL|}}}|{{{image_classL}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altL|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageR|}}}|size={{{widthR|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classR|}}}|{{{image_classR}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altR|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}
| caption3 = {{{captionLR|}}}&lt;!--

 TYPEHEADER=VACC/COMBO/MAB/SINGLE --&gt;
| header1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default =&lt;!-- no header when type=blank (single chemical) --&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 TYPE VACCINE: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;
| label5 = Target&lt;!-- reuse of parameter 'target'; see vacc/mab --&gt;
|  data5 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#if:{{{target|}}} |{{{target}}} |&lt;!-- cat --&gt;}} }}

| label6 = [[Vaccine#Types|Vaccine type]]
|  data6 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{vaccine_type|}}}}}
 |inactivated |killed = [[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]]
 |attenuated = [[Attenuated vaccine|Attenuated]]
 |live = Live bacteria
 |viral = [[Viral vector vaccine|Viral vector]]
 |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |subunit = [[Subunit vaccine|Subunit]]
 |protein |protein subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Protein subunit|Protein subunit]]
 |peptide |peptide subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Peptide subunit|Peptide subunit]]
 |polysaccharide = [[Subunit vaccine#Polysaccharide subunit|Polysaccharide]]
 |vlp = [[Subunit vaccine#Virus-like particles|Virus-like particles]]
 |conjugate = [[Conjugate vaccine|Conjugate]]
 |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant vector]]
 |dna = [[DNA vaccine|DNA]]
 |rna = [[RNA vaccine|RNA]]
 |mrna = [[mRNA vaccine|mRNA]]
 |heterologous = [[Heterologous vaccine|Heterologous]]
 |#default={{{vaccine_type|}}} }} }}&lt;!-- freetext, shows unedited --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE MAB: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;
| label10 = [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
|  data10 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{mab_type|}}}}}
 | mab = Whole antibody
 | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | f(ab')2 = [[Fragment antigen-binding|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment|Di-single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | #default=? }} }}

| label11 = [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
|  data11 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{Infobox drug/mab source |_mab_source={{{source|}}} }}}}&lt;!-- mab_source == internal only --&gt;

| label12 = [[Antigen|Target]]
|  data12 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{{target|}}} }}&lt;!-- alternate use of target; see vacc --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE COMBO: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 if type=combo show its components (#2 obligatory, 3-6 optional) --&gt;
| label15 = {{#if:{{{component1|}}}|[[{{{component1}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data15 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class1|? Class}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{component2|}}}|[[{{{component2}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data16 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class2|? Class}}} }}

| label17 = [[{{{component3}}}]]
|  data17 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component3|}}}|{{{class3|}}}}} | {{{class3|? Class}}} }} }}

| label18 = [[{{{component4}}}]]
|  data18 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component4|}}}|{{{class4|}}}}} | {{{class4|? Class}}} }} }}

| label19 = [[{{{component5}}}]]
|  data19 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component5|}}}|{{{class5|}}}}} | {{{class5|? Class}}} }} }}

| label20 = [[{{{component6}}}]]
|  data20 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component6|}}}|{{{class6|}}}}} | {{{class6|? Class}}} }} }}
&lt;!--
 TYPE: GENE THERAPY  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (no need to set type=... any parmeter input will show the section) --&gt;
|header21= [[Gene therapy]]

|label22 = [[Gene targeting|Target gene]]
| data22 = {{{gt_target_gene|}}}

|label23 = [[Vectors in gene therapy|Vector]]
| data23 = {{{gt_vector|}}}

|label24 = [[Nucleic acid|Nucleic acid type]]
| data24 = {{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}

|label25 = [[Genome editing|Editing method]]
| data25 = {{{gt_editing_method|}}}

|label26 = [[Gene delivery|Delivery method]]
| data26 = {{{gt_delivery_method|}}}
&lt;!--
 CLINICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header30 = Clinical data

| label31 = Pronunciation
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_ref|}}}&amp;#x20;{{{pronounce_comment|}}} }}

| label32 = [[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade name]]s
|  data32 = {{{tradename|}}}

| label33 = Anarana hafa
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{AAN|}}}{{{BAN|}}}{{{JAN|}}}{{{USAN|}}} |{{Infobox drug/localINNvariants |synonyms={{{synonyms|}}} |AAN={{{AAN|}}} |BAN={{{BAN|}}} |JAN={{{JAN|}}} |USAN={{{USAN|}}} }} |{{{synonyms|}}} }}

| label34 = [[Biosimilar]]s
|  data34 = {{{biosimilars|}}}

| label35 = [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
|  data35 = {{{Drugs.com|}}}

| label36 = [[MedlinePlus]]
|  data36 = {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}

| label37 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods |{{engvar|defaultWord=License |defaultLang=en-US |en-UK=Licence |en-AU=Licence |en-CA=Licence |en-NZ=Licence |en-EI=Licence |engvar={{{engvar|}}} }} data]]
|  data37 = {{Infobox drug/licence
 |INN_EMA={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |licence_EU={{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}|yes}}
 | _EMA_use_INN={{If empty
 |1={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |2={{#ifeq:{{{INN|}}}|none||{{{INN|}}}}}
 |3={{{drug_name|}}}
 |4={{PAGENAME}}
  }}
 |licence_US={{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_US|}}}
 |DailyMedID={{{DailyMedID|}}}
 |licence_CA=&lt;!-- switched off, no CA page available (Feb 2017):  {{{licence_CA|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}--&gt;
}}&lt;!-- so internally, spell licenCe --&gt;

&lt;!-- pregnancy categories --&gt;
| label38 = [[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;category]]
|  data38 = {{Infobox drug/pregnancy category
|pregnancy_AU         = {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
|pregnancy_AU_comment = {{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}
|pregnancy_category   = {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
}}

| label39 = [[Substance dependence|Dependence&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data39 = {{{dependency_liability|}}}

| label41 = [[Addiction|Addiction&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data41 = {{{addiction_liability|}}}

| label42 = [[Route of administration|Routes of&lt;br /&gt;administration]]
|  data42 = {{{routes_of_administration|}}}

| label43 = [[Drug class]]
|  data43 = {{{class|}}}
&lt;!--

 ATC atc human --&gt;
| label44 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|ATC code]]
|  data44 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 ATC VET --&gt;
| label45 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]]
|  data45 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
&lt;!-- ATCvet does not have a #2 option: its one for both then --&gt;
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
 Hormones, neurotransmitters etc. are not a separate drugtype (just a single chemical)
 Section 'Physiological data' appears when there is parameter input. May 2017.
--&gt;
| header50 = [[Physiological]] data

| label51= Source [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]
|  data51= {{{source_tissues|}}}

| label52= Target tissues
|  data52= {{{target_tissues|}}}

| label53= [[Receptor (biochemistry)|Receptors]]
|  data53= {{{receptors|}}}

| label54= [[Agonist]]s
|  data54= {{{agonists|}}}

| label55= [[Receptor antagonist|Antagonists]]
|  data55= {{{antagonists|}}}

| label56= [[Precursor (chemistry)|Precursor]]
|  data56= {{{precursor|}}}

| label57= [[Biosynthesis]]
|  data57= {{{biosynthesis|}}}

| label58= [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
|  data58= {{#if:{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}} |&lt;!-- has context so show here: --&gt;{{{metabolism|}}} }}&lt;!--

 LEGAL STATUS --&gt;
| header60 = Sata ara-dalàna

| label61 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Sata ara-dalàna]]
|  data61 = {{Infobox drug/legal status
 |legal_AU={{{legal_AU|}}}
 |legal_BR={{{legal_BR|}}}
 |legal_CA={{{legal_CA|}}}
 |legal_DE={{{legal_DE|}}}
 |legal_NZ={{{legal_NZ|}}}
 |legal_UK={{{legal_UK|}}}
 |legal_US={{{legal_US|}}}
 |legal_EU={{{legal_EU|}}}
 |legal_UN={{{legal_UN|}}}
 |legal_AU_comment={{{legal_AU_comment|}}}
 |legal_BR_comment={{{legal_BR_comment|}}}
 |legal_CA_comment={{{legal_CA_comment|}}}
 |legal_DE_comment={{{legal_DE_comment|}}}
 |legal_NZ_comment={{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}
 |legal_UK_comment={{{legal_UK_comment|}}}
 |legal_US_comment={{{legal_US_comment|}}}
 |legal_EU_comment={{{legal_EU_comment|}}}
 |legal_UN_comment={{{legal_UN_comment|}}}
 |legal_status={{{legal_status|}}}
 }}&lt;!--

 PHARMACOKINETIC ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header70 = [[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] data

  | label71 = [[Bioavailability]]
  |  data71 = {{{bioavailability|}}}
  | label72 = [[Plasma protein binding|Protein binding]]
  |  data72 = {{{protein_bound|}}}
  | label73 = [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
  |  data73 = {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolites|}}}{{{onset|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{duration_of_action|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |{{{metabolism|}}}|{{#if:{{{target_tissuess|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}
||{{{metabolism|}}}}} }}
  | label74 = [[Metabolite]]s
  |  data74 = {{{metabolites|}}}
  | label75 = [[Onset of action]]
  |  data75 = {{{onset|}}}
  | label76 = [[Biological half-life|Elimination {{nowrap|half-life}}]]
  |  data76 = {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
  | label77 = [[Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action|Duration of action]]
  |  data77 = {{{duration_of_action|}}}
  | label78 = [[Excretion]]
  |  data78 = {{{excretion|}}}&lt;!--

 IDENTIFIERS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header80 = Identifiers
&lt;!--
 IUPAC_name (single chemical only) --&gt;
  |  data81 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab|combo|vaccine= |#default={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}}
| {{Collapsible list &lt;!--| expand=test_yes--&gt;
|liststyle=word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;
|title = [[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|IUPAC name]]
|1=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}}}

&lt;!--
 label_comment: explain the labels --&gt;
| label83 = &amp;#x200B;&lt;!-- keeps data in righthand column --&gt;
|  data83 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#if:{{{index_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index_label|}}} |{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index_comment|}}} }}
|2={{#if:{{{index2_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}} |{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index2_comment|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CAS NUMBER --&gt;
| label84 = [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
|  data84 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental2|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM CID --&gt;
| label85 = [[PubChem#CID|PubChem]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|CID|Compound ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
|  data85 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment= }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment= }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM SID unrestricted showing (independent of CID) Feb 2017 --&gt;
|label86 = {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChem2|}}} |PubChem |[[PubChem#SID|PubChem]] }}&amp;#x20;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|1=SID|2=Substance ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
| data86 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 IUPHAR PBS iuphar --&gt;
| label87 = [[Guide to Pharmacology|IUPHAR/BPS]]
|  data87 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 DRUGBANK --&gt;
| label88 = [[DrugBank]]
|  data88 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank2|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEMSPIDER --&gt;
| label89 = [[ChemSpider]]
|  data89 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |index=0 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |index=2 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID2|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 UNII --&gt;
| label90 = [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
|  data90 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII|}}} |botref={{{UNIIRef|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII2|}}} |botref={{{UNII2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 KEGG --&gt;
| label91 = [[KEGG]]
|  data91 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG|}}} |botref={{{KEGG_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG2|}}} |botref={{{KEGG2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEBI --&gt;
| label92 = [[ChEBI]]
|  data92 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI2|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 CHEMBL --&gt;
| label93 = [[ChEMBL]]
|  data93 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL2|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 NIAID niaid --&gt;
| label94 = [[NIAID ChemDB]]
|  data94 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PDB ligand --&gt;
| label96 = [[Protein Data Bank|PDB ligand]]
|  data96 = {{#switch:{{{type|}}} |combo|vaccine=
|#default={{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand2|}}} }}
 }}}}&lt;!--

 E number from Wikidata --&gt;
| label97 = [[E number|&lt;span title=&quot;E number (food additive code)&quot;&gt;E number&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{main other|[[Category:E number from Wikidata|*]]}}
|  data97 = {{#property:P628}} {{#switch:&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:String|match|s={{#property:P628}} |pattern=E(%d%d?)%d%d[A-z]? |plain=false |nomatch=}}
|1=[[E number#E100–E199|(colours)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|2=[[E number#E200–E299|(preservatives)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|3=[[E number#E300–E399|(antioxidants, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|4=[[E number#E400–E499|(thickeners, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|5=[[E number#E500–E599|(acidity regulators, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|6=[[E number#E600–E699|(flavour enhancer)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|7=[[E number#E700–E799|(antibiotics)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|9=[[E number#E900–E999|(glazing agents, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|10|11|12|13|14|15=[[E number#E1000–E1599|(additional chemicals)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|#default= }}

&lt;!-- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header100 = Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana&lt;!--

--&gt;
  | label102 = [[Chemical formula|Raikipohy]]
  |  data102 = {{Infobox drug/chemical formula
|chemical_formula_fixed={{{chemical_formula|}}}
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|charge={{{charge|}}}
|chemical_formula_ref={{{chemical_formula_ref|}}}
|chemical_formula_comment={{{chemical_formula_comment|}}} }}

  | label103 = [[Molar mass]]
  |  data103 = {{Chem molar mass
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|fixed = {{{molecular_weight|}}}&lt;!-- should be molar mass --&gt;
|round = {{{molecular_weight_round|}}}
|unit  = {{{molecular_weight_unit|}}}
|ref   = {{{molecular_weight_ref|}}}
|comment = {{{molecular_weight_comment|}}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|source={{{molecular_weight|}}}|target=[^0-9.]|plain=false }}|0||{{main other|1=[[Category:Infobox-drug molecular-weight unexpected-character]]}}}}
&lt;!-- JMOL --&gt;
  | label104 = Modely 3D ([[JSmol]])
  |  data104 = {{#ifeq:{{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}|none||{{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index_label|}}}  |localJmol={{{Jmol|}}}  |localSMILES={{{SMILES |{{{smiles|}}}}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localJmol={{{Jmol2|}}} |localSMILES={{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} }}
}}}}

  | label106 = [[Chirality (chemistry)|Chirality]]
  |  data106 = {{{chirality|}}}
  | label107 = [[Specific rotation]]
  |  data107 = {{{specific_rotation|}}}

&lt;!-- physical data: --&gt;
  | label111 = [[Density]]
  |  data111 = {{#if:{{{density|}}} | {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} {{{density_notes|}}}
  | label112= [[Melting point]]
  |  data112 = {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{melting_point|}}} {{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}|to {{{melting_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{melting_notes|}}}
  | label113 = [[Boiling point]]
  |  data113 = {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{boiling_point|}}} {{#if:{{{boiling_high|}}}|to {{{boiling_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{boiling_notes|}}}
  | label114 = [[Aqueous solution|Solubility in water]]
  |  data114 = {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |{{{solubility}}}{{{sol_units|&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)}}}}}

  |  data118 = {{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} | {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
     |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
     |title = [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system|SMILES]]
     |1={{#if:{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
     |2={{#if:{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt; }}}}
     }}

  |  data119 = {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}|
  {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
    |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
    |title=[[International Chemical Identifier|InChI]]
    |1={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}} |&lt;br /&gt;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |2={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |3={{#if:{{{StdInChI2|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI2}}}{{{StdInChI2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |4={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey2|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey2}}}{{{StdInChIKey2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
  }}&lt;!-- eo collapsible list --&gt;}}&lt;!-- eo data89 if:StdInChI --&gt;&lt;!--

 DATA PAGE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header120 = Pejy angon-drakitra
|   data121 = {{Infobox drug/data page link| _targetpage={{#if:{{{data page|}}}|{{trim brackets|1={{{data page|}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}} (data page)}}}}&lt;!--

 VERIFICATIONS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| below =&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}} |changed|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}
|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages|rev1={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&amp;page2={{urlencode:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} (verify)]&lt;/span&gt;}}}}}}

}}&lt;!-- END OF INFOBOX ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

 Parameter check:
--&gt;{{#invoke:TemplatePar
|check
|template=Template:Infobox_drug
|all= |opt= pronounce= pronounce_ref= pronounce_comment= ATC_prefix= ATC_suffix= ATC_supplemental= ATCvet= biosimilars= CAS_number_Ref= CAS_number= CAS_supplemental= ChEBI= ChEBI_Ref= ChEMBL_Ref= ChEMBL= ChemSpiderID= ChemSpiderID_Ref= chirality= class= container_only= DailyMedID= data_page= DrugBank_Ref= DrugBank= Drugs.com= duration_of_action= INN= INN_EMA= IUPAC_name= IUPHAR_ligand= KEGG_Ref= KEGG= MedlinePlus= NIAID_ChemDB= PDB_ligand= PubChemSubstance= PubChem= StdInChIKey_Ref= StdInChIKey= StdInChI_Ref= StdInChI_comment= StdInChI= UNII_Ref= UNII= DTXSID= Verifiedfields= Watchedfields= addiction_liability= alt2= altL= altR= alt= bioavailability= boiling_high= boiling_notes= boiling_point= captionLR= caption= caption2= charge= chemical_formula= chemical_formula_ref= chemical_formula_comment= class1= class2= class3= class4= class5= class6= component1= component2= component3= component4= component5= component6= density= density_notes= dependency_liability= drug_name= elimination_half-life= engvar= excretion= image2= imageL= imageR= image= image_class= image_class2= image_classL= image_classR= Jmol= legal_AU= legal_BR= legal_CA= legal_DE= legal_EU= legal_NZ= legal_UK= legal_UN= legal_US= legal_AU_comment= legal_BR_comment= legal_CA_comment= legal_DE_comment= legal_UK_comment= legal_NZ_comment= legal_US_comment= legal_UN_comment= legal_EU_comment= legal_status= licence_CA= licence_EU= licence_US= license_CA= license_EU= license_US= mab_type= melting_high= melting_notes= melting_point= metabolism= metabolites= molecular_weight= molecular_weight_round= molecular_weight_unit= molecular_weight_ref= molecular_weight_comment= onset= pregnancy_AU= pregnancy_AU_comment= pregnancy_category= protein_bound= routes_of_administration= SMILES= smiles= solubility= sol_units= source= specific_rotation= synonyms= target= tradename= type= vaccine_type= verifiedrevid= width2= widthL= widthR= width= AAN= BAN= JAN= USAN=
&lt;!-- Physiological --&gt;source_tissues= target_tissues= receptors= agonists= antagonists= precursor= biosynthesis=
&lt;!-- Gene therapy --&gt;gt_target_gene= gt_vector= gt_nucleic_acid_type= gt_editing_method= gt_delivery_method=
&lt;!-- depr Mar 2017, but removal here would be trivial: --&gt;sec_combustion=
&lt;!-- unused, removed: InChI= InChIKey=; use StdInChI/Key because CheMoBot only checks these --&gt;
&lt;!-- chem elements --&gt;Ac=Ag=Al=Am=Ar=As=At=Au=B=Ba=Be=Bh=Bi=Bk=Br=C=Ca=Cd=Ce=Cf=Cl=Cm=Cn=Co=Cr=Cs=Cu=
D=Db=Ds=Dy=Er=Es=Eu=F=Fe=Fl=Fm=Fr=Ga=Gd=Ge=H=He=Hf=Hg=Ho=Hs=I=In=Ir=K=Kr=La=Li=Lr=Lu=Lv=
Mc=Md=Mg=Mn=Mo=Mt=N=Na=Nb=Nd=Ne=Nh=Ni=No=Np=O=Og=Os=P=Pa=Pb=Pd=Pm=Po=Pr=Pt=Pu=Ra=Rb=Re=Rf=Rg=Rh=Rn=Ru=S=Sb=Sc=Se=Sg=Si=Sm=Sn=Sr=Ta=Tb=Tc=Te=Th=Ti=Tl=Tm=Ts=U=V=W=Xe=Y=Yb=Zn=Zr=
&lt;!-- #2 identifiers (indexes): --&gt;index_label= index2_label= index_comment= index2_comment=
CAS_number2= CAS_supplemental2= ATC_prefix2= ATC_suffix2= ATC_supplemental2= PubChem2= PubChemSubstance2= IUPHAR_ligand2= DrugBank2= ChemSpiderID2= UNII2= KEGG2= ChEBI2= ChEMBL2= PDB_ligand2= NIAID_ChemDB2= SMILES2= smiles2= StdInChI2= StdInChIKey2=
CAS_number2_Ref= ChEBI2_Ref= ChEMBL2_Ref= ChemSpiderID2_Ref= DrugBank2_Ref= KEGG2_Ref= StdInChI2_Ref= StdInChIKey2_Ref= UNII2_Ref= DTXSID2=
&lt;!-- Wikidata: --&gt;QID= QID2=&lt;!--
 Deprecated per 2020-12-30, but kept here to keep UnkParameter category useful (not ~5500 pages) 2021-01-30: --&gt;PLLR= pregnancy_US= pregnancy_US_comment=
|cat=Pages using infobox drug with unknown parameters
|format=0|errNS=0
|preview=&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;@@@ (See [[Template:Infobox drug/doc/full parameter list|parameter list]]). This message only shows in Preview, it will not show after you do {{button|{{int:publishchanges}}}}.&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;!-- END of parameter checks

--&gt;&lt;!-- TRACKING:
--&gt;{{Infobox drug/maintenance categories{{yesno|{{{container_only|no}}}|yes=/container only|no=}}&lt;!--
 |container_only=yes -- uses [[Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories/container only]]
* Parameters starting with _underscore are internal constructs only, not straight article input
--&gt;
| drug_name = {{{drug_name|}}}
| INN = {{{INN|}}}
| _drugtype = {{lc:{{{type|}}}}}

&lt;!-- drugtype detected by input (not by type=): --&gt;
| _has_physiological_data={{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _has_gene_therapy={{{gt_target_gene|}}}{{{gt_vector|}}}{{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}{{{gt_editing_method|}}}{{{gt_delivery_method|}}}

&lt;!-- for catsort: --&gt;
| vaccine_type={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| mab_type={{{mab_type|}}}
| _number_of_combo_chemicals={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |component1 |component2 |component3 |component4|component5|component6 }}
&lt;!-- to check illogical input --&gt;
| _vaccine_data={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| _mab_data={{{mab_type|}}}{{{source|}}}
| _mab_vaccine_data={{{target|}}}
| _mab_other_data=&lt;!-- chem data --&gt;{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{F|}}}{{{I|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}{{{chirality|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{SMILES2|}}}{{{smiles2|}}}{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}&lt;!-- physical data --&gt;{{{density|}}}{{{density_notes|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{melting_high|}}}{{{boiling_high|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{molecular_weight|}}}
| _combo_data={{{component1|}}}{{{component2|}}}{{{component3|}}}{{{component4|}}}{{{component5|}}}{{{component6|}}}{{{class1|}}}{{{class2|}}}{{{class3|}}}{{{class4|}}}{{{class5|}}}{{{class6|}}}
| _physiological_data=&lt;!-- physiological data input/ USED??? see also _physiological_data. March2018   --&gt;{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _clinical_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogenous) data --&gt;{{{Drugs.com|}}}{{{MedlinePlus|}}}{{{addiction_liability|}}}{{{dependency_liability|}}}{{{licence_CA|}}}{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}{{{license_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}}
{{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_category|}}}{{{routes_of_administration|}}}{{{tradename|}}}{{{class|}}}{{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}{{{ATC_prefix2|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental2|}}}
| _legal_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogeneous) data --&gt;{{{legal_AU_comment|}}}{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR_comment|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA_comment|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_DE_comment|}}}{{{legal_DE|}}}{{{legal_EU_comment|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}{{{legal_NZ|}}}{{{legal_UK_comment|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_UN_comment|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_US_comment|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}

| _other_data={{{IUPAC_name|}}}

| _image_0_or_2 = {{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}
| _image_LR = {{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}

| _datapage = {{PAGENAME}} (data page)&lt;!-- 3rd ifexist on this one? / TODO: could be set by param |data page= --&gt;
| _vaccine_target={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | vaccine | {{{target|}}} | _type_not_vaccine }}&lt;!-- vaccine with empty target = to maint cat; former question mark --&gt;
| _legal_all={{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}
| _ATC_prefix_supplemental={{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}&lt;!-- together --&gt;
| _has_EMA_link = {{{licence_EU|}}}&lt;!--

 BOT VALIDATION --&gt;
|Verifiedfields={{{Verifiedfields|}}}
|Watchedfields={{{Watchedfields|}}}
|verifiedrevid={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- END of /maintenance categories

--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>atlpyc6qrplzf88v91hlsji8obn4jfe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149534</id>
      <parentid>1149533</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:52:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149534</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35165" sha1="szl59z0fg75a6h5mdchu9q592oligd6" xml:space="preserve">{{main other|{{short description|Pharmaceutical compound|noreplace}}}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot;/&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = border-spacing:2px;
| headerstyle = background:#ddd;color:inherit;
| labelstyle  = line-height:1.2em;
| autoheaders = yes&lt;!--

 INFOBOX TITLE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| title = {{Infobox drug/title |title={{#if:{{{drug_name|}}} |{{{drug_name}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} |INN={{{INN|}}} }}&lt;!--

 IMAGES ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}} |size={{{width|}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class|}}}|{{{image_class}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{#if:{{{width2|}}}|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class2|}}}|{{{image_class2}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}}}
&lt;!-- caption: kept old behaviour: when only 'caption=' input, put that below *both* images (Jan 2016) --&gt;
| caption1={{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} |}} |{{{caption|}}} }}
| caption2={{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} }}

| image3 = {{#if:{{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}|&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageL|}}}|size={{{widthL|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classL|}}}|{{{image_classL}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altL|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageR|}}}|size={{{widthR|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classR|}}}|{{{image_classR}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altR|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}
| caption3 = {{{captionLR|}}}&lt;!--

 TYPEHEADER=VACC/COMBO/MAB/SINGLE --&gt;
| header1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default =&lt;!-- no header when type=blank (single chemical) --&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 TYPE VACCINE: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;
| label5 = Target&lt;!-- reuse of parameter 'target'; see vacc/mab --&gt;
|  data5 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#if:{{{target|}}} |{{{target}}} |&lt;!-- cat --&gt;}} }}

| label6 = [[Vaccine#Types|Vaccine type]]
|  data6 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{vaccine_type|}}}}}
 |inactivated |killed = [[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]]
 |attenuated = [[Attenuated vaccine|Attenuated]]
 |live = Live bacteria
 |viral = [[Viral vector vaccine|Viral vector]]
 |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |subunit = [[Subunit vaccine|Subunit]]
 |protein |protein subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Protein subunit|Protein subunit]]
 |peptide |peptide subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Peptide subunit|Peptide subunit]]
 |polysaccharide = [[Subunit vaccine#Polysaccharide subunit|Polysaccharide]]
 |vlp = [[Subunit vaccine#Virus-like particles|Virus-like particles]]
 |conjugate = [[Conjugate vaccine|Conjugate]]
 |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant vector]]
 |dna = [[DNA vaccine|DNA]]
 |rna = [[RNA vaccine|RNA]]
 |mrna = [[mRNA vaccine|mRNA]]
 |heterologous = [[Heterologous vaccine|Heterologous]]
 |#default={{{vaccine_type|}}} }} }}&lt;!-- freetext, shows unedited --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE MAB: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;
| label10 = [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
|  data10 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{mab_type|}}}}}
 | mab = Whole antibody
 | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | f(ab')2 = [[Fragment antigen-binding|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment|Di-single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | #default=? }} }}

| label11 = [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
|  data11 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{Infobox drug/mab source |_mab_source={{{source|}}} }}}}&lt;!-- mab_source == internal only --&gt;

| label12 = [[Antigen|Target]]
|  data12 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{{target|}}} }}&lt;!-- alternate use of target; see vacc --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE COMBO: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 if type=combo show its components (#2 obligatory, 3-6 optional) --&gt;
| label15 = {{#if:{{{component1|}}}|[[{{{component1}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data15 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class1|? Class}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{component2|}}}|[[{{{component2}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data16 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class2|? Class}}} }}

| label17 = [[{{{component3}}}]]
|  data17 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component3|}}}|{{{class3|}}}}} | {{{class3|? Class}}} }} }}

| label18 = [[{{{component4}}}]]
|  data18 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component4|}}}|{{{class4|}}}}} | {{{class4|? Class}}} }} }}

| label19 = [[{{{component5}}}]]
|  data19 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component5|}}}|{{{class5|}}}}} | {{{class5|? Class}}} }} }}

| label20 = [[{{{component6}}}]]
|  data20 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component6|}}}|{{{class6|}}}}} | {{{class6|? Class}}} }} }}
&lt;!--
 TYPE: GENE THERAPY  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (no need to set type=... any parmeter input will show the section) --&gt;
|header21= [[Gene therapy]]

|label22 = [[Gene targeting|Target gene]]
| data22 = {{{gt_target_gene|}}}

|label23 = [[Vectors in gene therapy|Vector]]
| data23 = {{{gt_vector|}}}

|label24 = [[Nucleic acid|Nucleic acid type]]
| data24 = {{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}

|label25 = [[Genome editing|Editing method]]
| data25 = {{{gt_editing_method|}}}

|label26 = [[Gene delivery|Delivery method]]
| data26 = {{{gt_delivery_method|}}}
&lt;!--
 CLINICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header30 = Clinical data

| label31 = Pronunciation
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_ref|}}}&amp;#x20;{{{pronounce_comment|}}} }}

| label32 = [[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade name]]s
|  data32 = {{{tradename|}}}

| label33 = Anarana hafa
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{AAN|}}}{{{BAN|}}}{{{JAN|}}}{{{USAN|}}} |{{Infobox drug/localINNvariants |synonyms={{{synonyms|}}} |AAN={{{AAN|}}} |BAN={{{BAN|}}} |JAN={{{JAN|}}} |USAN={{{USAN|}}} }} |{{{synonyms|}}} }}

| label34 = [[Biosimilar]]s
|  data34 = {{{biosimilars|}}}

| label35 = [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
|  data35 = {{{Drugs.com|}}}

| label36 = [[MedlinePlus]]
|  data36 = {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}

| label37 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods |{{engvar|defaultWord=License |defaultLang=en-US |en-UK=Licence |en-AU=Licence |en-CA=Licence |en-NZ=Licence |en-EI=Licence |engvar={{{engvar|}}} }} data]]
|  data37 = {{Infobox drug/licence
 |INN_EMA={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |licence_EU={{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}|yes}}
 | _EMA_use_INN={{If empty
 |1={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |2={{#ifeq:{{{INN|}}}|none||{{{INN|}}}}}
 |3={{{drug_name|}}}
 |4={{PAGENAME}}
  }}
 |licence_US={{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_US|}}}
 |DailyMedID={{{DailyMedID|}}}
 |licence_CA=&lt;!-- switched off, no CA page available (Feb 2017):  {{{licence_CA|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}--&gt;
}}&lt;!-- so internally, spell licenCe --&gt;

&lt;!-- pregnancy categories --&gt;
| label38 = [[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;category]]
|  data38 = {{Infobox drug/pregnancy category
|pregnancy_AU         = {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
|pregnancy_AU_comment = {{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}
|pregnancy_category   = {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
}}

| label39 = [[Substance dependence|Dependence&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data39 = {{{dependency_liability|}}}

| label41 = [[Addiction|Addiction&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data41 = {{{addiction_liability|}}}

| label42 = [[Route of administration|Routes of&lt;br /&gt;administration]]
|  data42 = {{{routes_of_administration|}}}

| label43 = [[Drug class]]
|  data43 = {{{class|}}}
&lt;!--

 ATC atc human --&gt;
| label44 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|ATC code]]
|  data44 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 ATC VET --&gt;
| label45 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]]
|  data45 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
&lt;!-- ATCvet does not have a #2 option: its one for both then --&gt;
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
 Hormones, neurotransmitters etc. are not a separate drugtype (just a single chemical)
 Section 'Physiological data' appears when there is parameter input. May 2017.
--&gt;
| header50 = [[Physiological]] data

| label51= Source [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]
|  data51= {{{source_tissues|}}}

| label52= Target tissues
|  data52= {{{target_tissues|}}}

| label53= [[Receptor (biochemistry)|Receptors]]
|  data53= {{{receptors|}}}

| label54= [[Agonist]]s
|  data54= {{{agonists|}}}

| label55= [[Receptor antagonist|Antagonists]]
|  data55= {{{antagonists|}}}

| label56= [[Precursor (chemistry)|Precursor]]
|  data56= {{{precursor|}}}

| label57= [[Biosynthesis]]
|  data57= {{{biosynthesis|}}}

| label58= [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
|  data58= {{#if:{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}} |&lt;!-- has context so show here: --&gt;{{{metabolism|}}} }}&lt;!--

 LEGAL STATUS --&gt;
| header60 = Sata ara-dalàna

| label61 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Sata ara-dalàna]]
|  data61 = {{Infobox drug/legal status
 |legal_AU={{{legal_AU|}}}
 |legal_BR={{{legal_BR|}}}
 |legal_CA={{{legal_CA|}}}
 |legal_DE={{{legal_DE|}}}
 |legal_NZ={{{legal_NZ|}}}
 |legal_UK={{{legal_UK|}}}
 |legal_US={{{legal_US|}}}
 |legal_EU={{{legal_EU|}}}
 |legal_UN={{{legal_UN|}}}
 |legal_AU_comment={{{legal_AU_comment|}}}
 |legal_BR_comment={{{legal_BR_comment|}}}
 |legal_CA_comment={{{legal_CA_comment|}}}
 |legal_DE_comment={{{legal_DE_comment|}}}
 |legal_NZ_comment={{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}
 |legal_UK_comment={{{legal_UK_comment|}}}
 |legal_US_comment={{{legal_US_comment|}}}
 |legal_EU_comment={{{legal_EU_comment|}}}
 |legal_UN_comment={{{legal_UN_comment|}}}
 |legal_status={{{legal_status|}}}
 }}&lt;!--

 PHARMACOKINETIC ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header70 = [[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] data

  | label71 = [[Bioavailability]]
  |  data71 = {{{bioavailability|}}}
  | label72 = [[Plasma protein binding|Protein binding]]
  |  data72 = {{{protein_bound|}}}
  | label73 = [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
  |  data73 = {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolites|}}}{{{onset|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{duration_of_action|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |{{{metabolism|}}}|{{#if:{{{target_tissuess|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}
||{{{metabolism|}}}}} }}
  | label74 = [[Metabolite]]s
  |  data74 = {{{metabolites|}}}
  | label75 = [[Onset of action]]
  |  data75 = {{{onset|}}}
  | label76 = [[Biological half-life|Elimination {{nowrap|half-life}}]]
  |  data76 = {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
  | label77 = [[Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action|Duration of action]]
  |  data77 = {{{duration_of_action|}}}
  | label78 = [[Excretion]]
  |  data78 = {{{excretion|}}}&lt;!--

 IDENTIFIERS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header80 = Identifiers
&lt;!--
 IUPAC_name (single chemical only) --&gt;
  |  data81 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab|combo|vaccine= |#default={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}}
| {{Collapsible list &lt;!--| expand=test_yes--&gt;
|liststyle=word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;
|title = [[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|IUPAC name]]
|1=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}}}

&lt;!--
 label_comment: explain the labels --&gt;
| label83 = &amp;#x200B;&lt;!-- keeps data in righthand column --&gt;
|  data83 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#if:{{{index_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index_label|}}} |{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index_comment|}}} }}
|2={{#if:{{{index2_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}} |{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index2_comment|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CAS NUMBER --&gt;
| label84 = [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
|  data84 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental2|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM CID --&gt;
| label85 = [[PubChem#CID|PubChem]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|CID|Compound ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
|  data85 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment= }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment= }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM SID unrestricted showing (independent of CID) Feb 2017 --&gt;
|label86 = {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChem2|}}} |PubChem |[[PubChem#SID|PubChem]] }}&amp;#x20;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|1=SID|2=Substance ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
| data86 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 IUPHAR PBS iuphar --&gt;
| label87 = [[Guide to Pharmacology|IUPHAR/BPS]]
|  data87 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 DRUGBANK --&gt;
| label88 = [[DrugBank]]
|  data88 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank2|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEMSPIDER --&gt;
| label89 = [[ChemSpider]]
|  data89 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |index=0 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |index=2 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID2|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 UNII --&gt;
| label90 = [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
|  data90 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII|}}} |botref={{{UNIIRef|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII2|}}} |botref={{{UNII2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 KEGG --&gt;
| label91 = [[KEGG]]
|  data91 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG|}}} |botref={{{KEGG_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG2|}}} |botref={{{KEGG2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEBI --&gt;
| label92 = [[ChEBI]]
|  data92 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI2|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 CHEMBL --&gt;
| label93 = [[ChEMBL]]
|  data93 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL2|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 NIAID niaid --&gt;
| label94 = [[NIAID ChemDB]]
|  data94 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PDB ligand --&gt;
| label96 = [[Protein Data Bank|PDB ligand]]
|  data96 = {{#switch:{{{type|}}} |combo|vaccine=
|#default={{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand2|}}} }}
 }}}}&lt;!--

 E number from Wikidata --&gt;
| label97 = [[E number|&lt;span title=&quot;E number (food additive code)&quot;&gt;E number&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{main other|[[Category:E number from Wikidata|*]]}}
|  data97 = {{#property:P628}} {{#switch:&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:String|match|s={{#property:P628}} |pattern=E(%d%d?)%d%d[A-z]? |plain=false |nomatch=}}
|1=[[E number#E100–E199|(colours)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|2=[[E number#E200–E299|(preservatives)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|3=[[E number#E300–E399|(antioxidants, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|4=[[E number#E400–E499|(thickeners, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|5=[[E number#E500–E599|(acidity regulators, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|6=[[E number#E600–E699|(flavour enhancer)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|7=[[E number#E700–E799|(antibiotics)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|9=[[E number#E900–E999|(glazing agents, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|10|11|12|13|14|15=[[E number#E1000–E1599|(additional chemicals)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|#default= }}

&lt;!-- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header100 = Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana&lt;!--

--&gt;
  | label102 = [[Chemical formula|Raikipohy]]
  |  data102 = {{Infobox drug/chemical formula
|chemical_formula_fixed={{{chemical_formula|}}}
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|charge={{{charge|}}}
|chemical_formula_ref={{{chemical_formula_ref|}}}
|chemical_formula_comment={{{chemical_formula_comment|}}} }}

  | label103 = [[Molar mass]]
  |  data103 = {{Chem molar mass
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|fixed = {{{molecular_weight|}}}&lt;!-- should be molar mass --&gt;
|round = {{{molecular_weight_round|}}}
|unit  = {{{molecular_weight_unit|}}}
|ref   = {{{molecular_weight_ref|}}}
|comment = {{{molecular_weight_comment|}}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|source={{{molecular_weight|}}}|target=[^0-9.]|plain=false }}|0||{{main other|1=[[Category:Infobox-drug molecular-weight unexpected-character]]}}}}
&lt;!-- JMOL --&gt;
  | label104 = Modely 3D ([[JSmol]])
  |  data104 = {{#ifeq:{{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}|none||{{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index_label|}}}  |localJmol={{{Jmol|}}}  |localSMILES={{{SMILES |{{{smiles|}}}}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localJmol={{{Jmol2|}}} |localSMILES={{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} }}
}}}}

  | label106 = [[Chirality (chemistry)|Chirality]]
  |  data106 = {{{chirality|}}}
  | label107 = [[Specific rotation]]
  |  data107 = {{{specific_rotation|}}}

&lt;!-- physical data: --&gt;
  | label111 = [[Density]]
  |  data111 = {{#if:{{{density|}}} | {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} {{{density_notes|}}}
  | label112= [[Melting point]]
  |  data112 = {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{melting_point|}}} {{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}|to {{{melting_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{melting_notes|}}}
  | label113 = [[Boiling point]]
  |  data113 = {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{boiling_point|}}} {{#if:{{{boiling_high|}}}|to {{{boiling_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{boiling_notes|}}}
  | label114 = [[Aqueous solution|Solubility in water]]
  |  data114 = {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |{{{solubility}}}{{{sol_units|&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)}}}}}

  |  data118 = {{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} | {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
     |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
     |title = [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system|SMILES]]
     |1={{#if:{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
     |2={{#if:{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt; }}}}
     }}

  |  data119 = {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}|
  {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
    |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
    |title=[[International Chemical Identifier|InChI]]
    |1={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}} |&lt;br /&gt;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |2={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |3={{#if:{{{StdInChI2|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI2}}}{{{StdInChI2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |4={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey2|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey2}}}{{{StdInChIKey2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
  }}&lt;!-- eo collapsible list --&gt;}}&lt;!-- eo data89 if:StdInChI --&gt;&lt;!--

 DATA PAGE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header120 = Pejy angon-drakitra
|   data121 = {{Infobox drug/data page link| _targetpage={{#if:{{{data page|}}}|{{trim brackets|1={{{data page|}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}} (data page)}}}}&lt;!--

 VERIFICATIONS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| below =&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}} |changed|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}
|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages|rev1={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&amp;page2={{urlencode:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} (verify)]&lt;/span&gt;}}}}}}

}}&lt;!-- END OF INFOBOX ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

 Parameter check:
--&gt;{{#invoke:TemplatePar
|check
|template=Template:Infobox_drug
|all= |opt= pronounce= pronounce_ref= pronounce_comment= ATC_prefix= ATC_suffix= ATC_supplemental= ATCvet= biosimilars= CAS_number_Ref= CAS_number= CAS_supplemental= ChEBI= ChEBI_Ref= ChEMBL_Ref= ChEMBL= ChemSpiderID= ChemSpiderID_Ref= chirality= class= container_only= DailyMedID= data_page= DrugBank_Ref= DrugBank= Drugs.com= duration_of_action= INN= INN_EMA= IUPAC_name= IUPHAR_ligand= KEGG_Ref= KEGG= MedlinePlus= NIAID_ChemDB= PDB_ligand= PubChemSubstance= PubChem= StdInChIKey_Ref= StdInChIKey= StdInChI_Ref= StdInChI_comment= StdInChI= UNII_Ref= UNII= DTXSID= Verifiedfields= Watchedfields= addiction_liability= alt2= altL= altR= alt= bioavailability= boiling_high= boiling_notes= boiling_point= captionLR= caption= caption2= charge= chemical_formula= chemical_formula_ref= chemical_formula_comment= class1= class2= class3= class4= class5= class6= component1= component2= component3= component4= component5= component6= density= density_notes= dependency_liability= drug_name= elimination_half-life= engvar= excretion= image2= imageL= imageR= image= image_class= image_class2= image_classL= image_classR= Jmol= legal_AU= legal_BR= legal_CA= legal_DE= legal_EU= legal_NZ= legal_UK= legal_UN= legal_US= legal_AU_comment= legal_BR_comment= legal_CA_comment= legal_DE_comment= legal_UK_comment= legal_NZ_comment= legal_US_comment= legal_UN_comment= legal_EU_comment= legal_status= licence_CA= licence_EU= licence_US= license_CA= license_EU= license_US= mab_type= melting_high= melting_notes= melting_point= metabolism= metabolites= molecular_weight= molecular_weight_round= molecular_weight_unit= molecular_weight_ref= molecular_weight_comment= onset= pregnancy_AU= pregnancy_AU_comment= pregnancy_category= protein_bound= routes_of_administration= SMILES= smiles= solubility= sol_units= source= specific_rotation= synonyms= target= tradename= type= vaccine_type= verifiedrevid= width2= widthL= widthR= width= AAN= BAN= JAN= USAN=
&lt;!-- Physiological --&gt;source_tissues= target_tissues= receptors= agonists= antagonists= precursor= biosynthesis=
&lt;!-- Gene therapy --&gt;gt_target_gene= gt_vector= gt_nucleic_acid_type= gt_editing_method= gt_delivery_method=
&lt;!-- depr Mar 2017, but removal here would be trivial: --&gt;sec_combustion=
&lt;!-- unused, removed: InChI= InChIKey=; use StdInChI/Key because CheMoBot only checks these --&gt;
&lt;!-- chem elements --&gt;Ac=Ag=Al=Am=Ar=As=At=Au=B=Ba=Be=Bh=Bi=Bk=Br=C=Ca=Cd=Ce=Cf=Cl=Cm=Cn=Co=Cr=Cs=Cu=
D=Db=Ds=Dy=Er=Es=Eu=F=Fe=Fl=Fm=Fr=Ga=Gd=Ge=H=He=Hf=Hg=Ho=Hs=I=In=Ir=K=Kr=La=Li=Lr=Lu=Lv=
Mc=Md=Mg=Mn=Mo=Mt=N=Na=Nb=Nd=Ne=Nh=Ni=No=Np=O=Og=Os=P=Pa=Pb=Pd=Pm=Po=Pr=Pt=Pu=Ra=Rb=Re=Rf=Rg=Rh=Rn=Ru=S=Sb=Sc=Se=Sg=Si=Sm=Sn=Sr=Ta=Tb=Tc=Te=Th=Ti=Tl=Tm=Ts=U=V=W=Xe=Y=Yb=Zn=Zr=
&lt;!-- #2 identifiers (indexes): --&gt;index_label= index2_label= index_comment= index2_comment=
CAS_number2= CAS_supplemental2= ATC_prefix2= ATC_suffix2= ATC_supplemental2= PubChem2= PubChemSubstance2= IUPHAR_ligand2= DrugBank2= ChemSpiderID2= UNII2= KEGG2= ChEBI2= ChEMBL2= PDB_ligand2= NIAID_ChemDB2= SMILES2= smiles2= StdInChI2= StdInChIKey2=
CAS_number2_Ref= ChEBI2_Ref= ChEMBL2_Ref= ChemSpiderID2_Ref= DrugBank2_Ref= KEGG2_Ref= StdInChI2_Ref= StdInChIKey2_Ref= UNII2_Ref= DTXSID2=
&lt;!-- Wikidata: --&gt;QID= QID2=&lt;!--
 Deprecated per 2020-12-30, but kept here to keep UnkParameter category useful (not ~5500 pages) 2021-01-30: --&gt;PLLR= pregnancy_US= pregnancy_US_comment=
|cat=Pages using infobox drug with unknown parameters
|format=0|errNS=0
|preview=&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;@@@ (See [[Template:Infobox drug/doc/full parameter list|parameter list]]). This message only shows in Preview, it will not show after you do {{button|{{int:publishchanges}}}}.&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;!-- END of parameter checks

--&gt;&lt;!-- TRACKING:
--&gt;{{Infobox drug/maintenance categories{{yesno|{{{container_only|no}}}|yes=/container only|no=}}&lt;!--
 |container_only=yes -- uses [[Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories/container only]]
* Parameters starting with _underscore are internal constructs only, not straight article input
--&gt;
| drug_name = {{{drug_name|}}}
| INN = {{{INN|}}}
| _drugtype = {{lc:{{{type|}}}}}

&lt;!-- drugtype detected by input (not by type=): --&gt;
| _has_physiological_data={{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _has_gene_therapy={{{gt_target_gene|}}}{{{gt_vector|}}}{{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}{{{gt_editing_method|}}}{{{gt_delivery_method|}}}

&lt;!-- for catsort: --&gt;
| vaccine_type={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| mab_type={{{mab_type|}}}
| _number_of_combo_chemicals={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |component1 |component2 |component3 |component4|component5|component6 }}
&lt;!-- to check illogical input --&gt;
| _vaccine_data={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| _mab_data={{{mab_type|}}}{{{source|}}}
| _mab_vaccine_data={{{target|}}}
| _mab_other_data=&lt;!-- chem data --&gt;{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{F|}}}{{{I|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}{{{chirality|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{SMILES2|}}}{{{smiles2|}}}{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}&lt;!-- physical data --&gt;{{{density|}}}{{{density_notes|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{melting_high|}}}{{{boiling_high|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{molecular_weight|}}}
| _combo_data={{{component1|}}}{{{component2|}}}{{{component3|}}}{{{component4|}}}{{{component5|}}}{{{component6|}}}{{{class1|}}}{{{class2|}}}{{{class3|}}}{{{class4|}}}{{{class5|}}}{{{class6|}}}
| _physiological_data=&lt;!-- physiological data input/ USED??? see also _physiological_data. March2018   --&gt;{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _clinical_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogenous) data --&gt;{{{Drugs.com|}}}{{{MedlinePlus|}}}{{{addiction_liability|}}}{{{dependency_liability|}}}{{{licence_CA|}}}{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}{{{license_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}}
{{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_category|}}}{{{routes_of_administration|}}}{{{tradename|}}}{{{class|}}}{{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}{{{ATC_prefix2|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental2|}}}
| _legal_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogeneous) data --&gt;{{{legal_AU_comment|}}}{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR_comment|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA_comment|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_DE_comment|}}}{{{legal_DE|}}}{{{legal_EU_comment|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}{{{legal_NZ|}}}{{{legal_UK_comment|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_UN_comment|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_US_comment|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}

| _other_data={{{IUPAC_name|}}}

| _image_0_or_2 = {{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}
| _image_LR = {{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}

| _datapage = {{PAGENAME}} (data page)&lt;!-- 3rd ifexist on this one? / TODO: could be set by param |data page= --&gt;
| _vaccine_target={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | vaccine | {{{target|}}} | _type_not_vaccine }}&lt;!-- vaccine with empty target = to maint cat; former question mark --&gt;
| _legal_all={{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}
| _ATC_prefix_supplemental={{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}&lt;!-- together --&gt;
| _has_EMA_link = {{{licence_EU|}}}

&lt;!-- Identifiers tracked --&gt;
| CAS_number={{{CAS_number|}}}
| PubChem={{{PubChem|}}}
| ChemSpiderID={{{ChemSpiderID|}}}
| ChEBI={{{ChEBI|}}}
| ChEMBL={{{ChEMBL|}}}
| DrugBank={{{DrugBank|}}}
| KEGG={{{KEGG|}}}
| _hasInChI_or_Key={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}} |yes}}
| UNII={{{UNII|}}}
| _hasJmol02 = {{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}

&lt;!-- Second IDs (see also: WD, QID2) --&gt;
|_hasMultipleCASnumbers = {{{CAS_number2|}}}
|_hasMultiplePubChemCIDs = {{{PubChem2|}}}
|_hasMultipleChEBIs = {{{ChEBI2|}}}

| _countSecondIDs={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |CAS_number2 |ATC_prefix2 |PubChem2 |PubChemStructure2 |IUPHAR_ligand2 |DrugBank2 |ChemSpiderID2 |UNII2 |KEGG2 |ChEBI2 |ChEMBL2 |PDB_ligand2 |NIAID_ChemDB2 |SMILES2 |smiles2 |StdInChI2 |StdInChIKey2 |DTXCID2}}
| _countIndexlabels={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |index_label |index2_label}}

&lt;!-- OPTIONAL TEMP TRACKING When param is not empty, will be categorised in [[Category:Infobox drug tracked parameters]] --&gt;
| _trackListSortletter=

&lt;!-- WIKIDATA --&gt;
|QID = {{{QID|}}}
|QID2 = {{{QID2|}}}

&lt;!-- BOT VALIDATION --&gt;
|Verifiedfields={{{Verifiedfields|}}}
|Watchedfields={{{Watchedfields|}}}
|verifiedrevid={{{verifiedrevid|}}}
&lt;!----&gt;}}

&lt;!-- END of /maintenance categories--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>szl59z0fg75a6h5mdchu9q592oligd6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149535</id>
      <parentid>1149534</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:53:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149535</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34452" sha1="nrkqa9l3yt9ijrl3ew6tpklkmftkuxc" xml:space="preserve">{{main other|{{short description|Pharmaceutical compound|noreplace}}}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot;/&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = border-spacing:2px;
| headerstyle = background:#ddd;color:inherit;
| labelstyle  = line-height:1.2em;
| autoheaders = yes&lt;!--

 INFOBOX TITLE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| title = {{Infobox drug/title |title={{#if:{{{drug_name|}}} |{{{drug_name}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} |INN={{{INN|}}} }}&lt;!--

 IMAGES ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}} |size={{{width|}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class|}}}|{{{image_class}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{#if:{{{width2|}}}|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class2|}}}|{{{image_class2}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}}}
&lt;!-- caption: kept old behaviour: when only 'caption=' input, put that below *both* images (Jan 2016) --&gt;
| caption1={{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} |}} |{{{caption|}}} }}
| caption2={{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} }}

| image3 = {{#if:{{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}|&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageL|}}}|size={{{widthL|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classL|}}}|{{{image_classL}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altL|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageR|}}}|size={{{widthR|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classR|}}}|{{{image_classR}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altR|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}
| caption3 = {{{captionLR|}}}&lt;!--

 TYPEHEADER=VACC/COMBO/MAB/SINGLE --&gt;
| header1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default =&lt;!-- no header when type=blank (single chemical) --&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 TYPE VACCINE: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;
| label5 = Target&lt;!-- reuse of parameter 'target'; see vacc/mab --&gt;
|  data5 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#if:{{{target|}}} |{{{target}}} |&lt;!-- cat --&gt;}} }}

| label6 = [[Vaccine#Types|Vaccine type]]
|  data6 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{vaccine_type|}}}}}
 |inactivated |killed = [[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]]
 |attenuated = [[Attenuated vaccine|Attenuated]]
 |live = Live bacteria
 |viral = [[Viral vector vaccine|Viral vector]]
 |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |subunit = [[Subunit vaccine|Subunit]]
 |protein |protein subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Protein subunit|Protein subunit]]
 |peptide |peptide subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Peptide subunit|Peptide subunit]]
 |polysaccharide = [[Subunit vaccine#Polysaccharide subunit|Polysaccharide]]
 |vlp = [[Subunit vaccine#Virus-like particles|Virus-like particles]]
 |conjugate = [[Conjugate vaccine|Conjugate]]
 |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant vector]]
 |dna = [[DNA vaccine|DNA]]
 |rna = [[RNA vaccine|RNA]]
 |mrna = [[mRNA vaccine|mRNA]]
 |heterologous = [[Heterologous vaccine|Heterologous]]
 |#default={{{vaccine_type|}}} }} }}&lt;!-- freetext, shows unedited --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE MAB: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;
| label10 = [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
|  data10 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{mab_type|}}}}}
 | mab = Whole antibody
 | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | f(ab')2 = [[Fragment antigen-binding|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment|Di-single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | #default=? }} }}

| label11 = [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
|  data11 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{Infobox drug/mab source |_mab_source={{{source|}}} }}}}&lt;!-- mab_source == internal only --&gt;

| label12 = [[Antigen|Target]]
|  data12 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{{target|}}} }}&lt;!-- alternate use of target; see vacc --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE COMBO: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 if type=combo show its components (#2 obligatory, 3-6 optional) --&gt;
| label15 = {{#if:{{{component1|}}}|[[{{{component1}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data15 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class1|? Class}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{component2|}}}|[[{{{component2}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data16 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class2|? Class}}} }}

| label17 = [[{{{component3}}}]]
|  data17 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component3|}}}|{{{class3|}}}}} | {{{class3|? Class}}} }} }}

| label18 = [[{{{component4}}}]]
|  data18 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component4|}}}|{{{class4|}}}}} | {{{class4|? Class}}} }} }}

| label19 = [[{{{component5}}}]]
|  data19 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component5|}}}|{{{class5|}}}}} | {{{class5|? Class}}} }} }}

| label20 = [[{{{component6}}}]]
|  data20 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component6|}}}|{{{class6|}}}}} | {{{class6|? Class}}} }} }}
&lt;!--
 TYPE: GENE THERAPY  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (no need to set type=... any parmeter input will show the section) --&gt;
|header21= [[Gene therapy]]

|label22 = [[Gene targeting|Target gene]]
| data22 = {{{gt_target_gene|}}}

|label23 = [[Vectors in gene therapy|Vector]]
| data23 = {{{gt_vector|}}}

|label24 = [[Nucleic acid|Nucleic acid type]]
| data24 = {{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}

|label25 = [[Genome editing|Editing method]]
| data25 = {{{gt_editing_method|}}}

|label26 = [[Gene delivery|Delivery method]]
| data26 = {{{gt_delivery_method|}}}
&lt;!--
 CLINICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header30 = Clinical data

| label31 = Pronunciation
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_ref|}}}&amp;#x20;{{{pronounce_comment|}}} }}

| label32 = [[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade name]]s
|  data32 = {{{tradename|}}}

| label33 = Anarana hafa
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{AAN|}}}{{{BAN|}}}{{{JAN|}}}{{{USAN|}}} |{{Infobox drug/localINNvariants |synonyms={{{synonyms|}}} |AAN={{{AAN|}}} |BAN={{{BAN|}}} |JAN={{{JAN|}}} |USAN={{{USAN|}}} }} |{{{synonyms|}}} }}

| label34 = [[Biosimilar]]s
|  data34 = {{{biosimilars|}}}

| label35 = [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
|  data35 = {{{Drugs.com|}}}

| label36 = [[MedlinePlus]]
|  data36 = {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}

| label37 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods |{{engvar|defaultWord=License |defaultLang=en-US |en-UK=Licence |en-AU=Licence |en-CA=Licence |en-NZ=Licence |en-EI=Licence |engvar={{{engvar|}}} }} data]]
|  data37 = {{Infobox drug/licence
 |INN_EMA={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |licence_EU={{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}|yes}}
 | _EMA_use_INN={{If empty
 |1={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |2={{#ifeq:{{{INN|}}}|none||{{{INN|}}}}}
 |3={{{drug_name|}}}
 |4={{PAGENAME}}
  }}
 |licence_US={{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_US|}}}
 |DailyMedID={{{DailyMedID|}}}
 |licence_CA=&lt;!-- switched off, no CA page available (Feb 2017):  {{{licence_CA|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}--&gt;
}}&lt;!-- so internally, spell licenCe --&gt;

&lt;!-- pregnancy categories --&gt;
| label38 = [[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;category]]
|  data38 = {{Infobox drug/pregnancy category
|pregnancy_AU         = {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
|pregnancy_AU_comment = {{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}
|pregnancy_category   = {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
}}

| label39 = [[Substance dependence|Dependence&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data39 = {{{dependency_liability|}}}

| label41 = [[Addiction|Addiction&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data41 = {{{addiction_liability|}}}

| label42 = [[Route of administration|Routes of&lt;br /&gt;administration]]
|  data42 = {{{routes_of_administration|}}}

| label43 = [[Drug class]]
|  data43 = {{{class|}}}
&lt;!--

 ATC atc human --&gt;
| label44 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|ATC code]]
|  data44 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 ATC VET --&gt;
| label45 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]]
|  data45 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
&lt;!-- ATCvet does not have a #2 option: its one for both then --&gt;
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
 Hormones, neurotransmitters etc. are not a separate drugtype (just a single chemical)
 Section 'Physiological data' appears when there is parameter input. May 2017.
--&gt;
| header50 = [[Physiological]] data

| label51= Source [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]
|  data51= {{{source_tissues|}}}

| label52= Target tissues
|  data52= {{{target_tissues|}}}

| label53= [[Receptor (biochemistry)|Receptors]]
|  data53= {{{receptors|}}}

| label54= [[Agonist]]s
|  data54= {{{agonists|}}}

| label55= [[Receptor antagonist|Antagonists]]
|  data55= {{{antagonists|}}}

| label56= [[Precursor (chemistry)|Precursor]]
|  data56= {{{precursor|}}}

| label57= [[Biosynthesis]]
|  data57= {{{biosynthesis|}}}

| label58= [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
|  data58= {{#if:{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}} |&lt;!-- has context so show here: --&gt;{{{metabolism|}}} }}&lt;!--

 LEGAL STATUS --&gt;
| header60 = Sata ara-dalàna

| label61 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Sata ara-dalàna]]
|  data61 = {{Infobox drug/legal status
 |legal_AU={{{legal_AU|}}}
 |legal_BR={{{legal_BR|}}}
 |legal_CA={{{legal_CA|}}}
 |legal_DE={{{legal_DE|}}}
 |legal_NZ={{{legal_NZ|}}}
 |legal_UK={{{legal_UK|}}}
 |legal_US={{{legal_US|}}}
 |legal_EU={{{legal_EU|}}}
 |legal_UN={{{legal_UN|}}}
 |legal_AU_comment={{{legal_AU_comment|}}}
 |legal_BR_comment={{{legal_BR_comment|}}}
 |legal_CA_comment={{{legal_CA_comment|}}}
 |legal_DE_comment={{{legal_DE_comment|}}}
 |legal_NZ_comment={{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}
 |legal_UK_comment={{{legal_UK_comment|}}}
 |legal_US_comment={{{legal_US_comment|}}}
 |legal_EU_comment={{{legal_EU_comment|}}}
 |legal_UN_comment={{{legal_UN_comment|}}}
 |legal_status={{{legal_status|}}}
 }}&lt;!--

 PHARMACOKINETIC ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header70 = [[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] data

  | label71 = [[Bioavailability]]
  |  data71 = {{{bioavailability|}}}
  | label72 = [[Plasma protein binding|Protein binding]]
  |  data72 = {{{protein_bound|}}}
  | label73 = [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
  |  data73 = {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolites|}}}{{{onset|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{duration_of_action|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |{{{metabolism|}}}|{{#if:{{{target_tissuess|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}
||{{{metabolism|}}}}} }}
  | label74 = [[Metabolite]]s
  |  data74 = {{{metabolites|}}}
  | label75 = [[Onset of action]]
  |  data75 = {{{onset|}}}
  | label76 = [[Biological half-life|Elimination {{nowrap|half-life}}]]
  |  data76 = {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
  | label77 = [[Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action|Duration of action]]
  |  data77 = {{{duration_of_action|}}}
  | label78 = [[Excretion]]
  |  data78 = {{{excretion|}}}&lt;!--

 IDENTIFIERS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header80 = Identifiers
&lt;!--
 IUPAC_name (single chemical only) --&gt;
  |  data81 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab|combo|vaccine= |#default={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}}
| {{Collapsible list &lt;!--| expand=test_yes--&gt;
|liststyle=word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;
|title = [[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|IUPAC name]]
|1=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}}}

&lt;!--
 label_comment: explain the labels --&gt;
| label83 = &amp;#x200B;&lt;!-- keeps data in righthand column --&gt;
|  data83 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#if:{{{index_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index_label|}}} |{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index_comment|}}} }}
|2={{#if:{{{index2_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}} |{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index2_comment|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CAS NUMBER --&gt;
| label84 = [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
|  data84 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental2|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM CID --&gt;
| label85 = [[PubChem#CID|PubChem]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|CID|Compound ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
|  data85 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment= }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment= }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM SID unrestricted showing (independent of CID) Feb 2017 --&gt;
|label86 = {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChem2|}}} |PubChem |[[PubChem#SID|PubChem]] }}&amp;#x20;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|1=SID|2=Substance ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
| data86 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 IUPHAR PBS iuphar --&gt;
| label87 = [[Guide to Pharmacology|IUPHAR/BPS]]
|  data87 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 DRUGBANK --&gt;
| label88 = [[DrugBank]]
|  data88 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank2|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEMSPIDER --&gt;
| label89 = [[ChemSpider]]
|  data89 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |index=0 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |index=2 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID2|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 UNII --&gt;
| label90 = [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
|  data90 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII|}}} |botref={{{UNIIRef|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII2|}}} |botref={{{UNII2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 KEGG --&gt;
| label91 = [[KEGG]]
|  data91 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG|}}} |botref={{{KEGG_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG2|}}} |botref={{{KEGG2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEBI --&gt;
| label92 = [[ChEBI]]
|  data92 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI2|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 CHEMBL --&gt;
| label93 = [[ChEMBL]]
|  data93 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL2|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 NIAID niaid --&gt;
| label94 = [[NIAID ChemDB]]
|  data94 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PDB ligand --&gt;
| label96 = [[Protein Data Bank|PDB ligand]]
|  data96 = {{#switch:{{{type|}}} |combo|vaccine=
|#default={{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand2|}}} }}
 }}}}&lt;!--

 E number from Wikidata --&gt;
| label97 = [[E number|&lt;span title=&quot;E number (food additive code)&quot;&gt;E number&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{main other|[[Category:E number from Wikidata|*]]}}
|  data97 = {{#property:P628}} {{#switch:&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:String|match|s={{#property:P628}} |pattern=E(%d%d?)%d%d[A-z]? |plain=false |nomatch=}}
|1=[[E number#E100–E199|(colours)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|2=[[E number#E200–E299|(preservatives)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|3=[[E number#E300–E399|(antioxidants, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|4=[[E number#E400–E499|(thickeners, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|5=[[E number#E500–E599|(acidity regulators, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|6=[[E number#E600–E699|(flavour enhancer)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|7=[[E number#E700–E799|(antibiotics)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|9=[[E number#E900–E999|(glazing agents, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|10|11|12|13|14|15=[[E number#E1000–E1599|(additional chemicals)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|#default= }}

&lt;!-- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header100 = Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana&lt;!--

--&gt;
  | label102 = [[Chemical formula|Raikipohy]]
  |  data102 = {{Infobox drug/chemical formula
|chemical_formula_fixed={{{chemical_formula|}}}
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|charge={{{charge|}}}
|chemical_formula_ref={{{chemical_formula_ref|}}}
|chemical_formula_comment={{{chemical_formula_comment|}}} }}

  | label103 = [[Molar mass]]
  |  data103 = {{Chem molar mass
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|fixed = {{{molecular_weight|}}}&lt;!-- should be molar mass --&gt;
|round = {{{molecular_weight_round|}}}
|unit  = {{{molecular_weight_unit|}}}
|ref   = {{{molecular_weight_ref|}}}
|comment = {{{molecular_weight_comment|}}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|source={{{molecular_weight|}}}|target=[^0-9.]|plain=false }}|0||{{main other|1=[[Category:Infobox-drug molecular-weight unexpected-character]]}}}}
&lt;!-- JMOL --&gt;
  | label104 = Modely 3D ([[JSmol]])
  |  data104 = {{#ifeq:{{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}|none||{{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index_label|}}}  |localJmol={{{Jmol|}}}  |localSMILES={{{SMILES |{{{smiles|}}}}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localJmol={{{Jmol2|}}} |localSMILES={{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} }}
}}}}

  | label106 = [[Chirality (chemistry)|Chirality]]
  |  data106 = {{{chirality|}}}
  | label107 = [[Specific rotation]]
  |  data107 = {{{specific_rotation|}}}

&lt;!-- physical data: --&gt;
  | label111 = [[Density]]
  |  data111 = {{#if:{{{density|}}} | {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} {{{density_notes|}}}
  | label112= [[Melting point]]
  |  data112 = {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{melting_point|}}} {{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}|to {{{melting_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{melting_notes|}}}
  | label113 = [[Boiling point]]
  |  data113 = {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{boiling_point|}}} {{#if:{{{boiling_high|}}}|to {{{boiling_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{boiling_notes|}}}
  | label114 = [[Aqueous solution|Solubility in water]]
  |  data114 = {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |{{{solubility}}}{{{sol_units|&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)}}}}}

  |  data118 = {{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} | {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
     |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
     |title = [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system|SMILES]]
     |1={{#if:{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
     |2={{#if:{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt; }}}}
     }}

  |  data119 = {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}|
  {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
    |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
    |title=[[International Chemical Identifier|InChI]]
    |1={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}} |&lt;br /&gt;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |2={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |3={{#if:{{{StdInChI2|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI2}}}{{{StdInChI2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |4={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey2|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey2}}}{{{StdInChIKey2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
  }}&lt;!-- eo collapsible list --&gt;}}&lt;!-- eo data89 if:StdInChI --&gt;&lt;!--

 DATA PAGE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header120 = Pejy angon-drakitra
|   data121 = {{Infobox drug/data page link| _targetpage={{#if:{{{data page|}}}|{{trim brackets|1={{{data page|}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}} (data page)}}}}&lt;!--

 VERIFICATIONS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| below =&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}} |changed|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}
|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages|rev1={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&amp;page2={{urlencode:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} (verify)]&lt;/span&gt;}}}}}}

}}&lt;!-- END OF INFOBOX ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

 Parameter check:
--&gt;{{#invoke:TemplatePar
|check
|template=Template:Infobox_drug
|all= |opt= pronounce= pronounce_ref= pronounce_comment= ATC_prefix= ATC_suffix= ATC_supplemental= ATCvet= biosimilars= CAS_number_Ref= CAS_number= CAS_supplemental= ChEBI= ChEBI_Ref= ChEMBL_Ref= ChEMBL= ChemSpiderID= ChemSpiderID_Ref= chirality= class= container_only= DailyMedID= data_page= DrugBank_Ref= DrugBank= Drugs.com= duration_of_action= INN= INN_EMA= IUPAC_name= IUPHAR_ligand= KEGG_Ref= KEGG= MedlinePlus= NIAID_ChemDB= PDB_ligand= PubChemSubstance= PubChem= StdInChIKey_Ref= StdInChIKey= StdInChI_Ref= StdInChI_comment= StdInChI= UNII_Ref= UNII= DTXSID= Verifiedfields= Watchedfields= addiction_liability= alt2= altL= altR= alt= bioavailability= boiling_high= boiling_notes= boiling_point= captionLR= caption= caption2= charge= chemical_formula= chemical_formula_ref= chemical_formula_comment= class1= class2= class3= class4= class5= class6= component1= component2= component3= component4= component5= component6= density= density_notes= dependency_liability= drug_name= elimination_half-life= engvar= excretion= image2= imageL= imageR= image= image_class= image_class2= image_classL= image_classR= Jmol= legal_AU= legal_BR= legal_CA= legal_DE= legal_EU= legal_NZ= legal_UK= legal_UN= legal_US= legal_AU_comment= legal_BR_comment= legal_CA_comment= legal_DE_comment= legal_UK_comment= legal_NZ_comment= legal_US_comment= legal_UN_comment= legal_EU_comment= legal_status= licence_CA= licence_EU= licence_US= license_CA= license_EU= license_US= mab_type= melting_high= melting_notes= melting_point= metabolism= metabolites= molecular_weight= molecular_weight_round= molecular_weight_unit= molecular_weight_ref= molecular_weight_comment= onset= pregnancy_AU= pregnancy_AU_comment= pregnancy_category= protein_bound= routes_of_administration= SMILES= smiles= solubility= sol_units= source= specific_rotation= synonyms= target= tradename= type= vaccine_type= verifiedrevid= width2= widthL= widthR= width= AAN= BAN= JAN= USAN=
&lt;!-- Physiological --&gt;source_tissues= target_tissues= receptors= agonists= antagonists= precursor= biosynthesis=
&lt;!-- Gene therapy --&gt;gt_target_gene= gt_vector= gt_nucleic_acid_type= gt_editing_method= gt_delivery_method=
&lt;!-- depr Mar 2017, but removal here would be trivial: --&gt;sec_combustion=
&lt;!-- unused, removed: InChI= InChIKey=; use StdInChI/Key because CheMoBot only checks these --&gt;
&lt;!-- chem elements --&gt;Ac=Ag=Al=Am=Ar=As=At=Au=B=Ba=Be=Bh=Bi=Bk=Br=C=Ca=Cd=Ce=Cf=Cl=Cm=Cn=Co=Cr=Cs=Cu=
D=Db=Ds=Dy=Er=Es=Eu=F=Fe=Fl=Fm=Fr=Ga=Gd=Ge=H=He=Hf=Hg=Ho=Hs=I=In=Ir=K=Kr=La=Li=Lr=Lu=Lv=
Mc=Md=Mg=Mn=Mo=Mt=N=Na=Nb=Nd=Ne=Nh=Ni=No=Np=O=Og=Os=P=Pa=Pb=Pd=Pm=Po=Pr=Pt=Pu=Ra=Rb=Re=Rf=Rg=Rh=Rn=Ru=S=Sb=Sc=Se=Sg=Si=Sm=Sn=Sr=Ta=Tb=Tc=Te=Th=Ti=Tl=Tm=Ts=U=V=W=Xe=Y=Yb=Zn=Zr=
&lt;!-- #2 identifiers (indexes): --&gt;index_label= index2_label= index_comment= index2_comment=
CAS_number2= CAS_supplemental2= ATC_prefix2= ATC_suffix2= ATC_supplemental2= PubChem2= PubChemSubstance2= IUPHAR_ligand2= DrugBank2= ChemSpiderID2= UNII2= KEGG2= ChEBI2= ChEMBL2= PDB_ligand2= NIAID_ChemDB2= SMILES2= smiles2= StdInChI2= StdInChIKey2=
CAS_number2_Ref= ChEBI2_Ref= ChEMBL2_Ref= ChemSpiderID2_Ref= DrugBank2_Ref= KEGG2_Ref= StdInChI2_Ref= StdInChIKey2_Ref= UNII2_Ref= DTXSID2=
&lt;!-- Wikidata: --&gt;QID= QID2=&lt;!--
 Deprecated per 2020-12-30, but kept here to keep UnkParameter category useful (not ~5500 pages) 2021-01-30: --&gt;PLLR= pregnancy_US= pregnancy_US_comment=
|cat=Pages using infobox drug with unknown parameters
|format=0|errNS=0
|preview=&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;@@@ (See [[Template:Infobox drug/doc/full parameter list|parameter list]]). This message only shows in Preview, it will not show after you do {{button|{{int:publishchanges}}}}.&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;!-- END of parameter checks

--&gt;&lt;!-- TRACKING:
--&gt;{{Infobox drug/maintenance categories{{yesno|{{{container_only|no}}}|yes=/container only|no=}}&lt;!--
 |container_only=yes -- uses [[Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories/container only]]
* Parameters starting with _underscore are internal constructs only, not straight article input
--&gt;
| drug_name = {{{drug_name|}}}
| INN = {{{INN|}}}
| _drugtype = {{lc:{{{type|}}}}}

&lt;!-- drugtype detected by input (not by type=): --&gt;
| _has_physiological_data={{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _has_gene_therapy={{{gt_target_gene|}}}{{{gt_vector|}}}{{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}{{{gt_editing_method|}}}{{{gt_delivery_method|}}}

&lt;!-- for catsort: --&gt;
| vaccine_type={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| mab_type={{{mab_type|}}}
| _number_of_combo_chemicals={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |component1 |component2 |component3 |component4|component5|component6 }}
&lt;!-- to check illogical input --&gt;
| _vaccine_data={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| _mab_data={{{mab_type|}}}{{{source|}}}
| _mab_vaccine_data={{{target|}}}
| _mab_other_data=&lt;!-- chem data --&gt;{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{F|}}}{{{I|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}{{{chirality|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{SMILES2|}}}{{{smiles2|}}}{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}&lt;!-- physical data --&gt;{{{density|}}}{{{density_notes|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{melting_high|}}}{{{boiling_high|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{molecular_weight|}}}
| _combo_data={{{component1|}}}{{{component2|}}}{{{component3|}}}{{{component4|}}}{{{component5|}}}{{{component6|}}}{{{class1|}}}{{{class2|}}}{{{class3|}}}{{{class4|}}}{{{class5|}}}{{{class6|}}}
| _physiological_data=&lt;!-- physiological data input/ USED??? see also _physiological_data. March2018   --&gt;{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _clinical_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogenous) data --&gt;{{{Drugs.com|}}}{{{MedlinePlus|}}}{{{addiction_liability|}}}{{{dependency_liability|}}}{{{licence_CA|}}}{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}{{{license_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}}
{{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_category|}}}{{{routes_of_administration|}}}{{{tradename|}}}{{{class|}}}{{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}{{{ATC_prefix2|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental2|}}}
| _legal_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogeneous) data --&gt;{{{legal_AU_comment|}}}{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR_comment|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA_comment|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_DE_comment|}}}{{{legal_DE|}}}{{{legal_EU_comment|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}{{{legal_NZ|}}}{{{legal_UK_comment|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_UN_comment|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_US_comment|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}

| _other_data={{{IUPAC_name|}}}

| _image_0_or_2 = {{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}
| _image_LR = {{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}

| _datapage = {{PAGENAME}} (data page)&lt;!-- 3rd ifexist on this one? / TODO: could be set by param |data page= --&gt;
| _vaccine_target={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | vaccine | {{{target|}}} | _type_not_vaccine }}&lt;!-- vaccine with empty target = to maint cat; former question mark --&gt;
| _legal_all={{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}
| _ATC_prefix_supplemental={{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}&lt;!-- together --&gt;
| _has_EMA_link = {{{licence_EU|}}}

&lt;!-- Identifiers tracked --&gt;
| CAS_number={{{CAS_number|}}}
| PubChem={{{PubChem|}}}
| ChemSpiderID={{{ChemSpiderID|}}}
| ChEBI={{{ChEBI|}}}
| ChEMBL={{{ChEMBL|}}}
| DrugBank={{{DrugBank|}}}
| KEGG={{{KEGG|}}}
| _hasInChI_or_Key={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}} |yes}}
| UNII={{{UNII|}}}
| _hasJmol02 = {{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}

&lt;!-- BOT VALIDATION --&gt;
|Verifiedfields={{{Verifiedfields|}}}
|Watchedfields={{{Watchedfields|}}}
|verifiedrevid={{{verifiedrevid|}}}
&lt;!----&gt;}}

&lt;!-- END of /maintenance categories--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nrkqa9l3yt9ijrl3ew6tpklkmftkuxc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149536</id>
      <parentid>1149535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:54:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149536</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35108" sha1="abdhtq8o5d26kjha2z8jk3e4ripr3c7" xml:space="preserve">{{main other|{{short description|Pharmaceutical compound|noreplace}}}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot;/&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = border-spacing:2px;
| headerstyle = background:#ddd;color:inherit;
| labelstyle  = line-height:1.2em;
| autoheaders = yes&lt;!--

 INFOBOX TITLE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| title = {{Infobox drug/title |title={{#if:{{{drug_name|}}} |{{{drug_name}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} |INN={{{INN|}}} }}&lt;!--

 IMAGES ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}} |size={{{width|}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class|}}}|{{{image_class}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{#if:{{{width2|}}}|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class2|}}}|{{{image_class2}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}}}
&lt;!-- caption: kept old behaviour: when only 'caption=' input, put that below *both* images (Jan 2016) --&gt;
| caption1={{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} |}} |{{{caption|}}} }}
| caption2={{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} }}

| image3 = {{#if:{{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}|&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageL|}}}|size={{{widthL|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classL|}}}|{{{image_classL}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altL|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageR|}}}|size={{{widthR|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classR|}}}|{{{image_classR}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altR|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}
| caption3 = {{{captionLR|}}}&lt;!--

 TYPEHEADER=VACC/COMBO/MAB/SINGLE --&gt;
| header1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default =&lt;!-- no header when type=blank (single chemical) --&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 TYPE VACCINE: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;
| label5 = Target&lt;!-- reuse of parameter 'target'; see vacc/mab --&gt;
|  data5 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#if:{{{target|}}} |{{{target}}} |&lt;!-- cat --&gt;}} }}

| label6 = [[Vaccine#Types|Vaccine type]]
|  data6 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{vaccine_type|}}}}}
 |inactivated |killed = [[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]]
 |attenuated = [[Attenuated vaccine|Attenuated]]
 |live = Live bacteria
 |viral = [[Viral vector vaccine|Viral vector]]
 |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |subunit = [[Subunit vaccine|Subunit]]
 |protein |protein subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Protein subunit|Protein subunit]]
 |peptide |peptide subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Peptide subunit|Peptide subunit]]
 |polysaccharide = [[Subunit vaccine#Polysaccharide subunit|Polysaccharide]]
 |vlp = [[Subunit vaccine#Virus-like particles|Virus-like particles]]
 |conjugate = [[Conjugate vaccine|Conjugate]]
 |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant vector]]
 |dna = [[DNA vaccine|DNA]]
 |rna = [[RNA vaccine|RNA]]
 |mrna = [[mRNA vaccine|mRNA]]
 |heterologous = [[Heterologous vaccine|Heterologous]]
 |#default={{{vaccine_type|}}} }} }}&lt;!-- freetext, shows unedited --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE MAB: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;
| label10 = [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
|  data10 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{mab_type|}}}}}
 | mab = Whole antibody
 | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | f(ab')2 = [[Fragment antigen-binding|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment|Di-single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | #default=? }} }}

| label11 = [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
|  data11 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{Infobox drug/mab source |_mab_source={{{source|}}} }}}}&lt;!-- mab_source == internal only --&gt;

| label12 = [[Antigen|Target]]
|  data12 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{{target|}}} }}&lt;!-- alternate use of target; see vacc --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE COMBO: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 if type=combo show its components (#2 obligatory, 3-6 optional) --&gt;
| label15 = {{#if:{{{component1|}}}|[[{{{component1}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data15 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class1|? Class}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{component2|}}}|[[{{{component2}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data16 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class2|? Class}}} }}

| label17 = [[{{{component3}}}]]
|  data17 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component3|}}}|{{{class3|}}}}} | {{{class3|? Class}}} }} }}

| label18 = [[{{{component4}}}]]
|  data18 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component4|}}}|{{{class4|}}}}} | {{{class4|? Class}}} }} }}

| label19 = [[{{{component5}}}]]
|  data19 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component5|}}}|{{{class5|}}}}} | {{{class5|? Class}}} }} }}

| label20 = [[{{{component6}}}]]
|  data20 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component6|}}}|{{{class6|}}}}} | {{{class6|? Class}}} }} }}
&lt;!--
 TYPE: GENE THERAPY  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (no need to set type=... any parmeter input will show the section) --&gt;
|header21= [[Gene therapy]]

|label22 = [[Gene targeting|Target gene]]
| data22 = {{{gt_target_gene|}}}

|label23 = [[Vectors in gene therapy|Vector]]
| data23 = {{{gt_vector|}}}

|label24 = [[Nucleic acid|Nucleic acid type]]
| data24 = {{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}

|label25 = [[Genome editing|Editing method]]
| data25 = {{{gt_editing_method|}}}

|label26 = [[Gene delivery|Delivery method]]
| data26 = {{{gt_delivery_method|}}}
&lt;!--
 CLINICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header30 = Clinical data

| label31 = Pronunciation
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_ref|}}}&amp;#x20;{{{pronounce_comment|}}} }}

| label32 = [[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade name]]s
|  data32 = {{{tradename|}}}

| label33 = Anarana hafa
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{AAN|}}}{{{BAN|}}}{{{JAN|}}}{{{USAN|}}} |{{Infobox drug/localINNvariants |synonyms={{{synonyms|}}} |AAN={{{AAN|}}} |BAN={{{BAN|}}} |JAN={{{JAN|}}} |USAN={{{USAN|}}} }} |{{{synonyms|}}} }}

| label34 = [[Biosimilar]]s
|  data34 = {{{biosimilars|}}}

| label35 = [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
|  data35 = {{{Drugs.com|}}}

| label36 = [[MedlinePlus]]
|  data36 = {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}

| label37 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods |{{engvar|defaultWord=License |defaultLang=en-US |en-UK=Licence |en-AU=Licence |en-CA=Licence |en-NZ=Licence |en-EI=Licence |engvar={{{engvar|}}} }} data]]
|  data37 = {{Infobox drug/licence
 |INN_EMA={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |licence_EU={{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}|yes}}
 | _EMA_use_INN={{If empty
 |1={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |2={{#ifeq:{{{INN|}}}|none||{{{INN|}}}}}
 |3={{{drug_name|}}}
 |4={{PAGENAME}}
  }}
 |licence_US={{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_US|}}}
 |DailyMedID={{{DailyMedID|}}}
 |licence_CA=&lt;!-- switched off, no CA page available (Feb 2017):  {{{licence_CA|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}--&gt;
}}&lt;!-- so internally, spell licenCe --&gt;

&lt;!-- pregnancy categories --&gt;
| label38 = [[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;category]]
|  data38 = {{Infobox drug/pregnancy category
|pregnancy_AU         = {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
|pregnancy_AU_comment = {{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}
|pregnancy_category   = {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
}}

| label39 = [[Substance dependence|Dependence&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data39 = {{{dependency_liability|}}}

| label41 = [[Addiction|Addiction&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data41 = {{{addiction_liability|}}}

| label42 = [[Route of administration|Routes of&lt;br /&gt;administration]]
|  data42 = {{{routes_of_administration|}}}

| label43 = [[Drug class]]
|  data43 = {{{class|}}}
&lt;!--

 ATC atc human --&gt;
| label44 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|ATC code]]
|  data44 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 ATC VET --&gt;
| label45 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]]
|  data45 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
&lt;!-- ATCvet does not have a #2 option: its one for both then --&gt;
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
 Hormones, neurotransmitters etc. are not a separate drugtype (just a single chemical)
 Section 'Physiological data' appears when there is parameter input. May 2017.
--&gt;
| header50 = [[Physiological]] data

| label51= Source [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]
|  data51= {{{source_tissues|}}}

| label52= Target tissues
|  data52= {{{target_tissues|}}}

| label53= [[Receptor (biochemistry)|Receptors]]
|  data53= {{{receptors|}}}

| label54= [[Agonist]]s
|  data54= {{{agonists|}}}

| label55= [[Receptor antagonist|Antagonists]]
|  data55= {{{antagonists|}}}

| label56= [[Precursor (chemistry)|Precursor]]
|  data56= {{{precursor|}}}

| label57= [[Biosynthesis]]
|  data57= {{{biosynthesis|}}}

| label58= [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
|  data58= {{#if:{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}} |&lt;!-- has context so show here: --&gt;{{{metabolism|}}} }}&lt;!--

 LEGAL STATUS --&gt;
| header60 = Sata ara-dalàna

| label61 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Sata ara-dalàna]]
|  data61 = {{Infobox drug/legal status
 |legal_AU={{{legal_AU|}}}
 |legal_BR={{{legal_BR|}}}
 |legal_CA={{{legal_CA|}}}
 |legal_DE={{{legal_DE|}}}
 |legal_NZ={{{legal_NZ|}}}
 |legal_UK={{{legal_UK|}}}
 |legal_US={{{legal_US|}}}
 |legal_EU={{{legal_EU|}}}
 |legal_UN={{{legal_UN|}}}
 |legal_AU_comment={{{legal_AU_comment|}}}
 |legal_BR_comment={{{legal_BR_comment|}}}
 |legal_CA_comment={{{legal_CA_comment|}}}
 |legal_DE_comment={{{legal_DE_comment|}}}
 |legal_NZ_comment={{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}
 |legal_UK_comment={{{legal_UK_comment|}}}
 |legal_US_comment={{{legal_US_comment|}}}
 |legal_EU_comment={{{legal_EU_comment|}}}
 |legal_UN_comment={{{legal_UN_comment|}}}
 |legal_status={{{legal_status|}}}
 }}&lt;!--

 PHARMACOKINETIC ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header70 = [[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] data

  | label71 = [[Bioavailability]]
  |  data71 = {{{bioavailability|}}}
  | label72 = [[Plasma protein binding|Protein binding]]
  |  data72 = {{{protein_bound|}}}
  | label73 = [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
  |  data73 = {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolites|}}}{{{onset|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{duration_of_action|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |{{{metabolism|}}}|{{#if:{{{target_tissuess|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}
||{{{metabolism|}}}}} }}
  | label74 = [[Metabolite]]s
  |  data74 = {{{metabolites|}}}
  | label75 = [[Onset of action]]
  |  data75 = {{{onset|}}}
  | label76 = [[Biological half-life|Elimination {{nowrap|half-life}}]]
  |  data76 = {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
  | label77 = [[Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action|Duration of action]]
  |  data77 = {{{duration_of_action|}}}
  | label78 = [[Excretion]]
  |  data78 = {{{excretion|}}}&lt;!--

 IDENTIFIERS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header80 = Identifiers
&lt;!--
 IUPAC_name (single chemical only) --&gt;
  |  data81 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab|combo|vaccine= |#default={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}}
| {{Collapsible list &lt;!--| expand=test_yes--&gt;
|liststyle=word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;
|title = [[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|IUPAC name]]
|1=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}}}

&lt;!--
 label_comment: explain the labels --&gt;
| label83 = &amp;#x200B;&lt;!-- keeps data in righthand column --&gt;
|  data83 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#if:{{{index_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index_label|}}} |{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index_comment|}}} }}
|2={{#if:{{{index2_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}} |{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index2_comment|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CAS NUMBER --&gt;
| label84 = [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
|  data84 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental2|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM CID --&gt;
| label85 = [[PubChem#CID|PubChem]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|CID|Compound ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
|  data85 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment= }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment= }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM SID unrestricted showing (independent of CID) Feb 2017 --&gt;
|label86 = {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChem2|}}} |PubChem |[[PubChem#SID|PubChem]] }}&amp;#x20;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|1=SID|2=Substance ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
| data86 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 IUPHAR PBS iuphar --&gt;
| label87 = [[Guide to Pharmacology|IUPHAR/BPS]]
|  data87 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 DRUGBANK --&gt;
| label88 = [[DrugBank]]
|  data88 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank2|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEMSPIDER --&gt;
| label89 = [[ChemSpider]]
|  data89 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |index=0 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |index=2 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID2|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 UNII --&gt;
| label90 = [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
|  data90 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII|}}} |botref={{{UNIIRef|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII2|}}} |botref={{{UNII2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 KEGG --&gt;
| label91 = [[KEGG]]
|  data91 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG|}}} |botref={{{KEGG_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG2|}}} |botref={{{KEGG2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEBI --&gt;
| label92 = [[ChEBI]]
|  data92 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI2|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 CHEMBL --&gt;
| label93 = [[ChEMBL]]
|  data93 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL2|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 NIAID niaid --&gt;
| label94 = [[NIAID ChemDB]]
|  data94 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PDB ligand --&gt;
| label96 = [[Protein Data Bank|PDB ligand]]
|  data96 = {{#switch:{{{type|}}} |combo|vaccine=
|#default={{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand2|}}} }}
 }}}}&lt;!--

 E number from Wikidata --&gt;
| label97 = [[E number|&lt;span title=&quot;E number (food additive code)&quot;&gt;E number&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{main other|[[Category:E number from Wikidata|*]]}}
|  data97 = {{#property:P628}} {{#switch:&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:String|match|s={{#property:P628}} |pattern=E(%d%d?)%d%d[A-z]? |plain=false |nomatch=}}
|1=[[E number#E100–E199|(colours)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|2=[[E number#E200–E299|(preservatives)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|3=[[E number#E300–E399|(antioxidants, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|4=[[E number#E400–E499|(thickeners, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|5=[[E number#E500–E599|(acidity regulators, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|6=[[E number#E600–E699|(flavour enhancer)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|7=[[E number#E700–E799|(antibiotics)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|9=[[E number#E900–E999|(glazing agents, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|10|11|12|13|14|15=[[E number#E1000–E1599|(additional chemicals)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|#default= }}

&lt;!-- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header100 = Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana&lt;!--

--&gt;
  | label102 = [[Chemical formula|Raikipohy]]
  |  data102 = {{Infobox drug/chemical formula
|chemical_formula_fixed={{{chemical_formula|}}}
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|charge={{{charge|}}}
|chemical_formula_ref={{{chemical_formula_ref|}}}
|chemical_formula_comment={{{chemical_formula_comment|}}} }}

  | label103 = [[Molar mass]]
  |  data103 = {{Chem molar mass
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|fixed = {{{molecular_weight|}}}&lt;!-- should be molar mass --&gt;
|round = {{{molecular_weight_round|}}}
|unit  = {{{molecular_weight_unit|}}}
|ref   = {{{molecular_weight_ref|}}}
|comment = {{{molecular_weight_comment|}}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|source={{{molecular_weight|}}}|target=[^0-9.]|plain=false }}|0||{{main other|1=[[Category:Infobox-drug molecular-weight unexpected-character]]}}}}
&lt;!-- JMOL --&gt;
  | label104 = Modely 3D ([[JSmol]])
  |  data104 = {{#ifeq:{{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}|none||{{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index_label|}}}  |localJmol={{{Jmol|}}}  |localSMILES={{{SMILES |{{{smiles|}}}}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localJmol={{{Jmol2|}}} |localSMILES={{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} }}
}}}}

  | label106 = [[Chirality (chemistry)|Chirality]]
  |  data106 = {{{chirality|}}}
  | label107 = [[Specific rotation]]
  |  data107 = {{{specific_rotation|}}}

&lt;!-- physical data: --&gt;
  | label111 = [[Density]]
  |  data111 = {{#if:{{{density|}}} | {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} {{{density_notes|}}}
  | label112= [[Melting point]]
  |  data112 = {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{melting_point|}}} {{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}|to {{{melting_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{melting_notes|}}}
  | label113 = [[Boiling point]]
  |  data113 = {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{boiling_point|}}} {{#if:{{{boiling_high|}}}|to {{{boiling_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{boiling_notes|}}}
  | label114 = [[Aqueous solution|Solubility in water]]
  |  data114 = {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |{{{solubility}}}{{{sol_units|&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)}}}}}

  |  data118 = {{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} | {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
     |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
     |title = [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system|SMILES]]
     |1={{#if:{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
     |2={{#if:{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt; }}}}
     }}

  |  data119 = {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}|
  {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
    |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
    |title=[[International Chemical Identifier|InChI]]
    |1={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}} |&lt;br /&gt;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |2={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |3={{#if:{{{StdInChI2|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI2}}}{{{StdInChI2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |4={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey2|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey2}}}{{{StdInChIKey2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
  }}&lt;!-- eo collapsible list --&gt;}}&lt;!-- eo data89 if:StdInChI --&gt;&lt;!--

 DATA PAGE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header120 = Pejy angon-drakitra
|   data121 = {{Infobox drug/data page link| _targetpage={{#if:{{{data page|}}}|{{trim brackets|1={{{data page|}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}} (data page)}}}}&lt;!--

 VERIFICATIONS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| below =&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}} |changed|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}
|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages|rev1={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&amp;page2={{urlencode:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} (verify)]&lt;/span&gt;}}}}}}

}}&lt;!-- END OF INFOBOX ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

 Parameter check:
--&gt;{{#invoke:TemplatePar
|check
|template=Template:Infobox_drug
|all= |opt= pronounce= pronounce_ref= pronounce_comment= ATC_prefix= ATC_suffix= ATC_supplemental= ATCvet= biosimilars= CAS_number_Ref= CAS_number= CAS_supplemental= ChEBI= ChEBI_Ref= ChEMBL_Ref= ChEMBL= ChemSpiderID= ChemSpiderID_Ref= chirality= class= container_only= DailyMedID= data_page= DrugBank_Ref= DrugBank= Drugs.com= duration_of_action= INN= INN_EMA= IUPAC_name= IUPHAR_ligand= KEGG_Ref= KEGG= MedlinePlus= NIAID_ChemDB= PDB_ligand= PubChemSubstance= PubChem= StdInChIKey_Ref= StdInChIKey= StdInChI_Ref= StdInChI_comment= StdInChI= UNII_Ref= UNII= DTXSID= Verifiedfields= Watchedfields= addiction_liability= alt2= altL= altR= alt= bioavailability= boiling_high= boiling_notes= boiling_point= captionLR= caption= caption2= charge= chemical_formula= chemical_formula_ref= chemical_formula_comment= class1= class2= class3= class4= class5= class6= component1= component2= component3= component4= component5= component6= density= density_notes= dependency_liability= drug_name= elimination_half-life= engvar= excretion= image2= imageL= imageR= image= image_class= image_class2= image_classL= image_classR= Jmol= legal_AU= legal_BR= legal_CA= legal_DE= legal_EU= legal_NZ= legal_UK= legal_UN= legal_US= legal_AU_comment= legal_BR_comment= legal_CA_comment= legal_DE_comment= legal_UK_comment= legal_NZ_comment= legal_US_comment= legal_UN_comment= legal_EU_comment= legal_status= licence_CA= licence_EU= licence_US= license_CA= license_EU= license_US= mab_type= melting_high= melting_notes= melting_point= metabolism= metabolites= molecular_weight= molecular_weight_round= molecular_weight_unit= molecular_weight_ref= molecular_weight_comment= onset= pregnancy_AU= pregnancy_AU_comment= pregnancy_category= protein_bound= routes_of_administration= SMILES= smiles= solubility= sol_units= source= specific_rotation= synonyms= target= tradename= type= vaccine_type= verifiedrevid= width2= widthL= widthR= width= AAN= BAN= JAN= USAN=
&lt;!-- Physiological --&gt;source_tissues= target_tissues= receptors= agonists= antagonists= precursor= biosynthesis=
&lt;!-- Gene therapy --&gt;gt_target_gene= gt_vector= gt_nucleic_acid_type= gt_editing_method= gt_delivery_method=
&lt;!-- depr Mar 2017, but removal here would be trivial: --&gt;sec_combustion=
&lt;!-- unused, removed: InChI= InChIKey=; use StdInChI/Key because CheMoBot only checks these --&gt;
&lt;!-- chem elements --&gt;Ac=Ag=Al=Am=Ar=As=At=Au=B=Ba=Be=Bh=Bi=Bk=Br=C=Ca=Cd=Ce=Cf=Cl=Cm=Cn=Co=Cr=Cs=Cu=
D=Db=Ds=Dy=Er=Es=Eu=F=Fe=Fl=Fm=Fr=Ga=Gd=Ge=H=He=Hf=Hg=Ho=Hs=I=In=Ir=K=Kr=La=Li=Lr=Lu=Lv=
Mc=Md=Mg=Mn=Mo=Mt=N=Na=Nb=Nd=Ne=Nh=Ni=No=Np=O=Og=Os=P=Pa=Pb=Pd=Pm=Po=Pr=Pt=Pu=Ra=Rb=Re=Rf=Rg=Rh=Rn=Ru=S=Sb=Sc=Se=Sg=Si=Sm=Sn=Sr=Ta=Tb=Tc=Te=Th=Ti=Tl=Tm=Ts=U=V=W=Xe=Y=Yb=Zn=Zr=
&lt;!-- #2 identifiers (indexes): --&gt;index_label= index2_label= index_comment= index2_comment=
CAS_number2= CAS_supplemental2= ATC_prefix2= ATC_suffix2= ATC_supplemental2= PubChem2= PubChemSubstance2= IUPHAR_ligand2= DrugBank2= ChemSpiderID2= UNII2= KEGG2= ChEBI2= ChEMBL2= PDB_ligand2= NIAID_ChemDB2= SMILES2= smiles2= StdInChI2= StdInChIKey2=
CAS_number2_Ref= ChEBI2_Ref= ChEMBL2_Ref= ChemSpiderID2_Ref= DrugBank2_Ref= KEGG2_Ref= StdInChI2_Ref= StdInChIKey2_Ref= UNII2_Ref= DTXSID2=
&lt;!-- Wikidata: --&gt;QID= QID2=&lt;!--
 Deprecated per 2020-12-30, but kept here to keep UnkParameter category useful (not ~5500 pages) 2021-01-30: --&gt;PLLR= pregnancy_US= pregnancy_US_comment=
|cat=Pages using infobox drug with unknown parameters
|format=0|errNS=0
|preview=&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;@@@ (See [[Template:Infobox drug/doc/full parameter list|parameter list]]). This message only shows in Preview, it will not show after you do {{button|{{int:publishchanges}}}}.&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;!-- END of parameter checks

--&gt;&lt;!-- TRACKING:
--&gt;{{Infobox drug/maintenance categories{{yesno|{{{container_only|no}}}|yes=/container only|no=}}&lt;!--
 |container_only=yes -- uses [[Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories/container only]]
* Parameters starting with _underscore are internal constructs only, not straight article input
--&gt;
| drug_name = {{{drug_name|}}}
| INN = {{{INN|}}}
| _drugtype = {{lc:{{{type|}}}}}

&lt;!-- drugtype detected by input (not by type=): --&gt;
| _has_physiological_data={{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _has_gene_therapy={{{gt_target_gene|}}}{{{gt_vector|}}}{{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}{{{gt_editing_method|}}}{{{gt_delivery_method|}}}

&lt;!-- for catsort: --&gt;
| vaccine_type={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| mab_type={{{mab_type|}}}
| _number_of_combo_chemicals={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |component1 |component2 |component3 |component4|component5|component6 }}
&lt;!-- to check illogical input --&gt;
| _vaccine_data={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| _mab_data={{{mab_type|}}}{{{source|}}}
| _mab_vaccine_data={{{target|}}}
| _mab_other_data=&lt;!-- chem data --&gt;{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{F|}}}{{{I|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}{{{chirality|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{SMILES2|}}}{{{smiles2|}}}{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}&lt;!-- physical data --&gt;{{{density|}}}{{{density_notes|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{melting_high|}}}{{{boiling_high|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{molecular_weight|}}}
| _combo_data={{{component1|}}}{{{component2|}}}{{{component3|}}}{{{component4|}}}{{{component5|}}}{{{component6|}}}{{{class1|}}}{{{class2|}}}{{{class3|}}}{{{class4|}}}{{{class5|}}}{{{class6|}}}
| _physiological_data=&lt;!-- physiological data input/ USED??? see also _physiological_data. March2018   --&gt;{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _clinical_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogenous) data --&gt;{{{Drugs.com|}}}{{{MedlinePlus|}}}{{{addiction_liability|}}}{{{dependency_liability|}}}{{{licence_CA|}}}{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}{{{license_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}}
{{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_category|}}}{{{routes_of_administration|}}}{{{tradename|}}}{{{class|}}}{{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}{{{ATC_prefix2|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental2|}}}
| _legal_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogeneous) data --&gt;{{{legal_AU_comment|}}}{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR_comment|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA_comment|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_DE_comment|}}}{{{legal_DE|}}}{{{legal_EU_comment|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}{{{legal_NZ|}}}{{{legal_UK_comment|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_UN_comment|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_US_comment|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}

| _other_data={{{IUPAC_name|}}}

| _image_0_or_2 = {{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}
| _image_LR = {{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}

| _datapage = {{PAGENAME}} (data page)&lt;!-- 3rd ifexist on this one? / TODO: could be set by param |data page= --&gt;
| _vaccine_target={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | vaccine | {{{target|}}} | _type_not_vaccine }}&lt;!-- vaccine with empty target = to maint cat; former question mark --&gt;
| _legal_all={{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}
| _ATC_prefix_supplemental={{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}&lt;!-- together --&gt;
| _has_EMA_link = {{{licence_EU|}}}

&lt;!-- Identifiers tracked --&gt;
| CAS_number={{{CAS_number|}}}
| PubChem={{{PubChem|}}}
| ChemSpiderID={{{ChemSpiderID|}}}
| ChEBI={{{ChEBI|}}}
| ChEMBL={{{ChEMBL|}}}
| DrugBank={{{DrugBank|}}}
| KEGG={{{KEGG|}}}
| _hasInChI_or_Key={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}} |yes}}
| UNII={{{UNII|}}}
| _hasJmol02 = {{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}

&lt;!-- Second IDs (see also: WD, QID2) --&gt;
|_hasMultipleCASnumbers = {{{CAS_number2|}}}
|_hasMultiplePubChemCIDs = {{{PubChem2|}}}
|_hasMultipleChEBIs = {{{ChEBI2|}}}

| _countSecondIDs={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |CAS_number2 |ATC_prefix2 |PubChem2 |PubChemStructure2 |IUPHAR_ligand2 |DrugBank2 |ChemSpiderID2 |UNII2 |KEGG2 |ChEBI2 |ChEMBL2 |PDB_ligand2 |NIAID_ChemDB2 |SMILES2 |smiles2 |StdInChI2 |StdInChIKey2 |DTXCID2}}
| _countIndexlabels={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |index_label |index2_label}}

&lt;!-- OPTIONAL TEMP TRACKING When param is not empty, will be categorised in [[Category:Infobox drug tracked parameters]] --&gt;
| _trackListSortletter=

&lt;!-- BOT VALIDATION --&gt;
|Verifiedfields={{{Verifiedfields|}}}
|Watchedfields={{{Watchedfields|}}}
|verifiedrevid={{{verifiedrevid|}}}
&lt;!----&gt;}}

&lt;!-- END of /maintenance categories--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>abdhtq8o5d26kjha2z8jk3e4ripr3c7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149537</id>
      <parentid>1149536</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:54:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149537</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35015" sha1="ousig993df43ass9x9gv1utcqj7xs3w" xml:space="preserve">{{main other|{{short description|Pharmaceutical compound|noreplace}}}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot;/&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = border-spacing:2px;
| headerstyle = background:#ddd;color:inherit;
| labelstyle  = line-height:1.2em;
| autoheaders = yes&lt;!--

 INFOBOX TITLE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| title = {{Infobox drug/title |title={{#if:{{{drug_name|}}} |{{{drug_name}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} |INN={{{INN|}}} }}&lt;!--

 IMAGES ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}} |size={{{width|}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class|}}}|{{{image_class}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{#if:{{{width2|}}}|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class2|}}}|{{{image_class2}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}}}
&lt;!-- caption: kept old behaviour: when only 'caption=' input, put that below *both* images (Jan 2016) --&gt;
| caption1={{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} |}} |{{{caption|}}} }}
| caption2={{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} }}

| image3 = {{#if:{{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}|&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageL|}}}|size={{{widthL|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classL|}}}|{{{image_classL}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altL|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageR|}}}|size={{{widthR|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classR|}}}|{{{image_classR}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altR|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}
| caption3 = {{{captionLR|}}}&lt;!--

 TYPEHEADER=VACC/COMBO/MAB/SINGLE --&gt;
| header1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default =&lt;!-- no header when type=blank (single chemical) --&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 TYPE VACCINE: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;
| label5 = Target&lt;!-- reuse of parameter 'target'; see vacc/mab --&gt;
|  data5 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#if:{{{target|}}} |{{{target}}} |&lt;!-- cat --&gt;}} }}

| label6 = [[Vaccine#Types|Vaccine type]]
|  data6 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{vaccine_type|}}}}}
 |inactivated |killed = [[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]]
 |attenuated = [[Attenuated vaccine|Attenuated]]
 |live = Live bacteria
 |viral = [[Viral vector vaccine|Viral vector]]
 |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |subunit = [[Subunit vaccine|Subunit]]
 |protein |protein subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Protein subunit|Protein subunit]]
 |peptide |peptide subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Peptide subunit|Peptide subunit]]
 |polysaccharide = [[Subunit vaccine#Polysaccharide subunit|Polysaccharide]]
 |vlp = [[Subunit vaccine#Virus-like particles|Virus-like particles]]
 |conjugate = [[Conjugate vaccine|Conjugate]]
 |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant vector]]
 |dna = [[DNA vaccine|DNA]]
 |rna = [[RNA vaccine|RNA]]
 |mrna = [[mRNA vaccine|mRNA]]
 |heterologous = [[Heterologous vaccine|Heterologous]]
 |#default={{{vaccine_type|}}} }} }}&lt;!-- freetext, shows unedited --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE MAB: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;
| label10 = [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
|  data10 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{mab_type|}}}}}
 | mab = Whole antibody
 | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | f(ab')2 = [[Fragment antigen-binding|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment|Di-single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | #default=? }} }}

| label11 = [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
|  data11 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{Infobox drug/mab source |_mab_source={{{source|}}} }}}}&lt;!-- mab_source == internal only --&gt;

| label12 = [[Antigen|Target]]
|  data12 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{{target|}}} }}&lt;!-- alternate use of target; see vacc --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE COMBO: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 if type=combo show its components (#2 obligatory, 3-6 optional) --&gt;
| label15 = {{#if:{{{component1|}}}|[[{{{component1}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data15 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class1|? Class}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{component2|}}}|[[{{{component2}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data16 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class2|? Class}}} }}

| label17 = [[{{{component3}}}]]
|  data17 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component3|}}}|{{{class3|}}}}} | {{{class3|? Class}}} }} }}

| label18 = [[{{{component4}}}]]
|  data18 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component4|}}}|{{{class4|}}}}} | {{{class4|? Class}}} }} }}

| label19 = [[{{{component5}}}]]
|  data19 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component5|}}}|{{{class5|}}}}} | {{{class5|? Class}}} }} }}

| label20 = [[{{{component6}}}]]
|  data20 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component6|}}}|{{{class6|}}}}} | {{{class6|? Class}}} }} }}
&lt;!--
 TYPE: GENE THERAPY  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (no need to set type=... any parmeter input will show the section) --&gt;
|header21= [[Gene therapy]]

|label22 = [[Gene targeting|Target gene]]
| data22 = {{{gt_target_gene|}}}

|label23 = [[Vectors in gene therapy|Vector]]
| data23 = {{{gt_vector|}}}

|label24 = [[Nucleic acid|Nucleic acid type]]
| data24 = {{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}

|label25 = [[Genome editing|Editing method]]
| data25 = {{{gt_editing_method|}}}

|label26 = [[Gene delivery|Delivery method]]
| data26 = {{{gt_delivery_method|}}}
&lt;!--
 CLINICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header30 = Clinical data

| label31 = Pronunciation
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_ref|}}}&amp;#x20;{{{pronounce_comment|}}} }}

| label32 = [[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade name]]s
|  data32 = {{{tradename|}}}

| label33 = Anarana hafa
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{AAN|}}}{{{BAN|}}}{{{JAN|}}}{{{USAN|}}} |{{Infobox drug/localINNvariants |synonyms={{{synonyms|}}} |AAN={{{AAN|}}} |BAN={{{BAN|}}} |JAN={{{JAN|}}} |USAN={{{USAN|}}} }} |{{{synonyms|}}} }}

| label34 = [[Biosimilar]]s
|  data34 = {{{biosimilars|}}}

| label35 = [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
|  data35 = {{{Drugs.com|}}}

| label36 = [[MedlinePlus]]
|  data36 = {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}

| label37 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods |{{engvar|defaultWord=License |defaultLang=en-US |en-UK=Licence |en-AU=Licence |en-CA=Licence |en-NZ=Licence |en-EI=Licence |engvar={{{engvar|}}} }} data]]
|  data37 = {{Infobox drug/licence
 |INN_EMA={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |licence_EU={{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}|yes}}
 | _EMA_use_INN={{If empty
 |1={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |2={{#ifeq:{{{INN|}}}|none||{{{INN|}}}}}
 |3={{{drug_name|}}}
 |4={{PAGENAME}}
  }}
 |licence_US={{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_US|}}}
 |DailyMedID={{{DailyMedID|}}}
 |licence_CA=&lt;!-- switched off, no CA page available (Feb 2017):  {{{licence_CA|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}--&gt;
}}&lt;!-- so internally, spell licenCe --&gt;

&lt;!-- pregnancy categories --&gt;
| label38 = [[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;category]]
|  data38 = {{Infobox drug/pregnancy category
|pregnancy_AU         = {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
|pregnancy_AU_comment = {{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}
|pregnancy_category   = {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
}}

| label39 = [[Substance dependence|Dependence&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data39 = {{{dependency_liability|}}}

| label41 = [[Addiction|Addiction&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data41 = {{{addiction_liability|}}}

| label42 = [[Route of administration|Routes of&lt;br /&gt;administration]]
|  data42 = {{{routes_of_administration|}}}

| label43 = [[Drug class]]
|  data43 = {{{class|}}}
&lt;!--

 ATC atc human --&gt;
| label44 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|ATC code]]
|  data44 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 ATC VET --&gt;
| label45 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]]
|  data45 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
&lt;!-- ATCvet does not have a #2 option: its one for both then --&gt;
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
 Hormones, neurotransmitters etc. are not a separate drugtype (just a single chemical)
 Section 'Physiological data' appears when there is parameter input. May 2017.
--&gt;
| header50 = [[Physiological]] data

| label51= Source [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]
|  data51= {{{source_tissues|}}}

| label52= Target tissues
|  data52= {{{target_tissues|}}}

| label53= [[Receptor (biochemistry)|Receptors]]
|  data53= {{{receptors|}}}

| label54= [[Agonist]]s
|  data54= {{{agonists|}}}

| label55= [[Receptor antagonist|Antagonists]]
|  data55= {{{antagonists|}}}

| label56= [[Precursor (chemistry)|Precursor]]
|  data56= {{{precursor|}}}

| label57= [[Biosynthesis]]
|  data57= {{{biosynthesis|}}}

| label58= [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
|  data58= {{#if:{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}} |&lt;!-- has context so show here: --&gt;{{{metabolism|}}} }}&lt;!--

 LEGAL STATUS --&gt;
| header60 = Sata ara-dalàna

| label61 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Sata ara-dalàna]]
|  data61 = {{Infobox drug/legal status
 |legal_AU={{{legal_AU|}}}
 |legal_BR={{{legal_BR|}}}
 |legal_CA={{{legal_CA|}}}
 |legal_DE={{{legal_DE|}}}
 |legal_NZ={{{legal_NZ|}}}
 |legal_UK={{{legal_UK|}}}
 |legal_US={{{legal_US|}}}
 |legal_EU={{{legal_EU|}}}
 |legal_UN={{{legal_UN|}}}
 |legal_AU_comment={{{legal_AU_comment|}}}
 |legal_BR_comment={{{legal_BR_comment|}}}
 |legal_CA_comment={{{legal_CA_comment|}}}
 |legal_DE_comment={{{legal_DE_comment|}}}
 |legal_NZ_comment={{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}
 |legal_UK_comment={{{legal_UK_comment|}}}
 |legal_US_comment={{{legal_US_comment|}}}
 |legal_EU_comment={{{legal_EU_comment|}}}
 |legal_UN_comment={{{legal_UN_comment|}}}
 |legal_status={{{legal_status|}}}
 }}&lt;!--

 PHARMACOKINETIC ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header70 = [[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] data

  | label71 = [[Bioavailability]]
  |  data71 = {{{bioavailability|}}}
  | label72 = [[Plasma protein binding|Protein binding]]
  |  data72 = {{{protein_bound|}}}
  | label73 = [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
  |  data73 = {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolites|}}}{{{onset|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{duration_of_action|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |{{{metabolism|}}}|{{#if:{{{target_tissuess|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}
||{{{metabolism|}}}}} }}
  | label74 = [[Metabolite]]s
  |  data74 = {{{metabolites|}}}
  | label75 = [[Onset of action]]
  |  data75 = {{{onset|}}}
  | label76 = [[Biological half-life|Elimination {{nowrap|half-life}}]]
  |  data76 = {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
  | label77 = [[Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action|Duration of action]]
  |  data77 = {{{duration_of_action|}}}
  | label78 = [[Excretion]]
  |  data78 = {{{excretion|}}}&lt;!--

 IDENTIFIERS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header80 = Identifiers
&lt;!--
 IUPAC_name (single chemical only) --&gt;
  |  data81 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab|combo|vaccine= |#default={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}}
| {{Collapsible list &lt;!--| expand=test_yes--&gt;
|liststyle=word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;
|title = [[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|IUPAC name]]
|1=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}}}

&lt;!--
 label_comment: explain the labels --&gt;
| label83 = &amp;#x200B;&lt;!-- keeps data in righthand column --&gt;
|  data83 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#if:{{{index_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index_label|}}} |{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index_comment|}}} }}
|2={{#if:{{{index2_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}} |{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index2_comment|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CAS NUMBER --&gt;
| label84 = [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
|  data84 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental2|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM CID --&gt;
| label85 = [[PubChem#CID|PubChem]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|CID|Compound ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
|  data85 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment= }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment= }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM SID unrestricted showing (independent of CID) Feb 2017 --&gt;
|label86 = {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChem2|}}} |PubChem |[[PubChem#SID|PubChem]] }}&amp;#x20;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|1=SID|2=Substance ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
| data86 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 IUPHAR PBS iuphar --&gt;
| label87 = [[Guide to Pharmacology|IUPHAR/BPS]]
|  data87 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 DRUGBANK --&gt;
| label88 = [[DrugBank]]
|  data88 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank2|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEMSPIDER --&gt;
| label89 = [[ChemSpider]]
|  data89 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |index=0 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |index=2 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID2|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 UNII --&gt;
| label90 = [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
|  data90 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII|}}} |botref={{{UNIIRef|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII2|}}} |botref={{{UNII2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 KEGG --&gt;
| label91 = [[KEGG]]
|  data91 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG|}}} |botref={{{KEGG_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG2|}}} |botref={{{KEGG2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEBI --&gt;
| label92 = [[ChEBI]]
|  data92 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI2|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 CHEMBL --&gt;
| label93 = [[ChEMBL]]
|  data93 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL2|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 NIAID niaid --&gt;
| label94 = [[NIAID ChemDB]]
|  data94 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PDB ligand --&gt;
| label96 = [[Protein Data Bank|PDB ligand]]
|  data96 = {{#switch:{{{type|}}} |combo|vaccine=
|#default={{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand2|}}} }}
 }}}}&lt;!--

 E number from Wikidata --&gt;
| label97 = [[E number|&lt;span title=&quot;E number (food additive code)&quot;&gt;E number&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{main other|[[Category:E number from Wikidata|*]]}}
|  data97 = {{#property:P628}} {{#switch:&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:String|match|s={{#property:P628}} |pattern=E(%d%d?)%d%d[A-z]? |plain=false |nomatch=}}
|1=[[E number#E100–E199|(colours)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|2=[[E number#E200–E299|(preservatives)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|3=[[E number#E300–E399|(antioxidants, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|4=[[E number#E400–E499|(thickeners, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|5=[[E number#E500–E599|(acidity regulators, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|6=[[E number#E600–E699|(flavour enhancer)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|7=[[E number#E700–E799|(antibiotics)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|9=[[E number#E900–E999|(glazing agents, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|10|11|12|13|14|15=[[E number#E1000–E1599|(additional chemicals)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|#default= }}

&lt;!-- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header100 = Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana&lt;!--

--&gt;
  | label102 = [[Chemical formula|Raikipohy]]
  |  data102 = {{Infobox drug/chemical formula
|chemical_formula_fixed={{{chemical_formula|}}}
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|charge={{{charge|}}}
|chemical_formula_ref={{{chemical_formula_ref|}}}
|chemical_formula_comment={{{chemical_formula_comment|}}} }}

  | label103 = [[Molar mass]]
  |  data103 = {{Chem molar mass
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|fixed = {{{molecular_weight|}}}&lt;!-- should be molar mass --&gt;
|round = {{{molecular_weight_round|}}}
|unit  = {{{molecular_weight_unit|}}}
|ref   = {{{molecular_weight_ref|}}}
|comment = {{{molecular_weight_comment|}}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|source={{{molecular_weight|}}}|target=[^0-9.]|plain=false }}|0||{{main other|1=[[Category:Infobox-drug molecular-weight unexpected-character]]}}}}
&lt;!-- JMOL --&gt;
  | label104 = Modely 3D ([[JSmol]])
  |  data104 = {{#ifeq:{{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}|none||{{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index_label|}}}  |localJmol={{{Jmol|}}}  |localSMILES={{{SMILES |{{{smiles|}}}}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localJmol={{{Jmol2|}}} |localSMILES={{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} }}
}}}}

  | label106 = [[Chirality (chemistry)|Chirality]]
  |  data106 = {{{chirality|}}}
  | label107 = [[Specific rotation]]
  |  data107 = {{{specific_rotation|}}}

&lt;!-- physical data: --&gt;
  | label111 = [[Density]]
  |  data111 = {{#if:{{{density|}}} | {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} {{{density_notes|}}}
  | label112= [[Melting point]]
  |  data112 = {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{melting_point|}}} {{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}|to {{{melting_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{melting_notes|}}}
  | label113 = [[Boiling point]]
  |  data113 = {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{boiling_point|}}} {{#if:{{{boiling_high|}}}|to {{{boiling_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{boiling_notes|}}}
  | label114 = [[Aqueous solution|Solubility in water]]
  |  data114 = {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |{{{solubility}}}{{{sol_units|&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)}}}}}

  |  data118 = {{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} | {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
     |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
     |title = [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system|SMILES]]
     |1={{#if:{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
     |2={{#if:{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt; }}}}
     }}

  |  data119 = {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}|
  {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
    |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
    |title=[[International Chemical Identifier|InChI]]
    |1={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}} |&lt;br /&gt;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |2={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |3={{#if:{{{StdInChI2|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI2}}}{{{StdInChI2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |4={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey2|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey2}}}{{{StdInChIKey2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
  }}&lt;!-- eo collapsible list --&gt;}}&lt;!-- eo data89 if:StdInChI --&gt;&lt;!--

 DATA PAGE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header120 = Pejy angon-drakitra
|   data121 = {{Infobox drug/data page link| _targetpage={{#if:{{{data page|}}}|{{trim brackets|1={{{data page|}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}} (data page)}}}}&lt;!--

 VERIFICATIONS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| below =&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}} |changed|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}
|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages|rev1={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&amp;page2={{urlencode:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} (verify)]&lt;/span&gt;}}}}}}

}}&lt;!-- END OF INFOBOX ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

 Parameter check:
--&gt;{{#invoke:TemplatePar
|check
|template=Template:Infobox_drug
|all= |opt= pronounce= pronounce_ref= pronounce_comment= ATC_prefix= ATC_suffix= ATC_supplemental= ATCvet= biosimilars= CAS_number_Ref= CAS_number= CAS_supplemental= ChEBI= ChEBI_Ref= ChEMBL_Ref= ChEMBL= ChemSpiderID= ChemSpiderID_Ref= chirality= class= container_only= DailyMedID= data_page= DrugBank_Ref= DrugBank= Drugs.com= duration_of_action= INN= INN_EMA= IUPAC_name= IUPHAR_ligand= KEGG_Ref= KEGG= MedlinePlus= NIAID_ChemDB= PDB_ligand= PubChemSubstance= PubChem= StdInChIKey_Ref= StdInChIKey= StdInChI_Ref= StdInChI_comment= StdInChI= UNII_Ref= UNII= DTXSID= Verifiedfields= Watchedfields= addiction_liability= alt2= altL= altR= alt= bioavailability= boiling_high= boiling_notes= boiling_point= captionLR= caption= caption2= charge= chemical_formula= chemical_formula_ref= chemical_formula_comment= class1= class2= class3= class4= class5= class6= component1= component2= component3= component4= component5= component6= density= density_notes= dependency_liability= drug_name= elimination_half-life= engvar= excretion= image2= imageL= imageR= image= image_class= image_class2= image_classL= image_classR= Jmol= legal_AU= legal_BR= legal_CA= legal_DE= legal_EU= legal_NZ= legal_UK= legal_UN= legal_US= legal_AU_comment= legal_BR_comment= legal_CA_comment= legal_DE_comment= legal_UK_comment= legal_NZ_comment= legal_US_comment= legal_UN_comment= legal_EU_comment= legal_status= licence_CA= licence_EU= licence_US= license_CA= license_EU= license_US= mab_type= melting_high= melting_notes= melting_point= metabolism= metabolites= molecular_weight= molecular_weight_round= molecular_weight_unit= molecular_weight_ref= molecular_weight_comment= onset= pregnancy_AU= pregnancy_AU_comment= pregnancy_category= protein_bound= routes_of_administration= SMILES= smiles= solubility= sol_units= source= specific_rotation= synonyms= target= tradename= type= vaccine_type= verifiedrevid= width2= widthL= widthR= width= AAN= BAN= JAN= USAN=
&lt;!-- Physiological --&gt;source_tissues= target_tissues= receptors= agonists= antagonists= precursor= biosynthesis=
&lt;!-- Gene therapy --&gt;gt_target_gene= gt_vector= gt_nucleic_acid_type= gt_editing_method= gt_delivery_method=
&lt;!-- depr Mar 2017, but removal here would be trivial: --&gt;sec_combustion=
&lt;!-- unused, removed: InChI= InChIKey=; use StdInChI/Key because CheMoBot only checks these --&gt;
&lt;!-- chem elements --&gt;Ac=Ag=Al=Am=Ar=As=At=Au=B=Ba=Be=Bh=Bi=Bk=Br=C=Ca=Cd=Ce=Cf=Cl=Cm=Cn=Co=Cr=Cs=Cu=
D=Db=Ds=Dy=Er=Es=Eu=F=Fe=Fl=Fm=Fr=Ga=Gd=Ge=H=He=Hf=Hg=Ho=Hs=I=In=Ir=K=Kr=La=Li=Lr=Lu=Lv=
Mc=Md=Mg=Mn=Mo=Mt=N=Na=Nb=Nd=Ne=Nh=Ni=No=Np=O=Og=Os=P=Pa=Pb=Pd=Pm=Po=Pr=Pt=Pu=Ra=Rb=Re=Rf=Rg=Rh=Rn=Ru=S=Sb=Sc=Se=Sg=Si=Sm=Sn=Sr=Ta=Tb=Tc=Te=Th=Ti=Tl=Tm=Ts=U=V=W=Xe=Y=Yb=Zn=Zr=
&lt;!-- #2 identifiers (indexes): --&gt;index_label= index2_label= index_comment= index2_comment=
CAS_number2= CAS_supplemental2= ATC_prefix2= ATC_suffix2= ATC_supplemental2= PubChem2= PubChemSubstance2= IUPHAR_ligand2= DrugBank2= ChemSpiderID2= UNII2= KEGG2= ChEBI2= ChEMBL2= PDB_ligand2= NIAID_ChemDB2= SMILES2= smiles2= StdInChI2= StdInChIKey2=
CAS_number2_Ref= ChEBI2_Ref= ChEMBL2_Ref= ChemSpiderID2_Ref= DrugBank2_Ref= KEGG2_Ref= StdInChI2_Ref= StdInChIKey2_Ref= UNII2_Ref= DTXSID2=
&lt;!-- Wikidata: --&gt;QID= QID2=&lt;!--
 Deprecated per 2020-12-30, but kept here to keep UnkParameter category useful (not ~5500 pages) 2021-01-30: --&gt;PLLR= pregnancy_US= pregnancy_US_comment=
|cat=Pages using infobox drug with unknown parameters
|format=0|errNS=0
|preview=&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;@@@ (See [[Template:Infobox drug/doc/full parameter list|parameter list]]). This message only shows in Preview, it will not show after you do {{button|{{int:publishchanges}}}}.&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;!-- END of parameter checks

--&gt;&lt;!-- TRACKING:
--&gt;{{Infobox drug/maintenance categories{{yesno|{{{container_only|no}}}|yes=/container only|no=}}&lt;!--
 |container_only=yes -- uses [[Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories/container only]]
* Parameters starting with _underscore are internal constructs only, not straight article input
--&gt;
| drug_name = {{{drug_name|}}}
| INN = {{{INN|}}}
| _drugtype = {{lc:{{{type|}}}}}

&lt;!-- drugtype detected by input (not by type=): --&gt;
| _has_physiological_data={{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _has_gene_therapy={{{gt_target_gene|}}}{{{gt_vector|}}}{{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}{{{gt_editing_method|}}}{{{gt_delivery_method|}}}

&lt;!-- for catsort: --&gt;
| vaccine_type={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| mab_type={{{mab_type|}}}
| _number_of_combo_chemicals={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |component1 |component2 |component3 |component4|component5|component6 }}
&lt;!-- to check illogical input --&gt;
| _vaccine_data={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| _mab_data={{{mab_type|}}}{{{source|}}}
| _mab_vaccine_data={{{target|}}}
| _mab_other_data=&lt;!-- chem data --&gt;{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{F|}}}{{{I|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}{{{chirality|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{SMILES2|}}}{{{smiles2|}}}{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}&lt;!-- physical data --&gt;{{{density|}}}{{{density_notes|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{melting_high|}}}{{{boiling_high|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{molecular_weight|}}}
| _combo_data={{{component1|}}}{{{component2|}}}{{{component3|}}}{{{component4|}}}{{{component5|}}}{{{component6|}}}{{{class1|}}}{{{class2|}}}{{{class3|}}}{{{class4|}}}{{{class5|}}}{{{class6|}}}
| _physiological_data=&lt;!-- physiological data input/ USED??? see also _physiological_data. March2018   --&gt;{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _clinical_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogenous) data --&gt;{{{Drugs.com|}}}{{{MedlinePlus|}}}{{{addiction_liability|}}}{{{dependency_liability|}}}{{{licence_CA|}}}{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}{{{license_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}}
{{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_category|}}}{{{routes_of_administration|}}}{{{tradename|}}}{{{class|}}}{{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}{{{ATC_prefix2|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental2|}}}
| _legal_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogeneous) data --&gt;{{{legal_AU_comment|}}}{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR_comment|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA_comment|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_DE_comment|}}}{{{legal_DE|}}}{{{legal_EU_comment|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}{{{legal_NZ|}}}{{{legal_UK_comment|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_UN_comment|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_US_comment|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}

| _other_data={{{IUPAC_name|}}}

| _image_0_or_2 = {{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}
| _image_LR = {{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}

| _datapage = {{PAGENAME}} (data page)&lt;!-- 3rd ifexist on this one? / TODO: could be set by param |data page= --&gt;
| _vaccine_target={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | vaccine | {{{target|}}} | _type_not_vaccine }}&lt;!-- vaccine with empty target = to maint cat; former question mark --&gt;
| _legal_all={{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}
| _ATC_prefix_supplemental={{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}&lt;!-- together --&gt;
| _has_EMA_link = {{{licence_EU|}}}

&lt;!-- Identifiers tracked --&gt;
| CAS_number={{{CAS_number|}}}
| PubChem={{{PubChem|}}}
| ChemSpiderID={{{ChemSpiderID|}}}
| ChEBI={{{ChEBI|}}}
| ChEMBL={{{ChEMBL|}}}
| DrugBank={{{DrugBank|}}}
| KEGG={{{KEGG|}}}
| _hasInChI_or_Key={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}} |yes}}
| UNII={{{UNII|}}}
| _hasJmol02 = {{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}

&lt;!-- Second IDs (see also: WD, QID2) --&gt;
|_hasMultipleCASnumbers = {{{CAS_number2|}}}
|_hasMultiplePubChemCIDs = {{{PubChem2|}}}
|_hasMultipleChEBIs = {{{ChEBI2|}}}

| _countSecondIDs={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |CAS_number2 |ATC_prefix2 |PubChem2 |PubChemStructure2 |IUPHAR_ligand2 |DrugBank2 |ChemSpiderID2 |UNII2 |KEGG2 |ChEBI2 |ChEMBL2 |PDB_ligand2 |NIAID_ChemDB2 |SMILES2 |smiles2 |StdInChI2 |StdInChIKey2 |DTXCID2}}
| _countIndexlabels={{#invoke:ParameterCount |main |index_label |index2_label}}

&lt;!-- WIKIDATA --&gt;
|QID = {{{QID|}}}
|QID2 = {{{QID2|}}}

&lt;!-- BOT VALIDATION --&gt;
|Verifiedfields={{{Verifiedfields|}}}
|Watchedfields={{{Watchedfields|}}}
|verifiedrevid={{{verifiedrevid|}}}
&lt;!----&gt;}}

&lt;!-- END of /maintenance categories--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ousig993df43ass9x9gv1utcqj7xs3w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149538</id>
      <parentid>1149537</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:55:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34659" sha1="9kht461vkhgkhylqre48247xgfa74dh" xml:space="preserve">{{main other|{{short description|Pharmaceutical compound|noreplace}}}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot;/&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = border-spacing:2px;
| headerstyle = background:#ddd;color:inherit;
| labelstyle  = line-height:1.2em;
| autoheaders = yes&lt;!--

 INFOBOX TITLE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| title = {{Infobox drug/title |title={{#if:{{{drug_name|}}} |{{{drug_name}}} |{{PAGENAME}} }} |INN={{{INN|}}} }}&lt;!--

 IMAGES ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}} |size={{{width|}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class|}}}|{{{image_class}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{#if:{{{width2|}}}|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}}}|class={{#if:{{{image_class2|}}}|{{{image_class2}}}|dark_mode_safe}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}}}
&lt;!-- caption: kept old behaviour: when only 'caption=' input, put that below *both* images (Jan 2016) --&gt;
| caption1={{#if:{{{image2|}}}| {{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} |}} |{{{caption|}}} }}
| caption2={{#if:{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption2|}}} |{{{caption|}}} }}

| image3 = {{#if:{{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}|&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageL|}}}|size={{{widthL|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classL|}}}|{{{image_classL}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altL|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{imageR|}}}|size={{{widthR|}}}|upright=0.5|class={{#if:{{{image_classR|}}}|{{{image_classR}}}|dark_mode_safe}}|alt={{{altR|}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}
| caption3 = {{{captionLR|}}}&lt;!--

 TYPEHEADER=VACC/COMBO/MAB/SINGLE --&gt;
| header1 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default =&lt;!-- no header when type=blank (single chemical) --&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 TYPE VACCINE: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;
| label5 = Target&lt;!-- reuse of parameter 'target'; see vacc/mab --&gt;
|  data5 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#if:{{{target|}}} |{{{target}}} |&lt;!-- cat --&gt;}} }}

| label6 = [[Vaccine#Types|Vaccine type]]
|  data6 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |vaccine |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{vaccine_type|}}}}}
 |inactivated |killed = [[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]]
 |attenuated = [[Attenuated vaccine|Attenuated]]
 |live = Live bacteria
 |viral = [[Viral vector vaccine|Viral vector]]
 |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |subunit = [[Subunit vaccine|Subunit]]
 |protein |protein subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Protein subunit|Protein subunit]]
 |peptide |peptide subunit = [[Subunit vaccine#Peptide subunit|Peptide subunit]]
 |polysaccharide = [[Subunit vaccine#Polysaccharide subunit|Polysaccharide]]
 |vlp = [[Subunit vaccine#Virus-like particles|Virus-like particles]]
 |conjugate = [[Conjugate vaccine|Conjugate]]
 |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant vector]]
 |dna = [[DNA vaccine|DNA]]
 |rna = [[RNA vaccine|RNA]]
 |mrna = [[mRNA vaccine|mRNA]]
 |heterologous = [[Heterologous vaccine|Heterologous]]
 |#default={{{vaccine_type|}}} }} }}&lt;!-- freetext, shows unedited --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE MAB: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;
| label10 = [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
|  data10 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{mab_type|}}}}}
 | mab = Whole antibody
 | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | f(ab')2 = [[Fragment antigen-binding|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment|Di-single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | #default=? }} }}

| label11 = [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
|  data11 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{Infobox drug/mab source |_mab_source={{{source|}}} }}}}&lt;!-- mab_source == internal only --&gt;

| label12 = [[Antigen|Target]]
|  data12 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab |{{{target|}}} }}&lt;!-- alternate use of target; see vacc --&gt;&lt;!--

 TYPE COMBO: ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
 if type=combo show its components (#2 obligatory, 3-6 optional) --&gt;
| label15 = {{#if:{{{component1|}}}|[[{{{component1}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data15 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class1|? Class}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if:{{{component2|}}}|[[{{{component2}}}]]|[[? Component]]}}
|  data16 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{{class2|? Class}}} }}

| label17 = [[{{{component3}}}]]
|  data17 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component3|}}}|{{{class3|}}}}} | {{{class3|? Class}}} }} }}

| label18 = [[{{{component4}}}]]
|  data18 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component4|}}}|{{{class4|}}}}} | {{{class4|? Class}}} }} }}

| label19 = [[{{{component5}}}]]
|  data19 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component5|}}}|{{{class5|}}}}} | {{{class5|? Class}}} }} }}

| label20 = [[{{{component6}}}]]
|  data20 = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | combo | {{#if:{{both|{{{component6|}}}|{{{class6|}}}}} | {{{class6|? Class}}} }} }}
&lt;!--
 TYPE: GENE THERAPY  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (no need to set type=... any parmeter input will show the section) --&gt;
|header21= [[Gene therapy]]

|label22 = [[Gene targeting|Target gene]]
| data22 = {{{gt_target_gene|}}}

|label23 = [[Vectors in gene therapy|Vector]]
| data23 = {{{gt_vector|}}}

|label24 = [[Nucleic acid|Nucleic acid type]]
| data24 = {{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}

|label25 = [[Genome editing|Editing method]]
| data25 = {{{gt_editing_method|}}}

|label26 = [[Gene delivery|Delivery method]]
| data26 = {{{gt_delivery_method|}}}
&lt;!--
 CLINICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header30 = Clinical data

| label31 = Pronunciation
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounce_ref|}}}&amp;#x20;{{{pronounce_comment|}}} }}

| label32 = [[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Trade name]]s
|  data32 = {{{tradename|}}}

| label33 = Anarana hafa
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{AAN|}}}{{{BAN|}}}{{{JAN|}}}{{{USAN|}}} |{{Infobox drug/localINNvariants |synonyms={{{synonyms|}}} |AAN={{{AAN|}}} |BAN={{{BAN|}}} |JAN={{{JAN|}}} |USAN={{{USAN|}}} }} |{{{synonyms|}}} }}

| label34 = [[Biosimilar]]s
|  data34 = {{{biosimilars|}}}

| label35 = [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
|  data35 = {{{Drugs.com|}}}

| label36 = [[MedlinePlus]]
|  data36 = {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span title=&quot;medlineplus.gov&quot;&gt;[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}

| label37 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods |{{engvar|defaultWord=License |defaultLang=en-US |en-UK=Licence |en-AU=Licence |en-CA=Licence |en-NZ=Licence |en-EI=Licence |engvar={{{engvar|}}} }} data]]
|  data37 = {{Infobox drug/licence
 |INN_EMA={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |licence_EU={{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}|yes}}
 | _EMA_use_INN={{If empty
 |1={{{INN_EMA|}}}
 |2={{#ifeq:{{{INN|}}}|none||{{{INN|}}}}}
 |3={{{drug_name|}}}
 |4={{PAGENAME}}
  }}
 |licence_US={{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_US|}}}
 |DailyMedID={{{DailyMedID|}}}
 |licence_CA=&lt;!-- switched off, no CA page available (Feb 2017):  {{{licence_CA|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}--&gt;
}}&lt;!-- so internally, spell licenCe --&gt;

&lt;!-- pregnancy categories --&gt;
| label38 = [[Pregnancy category|Pregnancy&lt;br /&gt;category]]
|  data38 = {{Infobox drug/pregnancy category
|pregnancy_AU         = {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
|pregnancy_AU_comment = {{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}
|pregnancy_category   = {{{pregnancy_category|}}}
}}

| label39 = [[Substance dependence|Dependence&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data39 = {{{dependency_liability|}}}

| label41 = [[Addiction|Addiction&lt;br /&gt;liability]]
|  data41 = {{{addiction_liability|}}}

| label42 = [[Route of administration|Routes of&lt;br /&gt;administration]]
|  data42 = {{{routes_of_administration|}}}

| label43 = [[Drug class]]
|  data43 = {{{class|}}}
&lt;!--

 ATC atc human --&gt;
| label44 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|ATC code]]
|  data44 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet}}}}} |yes |&lt;!-- skip vet --&gt; |{{Infobox drug/formatATC |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 ATC VET --&gt;
| label45 = [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]]
|  data45 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }}}}
&lt;!-- ATCvet does not have a #2 option: its one for both then --&gt;
|2={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATCvet|}}}}}|yes|{{Infobox drug/formatATCvet |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |ATC_prefix={{{ATC_prefix2|}}} |ATC_suffix={{{ATC_suffix2|}}} |ATC_supplemental={{{ATC_supplemental2|}}} }}}}
}}&lt;!--

 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
 Hormones, neurotransmitters etc. are not a separate drugtype (just a single chemical)
 Section 'Physiological data' appears when there is parameter input. May 2017.
--&gt;
| header50 = [[Physiological]] data

| label51= Source [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]]
|  data51= {{{source_tissues|}}}

| label52= Target tissues
|  data52= {{{target_tissues|}}}

| label53= [[Receptor (biochemistry)|Receptors]]
|  data53= {{{receptors|}}}

| label54= [[Agonist]]s
|  data54= {{{agonists|}}}

| label55= [[Receptor antagonist|Antagonists]]
|  data55= {{{antagonists|}}}

| label56= [[Precursor (chemistry)|Precursor]]
|  data56= {{{precursor|}}}

| label57= [[Biosynthesis]]
|  data57= {{{biosynthesis|}}}

| label58= [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
|  data58= {{#if:{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}} |&lt;!-- has context so show here: --&gt;{{{metabolism|}}} }}&lt;!--

 LEGAL STATUS --&gt;
| header60 = Sata ara-dalàna

| label61 = [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Sata ara-dalàna]]
|  data61 = {{Infobox drug/legal status
 |legal_AU={{{legal_AU|}}}
 |legal_BR={{{legal_BR|}}}
 |legal_CA={{{legal_CA|}}}
 |legal_DE={{{legal_DE|}}}
 |legal_NZ={{{legal_NZ|}}}
 |legal_UK={{{legal_UK|}}}
 |legal_US={{{legal_US|}}}
 |legal_EU={{{legal_EU|}}}
 |legal_UN={{{legal_UN|}}}
 |legal_AU_comment={{{legal_AU_comment|}}}
 |legal_BR_comment={{{legal_BR_comment|}}}
 |legal_CA_comment={{{legal_CA_comment|}}}
 |legal_DE_comment={{{legal_DE_comment|}}}
 |legal_NZ_comment={{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}
 |legal_UK_comment={{{legal_UK_comment|}}}
 |legal_US_comment={{{legal_US_comment|}}}
 |legal_EU_comment={{{legal_EU_comment|}}}
 |legal_UN_comment={{{legal_UN_comment|}}}
 |legal_status={{{legal_status|}}}
 }}&lt;!--

 PHARMACOKINETIC ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header70 = [[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] data

  | label71 = [[Bioavailability]]
  |  data71 = {{{bioavailability|}}}
  | label72 = [[Plasma protein binding|Protein binding]]
  |  data72 = {{{protein_bound|}}}
  | label73 = [[Drug metabolism|Metabolism]]
  |  data73 = {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolites|}}}{{{onset|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{duration_of_action|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |{{{metabolism|}}}|{{#if:{{{target_tissuess|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}
||{{{metabolism|}}}}} }}
  | label74 = [[Metabolite]]s
  |  data74 = {{{metabolites|}}}
  | label75 = [[Onset of action]]
  |  data75 = {{{onset|}}}
  | label76 = [[Biological half-life|Elimination {{nowrap|half-life}}]]
  |  data76 = {{{elimination_half-life|}}}
  | label77 = [[Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action|Duration of action]]
  |  data77 = {{{duration_of_action|}}}
  | label78 = [[Excretion]]
  |  data78 = {{{excretion|}}}&lt;!--

 IDENTIFIERS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header80 = Identifiers
&lt;!--
 IUPAC_name (single chemical only) --&gt;
  |  data81 = {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} |mab|combo|vaccine= |#default={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}}
| {{Collapsible list &lt;!--| expand=test_yes--&gt;
|liststyle=word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;
|title = [[IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry|IUPAC name]]
|1=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}}}

&lt;!--
 label_comment: explain the labels --&gt;
| label83 = &amp;#x200B;&lt;!-- keeps data in righthand column --&gt;
|  data83 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{#if:{{{index_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index_label|}}} |{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index_comment|}}} }}
|2={{#if:{{{index2_comment|}}} |{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}} |{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;#x20;}}{{{index2_comment|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CAS NUMBER --&gt;
| label84 = [[CAS Registry Number|CAS Number]]
|  data84 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatCASnumber |localValue={{{CAS_number2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment={{{CAS_supplemental2|}}} |botref={{{CAS_number2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM CID --&gt;
| label85 = [[PubChem#CID|PubChem]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|CID|Compound ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
|  data85 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem|}}} |index=0 |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |comment= }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID |localValue={{{PubChem2|}}} |index=2 |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |comment= }}
}}&lt;!--

 PUBCHEM SID unrestricted showing (independent of CID) Feb 2017 --&gt;
|label86 = {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChem2|}}} |PubChem |[[PubChem#SID|PubChem]] }}&amp;#x20;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;{{abbr|1=SID|2=Substance ID}}&lt;/span&gt;
| data86 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{PubChemSubstance2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 IUPHAR PBS iuphar --&gt;
| label87 = [[Guide to Pharmacology|IUPHAR/BPS]]
|  data87 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue=
{{{IUPHAR_ligand2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 DRUGBANK --&gt;
| label88 = [[DrugBank]]
|  data88 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatDrugBank |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{DrugBank2|}}} |botref={{{DrugBank2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEMSPIDER --&gt;
| label89 = [[ChemSpider]]
|  data89 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |index=0 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemSpider |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |index=2 |localValue={{{ChemSpiderID2|}}} |botref={{{ChemSpiderID2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 UNII --&gt;
| label90 = [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
|  data90 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII|}}} |botref={{{UNIIRef|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatUNII |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{UNII2|}}} |botref={{{UNII2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 KEGG --&gt;
| label91 = [[KEGG]]
|  data91 =  {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG|}}} |botref={{{KEGG_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatKEGG |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{KEGG2|}}} |botref={{{KEGG2_Ref|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 CHEBI --&gt;
| label92 = [[ChEBI]]
|  data92 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEBI |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEBI2|}}} |botref={{{ChEBI2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 CHEMBL --&gt;
| label93 = [[ChEMBL]]
|  data93 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChEMBL |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{ChEMBL2|}}} |botref={{{ChEMBL2_Ref|}}} }} }}&lt;!--

 NIAID niaid --&gt;
| label94 = [[NIAID ChemDB]]
|  data94 = {{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localValue={{{NIAID_ChemDB2|}}} }}
}}&lt;!--

 PDB ligand --&gt;
| label96 = [[Protein Data Bank|PDB ligand]]
|  data96 = {{#switch:{{{type|}}} |combo|vaccine=
|#default={{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand|}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatPDBligand |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} | localValue={{{PDB_ligand2|}}} }}
 }}}}&lt;!--

 E number from Wikidata --&gt;
| label97 = [[E number|&lt;span title=&quot;E number (food additive code)&quot;&gt;E number&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;!--
--&gt;{{main other|[[Category:E number from Wikidata|*]]}}
|  data97 = {{#property:P628}} {{#switch:&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:String|match|s={{#property:P628}} |pattern=E(%d%d?)%d%d[A-z]? |plain=false |nomatch=}}
|1=[[E number#E100–E199|(colours)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|2=[[E number#E200–E299|(preservatives)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|3=[[E number#E300–E399|(antioxidants, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|4=[[E number#E400–E499|(thickeners, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|5=[[E number#E500–E599|(acidity regulators, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|6=[[E number#E600–E699|(flavour enhancer)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|7=[[E number#E700–E799|(antibiotics)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|9=[[E number#E900–E999|(glazing agents, ...)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|10|11|12|13|14|15=[[E number#E1000–E1599|(additional chemicals)]]{{EditAtWikidata |pid=P628}}
|#default= }}

&lt;!-- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header100 = Angon-drakitra simika sy ara-batana&lt;!--

--&gt;
  | label102 = [[Chemical formula|Raikipohy]]
  |  data102 = {{Infobox drug/chemical formula
|chemical_formula_fixed={{{chemical_formula|}}}
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|charge={{{charge|}}}
|chemical_formula_ref={{{chemical_formula_ref|}}}
|chemical_formula_comment={{{chemical_formula_comment|}}} }}

  | label103 = [[Molar mass]]
  |  data103 = {{Chem molar mass
|Ac={{{Ac|}}}|Ag={{{Ag|}}}|Al={{{Al|}}}|Am={{{Am|}}}|Ar={{{Ar|}}}|As={{{As|}}}|At={{{At|}}}|Au={{{Au|}}}|B={{{B|}}}|Ba={{{Ba|}}}|Be={{{Be|}}}|Bh={{{Bh|}}}|Bi={{{Bi|}}}|Bk={{{Bk|}}}|Br={{{Br|}}}|C={{{C|}}}|Ca={{{Ca|}}}|Cd={{{Cd|}}}|Ce={{{Ce|}}}|Cf={{{Cf|}}}|Cl={{{Cl|}}}|Cm={{{Cm|}}}|Cn={{{Cn|}}}|Co={{{Co|}}}|Cr={{{Cr|}}}|Cs={{{Cs|}}}|Cu={{{Cu|}}}|D={{{D|}}}|Db={{{Db|}}}|Ds={{{Ds|}}}|Dy={{{Dy|}}}|Er={{{Er|}}}|Es={{{Es|}}}|Eu={{{Eu|}}}|F={{{F|}}}|Fe={{{Fe|}}}|Fl={{{Fl|}}}|Fm={{{Fm|}}}|Fr={{{Fr|}}}|Ga={{{Ga|}}}|Gd={{{Gd|}}}|Ge={{{Ge|}}}|H={{{H|}}}|He={{{He|}}}|Hf={{{Hf|}}}|Hg={{{Hg|}}}|Ho={{{Ho|}}}|Hs={{{Hs|}}}|I={{{I|}}}|In={{{In|}}}|Ir={{{Ir|}}}|K={{{K|}}}|Kr={{{Kr|}}}|La={{{La|}}}|Li={{{Li|}}}|Lr={{{Lr|}}}|Lu={{{Lu|}}}|Lv={{{Lv|}}}|Mc={{{Mc|}}}|Md={{{Md|}}}|Mg={{{Mg|}}}|Mn={{{Mn|}}}|Mo={{{Mo|}}}|Mt={{{Mt|}}}|N={{{N|}}}|Na={{{Na|}}}|Nb={{{Nb|}}}|Nd={{{Nd|}}}|Ne={{{Ne|}}}|Nh={{{Nh|}}}|Ni={{{Ni|}}}|No={{{No|}}}|Np={{{Np|}}}|O={{{O|}}}|Og={{{Og|}}}|Os={{{Os|}}}|P={{{P|}}}|Pa={{{Pa|}}}|Pb={{{Pb|}}}|Pd={{{Pd|}}}|Pm={{{Pm|}}}|Po={{{Po|}}}|Pr={{{Pr|}}}|Pt={{{Pt|}}}|Pu={{{Pu|}}}|Ra={{{Ra|}}}|Rb={{{Rb|}}}|Re={{{Re|}}}|Rf={{{Rf|}}}|Rg={{{Rg|}}}|Rh={{{Rh|}}}|Rn={{{Rn|}}}|Ru={{{Ru|}}}|S={{{S|}}}|Sb={{{Sb|}}}|Sc={{{Sc|}}}|Se={{{Se|}}}|Sg={{{Sg|}}}|Si={{{Si|}}}|Sm={{{Sm|}}}|Sn={{{Sn|}}}|Sr={{{Sr|}}}|Ta={{{Ta|}}}|Tb={{{Tb|}}}|Tc={{{Tc|}}}|Te={{{Te|}}}|Th={{{Th|}}}|Ti={{{Ti|}}}|Tl={{{Tl|}}}|Tm={{{Tm|}}}|Ts={{{Ts|}}}|U={{{U|}}}|V={{{V|}}}|W={{{W|}}}|Xe={{{Xe|}}}|Y={{{Y|}}}|Yb={{{Yb|}}}|Zn={{{Zn|}}}|Zr={{{Zr|}}}
|fixed = {{{molecular_weight|}}}&lt;!-- should be molar mass --&gt;
|round = {{{molecular_weight_round|}}}
|unit  = {{{molecular_weight_unit|}}}
|ref   = {{{molecular_weight_ref|}}}
|comment = {{{molecular_weight_comment|}}}
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|source={{{molecular_weight|}}}|target=[^0-9.]|plain=false }}|0||{{main other|1=[[Category:Infobox-drug molecular-weight unexpected-character]]}}}}
&lt;!-- JMOL --&gt;
  | label104 = Modely 3D ([[JSmol]])
  |  data104 = {{#ifeq:{{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}|none||{{unbulleted list
|1={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index_label|}}}  |localJmol={{{Jmol|}}}  |localSMILES={{{SMILES |{{{smiles|}}}}}} }}
|2={{Infobox drug/formatJmol |ix_label={{{index2_label|}}} |localJmol={{{Jmol2|}}} |localSMILES={{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} }}
}}}}

  | label106 = [[Chirality (chemistry)|Chirality]]
  |  data106 = {{{chirality|}}}
  | label107 = [[Specific rotation]]
  |  data107 = {{{specific_rotation|}}}

&lt;!-- physical data: --&gt;
  | label111 = [[Density]]
  |  data111 = {{#if:{{{density|}}} | {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} {{{density_notes|}}}
  | label112= [[Melting point]]
  |  data112 = {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{melting_point|}}} {{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}|to {{{melting_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{melting_notes|}}}
  | label113 = [[Boiling point]]
  |  data113 = {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}}|{{convert|{{{boiling_point|}}} {{#if:{{{boiling_high|}}}|to {{{boiling_high|}}}|}}|C|F}} }} {{{boiling_notes|}}}
  | label114 = [[Aqueous solution|Solubility in water]]
  |  data114 = {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |{{{solubility}}}{{{sol_units|&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)}}}}}

  |  data118 = {{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} | {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
     |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
     |title = [[Simplified molecular-input line-entry system|SMILES]]
     |1={{#if:{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
     |2={{#if:{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{SMILES|{{{smiles|}}}}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}{{{SMILES2|{{{smiles2|}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt; }}}}
     }}

  |  data119 = {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}|
  {{Collapsible list
&lt;!-- | expand=test_yes --&gt;
    |liststyle=word-break:break-all;
    |title=[[International Chemical Identifier|InChI]]
    |1={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index_label|}}}|{{{index_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}} |&lt;br /&gt;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |2={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |3={{#if:{{{StdInChI2|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{index2_label|}}}|{{{index2_label|}}}:&amp;nbsp;}}InChI={{{StdInChI2}}}{{{StdInChI2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
    |4={{#if:{{{StdInChIKey2|}}}
      |&lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey2}}}{{{StdInChIKey2_Ref|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
  }}&lt;!-- eo collapsible list --&gt;}}&lt;!-- eo data89 if:StdInChI --&gt;&lt;!--

 DATA PAGE ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| header120 = Pejy angon-drakitra
|   data121 = {{Infobox drug/data page link| _targetpage={{#if:{{{data page|}}}|{{trim brackets|1={{{data page|}}}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}} (data page)}}}}&lt;!--

 VERIFICATIONS ----- ----- ----- ----- --&gt;
| below =&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}} |changed|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}
|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{xmark|7}}{{tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|{{nobold|1=&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages|rev1={{{verifiedrevid|}}}&amp;page2={{urlencode:{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}}}}} (verify)]&lt;/span&gt;}}}}}}

}}&lt;!-- END OF INFOBOX ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

 Parameter check:
--&gt;{{#invoke:TemplatePar
|check
|template=Template:Infobox_drug
|all= |opt= pronounce= pronounce_ref= pronounce_comment= ATC_prefix= ATC_suffix= ATC_supplemental= ATCvet= biosimilars= CAS_number_Ref= CAS_number= CAS_supplemental= ChEBI= ChEBI_Ref= ChEMBL_Ref= ChEMBL= ChemSpiderID= ChemSpiderID_Ref= chirality= class= container_only= DailyMedID= data_page= DrugBank_Ref= DrugBank= Drugs.com= duration_of_action= INN= INN_EMA= IUPAC_name= IUPHAR_ligand= KEGG_Ref= KEGG= MedlinePlus= NIAID_ChemDB= PDB_ligand= PubChemSubstance= PubChem= StdInChIKey_Ref= StdInChIKey= StdInChI_Ref= StdInChI_comment= StdInChI= UNII_Ref= UNII= DTXSID= Verifiedfields= Watchedfields= addiction_liability= alt2= altL= altR= alt= bioavailability= boiling_high= boiling_notes= boiling_point= captionLR= caption= caption2= charge= chemical_formula= chemical_formula_ref= chemical_formula_comment= class1= class2= class3= class4= class5= class6= component1= component2= component3= component4= component5= component6= density= density_notes= dependency_liability= drug_name= elimination_half-life= engvar= excretion= image2= imageL= imageR= image= image_class= image_class2= image_classL= image_classR= Jmol= legal_AU= legal_BR= legal_CA= legal_DE= legal_EU= legal_NZ= legal_UK= legal_UN= legal_US= legal_AU_comment= legal_BR_comment= legal_CA_comment= legal_DE_comment= legal_UK_comment= legal_NZ_comment= legal_US_comment= legal_UN_comment= legal_EU_comment= legal_status= licence_CA= licence_EU= licence_US= license_CA= license_EU= license_US= mab_type= melting_high= melting_notes= melting_point= metabolism= metabolites= molecular_weight= molecular_weight_round= molecular_weight_unit= molecular_weight_ref= molecular_weight_comment= onset= pregnancy_AU= pregnancy_AU_comment= pregnancy_category= protein_bound= routes_of_administration= SMILES= smiles= solubility= sol_units= source= specific_rotation= synonyms= target= tradename= type= vaccine_type= verifiedrevid= width2= widthL= widthR= width= AAN= BAN= JAN= USAN=
&lt;!-- Physiological --&gt;source_tissues= target_tissues= receptors= agonists= antagonists= precursor= biosynthesis=
&lt;!-- Gene therapy --&gt;gt_target_gene= gt_vector= gt_nucleic_acid_type= gt_editing_method= gt_delivery_method=
&lt;!-- depr Mar 2017, but removal here would be trivial: --&gt;sec_combustion=
&lt;!-- unused, removed: InChI= InChIKey=; use StdInChI/Key because CheMoBot only checks these --&gt;
&lt;!-- chem elements --&gt;Ac=Ag=Al=Am=Ar=As=At=Au=B=Ba=Be=Bh=Bi=Bk=Br=C=Ca=Cd=Ce=Cf=Cl=Cm=Cn=Co=Cr=Cs=Cu=
D=Db=Ds=Dy=Er=Es=Eu=F=Fe=Fl=Fm=Fr=Ga=Gd=Ge=H=He=Hf=Hg=Ho=Hs=I=In=Ir=K=Kr=La=Li=Lr=Lu=Lv=
Mc=Md=Mg=Mn=Mo=Mt=N=Na=Nb=Nd=Ne=Nh=Ni=No=Np=O=Og=Os=P=Pa=Pb=Pd=Pm=Po=Pr=Pt=Pu=Ra=Rb=Re=Rf=Rg=Rh=Rn=Ru=S=Sb=Sc=Se=Sg=Si=Sm=Sn=Sr=Ta=Tb=Tc=Te=Th=Ti=Tl=Tm=Ts=U=V=W=Xe=Y=Yb=Zn=Zr=
&lt;!-- #2 identifiers (indexes): --&gt;index_label= index2_label= index_comment= index2_comment=
CAS_number2= CAS_supplemental2= ATC_prefix2= ATC_suffix2= ATC_supplemental2= PubChem2= PubChemSubstance2= IUPHAR_ligand2= DrugBank2= ChemSpiderID2= UNII2= KEGG2= ChEBI2= ChEMBL2= PDB_ligand2= NIAID_ChemDB2= SMILES2= smiles2= StdInChI2= StdInChIKey2=
CAS_number2_Ref= ChEBI2_Ref= ChEMBL2_Ref= ChemSpiderID2_Ref= DrugBank2_Ref= KEGG2_Ref= StdInChI2_Ref= StdInChIKey2_Ref= UNII2_Ref= DTXSID2=
&lt;!-- Wikidata: --&gt;QID= QID2=&lt;!--
 Deprecated per 2020-12-30, but kept here to keep UnkParameter category useful (not ~5500 pages) 2021-01-30: --&gt;PLLR= pregnancy_US= pregnancy_US_comment=
|cat=Pages using infobox drug with unknown parameters
|format=0|errNS=0
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* Parameters starting with _underscore are internal constructs only, not straight article input
--&gt;
| drug_name = {{{drug_name|}}}
| INN = {{{INN|}}}
| _drugtype = {{lc:{{{type|}}}}}

&lt;!-- drugtype detected by input (not by type=): --&gt;
| _has_physiological_data={{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _has_gene_therapy={{{gt_target_gene|}}}{{{gt_vector|}}}{{{gt_nucleic_acid_type|}}}{{{gt_editing_method|}}}{{{gt_delivery_method|}}}

&lt;!-- for catsort: --&gt;
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| mab_type={{{mab_type|}}}
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&lt;!-- to check illogical input --&gt;
| _vaccine_data={{{vaccine_type|}}}
| _mab_data={{{mab_type|}}}{{{source|}}}
| _mab_vaccine_data={{{target|}}}
| _mab_other_data=&lt;!-- chem data --&gt;{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{F|}}}{{{I|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{SMILES|}}}{{{smiles|}}}{{{chirality|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{SMILES2|}}}{{{smiles2|}}}{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}}{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}{{{StdInChI2|}}}&lt;!-- physical data --&gt;{{{density|}}}{{{density_notes|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{melting_high|}}}{{{boiling_high|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{molecular_weight|}}}
| _combo_data={{{component1|}}}{{{component2|}}}{{{component3|}}}{{{component4|}}}{{{component5|}}}{{{component6|}}}{{{class1|}}}{{{class2|}}}{{{class3|}}}{{{class4|}}}{{{class5|}}}{{{class6|}}}
| _physiological_data=&lt;!-- physiological data input/ USED??? see also _physiological_data. March2018   --&gt;{{{source_tissues|}}}{{{target_tissues|}}}{{{receptors|}}}{{{agonists|}}}{{{antagonists|}}}{{{precursor|}}}{{{biosynthesis|}}}&lt;!-- not metabolism, b/c can also be regular pharmacokinetic input --&gt;
| _clinical_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogenous) data --&gt;{{{Drugs.com|}}}{{{MedlinePlus|}}}{{{addiction_liability|}}}{{{dependency_liability|}}}{{{licence_CA|}}}{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{license_CA|}}}{{{license_EU|}}}{{{license_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}}
{{{pregnancy_AU_comment|}}}{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_category|}}}{{{routes_of_administration|}}}{{{tradename|}}}{{{class|}}}{{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}{{{ATC_prefix2|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental2|}}}
| _legal_data=&lt;!-- conflicts with physiological (endogeneous) data --&gt;{{{legal_AU_comment|}}}{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR_comment|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA_comment|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_DE_comment|}}}{{{legal_DE|}}}{{{legal_EU_comment|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_NZ_comment|}}}{{{legal_NZ|}}}{{{legal_UK_comment|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_UN_comment|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_US_comment|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}

| _other_data={{{IUPAC_name|}}}

| _image_0_or_2 = {{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}
| _image_LR = {{{imageL|}}}{{{imageR|}}}

| _datapage = {{PAGENAME}} (data page)&lt;!-- 3rd ifexist on this one? / TODO: could be set by param |data page= --&gt;
| _vaccine_target={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type|}}}}} | vaccine | {{{target|}}} | _type_not_vaccine }}&lt;!-- vaccine with empty target = to maint cat; former question mark --&gt;
| _legal_all={{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_BR|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_UN|}}}{{{legal_EU|}}}{{{legal_status|}}}
| _ATC_prefix_supplemental={{{ATC_prefix|}}}{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}&lt;!-- together --&gt;
| _has_EMA_link = {{{licence_EU|}}}

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| CAS_number={{{CAS_number|}}}
| PubChem={{{PubChem|}}}
| ChemSpiderID={{{ChemSpiderID|}}}
| ChEBI={{{ChEBI|}}}
| ChEMBL={{{ChEMBL|}}}
| DrugBank={{{DrugBank|}}}
| KEGG={{{KEGG|}}}
| _hasInChI_or_Key={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}{{{StdInChIKey|}}} |yes}}
| UNII={{{UNII|}}}
| _hasJmol02 = {{{Jmol|}}}{{{Jmol2|}}}

&lt;!-- OPTIONAL TEMP TRACKING When param is not empty, will be categorised in [[Category:Infobox drug tracked parameters]] --&gt;
| _trackListSortletter=

&lt;!-- WIKIDATA --&gt;
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{{documentation}}
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  <page>
    <title>Sakamena</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3553" sha1="p7clkxf6wlm3l3sl9b4epi303bjsm3t" xml:space="preserve">'''Sakamena''' dia vohitra iray akaikin'i [[Betroka]] izay ao amin'ny faritra [[Faritra Anôsy|Anosy]] any [[Madagasikara]].

Izy ihany koa dia anrana azo avy amin'ny sosona [[Jeôlôjia|ara-jeolojika]] misy vatolampy sedimantera tamin'ny vanim-potoana Permian izay nahitana fôsily maro momba ny biby manana hazon-damosina, anisan'izany ny Triadobatrachus (ny lissamphibian voalohany &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ascarrunz |first=Eduardo |last2=Rage |first2=Jean-Claude |last3=Legreneur |first3=Pierre |last4=Laurin |first4=Michel |date=14 June 2016 |title=Triadobatrachus massinoti, the earliest known lissamphibian (Vertebrata: Tetrapoda) re-examined by μCT scan, and the evolution of trunk length in batrachians |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ctoz/85/2/article-p201_4.xml |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=201–234 |doi=10.1163/18759866-08502004 |issn=1875-9866 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ), Claudiosaurus, iray amin'ireo biby mandady an-drano voalohany, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=De Buffrénil |first=Vivian |last2=Mazin |first2=Jean-Michel |date=1 September 1989 |title=Bone histology of claudiosaurus germaini (reptilia, claudiosauridae) and the problem of pachyostosis in aquatic tetrapods |journal=Historical Biology |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=311–322 |doi=10.1080/08912968909386509 |issn=0891-2963}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny Coelurosauravus, ny biby mandady mivelatra voalohany. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=EVANS |first=SUSAN E. |last2=HAUBOLD |first2=HARTMUT |date=1 July 1987 |title=A review of the Upper Permian genera Coelurosauravus, Weigeltisaurus and Gracilisaurus (Reptilia: Diapsida) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=275–303 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1987.tb01356.x |issn=0024-4082}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frey |first=Eberhard |last2=Sues |first2=Hans-Dieter |last3=Munk |first3=Wolfgang |date=7 March 1997 |title=Gliding Mechanism in the Late Permian Reptile Coelurosauravus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-03-07_275_5305/page/1450 |journal=Science |volume=275 |issue=5305 |pages=1450–1452 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5305.1450}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Buffa |first=Valentin |last2=Frey |first2=Eberhard |last3=Steyer |first3=J.-Sébastien |last4=Laurin |first4=Michel |date=4 March 2021 |title=A new cranial reconstruction of Coelurosauravus elivensis Piveteau, 1926 (Diapsida, Weigeltisauridae) and its implications on the paleoecology of the first gliding vertebrates |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1930020 |issn=0272-4634 |article-number=e1930020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny Sosona Sakamena dia sosona [[vatolampy]] sedimantera niforona nandritra ny vanim-potoana Permian (eo amin'ny 299 ka hatramin'ny 252 tapitrisa taona lasa izay) sy ny fiandohan'ny Triasika. Ahitana [[Fasika|fasika,]] vato tanimanga ary vatokely izy io. Zava-dehibe eo amin'ny fikarohana ara-tsiansa ity sosona ity satria nahitana fôsily maro an'ny zavamananaina fahiny.

Sakamena anisan'ny anaran'ny toeram-pitrandrahana [[arintany]] izay eo akaikin'ny toeram-pitrandrahana arintany [[Sakoa|ao Sakoa]] . Samy eo ambany fanombanana sy fampandrosoana ataon'ny [[Madagascar Consolidated Mining]], sampan'ny [[Red Island Minerals]], orinasa naorin'i [[Sam Malin]], ny toeram-pitrandrahana arintany Sakamena sy Sakoa. Anisan'ireo toeram-pitrandrahana arintany hafa mifanila amin'ny faritr'i Sakamena ny toeram-pitrandrahana [[Ianapera]], [[Imaloto]] ary [[Vohibory]].{{Reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Kaominina any Faritra Anosy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tapaka tamin'ny volana Martsa</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-20T17:03:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5260" sha1="5jmfthbsjj6vnvn958x6j7pghswbph4" xml:space="preserve">{{Reflist}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=March fracture|synonym=Metatarsal stress fracture;&lt;ref name=Stat2025Ar/&gt; metatarsal fatigue fracture|image=Stress fracture of the second metatarsal bone1.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Stress fracture of the second [[metatarsal]] bone|pronounce=|specialty=[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]]|symptoms=[[Foot]] pain&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;|onset=Gradual&lt;ref name=Stat2025Ar/&gt;|duration=|causes=|risks=Increased exercise, [[underweight]], [[glucocorticoids]], [[bisphosphonates]]&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2025Ar/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, supported by [[medical imaging]]&lt;ref name=Stat2025Ar/&gt;|differential=[[Hallux rigidus]], [[Jones fracture]], acute fracture&lt;ref name=Stat2025Ar/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Altering activity, [[pain medication]]&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Generally good&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;|frequency=Relatively common&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;|deaths=}}

'''Ny tapaka amin'ny volana martsa''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''tapaka amin'ny metatarsal stress''', dia tapaka amin'ny metatarsal vokatry ny stress miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Koo|first=AY|last2=Tolson|first2=DR|title=March Fracture (Metatarsal Stress Fractures)(Archived).|journal=StatPearls|date=January 2025|pmid=30335322}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny soritr'aretina ny fanaintainana miandalana eo amin'ny tongotra eo aloha, izay miharatsy rehefa mitondra lanja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bergman|first=R|last2=Kaiser|first2=K|title=Stress Reaction and Fractures.|journal=StatPearls|date=January 2025|pmid=29939612}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt; Azo faritana ho fanaintainana na tsy misy aina ny fanaintainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt; Ny metatarsal faharoa na fahatelo no tena voakasika matetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny tsy firaisan'ny taolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fanatanjahan-tena tafahoatra, ny tsy fahampian-danja, ny glucocorticoïdes, ny bisphosphonates, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ary ny osteoporosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;We1997&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny asa mety hampidi-doza manokana [[Miaramila|ireo miaramila]] vaovao sy atleta toy ny mpihazakazaka, mpandihy ary mpanao fanatanjahan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stress Fractures of the Foot - Injuries and Poisoning|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/sports-injuries/stress-fractures-of-the-foot|website=Merck Manual Consumer Version|access-date=17 October 2025|archive-date=9 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409001416/https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/sports-injuries/stress-fractures-of-the-foot|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;We1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weinfeld|first=SB|last2=Haddad|first2=SL|last3=Myerson|first3=MS|title=Metatarsal stress fractures.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-sports-medicine_1997-04_16_2/page/n154|journal=Clinics in sports medicine|date=April 1997|volume=16|issue=2|pages=319-38|doi=10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70025-9|pmid=9238313}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina ny famaritana ny aretina, tohanan'ny sary ara-pitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt; Mety ho toa ara-dalàna ny taratra X eo am-piandohan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia ahitana ny fanovana ny fihetsika sy ny fanafody fanaintainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny kiraro henjana na kiraro fandehanana mandritra ny 6 herinandro eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt; Ireo hetsika tsy dia misy fiantraikany firy toy ny filomanosana na ny bisikileta dia ahafahana manasitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt; Na dia azo atao aza ny mandeha an-tongotra amin'ny ankamaroan'ny tranga, amin'ireo izay misy ny fototry ny metatarsal faha-5 dia asaina manao &quot;non-weight bearing&quot; mandritra ny enim-bolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hatch|first=RL|last2=Alsobrook|first2=JA|last3=Clugston|first3=JR|title=Diagnosis and management of metatarsal fractures.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-09-15_76_6/page/817|journal=American family physician|date=15 September 2007|volume=76|issue=6|pages=817-26|pmid=17910296}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OI2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stress Fractures of the Foot and Ankle|url=https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/stress-fractures-of-the-foot-and-ankle/|website=www.orthoinfo.org|publisher=OrthoInfo - AAOS|access-date=17 October 2025|archive-date=30 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930160847/https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/stress-fractures-of-the-foot-and-ankle/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsara ny vokatra amin'ny ankapobeny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, mahazatra ny fiverimberenana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt;

Hita matetika ny tapaka amin'ny volana Martsa, izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny 40%-n'ny atleta amin'ny fotoana iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt; Ny vehivavy no matetika voan'izany noho ny lehilahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt; Nolazaina voalohany tamin'ny 1855 teo amin'ireo miaramila [[Prosia|Prussian]] io toe-javatra io.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025Ar&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'i Alzheimer</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8706" sha1="oukxaollm6mnz3g0u0u6ok6s56y74j8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Alzheimer's disease|synonym=Alzheimer disease, Alzheimer's|image=Brain-ALZH.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Drawing comparing a normal aged brain (left) and the brain of a person with Alzheimer's (right). Characteristics that separate the two are pointed out.|pronounce=ˈaltshʌɪməz|specialty=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=Difficulty in remembering recent events, [[primary progressive aphasia|problems with language]], [[Orientation (mental)|disorientation]], [[mood swing]]s&lt;ref name=BMJ2009/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|onset=Over 65 years old&lt;ref name=Mend2012/&gt;|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;|causes=Poorly understood&lt;ref name=BMJ2009/&gt;|risks=[[Genetics]], [[head injury|head injuries]], [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[hypertension]]&lt;ref name=BMJ2009/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2011/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and [[cognitive test]]ing after ruling out other possible causes&lt;ref name=NICE2014Diag/&gt;|differential=Normal aging&lt;ref name=BMJ2009/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=|medication=[[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]s, [[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s (small benefit)&lt;ref name=Pres2012&gt;{{cite journal | author = Commission de la transparence | title = Drugs for Alzheimer's disease: best avoided. No therapeutic advantage | journal = Prescrire International | volume = 21 | issue = 128 | pages = 150 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22822592 | trans-title = Drugs for Alzheimer's disease: best avoided. No therapeutic advantage }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prognosis=Life expectancy 3–9 years&lt;ref name=NEJM2010/&gt;|frequency=29.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=WHO2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=1.9 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;}}
&lt;references /&gt;
Ny aretin’i Alzheimer (AD), fantatra koa amin’ny hoe Alzheimer, dia aretina mitaiza miteraka fahasimbana tsikelikely ao amin’ny atidoha. [1] [2] Matetika izy io dia manomboka miadana ary miharatsy tsikelikely rehefa mandeha ny fotoana. Izy no antony mahatratra eo amin’ny 60% hatramin’ny 70% amin’ny trangan’ny dementia. [1] [2]

Ny soritr’aretina voalohany mahazatra indrindra dia ny fahasarotana amin’ny fahatsiarovana zava-nitranga vao haingana. [1] Rehefa mandroso ny aretina dia mety hiseho ny olana amin’ny fiteny, ny fahaverezan’ny fitadidina sy mahafantatra ny toerana na fotoana (toy ny mora very), ny fiovan’ny toe-po, ny fihenan’ny fahavitrihana, malaina sy kamo, ny tsy fahafahana mikarakara tena amin’ny asa andavanandro, ary ny olana amin’ny fitondran-tena. [1] [2]

Rehefa miharatsy ny toe-pahasalaman’ny marary dia matetika izy no misintaka amin’ny fianakaviana sy ny fiaraha-monina. Mihena tsikelikely ihany koa ny fahaizan’ny vatana miasa, ka mety hiafara amin’ny fahafatesana. [3]

Na dia mety miovaova aza ny hafainganam-pandehan’ny fivoaran’ny aretina, ny androm-piainana aorian’ny famaritana azy dia matetika eo anelanelan’ny telo ka hatramin’ny sivy taona. [4] [5]

Mbola tsy tena mazava tsara ny antony mahatonga ny aretin'i Alzheimer.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Burns A, Iliffe S|s2cid=8570146|title=Alzheimer's disease|journal=BMJ|volume=338|pages=b158|date=February 2009|pmid=19196745|doi=10.1136/bmj.b158}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho 70% eo ho eo amin'ny risika no nolovaina tamin'ny ray aman-drenin'ny olona iray, ary matetika tafiditra amin'izany [[Fototarazo|ny fototarazo]] maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny tantaran'ny ratra amin'ny loha, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]], ary ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2009&quot; /&gt; Ny fizotran'ny aretina dia mifandray amin'ny takelaka sy ny fifangaroan'ny neurofibrillary ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E|title=Alzheimer's disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-19-25-2011_377_9770/page/1019|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9770|pages=1019–31|date=March 2011|pmid=21371747|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny mety ho aretina dia mifototra amin'ny tantaran'ny aretina sy ny fitiliana ara-tsaina miaraka amin'ny sary ara-pitsaboana sy ny fitiliana ra mba hanafoanana ny antony hafa mety hitranga.  Matetika ny soritr'aretina voalohany dia afangaro amin'ny fahanterana ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2009&quot; /&gt; Ilaina ny fandinihana ny sela ao amin'ny atidoha mba hahazoana diagnostika mazava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot; /&gt; Mety hampihena ny mety hisian'ny AD ny fanatanjahan-tena ara-tsaina sy ara-batana, ary ny fisorohana ny hatavezana ; na izany aza, malemy ny porofo manohana ireo tolo-kevitra ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2011&quot; /&gt;  Tsy misy fanafody na fanampin-tsakafo izay hita fa mampihena ny risika.&lt;ref name=&quot;nonprevention&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hsu D, Marshall GA|title=Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials in Alzheimer Disease: Looking Back, Moving Forward|journal=Current Alzheimer Research|volume=14|issue=4|pages=426–40|year=2017|pmid=27697063|pmc=5329133|doi=10.2174/1567205013666160930112125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy misy fitsaboana mampijanona na mampihemotra ny fivoarany, na dia mety hanatsara vetivety ny soritr'aretina aza ny sasany.  Miha-miankina amin'ny hafa hatrany ireo olona voan'ny aretina, ka matetika no mametraka enta-mavesatra amin'ny mpikarakara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thom2007&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana singa ara-tsosialy, ara-tsaina, ara-batana ary ara-toekarena ny tsindry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thom2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J|title=Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia|journal=BMC Geriatrics|volume=7|pages=18|date=July 2007|pmid=17662119|pmc=1951962|doi=10.1186/1471-2318-7-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hahasoa amin'ny fiainana andavanandro ny fandaharan'asa fanatanjahan-tena ary mety hanatsara ny vokatra.  Matetika tsaboina amin'ny fanafody antipsychotika ny olana ara-pitondrantena na ny psychosis vokatry ny dementia, saingy tsy soso-kevitra matetika izany, satria tsy dia misy tombony firy ary mitombo ny mety hisian'ny fahafatesana aloha loatra.  

Tamin'ny taona 2015, dia nisy olona 29.8 tapitrisa teo ho eo maneran-tany voan'ny AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika indrindra dia manomboka amin'ny olona mihoatra ny 65 taona izany&amp;nbsp;taona, na dia 4–5% amin'ny tranga aza dia Alzheimer vao manomboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mend2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mendez MF|title=Early-onset Alzheimer's disease: nonamnestic subtypes and type 2 AD|journal=Archives of Medical Research|volume=43|issue=8|pages=677–85|date=November 2012|pmid=23178565|pmc=3532551|doi=10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.11.009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahakasika ny 6% eo ho eo amin'ny olona 65 taona no ho miakatra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2009&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, ny dementia dia nahafaty olona 1.9 tapitrisa teo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nohazavain'i Alois Alzheimer, mpitsabo aretin-tsaina sy mpitsabo aretin-tsaina alemà, voalohany tamin'ny 1906, ary nomena anarana taty aoriana.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid9661992&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Berchtold NC, Cotman CW|title=Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_may-june-1998_19_3/page/n6|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|volume=19|issue=3|pages=173–89|year=1998|pmid=9661992|doi=10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]], ny AD dia iray amin'ireo aretina mandany vola be indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15685097&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bonin-Guillaume S, Zekry D, Giacobini E, Gold G, Michel JP|title=[The economical impact of dementia]|language=French|journal=Presse Médicale|volume=34|issue=1|pages=35–41|date=January 2005|pmid=15685097|doi=10.1016/s0755-4982(05)83882-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
1.Burns A, kiffé S( February 2009)&quot;Alzheimer 's disease.&quot;BMJ. 338b158.
doi: 10.1136PID 19190S2 8570
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'''Ny Metamizole''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''dipyrone''', dia fanafody fanaintainana, fanamaivanana ny fihenjanana, ary mampidina tazo .  Azo ampiasaina izy io rehefa tsy mandaitra ny fanafody hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Haingana ny fiatombohan'ny aretina ary maharitra hatramin'ny 8 ora ny vokany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nikolova|first=Irina|last2=Tencheva|first2=Jasmina|last3=Voinikov|first3=Julian|last4=Petkova|first4=Valentina|last5=Benbasat|first5=Niko|last6=Danchev|first6=Nikolai|title=Metamizole: A Review Profile of a Well-Known “Forgotten” Drug. Part I: Pharmaceutical and Nonclinical Profile|journal=Biotechnology &amp; Biotechnological Equipment|date=January 2012|volume=26|issue=6|pages=3329–3337|doi=10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo omena am-bava, amin'ny lava-pitombenana, na amin'ny tsindrona izy io.&lt;ref name=EU2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Metamizole containing medicinal products |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |website=https://www.ema.europa.eu |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304124849/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201145429/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |date=1 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana rendremana, ny tsy fahazoana aina ao an-kibo, ary ny maloiloy.  Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny lehibe [[Tohina (fahasalamana)|ny fihetseham-po mahazaka]], anisan'izany ny anafilaksia, ary ny fihenan'ny sela fotsy ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;JCP2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=Mathias|title=Metamizole (Dipyrone) and the Liver: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=November 2019|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1433–1442|doi=10.1002/jcph.1512|pmid=31433499|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia toa azo antoka aza izany amin'ny fiandohan'ny fitondrana vohoka, dia misy ihany ny ahiahy amin'ny fitondrana vohoka any aoriana.  Tsy mety ho an'nymampinono.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny fianakaviana fanafody ampirone izy io.  Tsy opioid izy io; na dia tsy mitovy aza ny loharanom-baovao momba ny [[Fanafody tsy sterôida manohitra fivontosana|maha-NSAID]] azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jas2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jasiecka|first=A|last2=Maślanka|first2=T|last3=Jaroszewski|first3=JJ|title=Pharmacological characteristics of metamizole.|journal=Polish journal of veterinary sciences|date=2014|volume=17|issue=1|pages=207-14|doi=10.2478/pjvs-2014-0030|pmid=24724493}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Metamizole tamin'ny 1922 ary nampiasaina voalohany tamin'ny fitsaboana tany [[Alemaina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=530|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|language=en|access-date=2020-09-04|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829150746/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Amidy amin'ny anarana ara-barotra samihafa izy io.  Nesorina tsy ho eny an-tsena intsony izy io tany amin'ny firenena maro, anisan'izany i Etazonia sy Royaume-Uni, tamin'ny taona 1960 sy 70 noho ny voka-dratsiny.&lt;ref name=Aron2009&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aronson |first1=Jeffrey K. |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs |date=22 December 2009 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-093294-1 |page=198 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |date=28 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mbola misy any amin'ny faritra sasany any [[Eorôpa|Eoropa]] sy any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] aza izy io hatramin'ny taona 2019.  

== References ==
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      <text bytes="7727" sha1="52c9ugxcwvurb6ce5nnolrowwkppuzu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=464373286|image=Metamizole2DACS.svg|image2=Metamizole monohydrate 3D ball-and-stick.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Novalgin, others&lt;ref name=Brune&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1366-0071(97)80033-2 | title = The early history of non-opioid analgesics | year = 1997 | last1 = Brune | first1 = K | journal = Acute Pain | volume = 1 | pages = 33–40 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=Dipyrone ([[British Approved Name|BAN]] {{abbr|UK|United Kingdom}}, [[United States Adopted Name|USAN]] {{abbr|US|United States}})|IUPAC_name=[(2,3-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1''H''-pyrazol-4-yl)methylamino] methanesulfonic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=|pregnancy_category=Not assigned; no evidence of [[teratogen]]icity in animals, use in 3rd trimester may cause heart problems&lt;ref name = SPC/&gt;|routes_of_administration=By mouth, IM, IV, rectal|onset=|duration_of_action=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|metamizole}}|MedlinePlus=&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_status=Over-the-counter (some countries); prescription-only (others); withdrawn (others)

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=100% (active metabolites)&lt;ref name = deranaes2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jage J, Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Heid F | title = [Drugs for postoperative analgesia: routine and new aspects. Part 1: non-opioids] | language = German | journal = Der Anaesthesist | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 382–90 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18351305 | doi = 10.1007/s00101-008-1326-x | s2cid = 32814418 | trans-title = Drugs for postoperative analgesia: routine and new aspects. Part 1: non-opioids }}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=48–58% (active metabolites)&lt;ref name = deranaes2008/&gt;|metabolism=Liver&lt;ref name = deranaes2008/&gt;|elimination_half-life=14 minutes (parent compound; parenteral);&lt;ref name = SPC/&gt; metabolites: 2–4 hours&lt;ref name = deranaes2008/&gt;|excretion=Urine (96%, IV; 85%, oral), faeces (4%, IV).&lt;ref name = SPC&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachinformation (Zusammenfassung der Merkmale des Arzneimittels) Novaminsulfon injekt 1000 mg Lichtenstein Novaminsulfon injekt 2500 mg Lichtenstein|url=https://www.zentiva.de/-/media/files/zentivade/produkte/novaminsulfon-lichtenstein/_de_gif_novaminsulfon_injekt_2500mg.pdf|language=German|date=February 2013|access-date=19 April 2014|work=Winthrop Arzneimittel GmbH|publisher=Zinteva Pharm GmbH|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165140/https://www.zentiva.de/-/media/files/zentivade/produkte/novaminsulfon-lichtenstein/_de_gif_novaminsulfon_injekt_2500mg.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165140/https://www.zentiva.de/-/media/files/zentivade/produkte/novaminsulfon-lichtenstein/_de_gif_novaminsulfon_injekt_2500mg.pdf |date=16 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=13|H=17|N=3|O=4|S=1|SMILES=c1ccccc1N2N(C)C(C)=C(C2=O)N(C)CS(=O)(=O)O|StdInChI=1S/C13H17N3O4S/c1-10-12(14(2)9-21(18,19)20)13(17)16(15(10)3)11-7-5-4-6-8-11/h4-8H,9H2,1-3H3,(H,18,19,20)|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=LVWZTYCIRDMTEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|index_label=|index2_label=}}

'''Ny Metamizole''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''dipyrone''', dia fanafody fanaintainana, fanamaivanana ny fihenjanana, ary mampidina tazo .  Azo ampiasaina izy io rehefa tsy mandaitra ny fanafody hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Haingana ny fiatombohan'ny aretina ary maharitra hatramin'ny 8 ora ny vokany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nikolova|first=Irina|last2=Tencheva|first2=Jasmina|last3=Voinikov|first3=Julian|last4=Petkova|first4=Valentina|last5=Benbasat|first5=Niko|last6=Danchev|first6=Nikolai|title=Metamizole: A Review Profile of a Well-Known “Forgotten” Drug. Part I: Pharmaceutical and Nonclinical Profile|journal=Biotechnology &amp; Biotechnological Equipment|date=January 2012|volume=26|issue=6|pages=3329–3337|doi=10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo omena am-bava, amin'ny lava-pitombenana, na amin'ny tsindrona izy io.&lt;ref name=EU2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Metamizole containing medicinal products |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |website=https://www.ema.europa.eu |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304124849/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201145429/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |date=1 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana rendremana, ny tsy fahazoana aina ao an-kibo, ary ny maloiloy.  Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny lehibe [[Tohina (fahasalamana)|ny fihetseham-po mahazaka]], anisan'izany ny anafilaksia, ary ny fihenan'ny sela fotsy ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;JCP2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=Mathias|title=Metamizole (Dipyrone) and the Liver: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=November 2019|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1433–1442|doi=10.1002/jcph.1512|pmid=31433499|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia toa azo antoka aza izany amin'ny fiandohan'ny fitondrana vohoka, dia misy ihany ny ahiahy amin'ny fitondrana vohoka any aoriana.  Tsy mety ho an'nymampinono.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny fianakaviana fanafody ampirone izy io.  Tsy opioid izy io; na dia tsy mitovy aza ny loharanom-baovao momba ny [[Fanafody tsy sterôida manohitra fivontosana|maha-NSAID]] azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jas2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jasiecka|first=A|last2=Maślanka|first2=T|last3=Jaroszewski|first3=JJ|title=Pharmacological characteristics of metamizole.|journal=Polish journal of veterinary sciences|date=2014|volume=17|issue=1|pages=207-14|doi=10.2478/pjvs-2014-0030|pmid=24724493}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Metamizole tamin'ny 1922 ary nampiasaina voalohany tamin'ny fitsaboana tany [[Alemaina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=530|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|language=en|access-date=2020-09-04|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829150746/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Amidy amin'ny anarana ara-barotra samihafa izy io.  Nesorina tsy ho eny an-tsena intsony izy io tany amin'ny firenena maro, anisan'izany i Etazonia sy Royaume-Uni, tamin'ny taona 1960 sy 70 noho ny voka-dratsiny.&lt;ref name=Aron2009&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aronson |first1=Jeffrey K. |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs |date=22 December 2009 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-093294-1 |page=198 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |date=28 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mbola misy any amin'ny faritra sasany any [[Eorôpa|Eoropa]] sy any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] aza izy io hatramin'ny taona 2019.  

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7748" sha1="rckxwrn4hwq9kk0j4b4e70k5tg3axw1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Verifiedfields=changed
|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=464373286
|image=Metamizole2DACS.svg|image2=Metamizole monohydrate 3D ball-and-stick.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce=|tradename=Novalgin, others&lt;ref name=Brune&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1366-0071(97)80033-2 | title = The early history of non-opioid analgesics | year = 1997 | last1 = Brune | first1 = K | journal = Acute Pain | volume = 1 | pages = 33–40 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=Dipyrone ([[British Approved Name|BAN]] {{abbr|UK|United Kingdom}}, [[United States Adopted Name|USAN]] {{abbr|US|United States}})|IUPAC_name=[(2,3-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1''H''-pyrazol-4-yl)methylamino] methanesulfonic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class=
|pregnancy_category=Not assigned; no evidence of [[teratogen]]icity in animals, use in 3rd trimester may cause heart problems&lt;ref name = SPC/&gt;
|routes_of_administration=By mouth, IM, IV, rectal
|onset=
|duration_of_action=
|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|metamizole}}
|MedlinePlus=

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_status=Over-the-counter (some countries); prescription-only (others); withdrawn (others)

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability=100% (active metabolites)&lt;ref name = deranaes2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jage J, Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Heid F | title = [Drugs for postoperative analgesia: routine and new aspects. Part 1: non-opioids] | language = German | journal = Der Anaesthesist | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 382–90 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18351305 | doi = 10.1007/s00101-008-1326-x | s2cid = 32814418 | trans-title = Drugs for postoperative analgesia: routine and new aspects. Part 1: non-opioids }}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=48–58% (active metabolites)&lt;ref name = deranaes2008/&gt;|metabolism=Liver&lt;ref name = deranaes2008/&gt;|elimination_half-life=14 minutes (parent compound; parenteral);&lt;ref name = SPC/&gt; metabolites: 2–4 hours&lt;ref name = deranaes2008/&gt;
|excretion=Urine (96%, IV; 85%, oral), faeces (4%, IV).&lt;ref name = SPC&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachinformation (Zusammenfassung der Merkmale des Arzneimittels) Novaminsulfon injekt 1000 mg Lichtenstein Novaminsulfon injekt 2500 mg Lichtenstein|url=https://www.zentiva.de/-/media/files/zentivade/produkte/novaminsulfon-lichtenstein/_de_gif_novaminsulfon_injekt_2500mg.pdf|language=German|date=February 2013|access-date=19 April 2014|work=Winthrop Arzneimittel GmbH|publisher=Zinteva Pharm GmbH|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165140/https://www.zentiva.de/-/media/files/zentivade/produkte/novaminsulfon-lichtenstein/_de_gif_novaminsulfon_injekt_2500mg.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165140/https://www.zentiva.de/-/media/files/zentivade/produkte/novaminsulfon-lichtenstein/_de_gif_novaminsulfon_injekt_2500mg.pdf |date=16 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C=13|H=17|N=3|O=4|S=1|SMILES=c1ccccc1N2N(C)C(C)=C(C2=O)N(C)CS(=O)(=O)O|StdInChI=1S/C13H17N3O4S/c1-10-12(14(2)9-21(18,19)20)13(17)16(15(10)3)11-7-5-4-6-8-11/h4-8H,9H2,1-3H3,(H,18,19,20)|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey=LVWZTYCIRDMTEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
|index_label=
|index2_label=
}}

'''Ny Metamizole''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''dipyrone''', dia fanafody fanaintainana, fanamaivanana ny fihenjanana, ary mampidina tazo .  Azo ampiasaina izy io rehefa tsy mandaitra ny fanafody hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Haingana ny fiatombohan'ny aretina ary maharitra hatramin'ny 8 ora ny vokany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nikolova|first=Irina|last2=Tencheva|first2=Jasmina|last3=Voinikov|first3=Julian|last4=Petkova|first4=Valentina|last5=Benbasat|first5=Niko|last6=Danchev|first6=Nikolai|title=Metamizole: A Review Profile of a Well-Known “Forgotten” Drug. Part I: Pharmaceutical and Nonclinical Profile|journal=Biotechnology &amp; Biotechnological Equipment|date=January 2012|volume=26|issue=6|pages=3329–3337|doi=10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo omena am-bava, amin'ny lava-pitombenana, na amin'ny tsindrona izy io.&lt;ref name=EU2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Metamizole containing medicinal products |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |website=https://www.ema.europa.eu |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304124849/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201145429/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |date=1 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana rendremana, ny tsy fahazoana aina ao an-kibo, ary ny maloiloy.  Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny lehibe [[Tohina (fahasalamana)|ny fihetseham-po mahazaka]], anisan'izany ny anafilaksia, ary ny fihenan'ny sela fotsy ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;JCP2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=Mathias|title=Metamizole (Dipyrone) and the Liver: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=November 2019|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1433–1442|doi=10.1002/jcph.1512|pmid=31433499|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia toa azo antoka aza izany amin'ny fiandohan'ny fitondrana vohoka, dia misy ihany ny ahiahy amin'ny fitondrana vohoka any aoriana.  Tsy mety ho an'nymampinono.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny fianakaviana fanafody ampirone izy io.  Tsy opioid izy io; na dia tsy mitovy aza ny loharanom-baovao momba ny [[Fanafody tsy sterôida manohitra fivontosana|maha-NSAID]] azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jas2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jasiecka|first=A|last2=Maślanka|first2=T|last3=Jaroszewski|first3=JJ|title=Pharmacological characteristics of metamizole.|journal=Polish journal of veterinary sciences|date=2014|volume=17|issue=1|pages=207-14|doi=10.2478/pjvs-2014-0030|pmid=24724493}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Metamizole tamin'ny 1922 ary nampiasaina voalohany tamin'ny fitsaboana tany [[Alemaina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=530|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|language=en|access-date=2020-09-04|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829150746/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Amidy amin'ny anarana ara-barotra samihafa izy io.  Nesorina tsy ho eny an-tsena intsony izy io tany amin'ny firenena maro, anisan'izany i Etazonia sy Royaume-Uni, tamin'ny taona 1960 sy 70 noho ny voka-dratsiny.&lt;ref name=Aron2009&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aronson |first1=Jeffrey K. |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs |date=22 December 2009 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-093294-1 |page=198 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |date=28 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mbola misy any amin'ny faritra sasany any [[Eorôpa|Eoropa]] sy any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] aza izy io hatramin'ny taona 2019.  

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>rckxwrn4hwq9kk0j4b4e70k5tg3axw1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149529</id>
      <parentid>1149528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:48:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149529</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4510" sha1="oi5l64a7ynct90l9y2ognvtmd7xiak0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
}}

'''Ny Metamizole''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''dipyrone''', dia fanafody fanaintainana, fanamaivanana ny fihenjanana, ary mampidina tazo .  Azo ampiasaina izy io rehefa tsy mandaitra ny fanafody hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Haingana ny fiatombohan'ny aretina ary maharitra hatramin'ny 8 ora ny vokany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nikolova|first=Irina|last2=Tencheva|first2=Jasmina|last3=Voinikov|first3=Julian|last4=Petkova|first4=Valentina|last5=Benbasat|first5=Niko|last6=Danchev|first6=Nikolai|title=Metamizole: A Review Profile of a Well-Known “Forgotten” Drug. Part I: Pharmaceutical and Nonclinical Profile|journal=Biotechnology &amp; Biotechnological Equipment|date=January 2012|volume=26|issue=6|pages=3329–3337|doi=10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo omena am-bava, amin'ny lava-pitombenana, na amin'ny tsindrona izy io.&lt;ref name=EU2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Metamizole containing medicinal products |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |website=https://www.ema.europa.eu |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304124849/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201145429/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |date=1 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana rendremana, ny tsy fahazoana aina ao an-kibo, ary ny maloiloy.  Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny lehibe [[Tohina (fahasalamana)|ny fihetseham-po mahazaka]], anisan'izany ny anafilaksia, ary ny fihenan'ny sela fotsy ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;JCP2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=Mathias|title=Metamizole (Dipyrone) and the Liver: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=November 2019|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1433–1442|doi=10.1002/jcph.1512|pmid=31433499|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia toa azo antoka aza izany amin'ny fiandohan'ny fitondrana vohoka, dia misy ihany ny ahiahy amin'ny fitondrana vohoka any aoriana.  Tsy mety ho an'nymampinono.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny fianakaviana fanafody ampirone izy io.  Tsy opioid izy io; na dia tsy mitovy aza ny loharanom-baovao momba ny [[Fanafody tsy sterôida manohitra fivontosana|maha-NSAID]] azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jas2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jasiecka|first=A|last2=Maślanka|first2=T|last3=Jaroszewski|first3=JJ|title=Pharmacological characteristics of metamizole.|journal=Polish journal of veterinary sciences|date=2014|volume=17|issue=1|pages=207-14|doi=10.2478/pjvs-2014-0030|pmid=24724493}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Metamizole tamin'ny 1922 ary nampiasaina voalohany tamin'ny fitsaboana tany [[Alemaina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=530|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|language=en|access-date=2020-09-04|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829150746/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Amidy amin'ny anarana ara-barotra samihafa izy io.  Nesorina tsy ho eny an-tsena intsony izy io tany amin'ny firenena maro, anisan'izany i Etazonia sy Royaume-Uni, tamin'ny taona 1960 sy 70 noho ny voka-dratsiny.&lt;ref name=Aron2009&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aronson |first1=Jeffrey K. |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs |date=22 December 2009 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-093294-1 |page=198 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |date=28 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mbola misy any amin'ny faritra sasany any [[Eorôpa|Eoropa]] sy any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] aza izy io hatramin'ny taona 2019.  

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>oi5l64a7ynct90l9y2ognvtmd7xiak0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149530</id>
      <parentid>1149529</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:49:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>38469</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1149530</origin>
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      <text bytes="7748" sha1="rckxwrn4hwq9kk0j4b4e70k5tg3axw1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Verifiedfields=changed
|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=464373286
|image=Metamizole2DACS.svg|image2=Metamizole monohydrate 3D ball-and-stick.png|width2=250px

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce=|tradename=Novalgin, others&lt;ref name=Brune&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1366-0071(97)80033-2 | title = The early history of non-opioid analgesics | year = 1997 | last1 = Brune | first1 = K | journal = Acute Pain | volume = 1 | pages = 33–40 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=Dipyrone ([[British Approved Name|BAN]] {{abbr|UK|United Kingdom}}, [[United States Adopted Name|USAN]] {{abbr|US|United States}})|IUPAC_name=[(2,3-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1''H''-pyrazol-4-yl)methylamino] methanesulfonic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class=
|pregnancy_category=Not assigned; no evidence of [[teratogen]]icity in animals, use in 3rd trimester may cause heart problems&lt;ref name = SPC/&gt;
|routes_of_administration=By mouth, IM, IV, rectal
|onset=
|duration_of_action=
|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|metamizole}}
|MedlinePlus=

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_status=Over-the-counter (some countries); prescription-only (others); withdrawn (others)

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability=100% (active metabolites)&lt;ref name = deranaes2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jage J, Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Heid F | title = [Drugs for postoperative analgesia: routine and new aspects. Part 1: non-opioids] | language = German | journal = Der Anaesthesist | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 382–90 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18351305 | doi = 10.1007/s00101-008-1326-x | s2cid = 32814418 | trans-title = Drugs for postoperative analgesia: routine and new aspects. Part 1: non-opioids }}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=48–58% (active metabolites)&lt;ref name = deranaes2008/&gt;|metabolism=Liver&lt;ref name = deranaes2008/&gt;|elimination_half-life=14 minutes (parent compound; parenteral);&lt;ref name = SPC/&gt; metabolites: 2–4 hours&lt;ref name = deranaes2008/&gt;
|excretion=Urine (96%, IV; 85%, oral), faeces (4%, IV).&lt;ref name = SPC&gt;{{cite web|title=Fachinformation (Zusammenfassung der Merkmale des Arzneimittels) Novaminsulfon injekt 1000 mg Lichtenstein Novaminsulfon injekt 2500 mg Lichtenstein|url=https://www.zentiva.de/-/media/files/zentivade/produkte/novaminsulfon-lichtenstein/_de_gif_novaminsulfon_injekt_2500mg.pdf|language=German|date=February 2013|access-date=19 April 2014|work=Winthrop Arzneimittel GmbH|publisher=Zinteva Pharm GmbH|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165140/https://www.zentiva.de/-/media/files/zentivade/produkte/novaminsulfon-lichtenstein/_de_gif_novaminsulfon_injekt_2500mg.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165140/https://www.zentiva.de/-/media/files/zentivade/produkte/novaminsulfon-lichtenstein/_de_gif_novaminsulfon_injekt_2500mg.pdf |date=16 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C=13|H=17|N=3|O=4|S=1|SMILES=c1ccccc1N2N(C)C(C)=C(C2=O)N(C)CS(=O)(=O)O|StdInChI=1S/C13H17N3O4S/c1-10-12(14(2)9-21(18,19)20)13(17)16(15(10)3)11-7-5-4-6-8-11/h4-8H,9H2,1-3H3,(H,18,19,20)|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey=LVWZTYCIRDMTEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
|index_label=
|index2_label=
}}

'''Ny Metamizole''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''dipyrone''', dia fanafody fanaintainana, fanamaivanana ny fihenjanana, ary mampidina tazo .  Azo ampiasaina izy io rehefa tsy mandaitra ny fanafody hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Haingana ny fiatombohan'ny aretina ary maharitra hatramin'ny 8 ora ny vokany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nikolova|first=Irina|last2=Tencheva|first2=Jasmina|last3=Voinikov|first3=Julian|last4=Petkova|first4=Valentina|last5=Benbasat|first5=Niko|last6=Danchev|first6=Nikolai|title=Metamizole: A Review Profile of a Well-Known “Forgotten” Drug. Part I: Pharmaceutical and Nonclinical Profile|journal=Biotechnology &amp; Biotechnological Equipment|date=January 2012|volume=26|issue=6|pages=3329–3337|doi=10.5504/BBEQ.2012.0089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo omena am-bava, amin'ny lava-pitombenana, na amin'ny tsindrona izy io.&lt;ref name=EU2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Metamizole containing medicinal products |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |website=https://www.ema.europa.eu |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304124849/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201145429/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/metamizole-containing-medicinal-products |date=1 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana rendremana, ny tsy fahazoana aina ao an-kibo, ary ny maloiloy.  Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny lehibe [[Tohina (fahasalamana)|ny fihetseham-po mahazaka]], anisan'izany ny anafilaksia, ary ny fihenan'ny sela fotsy ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;JCP2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=Mathias|title=Metamizole (Dipyrone) and the Liver: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=November 2019|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1433–1442|doi=10.1002/jcph.1512|pmid=31433499|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia toa azo antoka aza izany amin'ny fiandohan'ny fitondrana vohoka, dia misy ihany ny ahiahy amin'ny fitondrana vohoka any aoriana.  Tsy mety ho an'nymampinono.&lt;ref name=&quot;EU2021&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny fianakaviana fanafody ampirone izy io.  Tsy opioid izy io; na dia tsy mitovy aza ny loharanom-baovao momba ny [[Fanafody tsy sterôida manohitra fivontosana|maha-NSAID]] azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jas2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jasiecka|first=A|last2=Maślanka|first2=T|last3=Jaroszewski|first3=JJ|title=Pharmacological characteristics of metamizole.|journal=Polish journal of veterinary sciences|date=2014|volume=17|issue=1|pages=207-14|doi=10.2478/pjvs-2014-0030|pmid=24724493}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nik2012&quot; /&gt;

Nahazo patanty ny Metamizole tamin'ny 1922 ary nampiasaina voalohany tamin'ny fitsaboana tany [[Alemaina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=530|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|language=en|access-date=2020-09-04|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829150746/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA530|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Amidy amin'ny anarana ara-barotra samihafa izy io.  Nesorina tsy ho eny an-tsena intsony izy io tany amin'ny firenena maro, anisan'izany i Etazonia sy Royaume-Uni, tamin'ny taona 1960 sy 70 noho ny voka-dratsiny.&lt;ref name=Aron2009&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aronson |first1=Jeffrey K. |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs |date=22 December 2009 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-093294-1 |page=198 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165706/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Meyler_s_Side_Effects_of_Analgesics_and/2WxotnWiiWkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA198 |date=28 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mbola misy any amin'ny faritra sasany any [[Eorôpa|Eoropa]] sy any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] aza izy io hatramin'ny taona 2019.  

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lapam-panjakana Ambohitsorohitra</title>
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Ny '''Lapam-panjakana Ambohitsorohitra''' dia trano lehibe miorina ao [[Antananarivo]], renivohitr' i [[Madagasikara]]. Notazonina ho toerana Saimbôlika sisa rehefa niorina ny Lapan'i Iavoloha ary tsy fonenan'ny filoham-pirenena koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;france24&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=16 mars 2009 |title=Soldiers storm presidential palace |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090316-tanks-encircle-presidential-palace-antananarivo-marc-ravalomanana-madagascar |journal=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Palais_d'Ambohitsirohitra.jpg|ankavia|vignette| Ny lapan'Ambohitsorohitra nandritra ny fety faran'ny taona 2024.]]
[[Sary:Ambohitsorohitra_Palace_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Ny Lapan'Ambohitsorohitra ahitana ny tranobe ankavanana mbola tsy vita.]]
Ny taona 1890 ka hatramin'ny taona 1892 no nanorenana ny Lapan'Ambohitsorohitra ho Fonenan'ny masoivoho frantsay, ahitana ny toeram-piasan'ny Resident Frantsay ary taty aoriana lasa toeram-piasan'ny Governora Jeneraly. Ity lapa ity no tranobe sivily fahatelo lehibe vita tamin'ny vato sy biriky tao Antananarivo, aorian'ny ny lapan'i Manjakamiadana sy ny llapan'Andafiavaratra izay niasan' ny Praiminisitra talohan'ny Fanjanahantany. Naorina tanatin'ny telo taona tamin'ny fomba Neo-Renaissance araka ny maritranon'i Antony Jully, mpanao maritranon'ny governemanta Frantsay, ny lapa ary notokanana tamin'ny 14 Jolay 1892&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2013-11-08 |title=Patrimoine/ Palais d’ Ambohitsorohitra |url=http://www.macp.gov.mg/blog/patrimoine-palais-d-ambohitsorohitra/ |journal=Tranonkalan'ny Ministeran'ny Kolontsaina sy ny Asatanana |language=fr-FR |access-date=2018-01-08 |archive-date=2017-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028055012/http://www.macp.gov.mg/blog/patrimoine-palais-d-ambohitsorohitra/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanapa-kevitra ny Filoha [[Ratsiraka Didier|Didier Ratsiraka]] tamin'ny taona 1983 hanorina lapa vaovao [[Lapan'Iavoloha|ao Iavoloha]], izay tokony ho 15 km atsimon'ny renivohitra no misy azy raha manaraka ny lalampirenena fahafito. Na izany aza anefa dia mbola natao ho anatin'ny prezidansa ihany ny lapan'Ambohitsorohitra.

Rehefa tonga ny taona 2007, nanapa-kevitra ny Filoha R[[Ravalomanana Marc|avalomanana Marc]] ny hanao fanorenana eo anilan'ny lapa vita voalohany ary atao maka endriky ny lapa nahazatra ny talohan'ny fanjanahantany teto Imerina izany. Ny lahasan'ity lapa vaovao ity ny hametrahana birao maromaro an'ny prezidansa, hanokanana efitrano fivoriana ifampitain-davitra sady ifanatreha-maso ary ho arisivan'ny [[tantaran'i Madagasikara]]. Saingy tsy tontosa izany noho ny krizy politika tamin'ny taona 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2007-11-19 |title=Un nouveau bâtiment dans 10 mois |url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Un-nouveau-batiment-dans-10-mois,3025.html |journal=Madagascar-Tribune.com |language=fr-FR |access-date=2018-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Sary:Presidential_office_in_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG|ankavanana|vignette|Ny Lapa tamin'ny taona 2013.]]
Natomboka indray ny asa fanavaozana rehefa tonga ny taona 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 1 2017 |title=Le palais d’Ambohitsorohitra en pleine rénovation |url=https://scoopdago.wordpress.com/2017/01/17/le-palais-dambohitsorohitra-en-pleine-renovation/ |website=Scoop Dago}}.&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 1 2017 |title=Le Palais d’Ambohitsorohitra est en cours de réhabilitation |url=https://tafatafablog.wordpress.com/2017/01/17/le-palais-dambohitsorohitra-est-en-cours-de-rehabilitation/ |website=Tafatafa}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Vita ihany ny fanitarana, saingy noravana sy nohavaozina ny andaniny sy ny ankilan'ny lapa vaovao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Didier Rykner |date=6 5 2020 |title=Le patrimoine d’Antananarivo en danger |url=https://www.latribunedelart.com/le-patrimoine-d-antananarivo-en-danger}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toe-draharaha politika ==
Nofehezin'ny miaramila&lt;ref name=&quot;france24&quot; /&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=16 mars 2009 |title=Madagascar soldiers seize palace |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7946741.stm |journal=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ny Lapa tamin'ny 16 marsa 2009, nandritra ny krizy politika nifanandrinan'ny filoha Marc Ravalomanana tamin'i  [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]], ary efa nandrahona indray ry zareo tamin'ny novambra 2010.

Voamarika koa fa teto amin'ity lapa itty ny kolonely [[Michaël Randrianirina|Michael Randrianirina]] no nanambara ny fandraisan'ny miaramila ny fahefana taorian'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana]] izay nahatonga ny Filoha [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 10 2025 |title=Madagascar : les militaires prennent le pouvoir, la confusion institutionnelle règne |url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-les-militaires-prennent-le-pouvoir-la-confusion-institutionnelle-regne-1633238.html |website=[[Réunion La Première (télévision)|Réunion La Première]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; handositra.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Lapan'Iavoloha]]

== Loharano sy fanondroana ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Politika ao Madagasikara]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Euphorbia plagiantha</title>
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      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Euphorbiaceae</comment>
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      <text bytes="2467" sha1="oqtp27c7hvl729oj7gax5eo52p8s3mf" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455410.jpg|vignette|358x358px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Ny '''''Euphorba plagiantha''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin’ ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io, any amin' ny [[Faritanin' i Toliara|faritanin’ i Toliara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''famatafiha''' na '''fiha'''. Any amin' ny ala maina trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly ny toerana voajanahary aniriany, nefa iharan' ny fanimbana ataon' ny olombelona izany toerana izany. ''Euphorba plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:E plagiantha ies.jpg|ankavia|vignette|175x175px|Vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Zavamaniry mitahiry rano ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsany izay mivondrona ka manome endrika kofafa. Madinika ny vondromboniny. I [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo]] no nanao ny famaripritana azy io tao amin' ny boky ''Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'' tamin' ny taona 1903.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'': ''Tirucalia plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) P.V.Heath (1996)&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Euphorbia fiha'' &lt;small&gt;Decary&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(1921)&lt;/small&gt;.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455426.jpg|vignette|277x277px|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Arotsaka ao anaty rano mangotraka ny rantsana misy ravina avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ka trohina ny etona mivoaka ao amin' izany mba hitsaboana ny [[sohika]]. Tsy porofo ara-tsiansa amin' ny fahombiazan' ilay fitsaboana izany fampiasana nentim-paharazana izany.

=== Fanjonoana ===
Totoina ny rantsan' ny mba hakana ny rony (lateksa) izay alatsaka amin' ny dobo na farihy misy ny trondro mba hamonoana azy ireo. Ampiasaina toy izany koa ny ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides]]'' (na ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides|Euphorbia enterophora]]'') sy ny ''[[Euphorbia decorsei]]''.

=== Dity ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 02 ies.jpg|vignette|204x204px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Ampiasaina hanaovana dity fametahana hazo na taratasy ny ron' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha.'' 

=== Fitandremana ===
Toy ny karazana rehetra ao amin’ ny ''Euphorbia'', ny ro (lateksa) avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' dia tena mandoro rehefa ampiasaina ka tsy tokony hakasika ny maso sy ny hoditra na hatelina. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Euphorbia]]''
* ''[[Tirucalia]]''</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>Famariparitana</comment>
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      <text bytes="4994" sha1="463wjam8rp74wkwmcnuffh9s4ours9d" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455410.jpg|vignette|358x358px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Ny '''''Euphorba plagiantha''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin’ ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io, any amin' ny [[faritanin' i Toliara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''famatafiha''' na '''fiha'''. Any amin' ny ala maina trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly ny toerana voajanahary aniriany, nefa iharan' ny fanimbana ataon' ny olombelona izany toerana izany. I [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo]] no nanao ny famaripritana azy io tao amin' ny boky ''Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'' tamin' ny taona 1903. ''Euphorba plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Fantatra avy hatrany ity zavamaniry ity noho ny hodiny mivolom-bolamena sy malama ary manjelatra sady misy takelaka miendakendaka sy tantera-pahazavana mandritra ny fitomboany.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'': ''Tirucalia plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) P.V.Heath (1996)&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Euphorbia fiha'' &lt;small&gt;Decary&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(1921)&lt;/small&gt;.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455426.jpg|vignette|277x277px|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Zavamaniry mitahiry rano ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Afaka mitombo ka mahatratra ny haben' ny hazo madinika mora foana izy, ary mifangaro tsara amin' ny karazana ''[[Alluaudia]]'' (zavamaniry manana rantsana toa horita) izay fahita ao anatin' ny endri-tany mampiavaka ny faritra misy kirihitra eto [[Madagasikara]]. Hazo na hazobotry lehibe manana sampana maro be manomboka eo amin' ny fotony.

Ahitana ranoka toy ny ronono (lateksa) ny taova rehetra ao amin' io zavamaniry io, ranoka madity tena manimba hoditra sady misy poizina. Mivoaka avy hatrany io ranoka io raha vao misy fahasimbana kely eo amin' ny tamba-tselan' ilay zavamaniry, ka miaro azy amin' ny biby mety hihinana azy izany.

=== Rantsana ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 02 ies.jpg|vignette|204x204px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'' izay mivondrona ka manome endrika kofafa. Manify ny rantsana eny an-tendron-tsampana, miloko maitso ka hatramin' ny manja, ary saika tsy misy ravina mihitsy (na misy ravina tena kely sady vetivety ihany no eo). Manify nefa be nofony sy miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsany, sady tsy misy tsilo. Maitso emeraoda ny hodiny ivelany fa rakotra savoka fotsy tsy mangarahara, ka mahatonga azy hanana endrika toa volondavenona sady marokoroko.

=== Ravina ===
Kely dia kely ny raviny bitika izay lava sy manify ary miendrika varingarina, ka mihamanify ka miafara amin' ny tendro maranitra. Na dia hazo tsy mihintsan-dravina aza izy, dia matetika no tsy dia mikitroka ny raviny; fomba fampifanarahan' ny zavamaniry miaina amin' ny tontolo maina izany mba hampihenana ny fahaverezan-drano.

=== Hoditra ===
Manana hoditra miloko mavo volamena ka hatramin' ny manja varahina ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Manakana ny fahaverezan' ny rano ny endriky ny hodiny mitovitovy amin' ny savoka ka mifanaraka tsara amin' ny toetany tena maina sy tsy dia misy rotsak' orana loatra. 

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:E plagiantha ies.jpg|ankavia|vignette|175x175px|Vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Madinika ny vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Tahaka ny amin' ny karazana Euphorbia rehetra dia voninkazo tsy tena izy izy io, ka mamorona kaopy kely miloko maitso mavo. Ny vondrombony tsirairay dia ahitana vony vavy iray eo afovoany (izay tsy misy afa-tsy [[vavimbony]] manana [[tahom-bavimbony]] telo) voahodidin' ny vony lahy maromaro (izay samy tsy ahitana afa-tsy [[lahimbony]] iray avy). Mitambatra ho sampaho ny vondrombony, ary voahodidin' ny brakte miavaka sady miloko mavo.

=== Voa ===
Kapsily misy efitra telo ilay ny voan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Rehefa matoy ny kapsily dia misokatra tampoka sy mipoaka ka manipy lavitrany vihim-boa.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Arotsaka ao anaty rano mangotraka ny rantsana misy ravina avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ka trohina ny etona mivoaka ao amin' izany mba hitsaboana ny [[sohika]]. Tsy porofo ara-tsiansa amin' ny fahombiazan' ilay fitsaboana izany fampiasana nentim-paharazana izany.

=== Fanjonoana ===
Totoina ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'' mba hakana ny rony (lateksa) izay alatsaka amin' ny dobo na farihy misy ny trondro mba hamonoana azy ireo. Ampiasaina toy izany koa ny ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides]]'' (na ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides|Euphorbia enterophora]]'') sy ny ''[[Euphorbia decorsei]]''.

=== Dity ===
Ampiasaina hanaovana dity fametahana hazo na taratasy ny ron' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha.'' 

=== Fitandremana ===
Toy ny karazana rehetra ao amin' ny ''Euphorbia'', ny ro (lateksa) avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' dia tena mandoro rehefa ampiasaina ka tsy tokony hakasika ny maso sy ny hoditra na hatelina. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Euphorbia]]''
* ''[[Tirucalia]]''</text>
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      <comment>Faritra sy toerana aniriany</comment>
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      <text bytes="6996" sha1="dn3qo98ku57chxzfnk8xrplqojm68t5" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455410.jpg|vignette|358x358px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Ny '''''Euphorba plagiantha''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin’ ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io, any amin' ny [[faritanin' i Toliara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''famatafiha''' na '''fiha'''. Any amin' ny ala maina trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly ny toerana voajanahary aniriany, nefa iharan' ny fanimbana ataon' ny olombelona izany toerana izany. I [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo]] no nanao ny famaripritana azy io tao amin' ny boky ''Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'' tamin' ny taona 1903. ''Euphorba plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Fantatra avy hatrany ity zavamaniry ity noho ny hodiny mivolom-bolamena sy malama ary manjelatra sady misy takelaka miendakendaka sy tantera-pahazavana mandritra ny fitomboany.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'': ''Tirucalia plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) P.V.Heath (1996)&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Euphorbia fiha'' &lt;small&gt;Decary&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(1921)&lt;/small&gt;.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455426.jpg|vignette|277x277px|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Zavamaniry mitahiry rano ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Afaka mitombo ka mahatratra ny haben' ny hazo madinika mora foana izy, ary mifangaro tsara amin' ny karazana ''[[Alluaudia]]'' (zavamaniry manana rantsana toa horita) izay fahita ao anatin' ny endri-tany mampiavaka ny faritra misy kirihitra eto [[Madagasikara]]. Hazo na hazobotry lehibe manana sampana maro be manomboka eo amin' ny fotony.

Ahitana ranoka toy ny ronono (lateksa) ny taova rehetra ao amin' io zavamaniry io, ranoka madity tena manimba hoditra sady misy poizina. Mivoaka avy hatrany io ranoka io raha vao misy fahasimbana kely eo amin' ny tamba-tselan' ilay zavamaniry, ka miaro azy amin' ny biby mety hihinana azy izany.

=== Rantsana ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 02 ies.jpg|vignette|204x204px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'' izay mivondrona ka manome endrika kofafa. Manify ny rantsana eny an-tendron-tsampana, miloko maitso ka hatramin' ny manja, ary saika tsy misy ravina mihitsy (na misy ravina tena kely sady vetivety ihany no eo). Manify nefa be nofony sy miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsany, sady tsy misy tsilo. Maitso emeraoda ny hodiny ivelany fa rakotra savoka fotsy tsy mangarahara, ka mahatonga azy hanana endrika toa volondavenona sady marokoroko.

=== Ravina ===
Kely dia kely ny raviny bitika izay lava sy manify ary miendrika varingarina, ka mihamanify ka miafara amin' ny tendro maranitra. Na dia hazo tsy mihintsan-dravina aza izy, dia matetika no tsy dia mikitroka ny raviny; fomba fampifanarahan' ny zavamaniry miaina amin' ny tontolo maina izany mba hampihenana ny fahaverezan-drano.

=== Hoditra ===
Manana hoditra miloko mavo volamena ka hatramin' ny manja varahina ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Manakana ny fahaverezan' ny rano ny endriky ny hodiny mitovitovy amin' ny savoka ka mifanaraka tsara amin' ny toetany tena maina sy tsy dia misy rotsak' orana loatra. 

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:E plagiantha ies.jpg|ankavia|vignette|175x175px|Vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Madinika ny vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Tahaka ny amin' ny karazana Euphorbia rehetra dia voninkazo tsy tena izy izy io, ka mamorona kaopy kely miloko maitso mavo. Ny vondrombony tsirairay dia ahitana vony vavy iray eo afovoany (izay tsy misy afa-tsy [[vavimbony]] manana [[tahom-bavimbony]] telo) voahodidin' ny vony lahy maromaro (izay samy tsy ahitana afa-tsy [[lahimbony]] iray avy). Mitambatra ho sampaho ny vondrombony, ary voahodidin' ny brakte miavaka sady miloko mavo.

=== Voa ===
Kapsily misy efitra telo ilay ny voan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Rehefa matoy ny kapsily dia misokatra tampoka sy mipoaka ka manipy lavitrany vihim-boa.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
Eto [[Madagasikara]] ihany no ahitana ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Anisan' ny fizaràna ''Plagianthae'' ao amin' ny ''[[Euphorbia]]'' izy, izay vondrona manokana sady sisa tavela avy amin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, ka karazana roa ihany no mandrafitra azy sady tsy hita afa-tsy ato amin' ity nosy ity (ny ''[[Euphorbia salota]]'' no faharoa). Hita manokana any amin' ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara izy io; ary raha ny tantara no jerena dia naniry manaraka ny morontsiraka sy ny faritra anatiny izy io, nanomboka eo amin' ny faritr' i [[Toliara]] ka hatrany [[Behara]] sy ny faritra atsimo indrindra.

== Ekôlôjia ==
Maniry tsara ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ao amin' ny faritra misy ala maina trôpikaly na sobtrôpikaly sy ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra amin' ny tany somary maina ary ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra be tsilo. Izy io dia iray amin' ny singa fototra mandrafitra ny vondron-javamaniry ao amin' ny faritra ekôlôjikan' ny ala mikitroka misy tsilo eto Madagasikara. Ao amin' io faritra io dia miara-maniry akaiky amin' ny hazo ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Didiereaceae]]'' (toy ny ''[[Alluaudia procera]]'') sy ''[[Burseraceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Commiphora]]'') ary ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Delonix]]'') izy. Mety aminy kokoa ny tany misy [[Sokay (akora)|sokay]] (karstika) sy ny faritra misy [[fasika]] amorontsiraka. Mifanaraka amin' ny [[Tanidilatra|tany]] [[Tanidilatra|dilatra]] ​​na tany avy amin' ny vato ginesy koa izy. Satria miaina ao anatin' ny toetany mafana dia mafana izay ahitana vanim-potoana maina maharitra 8 ka hatramin' ny 10 volana izy, dia mamolavola fomba fiasa biôlôjika mifanaraka tsara amin' ny haintany tafahoatra ity zavamaniry ity. Ny rantsany mitahiry rano sy ny hodiny misy sosona toa savoka, dia manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny fahaverezan' ny rano amin' ny alalan' ny etona; sady mihena be ny fitomboany (matory) rehefa tsy misy orana.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Arotsaka ao anaty rano mangotraka ny rantsana misy ravina avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ka trohina ny etona mivoaka ao amin' izany mba hitsaboana ny [[sohika]]. Tsy porofo ara-tsiansa amin' ny fahombiazan' ilay fitsaboana izany fampiasana nentim-paharazana izany.

=== Fanjonoana ===
Totoina ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'' mba hakana ny rony (lateksa) izay alatsaka amin' ny dobo na farihy misy ny trondro mba hamonoana azy ireo. Ampiasaina toy izany koa ny ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides]]'' (na ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides|Euphorbia enterophora]]'') sy ny ''[[Euphorbia decorsei]]''.

=== Dity ===
Ampiasaina hanaovana dity fametahana hazo na taratasy ny ron' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha.'' 

=== Fitandremana ===
Toy ny karazana rehetra ao amin' ny ''Euphorbia'', ny ro (lateksa) avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' dia tena mandoro rehefa ampiasaina ka tsy tokony hakasika ny maso sy ny hoditra na hatelina. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Euphorbia]]''
* ''[[Tirucalia]]''</text>
      <sha1>dn3qo98ku57chxzfnk8xrplqojm68t5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149522</id>
      <parentid>1149521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:20:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1149522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7083" sha1="1sq8bm618ynuqkcfshe9ipgto9dpnxt" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455410.jpg|vignette|366x366px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Ny '''''Euphorba plagiantha''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin’ ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io, any amin' ny [[faritanin' i Toliara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''famatafiha''' na '''fiha'''. Any amin' ny ala maina trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly ny toerana voajanahary aniriany, nefa iharan' ny fanimbana ataon' ny olombelona izany toerana izany. I [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo]] no nanao ny famaripritana azy io tao amin' ny boky ''Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'' tamin' ny taona 1903. ''Euphorba plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Fantatra avy hatrany ity zavamaniry ity noho ny hodiny mivolom-bolamena sy malama ary manjelatra sady misy takelaka miendakendaka sy tantera-pahazavana mandritra ny fitomboany.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'': ''Tirucalia plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) P.V.Heath (1996)&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Euphorbia fiha'' &lt;small&gt;Decary&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(1921)&lt;/small&gt;.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382453039.jpg|vignette|274x274px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Zavamaniry mitahiry rano ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Afaka mitombo ka mahatratra ny haben' ny hazo madinika mora foana izy, ary mifangaro tsara amin' ny karazana ''[[Alluaudia]]'' (zavamaniry manana rantsana toa horita) izay fahita ao anatin' ny endri-tany mampiavaka ny faritra misy kirihitra eto [[Madagasikara]]. Hazo na hazobotry lehibe manana sampana maro be manomboka eo amin' ny fotony.

Ahitana ranoka toy ny ronono (lateksa) ny taova rehetra ao amin' io zavamaniry io, ranoka madity tena manimba hoditra sady misy poizina. Mivoaka avy hatrany io ranoka io raha vao misy fahasimbana kely eo amin' ny tamba-tselan' ilay zavamaniry, ka miaro azy amin' ny biby mety hihinana azy izany.

=== Rantsana ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 02 ies.jpg|vignette|204x204px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'' izay mivondrona ka manome endrika kofafa. Manify ny rantsana eny an-tendron-tsampana, miloko maitso ka hatramin' ny manja, ary saika tsy misy ravina mihitsy (na misy ravina tena kely sady vetivety ihany no eo). Manify nefa be nofony sy miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsany, sady tsy misy tsilo. Maitso emeraoda ny hodiny ivelany fa rakotra savoka fotsy tsy mangarahara, ka mahatonga azy hanana endrika toa volondavenona sady marokoroko.

=== Ravina ===
Kely dia kely ny raviny bitika izay lava sy manify ary miendrika varingarina, ka mihamanify ka miafara amin' ny tendro maranitra. Na dia hazo tsy mihintsan-dravina aza izy, dia matetika no tsy dia mikitroka ny raviny; fomba fampifanarahan' ny zavamaniry miaina amin' ny tontolo maina izany mba hampihenana ny fahaverezan-drano.

=== Hoditra ===
Manana hoditra miloko mavo volamena ka hatramin' ny manja varahina ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Manakana ny fahaverezan' ny rano ny endriky ny hodiny mitovitovy amin' ny savoka ka mifanaraka tsara amin' ny toetany tena maina sy tsy dia misy rotsak' orana loatra. 

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:E plagiantha ies.jpg|ankavia|vignette|175x175px|Vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Madinika ny vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Tahaka ny amin' ny karazana Euphorbia rehetra dia voninkazo tsy tena izy izy io, ka mamorona kaopy kely miloko maitso mavo. Ny vondrombony tsirairay dia ahitana vony vavy iray eo afovoany (izay tsy misy afa-tsy [[vavimbony]] manana [[tahom-bavimbony]] telo) voahodidin' ny vony lahy maromaro (izay samy tsy ahitana afa-tsy [[lahimbony]] iray avy). Mitambatra ho sampaho ny vondrombony, ary voahodidin' ny brakte miavaka sady miloko mavo.

=== Voa ===
Kapsily misy efitra telo ilay ny voan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Rehefa matoy ny kapsily dia misokatra tampoka sy mipoaka ka manipy lavitrany vihim-boa.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
Eto [[Madagasikara]] ihany no ahitana ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Anisan' ny fizaràna ''Plagianthae'' ao amin' ny ''[[Euphorbia]]'' izy, izay vondrona manokana sady sisa tavela avy amin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, ka karazana roa ihany no mandrafitra azy sady tsy hita afa-tsy ato amin' ity nosy ity (ny ''[[Euphorbia salota]]'' no faharoa). Hita manokana any amin' ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara izy io; ary raha ny tantara no jerena dia naniry manaraka ny morontsiraka sy ny faritra anatiny izy io, nanomboka eo amin' ny faritr' i [[Toliara]] ka hatrany [[Behara]] sy ny faritra atsimo indrindra.

== Ekôlôjia ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455426.jpg|vignette|277x277px|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Maniry tsara ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ao amin' ny faritra misy ala maina trôpikaly na sobtrôpikaly sy ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra amin' ny tany somary maina ary ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra be tsilo. Izy io dia iray amin' ny singa fototra mandrafitra ny vondron-javamaniry ao amin' ny faritra ekôlôjikan' ny ala mikitroka misy tsilo eto Madagasikara. Ao amin' io faritra io dia miara-maniry akaiky amin' ny hazo ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Didiereaceae]]'' (toy ny ''[[Alluaudia procera]]'') sy ''[[Burseraceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Commiphora]]'') ary ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Delonix]]'') izy. Mety aminy kokoa ny tany misy [[Sokay (akora)|sokay]] (karstika) sy ny faritra misy [[fasika]] amorontsiraka. Mifanaraka amin' ny [[Tanidilatra|tany]] [[Tanidilatra|dilatra]] ​​na tany avy amin' ny vato ginesy koa izy. Satria miaina ao anatin' ny toetany mafana dia mafana izay ahitana vanim-potoana maina maharitra 8 ka hatramin' ny 10 volana izy, dia mamolavola fomba fiasa biôlôjika mifanaraka tsara amin' ny haintany tafahoatra ity zavamaniry ity. Ny rantsany mitahiry rano sy ny hodiny misy sosona toa savoka, dia manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny fahaverezan' ny rano amin' ny alalan' ny etona; sady mihena be ny fitomboany (matory) rehefa tsy misy orana.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Arotsaka ao anaty rano mangotraka ny rantsana misy ravina avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ka trohina ny etona mivoaka ao amin' izany mba hitsaboana ny [[sohika]]. Tsy porofo ara-tsiansa amin' ny fahombiazan' ilay fitsaboana izany fampiasana nentim-paharazana izany.

=== Fanjonoana ===
Totoina ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'' mba hakana ny rony (lateksa) izay alatsaka amin' ny dobo na farihy misy ny trondro mba hamonoana azy ireo. Ampiasaina toy izany koa ny ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides]]'' (na ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides|Euphorbia enterophora]]'') sy ny ''[[Euphorbia decorsei]]''.

=== Dity ===
Ampiasaina hanaovana dity fametahana hazo na taratasy ny ron' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha.'' 

=== Fitandremana ===
Toy ny karazana rehetra ao amin' ny ''Euphorbia'', ny ro (lateksa) avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' dia tena mandoro rehefa ampiasaina ka tsy tokony hakasika ny maso sy ny hoditra na hatelina. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Euphorbia]]''
* ''[[Tirucalia]]''</text>
      <sha1>1sq8bm618ynuqkcfshe9ipgto9dpnxt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149523</id>
      <parentid>1149522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanampy sary</comment>
      <origin>1149523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7160" sha1="sr7je6ms9822k2mapsdjimd5pw21wdg" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455410.jpg|vignette|366x366px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Ny '''''Euphorba plagiantha''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin’ ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io, any amin' ny [[faritanin' i Toliara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''famatafiha''' na '''fiha'''. Any amin' ny ala maina trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly ny toerana voajanahary aniriany, nefa iharan' ny fanimbana ataon' ny olombelona izany toerana izany. I [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo]] no nanao ny famaripritana azy io tao amin' ny boky ''Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'' tamin' ny taona 1903. ''Euphorba plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Fantatra avy hatrany ity zavamaniry ity noho ny hodiny mivolom-bolamena sy malama ary manjelatra sady misy takelaka miendakendaka sy tantera-pahazavana mandritra ny fitomboany.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'': ''Tirucalia plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) P.V.Heath (1996)&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Euphorbia fiha'' &lt;small&gt;Decary&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(1921)&lt;/small&gt;.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382453039.jpg|vignette|274x274px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Zavamaniry mitahiry rano ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Afaka mitombo ka mahatratra ny haben' ny hazo madinika mora foana izy, ary mifangaro tsara amin' ny karazana ''[[Alluaudia]]'' (zavamaniry manana rantsana toa horita) izay fahita ao anatin' ny endri-tany mampiavaka ny faritra misy kirihitra eto [[Madagasikara]]. Hazo na hazobotry lehibe manana sampana maro be manomboka eo amin' ny fotony.

Ahitana ranoka toy ny ronono (lateksa) ny taova rehetra ao amin' io zavamaniry io, ranoka madity tena manimba hoditra sady misy poizina. Mivoaka avy hatrany io ranoka io raha vao misy fahasimbana kely eo amin' ny tamba-tselan' ilay zavamaniry, ka miaro azy amin' ny biby mety hihinana azy izany.

=== Rantsana ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 02 ies.jpg|vignette|204x204px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'' izay mivondrona ka manome endrika kofafa. Manify ny rantsana eny an-tendron-tsampana, miloko maitso ka hatramin' ny manja, ary saika tsy misy ravina mihitsy (na misy ravina tena kely sady vetivety ihany no eo). Manify nefa be nofony sy miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsany, sady tsy misy tsilo. Maitso emeraoda ny hodiny ivelany fa rakotra savoka fotsy tsy mangarahara, ka mahatonga azy hanana endrika toa volondavenona sady marokoroko.

=== Ravina ===
Kely dia kely ny raviny bitika izay lava sy manify ary miendrika varingarina, ka mihamanify ka miafara amin' ny tendro maranitra. Na dia hazo tsy mihintsan-dravina aza izy, dia matetika no tsy dia mikitroka ny raviny; fomba fampifanarahan' ny zavamaniry miaina amin' ny tontolo maina izany mba hampihenana ny fahaverezan-drano.

=== Hoditra ===
Manana hoditra miloko mavo volamena ka hatramin' ny manja varahina ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Manakana ny fahaverezan' ny rano ny endriky ny hodiny mitovitovy amin' ny savoka ka mifanaraka tsara amin' ny toetany tena maina sy tsy dia misy rotsak' orana loatra. 

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:E plagiantha ies.jpg|ankavia|vignette|175x175px|Vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Madinika ny vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Tahaka ny amin' ny karazana Euphorbia rehetra dia voninkazo tsy tena izy izy io, ka mamorona kaopy kely miloko maitso mavo. Ny vondrombony tsirairay dia ahitana vony vavy iray eo afovoany (izay tsy misy afa-tsy [[vavimbony]] manana [[tahom-bavimbony]] telo) voahodidin' ny vony lahy maromaro (izay samy tsy ahitana afa-tsy [[lahimbony]] iray avy). Mitambatra ho sampaho ny vondrombony, ary voahodidin' ny brakte miavaka sady miloko mavo.

=== Voa ===
Kapsily misy efitra telo ilay ny voan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Rehefa matoy ny kapsily dia misokatra tampoka sy mipoaka ka manipy lavitrany vihim-boa.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 30669970.jpg|vignette|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Eto [[Madagasikara]] ihany no ahitana ny ''Euphorba plagiantha''. Anisan' ny fizaràna ''Plagianthae'' ao amin' ny ''[[Euphorbia]]'' izy, izay vondrona manokana sady sisa tavela avy amin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, ka karazana roa ihany no mandrafitra azy sady tsy hita afa-tsy ato amin' ity nosy ity (ny ''[[Euphorbia salota]]'' no faharoa). Hita manokana any amin' ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara izy io; ary raha ny tantara no jerena dia naniry manaraka ny morontsiraka sy ny faritra anatiny izy io, nanomboka eo amin' ny faritr' i [[Toliara]] ka hatrany [[Behara]] sy ny faritra atsimo indrindra.

== Ekôlôjia ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455426.jpg|vignette|277x277px|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Maniry tsara ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ao amin' ny faritra misy ala maina trôpikaly na sobtrôpikaly sy ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra amin' ny tany somary maina ary ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra be tsilo. Izy io dia iray amin' ny singa fototra mandrafitra ny vondron-javamaniry ao amin' ny faritra ekôlôjikan' ny ala mikitroka misy tsilo eto Madagasikara. Ao amin' io faritra io dia miara-maniry akaiky amin' ny hazo ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Didiereaceae]]'' (toy ny ''[[Alluaudia procera]]'') sy ''[[Burseraceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Commiphora]]'') ary ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Delonix]]'') izy. Mety aminy kokoa ny tany misy [[Sokay (akora)|sokay]] (karstika) sy ny faritra misy [[fasika]] amorontsiraka. Mifanaraka amin' ny [[Tanidilatra|tany]] [[Tanidilatra|dilatra]] ​​na tany avy amin' ny vato ginesy koa izy. Satria miaina ao anatin' ny toetany mafana dia mafana izay ahitana vanim-potoana maina maharitra 8 ka hatramin' ny 10 volana izy, dia mamolavola fomba fiasa biôlôjika mifanaraka tsara amin' ny haintany tafahoatra ity zavamaniry ity. Ny rantsany mitahiry rano sy ny hodiny misy sosona toa savoka, dia manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny fahaverezan' ny rano amin' ny alalan' ny etona; sady mihena be ny fitomboany (matory) rehefa tsy misy orana.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Arotsaka ao anaty rano mangotraka ny rantsana misy ravina avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ka trohina ny etona mivoaka ao amin' izany mba hitsaboana ny [[sohika]]. Tsy porofo ara-tsiansa amin' ny fahombiazan' ilay fitsaboana izany fampiasana nentim-paharazana izany.

=== Fanjonoana ===
Totoina ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'' mba hakana ny rony (lateksa) izay alatsaka amin' ny dobo na farihy misy ny trondro mba hamonoana azy ireo. Ampiasaina toy izany koa ny ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides]]'' (na ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides|Euphorbia enterophora]]'') sy ny ''[[Euphorbia decorsei]]''.

=== Dity ===
Ampiasaina hanaovana dity fametahana hazo na taratasy ny ron' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha.'' 

=== Fitandremana ===
Toy ny karazana rehetra ao amin' ny ''Euphorbia'', ny ro (lateksa) avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' dia tena mandoro rehefa ampiasaina ka tsy tokony hakasika ny maso sy ny hoditra na hatelina. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Euphorbia]]''
* ''[[Tirucalia]]''</text>
      <sha1>sr7je6ms9822k2mapsdjimd5pw21wdg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149524</id>
      <parentid>1149523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T19:31:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
      <origin>1149524</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7170" sha1="cprtsv1g40itl2iayd78anwhmoe3mpf" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455410.jpg|vignette|366x366px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Ny '''''Euphorbia plagiantha''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin’ ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io, any amin' ny [[faritanin' i Toliara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''famatafiha''' na '''fiha'''. Any amin' ny ala maina trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly ny toerana voajanahary aniriany, nefa iharan' ny fanimbana ataon' ny olombelona izany toerana izany. I [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo]] no nanao ny famaripritana azy io tao amin' ny boky ''Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'' tamin' ny taona 1903. ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Fantatra avy hatrany ity zavamaniry ity noho ny hodiny mivolom-bolamena sy malama ary manjelatra sady misy takelaka miendakendaka sy tantera-pahazavana mandritra ny fitomboany.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'': ''Tirucalia plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) P.V.Heath (1996)&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Euphorbia fiha'' &lt;small&gt;Decary&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(1921)&lt;/small&gt;.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382453039.jpg|vignette|274x274px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Zavamaniry mitahiry rano ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Afaka mitombo ka mahatratra ny haben' ny hazo madinika mora foana izy, ary mifangaro tsara amin' ny karazana ''[[Alluaudia]]'' (zavamaniry manana rantsana toa horita) izay fahita ao anatin' ny endri-tany mampiavaka ny faritra misy kirihitra eto [[Madagasikara]]. Hazo na hazobotry lehibe manana sampana maro be manomboka eo amin' ny fotony.

Ahitana ranoka toy ny ronono (lateksa) ny taova rehetra ao amin' io zavamaniry io, ranoka madity tena manimba hoditra sady misy poizina. Mivoaka avy hatrany io ranoka io raha vao misy fahasimbana kely eo amin' ny tamba-tselan' ilay zavamaniry, ka miaro azy amin' ny biby mety hihinana azy izany.

=== Rantsana ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 02 ies.jpg|vignette|204x204px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' izay mivondrona ka manome endrika kofafa. Manify ny rantsana eny an-tendron-tsampana, miloko maitso ka hatramin' ny manja, ary saika tsy misy ravina mihitsy (na misy ravina tena kely sady vetivety ihany no eo). Manify nefa be nofony sy miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsany, sady tsy misy tsilo. Maitso emeraoda ny hodiny ivelany fa rakotra savoka fotsy tsy mangarahara, ka mahatonga azy hanana endrika toa volondavenona sady marokoroko.

=== Ravina ===
Kely dia kely ny raviny bitika izay lava sy manify ary miendrika varingarina, ka mihamanify ka miafara amin' ny tendro maranitra. Na dia hazo tsy mihintsan-dravina aza izy, dia matetika no tsy dia mikitroka ny raviny; fomba fampifanarahan' ny zavamaniry miaina amin' ny tontolo maina izany mba hampihenana ny fahaverezan-drano.

=== Hoditra ===
Manana hoditra miloko mavo volamena ka hatramin' ny manja varahina ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Manakana ny fahaverezan' ny rano ny endriky ny hodiny mitovitovy amin' ny savoka ka mifanaraka tsara amin' ny toetany tena maina sy tsy dia misy rotsak' orana loatra. 

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:E plagiantha ies.jpg|ankavia|vignette|175x175px|Vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Madinika ny vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Tahaka ny amin' ny karazana Euphorbia rehetra dia voninkazo tsy tena izy izy io, ka mamorona kaopy kely miloko maitso mavo. Ny vondrombony tsirairay dia ahitana vony vavy iray eo afovoany (izay tsy misy afa-tsy [[vavimbony]] manana [[tahom-bavimbony]] telo) voahodidin' ny vony lahy maromaro (izay samy tsy ahitana afa-tsy [[lahimbony]] iray avy). Mitambatra ho sampaho ny vondrombony, ary voahodidin' ny brakte miavaka sady miloko mavo.

=== Voa ===
Kapsily misy efitra telo ilay ny voan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Rehefa matoy ny kapsily dia misokatra tampoka sy mipoaka ka manipy lavitrany vihim-boa.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 30669970.jpg|vignette|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Eto [[Madagasikara]] ihany no ahitana ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Anisan' ny fizaràna ''Plagianthae'' ao amin' ny ''[[Euphorbia]]'' izy, izay vondrona manokana sady sisa tavela avy amin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, ka karazana roa ihany no mandrafitra azy sady tsy hita afa-tsy ato amin' ity nosy ity (ny ''[[Euphorbia salota]]'' no faharoa). Hita manokana any amin' ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara izy io; ary raha ny tantara no jerena dia naniry manaraka ny morontsiraka sy ny faritra anatiny izy io, nanomboka eo amin' ny faritr' i [[Toliara]] ka hatrany [[Behara]] sy ny faritra atsimo indrindra.

== Ekôlôjia ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455426.jpg|vignette|277x277px|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Maniry tsara ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ao amin' ny faritra misy ala maina trôpikaly na sobtrôpikaly sy ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra amin' ny tany somary maina ary ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra be tsilo. Izy io dia iray amin' ny singa fototra mandrafitra ny vondron-javamaniry ao amin' ny faritra ekôlôjikan' ny ala mikitroka misy tsilo eto Madagasikara. Ao amin' io faritra io dia miara-maniry akaiky amin' ny hazo ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Didiereaceae]]'' (toy ny ''[[Alluaudia procera]]'') sy ''[[Burseraceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Commiphora]]'') ary ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Delonix]]'') izy. Mety aminy kokoa ny tany misy [[Sokay (akora)|sokay]] (karstika) sy ny faritra misy [[fasika]] amorontsiraka. Mifanaraka amin' ny [[Tanidilatra|tany]] [[Tanidilatra|dilatra]] ​​na tany avy amin' ny vato ginesy koa izy. Satria miaina ao anatin' ny toetany mafana dia mafana izay ahitana vanim-potoana maina maharitra 8 ka hatramin' ny 10 volana izy, dia mamolavola fomba fiasa biôlôjika mifanaraka tsara amin' ny haintany tafahoatra ity zavamaniry ity. Ny rantsany mitahiry rano sy ny hodiny misy sosona toa savoka, dia manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny fahaverezan' ny rano amin' ny alalan' ny etona; sady mihena be ny fitomboany (matory) rehefa tsy misy orana.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Arotsaka ao anaty rano mangotraka ny rantsana misy ravina avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ka trohina ny etona mivoaka ao amin' izany mba hitsaboana ny [[sohika]]. Tsy porofo ara-tsiansa amin' ny fahombiazan' ilay fitsaboana izany fampiasana nentim-paharazana izany.

=== Fanjonoana ===
Totoina ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' mba hakana ny rony (lateksa) izay alatsaka amin' ny dobo na farihy misy ny trondro mba hamonoana azy ireo. Ampiasaina toy izany koa ny ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides]]'' (na ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides|Euphorbia enterophora]]'') sy ny ''[[Euphorbia decorsei]]''.

=== Dity ===
Ampiasaina hanaovana dity fametahana hazo na taratasy ny ron' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha.'' 

=== Fitandremana ===
Toy ny karazana rehetra ao amin' ny ''Euphorbia'', ny ro (lateksa) avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' dia tena mandoro rehefa ampiasaina ka tsy tokony hakasika ny maso sy ny hoditra na hatelina. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Euphorbia]]''
* ''[[Tirucalia]]''</text>
      <sha1>cprtsv1g40itl2iayd78anwhmoe3mpf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149539</id>
      <parentid>1149524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-20T20:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-39119-14</username>
        <id>40302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
      <origin>1149539</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7173" sha1="56im4amsbshatyypas62fe3867l0eap" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455410.jpg|vignette|366x366px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Ny '''''Euphorbia plagiantha''''' dia karazan-javamaniry ao amin’ ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]], any amin' ny [[faritanin' i Toliara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''famatafiha''' na '''fiha'''. Any amin' ny ala maina trôpikaly sy sobtrôpikaly ny toerana voajanahary no aniriany, nefa iharan' ny fanimbana ataon' ny olombelona izany toerana izany. I [[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo]] no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany tao amin' ny boky ''Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'' tamin' ny taona 1903. ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;Drake&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Fantatra avy hatrany ity zavamaniry ity noho ny hodiny mivolom-bolamena sy malama ary manjelatra sady misy takelaka miendakendaka sy tantera-pahazavana mandritra ny fitomboany.

== Anarana hafa ==
Indreto koa ny anarana hafa ahafantarana ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'': ''Tirucalia plagiantha'' &lt;small&gt;(Drake) P.V.Heath (1996)&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Euphorbia fiha'' &lt;small&gt;Decary&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(1921)&lt;/small&gt;.

== Famariparitana ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382453039.jpg|vignette|274x274px|''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Zavamaniry mitahiry rano ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Afaka mitombo ka mahatratra ny haben' ny hazo madinika mora foana izy, ary mifangaro tsara amin' ny karazana ''[[Alluaudia]]'' (zavamaniry manana rantsana toa horita) izay fahita ao anatin' ny endri-tany mampiavaka ny faritra misy kirihitra eto [[Madagasikara]]. Hazo na hazobotry lehibe manana sampana maro be manomboka eo amin' ny fotony izy.

Ahitana ranoka toa ronono (lateksa) ny taova rehetra ao amin' io zavamaniry io, ranoka madity tena manimba hoditra sady misy poizina. Mivoaka avy hatrany io ranoka io raha vao misy fahasimbana kely eo amin' ny tamba-tselan' ilay zavamaniry, ka miaro azy amin' ny biby mety hihinana azy izany.

=== Rantsana ===
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 02 ies.jpg|vignette|204x204px|Rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' izay mivondrona ka manome endrika kofafa. Manify ny rantsana eny an-tendron-tsampana, miloko maitso ka hatramin' ny manja, ary saika tsy misy ravina mihitsy (na misy ravina tena kely sady vetivety ihany no eo). Manify nefa be nofony sy miendrika varingarina lava ny rantsany, sady tsy misy tsilo. Maitso emeraoda ny hodiny ivelany fa rakotra savoka fotsy tsy mangarahara, ka mahatonga azy hanana endrika toa volondavenona sady marokoroko.

=== Ravina ===
Kely dia kely ny raviny izay lava sy manify ary miendrika varingarina, izay mihamanify ka miafara amin' ny tendro maranitra. Na dia hazo tsy mihintsan-dravina aza izy, dia matetika no tsy dia mikitroka ny raviny; fomba fampifanarahan' io zavamaniry miaina amin' ny tontolo maina io izany mba hampihenana ny fahaverezan-drano.

=== Hoditra ===
Manana hoditra miloko mavo volamena ka hatramin' ny manja varahina ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Manakana ny fahaverezan' ny rano ny endriky ny hodiny mitovitovy amin' ny savoka ka mifanaraka tsara amin' ny toetany tena maina sy tsy dia misy rotsak' orana loatra. 

=== Vony ===
[[Sary:E plagiantha ies.jpg|ankavia|vignette|175x175px|Vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorba plagiantha'']]
Madinika ny vondrombonin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Tahaka ny amin' ny karazana Euphorbia rehetra dia voninkazo tsy tena izy izy io, ka mamorona kaopy kely miloko maitso mavo. Ny vondrombony tsirairay dia ahitana vony vavy iray eo afovoany (izay tsy misy afa-tsy [[vavimbony]] manana [[tahom-bavimbony]] telo) voahodidin' ny vony lahy maromaro (izay samy tsy ahitana afa-tsy [[lahimbony]] iray avy). Mitambatra ho sampaho ny vondrombony, ary voahodidin' ny brakte miavaka sady miloko mavo.

=== Voa ===
Kapsily misy efitra telo ilay ny voan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Rehefa matoy ny kapsily dia misokatra tampoka sy mipoaka ka manipy lavitrany vihim-boa.

== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 30669970.jpg|vignette|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Eto [[Madagasikara]] ihany no ahitana ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha''. Anisan' ny fizaràna ''Plagianthae'' ao amin' ny ''[[Euphorbia]]'' izy, izay vondrona manokana sady sisa tavela avy amin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, ka karazana roa ihany no mandrafitra azy sady tsy hita afa-tsy ato amin' ity nosy ity (ny ''[[Euphorbia salota]]'' no faharoa). Hita manokana any amin' ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara izy io; ary raha ny tantara no jerena dia naniry manaraka ny morontsiraka sy ny faritra anatiny izy io, nanomboka eo amin' ny faritr' i [[Toliara]] ka hatrany [[Behara]] sy ny faritra atsimo indrindra.

== Ekôlôjia ==
[[Sary:Euphorbia plagiantha 382455426.jpg|vignette|277x277px|''Euphorbia plagiantha'']]
Maniry tsara ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ao amin' ny faritra misy ala maina trôpikaly na sobtrôpikaly sy ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra amin' ny tany somary maina ary ao amin' ny faritra misy kirihitra be tsilo. Izy io dia iray amin' ny singa fototra mandrafitra ny vondron-javamaniry ao amin' ny faritra ekôlôjikan' ny ala mikitroka misy tsilo eto Madagasikara. Ao amin' io faritra io dia miara-maniry akaiky amin' ny hazo ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Didiereaceae]]'' (toy ny ''[[Alluaudia procera]]'') sy ''[[Burseraceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Commiphora]]'') ary ''[[Fabaceae]]'' (toy ny karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Delonix]]'') izy. Mety aminy kokoa ny tany misy [[Sokay (akora)|sokay]] (karstika) sy ny faritra misy [[fasika]] amorontsiraka. Mifanaraka amin' ny [[Tanidilatra|tany]] [[Tanidilatra|dilatra]] ​​na tany avy amin' ny vato ginesy koa izy. Satria miaina ao anatin' ny toetany mafana dia mafana izay ahitana vanim-potoana maina maharitra 8 ka hatramin' ny 10 volana izy, dia mamolavola fomba fiasa biôlôjika mifanaraka tsara amin' ny haintany tafahoatra ity zavamaniry ity. Ny rantsany mitahiry rano sy ny hodiny misy sosona toa savoka, dia manampy amin' ny fampihenana ny fahaverezan' ny rano amin' ny alalan' ny etona; sady mihena be ny fitomboany (matory) rehefa tsy misy orana.

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Arotsaka ao anaty rano mangotraka ny rantsana misy ravina avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' ka trohina ny etona mivoaka ao amin' izany mba hitsaboana ny [[sohika]]. Tsy porofo ara-tsiansa amin' ny fahombiazan' ilay fitsaboana izany fampiasana nentim-paharazana izany.

=== Fanjonoana ===
Totoina ny rantsan' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' mba hakana ny rony (lateksa) izay alatsaka amin' ny dobo na farihy misy ny trondro mba hamonoana azy ireo. Ampiasaina toy izany koa ny ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides]]'' (na ''[[Euphorbia xylophylloides|Euphorbia enterophora]]'') sy ny ''[[Euphorbia decorsei]]''.

=== Dity ===
Ampiasaina hanaovana dity fametahana hazo na taratasy ny ron' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha.'' 

=== Fitandremana ===
Toy ny karazana rehetra ao amin' ny ''Euphorbia'', ny ro (lateksa) avy amin' ny ''Euphorbia plagiantha'' dia tena mandoro rehefa ampiasaina ka tsy tokony hakasika ny maso sy ny hoditra na hatelina. 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Euphorbia]]''
* ''[[Tirucalia]]''</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Euphorbia salota</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1149543</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T06:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Euphorbiaceae</comment>
      <origin>1149543</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1381" sha1="ihcqgedxz2o29h985hc0ljaron1l2p4" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Euphorbia salota''''' dia karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Euphorbiaceae]]''. Zavamaniry tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io. Atahorana ho lany tamingana noho ny fahasimban' ny ny toeram-paniriany izy. Kirihitra somary mitahiry rano sy maniry indrindra any amin' ny tany efitra na any amin' ny faritra maina misy vondron-kirihitra izy. Anisan' ny fizaràna ''Plagianthae'' ao amin' ny ''[[Euphorbia]]'' izy, izay vondrona manokana sady sisa tavela avy amin' ny vanim-potoana fahiny, ka karazana roa ihany no mandrafitra azy sady tsy hita afa-tsy ato amin' ity nosy ity (ny ''[[Euphorbia plagiantha]]'' no faharoa). ''Euphorbia salota'' &lt;small&gt;Leandri&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno.

Ny santionany voangona tany aloha (indrindra fa ireo izay nangonin' ilay bôtanista Henri Humbert tao amin' ny faritry ny ony [[Mandrare]] sy Sakamalio) dia manondro fa hita matetika eny amin' ny tendrombohitra mitoka-monina sy eny amin' ny rindrin-batolampy ary eny amin' ny hantsana amin' ny haabo eo anelanelan' ny 500 sy 1&amp;nbsp;000 m ity karazana ity. Izany dia maneho fomba fiaina mifanaraka kokoa amin' ny faritra be tendrombohitra na amin' ny toerana be vatolampy, raha ampitahaina amin' ny an' ny ''Euphorbia'' ''plagiantha'', izay tia kokoa ny tany lemaka fasehana na ny faritra misy sokay amorontsiraka.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Euphorbia]]''</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Acridocarpus excelsus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>301712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1149546</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T10:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Malpighiaceae</comment>
      <origin>1149546</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4961" sha1="ax0kmyciw9g3mk2rsgnzrzhycmbw04x" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Acridocarpus excelsus''''' karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malpighiaceae]]''. I [[Adrien Henri Laurent de Jussieu]] no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany. ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' &lt;small&gt;A. Juss.&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''kiragy''', '''kirajy''', '''mahavoravina''', '''maroravina''', '''matalihazo''', '''maveravy''', '''mavorano''', '''mavoravina''', '''moramena''', '''sariheza''', '''sohihy''' ary '''tsarieza'''.

== Famariparitana ==
Hazobotry na hazo madinika mihintsan-dravina ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'', izay mahatratra haavo 8 ka hatramin' ny 15 m amin' ny ankapobeny. Mampahatsiahy ny endriky ny hazo ôliva any an' ala ny endriny. Mivolondavenona ny hodiny izay matevina sy tena be taninina.

=== Ravina ===
Feno (tsy mizarazara) ny ravin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'', ary miovaova ny endriny manomboka: endrika lefona ka hatramin' ny endrika salavalava na boribory mibikan' atody. Mahatratra 8 ny sakany ary 3,5 sm ny lavany amin' ny ankapobeny. Henana ireo ravina ireo ary maitso mamirapiratra ny lokony eo amin' ny lafiny ambony, raha toa kosa malefaka toy ny landy sy rakotra volovolo matevina matetika ny lafiny ambany. Matetika dia mipoitra avy hatrany ireo ravina ireo aorian' ny fiantombohan' ny famelanana.

=== Vony ===
Miforona ho salohy mitsangana eo amin' ny tendron-drantsana ny vonin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus''. Izany vondrombony izany dia manana halava mirefy 2 ka hatramin' ny 7 sm ary ahitana vony miisa 8 ka hatramin' ny 15. Mavo ny lokon' ireo vony ireo. Manana felam-bony 5 tsy mitovy habe izay mirefy eo amin' ny 6 ka hatramin' ny 11 mm eo ho eo.

=== Voa ===
Karazana voa misy elatra roa ny voan' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'', manana halava 3 sm sy savaivo 1,5 sm eo ho eo. Ny anaran' ny vondrona misy azy (''Acridocarpus'') dia mifandraika amin' ny endrik' io voany io, izay mitovitovy amin' ny elatry ny [[Valanaretin' ny Covid 19 eto Madagasikara|valala]] (avy amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe ''akris'' midika hoe &quot;valala&quot;, sy ''karpos'' midika hoe &quot;voankazo&quot;). Manampy amin' ny fiparitahan' ny vihim-boa entin' ny rivotra ireo elatra miloko volontany somary mena ireo.

== Zana-karazana sy ovan-karazana ==
Indreto ny zana-karazana sy ny ovan-karazana ao aminy:

* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. excelsus''

* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. bojeri''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. parvifolius''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. perrieri''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. sakenensis''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus var. grandidieri''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus var. isalensis'' ''--''  matahazo, motalahy, motalazy
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus var. lamii''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus var. vohipolakensis''

== Ekôlôjia ==
Zavamaniry tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus''. Afaka miaina tsara amin' ny karazana tontolo iainana maro samihafa izy, manomboka amin' ny ala mando amorontsiraka ka hatramin' ny hovpoka anirian-kazo sy ny ala maina mihintsan-dravina any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny Nosy. Zavamaniry mahazaka tany maina sy be vato na fasika, manomboka amin' ny haabon' ny ranomasina ka hatramin' ny haabo 1&amp;nbsp;250 m, sady mahazaka tsara ihany koa ny [[Doro tanety|doro]] [[Doro tanety|tanety]].

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fandokoana ===
Ny ampahany ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' dia hoditry ny vatany, izay ahazoana loko mena izay manana toerana lehibe eo amin' ny fanenomana lamba eto Madagasikara. Alaina avy amin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' any an' ala ny hodiny, avy eo potihina sy ahandroina. Azo amin' ny alalan' ny izany ny loko mena matroka sady maharitra, izay ampiasaina handokoana ny karazana tsiraka sy kofehy avy amin' ny zavamaniry toy ny kofehy [[rofia]].

=== Fitsaboana ===
Tena be taninina ny hoditry ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'', ka mahatonga azy hanana hery lehibe manamafy sy manakombona ny [[tambatsela]]. Tanehina izy io mba hatao fanafody hanakanana ny fivalanana [[piriritra]] sy ny [[valan-dra]] any amin' ny faritra ambanivohitra lavitra. Alona amin' ny rano mangotraka na andrahoina ny ravin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' mba hitsaboana ny fanaviana sy ny soritr' aretin' ny [[tazomoka]] any amin' ny faritra atsimo sy andrefan' i Madagasikara. Any atsimo-andrefan' i Madagasikara, ny vehivavy bevohoka dia mampiasa rano nitanehana ny raviny mandritra ny faramparan' ny fitondrana vohoka: izany dia fombafomba sy fitsaboana natao hanomanana ny vatany amin' ny fiterahana.

=== Fampiasana hafa ===
Na dia tsy tena fampiasana azy voalohany, dia akora fanampiny sarobidy any amin' ny faritra maina aniriany (toy ny hivoka sy ny ala maina) ny hamafin' ny hazon' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus''. Ampiasain' ny mponina amin' ny fananganana trano kely sy fanaovana fanaka tsotra io hazo makitroka io, sady ahazoana [[kitay]] na [[arina]] tsara ho an' ny filan' ny tokantrano any ambanivohitra.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Acridocarpus]]''</text>
      <sha1>ax0kmyciw9g3mk2rsgnzrzhycmbw04x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1149549</id>
      <parentid>1149546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-21T10:38:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jereo koa</comment>
      <origin>1149549</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6048" sha1="7glylruwctc8za75ah1lupsq4fia9jk" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''''Acridocarpus excelsus''''' karazan-javamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Malpighiaceae]]''. I [[Adrien Henri Laurent de Jussieu]] no nanao ny famariparitana azy io voalohany. ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' &lt;small&gt;A. Juss.&lt;/small&gt; ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''kiragy''', '''kirajy''', '''mahavoravina''', '''maroravina''', '''matalihazo''', '''maveravy''', '''mavorano''', '''mavoravina''', '''moramena''', '''sariheza''', '''sohihy''' ary '''tsarieza'''.

== Famariparitana ==
Hazobotry na hazo madinika mihintsan-dravina ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'', izay mahatratra haavo 8 ka hatramin' ny 15 m amin' ny ankapobeny. Mampahatsiahy ny endriky ny hazo ôliva any an' ala ny endriny. Mivolondavenona ny hodiny izay matevina sy tena be taninina.

=== Ravina ===
Feno (tsy mizarazara) ny ravin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'', ary miovaova ny endriny manomboka: endrika lefona ka hatramin' ny endrika salavalava na boribory mibikan' atody. Mahatratra 8 ny sakany ary 3,5 sm ny lavany amin' ny ankapobeny. Henana ireo ravina ireo ary maitso mamirapiratra ny lokony eo amin' ny lafiny ambony, raha toa kosa malefaka toy ny landy sy rakotra volovolo matevina matetika ny lafiny ambany. Matetika dia mipoitra avy hatrany ireo ravina ireo aorian' ny fiantombohan' ny famelanana.

=== Vony ===
Miforona ho salohy mitsangana eo amin' ny tendron-drantsana ny vonin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus''. Izany vondrombony izany dia manana halava mirefy 2 ka hatramin' ny 7 sm ary ahitana vony miisa 8 ka hatramin' ny 15. Mavo ny lokon' ireo vony ireo. Manana felam-bony 5 tsy mitovy habe izay mirefy eo amin' ny 6 ka hatramin' ny 11 mm eo ho eo.

=== Voa ===
Karazana voa misy elatra roa ny voan' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'', manana halava 3 sm sy savaivo 1,5 sm eo ho eo. Ny anaran' ny vondrona misy azy (''Acridocarpus'') dia mifandraika amin' ny endrik' io voany io, izay mitovitovy amin' ny elatry ny [[Valanaretin' ny Covid 19 eto Madagasikara|valala]] (avy amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe ''akris'' midika hoe &quot;valala&quot;, sy ''karpos'' midika hoe &quot;voankazo&quot;). Manampy amin' ny fiparitahan' ny vihim-boa entin' ny rivotra ireo elatra miloko volontany somary mena ireo.

== Zana-karazana sy ovan-karazana ==
Indreto ny zana-karazana sy ny ovan-karazana ao aminy:

* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. excelsus''

* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. bojeri''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. parvifolius''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. perrieri''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus subsp. sakenensis''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus var. grandidieri''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus var. isalensis'' ''--''  matahazo, motalahy, motalazy
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus var. lamii''
* ''Acridocarpus excelsus var. vohipolakensis''

== Ekôlôjia ==
Zavamaniry tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus''. Afaka miaina tsara amin' ny karazana tontolo iainana maro samihafa izy, manomboka amin' ny ala mando amorontsiraka ka hatramin' ny hovpoka anirian-kazo sy ny ala maina mihintsan-dravina any amin' ny faritra andrefana amin' ny Nosy. Zavamaniry mahazaka tany maina sy be vato na fasika, manomboka amin' ny haabon' ny ranomasina ka hatramin' ny haabo 1&amp;nbsp;250 m, sady mahazaka tsara ihany koa ny [[Doro tanety|doro]] [[Doro tanety|tanety]].

== Fampiasana ==

=== Fandokoana ===
Ny ampahany ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' dia hoditry ny vatany, izay ahazoana loko mena izay manana toerana lehibe eo amin' ny fanenomana lamba eto Madagasikara. Alaina avy amin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' any an' ala ny hodiny, avy eo potihina sy ahandroina. Azo amin' ny alalan' ny izany ny loko mena matroka sady maharitra, izay ampiasaina handokoana ny karazana tsiraka sy kofehy avy amin' ny zavamaniry toy ny kofehy [[rofia]].

=== Fitsaboana ===
Tena be taninina ny hoditry ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'', ka mahatonga azy hanana hery lehibe manamafy sy manakombona ny [[tambatsela]]. Tanehina izy io mba hatao fanafody hanakanana ny fivalanana [[piriritra]] sy ny [[valan-dra]] any amin' ny faritra ambanivohitra lavitra. Alona amin' ny rano mangotraka na andrahoina ny ravin' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' mba hitsaboana ny fanaviana sy ny soritr' aretin' ny [[tazomoka]] any amin' ny faritra atsimo sy andrefan' i Madagasikara. Any atsimo-andrefan' i Madagasikara, ny vehivavy bevohoka dia mampiasa rano nitanehana ny raviny mandritra ny faramparan' ny fitondrana vohoka: izany dia fombafomba sy fitsaboana natao hanomanana ny vatany amin' ny fiterahana.

=== Fampiasana hafa ===
Na dia tsy tena fampiasana azy voalohany, dia akora fanampiny sarobidy any amin' ny faritra maina aniriany (toy ny hivoka sy ny ala maina) ny hamafin' ny hazon' ny ''Acridocarpus excelsus''. Ampiasain' ny mponina amin' ny fananganana trano kely sy fanaovana fanaka tsotra io hazo makitroka io, sady ahazoana [[kitay]] na [[arina]] tsara ho an' ny filan' ny tokantrano any ambanivohitra.

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Acridocarpus]]''
* [[Maroravina]]: ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' &lt;small&gt;A.Juss.&lt;/small&gt;; ''[[Acridocarpus perrieri]]'' &lt;small&gt;Arènes&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malpighiaceae]]''); ''[[Sarcolaena multiflora]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Sarcolaenaceae]]'').
* [[Mavoravina]]: ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' &lt;small&gt;A.Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malpighiaceae]]''); ''[[Afzelia bijuga]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Colebr.) A. Gray&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Fabaceae]]''); ''[[Croton mavoravina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Leandri&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Euphorbiaceae]]''); ''[[Gerbera elliptica]]'' &lt;small&gt;Humbert&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]''); ''[[Pittosporum pachyphyllum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baker&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Pittosporaceae]]''); ''[[Sarcolaena eriophora]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thouars&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Sarcolaenaceae]]'')
* [[Sohihy]]: ''Acridocarpus excelsus'' &lt;small&gt;A. Jussieu&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Malpighiaceae]]''); ''[[Adianta microcephala]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hiern&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Rubiaceae]]''); ''[[Manilkara sohihy]]'' &lt;small&gt;Auberville&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Sapotaceae]]''); ''[[Potameia thouarsii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Lauraceae]]''); ''[[Protorhus deflexa]]'' &lt;small&gt;Perrier de la Bathie&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Anacardiaceae]]'')</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
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