Wikipedia mgwiki https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fandraisana MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Rakitra Manokana Dinika Mpikambana Dinika amin'ny mpikambana Wikipedia Dinika amin'ny Wikipedia Sary Dinika amin'ny sary MediaWiki Dinika amin'ny MediaWiki Endrika Dinika amin'ny endrika Fanoroana Dinika amin'ny fanoroana Sokajy Dinika amin'ny sokajy TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 603 1149971 1137124 2026-08-29T06:58:18Z Thelezifor 15140 1149971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Mrowka rudnica formica rufa small.jpg|thumb|right|Vitsika|357x357px]] Ny '''vitsika''' dia [[bibikely]] miara-monina, maro karazana ka mamorona ny fianakaviana '''''Formicidae''''' ary, miaraka amin' ny [[fanenitra]] sy ny [[tantely]], dia anisan' ny filaharana ''[[Hymenoptera]]''. Nipoitra avy amin' ny razamben' ny fanenitra ''[[Vespoidea]]'' tamin' ny vanim-potoana [[Kretasea]] ny vitsika. Mihoatra 13&nbsp;800 amin' ny karazany 22&nbsp;000 notombanana no voasokajy. Mora fantarina izy ireo amin' ny fananany tandroka misy kihony sy ny rafitra miavaka izay mamorona ny [[Andilana|andilany]] manify kely.[[File:Red weaver ants transporting a dead gecko, in Laos.jpg|thumb|208x208px|'''Vitsika mitondra katsatsaka''']] == Taksinômia == === Zana-pianakaviana === * Formicomorphes: ** ''Aneuretinae'' ** ''Dolichoderinae'' ** ''Formicinae'' * Myrmeciomorphes: ** ''Myrmeciinae'' ** ''Pseudomyrmecinae'' * Dorylomorphes: ** ''Cerapachyinae'' ** ''Ecitoninae'' ** ''Leptanilloidinae'' ** ''Aenictinae'' ** ''Dorylinae'' ** ''Aenictogitoninae'' * Leptanillomorphes: ** ''Apomyrminae'' ** ''Leptanillinae'' * Poneromorphes: ** ''Amblyoponinae'' ** ''Ponerinae'' ** ''Ectatomminae'' ** ''Heteroponerinae'' ** ''Paraponerinae'' ** ''Proceratiinae'' * Myrmicomorphes: ** ''Agroecomyrmecinae'' ** ''Myrmicinae'' * Zana-pianakaviana lany tamingana: ** ''Armaniinae'' † ** ''Sphecomyrminae'' † ** ''Brownimeciinae'' † ** ''Formiciinae'' † * ''Incertae sedis'': ** ''Paleosminthurinae'' == Ao amin' ny kolontsaina == [[File:Meat eater ant feeding on honey02.jpg|thumb|185x185px|Vitsika]] === Ohabolana malagasy === * Izay be no basy, ny vitsy lanin' ny vitsika. * Toy ny [[voara]]: jere-mandina, amboloina manitra, nony verahina feno vitsika. * Mihinan-dreny ohatry ny vitsika. * Ny vitsika no keliray, ny fanompoana no mafy: mivoaka, mitondra tany; miditra, mitondra hanina; kanefa nony tonga, ny tsy naka no homana. * Vitsika momba kitay, ka harivariva any an-tanin' olona. * Vitsika nahazo [[valala]]: zakan' ny aina fa tsy omby ny vava. * [[Gisa|Vorombe]] matim-bitsika: lehibe matin' ny kely, ka ny rano no hafanaina. == Jereo koa == * [[Angidina]] * [[Angely]] * [[Famakiloha]] * [[Fanenitra]] * [[Hala]] * [[Hao]] * [[Jorery]] * [[Kalalao]] * [[Kongona]] * [[Lalitra]] * [[Lolo (bibikely)]] * [[Maingoka]] * [[Moka]] * [[Parasy]] * [[Renitantely]] * [[Trambo]] * [[Tsipongo]] na [[Tsipongo|kongona maimbo]] * [[Valala]] * [[Vitsikazo]] na [[aboaly]] * [[Vitsika mpandrafitra]] * [[Vitsika mpanenona]] == Jereo koa == [[Sokajy:Bibikely]] [[Sokajy:Voana]] 9370bfcb0jxzs20eoiib4tdolq6v5b0 0 3317 1149964 1146553 2026-08-29T05:05:06Z Valimbavaka Rahary 39787 Nanampy 1149964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|-19.865860|47.033330}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana=Antsirabe |faritra = [[Vakinankaratra]] |faritany=[[Faritanin'i Antananarivo|Antananarivo]] |isam-ponina=265018 |velarantany=180 |haavo = 1540<ref>[https://minae.digital.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/pdf/CASEF/EIES%20Piste%20Antsirabe%20AXE%20Soanindrariny.pdf PROJET DE CROISSANCE AGRICOLE ET DE SECURISATION FONCIERE (CASEF) (2022)]</ref> |firenena={{Madagasikara}} |sary=Antsirabe - rue principale02.JPG |ben'ny tanàna= |tanàn-dehibe= }} [[File:Antsirabe.png|left|thumb|170px|Antsirabe]] '''Antsirabe''' dia tanàna fahatelo lehibe ao [[Madagasikara]] raha ny isan'ny mponina no jerena. == Jeografia == Eo amin'ny afovoan'ny nosy no misy azy, 168 km atsimon'[[Antananarivo]] manaraka ny [[lalam-pirenena faha-7]]. Renivohitry ny faritr'i [[Vakinankaratra]] izy. Araka ny fanisana natao ny janoary 2005 dia manodidina ny 182 804 ireo mponina ao. Amin'ny haavo (altitude) 1 540 metatra Antsirabe ka voahodidina "volcan" izy. Antsirabe no tanàna mangatsiaka indrindra ao Madagasikara ka tonga hatrany amin'ny 0°C rehefa tonga ny vanim-potoana ririnina. Manana seranam-piaramanidina Antsirabe. == Tantara == Antsirabe dia midika hoe "ilay feno sira". Io anarana io dia avy amin'ny nahitana ilay rano misy sira. Ilay tanàna dia namboarin'ilay misionera norvezianina tamin'ny faran'ny taonjato faha-19, izay, angamba nahita ilay fahagagana izay tsy takatrin' ny saina, izany hoe, ilay rano tany Antsirabe dia anisan'ny rano mahery eran-tany. Taloha, ny mpanjana-tany vazaha dia nanitatra ilay hevitra hatramin'ny farany. Anisan'ny mampalaza an'Antsirabe ihany koa ny Rano Mafana<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/actualites/centre-thermal-antsirabe-mikatona-noho-ny-fikojana-fanao-isan-taona-13588.php |title=kopian'ny arisiva |access-date=2025-12-13 |archive-date=2025-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213170220/https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/actualites/centre-thermal-antsirabe-mikatona-noho-ny-fikojana-fanao-isan-taona-13588.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> (centre thermal Antsirabe), toerana izay ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny rano mafana. Maro ireo olona tonga mitsabo tena amin'ny toerana misy ny Rano mafana === Indostria === Antsirabe no [[faritra]] be orinasa indrindra, ary azo lazaina fa renivohitry ny indostria [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|malagasy]]. * TIKO (Tena Izy Ka Omeko) : orinasa mpanodina sakafo * [[COTONA]] : orinasa mpanodina hasy hanamboarana lamba * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_flour#Madagascar LMM Farine] : orinasa mpanodina varimbazaha ho lafarinina * [[Star (orinasa)|STAR]] : orinasa mpanamboatra ny labiera THB, sy karazana zava-pisotro isan-karazany * SOCOLAIT : orinasa mpanodina ronono (Nestle taloha) * MELIA / SACIMEM : orinasa mpamokatra sigara === Fizahan-tany === Inona no zavatra tena anenenan'ny olona raha tsy nataony rehefa nandalo an'Antsirabe : * ny nandeha posy * ny nisotro rano visy * ny nitsidika an'Andraikiba sy Tritriva Tanàna madio rivotra Antsirabe, tsy dia ahitana fitohanan'ny fifamoivoizana izany. Betsaka ny posiposy, ary anisan'ny fitaovam-pitaterana tsara dia tsara ao amin'io tanàna io koa ny bisikileta. Tsy dia lehibe loatra koa ny tanàna, ka azo atao tsara ny mitety azy amin'ny [[bisikileta]]. Misy tsangambaton'ny fahaleovan-tena mijoalajoala eo afovoan'ny tanàna. Manana toerana manan-tantara maro koa Antsirabe toa an'Andraikiba, Tritriva, Andranomafana. Noho izany dia anisan'ny mandroso tokoa ny fizahan-tany amin'io [[faritra]] io. Maro ny trano fandraisam-bahiny izay niorina tao ka an'isan'izany ireo lehibe : * Hotel Diamant * Hotel des Thermes * Arotel * Hotel Menabel * Royal Palace Hotel * Hotel Rabemananjara == Tanàna rahavavy == * [[Stavanger]] any {{NOR}} * [[Montluçon]] any {{FRA}} * [[Levallois-Perret]] any {{Frantsa}}<ref name="JUMEL">{{Lien web |url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=levallois+perret&x=0&y=0 |titre= Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures |site= Ministère des affaires étrangères |consulté le= 12 janvier 2010 }}</ref> * [[Vacoas-Phoenix]] any {{Maorisy}} == Jereo koa == '''Renivohi-paritany eto Madagasikara''' * [[Antananarivo]] - [[Antsiranana]] - [[Fianarantsoa]] - [[Mahajanga]] - [[Toamasina]] - [[Toliara]] '''Renivohi-paritra eto Madagasikara''' * [[Ambatondrazaka]] - [[Ambositra]] - [[Ambovombe]] - [[Antananarivo]] - [[Antsirabe]] - [[Antsiranana]] - [[Antsohihy]] - [[Farafangana]] - [[Fenoarivo Atsinanana]] - [[Fianarantsoa]] - [[Ihosy]] - [[Maevatanana]] - [[Mahajanga]] - [[Maintirano]] - [[Manakara]] - [[Mananjary]] - [[Miarinarivo]] - [[Morondava]] - [[Sambava]] - [[Toamasina]] - [[Tôlanaro]] - [[Toliara]] - [[Tsiroanomandidy]] == Loharano == {{commonscat}} {{reflist}} {{Vakinankaratra}} [[Sokajy:Kaominina any Faritra Vakinankaratra]] [[Sokajy:Kaominina any Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Antsirabe]] 7vry1e40ftzd71d8hsqsa9ry6p6cfr5 0 3579 1149933 1096383 2026-08-28T19:54:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox fiteny |fiteny =fiteny italiana<br>''italiano |isan'ny mpiteny =65 tapitrisa |faritany ={{Italia}}, {{Soisa}}, {{Malta}}, {{San Marino}}, {{Vatican}} |sata =Teny ofisialy any {{Italia}}, {{Soisa}}, {{San Marino}}, {{VAT}} ary ao amin'ny {{Vondrona Eoropeana}} }} Ny '''fiteny italiana''' dia ny fiteny ampiasaina any [[Italia]] sy any [[San-Marîno|San Marino]] ary ao [[Vatikàna]].<ref>[[#berloco2018|Berloco 2018]]</ref> Anisan' ny [[fiteny rômana]] ny fiteny italiana izay ampiasain' ny olona miisa 66 tapitrisa any ho any. Heverin' ny mpahay teny ho fiteny tokana mizara fitenim-paritra maro ny fiteny italiana. Nisampana avy amin' ny [[fiteny latina]] ny fiteny italiana, sahala amin' ny fiteny rômana hafa toy ny [[fiteny frantsay]], [[fiteny espaniôla|espaniôla]], [[fiteny pôrtogey|pôrtogey]] sns. Ny fiteny italiana no fiteny mifanahaka indrindra amin' ny fiteny latina. Amlpiasana ny fiteny italiana koa ny any [[Soisa]] atsimo, ny any [[Sicilia]], ny any [[Kôrsa]], ny any [[Sardinia]] na Sardaina, ny any amin' ny morontsiraka avaratra-atsinanan' ny [[Ranomasina Adriatika]], ny any [[Amerika Avaratra]] ary ny any [[Amerika Atsimo]]. <gallery mode="packed" heights=230 caption=""> Map Italophone World - updated.png| Corsivo- come scriverlo a mano in italiano, schede didattiche con alcuni esempi di Paolo Villa (prima edizione commons wikimedia org)-Letters-characters in italics-cursive- how to write it by hand in Italian.pdf|Di dibistana Italiantalî de nivîsandî ya destan Idioma%20italiano.png </gallery> == Boky azo anovozan-kevitra == * {{cite book|last=Simone |first=Raffaele |year=2010 |title=Enciclopedia dell'italiano |publisher=Treccani |ISBN= |ref=simone2010}} * {{cite book|last=Berloco |first=Fabrizio |year=2018 |title=The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition |publisher=Lengu |ISBN=9788894034813 |url=https://books.google.it/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=berloco2018}} * {{cite book|last=Palermo |first=Massimo |year=2015 |title=Linguistica italiana |url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticaitali0000pale |publisher=Il Mulino |ISBN=9788815258847 |ref=palermo2015}} == Loharano == [[Sokajy:Fiteny indo-eoropeanina]] [[Sokajy:Fiteny]] fvbhy1mxsnxjfvmfkq3irazs6kao3rx 0 4553 1149908 1149703 2026-08-28T19:41:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Two pints of beer.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Labiera]] [[Sary:Sjb whiskey malt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Orga malita alohan'ny andrahoana]] Ny '''labiera''' dia ny zava-pisotro misy [[Alkôla|alkola]] mety ho antitra indrindra.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Alchemy of Culture: Intoxicants in Society|first=Richard|last=Rudgley|isbn=978-0714117362|year=1993|publisher=British Museum Press;|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/originhistoryofb0000arno|first=John P|last=Arnold|isbn=0-9662084-1-2|year=2005|publisher=Reprint Edition by BeerBooks|location=Cleveland, Ohio}}</ref><ref>Joshua J. Mark (2011). [http://www.ancient.eu.com/Beer/ Beer]. Ancient History Encyclopedia.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SHh-4M_QxEsC&pg=PA10&dq=oldest+beverage&q=oldest%20beverage |title=World's Best Beers: One Thousand ... – Google Books |publisher=books.google.com |accessdate=2010-08-07 |isbn=9781402766947 |date=2009-10-06 }}</ref> Zava-pisotro misy alkola be mpisotro indrindra<ref>{{cite web|title=Volume of World Beer Production|work=European Beer Guide|url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#production|accessdate=17 October 2006}}</ref> ary mahazo ny laharana fahatelo eo amin’ny zava-pisotro rehetra (aorian’ny [[rano]] sy [[dite]]) ny labiera.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA1&dq=most+consumed+beverage |title=The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=0-415-31121-7 |page=1 |accessdate=2010-09-21 |last= Nelson |first=Max}}</ref> Izy dia novokarina avy amin’ny fanotrihana karazana [[serealy]], [[orga]] [[malita]] (orga efa mitsiry dia hamaina amin’ny rivotra mafana), nefa misy ihany koa mampiasa varim-bazaha, ary katsaka, sy vary. Ny tsiro mampiavaka ny labiera dia avy amin’ny [[hobolona]], ilay fangaro mampisy tsiro mangidy ary miaro ny labiera mba tsy ho simba. Indraidray ny mpamoakatra manisy ahitra manitra na voankazo amin’ny labiera mba hanome tsiro samihafa. Isany ny soratra voalahany nataon’ny olombelona fahagola tamin’izany ny tsiahy momba ny famokarana sy fiparitahan’ny labiera : ohatra anatin’ny Fehezandalàn’i Hammorabi misy lalàna mifehy ny labiera sy ny fivarotam-dabiera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beer Before Bread|work=Alaska Science Forum #1039, Carla Helfferich|url=http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF10/1039.html|accessdate=13 May 2008|archivedate=2008-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121452/http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF10/1039.html}}</ref> Ny “Hiran’i Ninkasi” dia vavaka ho an’i andriamanitravavin’ny labiera Mesopotamia ary nampatsiaro ny fangaro sy ny fomba famokarana labiera ireo olona ireo, satria tamin’izany fotoana izany, vitsy ny olona mahay mamaky teny ka niteraka voaka-tsoa ho azy ireo izany vavaka izany.<ref name="Nin-kasi">{{cite web|title=Nin-kasi: Mesopotamian Goddess of Beer|work=Matrifocus 2006, Johanna Stuckey|url=http://www.matrifocus.com/SAM06/spotlight.htm|accessdate=13 May 2008|archive-date=2008-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524231622/http://www.matrifocus.com/SAM06/spotlight.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sumer">{{Cite book|author= Black, Jeremy A.; Cunningham, Graham; [[Eleanor Robson|Robson, Eleanor]]|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=The literature of ancient Sumer|url= https://archive.org/details/literatureofanci0000unse_t7d8|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-926311-6|pages=}}</ref> Ankehetriny, ny famokarana labiera dia lasa bizina globaly, izany hoe misy orinasa vitsivitsy isakin’ny firenena midominina eo amin’ny tsena, nefa ankoatra ireny, misy ihany koa orinasa kely amandrivony mamokatra labiera ho an’ny tsena rezionaly sy anatiny. Ny taha ny alkola misy ao amin’ny labiera dia eo anelanelan’ny 4% hatramin’ny 6%, kanefa misy ihany latsaka ny 1% ary mety hihaotra ny 20% ny tahan’ny alkola ao anatiny. Labiera ihany koa dia isan’ny karazana kolon-tsaina ho an’ny firenena tia misotro azy ary voasokajy ho isan’ny vakoka ara-tsosialy toy ny fetin’ny labiera, ankoatra izany dia manan-danja kokoa amin’ny olona sasany ny fandehanany any amin’ny toeran-pisotroina, sns. == Tantara == [[Sary:EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg|thumb|ankavia|Ny famokarana labiera tany [[Ejipta]]]] [[Sary:Humulus Lupulus Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Hobolona]] Anisany zava-pisotro vitan’olombelona voalohany indrindra ny labiera. Tamin’ny Taonam-bato (9500 TJK – 3000 TJK) no nanomboka namokatra azy sy namboly varimbazaha ny tany [[Ejipta]] sy Mesopotamia. Ny mpikaroka momba ny tantaran’ny olombelona fahiny mieritreritra fa nampirisika ny fiforonan’ny [[sivilizasiona]] ny labiera.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20022058-501465.html?tag=channelMore;pop |title=Archeologists Link Rise of Civilization and Beer's Invention – Tech Talk – CBS News |publisher=www.cbsnews.com |accessdate=2010-11-10 |date=8 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120722060832/www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20022058-501465.html?tag=channelMore;pop |archivedate=2012-07-22 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Ny porofo simika voalohany dia tamin’ny taona 3500-3100 TJK tao amin’ny tendrombohitry Zagros tany Iran (ohatra : ny Hiran’i Ninkasi).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/05/world/jar-in-iranian-ruins-betrays-beer-drinkers-of-3500-bc.html |title=Jar in Iranian Ruins Betrays Beer Drinkers of 3500 B.C. – New York Times |publisher=www.nytimes.com |accessdate=2010-11-10 |date=5 November 1992}}</ref> Hita tamin’ny 1972 tany Ebla, Siria ny « Takelabato Ebla ». Manazava ireto takelabato ireto fa namokatra karazana labiera maromaro ny mponin’i Ebla, nisy ihany koa ny karazara labiera antsoina hoe « Ebla » izay nalaina tamin’ny anaran’ny tanana.<ref>Dumper; Stanley, 2007, p.141.</ref> Nisy labiera vita avy amin’ny vary koa tany [[Sina]] tamin’ny taona 7000 TJK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.echinacities.com/Special/Beer-Festival/Content.aspx?n=3223 |title=Li Wine: The Beer of Ancient China -China Beer Festivals 2009 |publisher=www.echinacities.com |date=July 15, 2009 |accessdate=2010-09-21 |archivedate=2009-07-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719014915/http://www.echinacities.com/special/Beer-Festival/Content.aspx?n=3223 }}</ref> Ity labiera vita avy amin’ny vary ity dia tsy nampiasa leviora (toy ny sake) fa nampiasa vary malita (mitovy amin’ny labiera) tamin’ny fanotrehana azy. Ny zavatra misy karbohidraty, ohatra siramamy na kanzy, dia afaka hanaovana zava-pisotro mitovitovy amin’ny labiera. Betsaka ny sivilizasiona nitady manokana amin’ny fomba fanaovana labiera kanefa matetika samihafa ny serealy ampiasaina, ohatra ampemba amin’ny labiera afrikana, katsaka amin’ny amerikana, sns. Nitondra labiera tany Eoropa ny fokonolona Alemaina sy Seltika teo ho eo amin’ny taona 3000 TJK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/000123.html |title=Prehistoric brewing: the true story |publisher=Archaeo News |date=22 October 2001 |accessdate=2010-09-21}}</ref> Miavaka amin’ny labiera ankehetriny ity labiera fahagola eoropeana ity. Ankoatran’ny serealy, dia nampiasa voankazo, tantely, sy karazana zavamaniry manitra maromaro ireto mpamokatra eoropeana fahagola ireto. Tsy nampiasa hobolona izy ireo raha tsy tamin’ny taona 822 TrJK (tao aorian’i Jesoa Kristy) izay nosoratan’i Carolingian Abbot voalohany momba ny fampiasana hobolona.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rMNf-p1mu6AC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=hops+Carolingian+Abbot&source=web&ots=hquU2pyyXK&sig=bymjH2aH8Xc9uzm0rJS4FZc8c2g&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result Google Books] Richard W. Unger, ''Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance'' pp57, University of Pennsylvania Press ( 2004), ISBN 0-8122-3795-1</ref> Tamin’ny taona 1516, namboarin’i William IV, andriana avy amin’ny Bavaria, ny Reinheitsgebot (lalan’ny fahadiovana), lalana mikasika’ny kalitaon’ny labiera, ary araka ilay izy, ny fangaron’ny labiera dia ny rano, ny hobolona ary ny orga malita.<ref>"[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,549175,00.html 492 Years of Good Beer: Germans Toast the Anniversary of Their Beer Purity Law]". ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' April 23, 2008.</ref> Talohan’ny Revolisiona Indostria dia kely ny vokatra labiera kanefa tamin’ny taon-jato faha-19 nisolo famokarana ara-indostria ny famokarana ara-taozavatra.<ref name="sotp">{{Cite book|first=Martyn|last=Cornell|title=Beer: The Story of the Pint|url=https://archive.org/details/beerstoryofpint0000mart|year= 2003|isbn=0-7553-1165-5|publisher=Headline}}</ref> Nanatsara ny kalitaon’ny labiera ny famoronana tondromaripana sy ny tondrorano (“hydromètre" amin’ny teny frantsay) ka nahay nifehy be kokoa ny fizotran’ny famokarana ny mpamokatra. Ankehetriny, ny famokarana labiera dia lasa bizina globaly, izany hoe misy orinasa vitsivitsy isakin’ny firenena midominina eo amin’ny tsena, nefa ankoatra ireny, misy ihany koa orinasa kely amandrivony mamokatra labiera ho an’ny tsena rezionaly sy anatiny.<ref name="market">{{cite web|url= http://biz.yahoo.com/p/bevalcmktd.html|title=Industry Browser — Consumer Non-Cyclical — Beverages (Alcoholic) – Company List|publisher=Yahoo! Finance|accessdate=5 November 2007}}</ref> Tamin’ny taona 2006, mihoatra 1.33 hetsy tapitrisa (133.000.000.000) litatra ny labiera lafo, amin’ny mirasanda $2.95 hetsy tapitrisa dolara amerikana.<ref name="researchandmarkets1">{{cite web|url=http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/53577/beer_global_industry_guide.htm|title=Beer: Global Industry Guide|publisher=Research and Markets|accessdate=5 November 2007|archivedate=2007-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084307/http://researchandmarkets.com/reports/53577/beer_global_industry_guide.htm}}</ref> == Famokaran’ny labiera == [[Sary:The Brewer designed and engraved in the Sixteenth. Century by J Amman.png|thumb|ankavia|upright|Famokarana ara-taozavatra tamin’ny taon-jato faha-16]] Ny tanjon’ny famokaran’ny labiera dia manova kanzy mba ho lasa vorta (“wort” amin’ny teny anglisy) ary, amin’ny fanotrehana azy miaraka amin’ny leviora manova indray ny vorta mba ho tonga labiera. {{Image label begin |image=Brewing-textless.png |width={{{width|310}}} |float={{{float|right}}} }} {{Image label|x=0.155|y=1.43|scale={{{width|310}}}|text=<small>Soritsary maneho ny fizotrin’ny famokarana labiera</small>}} {{Image label|x=0.05|y=0.11|scale={{{width|310}}}|text='''Koveta Rano Mafana'''}} {{Image label|x=0.60|y=0.36|scale={{{width|310}}}|text='''[[Mpamotsipotsika]]'''}} {{Image label|x=0.835|y=0.125|scale={{{width|310}}}|text='''[[Malita]]'''}} {{Image label|x=0.355|y=0.365|scale={{{width|310}}}|text='''[[Hobolona]]'''}} {{Image label|x=0.21|y=0.7|scale={{{width|310}}}|text='''[[Varahina]]'''}} {{Image label|x=0.675|y=0.750|scale={{{width|310}}}|text='''[[Hopback]]'''}} {{Image label|x=0.13|y=1.06|scale={{{width|310}}}|text=Fanampiana<br />'''[[Leviora]]''' <br />amin’ny<br />'''[[Fanotrehana]]''' }} {{Image label|x=0.52|y=0.99|scale={{{width|310}}}|text='''[[Fanovan-kafanana|Fanovan-<br />kafanana]]'''}} {{Image label|x=0.85|y=1|scale={{{width|310}}}|text='''[[Famenoan-tavoahangy]]'''}} {{Image label|x=0.72|y=1.275|scale={{{width|310}}}|text='''[[Barika]]'''}} {{Image label end}} [[Sokajy:WikiProject Beer templates]] </noinclude> Ny dingana voalohany dia antsoina hoe famotsipotsiahana : ny fiharoan’ny kanzy (matetika orga malita) sy rano mafana. Maharitra iray hatrimin’ny adiny roa ny famotsipotsihana, ary mandritra ity fozitra ity, miova lasa siramamy ny kanzy. Rehefa vita izay dia manasaraka ny rano mamy (ny vorta) sy ny orga, ary miezaka manasa ny orga sisa mba hanesorana ny vorta rehetra ny mpamokatra. Angonina daholo ny vorta dia alefa ao anaty vilany Varahina (varahina no anarany satria matetika vita amin’ny varahina ireto vilany ireto) ary ampangotrahina mandritra ny adiny iray miaraka amin’ny hobolona. Ny antony hampangotrahina azy dia mba hanala ny rano kely sy handrava ny anzima misy ary hampivoaka ny hanitri’ny hobolona. Rehefa vita ny fampagotrahana ny vorta misy hanitri’ny hobolona dia mampangatsiatsiaka azy. Raha toa ka ilaina indray ny hanampiana ny hanitri’ny hobolona dia hampidirina ao amin’ny “hopback” ny labiera, matetika anefa dia afindra mivantana ao amin’ny fanotrehana. Amin’ny fanotrehana dia manampy leviora ny mpanamboatra. Maharitra herinandro hatrimin’ny volana maromaro ny fanotrehana, arakaraka ny leviora sy ny tahan’ny alkola. Mandritran’ny fanotrehana, manova siramamy mba ho lasa alkola ny leviora ary lasa mangarahara ny labiera satria mipetraka ao ambany ny potika akora madinika.<ref>[http://www.beer-brewing.com/apex/beer_chapters/ch06_beer_adjuncts.htm beer-brewing.com] Ted Goldammer, ''The Brewers Handbook'', Chapter 13 – Beer Fermentation, Apex Pub (1 January 2000), ISBN 0-9675212-0-3. Retrieved 29 September 2008 {{Wayback|url=http://www.beer-brewing.com/apex/beer_chapters/ch06_beer_adjuncts.htm|date =20071027063059|bot=DASHBot}}</ref> Rehefa voaotrika tsara ny labiera dia atao ao anaty tavoahangy na koveta viraty amin’izay. == Tsiahy == {{ref}} {{Commons|Beer}} [[Sokajy:Toaka]] [[sokajy:Zava-pisotro misy alikaola]] q9vv86k06pbswnvcvzzbi0ybkneydku 0 5206 1149903 1122721 2026-08-28T19:35:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Euronews-pure.svg|250px|ankavanana|Logo an'i Euronews]] [[Sary:Euronews 2016 logo.svg|alt=|vignette]] '''Euronews''' dia fantsom-pahitalavitra malaza maneran-tany, iraisam-pirenena, manerantany, ary niorina tamin'ny [[1 Janoary]] 1993 ary notendrena tany [[Lyon]], Frantsa. Ny [[EuronewsNBC]] no tompony, hatramin'ny alàlan'ny [[Media Globe Networks]] (MGN), 25% n'ny Media Channel Nosy News (MGB), 25% nasionalin'ny NBC News, ary 15% amin'ny vondrona iraisam-pirenen'ny firenena eoropeana 21 sy ny manampahefana Frantsay 3. Ny fantsom-pifandraisana dia napetraka tamin'ny vondrona Eoropeanina fampielezam-peo 10 mba hifaninana amin'ny Amerikana CNN International. Ny mari-pamantarana misy azy dia tsy manana mpanolotra amin'ny [[onjam-peo]] izy, ary mihevitra ny tenany ho "vaovao madio sy mivantana". Hatramin'ny Ôktôbra 2012, ny radio Euronews dia efa niasa, ary nanomboka tamin'ny Janoary 2016 dia nisy fandaharana anabavy, Africanews. Mandefa amin'ny fiteny 12 izy io amin'ny terrestrial, satelita, cable, IPTV ary ny tranonkala. Azo alaina amin'ny fahitalavitra vahiny ihany koa ny hotely, ny orinasan-tserasera ary ny seranam-piaramanidina, ny seranam-piaramanidina iraisam-pirenena, tobim-piantsonan'ny oniversite, ary ny fandaharany. Misy amin'ny trano maherin'ny 426 tapitrisa any amin'ny firenena 158, ny Euronews dia mijery ireo Eoropeana 4,2 tapitrisa isanandro, ka mahatonga azy ireo ho loharanom-baovao iraisam-pirenena lehibe indrindra any Eoropa. Ankoatra izay, ny tranonkalany dia voatsidiky ny 7,5 tapitrisa isam-bolana. == Tantara == Tamin'ny taona 1992, taorian'ny [[Ady Voalohany tao amin'ny Hoalan'i Persa]], nandritra ny fametrahana an'i CNN ho lohalaharana amin'ireo mpampiely vaovao miasa 24 ora isan'andro, dia nanapa-kevitra ny hanangana tambajotra fampielezam-baovao maneho ny fomba fijery Eoropeana ny European Broadcasting Union. Ny fampielezam-tsary voalohany dia tamin'ny 1 Janoary 1993 avy tany Lyon. Nisy sehatra fampitam-baovao fanampiny napetraka tao Londres tamin'ny taona 1996. Vondrom-pampielezan-tsary folo no namorona azy: *[[Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation|CYBC]], [[Kiprosy]] *[[France Télévisions]], [[Frantsa]] *[[RAI]], Italia *[[RTBF]], [[Belzika]] *[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]], [[Pôrtogaly]] *[[RTVE]], [[Espaina]] *[[Télé Monte Carlo|TMC]], Monaco (former shareholder) *[[Yleisradio|YLE]], [[Finlandy]] *[[ERTU]], [[Ejipta]] Tamin'ny taona 1997 dia nividy 49 isanjaton'ny zaran'i Euronews 5.14 tapitrisa livra avy amin'i Alcatel-Alsthom ny mpampiely vaovao britanika ITN.<ref><small>{{cite news|title=ITN Acquires 49% Euronews Stake|date=1 December 1997|url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/itn-acquires-49-euronews-stake--124079|work=Telecom Paper|accessdate=5 June 2012}}</small></ref> Ny ITN dia manome ny votoatin'ny fantsona miaraka amin'ireo tompom-pahefana sisa tavela, izay voasolontenan'i SOCEMIE (Société Editrice de la Chaîne Européenne Multilingue d'Information EuroNews). Euronews SA no orinasan'ny orinasam-pifandraisana izay mamokatra ny fantsona ary mihazona ny fahazoan-dàlana amin'ny fampielezam-peo. Miara-miasa amin'ireo mpanorina 10 izy ireo ary:<ref><small>{{cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Richard|title=From Satellite to Single Market: New Communication Technology and European Public Service Television|url=https://archive.org/details/fromsatellitetos0000coll|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromsatellitetos0000coll/page/130 130]|isbn=9780415179706}}</small></ref> *[[All-Russia State Television and Radio Company|VGTRK]], Russia *[[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]], Turkey *[[Česká televize|ČT]], Czech Republic *[[Public Broadcasting Services|PBS]], Malta *[[Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision|SNRT]], Morocco *[[Radiotelevizija Slovenija|RTVSLO]], Slovenia *[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]], Ireland *[[National Television Company of Ukraine|NTU]], Ukraine *[[SRG SSR|SRG-SSR]], Switzerland *[[Televiziunea Română|TVR]], Romania *[[Sveriges Television|SVT]] - [[Modern Times Group|MTG]], Sweden *[[Établissement de la Radiodiffusion-Télévision Tunisienne|ERTT]], Tunisia *[[Entreprise nationale de télévision|ENTV]], Algeria Ny fampelezana mivantana dia novaina ho nomerika avy amin'ny hertzianina tamin'ny taona 1999. Tamin'io taona io ihany, dia nampidirina ny feo portogey. Nivoaka tamin'ny 2001 ny feo rosianina. Tamin'ny taona 2003, dia nivarotra ny tsatòkany tao amin'ny Euronews ny ITN ho toy ny ampahany amin'ny fiara fitaterana mba hanamafisana ny asa ary hifantoka amin'ny fanangonana vaovao fa tsy ny fitantanana channel.<ref name="BroadcastMagazine"><small>{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/itn-drops-out-of-euronews-channel/1116586.article|title=ITN Drops Out of Euronews Channel|newspaper=[[Broadcast (magazine)|Broadcast]]}}</small></ref> Tamin'ny 6 Febroary 2006 dia nividy zana-bola iray isan-jato tamin'i SOCMIE ny mpampiely am-bahoaka okrainianina Natsionalna Telekompanya Ukraïny.<ref name="digitalspy"><small>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/media/news/a28857/ntu-becomes-20th-euronews-shareholder.html|title=NTU Becomes 20th EuroNews Shareholder|date=5 February 2006|publisher=[[DigitalSpy]]|accessdate=2017-09-10|archivedate=2015-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051535/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/media/news/a28857/ntu-becomes-20th-euronews-shareholder.html}}</small></ref> Tamin'ny 27 Mey 2008 dia nanapa-kevitra ny hiala tamin'i Euronews ny fampielezam-baovaom-panjakana RTVE mba hampiroborobo ny fantsona iraisam-pirenena TVE Internacional. Nilaza ihany koa ny TVE fa ny fepetra araka ny lalàna izay mametra ny tahan-trosany amin'ny alalan'ny fitandremana amin'ny fandaniam-bola no anisan'ny antony nampiala azy tamin'i Euronews.<ref name="elmundo"><small>{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/06/05/comunicacion/1212656729.html|title=TVE abandona EuroNews|language=Spanish|date=5 February 2006|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]}}</small></ref> Tamin'ny Febroary 2009, ny fampilezam-bahoaka tiorka TRT dia lasa ho mpanana anjaran'i Euronews, ary nanavetin-daharana ny birao mpanara-maso.<ref><small>{{cite news|title=Turkey's TRT joins Euronews supervisory board|date=15 September 2009|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haberArchive&ArticleID=47271|work=World Bulletin|accessdate=5 June 2012}}</small></ref> Nividy 15.7% ny anjaran'ny fantsona izy ary lasa anisan'ny mpiara-miasa fahaefatra lehibe aorian'i France Télévisions (23,93%), RAI (21,54%) ary VGTRK (16,94%) === Fiteny azo ihainoana === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! # ! Fiteny ! Nalefa ny ! Najanona ny |- | 1 | Anglisy | 1 Janoary 1993 | |- | 1 | Frantsay | 1 Janoary 1993 | |- | 1 | Alemàna | 1 Janoary 1993 | |- | 1 | Italianina | 1 Janoary 1993 | |- | 1 | Espaniôla | 1 Janoary 1993 | |- | 6 | Pôrtogey | Novambra 1999 | |- | 7 | Rosianina | Septambra 2001 | |- | 8 | Arabo | 12 Jolay 2008 | 2017 |- | 9 | Tiorka | 30 Janoary 2010 | |- | 10 | Persana | 27 Oktobra 2010 | |- | 11 | Okrainianina | 24 Aogositra 2011 | Mey 2017<ref><small>{{Cite web|url=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2017/05/22/euronews-closes-ukrainian-service/|title=Euronews closes Ukrainian service|date=2017-05-22}}</small></ref> |- | 12 | Grika ankehitriny | 18 Desambra 2012 | |- | 13 | Hongarianina | 30 Mey 2013 | |- |} == Euronews NBC == Tamin'ny Novambra 2016, ny filankevi-pitantanana fantsona dia nifampiresaka tamin'ny orinasa [[NBC Universal]] izay orinasa renin'i [[NBC News]], ho an'ny "fiaraha-miasa stratejika". Ny NBCU dia hahazo 15 na 30% ny tambazotra Euronews ary handray anjara amin'nny votoatin'i Euronews, ary hanamora ny fampivoarana ny NBC News any Eoropa.<ref><small>{{cite news|title=NBC News, Euronews in Talks for Strategic Partnership|date=11 November 2016|url=http://variety.com/2016/tv/global/nbc-news-euronews-talks-strategic-partnership-1201915855|work=Variety Media|accessdate=11 November 2016}}</small></ref> Ny NBCUniversal News Group dia nividy tsatòka 25% tamin'ny Euronews tamin'ny Febroary 2017 tamin'ny vola 30 tapitrisa $. Ny filohan'ny NBC News Deborah Turness dia voatendry hitarika ny asa iraisam-pirenena.<ref><small>{{cite news|last1=Palmeri|first1=Christopher|title=NBC Acquires Stake in Euronews, Taps U.S. News Chief to Lead It|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-14/nbc-acquires-stake-in-euronews-taps-u-s-news-chief-to-lead-it|accessdate=February 17, 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=February 14, 2017}}</small></ref> Ny Euronews, raha tafiditra ao amin'ny NBC News, dia hanova ny anarany hoe Euronews NBC ary hivezivezin'i Turness. Nanomboka tamin'ny 9 Mey 2017, Euronews dia nizara ny serivisiny ho fantsona 12 samihafa (izay midika fa ny fifandimbiasana dia tsy feo intsony). == Tsiahy == <references /> [[Sokajy:televiziona]] pebiviliw6fn8qhspdky58c31yihrdi 0 8938 1149935 1132124 2026-08-28T19:55:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Pays| nom_local1=Republic of Singapore|langue1=en| nom_local2=新加坡共和国|langue2=zh| nom_local4=Republik Singapura|langue3=ta| nom_local5=சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு|langue5=ta| nom_local3=Ciŋkappūr Kudiyarasu|langue4=ms| nom_malgache=Repoblikan’i Singaporo | de=de&nbsp; | image_drapeau=Flag of Singapore.svg | lien_drapeau=Sainan'i Singaporo | image_blason= | lien_blason=Mari-piandrian'i Singaporo | image_carte=LocationSingapore.png | devise=Majulah Singapura<br />([[Fiteny malay|Malay]] | langues=[[Anglisy]], [[Fiteny sinoa mandarina|Mandarina]],<br />[[fiteny malay|malay]] ary [[tamil]]| capitale=[[Singaporo]] | coordonnées_capitale= {{coord|1|17|N|103|51|E}} | lien_villes=tanàna | titre_plus_grande_ville=tanàna ngeza indrindra | plus_grande_ville=[[Singaporo]] | type_gouvernement=[[Repoblika]] | titres_dirigeants=[[Filoha]]<br />- [[Praiminisitra]] | noms_dirigeants=[[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] <br />[[Lawrence Wong]] | superficie_rang=176| superficie_totale=699| pourcentage_eau=1.4%| population_rang=115| population_totale=4 608 167| population_année=2008| densité=6751| type_indépendance= daty | pays_indépendance=Avy amin'i [[Malezia]]| date_indépendance=[[9 Aogositra]] [[1965]]| pays frontaliers=Aucun| gentilé=Singapaorianina | monnaie=[[Dolaran'i Singaporo]] | code_monnaie=SGD | fuseau_horaire=+8 | hymne_national=[[Majulah Singapura]]<br />| domaine_internet=.sg | indicatif_téléphonique=65 | notes= | }} I '''Singapôro''', na ny '''Repoblikan' i Singapôro''' dia firenena iray ao [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], 137 km avaratry ny [[Fehibe]]. Mirefy 699 km² ny velaran-taniny. Fitambara-nosy miisa 64 ny tanin' i Singapôro, ny nosy lehibe indrindra dia ny nosy Singapôro (548,8 km²) sady toy ny renin'ny nosy hafa rehetra mandrafitra io firenena io ary ao amin' io nosy lehibe indrindra io ihany koa no misy ny renivohi-pirenena. Firenena sady Tanàna any amin' ny farany atsimon' ny [[Saikanosy Maley]], sarahin' ny [[Lakandranon' i Johor]] izy. Ao amin’ ny tendrony atsimo-atsinanan’ ny [[Saikanosin' i Malacca]] no misy an’ i Singapôro. Tsy dia avo ny vohon-tany any amin’ ny ankapobeny. Manana ny lazany manerantany i Singapôro ary matetika atao ohatra amin' ny fivoarany ara-toekarena. Taorian' ny fahaleovantena tamin' ny taona [[1965]], tsy dia manana harena an-kibon' ny tany ny tanànan' i Singapôro sady itambesaran' ny karazana olana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarena rehetra, fa lasa firenena anisan' ny matanjaka indrindra eto an-tany. Tanàna shinoa eo anivon' ny [[Tontolo Maley]] ilay tanàna, mizaka tena : [[Sinoa (vahoaka)|Shinoa]] avy any [[Sina]] ny ankabeazan' ny mponina ao, izay no nampahaleotena azy tamin' ny 9 Aogositra 1965. Firenena be tanàndehibe mandroso i Singapôro, ary betsaka ireo trano mijoalajoala manaka-danitra. Anisan’ ireo firenena manan-karena indrindra any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] i Singapôro. Ny fahombiazana ara-toekaren’ ny tananan’ i Singapôro, amin’ ny ankapobeny, dia noho ny toerana ara-jeôgrafia misy azy, izay fihaonan’ ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] sy ny [[Ranomasin' i Sina Atsimo]]. Izany no nahafahan’ i Singapôro nandroso amin’ ny maha toeram-pandalovan’ ireo raharaham-barotra isan’ ny lehibe indrindra azy. Isan’ ireo goavana indrindra maneran-tany ny seranan-tsambon’ i Singapôro. Toerana anaovana fandraharahana ara-bola sy iroboroboan’ ny [[taozava-baventy]] ny tanànan’ i Singapôro. Maro ny karazan' olona mitambatra ho vahoaka iray ao Singapôro, ka isan’ izany ny [[Sinoa (vahoaka)|Sinoa]], izay mahatratra 80 %, ny [[Maley (vahoaka)|Maley]] ary ny [[Indiana (vahoaka)|Indiana]]. Ny ankamaroan’ ny mponina dia manaraka ny fivavahana [[Bodisma|bodista]] (indrindra ny Sinoa), ny [[silamo]] (fivavahan’ ny Maley), ny [[kristianisma]] (fivavahan’ ny Sinoa sy ny Indiana sasany) ary ny [[hindoisma]] (fivavahan’ ny Indiana sasany). Zanatany britanika taloha i Singapôro nanomboka tamin’ ny taona 1819. Nahazo ny fahaleovantenany izy tamin’ ny taona 1965. Mpikambana ao amin’ ny [[Commonwealth]] ity firenena ity ankehitriny.[[Sary:Saint Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore 2.JPG|thumb|203x203px]] [[File:Canadian International School at Singapore.jpg|thumb|Sekoly Iraisampirenena Kanadiana any Singapore]] == Tanàna == == Jeografia == == Pôlitika == == Toe-karena == == Finoana == == Lalàna == === Fahadiovana === == Kolontsaina == == Jereo koa == '''Firenena ao Azia:''' [[Afganistàna]] - [[Arabia Saodita]] - [[Armenia]] - [[Azerbaijàna]] - [[Bangladesy]] - [[Bareina]] - [[Botàna]] - [[Broney]] - [[Emirata Arabo Mitambatra]] - [[Filipina]] - [[Iemena]] - [[India]] - [[Indônezia]] - [[Iràka]] - [[Iràna]] - [[Israely]] - [[Japàna]] - [[Jôrdania]] - [[Kambôdia]] - [[Katara]] - [[Kazakstàna]] - [[Kirgizistàna]] - [[Kôety]] - [[Kôrea Atsimo]] - [[Kôrea Avaratra]] - [[Laôsy]] - [[Libàna]] - [[Maldiva]] - [[Malezia]] - [[Mianmara]] - [[Môngôlia]] - [[Nepaly]] - [[Ômàna]] - [[Ozbekistàna]] - [[Pakistàna]] - [[Palestina (fanjakana)]] - [[Rosia]] - [[Sina]] - [[Singaporo]] - [[Siria]] - [[Srilanka]] - [[Tailandy]] - [[Taioàna]] - [[Tajikistàna]] - [[Torkia]] - [[Torkmenistàna]] - [[Vietnamy]]. '''Kôntinenta eto an-tany''' * [[Afrika]] * [[Amerika]] ([[Amerika Avaratra]] - [[Amerika Atsimo]]) * [[Azia]] * [[Eorôpa]] * [[Ôseania]] * [[Antarktika]] {{vangovango}} === Rohy ivelany === === Boky na pejy mikasika azy === <div class="references-small"> <!-- essays? * {{cite book | author = Cherian George | title = Singapore: The Air-Conditioned Nation. Essays on the Politics of Comfort and Control | url = https://archive.org/details/singaporeaircond0000geor | publisher = Landmark Books | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 981-3065-46-X}} --> * {{cite book | author = Diane K. Mauzy & R. S. Milne | title = Singapore Politics: Under the People's Action Party | publisher = Routledge | year = 2002 | id = ISBN 0-415-24653-9}} * {{cite web | title = Census 2000 | work = Singapore Department of Statistics | url = http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/people.html#hhlds | accessdate = 11 January | accessyear = 2000 | archivedate = 2004-02-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040215001654/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/people.html#hhlds }} * {{cite web | title = Key Facts & Figures | work = Ministry of Transport, Singapore | url = http://www.mot.gov.sg/ | accessdate = 11 January | accessyear = 2003}} * {{cite web | title = Nation's History | work = Singapore Infomap | url = http://www.sg/explore/history.htm | accessdate = 11 January | accessyear = 2004 | archivedate = 2006-04-27 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060427030111/http://www.sg/explore/history.htm }} * ''This article incorporates public domain text from the websites of Singapore Department of Statistics, United States Department of State, [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sgtoc.html the United States Library of Congress] & [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]] (2004).'' </div> * {{en}} [http://www.gov.sg/ Sehatra ny governemanta singaporianina * {{en}} {{pdf}} [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/Resources/City_profile_Singapore.pdf Tatitr'asa]n'ny [[Banque Mondiale]] [[Sokajy:Azia]] {{Lien AdQ|km}} [[Sokajy:Seranan-tsambon' Azia]] [[Sokajy:Tanàna ao Azia]] [[Sokajy:Singaporo]] nlgbda8rf45973d2vhbub8kcx0feixj 0 69162 1149885 690814 2026-08-28T16:52:29Z EmausBot 2486 Rôbô : mamaha olam-pihodinana mankany amin'i [[Santa Isabel]] 1149885 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Santa Isabel]] tat8ww5gznu9uta315f1eiq29x403yg 0 182491 1149904 1149462 2026-08-28T19:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 22 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Honda ASIMO Walking Stairs.JPG|280px|right|thumb|Rôbô ASIMO izay manana kaptera sy mampiasa [[aligôritma]] mivoatra hahafahany midina tohatra]] Ny '''Ilontsaina Amboarina''' nalaina avy amin'ny fanafohezanteny IA na '''haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona''' dia sampanan' ny [[kajimirindra]] izay mandinika sy mamolavola ary mampandroso milina asy [[rindrankajy]] marani-tsaina. Amin' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]] izany dia atao hoe '''''intelligence artificielle''''' (izay hafohezina amin' ny hoe '''IA'''); fa amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] kosa dia '''''artificial intelligence''''' (izay hafohezina amin' ny hoe '''AI'''). Taranja siantifika manan-tanjona ny hanome fahafahana mamaha olana an' ny milina ny AI. Ny hamaha olana no tanjon' ny rafitra manana azy. Ny lalao videô, ny rôbô, ny rindrankajy mampiasa lôjika manjavozavo ary ny tambajotra neorôna no rindrankajy efa mampiasa haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona. == Fahazoana ny eritreritra == Ao amin' ny fandihihana ny haranitan-tsaina voatr' olombelona dia hita misongadina ny AI tsotra sy ny [[haranitan-tsaina ara-kajy]] (anglisy: ''Computational Intelligence'' na ''CI''). Mifototra amin' ny fianaran' ny milina manao, izay miseho amin' ny endriky ny fôrmalisma sy ny dinika ara-statistika, ny AI tsotra. Ny fampiasana AI tsotra dia fampiasana: * [[rafitra mpahay]]: mampihatra ny fizohian-kevitra hahatongavana any amin' ny famahana. Afaka mikirakira fampahalalana maro dia maro ny rafitra mpahay. * [[rafitra mifototra amin' ny tranga]] * [[tambajotra Bayesianina]] Mampiasa famerimberenana ny haranitan-tsaina ara-kajy. Ny fampiasana ny haranitan-tsaina ara-kajy dia voafaritra amin' ny: * fampiasana [[tambajotra nerônina]] (anglisy: ''neural network''): manavanana ny rafitra amin' ny famantarana endrika; * rafitra tsy mazava (anglisy: ''fuzzy logic''): fizohian-kevitra ampiasaina amin' ny rafi-pifehezana ny entana amidy ankehitriny. * [[kajimirindra mivoatra]]: fampiharana amin' ny voan-kevitra toy ny [[isan' ny mponina]], ny fivoaran' ny fihetsika ary ny faharetan' ny rafitra zatra indrindra izay hahitana ny vahaolana tsara indrindra. Zarazaraina ho aligôritma mivoatra (ohatra, aligôritma jenetika) sy haranita-tsain' ny andiana (ohatra, [[aligôritman' ny vitsika]]) ireo fomba ireo. == Fampiasana == === Taranja mampiasa AI === Ny sehatra mampiasa ny AI dia: * ny [[banky]], amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra mpahay izay maminavina ny zava-dratsy mety hitranga rehefa mamela tsotra (credit-scoring); * ny [[tafika]], amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra mahaleotena toa ny drôna sy ny rafitra fibaikoana sy fanampiana hanapa-kevitra; * ny ankamaroan' ny lalao videô ankehitriny, manomboka amin' ny lalao eseky hatramin' ny lalao tifitifitra lalaovina eo amin' ny tambajotra; * ny [[fitsaboana]], amin' ny alalan' ny rafitra mpahay manampy ny mpitsabo mamantatra ny aretina; * ny [[lôjistika]]; * ary ny [[fibeazana]] ==Jereo koa== *[[Quantum computing]] == Tsiahy == === Bokin-dahatsoratra mikasika ny AI === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Hutter |first=Marcus |author-link=Marcus Hutter |year=2005 | title=[[AIXI|Universal Artificial Intelligence]] | isbn=978-3-540-22139-5 | publisher=Springer | location=Berlin }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last1=Luger |first1=George |author-link=George Luger | last2=Stubblefield |first2=William |author2-link=William Stubblefield | year=2004 | title=Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving | publisher=Benjamin/Cummings |edition=5th | isbn=0-8053-4780-1 | url=http://www.cs.unm.edu/~luger/ai-final/tocfull.html }} * {{cite book | last=Neapolitan | first=Richard | last2=Jiang | first2=Xia | year=2012 | title=Contemporary Artificial Intelligence | publisher=Chapman & Hall/CRC | isbn=978-1-4398-4469-4 | url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439844694 | archive-date=2015-01-08 | access-date=2015-05-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108205412/http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439844694 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Nilsson |first=Nils |author-link=Nils Nilsson (researcher) |year=1998 | title=Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis |url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000nils_c9s6 | publisher=Morgan Kaufmann | isbn=978-1-55860-467-4 }} * {{Russell Norvig 2003}}. * {{cite book |ref=harv | first1=David |last1=Poole |author-link=David Poole (researcher) | first2=Alan |last2=Mackworth |author2-link=Alan Mackworth | first3=Randy |last3=Goebel |author3-link=Randy Goebel | year=1998 | title=Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach | publisher=Oxford University Press |location = New York | isbn=0-19-510270-3 | url=http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/poole/ci.html }} * {{cite book | last=Winston |first=Patrick Henry |author-link=Patrick Winston |year=1984 | title=Artificial Intelligence | url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000wins_t2g6 | publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=Reading, MA | isbn=0-201-08259-4 }} * {{cite book | last=Rich |first=Elaine |author-link=Elaine Rich |year=1983 | title=Artificial Intelligence | url=https://archive.org/details/ine0000unse | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn=0-07-052261-8 }} {{refend}} === Tantaran'ny AI === {{refbegin}} * {{Crevier 1993}}. * {{McCorduck 2004}}. * {{cite book | last=Nilsson |first=Nils |author-link=Nils Nilsson (researcher) |year=2010 | title=The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements | url=https://archive.org/details/questforartifici0000nils | publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York | isbn=978-0-521-12293-1 }} {{refend}} === Loharanon-karena hafa=== {{refbegin|colwidth=60em}} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last1=Asada |first1=M. |last2=Hosoda |first2=K. |last3=Kuniyoshi |first3=Y. | last4=Ishiguro |first4=H. |last5=Inui |first5=T. |last6=Yoshikawa |first6=Y. | last7=Ogino |first7=M. |last8=Yoshida |first8=C. |year=2009 | title=Cognitive developmental robotics: a survey | journal=IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=12–34 | url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4895715&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F4563672%2F5038478%2F04895715.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4895715 | doi=10.1109/tamd.2009.2021702 }}{{dead link|date=March 2015}} * {{cite web | ref={{harvid|ACM|1998}} | publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] | year=1998 | title=ACM Computing Classification System: Artificial intelligence | url=http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html | accessdate=30 August 2007 | archivedate=2007-10-12 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012025921/http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html }} * {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv | last=Albus |first=J. S. |year=2002 |pages=11–20 | title=4-D/RCS: A Reference Model Architecture for Intelligent Unmanned Ground Vehicles | editor1-last=Gerhart |editor-first=G. |editor2-last=Gunderson |editor2-first=R. | editor3-last=Shoemaker |editor3-first=C. | encyclopedia=Proceedings of the SPIE AeroSense Session on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology |volume=3693 | url=http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/documents/albus/4DRCS.pdf | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040725051856/http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/documents/albus/4DRCS.pdf | archivedate=25 July 2004 }} * {{Cite book |last = Aleksander |first = Igor |authorlink = Igor Aleksander |year = 1995 |title = Artificial Neuroconsciousness: An Update |publisher = IWANN |url = http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/19970302014628/http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html |archivedate = 2 March 1997 |ref = harv |archive-date = 1997-03-02 |access-date = 2015-05-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19970302014628/http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html |url-status = dead }} [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bibtex/conf/iwann/Aleksander95 BibTex] {{Wayback|df=yes|date=19970302014628 |url=http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html |title= }}. * {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv | last=Bach |first=Joscha |year=2008 |pages=63–74 | title=Seven Principles of Synthetic Intelligence | editor1-last=Wang |editor1-first=Pei |editor2-last=Goertzel |editor2-first=Ben |editor3-last=Franklin |editor3-first=Stan | work=Artificial General Intelligence, 2008: Proceedings of the First AGI Conference | publisher=IOS Press |isbn=978-1-58603-833-5 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a_ZR81Z25z0C&pg=PA63 }} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|''BBC News''|2006}} | date=21 December 2006 | title=Robots could demand legal rights |work=BBC News | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6200005.stm |accessdate=3 February 2011 }} * {{cite journal |ref = harv |last = Brooks |first = Rodney |authorlink = Rodney Brooks |year = 1990 |title = Elephants Don't Play Chess |journal = Robotics and Autonomous Systems |volume = 6 |pages = 3–15 |doi = 10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9 |url = http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf |format = PDF |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809020912/http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf |archivedate = 2007-08-09 |deadurl = no |access-date = 2015-05-09 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv | last=Brooks |first=R. A. |year=1991 |pages=225–239 | title=How to build complete creatures rather than isolated cognitive simulators | editor-last=VanLehn |editor-first=K. | encyclopedia=Architectures for Intelligence |location=Hillsdale, NJ |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Buchanan |first=Bruce G. |year=2005 |pages=53–60 |title=A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence |journal=AI Magazine |url=http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/assets/PDF/AIMag26-04-016.pdf |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926023314/http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/assets/PDF/AIMag26-04-016.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-26 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-05-09 }} * {{cite news |ref=harv | last=Butler |first=Samuel |authorlink=Samuel Butler (novelist) |date=13 June 1863 | title=Darwin among the Machines | newspaper=The Press |location=Christchurch, New Zealand |department=Letters to the Editor | url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-ButFir-t1-g1-t1-g1-t4-body.html |accessdate=16 October 2014 | via=Victoria University of Wellington }} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|''CNN''|2006}} |title=AI set to exceed human brain power |work=CNN |date=26 July 2006 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219001624/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/ |archivedate=2008-02-19 |deadurl=no |access-date=2015-05-09 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Dennett | first=Daniel | author-link=Daniel Dennett | year=1991 | title=[[Consciousness Explained]] | publisher=The Penguin Press | isbn= 0-7139-9037-6 }} * {{cite web |ref = harv |last = Diamond |first = David |date = December 2003 |title = The Love Machine; Building computers that care |publisher = Wired |url = http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/love.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080518185630/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/love.html |archivedate = 2008-05-18 |deadurl = no |accessdate = 2015-05-09 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv |last1=Dowe |first1=D. L. |last2=Hajek |first2=A. R. |year=1997 |title=A computational extension to the Turing Test |journal=Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the Australasian Cognitive Science Society |url=http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/publications/1997/tr-cs97-322-abs.html |access-date=2015-05-09 |archivedate=2011-06-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628194905/http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/publications/1997/tr-cs97-322-abs.html |deadurl=yes }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Dreyfus | first=Hubert | authorlink = Hubert Dreyfus | year = 1972 | title = [[What Computers Can't Do]] | publisher = MIT Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-06-011082-1 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Dreyfus | first=Hubert | authorlink = Hubert Dreyfus | last2 = Dreyfus | first2 = Stuart | year = 1986 | title = Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer |url=https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey | publisher = Blackwell | location = Oxford, UK | isbn=0-02-908060-6 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Dreyfus | first=Hubert | authorlink = Hubert Dreyfus | year =1992 | title = What Computers ''Still'' Can't Do |url=https://archive.org/details/whatcomputerssti0000drey | publisher = MIT Press | location = New York | isbn=0-262-54067-3 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Dyson |first=George |authorlink=George Dyson (science historian) |year=1998 | title=Darwin among the Machines |url=https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso | publisher=Allan Lane Science |isbn=0-7382-0030-1 }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Edelman | first = Gerald | authorlink = Gerald Edelman | date = 23 November 2007 | title = Gerald Edelman – Neural Darwinism and Brain-based Devices | url = http://lis.epfl.ch/resources/podcast/2007/11/gerald-edelman-neural-darwinism-and.html | publisher = Talking Robots | accessdate = 2015-05-09 | archivedate = 2009-10-08 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091008184132/http://lis.epfl.ch/resources/podcast/2007/11/gerald-edelman-neural-darwinism-and.html }}{{dead link|date=March 2015}} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Edelson |first=Edward |year=1991 | title=The Nervous System |url=https://archive.org/details/nervoussystem0000edel | publisher=Chelsea House<!--so Worldcat, originally here Remmel Nunn--> |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7910-0464-7 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Fearn | first = Nicholas | year =2007 | title= The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers |url=https://archive.org/details/latestanswerstoo0000fear | publisher = Grove Press | location=New York |isbn=0-8021-1839-9 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Gladwell | first = Malcolm | authorlink= Malcolm Gladwell | year = 2005 | title = [[Blink (book)|Blink]] | isbn = 0-316-17232-4 | publisher = Little, Brown and Co. | location = New York }} * {{cite conference | ref=harv | last=Gödel |first=Kurt |authorlink=Kurt Gödel |year=1951 | title=Some basic theorems on the foundations of mathematics and their implications | conference=Gibbs Lecture }} In<br/> {{cite book | editor-last=Feferman |editor-first=Solomon |editorlink=Solomon Feferman |year=1995 |pages=304–23 | title=Kurt Gödel: Collected Works, Vol. III: Unpublished Essays and Lectures | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514722-3 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Haugeland | first=John | author-link = John Haugeland | year = 1985 | title = Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea |url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000haug | publisher=MIT Press| location= Cambridge, Mass. | isbn=0-262-08153-9 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Hawkins | first=Jeff | author-link=Jeff Hawkins | last2=Blakeslee | first2=Sandra | year=2005 | title=[[On Intelligence]] | publisher=Owl Books | location=New York, NY | isbn=0-8050-7853-3 }} * {{cite news |ref=harv | last=Henderson |first=Mark |date=24 April 2007 | title=Human rights for robots? We're getting carried away | url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/technology/article1966391.ece | work=The Times Online | location=London }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=Hernandez-Orallo |first=Jose |year=2000 | title=Beyond the Turing Test | journal=Journal of Logic, Language and Information |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=447–466 | doi=10.1023/A:1008367325700 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last1=Hernandez-Orallo |first1=J. |last2=Dowe |first2=D. L. |year=2010 | title=Measuring Universal Intelligence: Towards an Anytime Intelligence Test | journal=Artificial Intelligence Journal |volume=174 |issue=18 |pages=1508–1539 | doi=10.1016/j.artint.2010.09.006 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=Hinton |first=G. E. |year=2007 | title=Learning multiple layers of representation | journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=11 |pages=428–434 | doi=10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.004 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Hofstadter | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Hofstadter | year = 1979 | title = [[Gödel, Escher, Bach|Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid]] | isbn=0-394-74502-7 | publisher=Vintage Books | location=New York, NY }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Holland |first=John H. |year=1975 | title=Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/adaptationinnatu0000holl | publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-262-58111-6 }} * {{cite web |ref=harv | first = J. | last = Howe | date = November 1994 | title = Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective | url=http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/AIhistory.html | accessdate=30 August 2007 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Hutter |first=M. |year=2012 | title=Theoretical Foundations of Artificial General Intelligence | chapter=One Decade of Universal Artificial Intelligence | volume=4 |series=Atlantis Thinking Machines | doi=10.2991/978-94-91216-62-6_5 |isbn=978-94-91216-61-9 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=James |first=William |year=1884 | title=What is Emotion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mind_1884-04_9_34/page/188 | journal=Mind |volume=9 |pages=188–205 |doi=10.1093/mind/os-IX.34.188 }} Cited by {{harvnb|Tao|Tan|2005}}. * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Kahneman | first=Daniel | author-link=Daniel Kahneman | last2=Slovic | first2= D. | last3=Tversky | first3=Amos | author3-link=Amos Tversky | year=1982 | title=Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0521240646 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York | isbn=0-521-28414-7 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=Kaplan |first=Andreas | last2=Haenlein | first2= Michael | year=2019 | title=Siri, Siri in my Hand, who's the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations and Implications of Artificial Intelligence | journal=Business Horizons |volume=62(1) |pages=15-25 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681318301393 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=Katz |first=Yarden |date=1 November 2012 | title=Noam Chomsky on Where Artificial Intelligence Went Wrong | work=The Atlantic | url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/11/noam-chomsky-on-where-artificial-intelligence-went-wrong/261637/?single_page=true |accessdate=26 October 2014 }} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Kismet''}} | title=Kismet | publisher=MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Humanoid Robotics Group | url=http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/kismet/kismet.html |accessdate=25 October 2014 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Koza |first=John R. |year=1992 | title=Genetic Programming (On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection) |url=https://archive.org/details/geneticprogrammi0000koza | publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0-262-11170-5 }} * {{cite web |ref=harv |last=Kleine-Cosack |first=Christian |date=October 2006 |format=PDF |title=Recognition and Simulation of Emotions |url=http://ls12-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de//~fink/lectures/SS06/human-robot-interaction/Emotion-RecognitionAndSimulation.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528135730/http://ls12-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de/~fink/lectures/SS06/human-robot-interaction/Emotion-RecognitionAndSimulation.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-28 |accessdate=2015-05-09 }} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv | first = G. | last=Kolata | year=1982 | title=How can computers get common sense? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1982-09-24_217_4566/page/1237 | journal=Science | issue= 4566| pages=1237–1238 | doi = 10.1126/science.217.4566.1237 | volume = 217 |pmid=17837639 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last1=Kumar | first1=Gulshan | last2=Kumar | first2=Krishan | title=The Use of Artificial-Intelligence-Based Ensembles for Intrusion Detection: A Review | journal=Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing | year=2012 | volume=2012 | pages=1–20 | doi=10.1155/2012/850160 | url=http://www.hindawi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/journals/acisc/2012/850160/ }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Kurzweil | first=Ray | author-link=Ray Kurzweil | year=1999 | title=[[The Age of Spiritual Machines]] | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=0-670-88217-8 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Kurzweil | first=Ray | author-link=Ray Kurzweil | year=2005 | title=[[The Singularity is Near]] | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=0-670-03384-7 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Lakoff | first=George | author-link=George Lakoff | last2=Núñez | first2=Rafael E. | author2-link=Rafael E. Núñez| year=2000 | title=[[Where Mathematics Comes From|Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being]] | publisher=Basic Books | isbn= 0-465-03771-2 }} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv | last1=Langley |first1=Pat |year=2011 | title=The changing science of machine learning | journal=[[Machine Learning (journal)|Machine Learning]] | volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=275–279 | doi=10.1007/s10994-011-5242-y }} * {{cite techreport |ref=harv | last=Law |first=Diane |date=June 1994 | title=Searle, Subsymbolic Functionalism and Synthetic Intelligence | institution=University of Texas at Austin |page=AI94-222 | id = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.38.8384}} }} * {{cite techreport |ref=harv | last1=Legg |first1=Shane |last2=Hutter |first2=Marcus |date=15 June 2007 | title=A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence | institution=[[IDSIA]] |number=07-07 |arxiv=0706.3639 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Lenat | first=Douglas | author-link=Douglas Lenat | last2=Guha | first2=R. V. | year = 1989 | title = Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/buildinglargekno0000lena | publisher = Addison-Wesley | isbn=0-201-51752-3 }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv | last=Lighthill |first=James |author-link=James Lighthill |year=1973 | contribution= Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey | title=Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium | publisher=Science Research Council }} * {{cite book |ref = harv |last = Lucas |first = John |author-link = John Lucas (philosopher) |year = 1961 |contribution = Minds, Machines and Gödel |editor-last = Anderson |editor-first = A.R. |title = Minds and Machines |url = http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/mmg.html |accessdate = 30 August 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070819165214/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/mmg.html |archivedate = 19 August 2007 |deadurl = no |archive-date = 2007-08-19 |access-date = 2015-05-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070819165214/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/mmg.html |url-status = dead }} * {{cite paper |ref=harv | last1=Lungarella |first1=M. |last2=Metta |first2=G. |last3=Pfeifer |first3=R. |last4=Sandini |first4=G. |year=2003 | title=Developmental robotics: a survey | journal=Connection Science |volume=15 |pages=151–190 |id={{citeseerx|10.1.1.83.7615}} | doi=10.1080/09540090310001655110 }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Maker | first = Meg Houston | year = 2006 | title = AI@50: AI Past, Present, Future | location = Dartmouth College | url = http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html | accessdate = 16 October 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081008120238/http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html | archivedate = 2008-10-08 | deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |ref=harv | last=Markoff |first=John | date=16 February 2011<!-- corrected 24 February 2011--> | title=Computer Wins on 'Jeopardy!': Trivial, It's Not |work=The New York Times | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/science/17jeopardy-watson.html |accessdate=25 October 2014 }} * {{cite web | ref = harv | last1 = McCarthy | first1 = John | authorlink1 = John McCarthy (computer scientist) | last2 = Minsky | first2 = Marvin | authorlink2 = Marvin Minsky | last3 = Rochester | first3 = Nathan | authorlink3 = Nathan Rochester | last4 = Shannon | first4 = Claude | authorlink4 = Claude Shannon | year = 1955 | title = A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence | url = http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html | accessdate = 30 August 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070826230310/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html | archivedate = 2007-08-26 | deadurl = no }}. * {{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = McCarthy | first1 = John | author-link = John McCarthy (computer scientist) | last2 = Hayes | first2 = P. J. | year = 1969 | title = Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence | journal = Machine Intelligence | volume = 4 | pages = 463–502 | url = http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69.html | accessdate = 30 August 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070810233856/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69.html | archivedate = 2007-08-10 | deadurl = no }} * {{cite web |ref=harv | last=McCarthy | first=John | authorlink=John McCarthy (computer scientist) | title=What Is Artificial Intelligence? | date=12 November 2007 | url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Minsky | first=Marvin | author-link=Marvin Minsky | year = 1967 | title = Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines |url=https://archive.org/details/computationfinit0000marv | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. | isbn=0-13-165449-7 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Minsky | first=Marvin | author-link=Marvin Minsky | year = 2006 | title = [[The Emotion Machine]] | publisher = Simon & Schusterl | publication-place=New York, NY | isbn=0-7432-7663-9 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Moravec | first=Hans | author-link=Hans Moravec | year = 1988 | title = Mind Children |url=https://archive.org/details/mindchildren00hans | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn=0-674-57616-0 }} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Norvig | first=Peter | authorlink=Peter Norvig | date=25 June 2012<!--page metadata, last modified--> | title=On Chomsky and the Two Cultures of Statistical Learning | publisher=Peter Norvig | url=http://norvig.com/chomsky.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019223259/http://norvig.com/chomsky.html | archivedate=2014-10-19 | deadurl=no | accessdate=2015-05-09 }} * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|NRC|1999}} | author=NRC (United States National Research Council) | authorlink=United States National Research Council | year=1999 | chapter=Developments in Artificial Intelligence | title=Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research | publisher=National Academy Press }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Needham | first=Joseph | authorlink = Joseph Needham | year=1986 | title=[[Science and Civilization in China]]: Volume 2 | publisher=Caves Books Ltd. }} * {{cite journal |ref = harv |last = Newell |first = Allen |author-link = Allen Newell |last2 = Simon |first2 = H. A. |authorlink2 = Herbert A. Simon |year = 1976 |title = Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search |journal = Communications of the ACM |volume = 19 |issue = 3 |url = http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html |access-date = 2015-05-09 |archivedate = 2008-10-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007162810/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html |deadurl = yes |archive-date = 2008-10-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007162810/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/AI_SEARCH/PSS/PSSH4.html |url-status = dead }}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}. * {{Cite journal |ref=harv | last=Nilsson |first=Nils |author-link = Nils Nilsson (researcher) |year=1983 | title=Artificial Intelligence Prepares for 2001 | journal=AI Magazine |volume=1 |number=1 | url=http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/General%20Essays/AIMag04-04-002.pdf }} Presidential Address to the [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]. * {{cite book |ref=harv | last1=O'Brien |first1=James |last2=Marakas |first2=George |year=2011 | title=Management Information Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/managementinform0000unse_l0i8 |publisher=McGraw-Hill/Irwin |edition=10th | isbn=978-0-07-337681-3 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=O'Connor |first=Kathleen Malone |year=1994 | title=The alchemical creation of life (takwin) and other concepts of Genesis in medieval Islam | publisher=University of Pennsylvania | url=http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9503804 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Oudeyer |first=P-Y. |year=2010 |title=On the impact of robotics in behavioral and cognitive sciences: from insect navigation to human cognitive development |journal=IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2–16 |url=http://www.pyoudeyer.com/IEEETAMDOudeyer10.pdf |doi=10.1109/tamd.2009.2039057 |access-date=2015-05-09 |archivedate=2018-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003202543/http://www.pyoudeyer.com/IEEETAMDOudeyer10.pdf |deadurl=yes }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Penrose |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Penrose |year=1989 | title=The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computer, Minds and The Laws of Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmindc0000penr_w3r3 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | isbn=0-19-851973-7 }} * {{cite techreport |ref=harv | last=Picard |first=Rosalind |authorlink=Rosalind Picard |year=1995 | title=Affective Computing |institution=MIT |number=321 | url=http://affect.media.mit.edu/pdfs/95.picard.pdf | laysource=Abstract |layurl=http://vismod.media.mit.edu/pub/tech-reports/TR-321-ABSTRACT.html }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last1=Poli |first1=R. |last2=Langdon |first2=W. B. |last3=McPhee |first3=N. F. |year=2008 | title=A Field Guide to Genetic Programming |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4092-0073-4 | url=http://www.gp-field-guide.org.uk/ |via=gp-field-guide.org.uk }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=Rajani |first=Sandeep |year=2011 | title=Artificial Intelligence – Man or Machine | journal=International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management | volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=173–176 | url=http://www.csjournals.com/IJITKM/PDF%204-1/35.Sandeep%20Rajani.pdf }} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv | last = Searle | first = John | author-link=John Searle | year = 1980 | title = Minds, Brains and Programs | journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages= 417–457 | url = http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/04/84/bbs00000484-00/bbs.searle2.html |doi=10.1017/S0140525X00005756 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Searle | first=John | author-link=John Searle | year = 1999 | title = Mind, language and society |url=https://archive.org/details/mindlanguagesoci00sear | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-465-04521-9 | oclc = 231867665 43689264 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Shapiro | first= Stuart C. | editor-first=Stuart C. | editor-last=Shapiro | year=1992 | contribution=Artificial Intelligence | title=Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence | edition=2nd | pages=54–57 | url=http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/ai.pdf | publisher= John Wiley | location=New York | isbn=0-471-50306-1 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Simon | first = H. A. | author-link=Herbert A. Simon | year = 1965 | title=The Shape of Automation for Men and Management |url=https://archive.org/details/shapeofautomatio00simo | publisher = Harper & Row | publication-place = New York }} * {{cite web |ref=harv | last=Skillings | first=Jonathan | url=http://news.cnet.com/Getting-machines-to-think-like-us/2008-11394_3-6090207.html | title=Getting Machines to Think Like Us | work=cnet | date=3 July 2006 | accessdate=3 February 2011 }} * {{cite conference |ref=harv | last=Solomonoff |first=Ray |authorlink=Ray Solomonoff |year=1956 | title=An Inductive Inference Machine | conference=Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on Artificial Intelligence | url=http://world.std.com/~rjs/indinf56.pdf |via=std.com, pdf scanned copy of the original }} Later published as<br/>{{cite book | last=Solomonoff |first=Ray |year=1957 |pages=56–62 | chapter=An Inductive Inference Machine | title=IRE Convention Record |volume=Section on Information Theory, part 2 }} * {{cite conference |ref=harv | last=Tao |first=Jianhua |first2=Tieniu |last2=Tan |year=2005 | conference=Affective Computing: A Review | booktitle=Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction |volume=[[LNCS]] 3784 |pages=981–995 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/11573548 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last=Tecuci |first=Gheorghe |date=March–April 2012 | title=Artificial Intelligence | journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics | volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=168–180 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1002/wics.200 }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Thro |first=Ellen |year=1993 | title=Robotics: The Marriage of Computers and Machines |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816026289 | location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-2628-9 }} * {{Turing 1950}}. * {{cite web |ref = harv |last = van der Walt |first = Christiaan |last2 = Bernard |first2 = Etienne |year = 2006<!--year is presumed based on acknowledgements at the end of the article--> |title = Data characteristics that determine classifier performance |url = http://www.patternrecognition.co.za/publications/cvdwalt_data_characteristics_classifiers.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate = 5 August 2009 |archivedate = 2009-03-25 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325194051/http://www.patternrecognition.co.za/publications/cvdwalt_data_characteristics_classifiers.pdf }} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Vinge | first=Vernor | authorlink=Vernor Vinge | year=1993 | title=The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era | url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/vinge/misc/singularity.html }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last1=Wason | first1=P. C. | author-link=Peter Cathcart Wason | last2=Shapiro | first2=D. | editor=Foss, B. M. | year=1966 | title=New horizons in psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/newhorizonsinpsy0000foss | location=Harmondsworth | publisher=Penguin | chapter=Reasoning }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last=Weizenbaum | first = Joseph | authorlink=Joseph Weizenbaum | year = 1976 | title = [[Computer Power and Human Reason]] | publisher = W.H. Freeman & Company | location = San Francisco | isbn = 0-7167-0464-1 }} * {{cite journal |ref=harv | last1=Weng |first1=J. |last2=McClelland |first= |last3=Pentland |first3=A. |last4=Sporns |first4=O. | last5=Stockman |first5=I. |last6=Sur |first6=M. |last7=Thelen |first7=E. |year=2001 | url=http://www.cse.msu.edu/dl/SciencePaper.pdf |via=msu.edu | title=Autonomous mental development by robots and animals |work=Science |volume=291 |pages=599–600 }} {{refend}} {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:Kajimirindra]] 0gz9ej5d5gnhgrjrfuklmqnbjmyyjkg 0 197269 1149902 1133357 2026-08-28T19:35:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Hanzi.svg|漢字, hànzì (tarehin-tsoratra nentin-drazana ) sy 汉字, hànzì (soratra notsorina).|thumb|240px|right]] Ny '''sinôgrama''' na ny '''soratra sinoa''' dia soratra ampiasaina amin' ny fanoratana ny [[fiteny sinoa]] sy amin' ny [[Fiteny ao Azia|fiteny aziatika]] hafa. Ny anaran' izy ireo amin' ny teny sinoa dia ''[[hanzi]]''. Nampiasaina ho an' ny fanoratana fiteny hafa koa izy ireo: anisan' izany ny [[fiteny japôney]] (jereo [[kanji]]) sy ny [[Fiteny kôreanina|fiteny kôreana]] (jereo [[hanja]]), amin' ny [[Fiteny vietnamiana|teny vietnamiana]], ny soratra sinoa dia antsoina hoe [[chữ Nôm]]. Ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa no tarehin-tsoratra antitra indrindra mbola ampiasaina amin' izao fotoana izao. Amin' ny maha tarehin-tsoratra fampiasa azy ao amin' ny sinôsfera sy ny lazany ao [[Azia Atsinanana]], anisan' ny tarehin-tsoratra be mpampiasa indrindra eto amin' izao tontolo izao ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa. An' aliny ny isan' ny sinôgrama, na dia fiovana madiniky ny sinôgrama hita ao amin' ny lahatsoratra taloha aza ny ankamaroan' izy ireo. Ny fanadihadiana tao [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] dia maneho fa ny fahaiza-mampiasa ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa dia mila ny fahafantarana sinôgrama telo hatramin' ny efatra arivo. Ao [[Japàna|Japana]] dia 2&nbsp;136 ny isan' ny ''kanji'' (anaran' ny sinôgrama amin' ny teny japôney) ianarana any am-pianarana. Kanji maro noho izany anefa no tena fampiasa amin' ny fiainana mandavanandro. Maro ny lisitra sinôgrama tokony fantatry ny tsirairay, ary samy manana ny azy ny firenena mampiasa ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa; ny tarehin-tsoratra nentin-drazana dia mbola ampiasaina ao [[Taioàna|Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macao]] ary [[Kôrea Atsimo]]. I Japana dia manana ny fombany manokana hanatsorana ny sinôgrama, izay mbola akaiky amin' ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa nentin-drazana noho ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa notsorina izay fampiasa ao amin' ny [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina]]. Na dia misy aza ny fanatsorarana ataon' ny Japôney (izay antsoina hoe ''[[shinjitai]]''), ireo tarehin-tsoratra tsy fahita matetika dia soratana amin' ny fomba nentin-drazana ihany (''[[kyūjitai]]''), izay mitovy tsy misy valaka amin' ny tarehin-tsoratra nentin-drazana. Ao Kôrea Atsimo dia ampianarina ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa amin' ny ambaratongam-pianarana voalohany hatramin' ny faran' ny ambaratonga faharoa na dia tsy fampiasa isan' andro toa ny any Japana sy ny firenena hafa ao amin' ny sinôsfera aza izy ireo. Eo amin' ny 1&nbsp;800 eo ho eo no isan' ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa ampianarina eny am-pianarana. Tamin' ny teny sina taloha, manaraka ny fanononana ny fanoratana ny sinôgrama ary azo noheverina fa mitovitovy ny fanononana ny sinôgrama mitovitovy. Amin' ny teny sinoa ankehitriny dia tsy marina intsony izany, ary ny teny dia matetika soratana amin' ny sinôgrama roa na mihoatra. Izany no atao satria ny sinôgramadia tononina amin' ny alalan' ny [[vanin-teny]] iray ary iray ihany. Mety maro ihany koa ny fomba fanononana ny sinôgrama iray, fa na dia izany aza vitsy kely ny sinôgrama manana fanononana mihoatra ny iray. Betsaka dia betsaka ny sinôgrama mitovy fanononana, ary mety betsaka ihany koa ny mety ho dikan' ny sinôgrama iray. Amin' ny fiteny sinoa maro ([[Fiteny kantôney|kantôney]], gan, wu) dia samihafa ny fanononana ny sinôgrama iray, fa amin' ny ankamaroan' ny tranga dia mitovy ihany ny hevitra entin' ilay soratra. Amin' ny fiteny hafan' ny sinôsfera, ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa dia ampiasaina amin' ny fanoratana ny indran-teny avy amin' ny teny sinoa, izany dia marina ho an' ny fiteny japôney. Rehefa tsy indran-teny amin' ny teny sinoa no soratana amin' ny alalan' ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa, dia ny hevitra entiny no ampiasaina. == Fomba famoronana == Ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa dia mametaka an-tsoratra ny tenin' ny fiteny iray amin' ny alalan' ny paika maro. Tarehin-tsoratra vitsivitsy, izay ahitana ny tarehin-tsoratra tena fampiasa matetika, dia mamaritra ny zavatra atao sary. Nampiasaina amin' ny famoronana sora-tsary hafa ireo sora-tsary fototra ireo. Na dia izany aza, mampiasa ny fitsipiky ny sary mitondra feo (''rebus'') izay mampitovy ny endriky ny soratra mitovitovy fanononana. === Sora-tsary === Ampaha vitsy amin' ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa no azo lazaina fa sora-tsary. Ny tarehin-tsoratra amin' ity sokajy ity dia avy amin' ny sarin' ny zavatra tononiny. Rehefa nandeha ny fotoana dia noferana ny endrik' izy ireo. Ohatra ''日 rì'' "masoandro", ''月 yuè'' "volana" na 木 ''mù'' "hazo". Heverin' i Xu Shen fa ao amin' io sokajy io ny 4%n' ny tarehin-tsoratra sinoa. === Sora-kevitra tsotra === Izy ireo dia soratra mitondra hevitra toa ny mari-pisiana. === Sora-kevitra akambakambana=== Ny sora-kevitra akambakambana dia soratra iray vita tamin' ny alalan' ny fanakambakambanana sora-tsary miaraka amin' ny sora-tsary na sora-kevitra. Eo amin' ny 13&nbsp;%n' ny soratra no ao amin'io sokajy io. == Tantara == === Fiandohana === Ny sarisary antitra indrindra hita tao [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] dia avy any amin' ny faha-neôlitika. Anisan'ireo toerana nahitana sarisary ia i Jiahy (6500 talohan'i JK), Dadiwan ary Damaidi avy amin'ny taonarivo fahaenina talohan'i Jesoa Kristy ihany koa; tao Banpo (taonarivo faha-5 talohan'i JK). Izy ireo dia ampiarahan'ny tatitra avy amin'ny hainoamanjery izay mametraka ny fipoiran'ny soratra sinoa ho taona arivo maromaro talohan'ny tena daty noheverina fa nipoirany. Na dia izany aza, noho ny fahatokanan'ireo marika naraikitra ireo, ny «hamantàna ary ny fahatsoran'izy ireo», dia nihevitra i Qiu Xigui fa tsy manana fotony ilazana hoe tena soratra natao izy ireo na tsy misy antony ampitsoa-kevitra hoe tena soratra niavian'ny soratra sinoan'ny fiankohonana Shang ilzyizy ireo». Na dia izany aza, naneho tantaram-pampiasana soratra ao amin'ny Renirano Mavo izy ireo nandritry ny taona faha-neôlitika hatramin'ny vanim-potoana Shang. === Fiandohana araka ny angano === Araka ny angano, dia nofronin'i Cangjie ny sratra sinoa, izay borôkratin'ny emperora Mavo voatr'angano . izy ireo dia fiovana madiniky ny angano. Anisan'izy ire ny tantaran'i Cangjie nihaza tany an-tenrombohitra Yangxu ao amin'ny Shanxi ankehitriny. Nahita sokatra izy, nanintona ary nahagaga azy ny lalan-dran'ilay biby. Nandinika ny bibin'ny tonolo niainany izy, toa ny endri-tanin'ny Tany ary koa ny kintan'ny lanitra, ary namorona rafitr'eva nantsoina hoe ''zì'' (字) izay anisan'ny soratra sinoa voalohany. Lazaina ihany koa fa rehefa tamin'ny androo nipoiran'ireo soratra ireo, dia nahemo matoatoa nitomany ary nahita vokatra ho latsaka toa ny orana ny olona.<ref>Yang, Lihui; An, Deming (2008). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 84–86. ISBN 978-0-19-533263-6.</ref> === Soratry ny taolam-pisikidiana === [[Sary:Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg|vignette|Soratra amin'ny taolam-pisikidiana|220px]] Ny porofo voalohan'ny fampiasana soratra sinoa efa hita dia ny soratra ambony taolam-pisikiana tamin'ny fara-paran'ny Fiankohonana Shang (~1200-1050 talohan'i JK). Ireo eva ireo izay lavahana amin'ny singan-taolana ary amin'ny akoran-tsokata dia varotana ho «taolan-dragona» ho ody fitsaboana. Izy ireo dia hitan'ireo manam-pahaizana sinoa tamin'ny 1899 ho soratra sinoa. tamin'ny 1928, dia hita ho ao amy vohitra akaikin'i Anyang ao amin'ny faritanin'i Henan ny fiavian'ireo taolam-pisikidiana ireo. Nolavahan'ny ''Academia Sinia'' tany manodidina ilay tanàna tamin'ny 1928 hatramin'i 1937. Sombisombiny mahery ny 150.000 no hita. Ireo soratra amin'ny taolam-pisikidiana dia fandraiketana ny asa sikidy natao hifandraisana amin'ny fanahin'ny mpanjaka razana. Ahitana soratra vitsivitsy (latsaky ny folo) ny fohy indrindra, ary ny telopolo hatramin'ny soratra efa-polo ny lava indrindra. Hifandray amin'ny razany mikasika ny fianankaviam-panjaka, fahombiazana ara-miaramila na mikasika ny toe-trandro ny mpanjaka Shang, ary koa ireo sorona. Ho raiketina eo amin'ilay fitaovana nanaovana sikidy ny valiny. Ny soratra ampiasaina amin'ny taolam-pisikidiana dia rafitra efa navoatra tsara, izay milaza fa mety ho aloha kokoa ny taonarivo faharoa talohan'i JK ny daty nanomboka nampiasana ny soratra sinoa. Na dia porofo antitra indrindran'ny fampiasana teny sinoa aza ireo soratra fisikidiana ireo, dia efa eken'ny maro ny hoe nampiasaina tamin'ny zavatra hafa tsy ofisialy ny soratra, fa tsy naharitra noho ny taolana ireo fitaovana ireo (satria nosoratana tamin'ny bararata na hazo), ka potika hatrany. === Taom-barahina === {{...}} == Fampiasana amin'ny teny hafa == Niparitaka niaraka tamin'ny bodisma tao korea ny sorata sinoa nanomboka tamin'ny taonjato faharoa TJK hatramin'ny taonjato fahadimy AJK. Nanomboka tamin'ny taonjato fahadimy dia nampiasaina amin'ny fanoratana teny japoney ny soratra sinoa. Tany Vietnam inray dia natao hanoratana ny teny sinoa klasika ny sorara sinoa, ary tamin'ny taonjato faha-13 no nipoiran'ny soratra Nôm izay soratra sinoa natao hanoratana teny vietnamiana. === Japoney === Ny soratra sinoa natao hanoratana ny teny japoney dia antsoina hoe [[kanji]]. Hosoratana amin'ny alalan'ilay soratra sinoa ny indran-teny japoney avy amin'ny teny sinoa. Noho ny japoney manana soson'indrana maro dia maro ny fomba famakiana kanji iray amin'ny teny japoney. Ny teny Japoney ihany koa dia ahitana soratra ara-baninteny izay fantatra amin'ny anarana [[kana]] izay avy amin'ny fanatsorana ny soratra sinoa. Ny hiragana dia norafetina araka ny sora-tanan'ny soratra sinoa; ary ny katakana dia norafetina avy amin'ny ampahan'ny soratra sinoa. Araka izany dia mampifangaro ireo soratra ireo ny teny japoney: ny kanji dia anoratana ny indran-teny ary ny fototeny, ary ny kana dia natao hanoratana ireo vaninteny avy amin'ny fampiasana matoanteny ary ny singan-teny (hiragana) na ireo indran-teny tsy avy amin'ny teny sinoa. === Koreana === Tao Korea, ny teny sinoa soratana ihany no teny nosoratana. Tamin'izany fotoana izany, dia avy amin'ny teny sinoa avokoa ny voambolana rehetra izay mikasika ny siansa ary ny haifiarahamonina. Noho ny tsifisian'ny haavom-peo amin'ny teny koreanina dia tononina mitovy ny teny maro samihafa avy amin'ny teny sinoa. Ary rehefa nosoratana tamin'ny alalan'ny hangul amin'izay ny teny koreanina dia mitovy avokoa ny tsipelin'ireo teny izay mitondra hevitra maro samihafa ireo. Hatramin'izao fotoana izao dia mbola ampiasaina amin'ny fanalana ny tsififankahazoana (amin'ny teny soratana) ny soratra sinoa. Amin'izao fotoana izao, lasa olana iadian-kevitra amin'ny lafiny ara-politika ny ''[[hanja]]''. Ny koreanina sasany dia mangataka ny «fandiovana» ny teny aman-kolontsaina amin'ny alalan'ny famoanana ireo teny avy amin'ny teny sinoa. Ireo olona ireo dia mamporisika ny fampiasana ny soratra hangul eo anivon'ny fiarahamonina koreanina ary ny mamoana ny fianarana soratra sinoa eny am-pianarana. Ao Korea Atsimo, dia miova arakaraky ny hevitra manokan'ny ministry ny fanabeazana ny politikam-pianarana soratra sinoa. Tsindraindray dia nampianarina soratra sinoa miisa any amin'ny 1 800 hatramin'ny 2 000 ny mpianatra koreanina amin'ny ambaratonga faharoa. Ny tanjona amin'izany dia ny fahaizana mamaky azy ireo rehefa mitranga amin'ny gazety. Noho ny tsi-filàna ny hanja amin'ny fiainana mandavanandro dia matetika tsy mahafantatra soratra sinoa mahery ny zato vitsivitsy ny olon-dehibe koreanina. Mihamitombo ny fampiasan'ny teny koreanina amin'ny fiainana koreanina mandavanandro. Mbola ampiasaina ihany ny hanja, indrindra indrindra ao amin'ny gazety, fampiakaram-bady, anaran-toerana ary fanoratana tsara endrika. Ampaisaina amin'ny toe-javatra mila fahazavan-teny tsara ny hanja, toa ny asa akademika, tatitr'orinasa avo lenta, taratasin-governemanta na gazety; izany dia noho ny habetsahan'ny teny mitovy fanoratana vokatry ny indran-teny betsaka dia betsaka avy amin'ny teny sinoa. Ny olana mikasika ny tsifahazavan'ny teny not ena saka amin'ny ezaka «hanalana» ny soratra sinoa amin'ny teny koreanina. Mampita ara-maso ny hevitra ny soratra sinoa, mitondra ny fannonana ny abidy, izay hamantarana ny hevitra entiny. Ohatra, amin'ny rakiboana koreanina, ny iditra ara-peo ho an'i 기사 ''gisa'' dia ahitana teny iditra mahery ny telopolo. Tamin'ny taloha, dia voavaha amin'ny alalan'ny fanehoana ny hanja miaraka aminy ny tsifahazavana. Ao Korea Avaratra dia nofoanana tanteraka ny rafitra hanja nanomboka tamin'ny volana Jiona 1949. Naharitra hatramin'ny taonjato faha-21 izany famoanana izany. Voalaza ihany koa fa nampianarina tao Korea nanomboka tamin'ny 1953 ny hanja, na dia tsy ampiasaina amin'ny fampiasam-bahoaka aza<ref>[http://www.durihana.tv/technote2001/read.cgi?board=nk&y_number=14 북한서도 한자교육?]</ref>. Taorian'ny fahafatesan'ny mpitondra koreanina [[Kim Jong-il]] tamin'ny Desambra 2011, dia nataon'i [[Kim Yong-un]] ho teny famaritana ny teny koreanina ny Hanja. Amin'izao fotoana izao dia lazaina fa hanja miisa eo amin'ny telo arivo eo ho eo no ampianarina ny mpianatra koreanina tavaratra. Ireo hanja ireo dia miseho amin'ny doka ary ny gazety. Na dia izany aza, dia miangavy ny mpianatra tsy hampiasa ny soratra sinoa eo imasom-bahoaka ny governemanta.<ref>Kim Hye-jin (2001-06-04). "북한 의 한자 정책 -" 漢字, 3000 자 까지 배우 되 쓰지 는 말라 "". Han Mun fitiavana. Chosun Ilbo. Novakiana ny Novambra 21, 2014.</ref> === Vietnamiana === Na dia tsy ampiasaina afatsy amin'ny fombafomban-drazana aza ny soratra sinoa any Vietnam amin'izao fotoana izao, dia nampiasaina be izy ireo tamin'ny andro taloha. Hatramin'ny fiandohan'ny taonjato faharoapolo dia nampiasaina amin'ny fanoratana taratasy ofisialy na taratasy mikasika ny asa oniversitera ny teny sinoa soratana. Tamin'ny taonjato fahatelo ambin'ny folo dia noforonina ny soratra ''Nôm'' izay natao hanoratana ny teny vietnamiana. Io soratra io dia nindrana soratra sinoa ary nanoratra ireo teny avy amin'ny teny vietnamiana. Araka izany dia maro dia maro ireo soratra vietnamiana norafetina. Ny vokatr'izany dia soratra tsy fantatry ny dimy isanjaton'ny vahoaka. Nanomboka tamin'ny taonjato faharoapolo dia soratana amin'ny alalan'ny abidy vietnamiana izay mifototra amin'ny abidy latina ny teny vietnamiana. === Ôkinawanina === Ny soratra sinoa dia heverina fa nampidirin'ny mpiangaly bodista japoney iray tany amin'ny nosy ryukyu tamin'ny 1265.<ref>Hung, Eva ary Judy Wakabayashi. Asian Translation Traditions. 2014. Routledge. p. 18.</ref> Taorian'ny nanorenan'ny [[Fanjakan'i Okinawa]] ho fanjakana mandoa hetra amin'i Sina entin'ny [[fiankohonana Ming]], ny Sinoa klasika dia nampiasaina tamin'ny antontan-taratasim-pitsarana, ny hiragana kosa dia nampiasaina ho an'ny asa soratra natao ho am-bahoaka ary tononkalo. Rehefa lasa fanjakana nandoa hetra tamin'i Valan-tanin'i Satsuma ny Ryukyu dia nanjary nalaza ny tarehintsoratra sinoa, ary ny fampiasana an'i Kanbun. Ao amin'ny fiteny ôkinawanina maoderina, izay nofaritan'ny governemanta japoney ho fitenim-paritra Japoney, ny katakana sy hiragana dia matetika ampiasaina hanoratana ny teny ôkinawanina, saingy mbola ampiasaina ihany ny litera Sinoa. == Fanatsorana == Ny tanjon'ny fanatsorana dia fampidinana ny isan'ny tsipika ao amin'ny soratra sinoa fampiasa. === Fanatsorana tao Sina === Miova arakaraka ny fomba eo an-toerana ny fampiasana ny soratra nentindrazana ary ny soratra notsorina. Talohan'ny fiovana ofisialy, tsy nosaziana ny fampiasana sinôgrama notsorina. Voateny ampiasaina ao amin'ny boky aprinty ny versiôna samihafan'ny soratra ekena. Ny versiôna tsy ekena dia ampiasaina amin'ny fanoratana mandavanandro na ho an'ny fanoratana sora-tsoratra fampahatsiarovana ho an'ny tena. Nanomboka tamin'ny 1950, ay indrindra indrindra tamin'ny famoahana ny lisitra tamin'ny 1954 dia mampiasa ny soratra sinoa notsorina amin'ny fomba ofisialy ny [[Repoblika Entim-bahoakan'i Sina]] (RES). Tsy voakasik'izany fiovana izany anefa ny [[Repoblikan'i Sina]] (Taiwan), [[Hong Kong]] ary [[Macao]]. Nialoha ny fandresen'ny kômonista tamin'ny 1949 ny fanatsorana ny soratra na dia ampiarahana amin'ny RES aza. Saika ahitana fanatsoran-tsoratra foana ny soratanana ''caoshu'' na dia tsy ampiasaina amin'ny asa atao manarak'endrika aza izany. Efa nanadihady ny fanatsorana ny soratra ny governemantan'i [[Kuomintang]] tamin'ny taona 1930 ary 1940, ary nanohana ny hevitra hoe hampitombo ny fahaizan'ny rehetra manoratra sy mamaky teny ny fanaovana izany. Niaraka tamin'izay resaka fanatsorana izay koa dia nipoitra ny hevitra ny hampiasa ny [[abidy latina]] ho fanoratana ny teny sinoa ([[Guoyeu Romatzyh]]) Namoaka ny fihodinana voalohan'ny fanatsorana soratra ofisialy tamin'ny atonta taratasy roa ny RES; ny voalohany dia tamin'ny 1956 ary ny faharoa dia tamin'ny 1954. Ny fihodinana faharoa izay fantatra amin'ny anarana ''erjian'' dia navoaka tamin'ny 1977. Ratsy ny nandraisana ilay farany, ary namoana ny fiovana nentin'ny ''erjian'' ny governemanta sady nanova in-6 ny lisitra tamin'ny 1964 fanovana izay namerina ny endrika nentindrazan'ny soratra telo notsorina 叠 dié, 覆 fù, 像 xiàng. Ny ankamaroan'ny soratra notsorina dia norafetina avy amin'ny fanafohezana mahazatra, na endrika fitsipika fahiny. Ohatra, ny soratra mahazatra 來 lái (tonga) dia nosoratana 来 ao amin'ny fanoratana (隶书 / 隸書, lìshū) an'ny [[Fiankohonana Han]]. Tsy ampy iray ny tsipika ilaina amin'ilay soratra notsorina, ka nampiasaina ho endrika notsorina ilay izy. Ny soratra 雲 yún (rahona) dia nosoratana 云 tamin'ny soratra mpampinany ambony taolan'ny Fiankohonana Shang, ka efa nitoetra tamin'ny fampiasana taty aoriana ho indran'ny teny hoe «miteny» ny soratra 云 , anefa nampiana an'i 雨 mba hanavaka ny dikany.Maka ny rafiny tany am-boalohany ny endrika notsorina. === Fanatsorana ao Japana === Taona vitsivitsy taorian'ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]], dia nametraka fiovana ara-tsipelina maromaro ny governemanta japoney. Ny soratra lasa notsorina dia antsoina hoe shinjitai (新字体 «endri-tsoratra vaovao»), ny endri-tsoratra taloha dia antsoina hoe [[kyūjitai]] (旧字体 «endri-tsoratra taloha»). Noferana ny isan'ny soratra ampiasaina, ary napetraka ny lisitry ny sorata ianarana isaky ny kilasy. Navoaka tamin'ny 1945 ny lisitry ny ''[[tōyō kanji]]'' (当用漢字) izay ahitana soratra miisa 1 850 ; navoaka tamin'ny 1981 ny isity ny ''[[jōyō kanji]]'' (常用漢字) tamin'ny 1981 ; nampiana soratra fanampiny tao amin'ny jōyō kanji tamin'ny 2010. Namporisihana tsy ho ampiasaina amin'ny fomba ofisialy ny endrika hafan'ny soratra. Ny nanaovana izany dia mba hahamora ny fianaran'ny ankizy kanji ary ny fanatsorana ny fampiasaana kanji amin'ny haisoratra ary amin'ny gazety. Torolalana fotsiny ireo lisitra ireo fa tsy lalàna mametra, ka betsaka ny soratra fantatra izay tsy ao amin'ireo lisitry ny kanji fampiasa matetika ireo, indrindra indrindra ireo kanji ampiasaina amin'ny anaran'olona ary anaran-toerana. == Endrika soratana == === Sora-kase === [[Sary:Seal Eg.png|thumb|Soratra sotra (ankavia) ary sora-kase (ankavanana)|240px|right]] Maro ny endrika mety anoratana ny soratra sinoa. Avy any Sina ny ankamaroan'izy ireo ary iombonan'ny firenena mampiasa soratra sinoa. Tsy fampiasa intsony ny soratra sinoa ambony varahin'ny [[Fiankohonana Shang]]; ny endri-tsoratra antitra indrindra mbola ampiasaina amin'izao fotana izao dia ny sora-kase na ny zhuanshu (篆書(书), zhuànshū). Izy io dia avy amin'ny fotoan'ny soratra Zhou ny [[Lohataona sy Fararano]], izay nampiasain'ny Emperoran'i Sina voalohany, [[Qin Shi Huang]]. Ny sora-kase dia ampiasaina amin'ny kase. Vitsy ny olona afaka mamaky izany ankehitriny, na dia mbola misy aza ny mahay mandrafitra izany. Ny soratra izay mbola ampiasaina matetika ankehitriny dia ny «Soratry ny mpitondra fivavahana» (隸書(隶书), lìshū) ny Fiankohonana Qin hatramin'ny Fiankohonana Han, ny Weibei (魏碑, wèibēi), ny «soratra tsy tapaka» (楷書(书), kǎishū) ampiasaina amin'ny sora-printy, ary ny «sora-tanana» (行書 (书), xíngshū) ampiasaina amin'ny sora-tanana. == Fiovana ara-paritra == Ny endriky ny soratra sinoa dia manamora ny famoronana soratra mitondra hevitra mitovy, ary maro ireo fenitra efa notadiavina ho apetraka. Taty aoriana, ny fiparitahan’ny fampiasana soratra eran’ny firenena tao Azia Atsinanana dia nanakana ny faneken’ny firenena rehetra ny rafitra iray ka mahatonga ny fahasamihafana ny fanoratana teny sinoa na hevitra arakaraka ny firenena isiana. Ny tao Sina dia mampiasa ny soratra sinoa notsorina nanomboka tamin’ny 1956. Ampiasaina ao Singapaoro ihany koa ny soratra sinoa notsorina. Ny soratra sinoa nentsindrazana dia ampiasaina ao Hong Kong, Macao ary Taiwan. I Japana dia nampiasa ny soratra notsorina noforoniny manokana (Shinjitai) nanomboka tamin’ny 1946, ary ny Korea Atsimo dia nametra ny fampiasany soratra sinoa, ary Vietnam ary ny Korea Avaratra dia namoana azy ireo tanteraka ka mampiasa ny abidy ho azy manokana izay abidy vietnamiana ary ny Hangul amin’izao fotoana izao. Ny endri-tsoratra manara-penitra araka ny faritra dia voavisavisa ao: * [[Lisitry ny soratra fampiasa matetika]] (nentindrazana: 現代漢語通用字表, notsorina: 现代汉语通用字表, pinyin: ''Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòngzì Biǎo''), ahitana ireo soratra sinoa 7.000 fampiasa matetika ain'ny teny sinoa soratana. Noforonina tamin'ny 1988 tao amin'ny Repoblika Entim-bahoakan'i Sina * [[Lisitry ny soratra fampiasa matetika ao Hong Kong]] (常用字字形表, jyutping: soeng4 jung6 zi6 zi6 jing4 biu2), ahitana ny endri-tsoratra ampianarina amin'ny ambaratonga fototra ary ambaratonga faharoa ao Hong Kong. Ny versiona faranydia tamin'ny 2007. * [[Fenitra manara-penitra ho an'ny sora-pirenena]] (國字標準字體; pinyin: Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ) izay mamoaka ny fenitra ho an'i Taiwan. * [[Jōyō kanji]] ho an'i Japana * [[Han-Han Dae Sajeon]] ho an'i Korea == Isan'ny soratra == === Sinoa === Samihafa amin'ny teny sinoa ny sorata sinoa. Ny tenin'ny fiteny sinoa ankehitriny dia tsy tahaky ny fiteny sinoa taloha ka maro ny vanintenin'ny ananan'ny teny iray. Na dia izany aza, ny soratra iray dia mitondra vaninteny iray. Mampahalala ny dikan'ilay teny ny famakiana tsirairay ny soratra sinoa. Ny ao RES, ny ''Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo'' (现代汉语常用字表, Dinan'ny soratra iombonana amin'ny teny sinoa ankehitriny) izay mampiasa ny soratra sinoa notsorina, dia mampiasa soratra iombonana 2 500 ary soratra tsy dia iombonana miisa arivo, ''Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòng Zìbiǎo'' (现代汉语通用字表, Dinan'ny soratra tsy dia fampiasa amin'ny ankapobeny amin'ny teny sinoa ankehitriny) dia manalisitra sinôgrama fito arivo, izay ahitana ny lisitry ny soratra 3 500 tamin'ny lisitra voalaza teo aloha. Ny GB2312, izay fenitra ho an'ny soratra sinoa ao amin'ny RES dia manana kaody teboka 6 762. Ny [[GB18030]], izay fenitra ankehitriny, dia manana isa ambony noho izany. Ny lenta ambony indrindran'ny Fanadinana amin'ny Fahaizana Teny Sinoa (汉语水平考试 '' Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì'') dia mandrakotra soratra 2 500 any ho any. === Japoney === Amin'ny teny japoney dia ahitana ''jōyō kanji'' (常用漢字, «kanji fampiasa matetika») miisa 2 136 izay voatonin'ny Minisitry ny fanabeazana japoney ; ireo kanji ireo dia ampianarina ny ankizy amin'ny ambaratonga fototra sy faharoa. Tsy voatery apiasaina ireo kanji ireo, ary betsaka ny kanji fampiasa tsy hita ao amin'ilay lisitra. Mikasika ny anarana indray dia voafetra ny fampiasana ny soratra ; izany hoe tsy mainty soratra eken'ny governemanta ihany no azo ampiasaina. Noho ny ''jōyō kanji'' ahitana soratra maro ampiasaina amin'ny anaran'olona dia navoaka ny lisitra kanji iray fanampiny izay antsoina hoe ''jinmeiyō kanji'' (人名用漢字 «kanji fampiasa amin'ny anaran'olona»). Ahitana soratra 983 ao anatin'io lisitra io. Ankehitriny dia mahalala kanji any amin'n 3 500 any ho any ny olona nianatra. Ny ''kanji kentei'', na «fanadinam-pahaizana kanji japoney» dia mitsapa ny fahaizan'ny olona iray mamaky ary manorata kanji. Ny lenta ambony indrindra tsapain'ny kanji kentei dia kanji enina arivo, na dia vitsy aza ny olona (mila) mahatratra izany lenta izany. === Famoronana ankehitriny === Afaka rafetina na ohaviana na ohaviana ny soratra vaovao, toa ny teny vaovao, fa mety tsy ampiasaina izy ireo. Ny fandrafetana sorara vaovao tena ampiasaina ankehitiny dia soratra ampiasaina amin'ny voambolana siantifika izay noforonina tamin'ny taonjato faha-sivy ambin'ny folo. Ireo soratra ireo indrindra indrindra dia natao ho an'ny zavatra simika, izay ianarana eny amin'ny fianarana ao RES ary Taiwan. Ao Japana dia soratra vaovao ho an'ny refy iraisam-pirenena (SI) ny manam-pahaizana, indrindra indrindra 粁 (米 "metatra" + 千 "arivo, kilo-") ho an'i kilometatra. Nahita fivoahana tany Sina koa ireo kokuji (soratra noforonina tao Japana). Na dia mora foronina eo ambony taratasy aza ny soratra vaovao, sarotra ny mampiseho azy eo amin'ny solosaina, ary sary no tsy maintsy ampiasaina fa tsy soratra – izay manakana ny fampiasana azy ireo. == Fampilaharana == == Jereo koa == * [[Kanji]] === Tsiahy === {{ref}} === Boky nifotorana === <!-- Please use {Cite book} & {Cite web} templates --> *{{PD-old-text | title = The Chinese recorder and missionary journal, Volume 3 | year = 1871 | author = }} * {{cite book | title = A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology | first = William H. | last = Baxter | authorlink = William H. Baxter | location = Berlin | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-3-11-012324-1 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = William G. | last = Boltz | year = 1994 | title = The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system | location = New Haven | publisher = American Oriental Society | isbn = 978-0-940490-78-9 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = Florian | last = Coulmas | title = The writing systems of the world | url = https://archive.org/details/writingsystemsof0000coul | publisher = Blackwell | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-631-18028-9 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = David | last = Keightley | authorlink = David Keightley | year = 1978 | title = Sources of Shang history: the oracle-bone inscriptions of bronze-age China | url = https://archive.org/details/sourcesofshanghi0000keig | location = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-02969-9 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = Martin | last = Kern | chapter = Early Chinese literature, beginnings through Western Han | pages = 1–115 | title = The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, vol. 1: To 1375 | editor-first = Stephen | editor-last = Owen | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-521-85558-7 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | first = Jerry | last = Norman | authorlink = Jerry Norman | year = 1988 | title = Chinese | url = https://archive.org/details/chinese0000norm | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-29653-3 | ref= harv }} * {{cite book | title = Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology | first = Edwin G. | last = Pulleyblank | authorlink = Edwin G. Pulleyblank | location = Vancouver | publisher = University of British Columbia Press | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-0-7748-0192-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Qiu | first = Xigui | authorlink = Qiu Xigui | others = trans. by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman | year = 2000 | title = Chinese writing | location = Berkeley | publisher = Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California | isbn = 978-1-55729-071-7 | ref= harv }} (English translation of ''Wénzìxué Gàiyào'' 文字學概要, Shangwu, 1988.) * {{cite book | last = Ramsey | first = S. Robert | title = The Languages of China | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1987 | isbn = 978-0-691-01468-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = The reality of compound ideographs | first1 = Geoffrey | last1 = Sampson | first2 = Zhiqun | last2 = Chen | journal = Journal of Chinese Linguistics | volume = 41 | year = 2013 | pages = 255–272 | url = http://www.grsampson.net/ARoc.pdf | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = The Chinese Lexicon: A Comprehensive Survey | first = Po-ching | last = Yip | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-415-15174-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | title = Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911 | url = https://archive.org/details/chineselexicogra0000yong | first1 = Heming | last1 = Yong | first2 = Jing | last2 = Peng | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-19-156167-2 | ref = harv }} === Boky andalinana === * {{cite book | title = Orthography of early Chinese writing: evidence from newly excavated manuscripts | first = Imre | last = Galambos | authorlink = Imre Galambos | location = Budapest | publisher = Eötvös Loránd University | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-963-463-811-7 | url = http://shahon.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Galambos-2006-Orthography-of-early-Chinese-writing.pdf | archive-date = 2012-05-15 | access-date = 2015-05-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120515141505/http://shahon.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Galambos-2006-Orthography-of-early-Chinese-writing.pdf | url-status = dead }} ;Early works of historical interest * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=djnPbjYGHFIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Easy lessons in Chinese: or progressive exercises to facilitate the study of that language|author=Samuel Wells Williams|editor=|year=1842|publisher=Printed at the Office of the Chinese Repository|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l3EgAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Chinese-English dictionary, Volume 1|author=Herbert Allen Giles|editor=|year=1892|publisher=B. Quaritch|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=1415|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f6VBAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Chinese and English dictionary, arranged according to radicals and sub-radicals|author=P. Poletti|editor=|year=1896|publisher=Printed at the American Presbyterian mission press|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=307|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8nwuAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The student's four thousand [characters] and general pocket dictionary|author=William Edward Soothill|editor=|year=1900|publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press|edition=2|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=420|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fBMTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=An account of the structure of Chinese characters under 300 primary forms: after the Shwoh-wan, 100 A.D., and the phonetic Shwoh-wan, 1833|author=John Chalmers|editor=|year=1882|publisher=Trübner & co.|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=199|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rDQrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chinese and English dictionary: compiled from reliable authors|author=|editor=|year=1893|publisher=American Tract Society|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=348|volume=}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_YdBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Introduction to the study of the Chinese characters|author=Joseph Edkins|editor=|year=1876|publisher=Trübner & co.|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=314|volume=}} *{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h380AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chinese and English dictionary: containing all the words in the Chinese imperial dictionary; arranged according to the radicals, Volume 1|author=Kangxi (Emperor of China)|year=1842|publisher=Printed at Parapattan|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=}} *{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fkc7AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Six Scripts Or the Principles of Chinese Writing |volume= |year=1954 |author=Tai Tung (Dai Tong 戴侗) |editor= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition= |location= |isbn=1-107-60515-6 |quote= |page= |pages=114 |date= }}Translated by L. C. Hopkins with a Memoir of the Translator by W. Perceval Yetts === Rohy ivelany === ;Tantara ary fiorenan'ny soratra sinoa * Excerpt from [http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/visible/index.html Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems] by John DeFrancis, © 1989 by the University of Hawai`i Press. Used by permission of the University of Hawai`i Press. ; Rakibolana ary tsiahin-tsoratra * [http://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en Chinese Text Project Dictionary] Rakibolan-tsoatra feno ahitana angona mikasika ny soratra sinoa rehetra amin'ny Unicode, ary koa oha-pampiasana amin'ny lahtsoratra sinoa talohaM * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chinese_evolution.htm Evolution of Chinese Characters] * [http://zhongwen.com/ Zhongwen.com]: rakibolana azo karohina ahitana angona mikasika ny fiorenan-tsoratra * Richard Sears, [http://www.chineseetymology.org/ Chinese Etymology]. ;Soratra sinoa amin'ny solosaina * [http://www.unicode.org/charts/unihan.html Unihan Database]: Tsiahy koreana, japoney ary sinoa mikasika ny famakiana ny soratra sinoa ary ny dikany. * [http://www.cchar.com/ cchar.com Chinese Character Software] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cchar.com/ |date=20150508095411 }}: Say maneho ny fomba fanoratana soratra sinoa * [http://www.cymraeg.ru/daoulagad.html Daoulagad Han] — Rakibolana OCR finday, interfasy OCR amin'ny banky angona UniHan ;Early works of historical interest * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rDQrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chinese and English dictionary: compiled from reliable authors|author=|year=1893|publisher=American Tract Society|edition=|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h380AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chinese and English dictionary: containing all the words in the Chinese imperial dictionary; arranged according to the radicals, Volume 1|author=Kangxi (Emperor of China)|year=1842|publisher=Printed at Parapattan|location=|page=|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-15}} [[sokajy:Soratra]] sl734zo4593gw42qd3lpcb0ra04xby8 0 197279 1149921 1074957 2026-08-28T19:50:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149921 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Greekalphabet.png|vignette|283x283px|Fanoratana amin' ny tarehin-tsotatra grika ny anaran' ny abidy grika amin' ny teny grika]] Ny '''abidy grika''' (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο / ''Ellênikó alphábêto'' amin' ny [[teny grika]]) dia [[abidy]] manavaka ny [[renisoratra]]<ref name=":0"><small>F. Coulmas, ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems'', éd. Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Oxford, 1996.</small></ref> sy ny [[zanatsoratra]] sady ahitana [[litera]] efatra amby roapolo, izay natao hanoratana ny fiteny grika nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-9 tal. J.K. hatramin' izao fotoana izao. Io ihany koa no heverina fa [[abidy]] antitra indrindra – raha ferana amin' ny famaritana voalohan' ny teny hoe ''abidy'' – satria samy manana ny evany ny feo tsirairay. Indreto ireo litera ireo amin' ny endriny renisoratra sy zanatsoratra: Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ/ς, Τ τ, Υ υ, Φ φ, Χ χ, Ψ ψ, ary Ω ω. Tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]] dia nampiasaina ho an' ny fanisana amin' ny teny grika ihany koa ny litera, fa voasolon' ny [[tarehimarika arabo]] izy ireo taty aoriana. Avy amin' ny [[abidy fenisianina]] ny abidy grika. Tsy misy fifandraisana amin' ny [[lineary B]] na ny silabera sipriôty (na kipriôta) ilay izy. Nahatonga ny fipoiran' ny [[abidy latina]] tao [[Eorôpa]] io abidy io. Fampiasa ho eva amin' ny siansa, amin' ny anaram-boanjavatra amin' ny [[fizika]], amin' ny anaran-kintana ary fikambanam-pirahalahiana sy firahavaviana ny litera grika. == Tantara == === Fipoirana === Nitranga taonjato maromaro taorian' ny naharava ny sivilizasiôna misenianina (ary noho izany ny fanajanonana ny fampiasana ny lineary B) ny abidy grika. Ny lineary B dia soratra avy amin' ny lineary A izay novaina mba handikana tsara kokoa ny feon' ny teny grika voalohany. Nipoitra tany amin' ny "taonjato maizina" (taonjato faha-12 hatramin' ny taonjato faha-8 tal. J.K.) ny abidy grika fantantsika ankehitriny. Izy io dia avy amin' ny [[abidy fenisianina]] nampiana [[zanatsoratra]] izay nilaina sao tsy ho voavaky ny teny grika. Tany am-boalohany dia tsy soratana ao amin' ny [[abidy semitika]] ny [[zanapeo]]. Amin' ny maha [[fiteny semitika]] ny fiteny fenisianina dia azo vinavinaina ny zanapeo miaraka amin' ny [[renifeo]] iray (jereo ohatra ny [[abidy hebreo]]). Amin' ny maha [[fiteny indô-eorôpeanina]] ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] kosa dia ilaina ny zanatsoratra hahalalana ny fanononana ny teny iray. Navadiky ny [[Grika (vahoaka)|Grika]] ho amin' ny filany noho izany ny abidy fenisianina ka tsy maintsy arahan' ny zatsoratra iray foana ny renisoratra vao azo tononina ny [[Vanin-teny|vaninteny]] iray. === Zanatsoratra avy amin' ny renisoratra fenisianina === « Α » (''alfa''), « Ε » (''epsilôn''), « Ι » (''iôta''), « Ο » (''ômikrôn'') ary « Υ » (''opsilôn'') no zanatsoratra niaviana izay famadihana ny renisoratra semitika tsy ilaina hanoratana ny [[renifeo]] grika: * « [[Sary:Phoenician aleph.svg|x14px]] » ([[alef]]), feo tononina an-janadela ([{{SAPI|ʔ}}]), izay nanome ny [[alfa]] ; * « [[Sary:Phoenician he.svg|x14px]] » ([[He (litera)|he]]), izay naneho ny feo "h" ([h]), izay nanjary [[epsilôna]] ; * « [[Sary:Phoenician yodh.svg|x14px]] » ([[Yod (litera)|yod]]), (yod), izay naneho ny feo "i" alohan-janapeo ([j]), , lasa [[iota|iôta]] ; * « [[Sary:Phoenician ayin.svg|x14px]] » ([[Ayin (litera)|ayin]]), izay naneho ny feo am-bavatraoka [{{SAPI|ʕ}}], lasa [[ômikrôn]] ; * « [[Sary:Phoenician waw.svg|x14px]] » ([[Vav (litera)|waw]]), izay naneho ny feo "o" mialoha zanapeo ([{{SAPI|w}}]) (vakîna mitovy amin’ny "o" malagasy na "ou" frantsay), lasa opsilôn. Amin' ireo fitenim-paritra grika tatsinanana izay tsy nampiasa ny fanononana an-tenda ([[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: aspiration), ny litera « Η » (''êta'') avy amin' ny renisoratra semitika "ח" (''het'') no nampiasaina amin' ny fanoratana ny zanapeo lava "ê" ([ɛ:]); taty aoriana, dia nampiasaina handikana ny feo "ô" ([ɔ:]) ny « Ω » (''ômega''). === Ny renisoratra vaovao === Ny [[fiteny grika]] dia nampiditra ihany koa renisorAtra telo: dia ny « Φ » (''phi'') sy ny « Χ » (''khi'') ary ny « Ψ » (''psi''), natovona any amin’ ny faran’ ny abidy arakaraka ny fivoarany. Ireo renisoratra ireo dia nameno ny tsy fisian' ny "aspiration" tahaka ireo izay tsy ananan’ ny [[fiteny fenisiana]]. Tao amin’ ny fitenim-paritra andrefana, ny ''khi'' dia nampiasaina haneho ny feo [ks] (avy amin' izany ny famakiana latina ny litera "x"), ny ''psi'' naneho ny feo [kʰ]. Ny fiavian’ ireo litera ireo dia mbola iadian’ ny manampahaizana hevitra. === Fivoarana taty aoriana === Ny litera ''san'' (Ϻ) dia nampiasaina nifanolo amin' ny sigma haneho ny feo [s], ary tamin’ ny vanimpotoana klasika dia tian' ny olona kokoa ny nampiasa ny sigma noho ny ''san'', izay tsy hita intsony. Ny ''digamma'' (Ϝ), atao hoe ϝαῦ / ''waũ'', sy ny ''koppa'' (Ϟ) tamin’ ny voalohany dia tsy nampisasaina intsony koa taorian’ izany. Ny ''digamma'' dia tsy nampiasaina afa-tsy tamin’ ny fanoratana ny tenim-paritra tandrefana, ary ny ''koppa'' tsy dia nisy nilana azy loatra. Ireo endri-tsoratra ireo anefa dia tafajanona ihany ho solon’ ny tarehimarika teo amin' ny fiteny grika iôniana, ka ny litera tsirairay nanondro isa iray. Sahala amin’ izany koa ny ''sampi'' (Ϡ), izay tarehintsoratra tsy fahita matetika tao Iônia, izay nampidirina tamin’ ny fanoratana ny isa, ka naneho ny isa 900. === Abidy nampiraisim-bolo === Tamin' ny voalohany dia nisy karazany maromaro ireo atao hoe "abidy grika", ny tena nanan-danja dia ny abidy grika tandrefana sy ny abidy tatsinanana iôniana. Ity farany no lasa nanjaka. Ny abidy tandrefana dia niteraka ny abidy italika tranainy avy eo ny [[abidy latina]] nefa ny abidy grika tatsinanana no nipoiran’ ny abidy grika amin’ izao fotoana izao io. Ny tananan' i [[Atena]] (grika: ''Atenai'') dia nampiasa aloha ny abidy atika tao amin' ny taratasy ôfisialy (ara-panjakana), izay nahitana ireo litera hatramin’ ny ''alfa'' ka hatramin’ ny ''upsilon'', sy nampiasa ny ''êta'' hanamarihana ny fanononana an-tenda sahala amin' ny "h" ([[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: ''aspiration'') fa tsy hanondroana ny feo [ɛ]. Tamin' ny taona 403, ny mpanoratra tao Atena dia nandray ny abidy iôniana, ary fotoana fohy taorian' io ireo karazana abidy samihafa dia nanjavona tsy nampiasaina intsony. Tamin’ izany fotoana izany, ny [[fiteny grika]] dia nosoratana avy ankavanana miankavia, nefa tamin’ ny fiandohany, dia nosoratana avy ankavia miankavanana (natodika araka izany koa ny endrik' ireo litera) na ireo zotra roa ireo mifandimby, izany no atao hoe "boustrophédon" amin’ ny teny frantsay, ka isaky ny andalana dia miova todika ny fanoratana. === Ny nisehoan' ny mari-tsoratra sy ny zanatsoratra === Tamin' ny vanim-potoana helenistika, i Aristôfanesy avy any [[Bizantioma|Bizansy]] dia nanomboka nanisy tendron-tsoratra ny litera grika – mba hahamora ny fanononana. Nandritra ny [[Andro Antenatenany]], ny fanoratana ny abidy grika dia nahitana fiovana mitovy amin' izay nahazo ny [[abidy latina]] tamin' izany fotoana izany. Ny litera ''sigma'' (σ) dia soratana ho « ς » any amin’ ny faran' ny teny, sahala amin' ny ampiasan' ny abidy latina ny « S lava » (soratana hoe « ſ ») any am-piantombohan' ny teny na eny afovoany, ary S faranteny (soratana hoe « s ») any amin' ny faran' ny teny. === Ny anaran' ny litera === Ny [[litera]] tsirairay ao amin' ny [[Abidy foinikiana|abidy fenisiana]] dia nomena anarana araka ny teny anombohan' ny feo asehon’ io litera io. Noho izany, ny ''ʾaleph'', izay midika hoe "ombilahy", dia nanome ny anarany amin’ ny litera voalohany ao amin’io abidy io, ny ''bet'' ("trano"), izay nanome ny anarany ho an’ ity litera ity, dia toy izany hatranihatrany. Ny Grika kosa, tamin’ ny fandraisana ireo litera fenisiana ireo, dia nihazona ny anarana fenisianan' ireo litera, na nanao fanovana kely: ''ʾaleph'' dia nanjary ''álpha'', ny ''bet'' nanjary ''bễta'', ny ''gimel'' nanjary ''gámma'', sns. Ireo anarana nindramina ireo dia tsy misy heviny ao amin’ ny fiteny grika. Misy kosa anefa mari-tsoratra natovon’ ny Grika na nasiany fanovana dia manana anarana izay misy heviny: ''ò mikrón'' dia midina hoe "O kely", ny ''ỗ méga'' dia midika hoe "O lehibe". Toraka izany koa ny ''è psilón'' izay midika hoe "e voatsongo". == Abidy grika, fanononana, dikan-tsoratra == {| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;" |Litera ! colspan="2" style="background:#ccf;" |Anarana ! colspan="2" style="background:#ccf;" |Fanononana ! rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;" |Litera fenisianina niaviana ! colspan="2" style="background:#ccf;" |Dikan-tsoratra latina |- ! style="background:#ccffff;" |Grika ! style="background:#ccffff;" |Latina ! style="background:#ccffff;" |Taloha ! style="background:#ccffff;" |Ankehitriny ! style="background:#ccffff;" |Taloha ! style="background:#ccffff;" |Ankehitriny |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Α α |{{polytonic|ἄλφα}} |[[Alpha]] |[a] [aː] |[a] |[[Sary:Phoenician aleph.svg|20px|Aleph]] [[Aleph (litera fenisianina)|'Aleph]] |a |a |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Β β |{{polytonic|βῆτα}} |[[Beta]] |[b] |[v] |[[Sary:Phoenician beth.svg|20px|Beth]] [[Beth (litera fenisianina)|Beth]] |b |v |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Γ γ |{{polytonic|γάμμα}} |[[Gamma]] |[g] |[ʝ] alohan'i [e̞] raha tsy izany [i];<br />[ɣ] any an-kafa |[[Sary:Phoenician gimel.svg|20px|Gimel]] [[Gimel (litera fenisianina)|Gimel]] |g |gh, g, j |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Δ δ |{{polytonic|δέλτα}} |[[Delta]] |[d] |[ð] |[[Sary:Phoenician daleth.svg|20px|Daleth]] [[Daleth (litera fenisianina)|Daleth]] |d |d, dh |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Ε ε |{{polytonic|ἔ, ἐψιλόν}} |[[Epsilon]] |[e] |[e̞] |[[Sary:Phoenician he.svg|20px|He]] [[He (litera fenisianina)|He]] |e |e |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Ζ ζ |{{polytonic|ζῆτα}} |[[Zeta]] |[dz], aoriana [zː] |[z] |[[Sary:Phoenician zayin.svg|20px|Zayin]] [[Zain (litera fenisianina)|Zain]] |z |z |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Η η |{{polytonic|ἦτα}} |[[Eta (littera)|Eta]] |[ɛː] |[i] |[[Sary:Phoenician heth.svg|20px|Heth]] [[Heth (litera fenisianina)|Heth]] |e, ē |i |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Θ θ |{{polytonic|θῆτα}} |[[Theta]] |[tʰ] |[θ] |[[Sary:Phoenician teth.svg|20px|Teth]] [[Teth (litera fenisianina)|Teth]] |th |th |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Ι ι |{{polytonic|ἰῶτα}} |[[Iota]] |[i] [iː] |[i], [j] |[[Sary:Phoenician yodh.svg|20px|Iodh]] [[Iodh (litera fenisianina)|Iodh]] |i |i |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Κ κ |{{polytonic|κάππα}} |[[Kappa]] |[k] |[c] alohan'ny [e̞] na [i];<br />[k] raha tsy izany |[[Sary:Phoenician kaph.svg|20px|Kaph]] [[Kaph (litera fenisianina)|Kaph]] |k |k |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Λ λ |{{polytonic|λάμβδα}} |[[Lambda]] |[l] |[l] |[[Sary:Phoenician lamedh.svg|20px|Lamedh]] [[Lamedh (litera fenisianina)|Lamedh]] |l |l |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Μ μ |{{polytonic|μῦ}} |[[Mu]] |[m] |[m] |[[Sary:Phoenician mem.svg|20px|Mem]] [[Mem (litera fenisianina)|Mem]] |m |m |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Ν ν |{{polytonic|νῦ}} |[[Nu]] |[n] |[n] |[[Sary:Phoenician nun.svg|20px|Nun]] [[Nun (litera fenisianina)|Nun]] |n |n |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Ξ ξ |{{polytonic|ξῖ}} |[[Xi]] |[ks] |[ks] |[[Sary:Phoenician samekh.svg|20px|Samech]] [[Samech (litera fenisianina)|Samech]] |x |x, ks |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Ο ο |{{polytonic|ὄ, ὀμικρόν}} |[[Omicron]] |[o] |[o̞] |[[Sary:Phoenician ayin.svg|20px|Ain]] [[Ain (litera fenisianina)|'Ain]] |o |o |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Π π |{{polytonic|πῖ}} |[[Pi]] |[p] |[p] |[[Sary:Phoenician pe.svg|20px|Pe]] [[Pe (litera fenisianina)|Pe]] |p |p |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Ρ ρ |{{polytonic|ῥῶ}} |[[Rho]] |[r], [r̥] |[r] |[[Sary:Phoenician res.svg|20px|Res]] [[Res (litera fenisianina)|Res]] |r ({{polytonic|ῥ}}: rh) |r |- |<span style="font-size:133%;">Σ σ<br />ς</span> (tapitra) |{{polytonic|σῖγμα}} |[[Sigma]] |[s] |[s] |[[Sary:Phoenician sin.svg|20px|Sin]] [[Sin (litera fenisianina)|Sin]] |s |s |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Τ τ |{{polytonic|ταῦ}} |[[Tau]] |[t] |[t] |[[Sary:Phoenician taw.svg|20px|Tav]] [[Tav (litera fenisianina)|Tav]] |t |t |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Υ υ |{{polytonic|ὔ, ὐψιλόν}} |[[Upsilon]] |[u] [uː], aoriana [y] [yː] |[i] |[[Sary:Phoenician waw.svg|20px|Vav]] [[Vav (litera fenisianina)|Vav]] |u, y (anelanelan-janapeo) |y, v, f |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Φ φ |{{polytonic|φῖ}} |[[Phi]] |[pʰ] |[f] | rowspan="3" |Fiaviana tsy ifanekena |ph |f |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Χ χ |{{polytonic|χῖ}} |[[Chi|Khi]] |[kʰ] |[ç] alohan'ny [e̞] na [i];<br />[x] raha tsy izany |ch |ch, kh |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Ψ ψ |{{polytonic|ψῖ}} |[[Psi]] |[ps] |[ps] |ps |ps |- | style="font-size:133%;" |Ω ω |{{polytonic|ὦ, ὠμέγα}} |[[Omega]] |[ɔː] |[o̞] |[[Sary:Phoenician ayin.svg|20px|Ain]] [[Ain (litera fenisianina)|'Ain]] |o, ō |o |} <br> {|border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center" !rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|Litera !rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|Fiteny !colspan="3" style="background:#ccf;"|Anarana !rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|Dikan-tsorata !rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|Fanononana |- !style="background:#ccffff;"|amin'i Wikipedia !style="background:#ccffff;"|amin'ny teny niaviana !style="background:#ccffff;"|amin'ny teny grika |- |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϝϝ,Ͷͷ |grika |[[Digamma]] |{{polytonic|ϝαῦ}} |{{polytonic|δίγαμμα}} |w |{{IPA|[w]}} |- |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϛϛ |grika |[[Stigma]] | |{{polytonic|στίγμα}} |st |{{IPA|[st]}} |- |style="font-size:133%;"|Ͱͱ |grika |[[Heta]] | |{{polytonic|ἧτα}} |h |{{IPA|[h]}} |- |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϻϻ |grika |[[San]] |{{polytonic|ϻάν}} |{{polytonic|σάν}} |s |{{IPA|[s]}} |- |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϙϙ,Ϟϟ |grika |[[Koppa]] |{{polytonic|ϙόππα}} |{{polytonic|κόππα}} |q |{{IPA|[q]}} |- |style="font-size:133%;"|Ͳͳ,Ϡϡ |grika |[[Sampi]] | |{{polytonic|σαμπῖ}} |ss |{{IPA|[sː]}}, {{IPA|[ks]}}, {{IPA|[ts]}} |- |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϸϸ |baktrianina |[[Sho]] | | |š |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} |} == Ireo litera klasika == Ao amin’ ny tabilao etsy ambany no anehoana ny lisitr’ ireo litera grika fampiasa matetika, sy ny [[Abidy latina|litera latina]] mifandraika aminy ary ny litera fenisiana niaviany. Omena araka ny rafi-peo iraisam-pirenena ny fanononana ny litera tsirairay. Ny fanononana ny litera grika omena eto dia ilay fanononana araka an' i [[Erasma]]. Misy fahadisoana ampahany io fanononana io, ary any amin’ ny fianarana teny grika no tena nampiasna azy. Ny fanoninana ny litera grika amin’ ny fanononana atika tamin’ ny faran’ ny taonjato faha-5 sy tamin’ ny fiantombohan’ny taonjato faha-4 tal. J.K. === Fiovana endrika kely amin’ ny fanoratana === Ny [[litera]] sasany dia mampiseho endrika, ny ankamaroany nolovana avy tamin’ ny zanatsoratry ny [[Andro Antenatenany]]. Raha ny fampiasana azy ireo niankina tamin’ ny safidin’ ny tsirairay, nisy tamin’ ireo endrika ireo no voafehina lalàna manokana ao amin’ ny fenitra Unicode: * ny « ϐ » dia endriky ny bêta « β » (Unicode : <code>03D0</code>); * ny ''epsilon'' dia azo soratana hoe « ϵ » (« epsilon sarim-bolana », Unicode : <code>03F5</code>) na « ε »; * ny ''thêta'' dia azo soratana amin’ ny fomba roa: « θ » na « ϑ », ny faharoa dia miasa matetika amin’ ny sora-tanana (Unicode : <code>03D1</code>); * ny « ϰ » dia karazan’ ny ''kappa'' « κ » amin’ ny sora-tanana (Unicode : <code>03F0</code>); * ny ''pi'' izay azo soratana hoe « ϖ », dia endrika ntaolon’ ny litera ''pi'' ankehiriny (π) (Unicode : <code>03D6</code>); * ny ''rhô'' dia miseho amin’ ny endrika roa : « ρ » sy « ϱ » (Unicode : <code>03F1</code>); * ny ''sigma'', amin’ ny fanoratana tsotra ny teny grika dia manana endrika roa : « σ » sy « ς ». Ny voalohany raha any amin’ny fanombohan’ ny teny na eny afovoany fa ny faharoa kosa raha any amin’ ny farany. Misy karazany hafa koa, dia ny « sigma misarim-bolana » (ϲ), izay avy amin’ ny fanoratana tamin’ ny [[Andro Antenatenany]] (Unicode : <code>03F2</code>); * ny ''upsilon'' sorabaventy (Υ) dia manana endrika hafa koa: ϒ (Unicode : <code>03D2</code>); * ny litera ''phi'' dia mety hiseho amin’ ny endrika roa, « φ » na « ϕ » (Unicode : <code>03D5</code>). Sahala amin’ izay niseho teo amin’ ireo endriky ny litera latina, nisy karazana literana zanatsoratra izay niseho ankoatry ny tarehin-tsoratra fanontam-pirinty. Ny litera sasany dia nanana endrika hafa tanteraka amin’ ny zanatsoratra tamin’ ny [[Andro Antenatenany]] ampiasaina amin’ ny fanontana pirinty. == Ny litera enti-manisa == Ireto litera manaraka ireto dia tsy isan’ ny abidy grika fampiasa matetika. Nefa izy ireo dia nampisaina nandritra ny [[Andro Taloha]] na tamin’ ny tenim-paritra grika sasany. Ny ampahany amin’ ireo litera ireo dia mbola nampiasaina amin’ ny fanoratana ny fanisana grika. Ny ''sampi'' dia nanoratana ny renifeo mikasaoka sy kambana, izay nivoatra nankany amin’ ny endriky ny sigma kambana (-σσ-), izay maneho ny feo [sː] ao amin’ ny ankamaroan’ ny fitenim-paritra grika sy tamin’ ny fiteny atika, naneho ny [tː] (-ττ-). Ny tena fanononana azy dia mbola iadian’ ireo manampahaizana hevitra (misy ny manao hoe [ts]). Io anarany io dia mety avy amin’ ny teny grika hoe ''σαν πι'' / ''san pi'', "sahala amin’ ny ''pi'' ", noho ny fifanahafany amin’ ny litera ''pi'' (π). Ny filaharan’ ny litera eo anelanelan’ ny ''Α'' sy ny ''Τ'' dia araka ny an’ ny [[abidy fenisiana]]. == Soratra mifandrohy == Misy sotratra mifandrohy hita sahady tamin’ ny fotoana taloha tamin’ ny soratra fandrahina sasany, izay manakambana soritra mitsangana amin’ ny litera mifanarakarana (sahala amin’ ny Η sy Ν), mba hitsitsiana ny toerana anoratana sy hanakelezana ny fotoana hamandrahana. Ny hafa koa, toy ny rohin’ ny ''omikron'' sy ny ''upsilon'' (Ȣ) na ny fanafohezana amin’ ny hoe ϗ ny teny hoe ''καὶ'' (midika hoe « sy »), dia hita tamin’ ny [[sora-tanam-piraketana]] tamin’ ny [[Andro Antenatenany]] sady nitohy ny fampiasana azy tamin’ ireo lahatsoratra voapirinty voalohany, nefa ny fampiasana azy ireo dia nihena tamin’ ny taonjato faha-17 sy faha-18 talohan’ ny tsy nampisana azy intsony amin’ ny fanoratana ny [[Fiteny grika ankehitriny|teny grika ankehitriny]]. == Ny mari-tsoratra == Ao amin’ ny fanoratana marofeo ampiasaina hanoratana ny teny grika tranainy, ny zanatsoratra dia mety hitovona mari-tsoratra (famantarana) izay maneho ny tsindrim-peo sy ny fanononana an-tenda (fr.: ''aspiration''). === Ny tsindrimpeo na tendro === Misy telo karazana ny tsindrimpeo soratana na tendro (raha ny marina kokoa) tamin’ ny fanoratana ny fiteny grika tranainy: - ny [[tendro miraika havia]] (ohatra: δαίμων / ''daímôn''); - ny [[tendro miraika havanana]] (ohatra: καὶ / ''kaì''); - ny tilda (ohatra: τιμῆς / ''timês'' na ''timēs''). Tsy ny fanononana mafy ny vaninteny misy azy no ambaran’ izy ireo fa ny hahavon’ ny feo: tsindrimpeon-kaavo no filaza izany. Taty aoriana dia najary tsindrimpeon-kamafy izy ireo. Ny fanoratana grika dia ahitana koa ny tendro roa na ''trema'' (¨) izay manambara ny fifanarakarahana [[zanapeo]] roa tsy ovana fanononona (fr.: ''hiatus'') (ohatra: ευρωπαϊκό / ''eurôpaïkó'' amin’ ny fiteny grika vaovao). === Ny mari-panononana an-tenda === Misy karazany roa ny mari-panononana an-tenda, dia ny mari-panononana an-tenda mafy sy ny mari-panononana an-tenda malefaka. Ny mari-panononana an-tenda mafy (<big>῾</big>) dia manambara tokoa ny fanononana an-tenda mifandraika amin’ ny feo [h] na ny litera « h » rehefa soratana amin’ ny litera latina (ohatra: ὑπέρ / ''hupér''). Ny mari-panononana an-tenda malefaka (<big>᾿</big>) dia manambara ny tsy fisian’ io fanononana an-tenda io (ohatra: ἐλευθερία / ''eleuthería''). Amin’ ny fanombohan’ ny teny, ny tendro sy ny mari-panononana an-tenda dia mety hitambatra eo amin’ ny zanatsoratra iray (ohatra: ἔστιν / ''éstin'', ἅπαντας / ''apantas''). Tamin’ ny taona 1982, ny rafi-panoratana ny mari-tsoratra atao hoe “maro tendro” dia notsorina, ka nosoloana amin’ ny rafi-panoratana “tokan-tendro”, izay tsy anoratana afa-tsy tendro tokana, mahitsy na miraika havia arakaraka ny tarehin-tsoratra (police), izay manambara ny zanapeo misy tsindrimpeo (΄) (ohatra: (είναι / ''eínai''). Ny fanoratana ny mari-panononana an-tenda dia navela koa ka tsy ampiasaina intsony nanomboka tamin’ io taona io. == Ny litera sosona sy ny zanatsoratra laha-droa == Ny diagrama (litera lahadroa) dia litera roa mitovy ampiasaina hanoratana feo tokana na fikambanana feo roa izay tsy mifandraika amin’ny tsirairay amin’ny litera ao amin’io fikambanana io. Ny fanoratana ny teny grika dia manana litera sosona maro, indrindra zanatsoratra sosona, izay vakina sahana amina zanapeo mifanarakaraka anaty vaninteny iray taloha nefa tsy maneho afa-tsy feo iray sahala amin’ny litera iray amin’ny fiteny grika ankehitriny. Nandritra ny vanim-potoana bizantina, ny fanao dia nanoratra ny iota sasany izay tsy tononina sady apetraka eo ambanoin’ny litera eo aloha : ny '''''ᾳ''''' sy ny '''''ῃ''''' ary ny '''''ῳ''''' ; ireo no atao hoe ''iota soratana ambany'' (na ''iota aladina''). == Fampiasana ny tatehin-tsoratra grika amin' ny fiteny hafa == Ny abidy grika dia ampiasaina amin'ny teny hafa maro ihany koa. Nampiasaina amin'ny fanoratana ny teny etroska izy io, na dia novaina kely aza ny endriny, nanoratana ireo teny italika taloha koa izy ireo. Nampiasaina tao [[Afrika]] ihany koa izy io ho an' ny [[Fiteny kopta|fiteny kôpta]] izay teny fampiasa amin' ny fiangonana kristianina kôpta ao Ejipta. Nampiasa ny abidy grika voaova ihany koa ny fiteny baktrianina ([[Iràna]]). Avy amin' ny abidy grika ny [[abidy ronika]], [[Abidy gôtika|gôtika]], [[Abidy armeniana|armeniana]], [[Abidy jeôrjiana|jeôrjiana]], [[Abidy glagôlitika|glagôlitika]] ary [[Abidy sirilika|sirilika]]. Nisy litera fanampiny nampiasain’ ny Kristiana ôrtôdôksa albaney tamin’ ny taonjato faha-19 sy nampiasain’ ny Baktriana tamin’ ny taojato voalohany hatramin’ ny faha-3. === Tamin' ny Andro Taloha === Tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]], ny ankamaroan' ny abidy tao [[Anatôlia|Asia Minora]], teo anelanelan' ny taona 800 sy 300 tal.J.K. hanoratana ny fiteny sahala amin' ny fiteny lidiana na ny fiteny frigiana, dia abidy grika nasiam-panovana madinika. Ny sasany amin’ ny fiteny paleô-balkanika. Ho an’ ny fiteny mifanakaiky aminy, sahala amin’ ny fiteny makedôniana tranainy, dia nahitana teny vitsy mitokantokana voasoratra amin’ ny abidy grika, nefa tsy nahitana lahatsoratra mitohy na iray aza. Nisy soratra voasokitra amin' ny [[fiteny gaoloà]] tao Narbonnaise, nanodidina ny taona 300 tal. J.K. izay voasoratra tamin' ny abidy grika. Ny lahatsorara hebreo ao amin’ ny ''Heksapla'' nosoratan' i [[Ôrigenesy avy any Aleksandria|Ôrigenesy]] dia nosoratana tamin' ny litera grika. Nisy soratra voasokitra tamin' ny [[Fiteny ôsetiana|fiteny ôseta]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-10 na faha-12, hita tao Arkhyz, dia nampiasa tarehin-tsoratra grika: izany no soratra voasokitra tranainy indrindra amin’ ny fiteny ôseta. === Litera fanampiny === Maro ireo abidy izay niforona avy amin’ ny abidy grika izay nanampy litera hafa: * Ny abidy baktriana dia ahitana litera fanampiny iray, dia ny ''sho'' (sorabaventy: '''Ϸ''', soramadinika: '''ϸ''') izay naneho ny feo [ʃ] (« sh »). Nanoratana ny fiteny baktriana tamin’ ny Empira Koshana (taona 65-250). * Tao amin' ireo fanjakana indô-grika sy araka ny fomba fanoratra baktriana, ireo nahita fianarana bodista na akaiky ny [[bodisma]] nefa nandray ny kolontsaina grika<ref><small>Halkias, Georgios T., "When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures", ''Religions and Trade'',‎ 2014 ([https://www.academia.edu/5974580/When_the_Greeks_Converted_the_Buddha_Asymmetrical_Transfers_of_Knowledge_in_Indo-Greek_Cultures vakio an-tranonkala] [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5974580%2FWhen_the_Greeks_Converted_the_Buddha_Asymmetrical_Transfers_of_Knowledge_in_Indo-Greek_Cultures tahiry]])</small></ref> dia nanao lahatsoratra amin’ ny [[Fiteny sanskrity|fiteny sanskrita]] izay nosoratana tamin’ ny abidy grika nolovaina tamin’ ireo Baktriana. * Ny abidy kôpta dia mampiasa litera valo fanampiny izay nivoatra avy amin’ ny demôtika ejipsiana. Mbola ampiasaina ao [[Ejipta]] izy ireo hanoratana ny [[fiteny kôpta]], nefa ny litera dia voasoratra amin’ ny endrika manakaiky ny sorabaventy atao madinika (frantsay: ''onciale''), izany no maha hafa endrika azy amin' ny litera grika mahazatra. * Ny fanoratana ny [[fiteny nobiana]] tranainy tao Makoria ([[Sodana|Sodàna]] ankehitriny) dia nahitana litera avy amin’ ny abidy kôpta, ka ny roa avy amin’ ny abidy meroitika sy litera sosona ahitana ''gamma'' roa mikambana sady maneho ny feo [ŋ]. === Vanim-potoana akaiky antsika === * Ny [[fiteny kopta|fiteny kôpta]] dia mampiasa abidy nivoatra avy amin’ ny abidy grika hatramin’ izao * Ny [[Kristianisma ôrtôdôksa|Kristiana ôrtôdôksa]] tiorka dia mampiasa [[fiteny tiorka]] atao hoe karamanlidika, izay soratana indraindray amin’ ny abidy grika. * Ny fiteny toska [[Fiteny albaney|(tenim-paritra albaney]]) dia indraindray soratana amin’ ny abidy grika, nanomboka tamin’ ny taona 1500 tany ho any<ref><small>R. Elsie, « Albanian Literature in Greek Script: the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing », dans ''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies'', vol. 15, n° 20, 1991.</small></ref>. Ny fanaovam-pirinty ao Moskoplisy dia nanonta lahatsoratra albaney maro tamin’ ny taonjato faha-18 tamin’ ny fampiasana ny abidy grika. Ny abidy arvanôtika dia tsy ampiasaina raha afa-tsy ao Grisia. * Maro ireo fitenim-paritra [[Fiteny slava|slava]] tatsimo, mifanahaka amin’ ny [[Fiteny bolgariana|fiteny bolgara]] sy ny [[fiteny makedôniana]] (na masedoniana), izay nosoratana tamin’ ny endri-tsoratra grika. Ireo [[fiteny slava]] atsimo ireo dia mampiasa ny [[abidy sirilika]] nasiam-panovana ankehitriny. * Ny fiteny armana (na aromana) dia nosoratana tamin’ ny abidy grika. Tsy mbola misy fenitra mazava anoratana ny fiteny aromana nefa ny [[abidy latina]] no ampiasaina kokoa. * Ny [[fiteny gagaoza]] izay [[Fianakaviam-piteny torkika|fiteny torkika]] avaratra-atsinanana ampiasain' ireo Balkana dia mampiasa ny abidy grika koa. {|border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center" !rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|Sary !rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|Karazana !rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|Fiteny !colspan="3" style="background:#ccf;"|Anarana !rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|Dikan-tsorata !rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"|Fanononana |- !style="background:#ccffff;"|amin'i Wikipedia !style="background:#ccffff;"|amin'ny teny niaviana !style="background:#ccffff;"|amin'ny teny grika |- |[[Sary:Coptic Sai-min.svg|ϣ]] |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϣ ϣ |Kôpta | |ϣαι | |š |{{IPA|[ʃ]}} |- |[[Sary:Coptic Fai-min.svg|ϥ]] |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϥ ϥ |Kôpta | |ϥαι | |f |{{IPA|[f]}} |- |[[Sary:Coptic Hai-min.svg|ϧ]] |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϧ ϧ |Kôpta | |ϧαι | |ḫ |{{IPA|[x]}} |- |[[Sary:Coptic Hori-min.svg|ϩ]] |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϩ ϩ |Kôpta | |ϩορι | |h |{{IPA|[h]}} |- |[[Sary:Coptic Dandia-min.svg|ϫ]] |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϫ ϫ |Kôpta | |ϫανϫα | |ḏ |{{IPA|[ʤ]}} |- |[[Sary:Coptic Cima-min.svg|ϭ]] |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϭ ϭ |Kôpta | |ϭιμα | |c |{{IPA|[ʧ]}} |- |[[Sary:Coptic Ti-min.svg|ϯ]] |style="font-size:133%;"|Ϯ ϯ |Kôpta | |τι | |ti |{{IPA|[ti̯]}} |- |[[Sary:Coptic Ro-bar.svg|ⳁ]] |style="font-size:133%;"|Ⳁ ⳁ |Kôpta | |ⳁις νϣε | |ps |{{IPA|[ps]}} |} == Ny abidy hafa avy amin' ny abidy grika == Ny abidy grika dia nipoirana abidy maro<ref name=":0" />: * ny [[abidy latina]] izay nivoatra avy amin’ ny karazana abidy grika tandrefana; * ny [[abidy gôtika]] izay niforona nandritra ny tapany farany tamin’ ny [[Andro Taloha]] hanoratana ny fiteny gôtika. * ny [[abidy glagôlitika]] izay nanoratana ireo fiteny slava. * ny [[abidy sirilika]] izay nasolo ny abidy glagôlitika hanoratana ny [[fiteny slava]] sasany. Ny abidy grika dia heverina fa mety ho razamben’ ny [[abidy armeniana]], izay nisy fiantraikany koa teo amin’ ny endriky ny [[abidy jeôrjiana]]. == Jereo koa == * [[Abidy malagasy]] * [[Abidy latina]] * [[Abidy grika]] * [[Abidy hebreo]] * [[Abidy fenisiana]] * [[Abidy sirilika]] * [[Abidy arameana]] * [[Abidy siriaka]] * [[Abidy samaritana]] == Bibliôgrafia == {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|last=Cook|first=B. F.|year=1987|title=Greek inscriptions|place=|publisher=University of California Press/British Museum|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems|year=1996|publisher=Blackwell Publishers Ltd.|location=Oxford|isbn=0-631-21481-X|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last1=Daniels|first1=Peter T|last2=Bright|first2=William|year=1996|title=The World's Writing Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937|publisher=Oxford University Press|ref=harv}} *{{cite journal|last=Elsie|first=Robert|year=1991|title=Albanian Literature in Greek Script: the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing|journal=Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies|volume=15|issue=20|url=[http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1991AlbLitGreek.pdf A1991AlbLitGreek.pdf]|ref=harv|access-date=2015-05-10|archivedate=2020-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428032127/http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1991AlbLitGreek.pdf|deadurl=yes}} *{{cite book|last=Hinge|first=George|year=2001|title=Die Sprache Alkmans: Textgeschichte und Sprachgeschichte|publisher=University of Aarhus|type=Ph.D.|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last1=Holton|first1=David|first2=Peter|last2=Mackridge|first3=Irini|last3=Philippaki-Warburton|title=Grammatiki tis ellinikis glossas|place=Athens|publisher=Pataki|year=1998|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Horrocks|first=Geoffrey|year=2006|title=Ellinika: istoria tis glossas kai ton omiliton tis|location=Athens|publisher=Estia}} [Greek translation of ''Greek: a history of the language and its speakers'', London 1997] *{{cite book|last=Johnston|first=A. W.|year=2003|title=The alphabet|encyclopedia=Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th – 6th c. B.C.|editor1-last=Stampolidis|editor1-first=N.|editor2-last=Karageorghis|editor2-first=V|pages=263–276|place=Athens|publisher=Museum of Cycladic Art|ref=harv}} *{{cite journal|last=Kristophson|first=Jürgen|year=1974|title=Das Lexicon Tetraglosson des Daniil Moschopolitis|journal=Zeitschrift für Balkanologie|volume=10|issue=|pages=4–128|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last1=Liddell|first1=Henry G|last2=Scott|first2=Robert|year=1940|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0057|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Macrakis|first=Stavros M|year=1996|chapter=Character codes for Greek: Problems and modern solutions|editor-last=Macrakis|editor-first=Michael|title=Greek letters: from tablets to pixels|location=Newcastle|publisher=Oak Knoll Press|page=265|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last1=Mazon|first1=André|last2=Vaillant|first2=André|year=1938|title=L'Evangéliaire de Kulakia, un parler slave de Bas-Vardar|series=Bibliothèque d'études balkaniques|volume=6|issue=|place=Paris|publisher=Librairie Droz|pages=|ref=harv}} – selections from the Gospels in Macedonian. *{{cite journal|last=Miletich|first=L.|year=1920|title=Dva bŭlgarski ru̐kopisa s grŭtsko pismo|journal=Bŭlgarski starini|volume=6|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Murdoch|first=Brian|year=2004|chapter=Gothic|title=Early Germanic literature and culture|url=https://archive.org/details/earlygermaniclit0001unse|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlygermaniclit0001unse/page/149 149]–170|editors=Brian Murdoch and Malcolm Read|location=Woodbridge|publisher=Camden House}} *{{cite book|last=Peyfuss|first=Max Demeter|year=1989|title=Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731–1769: Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung in Erzbistum Achrida|place=|publisher=Böhlau Verlag|series=Wiener Archiv für Geschichte des Slawentums und Osteuropas|volume=13|ref=harv}} *{{cite web|last=Sims-Williams|first=Nicholas|year=1997|url=http://www.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hkum/bactrian.html|title=New Findings in Ancient Afghanistan – the Bactrian documents discovered from the Northern Hindu-Kush|ref=harv|accessdate=2015-05-10|archivedate=2007-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610192252/http://www.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hkum/bactrian.html}} *{{cite book|last=Swiggers|first=Pierre|year=1996|title=Transmission of the Phoenician Script to the West|encyclopedia=The World's Writing Systems|editor1-last=Daniels|editor2-last=Bright|place=Oxford|publisher=University Press|pages=261–270|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Stevenson|first=Jane|year=2007|chapter=Translation and the spread of the Greek and Latin alphabets in Late Antiquity|editor=Harald Kittel et al.|title=Translation: an international encyclopedia of translation studies|volume=2|location=Berlin|publisher=de Gruyter|pages=1157–1159|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Edward M|year=1912|title=An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography|url=https://archive.org/details/gtu_32400001685142|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|year=2008|chapter=Attic Greek|editor-first=Roger D.|editor-last=Woodard|title=The ancient languages of Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge|location=Cambridge|publisher=University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/14 14]–49|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == Rohy ivelany == * [http://opoudjis.net/unicode/unicode.html Unicode] {{en icon}} == Loharano == <references /> {{Vangovango}} [[Sokajy:Abidy]] isu8r66uo4dtxbgvwgtwl2y5bj8f4vm 0 225175 1149931 1098413 2026-08-28T19:53:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Pays | nom_local1 = New Zealand | langue1 = en | nom_local2 = Aotearoa | langue2 = mi | nom_malgache = Novely Zelandy<br>Zelandy Vao | image_drapeau = Flag of New Zealand.svg | lien_drapeau = Sainan'i Novely Zelandy | image_blason = Coat of arms of New Zealand.svg | lien_blason = Mari-piandrianan'i Novely Zelandy | image_carte = New Zealand (orthographic projection).svg | devise = « God Defend New Zealand »<ref>malagasy : « Ho arovan'Andriamanitra anie i Novely Zelandy »</ref> | langues_officielles = [[fiteny anglisy]]<br />[[fiteny maori]] | capitale = [[Wellington]] | coordonnées_capitale = {{coord|41|17|S|174|27|E}} | lien_villes = Tanàna ao Novely Zelandy | titre_plus_grande_ville = Tanàna lehibe indrindra | plus_grande_ville = [[Auckland]] | type_gouvernement = [[Fanjakana entim-panjaka]] | titre_dirigeant = [[Mpanjakavavy]] | titre_dirigeant2 = [[Governera jeneraly]] | titre_dirigeant3 = [[Praiministra]] | nom_dirigeant = [[Elisabeth II]] | nom_dirigeant2 = [[Jerry Mateparae|Jeremiah Mateparae]] | nom_dirigeant3 = [[Christopher Luxon]] |superficie_rang = 74 |superficie_totale = {{formatnum:268680}} |pourcentage_eau = 1,6 % |population_rang = 120 |population_totale = {{formatnum:4470800}}<ref>[http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/NationalPopulationEstimates_HOTPAt30Jun13.aspx Estimation juin 2013 sur Statistics New Zealand]</ref> |population_année = 2013 |densité = 16.6 |type_indépendance = Date |pays_indépendance = [[Fanjakana Mitambatra]] |date_indépendance = 26 Septambra 1907 |pays frontaliers = | gentilé = Neozelandey | IDH_année = 2012 | IDH = (mitombo) 0,907<ref name='idh_onu'>{{pdf}} [http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_FR_Tables.pdf Rapport sur le développement humaine 2010] des Nations Unies. Tableau 1 p. 167</ref> | IDH_catégorie = ambony be | IDH_rang = faha-6 | PIB-année = 2012 | PIB = 171 256 tapitrisa dollar amerikanina | PIB_rang = faha-53 | monnaie = [[dôlara neozelandey]] | code_monnaie = NZD | fuseau_horaire = + 12 (fahavaratra + 13) | hymne_national = ''Ho arovan'Andriamanitr anie i Novely Zelandy | iso3166-1 = NZL, NZ | domaine_internet = [[.nz]] | indicatif_téléphonique = 64 | notes = | p1 = }} I '''Zelandy Vaovao''' dia firenena ao [[Ôseania]]. Io firenena io dia [[tamba-nosy]] ahitana nosy roa lehibe (Nosy Avaratra sy ny Nosy Atsimo) ary koa nosy madinika maromaro. Izy io dia voalahatra ho firenena faha-8 finaritra indrindra eto amin' izao tontolo izao. Ny renivohiny dia i[[Wellington]]. Ny [[fiteny anglisy]] sy ny [[fiteny maôry]] no [[fiteny ofisialy]]. Mety ho soratana hoe '''Novely''' '''Zelandy''' izy; amin' ny [[teny anglisy]]: '''''New Zealand''''', amin' ny teny maôry '''''Aotearoa'''''. == Anarana == Ny anarana hoe ''Novely Zelandy'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]] ''Nouvelle Zélande'' izay azo adika ihany koa hoe ''Zelandy Vao''. Ilay hoe ''Zelandy'' dia avy amin' ny [[fiteny nerlandey]] izay mandro faritany iray ao [[Nederlandy]]. Ny anaran' i Novely Zelandy amin' ny teny maôry dia ''Aotearoa'' (ao-tea-roa) izay midika "Rahona fotsy lava". == Mponina == Araka ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2006 dia eo amin' ny 4&nbsp;143&nbsp;279 no isan' ny mponina ao Novely Zelandy. Manana razambe eorôpeanina ny ankamaroan' izy ireo. Ny tahan' ny mponina teratany, ny [[Maôry (vahoaka)|Maôry]], dia eo amin' ny 14,6 % amin' ny mponina manontolon' i Novely Zelandy. KNy kristianisma no fivavahana arahan' ny [[Neôzelandey (vahoaka)|Neôzelandey]] roa tapitrisa. == Jeôgrafia == I Novely Zelandy dia ahitana nosy roa lehibe: [[Nosy Avaratra]] ary [[Nosy Atsimo]] ary koa nosy maromaro. Ny velarantany manontolo dia 268 680 km² miaraka amin' ny Nosy Antipôdy (Antipode Islands), Nosy Auckland, Nosy Bounty, Nosy Campbell, [[Nosy Chatham]], ny [[Nosy Tokelau]] ary ny [[Nosy Kermandec]]. 1 600 km ny halavan' ny tambanosy lehibe indrindra, ary 15 000 km ny halavan' ny morontsiraka. Ankoatra ny [[Nosy Avaratra]] sy ny [[Nosy Atsimo]] izay ahitana ny ankamaroan' ny mponina, dia ny Nosy Stewart any atsimon' ny Nosy Atsimo, ny Nosy Waiheke (ao amin' ny hoalan' i Hauraki), nosin' ny Sakambe (any atsinanan' ilay hoala), ny Nosy Chatham (any atsinanan' ny Nosy Atsimo) ary ny Tokelau (any avaratry ny nosy [[Samôa]]). Ny Nosy Atsimo dia ny nsy lehibe indrindra. Voazaran' ny Alpa Atsimo (Southern Alps) ily nosy, ary ny [[Tendrombohitra Cook]] no toerana avo indrindra izay manana haavo 3 754 m amin' izao fotoana izao. Nihena folo metatra ny hahavony nohon' ny [[fihotsahan-tany]] nitranga tamin' ny 14 Desambra 1991. Tendrombohitra valo ambin' ny folo no manana haabo mihoatra ny 3 000 m. Ny Nosy Avarratra dia be tendrombohitra ihany koa, sady voamariky ny [[afotroa]] ary ny jeôtermia (hafanan' ny tany). Ny toerana avo indrindra dia ny [[tendrombohitra Ruapehu]] (2 797 m) izay afotroa mbola velona. Manintona ny mpanao horonantsary ny endri-paritr' i Novely Zelandy, ka nitombo ny mpizaha tany taorian' ny fivoahan' ny horonatsary ''Lord of the Rings'', izay notontosain' i Peter Jackson izay olom-pirenena neôzelandey ihany. == Pôlitika == {{...}} I Novely Zelandy dia tani-mpanjaka entin-dalàm-panorenana ahitana demôkrasian' antenimiera, na dia tsy voarakitra ao anatin' ny lalàm-panorenana aza izany. I Elizabeth II no mpanjakavavin' i Novely Zelandy<ref>"Queen and New Zealand". The British Monarchy. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</ref> ary ny mpitondra ny firenena.<ref>"Factsheet – New Zealand – Political Forces". The Economist (The Economist Group). 15 Feb. 2005. Tahirin'ny soratra naviana tamin'ny 14 Mey 2006. Novangiana ny 4 Aog. 2009.</ref>. Ny [[governora jeneralin'i Novely Zelandy|governora jeneraly]] no solontenan' ny mpanjakavavy ao amin' io tany io. Ny governora jeneraly dia tendren' ny mpanjakavavy izay toroan' ny praiminisitra hevitra ihany koa<ref>"The Governor General of New Zealand". Official website of the Governor General. Retrieved 8 January 2011</ref>. Ny governora jeneraly dia afaka mampiasa ny fahefana omena an' ny mpanjaka toa ny manao fahamarinana ary mametraka minisitra, ambasadaoro ary mpiasam-panjakana lehibe.<ref>Harris, Bruce (2009). "Replacement of the Royal Prerogative in New Zealand". New Zealand Universities Law Review 23: 285–314</ref> Amin' ny tranga vitsivitsy, ny mpanjaka dia afaka mandrava ny Antenimiera. Voafetran-dalàmpanorenana ny fahefan' ny mpanjakavavy ary ny governora jeneraly, ka tsy afaka mampiasa ireo fahefany ireo izy ireo raha tsy tohanan' ny kabinetra. Ny Antenimiera no mitazona ny fahefana mamoa-dalàna, ary izy io dia ahitana ny mpanjakavavy ary ny tranon' ny solontena. === Fifandraisana any Ivelany === I Novely Zelandy dia mitodika amin' ny firenena demôkratika mandroso ary amin' ireo firenen' ny [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika|Pasifika]] andalam-pandrosoana. Amin' ny lafin' ny pôlitika eran-tany, i Novely Zelandy dia mampiroborobo ny [[falalaham-pifanakalozana]], fandaozana ny fitaovam-piadiana nokleary ary ny famehezana ny fitaovam-piadiana. Tamin' ny taona 2013, ny minisisitry ny raharaham-bahiny Murray McCully dia nambara hoe <blockquote>All New Zealand's important relationships are in good repair....With the United States there are hopes of a major breakthrough in terms of trade relations. Sino-New Zealand relations are also subdued, but trade is burgeoning. Japan's decision to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership is a welcome change and New Zealand continues to pursue a free trade agreement with South Korea. The government is pressing ahead with plans to strengthen relations in a number of other areas, including Russia, South Asia, Latin America, the Persian Gulf and especially the South Pacific. It is also alive to the potential benefits of closer ties with countries on the African continent.<ref>Murray McCully, "Keeping Relationships in Good Repair," New Zealand International Review (July 2013) 38#4 p 13</ref> izay azo adika hoe: <blockquote> Salama tsara ny fifandraisana manan-danja rehetran' i Novely Zelandy... Misy fanantenam-pandrosoana lehibe amin' ny lafiny fifandraisana ara-barotra miaraka amin' i Etazonia. Ny fifandraisan' ny sinoa sy neozelandey dia mangiangiana, fa mihamaro ny varotra. Fiovana raisina an-tanandroa ny fanapahan-kevitry Japana nanatevin-daharana ny Fiarahana Ampitam-Pasifika, ary mitady ny hifanaraka amin' i Kôrea Atsimo amin' ny lafiny falalaham-pifanakalozana amin' i Kôrea Atsimo i Novely Zelandy. Manosika ny governemanta amin' ny alalan' ny drafitra hanamafisana ny fifandraisana amin' ny faritra hafa maro, anisan' izany i Rosia, i Azia Atsimo, i Amerika Latina, ny Hoala Persika ary indrindra i Pasifika Atsimo. Mahatsiaro ny tombontsoa vokatry ny fifandraisana akaiky kokoa amin' ny firenen' ny kôntinanta Afrikanina ihany koa izy. </blockquote> </blockquote> I Novely Zelandy dia nonenan' ny razamben' ny [[Maôry (vahoaka)|Maôry]] teo anelanelan' ny taonjato faha-9 hatramin' ny taonjato faha-13. Tamin' ny taona 1760 dia mpitety tany eorôpeanina maro no efa nandalo tao. Nanara-dia azy ireo ireo mpivarotra, ny misiônera ary koa ny mpitady toeram-ponenana. Nisy rafi-pifanakalozana napetraka, indrindra indrindra ao amin' i Northland, ka lasa nanan-karena ary nanam-pahefana ireo foko sasantsasany. Tsy vory ireo mponina maôry tao Novely Zelandy, ka tsy ara-potoana ny fifandraisana amin' ny Eorôpeanina. Tamin' ny taona 1835, dia nanao sonia ny fahaleovan-tenany ireo vondron' olona izay sefon' i Northland, ary neken' i Britaina Lehibe izany fahaleovantena izany.<ref>"History". United Tribes of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</ref> === Tafika === Ny hery fiarovana neôzelandey (''New Zealand Defence Force'', ''Te Ope Kaatua o Aotearoa'') dia ahitana ny Tafika an-tanety, ny Tafika ana habakaba-panjakan' i Novely Zelandy ary ny Tafika an-dranomasim-panjakan' i Novely Zelandy. Ny mitondra azy io dia ny Lehiben' ny Hery Fiarovana === Tany ampitandranomasina === [[sary:Realm_of_New_Zealand-2.PNG|340px|right|thumb|Ireo tany ampitan-dranomasin' i Novely Zelandy]] Ny antsoina amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] hoe ''Realm of New Zeland'' na ''Tany Anjakan' i Novely Zelandy'' dia ny ireo tany rehetra anjakan' ny Mpanjavavin' i Novely Zelandy. Izy io dia ahitana ny tanin' i Novely Zelandy, ny [[Nosy Koky]], i [[Nioe]], Tokelau ary ny Tany tsimahaleo tenan' i Ross ao [[Antartika]]. Ny governora jeneralin' i Novely Zelandy no solontenan' ny loham-pirenena (Elizabeth II amin' ny maha-mpanjakavavin' i Novely Zelandy azy), ao amin' ny Tany Anjakana. Tamin' ny 2011, ny govenora jeneraly dia i Sir Jerry Mateparae. == Mponina == Eo amin' ny 4,5 tapitrisa eo ho eo ny isan' ny mponina ao Novely Zelandy. Ny 72 % n' ny mponina no miaina an-tanàn-dehibe miisa enina ambin' ny folo, ary 53 % no miaina anatin' ny tanàn-dehiben' i [[Auckland]], i [[Christchurch]], i[[Wellington]] ary i Hamilton. Ambony filaharana ireo tanàna neôzelandey ireo amin' ny lafiny kalitaom-piainana. Ohatra, tanàna fahefatra mora iainana indrindra i Wellington araka ny Fanadihadiana momba ny Kalitaom-piainana Mercey. <ref>"Mercer 2010 Quality of Living survey highlights – Global". Mercer. May 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</ref>. Ny faharetan' ny androm-piainan' ny mponina neôzelandey tamin' ny 2012 dia 84 taona ho an' ny vehivavy ary 80,2 taona ho an' ny lehilahy. Heverina fa hitombo ho 85 taona ny [[androm-piainana]] amin' ny fiterahana, ary hidina ny [[fahafatesan-jaza|taham-pahafatesan-jaza]] <ref>Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 29 August 2009.</ref> Ny [[taham-piterahana|taham-piterahan]]' i Novely Zelandy, 2,2, dia ambony ho ana firenena mandroso. Midika izany fa tanora ny vahoakan' i Novely Zelandy (20 %n' ny vahoaka no 14 taona na latsaka). Amin' ny 2050, dia heverina fa hitombo ho 5,3 tapitrisa ny isan' ny mponina, ary hiakatra ho 43 taona ny salan' isa isan-taona. Araka ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2013, dia 74 %n' ny [[Neôzelandey (vahoaka)|Neôzelandey]] no mihevi-tena fa eorôpeanina, ary 14,0 % no milaza ny tenany fa [[Maôry (vahoaka)|Maôry]]. Ireo foko hafa lehibe dia ny [[Aziatika (vahoaka)|Aziatika]] (11,8 %) sy ny vahoakan' i [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika|Pasifika]] (7,4 %). <ref>"Ethnic groups in New Zealand". 2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</ref>. Nihabetsaka ny karazan' olona nanomboka tamin' ny taompolo vao haingana. Tamin' ny taona 1961, dia 92 % no tahan' ny olona milaza ny tenany ho eorôpeanina ary 7 % no Maôry, ny Aziatika sy ny mponin' ny nosy hafa ao Pasifika dia 1 % monja.<ref>Collins, Simon (October 2010). "Ethnic mix changing rapidly". New Zealand Herald.</ref> == Kolontsaina == == Jereo koa == * '''Firenena ao Ôseania''': [[Aostralia]] - [[Nosy Koky]] - [[Fijy]] - [[Kiribaty]] - [[Nosy Marsaly]] - [[Mikrônezia]] - [[Naoro]] - [[Nioe]] - [[Zelandy Vaovao]] - [[Palaô]] - [[Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao]] - [[Nosy Sôlômôna]] - [[Samôa]] - [[Tônga]] - [[Tovalo]] - [[Vanoato]]. * '''Ny kôntinenta:''' [[Afrika]] - [[Azia]] - [[Eorôpa]] - [[Amerika]] - [[Ôseania|Ôsania]] === Boky fandalinana === *{{cite book |title=Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/batemannewzealan0000unse |year=2005 |isbn=1-86953-601-0 |edition=6th |editor=Bateman, David}} *{{cite book| last=Sinclair |first=Keith |title=A History of New Zealand | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnewzeal0000sinc_w5f6 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-14-029875-8 |authorlink=Keith Sinclair |author2=revised by Dalziel, Raewyn}} * Statistics New Zealand. ''New Zealand Official Yearbook'' (annual). ISBN 1-86953-776-9 (2010). === Tsiahy === {{ref}} {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:Firenena]] [[Sokajy:Nosy ny Ranomasimbe Pasifika]] [[Sokajy:Zelandy Vaovao]] roda5c5efxkr46q9aclv9mzpk72gahx 0 225178 1149897 1138744 2026-08-28T19:31:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Portrait of Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|Rainilaiarivony Praiminisitra madagasikara]]{{Infobox olona|anarana=Rainilaiarivony|teraka=30. Janoary 1828|toerana=Ilafy-Antananarivo|maty=17 jolay 1896|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Praiministra|image=Rainilaiarivony. jpg}} '''Rainilaiarivony''' dia [[praiminisitra]] tao amin' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]], teraka tamin' ny taona [[1828]] tao [[Antananarivo]] ary maty tamin' ny taona [[1896]] tany [[Alzeria]]. Izy no nandimby ny rahalahiny [[Rainivoninahitriniony]] izay praiminisitra talohany nandritry ny telo ambin' ny folo taona. Amin' ny maha praiminisitra azy dia niaro an' i Madagasikara amin' ny fitsiriritana pôlitikan' ny britanika sy frantsay. Nalaminy sy nataony matihanina ny tafika, nataony tsy maintsy ianarana ny sekolim-panjakana, ary namoaka lalàna mifototra amin' ny lalàna britanika izy. Nofeheziny tsimoramora ny fanao toa ny fanandevozana, ny fakàna vady maro ary ny fandroaham-bady. Namoaka lalàna mikasika ny fivadihan' ny Fanjakana ho kristianina izy tamin' ny andro nanjakan-d[[Ranavalona II]]. Izy ihany koa no nitondra ny tafika malagasy tamin' ny ady nifanaovan' ny Hova sy ny Frantsay, ary naharo ny firenena hatramin' ny taona 1895. Naesorin' ny Frantsay teo amin' ny toerany i Rainilaiarivony izay natao sesitany any [[Aljeria]] frantsay, tany izay niambohoany tamin' ny volana Aogositra 1896. == Fazazana sy fahatanorana == {{...}} I Rainilaiarivony dia teraka tamin' ny 30 Janoary 1828 tao [[Ilafy]]. Ny rainy, [[Rainiharo]], dia mpitondra tafika ka i Rabodomiarana izay vadin' i Rainiharo no niteraka an' i Rainilaiarivony. Dimy taona taorian' izany dia lasa praiminisitra i Rainiharo, toerana izay nosahaniny nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1833 hatramin' ny taona 1852. Nandritry ny fotoana naha praiminisitra azy dia voafidy ho vadina mpanjaka i Rainiharo, fa notazoniny ho vadiny i Rabodomiarana araka ny fomba teo an-toerana izay manaiky ny fampirafesana. I Andriantsilavo izay raiben' i Rainilaiarivony dia mpanolotsain' ny mpanjaka [[Andrianampoinimerina]]. Avy amin' ny fianankaviamben' Andaviafaratra i Rainilaiarivony sy ny havany, miaraka amin' ny fianankaviamben' Andrefandrovan' Ambohimanga, izay anisan' ny fianankaviana [[hova]] tena natanjaka indrindra tao [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Imerina]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-19. Izay andraikitra ambony tsy nomena ny Andriana dia lasan' ny Hova avy amin' ireo fianankaviambe roa ireo. Tamin' izy enin-taona dia nianatra roa taona tao amin' ny sekoly roa nosokafan' ny [[London Missionary Society]] i Rainilaiarivony, sekoly izay natokana ho an' ny andriana ao amin' ny lapa-mpanjaka ao Antananarivo. Nakaton' i [[Ranavalona I]] ireo sekoly ireo tamin' ny taona 1836, fa mbola nanohy ny fianarany niaraka tamin' ny mpianatra be taona noho izy i Rainilaiarivony. Ary rehefa 11 na 12 taona izy dia nanapa-kevitra ny havany fa efa matotra tsara izy ka afaka hanao ny fiainany eto amin' izao tontolo izao. Nanomboka nividy sy nivarotra [[savony]] izy. Rehefa feno 14 taona izy dia nasaina hihaona amin' ny mpanjakavavy [[Ranavalona I]]. Nampiaiky volana an-dRanavalona izy ka nahazo ny "Voninahitra Fahenina". Nahazo ny "Voninahitra Fahafito" izy tamin' ny izy 16 taona. Nahazo ny "Voninahitra Fahavalo" sy "Fahasivy" izy tamin' izy 19 taona. Tsy mbola nisy teo aloha ny hafaingam-piakaram-boninahitra toa izany. == Fianakaviana == Tamin' ny taona 1848, dia nanambady i Rainilaiarivony izay efa 20 na 21 taona. Radilifera no nalainy ho anarany, ary nanaiky nanambady an' i Rasoanalina izy. Zaza enina ambin' ny folo no nentiny tam-bohoka nandritry ny fanambadian' izy roa ireo. Miampy an' ireo zaza ireo ny zana-dRasoanalina, Ratsimatahodriaka (Randriaka) izay niteraka talohan' ny nivadiany tamin' i Rainilaiarivony. Natsangan' i Rainilaiarivony ho zanany i Ratsimatahodriaka, ary nataony ho mpandimby azy, fa voapoizina ilay tovolahy ary maty noho ny fitsambikinana tamin' ny lavarangana. Maro ny zanak' i Rainilaiarivony nahavita namelatra ny fahafahany feno. Ny zanany iray atao hoe Rafozehana dia matin' ny ''delirium tremens''; ny zanany hafa atao hoe Ratsimandresy sy Ralaiarivony dia maty tanaty herisetra. Nalefa tany Frantsa i Randravalahy fa niverina talohan' ny nahazoany mari-pahaizana izy ka tsy fantatra izay tena niafarany. Nianatra ho dokotera Ramangalahy fa tratry ny aretina ka maty. Lasa mpanao heloka ny zanany telo mirahalahy: Rajoelina izay nandika ny lalànan' ny fireneny amin' ny alalan' ny fivarotana [[volamena]] antsokosoko amin' orinasa anglisy; i Penoelina izay nianatra tany [[Angletera]] alohan' ny niverenany teoto [[Madagasikara]] noho ny antom-pahasalamana; ary Ramariavelo izay namorona vondron-dahalo mamaky tranon' olon-tsotra. Maty noho ny fanalan-jaza ny iray amin' ny zanaka vavin' i Rainilaiarivony, ary ny sasany dia nanambady sady tsy nalaza teo amin' ny vahoaka. == Mpitondra tafika == [[Sary:Prime_Minister_Rainilaiarivony_of_Madagascar_inspecting_troops.jpg|vignette|290px|]] Ny fahafatesan' ny praiminisitra [[Rainiharo]] tamin' ny volana Febroary 1852 dia namela ny mpanjakavavy tsy hanam-bady, tsy manana mpanoro hevitra ary tsy manana mpitondra tafika. Araka izany dia nahazo ny Voninahitra Faharoambinifolo avy amin' ny mpanjakavavy i Rainilaiarivony ho fiomanana amin' ny andraikiny ara-pôlitika sy ara-tafika. Taorian' izany dia naneho ny fitiavany tamin' i Rainilaiarivony ny mpanjakavavy. Nandà ilay tovolahy noho ny elanelan-taona, efapolo taona antitra noho izy ny mpanjakavavy, ary noho ny tsi-fahamendrehana mety ho vokatry ny fiarahana amin' ny sakaizan-drainy taloha. Nitana ny fihetseham-pony mandritra ny androm-piainany i Ranavalona, fa tsy naneho lolom-po noho ny fandavany ny hamaly azy ireo, ka naka an' i [[Rainijohary]] – izay manam-pahefana ambony iray hafa – ho vady. Tao anatin' ny herintaona, dia nomena an' i Rainilaiarivony izay 24 taona tamin' izany fotoana izany ny andraikitra hitondra tafika, ary nasandratra ho sekreteram-panjakana sy mpiambina ny tombon-kasem-panjakana ary mpanara-mason' ny mpitam-bolam-panjakana izy. Taona maro talohan' ny nahafatesany, ny praiminisitra taloha [[Rainiharo]] dia nitondra tafika hifehezan' Imerina ny tany any atsimon' ny Nosy. Nahatonga ny fifanaraham-pitsaharan' ady tamin' ny foko [[Bara]] any atsimo ny fanafihana. Nomena fizakan-tena izy ireo mba ho foko anelanelan' ny [[Sakalava]] any andrefana ary ny [[Tanala]] sy ny [[Antemoro]] sy ny [[Antefasy]] ary foko hafa any atsimo atsinanana. Nikomy tamin' ny [[Merina]] ireo foko tatsimo-atsinanana ireo rehefa nahalala momba ny fahafatesan' i Rainiharo. Nandefa an' i [[Rainivoninahitriniony]] sy ny tafiny i Ranavalona mba hampitsahatra izany fikomiana izany ary koa mba hanavotra ny Merina voafahirano tao atsimo.<ref>Chapus & Mondain 1953, pp. 14–16.</ref> Miaramila miisa iray alina manam-basy aman-tsabatra no tafika baikoin' ny rahalahiny. Mpitondra entana miisa valo alina, mpahandro sakafo ary mpanompo no nanaraka ny tafika. Olona iray alina no matin' ny miaramila Merina, ary araka ny [[lovantsofina]] dia nisy koa ny navarotra ho [[Andevo (teto Madagasikara)|andevo]] tao Imerina. Naka andevo valopolo i Rainilaiarivony, ary maherin' ny 160 no andevo nalain' ny ralahiny. Na dia izany aza, nahomby tamin' ny fanajanonana ny fikomiana fotsiny ilay fanafihana, ary kely ny gejan' ny Merina manerana ny Nosy nandritry ny taonjato faha-19. === Fanakanam-panonganam-panjakana voalohany === Rehefa nitombo ho olon-dehibe [[Radama II|Radama]] zanaky ny mpanjakavavy, dia lasa diso fanantenana tamin' ny isan' ny maty noho ny ady entin-dreniny sy ny fomba fanaovana ny fitsarana. Kivy amin' ny fandavana ny kolontsaina eorôpeanina ihany koa izy. Nifandray tsara tamin' ny vazaha mbola navelan-dRanavalona hijanona ao amin' ny lapa ity andriana ity, anisan' izy ireo i [[Jean Laborde]] sy i [[Joseph-François Lambert]]. Nifanaraka tamin' i Lambert mikasika ny fitrandrahan-tany Radama. Mihatra izay fifanarahana izay rehefa tonga nanjaka Radama. Io fifanarahana io dia manome an' i Lambert ampahan-tany lehibe sy zo tsy manam-paharoa mamoron-dalana, mitrandraka vato, ala ary koa zavatra hafa maro eo amin' ny Nosy. Tamin' ny volana Mey 1857, rehefa sivy amby roapolo taona Rainilaiarivony, dia nasain' i Lambert ny printsy Radama sy [[Rainivoninahitriniony]] sy Rainilaiarivony ary ny mpitondra tafika hafa maro mba hanongana an-dRanavalona<ref>Chapus & Mondain 1953, p. 22</ref> Rehefa mby hanongana i Radama dia nilaza an' i Lambert i Rainivoninahitriniony fa mety tsy ho tohanan' ny tafika izy, ka tokony hajanona ilay tetika. Ny iray amin' ny mpitondra tafika dia nino fa nisy namadika tao ka nihevitra ny hiala maina tamin' ny alalan' ny fitoriana azy ireo amin' ny mpanjaka. Ny nataon' ny mpanjaka dia nandroaka ny vazaha ary nampisotro [[Tangena (fampinomana)|tangena]] ny mpitondra tafika merina izay tao anatin' ilay tetika. Tsy nampisotro tangena an-dRadama sy an' i Rainilaiarivony ary ny rahalahiny ny mpanjaka, satria mbola natoky azy ireo ny mpanjakavavy mandra-pahafatiny. === Fanakanam-panonganam-panjakana faharoa === Tamin' ny fahavaratry ny taona 1861 dia 33 taona i Rainilaiarivony. Nisy ny tombantombana mikasika ny olona handimby azy. Efa nilaza matetika ny mpanjakavavy fa ny zanany Radama, izay nanohana ny eorôpeanina, no handimby azy, na dia tsy ankasitrahan' ny mpiara-monina aza izany. Nanohana an-kinafinafina an-dRamboasalama, izay notononin' ny mpanjaka ho mpandova fanjakana tany aloha tany, ireo mpandala ny mahazatra. Ramboasalama dia tsy mbola nanantena ny hitaky ny lova nomena azy vetivety tany aloha<ref>Oliver 1886, p. 87.</ref>. Araka ny fomba dia vonoina avokoa ireo olon-kafa afaka mitaky ny fitondram-panjakana rehefa mametraka ny mpanjaka vaovao. Nanohitra an' izany zavatra izany [[Radama II]] ka nangataka ny rahalahiny hanohana azy ho lohan' ny fanjakana amin' ny andro hahafatesan' ny mpanjakavavy. Fotoana vitsy talohan' ny nahafatesan-dRanavalona dia nasain' i Rainilaiarivony tao amin' ny lapan' ny Praiminisitra i Radama sy i Rainivoninahitriniony ka nasaina nametraka ny [[satroboninahitra]] tamin' ny mpanjaka eo anoloan' ny miaramila, ohatra ireny hoe efa maty ny mpanjakavavy. Nentina tao amin' ny lapa Ramboasalama ary noterena haneho mari-panohanana ampahibemaso an-dRadama.<ref>Chapus & Mondain 1953, p. 24.</ref> I Rainilaiarivony no tompon' andraikitry ny tribonaly nitsarana ny mpanohana an-dRamboasalama. Voaheloka ho mpamadika izy ireo ary nomelohina amin' ny fandroahana miampy sazy hafa. Nasaina nonina tany [[Ambohimirimo]] miaraka amin-dramatoa Rasoaray vadiny – rahavavin' i Rainilaiarivony – i Ramboasalama, ary tany no nahafatesany tamin' ny volana Avrily 1862. Nofoanana ny sata maha praiminisitra an' i Rainijohary izay natao sesintany ka manela ny minisitra lefitra [[Rainivoninahitriniony]] ho praiminisitra tokana. Miaraka amin' izay koa dia nataon-dRadama II ho sefon-tafika i Rainilaiarivony.<ref>Oliver 1886, p. 88.</ref> === Famoronana tany entina mpanjaka voafehy === [[Sary:Lapa (33750).jpg|vignette|Lapan'Andafiavaratra]] Tamin' ny naha sefon-tafika an' i Rainilaiarivony dia tsy dia nanao pôlitika firy izy nandritra ny taona nanjakan' ny mpanjaka vaovao, Radama II, satria nikarakara ny miaramila beba kokoa. Mandritra izany, ny tsi-fifanarahan' i Rainivoninahitriniony sy Radama dia lasa nitranga matetika noho ny fitondran' ilay mpanjaka fiovana be dia be izay tsy tena ankasitrahan' ny Andriana. Tonga tamin' ny faratampony izany tsi-fifanarahana izany rehefa te hamela ny [[adin' olon-droa]] ny mpanjaka Radama II. Ny mpanohitra izany adin' olon-droa izany dia nilaza fa ho lasa tany tsy misy fanjakana raha izany no mitranga. Nampisambotra ny [[menamaso]] (mpanoro hevitry ny mpanjaka) ny praiminisitra. Nasain' i Rainilaiarivony hitandro ny fandriampahalemana ao an-drenivohitra ny rahalahiny. Nefa kosa dia niharatsy ny fandehan-javatra, ka maty tamin' ny marain' ny 12 Mey ny manjaka Radama II izay voalaza fa nampanakendain' ny praiminisitra. Tsy nilona tao amin' ilay fanonganam-panjakana i Rainilaiarivony, ka nanoro ny rahalahiny sy ny mpiara-monina tamin' ny mpanjaka sisa tavela izay nifampitolona noho ny haratsian' ny zavatra natao. Ny soso-keviny dia ny tsi-fananan' ny mpanjaka ho avy ny fahefana feno, fa tsy maintsy ankatoavan' ny Andriana. Neken' ny andriana hampiharina amin-d[[Rasoherina]] izay vadin-d[[Radama II]] ny karazana rijan-teny naroson' i Rainilaiarivony. Tamin' ny fanjakana vaovaon' i Rainilaiarivona dia tsy maintsy nila fankatoavana avy amin' ny andriana ny mpanjaka vao afaka manameloka ho faty na mamoaka lalàna vaovao, ary noraràna ny fandravana ny tafika. Nohamafisina tamin' ny fanambadiana ara-pôlitikan' ny mpanjakavavy sy ny praiminisitra ny fizaram-pahefana vaovao. Noho ny fifehezam-pahefana napetrak' i Rainilaiarivony mihatra amin' ny mpanjaka merina ho avy, dia zavatra lehibe kokoa noho ny fanonganam-panjakana ny fampanakendana an-dRadama II: ny fahafatesany no fiantombohan' ny fanjakana entin-kova manan-karena sy ny fihenan' ny fahefan' ny andriana izay nandova ny fahefany avy amin' ny ''raiamandreny'' ary ny hasin' ny sokajin' andriana ''manjaka''. == Praiminisitra == === Fahatongavana teo amin' ny fahefana === {{...}} Kely fotsiny ny fotoana naha praiminisitra an' i Rainivoninahitriniony. Nahatonga ny andriana hanohitra azy ny herisetrany miaraka amin' ny fidarodarohana an-dRasoherina. Amin' ny naha mpitondra tafika an' i Rainilaiarivony dia nanandrana nanoro hevitra an-dralahiny izy, sady niezaka nandamina ny [[Sakalava]] nikorontana sy ny foko hafa izy, izay nahita mari-piraviravian' ny Fanjakana Merina tamin' ilay fanonganana. Novalian' ny praiminisitra tamin' ny fampijaliana manam-boninaihitra ambony sy tamin' ny fandrahonana an' i Rainilaiarivony tamin' ny sabany ireo ezaka ireo.<ref>Chapus & Mondain 1953, pp. 48–54.</ref> Nanery an' i Rainilaiarivony haka ny toeran' ny rahalahiny praiminisitra ny havany mba hampitsahatra ny henatra entin' i [[Rainivoninahitrininony]] amin' ny fianankaviany. Rehefa nandanjalanja ilay hevitra i Rainilaiarivony dia nanatona an-dRasoherina miaraka amin' ilay soso-kevitra. Nanaiky ny mpanjakavavy ary nanampy azy tamin' ny fahazoana ny fanohanan' ny andriana tao amin' ny lapa. Tamin' ny 14 Jolay 1864 na herintaona kely taorian' ilay fanonganana dia noroahina i Rainivoninahitrininony sady nisara-bady taminy i Rasoherina ary nanao sesitany azy tamin' ny taona nanaraka. Voatendry ho praiminisitra i Rainilaiarivony. Raikitra ny fifanarahana ary naka an-dRasoherina ho vadiny i Rainilaiarivony ary nanetry ny vadiny Rasoanalina ho vady faharoa. Nambarany tamin' ny namany – rehefa mby ho faty izy – fa tiany toa ny vadiny voalohany i Rasoherina. Tsy niteraka taminy ny mpanjakavavy nifandimy teo am-pahefana izay samy nalainy ho vady.<ref>Heseltine 1971, p. 120.</ref> === Politika sy fiovana === {{...}} === Fifandraisana amin' ny any ivelany === {{...}} == Fionganana sy sesintany == [[sary:Rainilaiarivony Prime Minister of Madagascar exile Algeria.jpg|Sesin-tanin'ny Praiminisitra Rainilaiarivony any Alzeria (''l'Illustration'')|275px|thumb]] Nahatonga ny Frantsay hampiantomboka ny Ady Hova-Frantsay faharoa ny fitsaharan' ny fifandraisana ara-diplômasia tamin' i Frantsa. Niafara tamin' ny Septambra 1895 ny Ady Hova-Frantsay<ref>Thompson & Adloff 1965, p. 11.</ref> rehefa tonga tao [[Antananarivo]] ny miaramila frantsay ka nanomboka nitifitra ny lapan' ny mpanjaka amin' ny tafondro sy fitaovam-piadiana mavesatra izay nahagoaka ny tafon' ny Lapa ary nahafaty tandapa maro dia maro. Nandefa olona i Rainilaiarivony mba hitondra saina fotsy amin' ny mpitondra tafika frantsay ary hangataka ny fifonana. Dimy amby efapolo minitra taorian' izay izy dia nanampy azy ny zanany lahimatoa Radilifera, hangataka ny fepe-pileferana. Nekena avy hatrany izy ireo. Nanasonia fifanarahana manaiky ny sata maha-[[Prôtektôrata Frantsain' i Madagasikara|prôtektôraty]] frantsay an' i Madagasikara ny Mpanjakavavy [[Ranavalona III]]. Navela hijanona ao an-dapa ary hitantana an' i Madagasikara araka ny baikon' ny Frantsay ny mpanjaka sy ny tandapa.<ref>Chapus & Mondain 1953, p. 377</ref> Rehefa voasonian' ny mpanjaka tokoa ny fifanarahana tamin' ny frantsay dia nesorina tamin' ny toerany i Rainilaiarivony. Ny minisitry ny raharaham-bahiny Rainitsimbazafy no voatendry ho mpandimby azy. Natao sesitany tany [[Aljeria|Alzeria]] i Rainilaiarivony na dia mbola nijanona volana maromaro tao [[Antananarivo]] aza izy. Tamin' ny 15 Oktobra 1895 dia gadra an-trano ny praiminisitra taloha, ary nambenan' ny miaramila soanagaly ny tranony tao Amboditsiry. Tamin' ny 6 Febroary 1896 dia niakatra tanaty sambo nankany [[Alger]] izy ary niala tamin' ny nosin-drazany. Niaraka tamin-dRatelifera zafikeliny sy mpandika teny iray ary mpanompo efatra izy. Tamin' ny 17 Marsa 1896 dia tonga tao amin' ny seranan' i Alger ny sambony ary ao no hipetrahany mandritra ny volana vitsivitsy mialoha ny fahafatesany.<ref>Chapus & Mondain 1953, p. 377.</ref> Nametraka an' i Rainilaiarivony tao amin' ny faritanànan' i Geryville ny Frantsay, anisan' ny faritra simbasimba eo amin' ny tanàna. Voatendry ho mpanampiny ny mpiambina frantsay ataohoe Joseph Vassé, iray niandraikitra tamin' ny antsipiriany ny asan' i Rainilaiarivony nandritra ny sesi-taniny tao Alzeria. Ny haranitan-tsainy sy ny fahaizany mandanjalanja ary ny fahaizany mitarika dia nahazoany fankasitrahana avy amin' ny olona maro nahafantatra azy, hatramin' i [[Le Myre des Vilers]] izay mahita azy ho sady fahavalo no namana. Rehefa nahare ny toe-piainany tao Alger i Le Myre des Vilers dia nandresy lahatra ny governemanta frantsay mba hitady trano fitoerana tsara kokoa. Araka izany dia nahita trano vaovao tao amin' ny Villa des Fleurs tao amin' ny faritanànan' i Mustapha Supérieur i Vassé, izay akaikin' ny trano onenan' ny mpanjakan' i Annam natao sesitany. Nahafaly an' i Rainilaiarivony tamin' ny fiainany vaovao tao Alger ny hatsaran-tarehin' ny Villa des Fleurs ary ny fandraisan' olona azy tao Alzeria. Tsara laza tokoa izy tamin' ny olona ambony sata, izay nahalala azy ho olona tsara fanahy, nanan-tsaina, nalala-tanana ary nahafatifaty. Rehefa nisy fikomiana nanohitra ny Frantsay taty [[Madagasikara]] dia nanoratra taratasy tamin' ny gazety malagasin' ny 5 Jolay 1896 i Rainilaiarivony izay nanameloka ny mpandray anjara tamin' ilay fikomiana izay noheveriny fa tsy nahay nankasitraka ny tombon-tsoa azo avy amin' ny Frantsay tonga tao amin' ny Nosy. Nivoaka farany tamin' ny 14 Jolay 1896 i Rainilaiarivony hijery ny afomangan' ny fetim-pirenena frantsay. Rehefa teny amin' ny arabe handeha hijery afomanga tokoa izy dia noarahabaina sy notehafin' ny mpandeha sy mpijery hoe "Vive le Ministre" ("Ho ela velona anie ny Minisitra")<ref>Chapus & Mondain, 1953 ; p. 377</ref> == Fahafatesana == Nahareraka ny praiminisitra ny hafanana be tany ivelany tamin' ny andro fetim-pirenena frantsay tamin' ny 14 Jolay. Nafana hoditra ny praiminisitra ny hariva. Tsy natory firy izy ary nokorontanin' ny nofy nahitany ny mpanjakavavy Rasoherina nipetraka teo anilany ary nilaza hoe "Miomana ianao, amin' ny anaran' ny rahalahinao Rainivoninahitriniony". Nolazain' ny mpanompo azy any amin' i Vassé ny nofiny, izay nilaza fa ho avy tsy ho ela ny fahafatesan' i Rainilaiarivony. Nijanona tao am-pandriana ny praiminisitra nandritry ny andro nanaraka ary nahery hatrany ny hafanan-kodiny ka narary an-doha izy. Teo anilany avokoa ny olon-tiany sy ny namany akaiky. Natory tsy nifoha i Rainilaiarivony tamin' ny 17 Jolay 1896. Nalevina tao [[Alger]] ny fatin' i Rainilaiarivony. Tamin' ny taona 1900 dia nentina ho aty Madagasikara ny fatiny ary nalevina tao amin' ny fasam-pianakaviana naorin' i [[Jean Laborde]] tao Isotry. Samy nandray fitenenana ny [[Joseph Simon Gallieni|Jeneraly Gallieni]] sy ny zafikelin' i Rainilaiarivony tamin' ny fandevenana izay natrehan' olona avo sata malagasy sy frantsay. Hoy i Gallieni: "Mendrika ny nitondra anareo i Rainilaiarivony. Hisy tsangam-bato ho fahatsiarovana azy ve amin' ny taona ho avy? Tokony ho adidin' ny Malagasy ny fahafahana manao izany. Efa naka an' i Madagasikara i Frantsa, ka na inona na inona ny zava-mitranga dia efa tapaka ny hevitra. Izany dia fankasitrahana an-dRainilaiarivony tamin' ny fiarovany [an' i Madagasikara] tamin' ny fomba nataony."<ref>Randrianja 2001, p. 116</ref> Taorian' ny fandevenana dia nisy takelaka fahatsiarovana napetraka teo amin' ny fasan' i Rainilaiarivony, izay nahitana soratra hoe "Rainilaiarivony ex Premier Ministre et Commandant en chef de Madagascar, Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur". == Voninahitra == ===Voninahi-pirenena=== * [[File:The Order of the Royal Hawk (about 1862).gif|50px]] Lakraonina lehibe Voromahery Lehibe.<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Madagascar/madagascar2.htm Royal Ark]</ref> * [[File:The Order of Radama II (1863-1897).gif|50px]] Laharana Radama II.<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Madagascar/madagascar2.htm Royal Ark]</ref> * [[File:Order of Merit (Madagascar, 1861).gif|50px]] Laharam-pahamendrehana.<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Madagascar/madagascar2.htm Royal Ark]</ref> * [[File:The Order of Ranavalona (1896-1897).gif|50px]] Laharan' i Ranavalona.<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Madagascar/madagascar2.htm Royal Ark]</ref> ===Voninahi-pirenena vahiny=== * [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|50px]] Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur (18/01/1887).<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Madagascar/madagascar2.htm Royal Ark]</ref> == Jereo koa == * [[Madagasikara]] * [[Praiminisitra malagasy]] * [http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_project.a4d?projID=EAP856;r=41 Registers of Rainilaiarinony (1864-1895) (British Library - Endangered Archives Programme)] {{Wayback|url=http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_project.a4d?projID=EAP856;r=41 |date=20160303211129 }} == Tsiahy == {{commons category|Rainilaiarivony}} * {{cite book | last = Ade Ajayi | first = J.F. | title = General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s | publisher = UNESCO | location = Paris | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-520-06701-1 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=VC7kKcXdDhkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Brown | first = M. | title = A History of Madagascar | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmadagas0000brow | publisher = Damien Tunnacliffe | year = 1995 | location = Cambridge, U.K. | isbn = 978-0-9506284-5-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Campbell | first = Gwyn | title = An economic history of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: the rise and fall of an island empire | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = London | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-521-83935-8 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=13Yt9jLuKzsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Chapus | first1 = G.S. | last2 = Mondain | first2 = G. | year = 1953 | title = Un homme d'etat malgache: Rainilaiarivony | publisher = Editions Diloutremer | location = Paris | language = French | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Cousins | first = William Edward | year = 1895 | title = Madagascar of to-day | publisher = The Religious Tract Society |location = London | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=gvREAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Daughton | first = J.P. | year = 2006 | title = An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, And the Making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914 | publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-530530-2 | location = New York |url = http://books.google.rw/books?id=XWp0Xsikv0QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Deschamps | first = H. | editor-last = Flint | editor-first = J.E. | year = 1994 | contribution = Tradition and change in Madagascar: 1790–1870 | title = From C. 1790 to C. 1870: Volume 5 of the Cambridge history of Africa | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-20701-0 | location = Cambridge | url = http://books.google.rw/books?id=gqf1nwb2QlIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Heseltine | first = N. | title = Madagascar | url = https://archive.org/details/madagascar0000hese_e6c5 | publisher = Praeger | year = 1971 | location = New York| ref = harv }} * {{cite book | author = Ministère de la marine et des colonies | title = Revue maritime et coloniale, Volume 81 | publisher = Gouvernement de la France | location = Paris | year = 1884 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=I-2gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | language = French | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Montgomery-Massingberd | first = Hugh | title = Burke's Royal Families of the World: Africa & the Middle East | publisher = Burke's Peerage | location = London | year = 1980 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Nativel | first = D. | title = Maisons royales, demeures des grands à Madagascar | publisher = Karthala Editions | location = Antananarivo, Madagascar | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=8IOZLvSrspIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-2-84586-539-6 | language = French | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Nativel | first1 = D. | first2 = F. | last2 = Rajaonah | title = Madagascar revisitée: en voyage avec Françoise Raison-Jourde | publisher = Karthala Editions | year = 2009 | location = Paris | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6NHOFJJHOc0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 978-2-8111-0174-9 | language = French | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Oliver | first1 = R.A. | last2 = Fage | first2 = J.D. | last3 = Sanderson | first3 = G.I. | year = 1985 | title = The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1870 to c. 1905 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = London | isbn = 978-0-521-22803-9 | url = http://books.google.rw/books?id=xh-QcHRG3OwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1= Oliver | first1 = S.P. | authorlink1 = Samuel Pasfield Oliver | year = 1885 | title = The true story of the French dispute in Madagascar | publisher = British Library | location = London | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Oliver | first = S.P. | title = Madagascar: An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Island and its Former Dependencies, Volume 1 | publisher = Macmillan and Co | location = New York | year = 1886 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=lKtBAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Raison-Jourde | first = Françoise | title = Les souverains de Madagascar | publisher = Karthala Editions | location = Antananarivo | year = 1983 | isbn = 978-2-86537-059-7 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nKSlFJjgC9UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | language = French | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Randrianja | first1 = S. | title = Société et luttes anticoloniales à Madagascar: de 1896 à 1946 | location = Paris | publisher = Karthala Editions | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-2-84586-136-7 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wc3touH8E24C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | language = French | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Randrianja | first1 = S. | last2 = Ellis | first2 = S. | title = Madagascar: A Short History | url = https://archive.org/details/madagascarshorth0000rand | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-226-70418-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Stratton | first1 = A. | authorlink1 = Arthur Stratton | year = 1964 | title = The Great Red Island | url = https://archive.org/details/greatredisland00stra | publisher = Scribner | location = New York | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Thompson | first1 = V. | last2 = Adloff | first2 = R. | year = 1965 | title = The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar today | publisher = Stanford University Press | isbn = 978-0-8047-0279-9 | location = San Francisco, California | url = http://books.google.rw/books?id=LpCjAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }} === Tsiahy === <references /> [[Sokajy:Praiminisitra malagasy]] t6lw0n0qj60p7wdkk0i1kgbs0gfoven 0 225418 1149943 1149314 2026-08-28T23:17:40Z Haingo18 39791 Nanova anarana 1149943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Oniversite |anarana = Oniversiten'Antananarivo |sary = Université Antananarivo02.jpg |teny filamatra = "Izay adala no toa an-drainy" |niorina = [[1977]] |mpanorina = |Karazany = [[Fanjakana]] |vola = |firenena = {{Madagascar}} |toerana = [[Antananarivo]] |faritra = [[Analamanga]] |toby = Ankatso |filoha = [[Rivoarison RANDRIANASOLO]] |isan'ny mpiasa = |isan'nympanabe = |isan'ny mpianatra = |diplôma = LMD |tranokala = http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg }} [[Sary:University of Antananarivo Madagascar.JPG|vignette|Oniversiten' Antananarivo]] Ny '''Oniversiten' Antananarivo''' dia sekolim-panjakana ambaratonga ambony, miorina ao [[Antananarivo]] renivohitr' i Madagasikara, faritra [[Analamanga]] no misy azy. == Tantara == Ity oniversite ity dia niorina tamin'ny taona [[1961]], izy irery ihany ny oniversite nisy tamin'ny nosy [[Madagasikara]] hatramin'ny taona [[1988]]. Ny profesora [[Raymond Ranjeva]] no filoha voalohany tao tamin'ny taona 1988''-''1990 izany. Ny profesora [[Armand René Panja Ramanoelina]] no Filoha nitondra ny oniversite tao aoriany. Taona 2026, ny profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no Filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Sampam-piofanana == === Sekoly miankina === * '' une Faculté de Droit, d’Économie, de Gestion et de Sociologie ; * une Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines ; * une Faculté de Médecine ; * une Faculté des Sciences.'' === Sekoly tsy miankina === * '' l'École Normale Supérieure de Madagascar, * l'École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, * l'[[École Supérieure Polytechnique d'Antananarivo]]. '' == Ny fandrosoana == Tamin'ny taona 2004, ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia voasokajy laharana faha 49^e tamin'ireo oniversite 100 manerana an'i [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=kopian'ny arisiva |url=http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ |accessdate=2015-07-31 |archivedate=2016-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417014732/http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ }}</ref> == Rohy ivelany == Fanampiny tsara ho fantatra. Noho ny lahatsoratra efa ela no nampidirina dia efa nisy fiovana tsara ho fantatra tokoa. Taona 2026, Profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Oniversiten'Antananarivo == Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siantsa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana.<ref /> Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Fakiolite na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolite na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. === Lisitry ny fakiolite sy ny sampam-mpampianarana === {| class="wikitable" ! ! |- |'''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' |Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) |- | |Agro Management |- | |Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) |- | |Foresterie et Environnement |- | |Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) |- | |Sciences Animales (SA) |- | |SAE |- |'''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' |Droit |- | |Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication |- | |Sciences Politiques |- |'''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' |Économie |- | |Gestion |- | |Sociologie |- |'''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' |Anthropologie |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |École Doctorale |- | |Études Anglophones |- | |Études Françaises Et Francophones |- | |Études Germaniques |- | |Études Malgaches |- | |Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles |- | |Géographie |- | |Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement |- | |Langues Étrangères |- | |Philosophie |- | |Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle |- | |Science Du Tourisme |- |'''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' |Médecine Humaine |- | |Médecine [[Veterinera|Vétérinaire]] |- | |Pharmacie |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- |'''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' |Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) |- | |Administration Éducation |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |EAD HGEC-SES |- | |EAD Langues Et Philosophie |- | |Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle |- | |Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation |- | |Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) |- | |SAE |- | |Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques |- | |Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) |- |'''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' |Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) |- | |CHIMIE |- | |Électronique(EN) |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) |- | |Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) |- | |Génie Électrique |- | |Génie Géologique (GGEO) |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) |- | |Génie Rural (GER) |- | |GPI |- | |Hydraulique (HYD) |- | |Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) |- | |Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) |- | |Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) |- | |Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) |- | |Météorologie (MTO) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- | |UAGC |- |'''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' |Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable |- | |Anthropologie |- | |Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) |- | |Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |Chimie |- | |Électronique |- | |Entomologie |- | |Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) |- | |Mathématiques Et Informatique |- | |Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) |- | |Physique Et Applications |- | |Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- | |Tronc Commun Biologie |- | |Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie |- | |Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) |- |'''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' |Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Électronique |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Gestion |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences Gestion |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunications |- |'''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' |Agro-Ecologie |- | |Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) |- | |Communication Eco-Tourisme |- | |Communication Territoriale |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Eau Et Environnement |- | |Énergie Renouvelable |- | |Gestion |- | |Gestion Environnement |- | |Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles |- | |Informatique |- | |Mécanisation Agricole |- | |Mines Et Environnement |- | |Tourisme |- | |Transformation Agro Alimentaire |- | |Télécommunication |- | |Informatique |- | |Aquapone |- | |Étude D'accueil |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- |'''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' |GC |- | |GEA |- | |Génie Industriel |} <ref>Oniversiten'Antananarivo Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siansa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana. Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Faculté na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolte na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. Liste des Facultés et mentions Lien <nowiki>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</nowiki> '''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) Agro Management Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) Foresterie et Environnement Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) Sciences Animales (SA) SAE '''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' Droit Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication Sciences Politiques '''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' Économie Gestion Sociologie '''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' Anthropologie Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation École Doctorale Études Anglophones Études Françaises Et Francophones Études Germaniques Études Malgaches Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles Géographie Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement Langues Étrangères Philosophie Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle Science Du Tourisme '''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' Médecine Humaine Médecine Vétérinaire Pharmacie Sciences Paramédicales '''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) Administration Éducation Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) EAD HGEC-SES EAD Langues Et Philosophie Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) SAE Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) '''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) CHIMIE Électronique(EN) Génie Civil Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) Génie Électrique Génie Géologique (GGEO) Génie Industriel Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) Génie Rural (GER) GPI Hydraulique (HYD) Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) Météorologie (MTO) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunication (TCO) UAGC '''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable Anthropologie Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) Chimie Électronique Entomologie Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) Mathématiques Et Informatique Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) Physique Et Applications Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) Sciences Paramédicales Tronc Commun Biologie Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) '''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Électronique Environnement Génie Civil Génie Industriel Génie Minier Génie Rural Gestion Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences Gestion Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunications '''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' Agro-Ecologie Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) Communication Eco-Tourisme Communication Territoriale Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation Environnement Génie Minier Génie Rural Eau Et Environnement Énergie Renouvelable Gestion Gestion Environnement Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles Informatique Mécanisation Agricole Mines Et Environnement Tourisme Transformation Agro Alimentaire Télécommunication Informatique Aquapone Étude D'accueil Télécommunication (TCO) '''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' GC GEA Génie Industriel</ref> * {{fr}}[http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ Sehatra Ofisialy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ |date=20150706115406 }} == Tsiahy == {{ref}} {{commonscat|Université d'Antananarivo}} == Jereo koa == {{Univ-malagasy}} [[Sokajy: Oniversiten'i Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Antananarivo]] rdgjjxd8hm4a61095j61tewbjulq489 1149944 1149943 2026-08-28T23:27:15Z Haingo18 39791 Nanampy 1149944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Oniversite |anarana = Oniversiten'Antananarivo |sary = Université Antananarivo02.jpg |teny filamatra = "Izay adala no toa an-drainy" |niorina = [[1977]] |mpanorina = |Karazany = [[Fanjakana]] |vola = |firenena = {{Madagascar}} |toerana = [[Antananarivo]] |faritra = [[Analamanga]] |toby = Ankatso |filoha = [[Rivoarison RANDRIANASOLO]] |isan'ny mpiasa = |isan'nympanabe = |isan'ny mpianatra =22 493 |diplôma = LMD |tranokala = http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg }} [[Sary:University of Antananarivo Madagascar.JPG|vignette|Oniversiten' Antananarivo]] Ny '''Oniversiten' Antananarivo''' dia sekolim-panjakana ambaratonga ambony, miorina ao [[Antananarivo]] renivohitr' i Madagasikara, faritra [[Analamanga]] no misy azy. == Tantara == Ity oniversite ity dia niorina tamin'ny taona [[1961]], izy irery ihany ny oniversite nisy tamin'ny nosy [[Madagasikara]] hatramin'ny taona [[1988]]. Ny profesora [[Raymond Ranjeva]] no filoha voalohany tao tamin'ny taona 1988''-''1990 izany. Ny profesora [[Armand René Panja Ramanoelina]] no Filoha nitondra ny oniversite tao aoriany. Taona 2026, ny profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no Filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Sampam-piofanana == === Sekoly miankina === * '' une Faculté de Droit, d’Économie, de Gestion et de Sociologie ; * une Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines ; * une Faculté de Médecine ; * une Faculté des Sciences.'' === Sekoly tsy miankina === * '' l'École Normale Supérieure de Madagascar, * l'École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, * l'[[École Supérieure Polytechnique d'Antananarivo]]. '' == Ny fandrosoana == Tamin'ny taona 2004, ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia voasokajy laharana faha 49^e tamin'ireo oniversite 100 manerana an'i [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=kopian'ny arisiva |url=http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ |accessdate=2015-07-31 |archivedate=2016-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417014732/http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ }}</ref> == Rohy ivelany == Fanampiny tsara ho fantatra. Noho ny lahatsoratra efa ela no nampidirina dia efa nisy fiovana tsara ho fantatra tokoa. Taona 2026, Profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Oniversiten'Antananarivo == Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siantsa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana.<ref /> Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Fakiolite na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolite na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. === Lisitry ny fakiolite sy ny sampam-mpampianarana === {| class="wikitable" ! ! |- |'''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' |Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) |- | |Agro Management |- | |Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) |- | |Foresterie et Environnement |- | |Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) |- | |Sciences Animales (SA) |- | |SAE |- |'''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' |Droit |- | |Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication |- | |Sciences Politiques |- |'''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' |Économie |- | |Gestion |- | |Sociologie |- |'''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' |Anthropologie |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |École Doctorale |- | |Études Anglophones |- | |Études Françaises Et Francophones |- | |Études Germaniques |- | |Études Malgaches |- | |Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles |- | |Géographie |- | |Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement |- | |Langues Étrangères |- | |Philosophie |- | |Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle |- | |Science Du Tourisme |- |'''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' |Médecine Humaine |- | |Médecine [[Veterinera|Vétérinaire]] |- | |Pharmacie |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- |'''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' |Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) |- | |Administration Éducation |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |EAD HGEC-SES |- | |EAD Langues Et Philosophie |- | |Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle |- | |Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation |- | |Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) |- | |SAE |- | |Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques |- | |Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) |- |'''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' |Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) |- | |CHIMIE |- | |Électronique(EN) |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) |- | |Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) |- | |Génie Électrique |- | |Génie Géologique (GGEO) |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) |- | |Génie Rural (GER) |- | |GPI |- | |Hydraulique (HYD) |- | |Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) |- | |Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) |- | |Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) |- | |Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) |- | |Météorologie (MTO) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- | |UAGC |- |'''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' |Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable |- | |Anthropologie |- | |Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) |- | |Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |Chimie |- | |Électronique |- | |Entomologie |- | |Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) |- | |Mathématiques Et Informatique |- | |Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) |- | |Physique Et Applications |- | |Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- | |Tronc Commun Biologie |- | |Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie |- | |Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) |- |'''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' |Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Électronique |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Gestion |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences Gestion |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunications |- |'''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' |Agro-Ecologie |- | |Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) |- | |Communication Eco-Tourisme |- | |Communication Territoriale |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Eau Et Environnement |- | |Énergie Renouvelable |- | |Gestion |- | |Gestion Environnement |- | |Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles |- | |Informatique |- | |Mécanisation Agricole |- | |Mines Et Environnement |- | |Tourisme |- | |Transformation Agro Alimentaire |- | |Télécommunication |- | |Informatique |- | |Aquapone |- | |Étude D'accueil |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- |'''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' |GC |- | |GEA |- | |Génie Industriel |} <ref>Oniversiten'Antananarivo Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siansa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana. Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Faculté na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolte na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. Liste des Facultés et mentions Lien <nowiki>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</nowiki> '''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) Agro Management Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) Foresterie et Environnement Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) Sciences Animales (SA) SAE '''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' Droit Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication Sciences Politiques '''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' Économie Gestion Sociologie '''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' Anthropologie Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation École Doctorale Études Anglophones Études Françaises Et Francophones Études Germaniques Études Malgaches Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles Géographie Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement Langues Étrangères Philosophie Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle Science Du Tourisme '''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' Médecine Humaine Médecine Vétérinaire Pharmacie Sciences Paramédicales '''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) Administration Éducation Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) EAD HGEC-SES EAD Langues Et Philosophie Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) SAE Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) '''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) CHIMIE Électronique(EN) Génie Civil Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) Génie Électrique Génie Géologique (GGEO) Génie Industriel Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) Génie Rural (GER) GPI Hydraulique (HYD) Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) Météorologie (MTO) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunication (TCO) UAGC '''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable Anthropologie Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) Chimie Électronique Entomologie Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) Mathématiques Et Informatique Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) Physique Et Applications Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) Sciences Paramédicales Tronc Commun Biologie Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) '''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Électronique Environnement Génie Civil Génie Industriel Génie Minier Génie Rural Gestion Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences Gestion Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunications '''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' Agro-Ecologie Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) Communication Eco-Tourisme Communication Territoriale Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation Environnement Génie Minier Génie Rural Eau Et Environnement Énergie Renouvelable Gestion Gestion Environnement Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles Informatique Mécanisation Agricole Mines Et Environnement Tourisme Transformation Agro Alimentaire Télécommunication Informatique Aquapone Étude D'accueil Télécommunication (TCO) '''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' GC GEA Génie Industriel</ref> * {{fr}}[http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ Sehatra Ofisialy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ |date=20150706115406 }} == Tsiahy == {{ref}} {{commonscat|Université d'Antananarivo}} == Jereo koa == {{Univ-malagasy}} [[Sokajy: Oniversiten'i Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Antananarivo]] jf1rysdfjucut69kxyal65zv3v2wjny 1149945 1149944 2026-08-28T23:36:29Z Haingo18 39791 Nanampy fehezanteny 1149945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Oniversite |anarana = Oniversiten'Antananarivo |sary = Université Antananarivo02.jpg |teny filamatra = "Izay adala no toa an-drainy" |niorina = [[1977]] |mpanorina = |Karazany = [[Fanjakana]] |vola = |firenena = {{Madagascar}} |toerana = [[Antananarivo]] |faritra = [[Analamanga]] |toby = Ankatso |filoha = [[Rivoarison RANDRIANASOLO]] |isan'ny mpiasa = |isan'nympanabe = |isan'ny mpianatra =22 493 |diplôma = LMD |tranokala = http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg }} [[Sary:University of Antananarivo Madagascar.JPG|vignette|Oniversiten' Antananarivo]] Ny '''Oniversiten' Antananarivo''' dia sekolim-panjakana ambaratonga ambony, miorina ao [[Antananarivo]] renivohitr' i Madagasikara, faritra [[Analamanga]] no misy azy. == Tantara == Ity oniversite ity dia niorina tamin'ny taona [[1961]], izy irery ihany ny oniversite nisy tamin'ny nosy [[Madagasikara]] hatramin'ny taona [[1988]]. Ny profesora [[Raymond Ranjeva]] no filoha voalohany tao tamin'ny taona 1988''-''1990 izany. Ny profesora [[Armand René Panja Ramanoelina]] no Filoha nitondra ny oniversite tao aoriany. Ny profesora Mamy Raoul RAVELOMANANA no nandimby azy; naharitra nandritra ny fe-potom-piasana roa: fe-potoana voalohany (2019-2021), fe-potoana faharoa (2022-2025). Taona 2026, ny profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no Filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Sampam-piofanana == === Sekoly miankina === * '' une Faculté de Droit, d’Économie, de Gestion et de Sociologie ; * une Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines ; * une Faculté de Médecine ; * une Faculté des Sciences.'' === Sekoly tsy miankina === * '' l'École Normale Supérieure de Madagascar, * l'École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, * l'[[École Supérieure Polytechnique d'Antananarivo]]. '' == Ny fandrosoana == Tamin'ny taona 2004, ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia voasokajy laharana faha 49^e tamin'ireo oniversite 100 manerana an'i [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=kopian'ny arisiva |url=http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ |accessdate=2015-07-31 |archivedate=2016-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417014732/http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ }}</ref> == Rohy ivelany == Fanampiny tsara ho fantatra. Noho ny lahatsoratra efa ela no nampidirina dia efa nisy fiovana tsara ho fantatra tokoa. Taona 2026, Profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Oniversiten'Antananarivo == Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siantsa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana.<ref /> Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Fakiolite na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolite na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. === Lisitry ny fakiolite sy ny sampam-mpampianarana === {| class="wikitable" ! ! |- |'''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' |Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) |- | |Agro Management |- | |Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) |- | |Foresterie et Environnement |- | |Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) |- | |Sciences Animales (SA) |- | |SAE |- |'''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' |Droit |- | |Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication |- | |Sciences Politiques |- |'''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' |Économie |- | |Gestion |- | |Sociologie |- |'''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' |Anthropologie |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |École Doctorale |- | |Études Anglophones |- | |Études Françaises Et Francophones |- | |Études Germaniques |- | |Études Malgaches |- | |Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles |- | |Géographie |- | |Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement |- | |Langues Étrangères |- | |Philosophie |- | |Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle |- | |Science Du Tourisme |- |'''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' |Médecine Humaine |- | |Médecine [[Veterinera|Vétérinaire]] |- | |Pharmacie |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- |'''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' |Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) |- | |Administration Éducation |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |EAD HGEC-SES |- | |EAD Langues Et Philosophie |- | |Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle |- | |Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation |- | |Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) |- | |SAE |- | |Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques |- | |Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) |- |'''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' |Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) |- | |CHIMIE |- | |Électronique(EN) |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) |- | |Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) |- | |Génie Électrique |- | |Génie Géologique (GGEO) |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) |- | |Génie Rural (GER) |- | |GPI |- | |Hydraulique (HYD) |- | |Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) |- | |Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) |- | |Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) |- | |Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) |- | |Météorologie (MTO) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- | |UAGC |- |'''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' |Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable |- | |Anthropologie |- | |Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) |- | |Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |Chimie |- | |Électronique |- | |Entomologie |- | |Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) |- | |Mathématiques Et Informatique |- | |Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) |- | |Physique Et Applications |- | |Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- | |Tronc Commun Biologie |- | |Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie |- | |Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) |- |'''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' |Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Électronique |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Gestion |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences Gestion |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunications |- |'''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' |Agro-Ecologie |- | |Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) |- | |Communication Eco-Tourisme |- | |Communication Territoriale |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Eau Et Environnement |- | |Énergie Renouvelable |- | |Gestion |- | |Gestion Environnement |- | |Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles |- | |Informatique |- | |Mécanisation Agricole |- | |Mines Et Environnement |- | |Tourisme |- | |Transformation Agro Alimentaire |- | |Télécommunication |- | |Informatique |- | |Aquapone |- | |Étude D'accueil |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- |'''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' |GC |- | |GEA |- | |Génie Industriel |} <ref>Oniversiten'Antananarivo Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siansa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana. Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Faculté na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolte na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. Liste des Facultés et mentions Lien <nowiki>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</nowiki> '''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) Agro Management Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) Foresterie et Environnement Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) Sciences Animales (SA) SAE '''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' Droit Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication Sciences Politiques '''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' Économie Gestion Sociologie '''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' Anthropologie Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation École Doctorale Études Anglophones Études Françaises Et Francophones Études Germaniques Études Malgaches Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles Géographie Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement Langues Étrangères Philosophie Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle Science Du Tourisme '''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' Médecine Humaine Médecine Vétérinaire Pharmacie Sciences Paramédicales '''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) Administration Éducation Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) EAD HGEC-SES EAD Langues Et Philosophie Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) SAE Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) '''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) CHIMIE Électronique(EN) Génie Civil Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) Génie Électrique Génie Géologique (GGEO) Génie Industriel Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) Génie Rural (GER) GPI Hydraulique (HYD) Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) Météorologie (MTO) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunication (TCO) UAGC '''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable Anthropologie Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) Chimie Électronique Entomologie Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) Mathématiques Et Informatique Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) Physique Et Applications Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) Sciences Paramédicales Tronc Commun Biologie Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) '''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Électronique Environnement Génie Civil Génie Industriel Génie Minier Génie Rural Gestion Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences Gestion Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunications '''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' Agro-Ecologie Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) Communication Eco-Tourisme Communication Territoriale Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation Environnement Génie Minier Génie Rural Eau Et Environnement Énergie Renouvelable Gestion Gestion Environnement Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles Informatique Mécanisation Agricole Mines Et Environnement Tourisme Transformation Agro Alimentaire Télécommunication Informatique Aquapone Étude D'accueil Télécommunication (TCO) '''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' GC GEA Génie Industriel</ref> * {{fr}}[http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ Sehatra Ofisialy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ |date=20150706115406 }} == Tsiahy == {{ref}} {{commonscat|Université d'Antananarivo}} == Jereo koa == {{Univ-malagasy}} [[Sokajy: Oniversiten'i Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Antananarivo]] 87pv796yhyaivxg3gqft3bdibwmq68d 1149946 1149945 2026-08-28T23:47:08Z Haingo18 39791 Nanampy lahatsoratra 1149946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Oniversite |anarana = Oniversiten'Antananarivo |sary = Université Antananarivo02.jpg |teny filamatra = "Izay adala no toa an-drainy" |niorina = [[1977]] |mpanorina = |Karazany = [[Fanjakana]] |vola = |firenena = {{Madagascar}} |toerana = [[Antananarivo]] |faritra = [[Analamanga]] |toby = Ankatso |filoha = [[Rivoarison RANDRIANASOLO]] |isan'ny mpiasa = |isan'nympanabe = |isan'ny mpianatra =22 493 |diplôma = LMD |tranokala = http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg }} [[Sary:University of Antananarivo Madagascar.JPG|vignette|Oniversiten' Antananarivo]] Ny '''Oniversiten' Antananarivo''' dia sekolim-panjakana ambaratonga ambony, miorina ao [[Antananarivo]] renivohitr' i Madagasikara, faritra [[Analamanga]] no misy azy. == Tantara == Ity oniversite ity dia niorina tamin'ny taona [[1961]], izy irery ihany ny oniversite nisy tamin'ny nosy [[Madagasikara]] hatramin'ny taona [[1988]]. Ny profesora [[Raymond Ranjeva]] no filoha voalohany tao tamin'ny taona 1988''-''1990 izany. Ny profesora [[Armand René Panja Ramanoelina]] no Filoha nitondra ny oniversite tao aoriany. Ny profesora Mamy Raoul RAVELOMANANA no nandimby azy; naharitra nandritra ny fe-potom-piasana roa: fe-potoana voalohany (2019-2021), fe-potoana faharoa (2022-2025). Taona 2026, ny profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no Filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Sampam-piofanana == === Sekoly miankina === * '' une Faculté de Droit, d’Économie, de Gestion et de Sociologie ; * une Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines ; * une Faculté de Médecine ; * une Faculté des Sciences.'' === Sekoly tsy miankina === * '' l'École Normale Supérieure de Madagascar, * l'École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, * l'[[École Supérieure Polytechnique d'Antananarivo]]. '' == Ny fandrosoana == Tamin'ny taona 2004, ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia voasokajy laharana faha 49^e tamin'ireo oniversite 100 manerana an'i [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=kopian'ny arisiva |url=http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ |accessdate=2015-07-31 |archivedate=2016-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417014732/http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ }}</ref> Taona 2026, voasokajy ho laharana faha 104 amin' ireo oniversite manerana an' Afrika ny Oniversiten'Antananarivo.<ref>https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-antananarivo/</ref> == Rohy ivelany == Fanampiny tsara ho fantatra. Noho ny lahatsoratra efa ela no nampidirina dia efa nisy fiovana tsara ho fantatra tokoa. Taona 2026, Profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Oniversiten'Antananarivo == Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siantsa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana.<ref /> Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Fakiolite na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolite na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. === Lisitry ny fakiolite sy ny sampam-mpampianarana === {| class="wikitable" ! ! |- |'''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' |Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) |- | |Agro Management |- | |Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) |- | |Foresterie et Environnement |- | |Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) |- | |Sciences Animales (SA) |- | |SAE |- |'''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' |Droit |- | |Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication |- | |Sciences Politiques |- |'''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' |Économie |- | |Gestion |- | |Sociologie |- |'''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' |Anthropologie |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |École Doctorale |- | |Études Anglophones |- | |Études Françaises Et Francophones |- | |Études Germaniques |- | |Études Malgaches |- | |Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles |- | |Géographie |- | |Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement |- | |Langues Étrangères |- | |Philosophie |- | |Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle |- | |Science Du Tourisme |- |'''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' |Médecine Humaine |- | |Médecine [[Veterinera|Vétérinaire]] |- | |Pharmacie |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- |'''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' |Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) |- | |Administration Éducation |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |EAD HGEC-SES |- | |EAD Langues Et Philosophie |- | |Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle |- | |Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation |- | |Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) |- | |SAE |- | |Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques |- | |Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) |- |'''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' |Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) |- | |CHIMIE |- | |Électronique(EN) |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) |- | |Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) |- | |Génie Électrique |- | |Génie Géologique (GGEO) |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) |- | |Génie Rural (GER) |- | |GPI |- | |Hydraulique (HYD) |- | |Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) |- | |Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) |- | |Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) |- | |Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) |- | |Météorologie (MTO) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- | |UAGC |- |'''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' |Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable |- | |Anthropologie |- | |Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) |- | |Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |Chimie |- | |Électronique |- | |Entomologie |- | |Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) |- | |Mathématiques Et Informatique |- | |Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) |- | |Physique Et Applications |- | |Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- | |Tronc Commun Biologie |- | |Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie |- | |Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) |- |'''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' |Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Électronique |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Gestion |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences Gestion |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunications |- |'''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' |Agro-Ecologie |- | |Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) |- | |Communication Eco-Tourisme |- | |Communication Territoriale |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Eau Et Environnement |- | |Énergie Renouvelable |- | |Gestion |- | |Gestion Environnement |- | |Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles |- | |Informatique |- | |Mécanisation Agricole |- | |Mines Et Environnement |- | |Tourisme |- | |Transformation Agro Alimentaire |- | |Télécommunication |- | |Informatique |- | |Aquapone |- | |Étude D'accueil |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- |'''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' |GC |- | |GEA |- | |Génie Industriel |} <ref>Oniversiten'Antananarivo Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siansa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana. Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Faculté na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolte na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. Liste des Facultés et mentions Lien <nowiki>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</nowiki> '''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) Agro Management Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) Foresterie et Environnement Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) Sciences Animales (SA) SAE '''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' Droit Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication Sciences Politiques '''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' Économie Gestion Sociologie '''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' Anthropologie Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation École Doctorale Études Anglophones Études Françaises Et Francophones Études Germaniques Études Malgaches Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles Géographie Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement Langues Étrangères Philosophie Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle Science Du Tourisme '''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' Médecine Humaine Médecine Vétérinaire Pharmacie Sciences Paramédicales '''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) Administration Éducation Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) EAD HGEC-SES EAD Langues Et Philosophie Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) SAE Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) '''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) CHIMIE Électronique(EN) Génie Civil Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) Génie Électrique Génie Géologique (GGEO) Génie Industriel Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) Génie Rural (GER) GPI Hydraulique (HYD) Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) Météorologie (MTO) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunication (TCO) UAGC '''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable Anthropologie Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) Chimie Électronique Entomologie Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) Mathématiques Et Informatique Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) Physique Et Applications Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) Sciences Paramédicales Tronc Commun Biologie Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) '''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Électronique Environnement Génie Civil Génie Industriel Génie Minier Génie Rural Gestion Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences Gestion Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunications '''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' Agro-Ecologie Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) Communication Eco-Tourisme Communication Territoriale Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation Environnement Génie Minier Génie Rural Eau Et Environnement Énergie Renouvelable Gestion Gestion Environnement Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles Informatique Mécanisation Agricole Mines Et Environnement Tourisme Transformation Agro Alimentaire Télécommunication Informatique Aquapone Étude D'accueil Télécommunication (TCO) '''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' GC GEA Génie Industriel</ref> * {{fr}}[http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ Sehatra Ofisialy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ |date=20150706115406 }} == Tsiahy == {{ref}} {{commonscat|Université d'Antananarivo}} == Jereo koa == {{Univ-malagasy}} [[Sokajy: Oniversiten'i Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Antananarivo]] 3kijvqbxba0dfqa7o79uyubccnveg6f 1149947 1149946 2026-08-28T23:49:55Z Haingo18 39791 Nanampy voanteny 1149947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Oniversite |anarana = Oniversiten'Antananarivo |sary = Université Antananarivo02.jpg |teny filamatra = "Izay adala no toa an-drainy" |niorina = [[1977]] |mpanorina = |Karazany = [[Fanjakana]] |vola = |firenena = {{Madagascar}} |toerana = [[Antananarivo]] |faritra = [[Analamanga]] |toby = Ankatso |filoha = [[Rivoarison RANDRIANASOLO]] |isan'ny mpiasa = |isan'nympanabe = |isan'ny mpianatra =22 493 |diplôma = LMD |tranokala = http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg }} [[Sary:University of Antananarivo Madagascar.JPG|vignette|Oniversiten' Antananarivo]] Ny '''Oniversiten' Antananarivo''' dia sekolim-panjakana ambaratonga ambony, miorina ao [[Antananarivo]] renivohitr' i Madagasikara, faritra [[Analamanga]] no misy azy. == Tantara == Ity oniversite ity dia niorina tamin'ny taona [[1961]], izy irery ihany ny oniversite nisy tamin'ny nosy [[Madagasikara]] hatramin'ny taona [[1988]]. Ny profesora [[Raymond Ranjeva]] no filoha voalohany tao tamin'ny taona 1988''-''1990 izany. Ny profesora [[Armand René Panja Ramanoelina]] no Filoha nitondra ny oniversite tao aoriany. Ny profesora Mamy Raoul RAVELOMANANA no nandimby azy; naharitra nandritra ny fe-potom-piasana roa: fe-potoana voalohany (2019-2021), fe-potoana faharoa (2022-2025). Taona 2026, ny profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no Filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Sampam-piofanana == === Sekoly miankina === * '' une Faculté de Droit, d’Économie, de Gestion et de Sociologie ; * une Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines ; * une Faculté de Médecine ; * une Faculté des Sciences.'' === Sekoly tsy miankina === * '' l'École Normale Supérieure de Madagascar, * l'École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, * l'[[École Supérieure Polytechnique d'Antananarivo]]. '' == Ny fandrosoana == Tamin'ny taona 2004, ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia voasokajy laharana faha 49^e tamin'ireo oniversite 100 manerana an'i [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=kopian'ny arisiva |url=http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ |accessdate=2015-07-31 |archivedate=2016-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417014732/http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ }}</ref> Taona 2026, voasokajy ho laharana faha 104 amin' ireo oniversite 1 104 manerana an' Afrika ny Oniversiten'Antananarivo.<ref>https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-antananarivo/</ref> == Rohy ivelany == Fanampiny tsara ho fantatra. Noho ny lahatsoratra efa ela no nampidirina dia efa nisy fiovana tsara ho fantatra tokoa. Taona 2026, Profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Oniversiten'Antananarivo == Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siantsa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana.<ref /> Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Fakiolite na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolite na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. === Lisitry ny fakiolite sy ny sampam-mpampianarana === {| class="wikitable" ! ! |- |'''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' |Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) |- | |Agro Management |- | |Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) |- | |Foresterie et Environnement |- | |Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) |- | |Sciences Animales (SA) |- | |SAE |- |'''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' |Droit |- | |Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication |- | |Sciences Politiques |- |'''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' |Économie |- | |Gestion |- | |Sociologie |- |'''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' |Anthropologie |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |École Doctorale |- | |Études Anglophones |- | |Études Françaises Et Francophones |- | |Études Germaniques |- | |Études Malgaches |- | |Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles |- | |Géographie |- | |Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement |- | |Langues Étrangères |- | |Philosophie |- | |Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle |- | |Science Du Tourisme |- |'''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' |Médecine Humaine |- | |Médecine [[Veterinera|Vétérinaire]] |- | |Pharmacie |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- |'''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' |Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) |- | |Administration Éducation |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |EAD HGEC-SES |- | |EAD Langues Et Philosophie |- | |Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle |- | |Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation |- | |Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) |- | |SAE |- | |Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques |- | |Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) |- |'''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' |Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) |- | |CHIMIE |- | |Électronique(EN) |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) |- | |Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) |- | |Génie Électrique |- | |Génie Géologique (GGEO) |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) |- | |Génie Rural (GER) |- | |GPI |- | |Hydraulique (HYD) |- | |Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) |- | |Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) |- | |Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) |- | |Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) |- | |Météorologie (MTO) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- | |UAGC |- |'''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' |Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable |- | |Anthropologie |- | |Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) |- | |Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |Chimie |- | |Électronique |- | |Entomologie |- | |Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) |- | |Mathématiques Et Informatique |- | |Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) |- | |Physique Et Applications |- | |Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- | |Tronc Commun Biologie |- | |Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie |- | |Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) |- |'''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' |Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Électronique |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Gestion |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences Gestion |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunications |- |'''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' |Agro-Ecologie |- | |Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) |- | |Communication Eco-Tourisme |- | |Communication Territoriale |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Eau Et Environnement |- | |Énergie Renouvelable |- | |Gestion |- | |Gestion Environnement |- | |Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles |- | |Informatique |- | |Mécanisation Agricole |- | |Mines Et Environnement |- | |Tourisme |- | |Transformation Agro Alimentaire |- | |Télécommunication |- | |Informatique |- | |Aquapone |- | |Étude D'accueil |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- |'''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' |GC |- | |GEA |- | |Génie Industriel |} <ref>Oniversiten'Antananarivo Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siansa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana. Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Faculté na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolte na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. Liste des Facultés et mentions Lien <nowiki>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</nowiki> '''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) Agro Management Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) Foresterie et Environnement Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) Sciences Animales (SA) SAE '''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' Droit Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication Sciences Politiques '''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' Économie Gestion Sociologie '''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' Anthropologie Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation École Doctorale Études Anglophones Études Françaises Et Francophones Études Germaniques Études Malgaches Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles Géographie Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement Langues Étrangères Philosophie Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle Science Du Tourisme '''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' Médecine Humaine Médecine Vétérinaire Pharmacie Sciences Paramédicales '''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) Administration Éducation Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) EAD HGEC-SES EAD Langues Et Philosophie Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) SAE Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) '''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) CHIMIE Électronique(EN) Génie Civil Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) Génie Électrique Génie Géologique (GGEO) Génie Industriel Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) Génie Rural (GER) GPI Hydraulique (HYD) Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) Météorologie (MTO) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunication (TCO) UAGC '''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable Anthropologie Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) Chimie Électronique Entomologie Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) Mathématiques Et Informatique Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) Physique Et Applications Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) Sciences Paramédicales Tronc Commun Biologie Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) '''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Électronique Environnement Génie Civil Génie Industriel Génie Minier Génie Rural Gestion Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences Gestion Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunications '''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' Agro-Ecologie Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) Communication Eco-Tourisme Communication Territoriale Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation Environnement Génie Minier Génie Rural Eau Et Environnement Énergie Renouvelable Gestion Gestion Environnement Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles Informatique Mécanisation Agricole Mines Et Environnement Tourisme Transformation Agro Alimentaire Télécommunication Informatique Aquapone Étude D'accueil Télécommunication (TCO) '''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' GC GEA Génie Industriel</ref> * {{fr}}[http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ Sehatra Ofisialy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ |date=20150706115406 }} == Tsiahy == {{ref}} {{commonscat|Université d'Antananarivo}} == Jereo koa == {{Univ-malagasy}} [[Sokajy: Oniversiten'i Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Antananarivo]] f8hx8pbd1bl4xy303qgbt7qvnmvvj30 1149948 1149947 2026-08-29T00:06:33Z Haingo18 39791 Nanampy lahatsoratra 1149948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Oniversite |anarana = Oniversiten'Antananarivo |sary = Université Antananarivo02.jpg |teny filamatra = "Izay adala no toa an-drainy" |niorina = [[1977]] |mpanorina = |Karazany = [[Fanjakana]] |vola = |firenena = {{Madagascar}} |toerana = [[Antananarivo]] |faritra = [[Analamanga]] |toby = Ankatso |filoha = [[Rivoarison RANDRIANASOLO]] |isan'ny mpiasa = |isan'nympanabe = |isan'ny mpianatra =22 493 |diplôma = LMD |tranokala = http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg }} [[Sary:University of Antananarivo Madagascar.JPG|vignette|Oniversiten' Antananarivo]] Ny '''Oniversiten' Antananarivo''' dia sekolim-panjakana ambaratonga ambony, miorina ao [[Antananarivo]] renivohitr' i Madagasikara, faritra [[Analamanga]] no misy azy. == Tantara == Ity oniversite ity dia niorina tamin'ny taona [[1961]], izy irery ihany ny oniversite nisy tamin'ny nosy [[Madagasikara]] hatramin'ny taona [[1988]]. Ny profesora [[Raymond Ranjeva]] no filoha voalohany tao tamin'ny taona 1988''-''1990 izany. Ny profesora [[Armand René Panja Ramanoelina]] no Filoha nitondra ny oniversite tao aoriany. Ny profesora Mamy Raoul RAVELOMANANA no nandimby azy; naharitra nandritra ny fe-potom-piasana roa: fe-potoana voalohany (2019-2021), fe-potoana faharoa (2022-2025). Taona 2026, ny profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no Filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Sampam-piofanana == === Sekoly miankina === * '' une Faculté de Droit, d’Économie, de Gestion et de Sociologie ; * une Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines ; * une Faculté de Médecine ; * une Faculté des Sciences.'' === Sekoly tsy miankina === * '' l'École Normale Supérieure de Madagascar, * l'École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, * l'[[École Supérieure Polytechnique d'Antananarivo]]. '' == Ny fandrosoana == Tamin'ny taona 2004, ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia voasokajy laharana faha 49^e tamin'ireo oniversite 100 manerana an'i [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=kopian'ny arisiva |url=http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ |accessdate=2015-07-31 |archivedate=2016-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417014732/http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ }}</ref> Voatazona io laharana io tamin'ny taona 2014. Taona 2015, tamin'ny fanasokajiana ny "''African Universities and Higher Education Ranking''" navoakan<nowiki>''</nowiki>ny Th''e World University Ranking'' , ny Oniversiten'Antananarivo dia voasokajy ho laharana faha 125 eto Afrika. Taona 2026, voasokajy ho laharana faha 104 amin' ireo oniversite 1 104 manerana an' Afrika ny Oniversiten'Antananarivo.<ref>https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-antananarivo/</ref>Rohy i Fanampiny tsara ho fantatra. Noho ny lahatsoratra efa ela no nampidirina dia efa nisy fiovana tsara ho fantatra tokoa. Taona 2026, Profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Oniversiten'Antananarivo == Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siantsa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana.<ref /> Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Fakiolite na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolite na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. === Lisitry ny fakiolite sy ny sampam-mpampianarana === {| class="wikitable" ! ! |- |'''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' |Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) |- | |Agro Management |- | |Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) |- | |Foresterie et Environnement |- | |Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) |- | |Sciences Animales (SA) |- | |SAE |- |'''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' |Droit |- | |Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication |- | |Sciences Politiques |- |'''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' |Économie |- | |Gestion |- | |Sociologie |- |'''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' |Anthropologie |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |École Doctorale |- | |Études Anglophones |- | |Études Françaises Et Francophones |- | |Études Germaniques |- | |Études Malgaches |- | |Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles |- | |Géographie |- | |Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement |- | |Langues Étrangères |- | |Philosophie |- | |Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle |- | |Science Du Tourisme |- |'''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' |Médecine Humaine |- | |Médecine [[Veterinera|Vétérinaire]] |- | |Pharmacie |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- |'''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' |Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) |- | |Administration Éducation |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |EAD HGEC-SES |- | |EAD Langues Et Philosophie |- | |Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle |- | |Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation |- | |Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) |- | |SAE |- | |Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques |- | |Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) |- |'''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' |Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) |- | |CHIMIE |- | |Électronique(EN) |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) |- | |Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) |- | |Génie Électrique |- | |Génie Géologique (GGEO) |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) |- | |Génie Rural (GER) |- | |GPI |- | |Hydraulique (HYD) |- | |Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) |- | |Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) |- | |Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) |- | |Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) |- | |Météorologie (MTO) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- | |UAGC |- |'''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' |Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable |- | |Anthropologie |- | |Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) |- | |Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |Chimie |- | |Électronique |- | |Entomologie |- | |Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) |- | |Mathématiques Et Informatique |- | |Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) |- | |Physique Et Applications |- | |Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- | |Tronc Commun Biologie |- | |Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie |- | |Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) |- |'''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' |Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Électronique |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Gestion |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences Gestion |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunications |- |'''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' |Agro-Ecologie |- | |Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) |- | |Communication Eco-Tourisme |- | |Communication Territoriale |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Eau Et Environnement |- | |Énergie Renouvelable |- | |Gestion |- | |Gestion Environnement |- | |Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles |- | |Informatique |- | |Mécanisation Agricole |- | |Mines Et Environnement |- | |Tourisme |- | |Transformation Agro Alimentaire |- | |Télécommunication |- | |Informatique |- | |Aquapone |- | |Étude D'accueil |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- |'''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' |GC |- | |GEA |- | |Génie Industriel |} <ref>Oniversiten'Antananarivo Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siansa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana. Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Faculté na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolte na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. Liste des Facultés et mentions Lien <nowiki>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</nowiki> '''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) Agro Management Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) Foresterie et Environnement Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) Sciences Animales (SA) SAE '''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' Droit Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication Sciences Politiques '''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' Économie Gestion Sociologie '''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' Anthropologie Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation École Doctorale Études Anglophones Études Françaises Et Francophones Études Germaniques Études Malgaches Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles Géographie Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement Langues Étrangères Philosophie Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle Science Du Tourisme '''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' Médecine Humaine Médecine Vétérinaire Pharmacie Sciences Paramédicales '''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) Administration Éducation Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) EAD HGEC-SES EAD Langues Et Philosophie Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) SAE Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) '''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) CHIMIE Électronique(EN) Génie Civil Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) Génie Électrique Génie Géologique (GGEO) Génie Industriel Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) Génie Rural (GER) GPI Hydraulique (HYD) Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) Météorologie (MTO) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunication (TCO) UAGC '''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable Anthropologie Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) Chimie Électronique Entomologie Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) Mathématiques Et Informatique Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) Physique Et Applications Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) Sciences Paramédicales Tronc Commun Biologie Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) '''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Électronique Environnement Génie Civil Génie Industriel Génie Minier Génie Rural Gestion Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences Gestion Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunications '''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' Agro-Ecologie Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) Communication Eco-Tourisme Communication Territoriale Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation Environnement Génie Minier Génie Rural Eau Et Environnement Énergie Renouvelable Gestion Gestion Environnement Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles Informatique Mécanisation Agricole Mines Et Environnement Tourisme Transformation Agro Alimentaire Télécommunication Informatique Aquapone Étude D'accueil Télécommunication (TCO) '''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' GC GEA Génie Industriel</ref> * {{fr}}[http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ Sehatra Ofisialy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ |date=20150706115406 }} == Tsiahy == {{ref}} {{commonscat|Université d'Antananarivo}} == Jereo koa == {{Univ-malagasy}} [[Sokajy: Oniversiten'i Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Antananarivo]] ph3ghyg2bjoos4yn9wqyvy2013s7q02 1149949 1149948 2026-08-29T00:11:05Z Haingo18 39791 Nanampy 1149949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Oniversite |anarana = Oniversiten'Antananarivo |sary = Université Antananarivo02.jpg |teny filamatra = "Izay adala no toa an-drainy" |niorina = [[1977]] |mpanorina = |Karazany = [[Fanjakana]] |vola = |firenena = {{Madagascar}} |toerana = [[Antananarivo]] |faritra = [[Analamanga]] |toby = Ankatso |filoha = [[Rivoarison RANDRIANASOLO]] |isan'ny mpiasa = |isan'nympanabe = |isan'ny mpianatra =22 493 |diplôma = LMD |tranokala = http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg }} [[Sary:University of Antananarivo Madagascar.JPG|vignette|Oniversiten' Antananarivo]] Ny '''Oniversiten' Antananarivo''' dia sekolim-panjakana ambaratonga ambony, miorina ao [[Antananarivo]] renivohitr' i Madagasikara, faritra [[Analamanga]] no misy azy. == Tantara == Ity oniversite ity dia niorina tamin'ny taona [[1961]], izy irery ihany ny oniversite nisy tamin'ny nosy [[Madagasikara]] hatramin'ny taona [[1988]]. Ny profesora [[Raymond Ranjeva]] no filoha voalohany tao tamin'ny taona 1988''-''1990 izany. Ny profesora [[Armand René Panja Ramanoelina]] no Filoha nitondra ny oniversite tao aoriany. Ny profesora Mamy Raoul RAVELOMANANA no nandimby azy; naharitra nandritra ny fe-potom-piasana roa: fe-potoana voalohany (2019-2021), fe-potoana faharoa (2022-2025). Taona 2026, ny profesora RANDRIANASOLO Rivoarison no Filohan'ny Oniversiten’Antananarivo. == Sampam-piofanana == === Sekoly miankina === * '' une Faculté de Droit, d’Économie, de Gestion et de Sociologie ; * une Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines ; * une Faculté de Médecine ; * une Faculté des Sciences.'' === Sekoly tsy miankina === * '' l'École Normale Supérieure de Madagascar, * l'École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, * l'[[École Supérieure Polytechnique d'Antananarivo]]. '' == Ny fandrosoana == Tamin'ny taona 2004, ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia voasokajy laharana faha 49^e tamin'ireo oniversite 100 manerana an'i [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=kopian'ny arisiva |url=http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ |accessdate=2015-07-31 |archivedate=2016-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417014732/http://www.4icu.org/topAfrica/ }}</ref> Voatazona io laharana io tamin'ny taona 2014. Taona 2015, tamin'ny fanasokajiana ny "''African Universities and Higher Education Ranking''" navoakan<nowiki>''</nowiki>ny Th''e World University Ranking'' , ny Oniversiten'Antananarivo dia voasokajy ho laharana faha 125 eto Afrika.<ref><nowiki>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Antananarivo</nowiki></ref> Taona 2026, voasokajy ho laharana faha 104 amin' ireo oniversite 1 104 manerana an' Afrika ny Oniversiten'Antananarivo.<ref>https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-antananarivo/</ref> == Oniversiten'Antananarivo == Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siantsa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana.<ref /> Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Fakiolite na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolite na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. === Lisitry ny fakiolite sy ny sampam-mpampianarana === {| class="wikitable" ! ! |- |'''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' |Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) |- | |Agro Management |- | |Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) |- | |Foresterie et Environnement |- | |Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) |- | |Sciences Animales (SA) |- | |SAE |- |'''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' |Droit |- | |Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication |- | |Sciences Politiques |- |'''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' |Économie |- | |Gestion |- | |Sociologie |- |'''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' |Anthropologie |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |École Doctorale |- | |Études Anglophones |- | |Études Françaises Et Francophones |- | |Études Germaniques |- | |Études Malgaches |- | |Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles |- | |Géographie |- | |Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement |- | |Langues Étrangères |- | |Philosophie |- | |Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle |- | |Science Du Tourisme |- |'''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' |Médecine Humaine |- | |Médecine [[Veterinera|Vétérinaire]] |- | |Pharmacie |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- |'''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' |Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) |- | |Administration Éducation |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |EAD HGEC-SES |- | |EAD Langues Et Philosophie |- | |Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle |- | |Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation |- | |Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) |- | |SAE |- | |Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques |- | |Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) |- |'''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' |Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) |- | |CHIMIE |- | |Électronique(EN) |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) |- | |Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) |- | |Génie Électrique |- | |Génie Géologique (GGEO) |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) |- | |Génie Rural (GER) |- | |GPI |- | |Hydraulique (HYD) |- | |Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) |- | |Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) |- | |Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) |- | |Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) |- | |Météorologie (MTO) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- | |UAGC |- |'''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' |Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable |- | |Anthropologie |- | |Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) |- | |Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) |- | |Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) |- | |Chimie |- | |Électronique |- | |Entomologie |- | |Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) |- | |Mathématiques Et Informatique |- | |Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) |- | |Physique Et Applications |- | |Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) |- | |Sciences Paramédicales |- | |Tronc Commun Biologie |- | |Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie |- | |Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) |- |'''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' |Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Électronique |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Civil |- | |Génie Industriel |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Gestion |- | |Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication |- | |Sciences Gestion |- | |Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) |- | |Télécommunications |- |'''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' |Agro-Ecologie |- | |Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) |- | |Communication Eco-Tourisme |- | |Communication Territoriale |- | |Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local |- | |Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation |- | |Environnement |- | |Génie Minier |- | |Génie Rural |- | |Eau Et Environnement |- | |Énergie Renouvelable |- | |Gestion |- | |Gestion Environnement |- | |Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles |- | |Informatique |- | |Mécanisation Agricole |- | |Mines Et Environnement |- | |Tourisme |- | |Transformation Agro Alimentaire |- | |Télécommunication |- | |Informatique |- | |Aquapone |- | |Étude D'accueil |- | |Télécommunication (TCO) |- |'''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' |GC |- | |GEA |- | |Génie Industriel |} <ref>Oniversiten'Antananarivo Ny oniversiten’Antananarivo dia fehezin’ny didim-panjakana 565-2002 tamin’ny 04 jolay 2002. Filankevi-pitantanana (vondrona deliberativa) no mitantana azy ary filoha (corporate mpanatanteraka). Izy io koa dia manana Filankevitry ny Siansa momba ny Oniversite izay ahitana ny Filoha sy ny Dean / Talen'ny Andrimpanjakana. Ity Filankevitra ity dia manome ny heviny momba ny raharaha rehetra mifandraika amin'ny Fanofanana sy Fikarohana. Ny Andrimpanjakana tsirairay dia tantanan'ny Filankevitra (Filankevitry ny Faculté na Filankevitry ny Sekoly), ary ny Dekan na Tale no mitantana azy. Ity Fakiolte na Sekoly ity dia misy koa ny Filankevitry ny Siantifika, ny Kolejin'ny Mpampianatra ary ny Kolejin'ny Departemanta. Ny fiofanana momba ny asa dia noforonina eny anivon'ny toeram-pianarana. Liste des Facultés et mentions Lien <nowiki>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</nowiki> '''ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES (ESS-AGRO)''' Agriculture Tropicale et Développement Durable (AT2D) Agro Management Agroécologie, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique (ABC) Foresterie et Environnement Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires (IAA) Sciences Animales (SA) SAE '''FACULTÉ DE DROIT ET SCIENCES POLITIQUES (DSP)''' Droit Sciences et Technique Information et la Communication Sciences Politiques '''FACULTÉ D’ÉCONOMIE, GESTION ET SOCIOLOGIE (EGS)''' Économie Gestion Sociologie '''FACULTÉ LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES (FLSH)''' Anthropologie Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation École Doctorale Études Anglophones Études Françaises Et Francophones Études Germaniques Études Malgaches Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles Géographie Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés En Développement Langues Étrangères Philosophie Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelle Science Du Tourisme '''FACULTÉ DE MEDECINE''' Médecine Humaine Médecine Vétérinaire Pharmacie Sciences Paramédicales '''ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE (ENS)''' Activités Physiques Sportives Et Artistiques (EAD – APSA) Administration Éducation Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) EAD HGEC-SES EAD Langues Et Philosophie Éducation Pluralité Linguistique Et Culturelle Formation Ressources Humaines Éducation Recherche Et Didactiques Discipline (RE2DI) SAE Sciences Expérimentales Et Mathématiques Usages Savoir et Et Compétences Contexte Multilingue (USCCM) '''ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE ANTANANARIVO (ESPA)''' Bâtiments et Travaux Publics (BTP) CHIMIE Électronique(EN) Génie Civil Génie de Science et de la Terre (GST) Génie de Science et Technologie Industriel (GSTI) Génie Électrique Génie Géologique (GGEO) Génie Industriel Génie Mécanique et Industriels (GMI ) Génie Rural (GER) GPI Hydraulique (HYD) Information Géographique Aménagement du Territoires (IGAT) Ingénierie Minière (IMIN) Ingénierie Pétrolière (IPE) Ingénierie Systèmes Avances (ISA) Météorologie (MTO) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunication (TCO) UAGC '''SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES''' Anthropobiologie Et Développement Durable Anthropologie Bassins Sédimentaires, Evolution, Conservation (BEC) Biochimie Fondamentale Et Appliquée (BFA) Biologie Et Écologie Végétales (BEV) Chimie Électronique Entomologie Entomologie Culture Élevage Santé (E-CES) Mathématiques Et Informatique Physiologie-Animale Pharmacologie Et Cosmétologie (PPC) Physique Et Applications Procédés Et Écologie Industrielle (PEI) Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences La Terre Et L’environnement (STE) Sciences Paramédicales Tronc Commun Biologie Tronc Commun E Mathématiques Informatique Physique Chimie Zoologie Et Biodiversité Animale (ZBA) '''INSTITUT ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ANTSIRABE VAKINAKARATRA (IESAV)''' Agronomie et Agroalimentaire- Agro Management Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Électronique Environnement Génie Civil Génie Industriel Génie Minier Génie Rural Gestion Sciences Et Techniques Information Et La Communication Sciences Gestion Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux (SIM) Télécommunications '''INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR SOAVINANDRIANA ITASY (IESSI)''' Agro-Ecologie Bâtiments Et Travaux Publics (Btp) Communication Eco-Tourisme Communication Territoriale Communication, Médias, Médiation, Innovation Et Développement Local Communication, Médiation, Médias Et Organisation Environnement Génie Minier Génie Rural Eau Et Environnement Énergie Renouvelable Gestion Gestion Environnement Gestion Et Valorisation Ressources Naturelles Informatique Mécanisation Agricole Mines Et Environnement Tourisme Transformation Agro Alimentaire Télécommunication Informatique Aquapone Étude D'accueil Télécommunication (TCO) '''INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DE TECHNOLOGIE''' GC GEA Génie Industriel</ref> * {{fr}}[http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ Sehatra Ofisialy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/ |date=20150706115406 }} == Tsiahy == {{ref}} {{commonscat|Université d'Antananarivo}} == Jereo koa == {{Univ-malagasy}} [[Sokajy: Oniversiten'i Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Antananarivo]] 0tckd68yrlwozb3sjhrigjp2hkqjpyq 0 229831 1149915 1119185 2026-08-28T19:46:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149915 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Vahiny''''' ([[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]&#x3A;<span> </span><span lang="fr">'''''L'Étranger'''''</span>) dia tantara nosoratan'i [[Albert Camus]] nivoaka tamin'ny 1942. Ny endrika sy ny fomba fijery dia matetika heverina ho toy ny ohatra ny filozofia ny vendrana sy ny [[filôzôfiam-pisiana|filôzôfiam-pisian]]'i Camus, aza Camus, na dia nandà ny fiantsoana farany aza i Camus. Ny lohateny marika dia Meursault, tsy manan-kevitra frantsay Alzeriana ("olom-pirenena Frantsa nipetraka tany [[Afrika Avaratra]], lehilahy iray ny Mediteranea, ''homme du midi'' mbola iray izay zara raha mandray anjara amin'ny kolontsaina nentim-paharazana Mediteraneana"<ref name="test">From Cyril Connolly's introduction to the first English translation, by Stuart Gilbert (1946)</ref>), izay, rehefa avy nanatrika ny fandevenan'ny reniny ny fandevenana, namono arabo fantany tao [[Aljeria]] Frantsay. Ny tantara dia nozaraina hanana ampahany roa, izay maneho ny fijerin'i Meursault ny tantarany taloha sy taorian'ny famonoana olona. Tamin'ny volana janoary 1955, Camus nanoratra hoe: "Efa ela no namintinako an'i ''Vahiny'', niaraka tamin'ny fanamarihana azoko lazaina fa tena mifanohitra: 'Ao amin'ny fiarahamonina dia mety ho voaheloka ho faty izay lehilahy tsy mitomany amin'ny fandevenan'ny reniny.' Ny tiako ambara amin'izany dia voaheloka ho faty ny mpilalao fototra efo satria tsy nanao ny anjara lalaony izy."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carroll|first=David|title=Albert Camus the Algerian: Colonialism, Terrorism, Justice|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/albertcamusalger0000carr|location=|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/albertcamusalger0000carr/page/27 27]}}</ref> == Tantara == === Ampahany voalohany === Nahare ny fahafatesan'ny reniny i Meursault. Tamin'ny fandevenana azy dia tsy naneho fihetseham-po na alahelo mihitsy izy. Rehefa nantontaniana izy raha tia hijery ilay vatamangatsiakan'ny reniny dia nandà izy, ary lasa nifoka sigara sy nisotro kafe teo anoloan'ny faty. Tsy naneho ny fihetseham-po sy ny alahelo ny izy fa nanisy resaka momba ny fihetseham-pon'n sasany tany amin'ny fandevenana. Nifanerasera tamin'i Marie izay mpiasany taloha azy. Mampiaraka izy roa ireo, lasa nilomano, nijery horonantsary komedia ary niray ara-nofo na dia vao nandevina aza. Andro vitsivitsy taoriana, dia nanampy ny namany nipetraka tsy lavitry ny toerana nisy azy Raymon Sintès izy, izay tia hamaly ny hitsaka nataon'ny sipany arabo izay noheveriny fa nampirafy azy. Nanaiky ho an'i Raymond i Meursault ary nanoratra taratasy tany amin'ny sipany ahafahan'izy sy Raymond hiray ara-nofo ary handrora amin'ny tarehiny ho valin-kitsaka. Tsy nahita antony tsy anampiana azy i Meursault, ary nahafa-po an'i Raymond ilay izy. Tsy dia naneho olana mikasika ilay ratra ara-panahin'ny sipan'i Raymond izy noho izy mino an'i Raymond momba ilay fampirafian'ilay sipany arabo, sady efa mamomamo izy ary tsy mahatsapa fiaraha-miory. Amin'ny ankapobeny dia heveriny fa mahaliana na manelingelina ny olona, na tsy mahatsapa inona na inona momba an'izareo izy. Nety tokoa ny hevitr'ilay taratasy: tafaverina ilay sipa, fa lasa lavitra ny fipaikan-javatra rehefa nitefaka an'i Raymond izy rehefa nanandrana ny handroaka azy ny trano, ary nodarohan'i Raymond izy. Lasa any amin'ny trano fitsarana i Raymon ary nitonon-tena ho vavolombelon'ny fampirafiany i Meursault, ary tafavoaka tsy nisy sazy i Raymond. Taorian'izany dia nanomboka nanara-dia an'i Raymond ireo rahalahy ary naman'ilay sipa. Nanasa an'i Meursault sy Marie any amin'ny trano fialan-tsasatra akaiky tora-pasika i Raymond, ary tany no nahitany ny rahalaha sy ireo naman'ilay sipa nolazaina fa nampirafy. Tafady tamin'i Raymond izy ireo ary nandratra azy tamin'ny antsy tamin'ny ady totohondry. Taorian'izay rehefa nitsangantsangana teo amin'ny tora-pasika miaraka amy basy poleta nalaily tamin'i Raymon, mba tsy hanaovan'i Raymond zavatra maimaika, dia nifanena tamin'ilay arabo i Meursault. Efa akaiky ny ho domelin'ny hafanàna i Meursaul, ary rehefa nambenan'ilay arabo antsy izy dia nitifitra i Meursault. Na dia nahafaty anilay arabo tamin'ilay tifitra voalohany aza i Meursault, notifiriny in'efatra mihoatra izay ilay vatamangatsiakan'ilay arabo. Tsy nilaza antony manokana tamin'ilay heloka bevava na ny fihetseham-pony tamin'izany fotoana izany izy, fa nilaza fa domelin'ny hafanàna sy ny masoandro fotsiny. === Ampahany faharoa === Nogadraina i Meursault, nanazava ny fisamborana azy izy, ny fotoany tao am-ponja ary ny fitsarana ho avy. Zakany ihany ny fiainany tao am-ponja rehefa zatran'ilay hevitra hoe tsy afaka mandeha any amin'ny toerana izay tiany haleha na tsy afaka miray ara-nofo miaraka amin'i Marie izy. Mandany ny fotoana amin'ny fatoriana, na manao lisitra an-tsaina izay zavatra nananany tany amin'ny tranony izy. Rehefa tao amin'ilay trano fitsarana izy dia nangina azy tsy nanao inona na inona izay heverin'ny mpampanoa lalàna fa fihetsiky ny olona tsy nana-nenina, ary koa ny tsi-fanehoana fihetseham-po na inona na inona tamin'ny nandevina ny reniny. Namporisika an'i Meursault hilaza ny marina ilay mpampanoa lalàna fa tsy vitany, ary tany aoriana, dia nanazava fa tsy nahatsapa fihetseham-po na inona na inona tamin'ny zavatra nataony tamin'ny fiainany mihitsy i Meursault. Nitory an'i Meursault ho olona tsy nanam-panahy ka tsy afa-mahatsapa inona na inona ilay mpampamoa lalàna, ka mendrika ny ho faty. Na dia miaro an'i Meursault aza ny mpisolovavany ka nanantena hanana sazy maivamaivana kokoa, taitra be izy rehefa nolazain'ny mpitsara fa hotapahin-doha eo imasom-bahoaka izy. Tao am-ponja izy dia nifandray tamy mpitondra fivavahana, fa nandà ny nanolotra fahafahana ny mitodika amin'Andriamanitra, ary nanazava fa fandaniam-potoana i Andriamanitra. Na dia niezaka nanala an'i Meursault tamin'ny tsifinoany an'Andriamanitra aza ilay mpitondra fivavahana, dia nanazava taminy momba ny tsifisian-dikany ny fiainany ary ny tahony amin'ny fomba feno hatezerana i Meursault. Tamin'ny fiandohan'ny fitarainany dia nilaza izy amin'ny hetsika feno hatezerana, fa tsy manana ny zo hitsara ny maha-izy azy na ny zavatra nataony ireo olona ireo, ary tsy misy olona na iza na iza afaka mitsara an'iza na iza. Nanenika ny tsifiraharahian'izao rehetra izao an'ny olom-belona i Meursault ahafahany mifanaraka amin'ny famonoana azy.<ref>Camus, Albert. </ref> == Olona mandray anjara amin'ny tantara == '''Meursault''' dia fantsay aljerianina nahare ny fahafatesan'ny reniny tamin'ny alalan'ny telegrama. Ny tsifahatairan'i Meursault tamin'ny nahare ilay vaovaon'ny fahafatesan'ny reniny dia maneho fitsoahana ara-pihetseham-po amin'ny tontolo manodidina azy. Maro ireo zava-nitranga lehibe tao amin'ilay boky tantara anefa tsy nahavoaka fihetseham-po avy amin'i Meursault, ohatra ny hoe ny fitiavan'i Marie azy, na ny famonoany olona. Lafiny hafa an'i Meursault ihany koa dia izy mahatoky olona. Milaza ny ao am-pony foan aizy ary tsy miraharaha ny fijerin'ny hafa azy. Na dia izany aza, mety nanao vavolombelona mandainga izy tamin'izy nijoro ho vavolombelona ho an'ny namany mpifanolobodirindrina Raymond. Ataon'ny fiarahamonina ho vahiny izy noho izay tsifiraharahiany izay. '''Renin'i Meursault''' dia nalefa tany amin'ny tranon'antitra telo taona talohan'ny nahafatesany, dia nampahafantarina tamin'ny fiandohan'ilay tantara. Maro ireo tranga ampifandraisan'i Meursault amin'ny fahafatesan'ny reniny.  Manoloana ny fahafatesana neverana an'i Meursault dia nahatsapa izy fa nanaiky an'izao rehetra izao tsy misy dikany izy ary niaina tamin'ny fotoany, toa ny nataony. '''Raymond Sintès''' dia mpifanolobodirindrin'i Meursault izay nampijaly ny sipany izay nahatonga fifandonana amin'ny arabo. Nanatsofoka an'i Meursault tao amin'ilay ady izy ary nahatonga an'i Meursault namono ilay arabo. '''Marie Cardona''' dia mpanoratra niara-niasa tamin'i Meursault. Andro iray taorian'ny fandevenana ny renin'i Meursault, dia nifanena taminy tao amy dobo filomanosana izy ary nahatonga azy roa ireo niaraka. Nanontany an'i Meursault izy raha tia azy izy fa tsy mihevitra toa izany i Meursault. Nanaiky ny hanambady azy ihany i Meursault talohan'ilay vono olona ary ny fisamborana azy. Marie toa i Meursault, dia mankafy ny fiarahany amin'ny alalan'ny firaisana ara-nofo. Ny fiainan'i Meursault azo ankafizina no avoakany ary ny endriny no anisan'ny zavatra nanehoan'i Meursault alahelo tany am-ponja. '''Masson''' dia ny tompon'ilay trano amoron-dranomasina izay nanasan'i Raymond an'i Marie sy Meursault. I Masson dia olona tsy dia mivaky loha ary tia miaina ny fiainany ary tia ho finaritra. Tia hiaina fiainana tsy misy fepetra izy. '''Salamano''' dia olona antitra iray mamoaka ny alikany. Manararaotra ny alika izy fa tiany ilay izy. Ory izy rehefa very ny alikany ary nangataka toroevitra avy amin'i Meursault. Tsy nanome torohevitra hanampy i Meursault ary nanaiky i Salamano fa niova ny fiainany. '''Arabo''' izay nahitana ny sipan'i Raymond. Tsy mitondra anarana ireo arabo ao amin'ny ''Vahiny''. '''Ny arabo lahy''' notifirin'ny Meursault eny amoron-dranomasina tao Alger. Nahazo anarana ary boky tantara ho azy ilay ''arabo lahy''. Boky tantara nosoratan'i Kamel Daoud ao amin'ny tantara ''Ny Fanadihadiana Meursault''. == Fandraisana == Ny fanontana voalohan'ny Vahiny dia nanisana boky 4.400 ary tsy afaka natao ho boky best-seller. Tsara ihany anefa ny fandraisana avy noho ny lahatsoratr'i Jean-Paul Sartre taloha kelin'ny famoahana an'ilay boky tantara ary noho ny hadisoana avy amin'ny Propaganda-Staffel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Stranger (Albert Camus)|last=McCarthy|first=Patrick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-521-8321-01|location=New York|pages=12}}</ref> Hoy i Carl Viggiani momba ilay boky: "Amin'ny lafiny marivo, dia miseho ho boky tena voasoratra tsara mihitsy ny ''L'Etranger''. Raha ny tena marina dia asa famoronana mikitroka ary manan-karena ilay izy, feno dika miafina [...]. Boky iray mitovy halava amin'ilay boky tantara no mety ilaina raha hanao fandinihana amin'ny antsipirihan'ny dika ary ny fifampiarahan'ny dika amin'ny endrika ao amin'ny ''L'Etranger''."<ref>Viggiani, Carl A. Camus' L'Etranger. </ref> == Tantaram-pamoahana == * 1942, ''L'Étranger'' (Frantsay), [[Parisy|Paris]]: Gallimard * 1946, ''The Outsider'' (nadikan'i Stuart Gilbert), Londres: Hamish Hamilton * 1982, ''The Outsider'' (nadikan'i Joseph Laredo), Londres: Hamish Hamilton, [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780141182506|ISBN 978-0-141-18250-6]] * 1989, ''The Stranger'' (nadikan'i Matthew Ward), New York: Vintage, [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780679720201|ISBN 978-0-679-72020-1]] * 2012, ''The Outsider'' (nadika avy amin'i Sandra Smith), Londres: Penguin, [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780141389585|ISBN 978-0-141-38958-5]] Gallimard no namoaka ilay tantara tamin'ny. Mpanoratra britanika iray Stuart Gilbert, no nandika voalohany an'i ''L'Étranger'' amin'ny teny anglisy tamin'ny taona 1946 ary iny no kinova ofisialin'i ''L'Etranger'' amin'ny teny anglisy. Tamin'ny 1982, ny mpanoratra Britanika  Hamish Hamilton, izay efa namoaka ny fandikan-tenin'i Gilbert, dia namoaka ny fandikan-teny faharoa, nosoratan'i Joseph Laredo, izay novidian'i Penguin Books tamin'ny taona 1983. Tamin'ny 1988, fandikan-teny fahatelo, nataon'ny amerikanina Matthew Ward, dia navoakan'i Vintage miaraka amin'ny lohateny ''The Stranger''. Voadrokidrokin'i endri-kaisoratra Amerikana i Camus, ka navadika hanaraka ny endrika amerikanina ny dikantenin'i Ward<ref name="Americanized">{{Cite news|last=Mitgang|first=Herbert|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/18/books/classic-french-novel-is-americanized.html|title=Classic French Novel is 'Americanized'|work=The New York Times|date=18 April 1988|accessdate=9 September 2006}}</ref>. Navoakan'ny Penguin amin'ny taona 2012 ny dikantenin'i Sandra Smith.<ref><cite class="citation journal">Messud, Claire (2014). </cite></ref> == Amin'ny kolontsaim-bahoaka == == Voafaritra film adaptations == * 1967 ''Lo Straniero'' nataon'i [[Luchino Visconti]] (italiana) * 2001 ''Yazgı'' (''Anjarany'') nataon'i [[Zeki Demirkubuz|Zeki Demirkubuz ny]] (tiorka) == Jereo koa == * Marika porofo * ''Le Monde'''s 100 Boky ny Taonjato faha - * ''Ny Meursault Fanadihadiana'' nataon'ny Kamel Daoud - retelling ny tantara avy amin'ny fomba fijery ny namono ny "Arabo" ny rahalahiny. == Tsiahy == {{Reflist|30em}} == Rohy ivelany == fg9oelpzkj4kqcx6ywswbaz9j2gxo7y 0 230850 1150003 1149770 2026-08-29T11:04:36Z Haingo18 39791 Manampy 1150003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox tanàna |anarana=Ankadinandriana |faritany=Antananarivo |isam-ponina=13029 |firenena={{Madagasikara}} |saina=Malagasy|fanjakana=NC|tanàn-dehibe=NC|tanàna=NC|velarantany=NC|ben'ny tanàna=NC|sary=Akadinadriana.jpg}} '''Ankadinandriana''' dia firaisam-pokotany malagasy ao amin'ny fivondronan'[[Distrikan'Antananarivo-Avaradrano|'Antananarivo Avaradrano]], [[Faritanin' Antananarivo]]. Ny isan'ny mponina ao dia 13 029 araka ny faminavinana natao tamin'ny taona 2000. Ny kaodim-piraisana dia 10243 ary ny kaodim-pivondronana dia 102 = <ref>https://www.mindat.org/feature-11926445.html</ref>Fonkotany mandrafitra ny kaominina = == Vokatry ny fambolena == Ny anjaran'ny tantsaha mampiasa zezika simika dia <5%. Ny entana faharoa lafo vidy indrindra dia haricot. Ny zava-bolena lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia vary. Ny entana fahatelo lafo vidy indrindra dia autre produit de rente. Ny isan'omby dia 3048. Ny isan'ny taona nisiam-pesitry ny vorona teo anelanelan'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 2. Ny zava-bolena faharoa lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia mangahazo. Ny entana lafo vidy indrindra dia mangahazo. 40 isan-jaton'ny tanimbary no voatondraka amin'ny tohidrano na paompy. 17 no isan'ny ombivavy be ronono. 98 ny mponina no miasa tany. 2 ny mponina no miasa amin'ny sampandraharaha. 806 no isan'ny kisoa. == Ara-tsosialy == == Foto-drafitrasa == Ahitana tobim-pahasalamana ao. Ijanon'ny takisiborosy ilay kaominina. Ahitana sekoly ambaratonga fototra. Misy kolejy sy lisea ao amin'ilay tanàna. Tsy ny JIRAMA no manome ny rano. Misy biraom-paositra ao. == Fitaterana == Ny fitaovam-pitaterana ampiasaina matetika indrindra dia fiara lehibe. Ny faharetan'ny dia mankany amin'ny renivohi-paritany dia 1 ora. Ny fotoam-pitaterana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 2 ora. Ny lalan-tany dia azo aleha mandavan-taona. Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 5000 Fmg. Misy fikambanan'ny mpampiasa lalan-tany ao. Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny haintany dia 5000 Fmg. == Toekarena == 25 isan-jaton'ny mponina no tena mahantra dia mahantra. 70 isan-jaton'ny mponina no atao hoe mahantra. Ny halavan'ny vanim-potoana mety ahalanian'ny vokatry ny taon-dasa dia 5 volana. 1 isan-jaton'ny mponina no atao hoe manan-karena. 4 isan-jaton'ny mponina no manana fari-piainana antonontonony. == Endri-javatra == == Olana == Ny isan'ny vono olona tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 2. Tapaka in-1 ny lalana tao anatin'ny taona 1999-2001. Ny isan'ny vakitrano tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 15. Ahitana zandary ao amin'ilay kaominina. 1 no isan'ireo mpamono olona tratra tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www.ilo.cornell.edu/ilo/census.xls ilo.cornell.edu] - Statistika momba ny kaominina malagasy ary loharanom-pahaizana namoronana an'ity lahatsoratra ity. [[Sokajy:Kaominina any Madagasikara]] dqp656anxzt9txwjjj99m94mygzi7mp 1150004 1150003 2026-08-29T11:13:37Z Haingo18 39791 Manampy lahatsoratra 1150004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox tanàna |anarana=Ankadinandriana |faritany=Antananarivo |isam-ponina=13029 |firenena={{Madagasikara}} |saina=Malagasy|fanjakana=NC|tanàn-dehibe=NC|tanàna=NC|velarantany=NC|ben'ny tanàna=NC|sary=Akadinadriana.jpg}} '''Ankadinandriana''' dia firaisam-pokotany malagasy ao amin'ny fivondronan'[[Distrikan'Antananarivo-Avaradrano|'Antananarivo Avaradrano]], [[Faritanin' Antananarivo]]. Ny isan'ny mponina ao dia 13 029 araka ny faminavinana natao tamin'ny taona 2000. Ny kaodim-piraisana dia 10243 ary ny kaodim-pivondronana dia 102 = <ref>https://www.mindat.org/feature-11926445.html</ref>Fonkotany mandrafitra ny kaominina = Ambohijato Ambohimahatsinjo Ambohitraina Ambohitromby Ambohitsararay Ampahitrosy Andranomonina Andranovelona Andraravola Andriampamaky Ankadinandriana Antanetibe Maromby Antanimarina Fihasinana Miorikampoza Morarano Soamonina Antsahamamy == Vokatry ny fambolena == Ny anjaran'ny tantsaha mampiasa zezika simika dia <5%. Ny entana faharoa lafo vidy indrindra dia haricot. Ny zava-bolena lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia vary. Ny entana fahatelo lafo vidy indrindra dia autre produit de rente. Ny isan'omby dia 3048. Ny isan'ny taona nisiam-pesitry ny vorona teo anelanelan'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 2. Ny zava-bolena faharoa lehibe indrindra amin'ny lafin'ny velarantany dia mangahazo. Ny entana lafo vidy indrindra dia mangahazo. 40 isan-jaton'ny tanimbary no voatondraka amin'ny tohidrano na paompy. 17 no isan'ny ombivavy be ronono. 98 ny mponina no miasa tany. 2 ny mponina no miasa amin'ny sampandraharaha. 806 no isan'ny kisoa. == Ara-tsosialy == == Foto-drafitrasa == Ahitana tobim-pahasalamana ao. Ijanon'ny takisiborosy ilay kaominina. Ahitana sekoly ambaratonga fototra. Misy kolejy sy lisea ao amin'ilay tanàna. Tsy ny JIRAMA no manome ny rano. Misy biraom-paositra ao. == Fitaterana == Ny fitaovam-pitaterana ampiasaina matetika indrindra dia fiara lehibe. Ny faharetan'ny dia mankany amin'ny renivohi-paritany dia 1 ora. Ny fotoam-pitaterana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 2 ora. Ny lalan-tany dia azo aleha mandavan-taona. Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny andro fahavaratra dia 5000 Fmg. Misy fikambanan'ny mpampiasa lalan-tany ao. Ny saran-dalan'ny olona tokana mankany amin'ny tanàn-dehibem-paritany amin'ny haintany dia 5000 Fmg. == Toekarena == 25 isan-jaton'ny mponina no tena mahantra dia mahantra. 70 isan-jaton'ny mponina no atao hoe mahantra. Ny halavan'ny vanim-potoana mety ahalanian'ny vokatry ny taon-dasa dia 5 volana. 1 isan-jaton'ny mponina no atao hoe manan-karena. 4 isan-jaton'ny mponina no manana fari-piainana antonontonony. == Endri-javatra == == Olana == Ny isan'ny vono olona tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 2. Tapaka in-1 ny lalana tao anatin'ny taona 1999-2001. Ny isan'ny vakitrano tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001 dia 15. Ahitana zandary ao amin'ilay kaominina. 1 no isan'ireo mpamono olona tratra tanatin'ny taona 1999-2001. == Rohy ivelany == * [http://www.ilo.cornell.edu/ilo/census.xls ilo.cornell.edu] - Statistika momba ny kaominina malagasy ary loharanom-pahaizana namoronana an'ity lahatsoratra ity. [[Sokajy:Kaominina any Madagasikara]] lb8zwps1othipgil7e817zarpxiq82k 0 240096 1149965 1138969 2026-08-29T05:37:57Z Valimbavaka Rahary 39787 Nanampy 1149965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Malagasy bible.png|vignette|Baiboly malagasy voalohany|303x303px]]Ny '''Baiboly amin' ny teny malagasy''' dia dikan-tenin' ny [[Baiboly]] amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ampiasain' ny fiangonana miteny malagasy amin' ny fotoam-pivavahana, indrindra fa ny eto [[Madagasikara]]<ref><small>"[https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202504160470.html Madagascar: 190 ans de la Bible en langue malgache - L'apogée de la célébration, le 21 juin 2025]", ''fr.allafrica.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.agencemalagasydepresse.com/social/semaine-de-la-bible-21-juin-honneur-a-la-bible/ Semaine de la Bible: 21 Juin : honneur à la Bible !]", ''www.agencemalagasydepresse.com''</small></ref>. Amin' izao fanombohan' ny taonjato faha-21 izao dia maro ny dikan-tenin' ny Baiboly amin' ny teny malagasy azo vakina, ka tsy amin' ny teny malagasy ôfisialy ihany izany fa misy amin' ny [[Fitenim-paritra malagasy|fitenim-paritra]] koa<ref><small>"[https://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2024/11/RAPPORT%20DE%20SYNTHESE%20-%20Malgache.pdf Madagascar: Bible en malgache - Les traductions en dialectes présentées à l'Akademia Malagasy]", ''www.ibe.unesco.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://new.moov.mg/article/102903-finoana-andalam-panatanterahana-ny-fandikana-ny-baiboly-aminny-fiteny-miisa-9-eto-madagasikara? Finoana : Andalam-panatanterahana ny fandikana ny baiboly amin’ny fiteny miisa 9 eto Madagasikara]", ''new.moov.mg''</small></ref>. Manana ny lanjany eo amin' ny tantaran' ny [[Fiangonana eto Madagasikara]] sy ny [[Tantaran'ny firenenana malagasy|tantaran' ny Firenenana malagasy]] ny Baiboly. Anisan' ny mampiavaka ny Baiboly amin' ny teny malagasy ny tsy fisian' ny fifanarahan' ny mpandika teny amin' ny fanagasiana ny [[Fiteny grika taloha|teny grika]] sy [[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]] manondro [[anaran-tsamirery]]. == Tantaran' ny Baiboly amin' ny teny malagasy == === Ny nandikana voalohany ny Baiboly ho amin' ny teny malagasy === Araka ny tantara, dia i [[David Jones]], izay tonga tao [[Antananarivo]] ny 04 Oktobra 1820, sy i [[David Griffiths]] tamin' ny 15 Mey 1821, izay samy avy amin' ny ''[[London Missionary Society]]'' (LMS) no nanomboka nandika ny Baiboly tamin' ny teny malagasy ary ny [[Filazantsara araka an'i Lioka|Filazantsaran'i Lioka]] no nanombohana izany niaraka tamin' ny mpianatr' izy ireo roapolo lahy. Tamin' ny taona 1830 no vita tanteraka ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]] ka 3&nbsp;000 no naparitaka. Tamin' ny taona 1835 dia vita dika manontolo amin' ny teny malagasy ny Baiboly. Tsara ho marihina fa ny Baiboly no boky malagasy voalohany voadika tamin'ny teny malagasy. Mandraka ankehitriny dia io dikan-teny io, izay nisy fanavaozana ihany taty aoriana, no ampiasain' ireo Fiangonana prôtestanta dia ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara|Fiangonan' i Jesoa Krisy eto Madagasikara]], ny [[Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy]], ny [[Eklesia Episkopaly Malagasy]] sns. ary saika mampiasa io dikan-teny io daholo ireo [[Fiangonana zandriny]] izay niorim-paka manerana an' i Madagasikara taty aoriana. === Ny dikan-teny taty aoriana === Amin' izao fiantombohan' ny taonjato faha-21 izao dia maro ny dikan-tenin' ny Baiboly amin' ny teny malagasy izay azo vakina. Ao ireo dikan-teny nataon' ny [[Prôtestantisma eto Madagasikara|Prôtestanta]], ao ny nataon' ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina (Madagasikara)|Katôlika]], ao ny dikan-teny iombonana, sns. Samy milaza ny mpandika teny fa avy amin' ny teny fototra, dia ny [[fiteny hebreo]] sy ny [[fiteny grika]], no niaingany tamin' ny fandikan-teny nataony. Ny fitambaran' ny boky filamatra (na [[kanona|kanôna]]) ao amin' ny Baiboly kosa dia misy roa, dia ny [[Baiboly prôtestanta|kanôna prôtestanta]] sy ny [[Baiboly katôlika|kanôna katôlika]]. Tamin' ny taona 1938 no nahavitana printy ny [[Baiboly katôlika amin' ny teny malagasy|Baiboly katôlika]] voalohany amin' ny teny malagasy nefa amin' izao dia ampiasaina ilay vita tamin' ny taona 2011. Tamin' ny taona 2003 no nanaovana printy voalohany ny [[Baiboly Dikanteny Iombonana Eto Madagasikara|Baiboly DIEM]]. Ny [[Fikambanana Mampiely Baiboly Malagasy]] no niandraikitra ny fanontana. Ny ''[[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society|Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania]]'' dia namoaka ny [[Ny Soratra Masina - Fandikan-Tenin' ny Tontolo Vaovao|Baibolin' ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah]] izay natao pirinty tany [[Japana]] tamin' ny taona 2009, nefa talohan' io dia efa nivoaka tamin' ny taona 2003 ny ''Soratra Grika Kristianina'' (izany hoe ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]). Taty aoriana dia nisy ny fandikan-teny ny Baiboly amin' ny [[fitenim-paritra malagasy]] toy ny amin' ny fiteny malagasy antandroy, ny fiteny malagasy masikoro, sns<ref><small>[https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/pdf/881 "Plantes de la Bible en malgache et plantes « bibliques » dans la culture malgache"] in Etude océan indien.</small> </ref>. == Baiboly prôtestanta amin' ny teny malagasy ankehitriny == Ny [[Baiboly prôtestanta amin' ny teny malagasy]] dia fandikana ny Baiboly ampiasain' ny [[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Protestanta eto Madagasikara|fiangonana prôtestanta malagasy]] sy ireo [[Fiangonana zandriny|fiangonana lazaina hoe zandriny]]. Ny Baiboly prôtestanta no nampiasain' ny [[Vavolombelon' i Jehovah eto Madagasikara]] talohan' ny namoahany ny dikan-teny azy manokana. Ny anaran' ny Baiboly prôtestanta dia ''Ny Baiboly''. Ny edisiona tamin' ny taona 1909 izay nasiam-panitsiana madinika tamin' ny taona 1965 sy taty aoriana no ampiasaina amin' izao. === Lisitry ny boky === Miavaka amin' ny Baiboly katôlika ny Baiboly prôtestanta amin' ny tsy fahitana ao aminy ireo [[boky deoterôkanônika]]<nowiki/>n' ny [[Testamenta Taloha]]. Ireto avy ny anaran' ny boky ao amin' ny Testamenta Taloha: ''Genesisy'', ''Eksodosy'', ''Levitikosy'', ''Nomery'', ''Deoteronomia Josoa, Mpitsara, Rota, Samoela voalohany, Samoela faharoa, Mpanjaka voalohany, Mpanjaka faharoa, Tantara voalohany, Tantara faharoa, Ezra, Nehemia, Estera, Joba, Salamo, Ohabolana, Mpitoriteny, Tononkiran'i Solomona, Isaia, Jeremia, Ezekiela, Daniela, Fitomaniana, Hosea, Joela, Amosa, Obadia, Jona, Mika, Nahoma, Habakoka, Zefania, Hagay, Zakaria ''ary ''Malakia''. Ireto kosa ny anaran' ny boky ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]: ''Matio'', ''Marka'', ''Lioka,'' ''Jaona, Asan'ny Apostoly, Romana, Korintiana voalohany, Korintiana faharoa, Galatiana, Efesiana, Filipiana, Kolosiana, Tesaloniana voalohany, Tesaloniana faharoa, Timoty voalohany, Timoty faharoa, Titosy, Filemona, Hebreo Jakoba, Petera voalohany, Petera faharoa, Jaona voalohany, Jaona faharoa, Jaona fahatelo, Joda ary Apokalypsy''. === Endriky ny fandikan-teny === Ny Baiboly prôtestanta no azo lazaina hoe zokiny tamin' ny dikan-tenin' ny Baiboly amin' ny fiteny malagasy ka ny fanapahan-kevitry ny mpandika teny voalohany dia matetika nolovan' ny taty aoriana'','' indrindra fa eo amin' ny [[fanagasiana]] ny anarana. Milaza ny mpandika teny fa nalaina amin' ny teny fototra, dia ny [[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]] sy [[Fiteny grika|grika]], ny dikan-teny nataony, nefa hita ihany fa misy ireo zavatra sasany izay notakarina avy amin' ny Baiboly prôtestanta amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]]. ==== Fanagasiana ny teny hebreo sy grika ==== Nanakaiky ny fanononana anglisy ny mpandika teny malagasy amin' ny ankapobeny. Izany no ahitana ny hoe ''Jaona'' ([[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]: ''John'') fa tsy ''Joany'' na ''Joana'' na dia tokony ho ny "o" no hialoha ny "a" ao amin' io anarana io. Ny teny hebreo anefa dia יהוחנן / ''Iehohānan'' ary ny teny grika kosa Ἰωάννης / ''Iôannês''. Ny tokony ho ''Iehody'' lasa ''Jiosy'' satria ny teny anglisy dia milaza hoe ''Jews''. Ny Baiboly prôtestanta dia tsy mampiasa tendron-tsoratra (` na ´ na ^) raha manoratra ny anaran' olona na anaran-toerana na anaram-boky ka anjaran' ny mpamaky ny mamantatra'','' araka ny fahazarany'','' ny toerana misy ny [[tsindrimpeo]] sy ny fomba tokony hamakiana ny [[litera]] "o" (na /u/ na /o/). Ny anarana mponina dia tsy miafara amin' ny hoe -''nina'' (ohatra: ''Romana'' na ''Korintiana'' fa tsy ''Rômanina'' na ''Kôrintianina''). Tsy fahita firy ny "ô" misy satrony. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia naka tahaka ny fanononana amin' ny teny anglisy ny teny hebreo sy amin' ny fiteny grika'','' na ny marina kokoa ny [[Fiteny latina|teny latina]]'','' ny mpandika teny. Hany ka ny teny grika hoe ''Biblia'' dia lasa ''Baiboly'' nefa ny teny anglisy nalaina tahaka tsy ahitana ny litera "a" (ao amin' ny hoe "ba-") sy "o" (ao amin' ny hoe "-bo-"). Nanaraka an' io avokoa ny mpandika teny rehetra taty aoriana'','' na inona na inona fiangonana misy azy. Ohatra, ny Katôlika izay misafidy amin' ny ankapobeny ny fanononana manakaiky ny an' ny [[Fiteny frantsay|teny frantsay]] dia tsy nanoratra hoe ''Bibla'' fa ''Baiboly'' ihany koa. Ny anarana ahitana ny litera ''iôda'' (yod: י) [[Abidy hebreo|hebreo]] na ny litera ''iôta'' (iota: ι) [[Abidy grika|grika]] izay samy tokony ho vakina hoe /i/ dia voasoratra ho "j" sady tononina hoe /dz/ na /z/ rehefa arakarahina [[zanapeo]] (zanatsoratra). Mijanona ho "i" ihany ny fanoratana raha [[renifeo]] no manarakaraka ilay ''iôda'' na ''iôta'' (ohatra: ''Isiraely'' fa tsy ''Jsiraely''; ''Isimaela'' fa tsy ''Jsimaela'' sns.). Izany no nahatonga ny fanoratana hoe ''[[Jehovah]]'' fa tsy ''Iehovah''; ''Jesosy'' na ''Jesoa'' fa tsy ''Iesosy'' na ''Iesoa; [[Jiosy]]'' fa tsy ''Iehody sns.'' Ny fiteny hebreo anefa tsy ahitana io feo /dz/ io. Ary ny mpiteny grika fahizay dia tsy namadika ny ''iôda'' (י) amin' ny litera hafa afa-tsy amin' ny ''iôta'' (ι) izay mitovitovy fanonona aminy. Nisy akony eo amin' ny fandikana ny Baiboly malagasy aty aoriana izany rehetra izany. Na ny anaran' ilay litera ''iôda'' aza dia lasa hoe ''joda'' (vakina hoe /dzuda/) ao amin' io Baiboly io (jereo ohatra: [[Salamo faha-119]]). Marihina fa ny teôlôjiana prôtestanta dia mampiasa ny hoe ''[[Iahveh|Iahve]]'' na ''[[Iahveh|Yahweh]]'' matetika amin' ny boky soratany na rehefa mampianatra fa mampiasa kosa ny ''[[Jehovah]]'' rehefa mitory teny. Ahitana teny misy litera "y" tsy any amin' ny fiafaran' ny voanteny ny Baiboly prôtestanta amin' ny teny malagasy. Ohatra: ''Apokalypsy'' (fa tsy ''Apokalipsy'')'','' ''Babylona'' (fa tsy ''Babilona''). Ny [[Fitsipi-panoratana ny teny malagasy|lalànan' ny fanoratana ny teny malagasy]] anefa dia ny tsy manoratra litera "y" any anaty voanteny na any am-piandohany. Ny sasany amin' ireo teny grika miafara amin' ny -''os'' na -''ous'' indraindray dia lasa miafara amin' ny hoe -''osy'' rehefa nohagasina. Ohatra: ''Jesosy'' (grika: Ἰησοῦς / ''Iēsoûs''), ''Patmosy'' (Πάτμος/ ''Patmos''), ''Eksodosy'' (grika: Ἔξοδος / ''Exodos''). Misy koa ny nofaranana amin' ny -''o'' fotsiny. Ohatra: ''Korinto'' (grika: Κόρινθος / ''Kórinthos''); ''Ponto'' (Πόντος/ ''Pόntos''). Toy izany koa ireo anarana miafara amin' ny -''as'' na -''is'': ''Tomasy'' (Θωμᾶς / ''Thômas''), ''Jodasy'' (Ὶούδας/ ''Ioudas'') nefa ''Lioka'' (grika: Λουκᾶς / ''Loukas''; hebreo'': לוקאס‎ / Lûkâs''). ''Genesisy'' (grika: Γένεσις / ''Genesis'') nefa ''Apokalypsy'' (grika: Ἀποκάλυψις ''/ Apokalupsis'') fa tsy ''Apokalypsisy''. == Baiboly katôlika amin' ny teny malagasy ankehitriny == [[Sary:Ny Baiboly Masina - Malagasy catholic bible.jpg|vignette|241x241px|Baiboly katôlika amin' ny teny malagasy natonta voalohany tamin' ny taona 1938]] Ny [[Baiboly katôlika amin' ny teny malagasy]] dia fandikana ny Baiboly ampiasain' ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina (Madagasikara)|Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina]] eto Madagasikara. Toy ny Baiboly prôtestanta dia misy ny Baiboly amin' ny dikan-teny tranainy izay ahitana ny anaran' Andriamanitra hoe ''[[Iahveh|Iahve]]'' sy ilay Baiboly tsy ahitana an' io anarana io. Ny anaran' ny Baiboly katôlika dia [[Baiboly katôlika amin' ny teny malagasy|''Ny'' ''Baiboly Masina'']]. Tamin' ny taona 1938 no nahavitana printy ny Baiboly katôlika voalohany amin' ny teny malagasy nefa amin' izao dia ampiasaina ilay vita tamin' ny taona 2011. === Ny lisitry ny boky === Miavaka ny Baiboly katôlika amin' ny fisian' ny boky fanampiny atao hoe [[Boky deoterôkanônika|deoterôkanônika]] izay ao aminy nefa tsy hita ao amin' ny Baiboly prôtestanta sy ao amin' ny Baibolin' ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah. Ireto avy ny anaran' ny boky ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Taloha]]: ''Jenezy'', ''Eksaody'', ''Levitika'', ''Fanisana'', ''Detôrônômy'', ''Jôsoé'', ''Mpitsara'', ''Rota'', ''Samoela voalohany, Samoela faharoa, Mpanjaka voalohany, Mpanjaka faharoa, Tantara voalohany, Tantara faharoa, Esdrasa, Nehemia, Tôbia, Jodita, Estera, Makabeo voalohany, Makabeo faharoa, Joba, Salamo, Ohabolana, Mpitoriteny, Tononkira, Fahendrena, Ekleziastika, Izaia, Jeremia, Fitomaniana, Baroka, Ezekiela, Daniely, Ôsea, Jôely, Amôsy, Abdiasa, Jônasa, Mikea, Nahoma, Habakòka, Sôfônia, Hagay'' (na ''Akjea'', tao amin' ny ''Baiboly Masina 1938'')'', Zakaria'' ary ''Malakia.'' Ireto kosa ny anaran' ny boky ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]: ''Matio, Marka, Lioka, Joany, Asa, Rômanina, Kôrintianina voalohany, Kôrintianina faharoa, Galata, Efezianina, Filipianina, Kôlôsianina, Tesalônisianina voalohany, Tesalônisianina faharoa, Timôte voalohany, Timôte faharoa, Tito, Filemôna, Hebrio, Jakôba, Piera voalohany, Piera faharoa, Joany voalohany, Joany faharoa, Joany fahatelo, Joda ary Fanambaràna''. == Baiboly iraisam-pinoana == Ny [[Baiboly Dikanteny Iombonana Eto Madagasikara|Baiboly ''Dikanteny Iombonana Eto Madagasikara'']] (hafohezina amin' ny hoe: ''Baiboly DIEM'') dia vokatry ny asan' ny mpandika teny avy amin' ny fiangonana maro eto Madagasikara. Mihevitra ireo mpandika teny ireo fa maro amin' ny teny malagasy tranainy no efa tsy azon' ny mpamaky ankehitriny intsony ny heviny, noho izy tsy fandre andavanandro na koa efa niova hevitra, ka izany no anisan' ny nanosika azy ireo hanao dikan-teny vaovao. Mikendry ny hananan' ny Kristiana [[Fiteny malagasy|miteny malagasy]] Baiboly iraisan' ny fiangonana kristiana samihafa ([[ekiomenisma]]) koa ireo mpandika teny ireo, no mikendry ny hahazoan' ny mpiteny malagasy ankehitriny ny tian' Andriamanitra ho lazaina. Izany no antony ampiasan' ny mpandika teny ny teny malagasy tenenina sy soratana amin' izao taonjato izao. Ampiasaina indrindra io dikan-teny io amin' ny fotoam-pivavahana iraisam-pinoana ataon' ny fiangonana miray ao amin' ny [[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara]] (FFKM). Tamin' ny taona 2003 no nanaovana printy voalohany ny Baiboly DIEM. === Lisitry ny boky === Misy roa karazana ny Baiboly DIEM: ny iray natao ho an' ireo zatra nampiasa ny Baiboly prôtestanta (tsy ahitana [[boky deoterôkanônika]]) ary ny iray natao ho an' ny mpamaky ny Baiboly katôlika (ahitana boky deoterôkanônika). === Endriky ny fandikan-teny === ==== Fanagasiana ny teny grika sy hebreo ==== Tsy voatery nisafidy ny iray amin' ny anaran' ny boky efa misy ao amin' ny Baiboly prôtestanta na amin' ny Baiboly katôlika ny mpandika teny fa indraindray dia nanao anarana vaovao izay heverin' izy ireo fa manakaiky kokoa ny fanononana amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] na eo anelanelan' ny anarana prôtestanta sy katôlika. Ohatra: ny ''Genesisy'' na ''Jenezy'' dia lasa ''Genesỳ''. Ny anaran' olona na toerana dia natao tahak' izany koa, nampanakaikezina ny teny grika na [[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]]. Misy fahasamihafany amin' ny Baiboly prôtestanta sy amin' ny Baiboly katôlika malagasy tranainy izy raha ny amin' ny anaran' olona sy ny anaran-tany ary ny anaran' ny boky ao amin' ny Baiboly no asian-teny. Mampiavaka azy ny fanatsofohana ny litera "h" amin' ny anarana izay efa mahazatra tsy nisy an' io litera io. Ny hoe ''[[Isaaka zanak' i Abrahama|Isaka]]'' na ''[[Isaaka zanak' i Abrahama|Isaaka]]'' lasa hoe ''Itsehàka'' (hebreo: יצחק / ''Iishḥâk''; grika: Ισαάκ/ ''Isaak''). Hita koa ny hoe ''Kanahana'' fa tsy ''[[Kanaana|Kanana]]'' na ''[[Kanaana]]'' (hebreo: <big>כְּנָעַן‬</big> / ''Kənâ‘an''; grika: Χαναάν / ''Khanaan''). Ny anaram-boky milaza anarana mponina miafara amin' ny hoe -''na'' ao amin' ny Baiboly prôtestanta dia miafara amin' ny -''nina'' ao amin' io Baiboly io (ohatra: ''Rômanina'' fa tsy ''Rômana''). ==== Safidy momba ny fanoratana ny teny sasany ==== Ny anarana hoe ''[[Jehovah]]'' na ''[[Iahveh]]'' dia nosoloana ny hoe ''TOMPO'' (amin' ny [[Sora-baventy|sorabaventy]]) ka ny fomban' ny Baiboly jiosy amin' ny teny grika ([[Septoajinta|Septoaginta]] na [[Septoajinta|Septanta]]) izany, izay nanolo ny anaran' Andriamanitra teny hebreo hoe יהוה‬ / ''[[IHVH|Yhwh]]'' (ilay nogasina hoe ''Jehovah'' na ''Iahve'') ho ''Kύριος / kúrios'' (midika hoe "Tompo") fotsiny amin' ny teny grika. Ao amin' ny Baiboly jiosy amin' ny teny hebreo anefa io anarana io dia tsy nesorina fa voasoratra ihany nefa tsy tononina. == Baibolin' ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah == Ny Baibolin' ny [[Vavolombelon' i Jehovah eto Madagasikara|Vavolombelon' i Jehovah]] dia fandikan-tenin' ny [[Baiboly]] manakaiky ny dikan-teny prôtestanta tranainy raha ny anaran' ny boky tsirairay sy ny anaran' ny olona ary ny anaran' ny tanàna maro voalaza ao amin' ny Baiboly no jerena. Atao hoe ''[[Ny Soratra Masina - Fandikan-Tenin' ny Tontolo Vaovao]]'' ny anaran' io Baiboly io. Nadika avy amin' ny dikan-teny anglisy (''New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures'') an' ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah, izay nivoaka tamin' ny taona 1984 sady iaingan' ny fandikan-teny amin' ny fiteny hafa rehetra, io Baiboly io. Ny ''[[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society|Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania]]'' no namoaka azy izay natao pirinty tany [[Japana]] tamin' ny taona 2009. Efa nivoaka tamin' ny taona 2003 ny ''Soratra Grika Kristianina'' (izany hoe ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]]) nefa nohavaozina indray ny dikan-teny tamin' io fanontana farany io. Tsorin' ny mpandika teny fa tsy nadika mivantana avy amin' ny teny fototra ([[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]] sy [[Fiteny grika kôine|grika]] ary [[Fiteny arameana|aramianina]]) ny Baibolin' ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah amin' ny teny malagasy. === Endriky ny fandikan-teny === ==== Fanagasiana ny teny grika sy hebreo ==== Ny anaram-boky milaza anarana mponina miafara amin' ny hoe -''na'' ao amin' ny Baiboly prôtestanta dia miafara amin' ny -''nina'' ao amin' io Baiboly io (ohatra: ''Romanina'' fa tsy ''Romana''). Itovitoviany amin' ny DIEM sy ny Baiboly katôlika vaovao izany. Tsy mampiasa ny tendro satroka (^) anefa izy. Ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] dia ataony hoe "''Soratra Hebreo sy Aramianina"'' fa ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]] kosa "''Soratra Grika Kristianina"''. Toy ny Baiboly prôtestanta dia tsy mampiasa tendron-tsoratra (` na ´ na ^) firy io Baiboly io ka anjaran' ny mpamaky ny mamantatra, araka ny fahazarany, ny toerana misy ny [[tsindrimpeo]] sy ny fomba tokony hamakiana ny litera "o" (vakina hoe /u/ na /o/). ==== Safidy momba ny fanoratana ny teny sasany ==== Betsaka kokoa ny isam-pitrangàn' ny anarana hoe ''Jehovah'' ao amin' ny Baibolin' ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah raha ampitahaina amin' ny isan' io teny io ao amin' ny Baiboly prôtestanta satria, ankoatry ny fitomboan' io isa io ao amin' ny "Soratra Hebreo sy Aramianina", dia mipoitra imbetsaka ao amin' ny "Soratra Grika Kristianina" koa io anarana io satria nasolo ny sasany amin' ny fitrangan' ny teny hoe ''Tompo'', izay heverin' ny mpandika teny fa tokony ho ''Jehovah'' tamin' ny nanoratana voalohany ny bokin' ireo [[Apôstôly roa ambin'ny folo|apôstôly]] sy [[evanjelista]] ao. Tsy ny mpadika teny malagasy no nisafidy izany fa hatramin' ny dikan-teny anglisy (''New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures''). Tsy mampiasa ny teny hoe ''Testamenta Taloha'' sy ''Testamenta Vaovao'' ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah satria "asa soratra iray ihany mantsy ny Baiboly, ary tsy misy lany andro na azo antsoina hoe “taloha” amin' izy io"'','' hoy ny mpampanonta an' ilay Baiboly. Be mpitsikera ny ''Ny Soratra Masina - Fandikan-Tenin' ny Tontolo Vaovao'' noho izy heverina fa nanova ny rafitry ny fehezanteny sasany na nandika amin' ny fomba tsy mahazatra ny teny sasany mba hanamarinany ny fivoasany ny [[Soratra Masina]]'','' indrindra mba hanesorana ny maha Andriamanitra an' i [[Jesoa|Jesoa Kristy]] ka handisoana ny [[Trinite]]. === Lisitry ny boky === Ireto avy ny anaran' ny boky ao amin' ny "Soratra Hebreo sy Aramianina": ''Genesisy, Eksodosy, Levitikosy, Nomery, Deoteronomia, Josoa, Mpitsara, Rota voalohany, Samoela voalohany, Samoela voalohany, Mpanjaka voalohany, Mpanjaka faharoa, Tantara voalohany, Tantara faharoa, Ezra, Nehemia, Estera, Joba, Salamo, Ohabolana, Mpitoriteny, Tononkiran’i Solomona, Isaia, Jeremia, Fitomaniana, Ezekiela, Daniela, Hosea, Joela, Amosa, Obadia, Jona, Mika, Nahoma, Habakoka, Zefania, Hagay, Zakaria'' ary ''Malakia''. Ireto kosa ny anaran' ny boky ao amin' ny "Soratra Grika Kristianina": ''Matio, Marka, Lioka, Jaona, Asan' ny Apostoly, Romanina, Korintianina voalohany, Korintianina faharoa, Galatianina, Efesianina, Filipianina, Kolosianina, Tesalonianina voalohany, Tesalonianina faharoa, Timoty voalohany, Timoty, Titosy, Filemona, Hebreo, Jakoba, Petera voalohany, Petera faharoa, Jaona voalohany, Jaona faharoa, Jaona fahatelo, Joda'' ary ''Apokalypsy''. == Ohatra fampitahana dikan-teny == {| class="wikitable" | |Mika 2.8 |Mpitsara 5.13 |- |Baiboly prôtestanta 1908 |<small>"Vao omaly no omaly no nitsanganan' ny oloko ho fahavalo; endahanareo hiala eo amin' ny lamba ny '''kapôti'''n' izay mandeha tsy manana ahiahy, Dia izay tsy tia ady."</small> |<small>"Tamin' izany dia nidina izay olo-malaza sisa mbamin' ny vahoaka, '''Jehovah''' nidina homba ahy koa '''hamely''' ny olo-mahery."</small> |- |Baiboly katôlika 1938 |<small>Omaly ny vahoakako no nitsangan-ko fahavalo: ny '''kapaoty''' endahanareo hiala eo ambonin' ny akanjo; ny mizotra tsy manan' ahiahy, ataonareo fahavalo.</small> |<small>Midìna amin' izay ny sisan' ny andriana amin' ny vahoaka! Midìna ho aty amiko, '''Iaveh''', '''eo amin'''<nowiki/>' ireo olo-mahery!</small> |- |Baiboly DIEM 2004 |<small>“Nitsangan-ko fahavalon’ ny vahoakako ianareo; ka ny lehilahy miverina avy any an’ ady sy mandalo tsy manana ahiahy no endahanareo ny '''akanjobeny'''.</small> |<small>Nirohotra nankany amin’ ny lehibeny ireo Israelita ary nivory teo amiko ny vahoakan’ ny '''TOMPO''' '''niaraka tamin’''' ireo lehilahy mahery fo.</small> |- |Baiboly Vavolombelon' i Jehovah 2008 |<small>Vao omalin’ omaly ny oloko no nitsangana ho tena fahavalo. Ny '''haingo mihaja''' dia endahanareo amin’ ny tratran’ akanjon’ ny mpandalo, izay tsy manana ahiahy toy ny olona avy tany an’ady.</small> |<small>Tamin’ izay ireo sisa tsy maty noo nidina tany amin’ ireo olo-manankaja. Nidina ho aty amiko ny vahoakan’ i '''Jehovah''' mba '''hiady amin'''’ ny olomahery.</small> |- |Baiboly katôlika 2011 |<small>Omaly ny vahoakako no nitsangan-ko fahavalo: ny '''akanjobeny''' endahanareo hiala eo ambonin’ ny akanjo; ny mizotra tsy manan’ ahiahy, ataonareo fahavalo.</small> |<small>I Israely dia nirohotra mankeny amin’ ny lehibeny; ny vahoakan’ ny '''Tompo''' dia mirohotra teo amiko '''miaraka amin’''' ireo lehilahy maherifo.</small> |- |Baiboly prôtestanta 2013 |<small>"Vao omaly no omaly no nitsanganan' ny oloko ho fahavalo; Sendahanareo hiala eo amin' ny lamba ny '''kapôti'''n' izay mandeha tsy manana ahiahy, Dia izay tsy tia ady."</small> |<small>"Tamin' izany dia nidina izay olo-malaza sisa mbamin' ny vahoaka, '''Jehovah''' nidina homba ahy koa '''hamely''' ny olo-mahery."</small> |} == Boky azo anovozan-kevitra == * Clark Henry E., 1887, ''Tantaran' ny Fiangonana eto Madagasikara'', Antananarivo, FFMA. * Cousins William E., 1897, « Reminiscences of Bible Revision », ''Antananarivo Annual'', 21, pp. 117-119. * Dahl Otto C., 1992, « Zanahary, Andriananahary, Andriamanitra. Désignation des êtres divins en malgache », ''in'' Condominas G., (éd.), ''Disciplines croisées'', Paris, Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, pp. 99-114. –, 1966, ''Les débuts de l’orthographe malgache.'' Oslo, Universitetsforlaget. * Guenier Noël J., 1996, « La Langue du catéchisme malgache de 1657. Les premiers essais d’une formulation malgache de la doctrine chrétienne », ''in Le Christianisme'' ''dans le sud de Madagascar''. ''Mélanges à l’occasion de la reprise de l’évangélisation'' ''dans le sud de Madagascar par la Congrégation de la Mission (Lazaristes), 1896-1996'', Fianarantsoa, Ambozontany, pp. 23-77. * Guenier Noël J.,, 1997, « Le Catéchisme de Flacourt comme témoin des relations linguistiques dans le Sud-Est de Madagascar au milieu du XVIIe siècle », ''Études Océan Indien'', 23-24, pp. 67-147. [Contient : « Lexique du Catéchisme de 1657 », pp. 86-145] * Guenier Noël J.,, 2004, « Expressions bibliques en malgache parlé contemporain », ''in'' Rossi-Gensane N., (éd.), ''Mélanges en l’honneur de Nicole Gueunier'', Tours, Université François Rabelais, pp. 273-298. * Guenier Noël J., Solo-Raharinjanahary, 2007, « Plantes de la Bible en malgache, et plantes “bibliques” en malgache. Quelques directions de recherche », Communication au colloque ''Fankalazana ny faha-120 taonan’ny Fanitsiana Lehibe ny Baiboly Malagasy voalohany'' (120e anniversaire de la Grande Révision de la Bible malgache), Fikambanana Mampiely Baiboly Malagasy, Antananarivo, 3-8 mai ; à paraître dans ''Études Océan Indien.'' * Huyghues-Belrose Vincent, 2001, ''Les premiers missionnaires protestants de Madagascar (1795-1827)'', Paris, Karthala. * Munthe Ludvig, 1969, ''La Bible à Madagascar. Les deux premières traductions du Nouveau Testament malgache'', Oslo, Egede Instituttet. * Raison-Jourde Françoise, 1991, ''Bible et pouvoir à Madagascar au XIXe siècle. Invention d’une identité chrétienne et construction de l’État (1780-1880)'', Paris, Karthala. * Rakotomalala Malanjaona, Blanchy Sophie, Raison-Jourde Françoise, (éds.), 2001, ''Usages sociaux du religieux sur les Hautes Terres malgaches. Les ancêtres au quotidien'', Paris, L’Harmattan. * Ramaroson Léonard, 1969, « Anaran’olona sy Anaran-tany ao amin’ny Testamenta Vaovao (Tantara kely) », ''Tahiry sy Remby'', 26, pp. 198-216. * Razafindrakoto Georges A., 2006, ''Old Testament Texts in Malagasy Contexts: An Analysis of the Use of the Old Testament in Three Religious Contexts in Madagascar'', Thèse de Théologie, University of South Africa. Consultable en ligne : etd.unisa.ac.za/ ETD-db/theses/available/etd-08102006-113454/unrestricted/thesis.pdf * Smalley, William A., 1991, ''Translation as Mission. Bible Translation in the Modern Missionary Movement'', Macon (Ga), Mercer University Press. * Spindler Marc, 1992, « L’usage de la Bible dans le discours politique malgache depuis l’indépendance, 1960-1990 », ''in'' Durand J.-D., Ladous R., (dirs.), ''Histoire religieuse,'' ''histoire globale, histoire ouverte. Mélanges offerts à Jacques Gadille'', Paris, Beauchesne, pp. 199-220. == Jereo koa == * [[Baiboly]] *[[Kristianisma eto Madagasikara]] *[[Baiboly prôtestanta amin' ny teny malagasy]] *[[Baiboly katôlika amin' ny teny malagasy]] *[[Ny Soratra Masina - Fandikan-Tenin' ny Tontolo Vaovao|Baibolin' ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah amin' ny teny malagasy]] *[[Baiboly Dikanteny Iombonana Eto Madagasikara|Baiboly dikanteny iombonana eto Madagasikara]] * [[Kor'any amin' ny teny malagasy]] *[[Fandikan-teny]] == Rohy ivelany hamakiana Baiboly == * Baiboly prôtestanta amin' ny teny malagasy: http://www.baiboly.org {{Wayback|url=http://www.baiboly.org/ |date=20180903044900 }}; https://nybaiboly.net/Bible.htm * Baiboly katôlika amin' ny teny malagasy: http://baiboly.katolika.org {{Wayback|url=http://baiboly.katolika.org/ |date=20180826051946 }} * Baibolin' ny Vavolombelon' i Jehovah: https://wol.jw.org/mg/wol/binav/r26/lp-mg/bi12/MG/2008 *Hafa koa (katôlika - prôtestanta - sns): http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/baiboly *Hafa koa (prôtestanta): https://etory.net/smartbaiboly/online {{Wayback|url=https://etory.net/smartbaiboly/online |date=20210309052305 }} == Loharano sy fanamarihana == 47kmwgi7j0tdjnuq2tv92wz8b9b9u25 0 244487 1149918 815580 2026-08-28T19:47:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149918 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Waleed Al-Husseini''' (amin'ny teny arabo: وليد حساين الحسيني / ''Walyd Ḥusāyn āl-Ḥuseyny''), teraka tamin'ny 25 Jona 1989 tao Qalqilya, dia Palestinina mpanoratra tsy mino an'Andriamanitra, mpanorina ny Conseil des ex-musulmans de France ("Filankevitr'ireo Silamo taloha ao Frantsa"). Lasa nalaza eran-tany izy nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2010 izay nisamborana sy nanagadrana ary nampijaliana azy noho ilay lahatsoratra navoakany izay mitsikera ny finoana silamo. {{infobox olona}} == Loharano: == [[File:Waleed Al-Husseini interview.webm|thumb|[[Maryam Namazie]] interviews Al-Husseini about ''Blasphémateur'' (2016).]] *''Blasphémateur ! : les prisons d'Allah'', 2015, Grasset ({{ISBN|978-2-246-85461-6}}) **English translation: {{Cite book |last=Al-Husseini |first=Waleed |date=2017 |title=The Blasphemer: The Price I Paid for Rejecting Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/blasphemerpricei0000alhu |location=New York City |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=9781628726756}} *''Une trahison française : Les collaborationnistes de l'islam radical devoilés'' ("A French Treason: The Collaborators of Radical Islam Unveiled"), 2017, Éditions Ring {{ISBN|979-1091447577}} ===Rohy ivelany=== {{Commonscat|Waleed Al-Husseini}} [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleed_Al-Husseini Waleed Al-Husseini] 7a3u0sk2zmx411tudevd26e2marctof 0 263454 1149906 1077461 2026-08-28T19:39:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary= |anarana=Pumpuang Duangjan |teraka=4 Aogositra 1961 |maty= 13 Jiona 1992 |firenena=Tailandy |mpiaraka= |asa= * Mpihira |taona niasàna= }} '''Pumpuang Duangjan''' dia mpihira zom-pirenen'i [[Tailandy]] teraka ny 4 Aogositra 1961 tao [[Suphanburi]] tamin ny 13 Jiona 1992<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlychaam.com/dance-and-music/|title=Dance and Music|work=Thai Culture|publisher=OnlyChaAm.com|accessdate=7 November 2016|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327221939/https://www.onlychaam.com/dance-and-music/|url-status=dead}}{{unreliable source?|date=November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Lockard">{{cite book|first=Craig|last=Lockard|year=2009|title=Southeast Asia in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasiainw0000lock|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195338111}}</ref> == Jereo koa == * [[Biôgrafia]] ===Rohy ivelany=== {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:Mpihira]] [[sokajy:Biôgrafia]] 74lce7w4q2l3d6cw9diijn1oxppl73x 0 278247 1149905 1054698 2026-08-28T19:39:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary= |anarana= Ratko Janev |teraka=30 Martsa 1939 |maty=31 Desambra 2019 |firenena= Serba * [[mpahay fizika]] }} [[File:Ратко Јанев.pdf|thumb| Ratko Janev]] '''Ratko Janev''' (30 martsa 1939 - 31 desambra 2019) dia [[SFRY | Yugoslav]] ary mpahay fizika atomika serba ary [[Akademia Makedoniana. Siansa sy Siansa | akademika]].<ref>Preminuo fizičar Ratko Janev; [http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/drustvo/3803562/preminuo-fizicar-ratko-janev.html 09. Jan. 2020, PTC]; (Biography in Serbian.).</ref> == Biography == Ratko Janev dia teraka tamin'ny 30 martsa 1939 tao Sveti Vrach, Bulgaria. Nandritra ny fahatanorany dia nifindra tany Yugoslavia izy, ary nahazo diplaoma tamin'ny Skopje High School tamin'ny 1957 ary avy eo dia nanohy nianatra tao amin'ny [[University of Belgrade]], izay nahazoany diplaoma PhD tamin'ny 1968. Avy amin'ny taona 1965 izy dia mpiara-miasa aminy. [[Vinča Institute nuklezika]]. Nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1986 izy dia Sekretera Lohan'ny Fikambanan'ny Atomika sy Molecular an'ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Ara-Angovo Iraisam-pirenena]] tao [[Vienna]]. <ref> Preminuo fizičar Ratko Janev [http://rs.n1info.com/SciTech/a559033 /Preminuo-fizicar-Ratko-Janev.html]</ref> Janev dia mpikambana ao amin'ny [[Macedonian Academy of Science and Arts]]. <ref>Jereo ny mpikambana ao amin'ny Akademia sy ny siansa Macedonian {{cite web | url = http: //www.manu.edu.mk/about / members | title = Kopika arak'asa | accessdate = 2012-11-26 | url-status = maty | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121120062343/http://www.manu.edu.mk/about | arak'asa = 2012-12-11 | archivedate = 2012-11-20 }}</ref> Tamin'ny 2004 dia nahazo ny valim-pitokisana avy amin'ny [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]] ho an'ny tetik'asa "Modeling and Diagnostics of Fusion Edge / diverter plasma" ny fahatakarana ny plasmas misy sela mangatsiaka amin'ny [[Nuklear fusion | nuclear fusion reaktor]]. == Publications == * {{cite journal | last=Zhang | first=Song Bin | last2=Wang | first2=Jian Guo | last3=Janev | first3=R. K. | title=Crossover of Feshbach Resonances to Shape-Type Resonances in Electron-Hydrogen Atom Excitation with a Screened Coulomb Interaction | journal=Physical Review Letters | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=104 | issue=2 | date=2010-01-12 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.104.023203 | page=0230203}} * {{cite journal | last=Yang | first=Yu Kun | last2=Wu | first2=Yong | last3=Qu | first3=Yi Zhi | last4=Wang | first4=Jian Guo | last5=Janev | first5=R.K. | last6=Zhang | first6=Song Bin | title=Resonance studies using the contour deformation method in the complex momentum plane | journal=Physics Letters A | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=383 | issue=16 | year=2019 | issn=0375-9601 | doi=10.1016/j.physleta.2019.03.028 | pages=1929–1936}} * {{cite journal | last=Li | first=Jun | last2=Zhang | first2=Song Bin | last3=Ye | first3=Bang Jiao | last4=Wang | first4=Jian Guo | last5=Janev | first5=R. K. | title=Low energy electron-impact ionization of hydrogen atom for coplanar equal-energy-sharing kinematics in Debye plasmas | journal=Physics of Plasmas | publisher=AIP Publishing | volume=23 | issue=12 | year=2016 | issn=1070-664X | doi=10.1063/1.4971451 | page=123511}} * {{cite journal | last=Janev | first=R.K. | last2=Zhang | first2=Songbin | last3=Wang | first3=Jianguo | title=Review of quantum collision dynamics in Debye plasmas | journal=Matter and Radiation at Extremes | publisher=AIP Publishing | volume=1 | issue=5 | year=2016 | issn=2468-080X | doi=10.1016/j.mre.2016.10.002 | pages=237–248| doi-access=free }} * {{cite book | last=Janev | first=R. K. | title=Atomic and Molecular Processes in Fusion Edge Plasmas | publisher=Springer US Imprint Springer | publication-place=Boston, MA | year=1995 | isbn=978-1-4757-9321-5 | oclc=859586248 | page=}} * {{cite journal | last=Zeng | first=S L | last2=Liu | first2=L | last3=Wang | first3=J G | last4=Janev | first4=R K | title=Atomic collisions with screened Coulomb interactions: excitation and electron capture in H⁺ + H collisions | journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume=41 | issue=13 | date=2008-06-23 | issn=0953-4075 | doi=10.1088/0953-4075/41/13/135202 | page=135202}} * {{cite journal | last=Qi | first=Y. Y. | last2=Wang | first2=J. G. | last3=Janev | first3=R. K. | title=Bound-bound transitions in hydrogenlike ions in Debye plasmas | journal=Physical Review A | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=78 | issue=6 | date=2008-12-31 | issn=1050-2947 | doi=10.1103/physreva.78.062511 | page=062511}} *"Atomska fizika" (Atomic physics), 1972 *{{cite book | last=Janev | first=Ratko K. | last2=Presnyakov | first2=Leonid P. | last3=Shevelko | first3=Vjatcheslav P. | title=Physics of Highly Charged Ions | url=https://archive.org/details/physicsofhighlyc0000jane | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg | year=1985 | isbn=978-3-642-69197-3 | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-69195-9 | page=}} *{{cite journal | last=Janev | first=R.K. | last2=Reiter | first2=D. | title=Unified analytic representation of hydrocarbon impurity collision cross-sections | journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=313-316 | year=2003 | issn=0022-3115 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3115(02)01569-6 | pages=1202–1205}} *"Atomska fizika" (Atomic physics), MANU, Skopje, 2012. *Atomic_and_plasma_material_interaction https://books.google.com/books/about/Atomic_and_plasma_material_interaction_p.html?id=rSNRAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y *Collision Processes of Hydrocarbon Species in Hydrogen Plasmas https://www.amazon.co.uk/Collision-Processes-Hydrocarbon-Species-Hydrogen/dp/B0019T6NK2/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1349889726&sr=1-2 == References == {{reflist}} [[sokajy:Biôgrafia]] [[sokajy:Biôgrafia]] [[sokajy:mpahay fizika]] tvggns86dl4e7p2ocw0u9hlic3e669g 0 278786 1149972 1129164 2026-08-29T07:20:44Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanatsara lahatsoratra 1149972 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Various dinosaurs 4.jpg|vignette|452x452px|Dinôzôro isan-karazany, avy enyambony miankavia: ''Apatosaurus louisae'', ''Microraptor gui'', ''Passer domesticus'', ''Stegosaurus stenops'', ''Plateosaurus engelhardti'', ''Triceratops horridus'', ''Gastonia burgei'', ary ''Edmontosaurus regalis''.]] Ny '''''Dinosauria''''' dia renifilaharana na klady ao amin' ny kilasin' ny ''[[Sauropsida]]'' na ny ''[[Reptilia]]'', izay mahafaoka ny biby atao hoe dinôzôro na dinôzôra (izay efa lany tamingana) sy ny [[vorona]]. Nipoitra voalohany izy ireo nandritra ny vanim-potoana Triasika, teo anelanelan' ny 243 sy 233,23 tapitrisa taona lasa izay, na dia foto-pikarohana mavitrika aza ankehitriny ny tena fiavian' izy ireo sy ny fotoana nivoarany. Izy ireo no lasa biby manana hazondamosina (''[[Biby manana hazondamosina|Vertebrata]]'') an-tanety nanjakazaka izy ireo taorian' ny zava-nitranga niteraka faharipahana tamin' ny vanim-potoana Triasika–Jiorasika izay niseho 201,3 tapitrisa taona lasa izay; nitohy ny fanjakan' izy ireo nandritra ny vanim-potoana Jiorasika sy Kretase. Mampiseho ny firaketana fôsily fa dinôzôra misy [[volom-borona]] ny vorona, izay nivoatra avy amin' ny ''[[Theropoda]]'' tany am-boalohany nandritra ny tapany farany amin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Jiorasika, ary izy ireo no hany taranaky ny dinôzôro fantatra fa tafavoaka velona tamin' ny zava-nitranga niteraka fandripahana tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Kretase-Paleôzenina tokony ho 66 tapitrisa taona eo ho eo. Noho izany, azo lazaina fa azo zaraina ho "dinôzôro vorona" sy "dinôzôra tsy vorona" izay efa lany tamingana ny dinôzôra izay mamorona ny vondron' ny dinôzôra hafa ankoatra ny vorona. Miseho amin' ny endrika isan-karazany ny dinôzôra raha ny fomba fijery taksônômika sy môrfôlôjika ary ekôlôjika no heverina. Anisan' ny vondrom-biby maro karazany indrindra amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina (''[[Biby manana hazondamosina|Vertebrata]]'') ny vorona, izay ahitana karazana mbola velona miisa 11&nbsp;000 mahery. Amin' ny fampiasana porofo momba ny fôsily dia namaritra vondron-karazana 900 mahery sy karazana dinôzôro tsy vorona mihoatra ny 1&nbsp;000 ny paleôntôlôgy. Hita amin' ny kôntinanta rehetra amin' ny alalan' ny karazana mbola misy velona (vorona) sy ny fôsily ny dinôzôro. Nandritra ny ampahany be amin' ny taonjato faha-20, talohan' ny nahafantarana fa dinôzôro ny vorona, dia nihevitra ny ankamaroan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina siantifika fa biby miadam-pandeha sy mafana ra ny dinôzôro. Naneho anefa ny ankamaroan' ny fikarohana natao nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1970, fa ny dinôzôro dia biby mavitrika nanana metabôlisma ambony sy nanova amin' ny fomba maro ny toetrany mba hifanaraka amin' ny tontolon' ny fiaraha-miaina. [[Biby mpihinana zavamaniry]] ny sasany, ny hafa kosa dia [[biby mpihinan-kena]]. Voapoprofo fa manatody avokoa ny dinôzôro, ary toetra iraisan' ny dinôzôro maro, na ny dinôzôro vorona na ny tsy vorona, ny fanaovana [[akany]]. [[Sary:Apatosaurus louisae - CM.jpg|vignette|350x350px|''Apatosaurus louisae'' (Sauropoda)]] Na dia mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa aza ny razamben' ny dinôzôro, dia maro ny vondrona efa lany tamingana no nahitana karazana dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra, ary afaka mampifandimby ireo toetra roa ireo ny sasany. Fahita amin' ny vondrona dinôzôro rehetra ny taova manaingo be pitsiny toy ny [[tandroka]] na ny [[vombo]], ary nahitana fiovana eo amin' ny [[Karana (taolana)|karana]] toy ny fiadiana vita amin' ny taolana sy tsilo taolana eny amin' ny [[hazondamosina]] ny vondrona sasany efa lany tamingana. Na dia kely aza ny vatan' ny taranjan-taranaky ny dinôzôro sisa amin' izao androntsika izao (ny [[vorona]]) noho ny fampifanarahana ny toe-batana amin' ny sidina, dia maro amin' ny dinôzôro tsy vorona no nanana vatana tena lehibe: tombanana ho nanana halava 39,7 m sy haavo 18 m ny dinôzôro mitongotr' androngo (''Sauropoda'') lehibe indrindra, ary izy ireo no biby an-tanety lehibe indrindra hatramin' izay. Hita tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-19 ny fôsilin' ny dinôzôro voalohany, ary ny anarana hoe "dinôzôro" (izay midika hoe "androngo mahatsiravina") dia noforonin' i Sir Richard Owen tamin' ny taona 1842 mba hanondroana ireo "androngo fôsily lehibe" ireo. Nanomboka tamin' izay dia tena mahasarika mpitsidika tranombakoka maneran-tany ny karan' ny dinôzôro fôsily, ary lasa ampahany maharitra amin' ny kolontsaim-bahoaka ny dinôzôro. Nahatonga ny dinôzôro haseho tsy tapaka ao amin' ny boky sy sarimihetsika malaza indrindra, toa ny ''Jurassic Park'', ny vatana goavana ananan' ny dinôzôro sasany, sy ny toetrany toa mahatsiravina sy mahavariana. Niteraka famatsiam-bola lehibe ho an' ny siansan' ny dinôzôro (ao amin' ny [[paleôntôlôjia]]) ny firohotan' ny vahoaka tsy an-kijanona mba hijery ireo biby ireo, ary milaza tsy tapaka ny zava-baovao hita momba azy ireo ny fampahalalam-baovao. Mametraka azy ireo ao anaty klady tokana ny fanasokajiana ny dinôzôro, izay mizara ho klady (filaharana) roa araka ny bikan' ny valahany: ''[[Ornithischia]]'' sy ''[[Saurischia]]''. Tsy ahitana afa-tsy dinôzôro mpihinana zavamaniry izay zarain' ny paleôntôlôgy ho vondrona telo lehibe ny ''Ornithischia'': ny ''[[Ornithopoda]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa amin' ny ankapobeny, anisan' izany ny dinôzôro malaza "mivavan-ganagana" ''[[Hadrosauridae]]'') sy ny ''[[Marginocephalia]]'' (dinôzôro misy haingom-bozona sy dongon-taolana eo an-tampon-dohany: ''[[Ceratopsia]]'' sy ''[[Pachycephalosauria]]'') ary ny ''[[Thyreophora]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra sady misy fiadiana sy tsilo taolana ary takela-taolana eo amin' ny lamosiny sy amin' ny rambony: ''[[Ankylosauria]]'' sy ''[[Stegosauria]]''). Mizara roa miavaka tsara ny ''Saurischia'': ny ''[[Theropoda]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa sy dinôzôro mpihinan-kena sy mpihinana trondro rehetra ary dinôzôro misy volom-borona sy dinôzôro manidina ([[vorona]] ny ankamaroany) ary ny ''[[Sauropodomorpha]]'' (amin' ny ankapobeny dia dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra, lehibe, lava tenda, kely loha ary lava rambo). ==Jereo koa== * [[Brôntôzôrô]] * [[Pterôdaktila]] [[Sokajy:Biolojia]] 7qu963uelsujluktb8bseywom14hsso 1149974 1149972 2026-08-29T07:23:03Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1149974 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Dinosauria]] shbgvw52deirqjmmxak9o5bj1tuqt8j 0 279153 1149889 1120141 2026-08-28T19:28:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox olona |sary=Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg |anarana= Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar |teraka=14 aprily 1891 |maty=6 Desambra 1956 |firenena=[[India]] |mpiaraka= |asa= * mpahay toekarena * mpahay lalàna * [[mpanoratra]] * [[mpanao politika]] * [[mpanao asa soratra]] * [[filôzôfy]] |taona niasàna= }} '''Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar''' (14 aprily 1891 - 6 Desambra 1956), fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar''' dia mpahay lalàna indianina, mpahay toekarena sy mpanao politika ary mpanao fanavaozana ara-tsosialy, izay nanentana ny hetsiky ny [[dalit]] [[Bodisma|bodista]] ary nanao fampielezan-kevitra hanohitra ny fanavakavahana ara-tsosialy an'ireo [[tsy azo tohina]] (''dalit''). Nanohana ny zon'ny vehivavy sy ny asa koa izy. Izy dia minisitry ny lalàna sy ny fitsarana voalohany tany [[India]], ny mpanao mari-pahaizana momba ny lalàm-panorenan'i India, ary ny ray mpanorina ny Repoblikan'India.<ref>[https://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html Bhimrao Ambedkar]</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/learning/ambedkar-jayanti-2019-facts-babasaheb-for-kids-5672744/ Ambedkar Jayanti 2019: Facts on Babasaheb to share with kids | Parenting News,The Indian Express]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How India’s Most Downtrodden Embraced the Power of Statues |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues |access-date=2020-11-10 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026043029/https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhimrao-Ramji-Ambedkar Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar | Biography, Books, & Facts | Britannica]</ref><ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-br-ambedkar-on-his-129th-birth-anniversary-2211747 All You Need To Know About BR Ambedkar On His 129th Birth Anniversary]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863 |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691157863 |editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert Jr |editor=Robert Buswell Jr. |location=Princeton, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863/page/34 34] |ref=harv |editor-last2=Lopez |editor-first2=Donald S. Jr. |editor=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}}</ref> Tamin'ny 1956, nanomboka ny fivadihan-toerana be an'i ''dalit'' izy, sady niova ho bodista niaraka tamin'ny mpanohana azy miisa 600 000 ary namelona indray ny finoana bodista tany India. I Ambedkar dia noraisina ho [[bodhisattva]], ary ny Maitreya, eo amin'ireo bodista Navayana.<ref>https://theprint.in/opinion/why-ambedkar-chose-buddhism-over-hinduism-islam-christianity/237599/</ref><ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/buddha-purnima-special-why-ambedkar-coverted-to-buddhism-6397742/</ref><ref>https://www.thequint.com/news/india/br-ambedkar-conversion-to-buddhism</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Queen|editor=Steven M. Emmanuel|title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3|pages=529–531}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 1990, dia nomena ny ''[[Bharat Ratna]],'' izay loka sivily ambony indrindra ao India, i Ambedkar. Ny lova navelan'i Ambedkar dia misy fahatsiarovana sy sary marobe amin'ny kolontsaina malaza. Ny lova navelan'i Ambedkar amin'ny maha-reformista ara-tsosialy sy ara-politika azy dia ny fiatraikany lalina tamin'ny India moderina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Barbara R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&pg=PA13 |title=Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement |publisher=Zed Books |year=1986 |isbn=9780862324605 |pages=11–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729072018/https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&pg=PA13 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA61 |title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1990 |isbn=9788171542376 |page=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730015400/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA61 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ambedkar dia voafidy ho "Indianina lehibe indrindra" (''The Greatest Indian'') tamin'ny taona 2012 tamin'ny alàlan'ny fitsapan-kevitra nokarakarain'i ''History TV18'' sy CNN IBN.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949</ref> Ny ''Ambedkar Jayanti'' (tsingerintaona nahaterahan'i Ambedkar) dia festival fanao isan-taona ankalazaina isaky ny 14 aprily, izay ankalazaina tsy any India ihany fa manerantany ihany koa. Ny ''Ambedkar Jayanti'' dia ankalazaina ho toy ny andro fialantsasatra ofisialy manerana an'i India.<ref>http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf |date=20150405042913 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405042913/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }} Ambedkar Jayanti from ccis.nic.in on 19 March 2015</ref><ref>http://persmin.gov.in/ Webpage of Ministry of Personnel and Public Grievance & Pension</ref><ref>[http://mea.gov.in/ambedkar-final/mcelebration.htm 125th Dr. Ambedkar Birthday Celebrations Around the World.] mea.gov.in</ref> Nankalaza an'i ''Ambedkar Jayanti'' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] tamin'ny taona 2016 sy 2017 ary 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/ambedkar-jayanti-celebrated-for-the-first-time-outside-india-as-un-organises-special-event-2730772.html|title=Ambedkar Jayanti celebrated for the first time outside India as UN organises special event - Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/apr/14/un-celebrates-ambedkars-legacy-fighting-inequality-inspiring-inclusion-1801468.html|title=UN celebrates Ambedkar's legacy 'fighting inequality, inspiring inclusion'|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsstate.com/world-news/babasaheb-ambedkar-jayanti-celebrated-in-united-nations-article-52584.html|title=संयुक्त राष्ट्र में मनाई गई डॉ. बाबासाहेब भीमराव आंबेडकर जयंती - News State|work=newsstate.com|access-date=2018-11-09|language=en|archivedate=2019-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419065326/https://www.newsstate.com/world-news/babasaheb-ambedkar-jayanti-celebrated-in-united-nations-article-52584.html}}</ref> == Jereo koa == * [[Biôgrafia]] [[sokajy:Biôgrafia]] {{vangovango}} [[sokajy:mpanao politika]] [[sokajy:mpanao asa soratra]] [[sokajy:mpanoratra]] [[sokajy:filôzôfy]] [[sokajy:mpanoratra ny tantaran'ny fiainany]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1891]] [[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1956]] 9xmhpwr5lcm9tshdujn2lqrwf6xrsli 0 280477 1150001 1146227 2026-08-29T10:41:12Z Haingo18 39791 Nanitsy tsipelina 1150001 wikitext text/x-wiki == ANKAPOBENY MIKASIKA NY VINTANA == Ny '''vintana''', amin' ny [[finoan-drazana malagasy]] sy amin' ny [[fanandroana malagasy]], dia hery alefan' ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra, mifanandrify amin' ny fotoana ahaterahan' ny olona iray na ny fotoana ahatanterahan' ny zavatra iray andaniny, amin' ny toerana sy ny toetran' ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra, indrindra ny [[Volana]], ankilany, araka ny [[Tetiandro malagasy|tetiandro nentin-drazana malagasy]], sy ny fifandraisan' izany amin' ny ho toetr' ilay olona teraka sy ny zotram-piainany na ny toetr' ilay zavatra miseho na tiana hotanteraka. Inoan' ny Ntaolo malagasy fa mamaritra ny ho toetra sy ny hoavin' ny olona ateraka na ny zavatra atao ny vintana, nefa azo ovana izany amin' ny alalan' ny [[fanalana vintana]] raha ratsy ka atahorana hitera-doza io vintan-dratsy io. Ireto avy ny anaram-bintana amin' ny fanandroana malagasy, izay sady anaran' ny [[Tetiandro malagasy|volana malagasy]] avy amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] koa: [[Alahamady]], [[Adaoro]], [[Adizaoza]], [[Asorotany]], [[Alahasaty]], [[Asombola]], [[Adimizana]], [[Alakarabo]], [[Alakaosy]], [[Adijady]], [[Adalo]] ary [[Alohotsy]]. Ary ireo dia mizara ho sokajy efatra: afo, rano, rivotra, ary tany. Misy ny mifamono ary misy ihany koa ny mifamelona; ilaina ny fahatarana izany amin'ny alalan'ny fanatonana sikidy satri izy ireo no afaka manambara izany misimisy kokoa ary manoro hevitra ny olona izay manantona azy ireo. Ny olona hifanambady dia tokony mafatatra tsara ny vintan'izy ireo tsirairay avy sao dia tsy mifanambina. Matetika fantarina amin' ny alalan' ny [[Sikidy (malagasy)|sikidy]] na amin' ny fomba hafa ny vintana. Heverina ho tsara na ratsy ny andro na fotoana sasany arakaraka ny vintan' ny olona, ka misy fiantraikany amin' ny fanapahan-kevitra lehibe toy ny [[fanambadiana]], ny dia lavitra na ny asa fivelomana. == Fiforonan-teny == Ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe ''vintana'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny indôneziana|teny indôneziana]] hoe ''[[:id:Bintang|bintang]]'' izay midika hoe "kintana". Lasa tsy dia mifandray loatra amin' ny [[kintana]] ny [[fanandroana malagasy]] taty aoriana fa amin' ny [[Volana]]. Ny hoe ''vintana'', amin' ny Malagasy, dia tsy manondro kintana intsony fa fizaràm-potoana ao anatin' ny iray volana na iray andro na fizaràn' ny erana manodidina. == Renivintana sy zanabintana == === Renivintana === Ny [[renivintana]] na renim-bintana dia ireo vintana mifanandrify amin' ny zoro efatra amin' ny trano, ka ireto avy izy ireo: ny [[Alahamady]], ny [[Asorotany]], ny [[Adimizana]] ary ny [[Adijady]]. Ny renivintana iray dia manana [[zanabintana]] roa ka ny iray babeny ary ny iray trotroiny. Ao amin' ny fitetezana andro dia mitondra tonon' andro telo avy ny renivintana tsirairay, izay atao hoe "''vava"'' sy "''vonto"'' ary "''vody".'' Izany no mampisy ny hoe "vava Alahamady" sy "vonto Alahamady" ary "vody Alahamady". Tsy toy izany ny zanabinta izay tsy mitondra afa-tsy tonon'andro roa, dia "vava" sy "vody". === Zanabintana === [[Zanabintana]] no iantsoana ireo vintana valo ampifanandrifina amin' ny lafin-trano avaratra ([[Adalo]] sy [[Alohotsy]]) sy atsinanana ([[Adaoro]] sy [[Adizaoza]]) sy atsimo ([[Alahasaty]] sy [[Asombola]]) ary andrefana ([[Alakarabo]] sy [[Alakaosy]]). Ao amin' ny fitetezana andro dia mitondra tonon' andro roa avy ny zanabintana tsirairay, izay atao hoe "''vava"'' sy "''vody".'' Izany no mampisy ny hoe "vava Adaoro" sy "vody Adaoro". == Fifandraisan' ny vintana samy vintana == === Renivintana sy zanabintana === ==== Renivintana mibaby sy mitrotro zanabintana ==== Ny vintana roa mialoha sy manaraka ny [[renivintana]] iray dia [[Zanabintana|zanabintan]]' ity renivintana ity, ka ilay mialoha azy dia lazaina fa "babeny" ary ilay manaraka azy dia atao hoe "trotroiny". Noho izany, ny [[Alahamady]] mitrotro ny [[Adaoro]], ny [[Asorotany]] mitrotro ny [[Alahasaty]], ny [[Adimizana]] mitrotro ny [[Alakarabo]], ary ny [[Adijady]] mitrotro ny [[Adalo]]. Alahamady mibaby ny [[Alohotsy]], ny Asorotany mibaby ny [[Adizaoza]], ny Adimizana mibaby ny [[Asombola]], ary ny Adijady mibaby ny [[Alakaosy]]. ==== Vintana mitanila na miarina ==== Ny renivintana iray dia "mitanila" na "miarina" eo amin' ny [[zanabintana]] roan' ny renivintana mifandratra aminy. Ny zanabintana iray dia mitanila na miarina eo amin' ny renivintana mifandratra amin' ny renivintana mibaby na mitrotro azy. === Vintana mifandratra sy vintana mifanambina === ==== Vintana mifandratra ==== Ny vintana iray eo amin' ny zoron-trano na lafin-trano iray sy ny vintana iray hafa izay eo amin' ny zoron-trano na lafin-trano mifanatrika amin' io (manome zoro 180°) dia lazaina hoe "mifandratra" na "mifanoto" na "mifanohitra" na "mifaniho"na "mifamotitra". Tsy maintsy renivintana no mifandratra amin' ny renivintana. Ny zanabintana trotroina dia tsy maintsy mifandratra amin' ny zanabintana trotroina, ary ny zanabintana babena dia tsy maintsy mifandratra amin' ny zanabintana babena. Noho izany dia mifandratra ny [[Alahamady]] sy ny [[Adimizana]], ny [[Adaoro]] sy ny [[Alakarabo]], ny [[Adizaoza]] sy ny [[Alakaosy]], ny [[Asorotany]] sy ny [[Adijady]], ny [[Alahasaty]] sy ny [[Adalo]], ary ny ny [[Asombola]] sy ny [[Alohotsy]]. {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Vintana mifandratra''' |- |Alahamady |Adimizana |- |Adaoro |Alakarabo |- |Adizaoza |Alakaosy |- |Asorontany |Adijady |- |Alahasaty |Adalo |- |Asombola |Alohotsy |} Inoan' ny Ntaolo malagasy sy ny Malagasy mandala ny finoan-drazana fa matetika tsy mahita fahombiazana ny olona roa na maro (mpivady, mpiara-monina, sns) mifanohi-bintana. == Toetran' ny vintana na ny tonon' andro mihatra amin' ny olona == Mety ho tsara na ratsy, mahery na malemy ny vintana na ny tonon' andro iray arakaraka ny toerana misy azy ao amin' ny filaharan' ny vintana rehetra. === Vintana na tonon' andro tsara === Ny vintana na ny tonon' andro tsara dia mahatonga ny olona manana izany vintana izany, na ny olona manodidina azy koa aza, ho tojo fahasoavana matetika eo amin' ny fiainana ka tsindraindray ihany no mba sendra zava-dratsy. === Vintana na tonon' andro ratsy === Ny vintana na ny tonon' andro ratsy dia mahatonga ny olona manana izany vintana izany, na ny olona manodidina azy koa aza, ho tojo zava-dratsy matetika eo amin' ny fiainana ka tsindraindray ihany no mba sendra fahasoavana. === Vintana na na tonon' andro mahery === Ny vintana na ny tonon' andro mahery dia vintana tsy hay tohain' ny vintan' ny mpiara-belona aminy, ka matetika no mitera-pahavoazana eo amin' ny mpiara-monina aminy. Malaza ho vintana mahery ny [[Alakaosy]] nefa ny [[Alahamady]] no vintana mahery indrindra. === Vintana na tonon' andro malemy === Ny vintana na ny tonon' andro malemy dia vintana tsy mahatohitra ny vintan' ny hafa, ka matetika no iharam-pahavoazana izay mitondra azy. == Antsipiriany momba ny orim-bintana tsirairay == === Ny renivintana efatra === ==== Alahamady ==== Ny [[Alahamady]] no volana sy vintana voalohany amin'ny fanandroana. Ny zoro avaratra-atsinana amin' ny trano no toerana omena azy. Io zoro io dia atao hoe zorofirarazana koa. Atao hoe "Alahamadin-tany" ny faritra na tanàna ao avaratra-atsinanan' ny tanàna iray. Atao hoe ''Dama'', ''Idama'', ''Lehidama'', ''Ilaidama'', sns (izany hoe ''Adama'', hoy ny Kristiana malagasy) ny zazalahy teraka Alahamady ha ny zazavavy kosa atao hoe ''Hova, Haova'' na ''Hôva'' (izany hoe ''Eva'', hoy ny Kristiana malagasy)<ref><small>Manambara izany fa efa fantatry ny Malagasy talohan' ny nidiran' ny [[Kristianisma eto Madagasikara|fivavahana kristiana]] teto Madagasikara ny fedrà momba an' i [[Adama sy Eva]].</small></ref>. I Alimareky (ny planeta [[Marsa (fajiry)|Marsa]]) no "kintana" manjaka aminy. Eo amin' io zoro Alahamady io no an' ny vadibe fa ny zoro [[Adijady]] mifandratra aminy no an' ny vadimasay. Mibaby ny Alohotsy sy mitrotro ny Adaoro ny Alahamady sady mifandratra amin' ny Adimizana nefa mitanila eo amin' ny [[Asombola]] sy [[Alakarabo]] izay iandrianany sy iarenany. Amin' ny fitetezana andro dia mitondra tonon' andro telo ny Alahamady, dia ny vava Alahamady (na vavan' Alahamady) sy ny vonto Alahamady (na vonton' Alahamady) ary ny vody Alahamady (na vodin' Alahamady). Inoana ho vintan' [[andriana]] sady vintana maha mpanjaka ny Alahamady. Ny Alahamady no vintana mahery indrindra. Andro mahery ny vava Alahamady ka ny zaza teraka amin' io dia alam-bintana fandrao misavika ny [[andriana]], ka raha ankohonan' ny andriana dia tsy avela hiara-mitoetra aminy. Ny olona teraka vonto Alahamady dia ampitehirizina [[amponga]] telon-jehy sy ampiompina [[gisa]] fotsy mivady mba ho tratra antitra. Tonon' andro tsara ny vody Alahamady ka ny olona teraka amin' io dia ho tonga lehibe sy hanan-karena ary ho tratra antitra. ==== Asorotany ==== Vintana sy volana fahefatra ny [[Asorotany]]. Ny zoron-trano atsimo-atsinana no toerana omena azy. Mibaby ny [[Adizaoza]] sy mitrotro ny [[Alahasaty]] ny Asorotany. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Adijady]] nefa mitanila sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Alakaosy]] sy [[Adalo]] izy. Mitondra tonon' andro telo ny Asorotany, dia vava Asorotany (na vavan' Asorotany) sy ny vonto Asorotany (na vonton' Asorotany) ary ny vody Asorotany (na vodin' Asorotany). I Alakamary (izany hoe ny [[Volana]]) no manjaka aminy. Andro mahery ny Asorotany. Atahorana no maty kely ny zaza teraka amin' ny vava Asorotany, fa raha tsy izany dia ho tratra antitra ihany izy, nefa amin' izany tsy tezain' ny ray aman-dreniny izy fa omena ho tezain' ny havana. Ho tratra antitra ny olona teraka vonto Asorotany. Atahorana ho maty kely ny olona teraka vody Asorotany, ka raha tsy maty izy dia hanan-karena sy holava abdro iainana. ==== Adimizana ==== Ny [[Adimizana]] no vintana sy volana fahafito. Ny zoron-trano atsimo-andrefana no toerana omena azy. Mifandratra amin' ny Alahamady sady mitanila sy miarina eo amin' ny Alohotsy sy eo amin' ny Adaoro ny Adimizana. Mitrotro ny [[Alakarabo]] sy mibaby ny [[Asombola]] ny Adimizana. Ao amin' ny fitetezana andro dia mitondra tonon'andro telo ny Adimizana, dia vava Adimizana (vavan' Adimizana) sy ny vonto Adimizana (na vonton' Adimizana) ary ny vody Adimizana (na vodin' Adimizana). Eo amin' io zoro Adimizana io no an' ny vadimasay fa ny zoro Alahamady mifandratra aminy no an' ny vadibe. I Azohara (ny planeta [[Venosy]]) no manjaka aminy. Vintana mahery ny Adimizana nefa mety ho tsara na hahafaty mbola kely. Ny zazalahy teraka vava Adimizana dia ho mpivarotra sy mpandranto. Ny zazavavy kosa dia atahorana ho maty kely na nefa mety ho tratra antitra sy hanan-karena. Tononandro tsara ny vonto Adimizana ka ny zaza teraka eo dia ho mpanan-karena sy tsy maty vonoina. Tononandro tsara ny vodiy Adimizana ka ny zaza teraka eo dia ho tratra antitra raha tsy maty kely. ==== Adijady ==== Vintana sy volana fahafolo ny [[Adijady]]. Ny zoron-trano avaratra-andrefana no toerana omena azy. Mitrotro ny Adalo sy mibaby ny Alakaosy ny Adijady. Mifandratra amin' ny Asorotany sady mitanila sy miarina eo amin' ny Alahasaty sy ny Adizaoza ny Adijady. Ao amin' ny fitetezana andro dia mitondra tonon' andro telo ny Adijady, dia vava Adijady (vavan' Adijady) sy ny vonto Adijady (na vonton' Adijady) ary ny vody Adijady (na vodin' Adijady). I Azoaly (na [[Satiorna (planeta)|Satiorna]]) no "kintana" manjaka aminy. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia vintana mafy ny Adijady ka tsara anorenana zavatra tiana hateza satria "mijadina mafy". Ny zavatra tian-ko mafy sy mateza no santarina amin' io andro io, toy ny fampidiram-pananana sy biby hompiana ary vola hotehirizina. Tonom-bintana fanorenan-trano sy fampakaram-bady ny Adijady. Ny Adijady koa no heverina ho andro tsara hampakaram-bady. Ho vitsy teny ny zaza teraka vava Adijady, noho izany dia tokony [[Fisoronana sy fanalana vintana|halam-bintana]] fandrao mijadina loatra ka tsy miteny. Heverina ho tsara vintana ny zaza teraka amin' ny vonto Adijady. Heverina ho tsara vintana ihany koa ny zaza teraka amin'ny vody Adijady. === Ny zanabintana valo === ==== Adaoro ==== Ny [[Adaoro]] no vintana sy volana faharoa. Zanabintana izy io. Ny tapany avaratra amin' ny rindrin-trano atsinanana no toerana omena azy. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Alakarabo]] sady mihataka sy miarina eo amin' ny Adimizana ny Adaoro. Ankoatra izany dia trotroin' ny renivintana Alahamady ny zanabintana Adaoro. Mitondra tonon' andro roa ny Adaoro, dia ny vava Adaoro (na vavan' Adaoro) sy ny vody Adaoro (na vodin' Adaoro). Inoana ho andron' [[afo]] na andro mandoro ny Adaoro. Atahorana amin' ny afo ny olona teraka vava Adaoro ka tsy maintsy alam-bintana amin' ny alalan' ny fitondran-dreniny azy mandositra avy anaty trano tomboka kely nodorana. Tsara vintana ny olona teraka vody Adaoro ka raha lahy dia hahay mikabary fa raha vavy kosa dia ho tsara fanahy. ==== Adizaoza ==== Vintana sy volana fahatelo ny [[Adizaoza]]. Ny toerana omena azy dia ny tapany atsimo amin' ny rindrin-trano antsinanana. Eo amin' ny Adizaoza no fitoeran' ny sinibe ao an-trano. Ny [[Alakaosy]] no mifandratra amin' ny Adizaoza sady miarina eo amin' ny [[Adijady]]. Baben' ny renivintana Asorotany ny zanabintana Adizaoza. Mitondra tonon' andro roa ny Adizaoza, dia ny vava Adizaoza (na vavan' Adizaoza) sy ny vody Adizaoza (na vodin' Adizaoza). Raha ny [[Alahamady]] no zoro omena ny mpanjaka, ny Adizaoza kosa no zoro omena ny [[Andevo (teto Madagasikara)|mpanompo]]. Izay olona mikasa hampaka-bady, na hanorin-trano, sns., nefa sendra mifandratra amin' ny vintany ny andro tsara fanaovana izany, dia ny Adizaoza no tokony hofidiny, fa io tsy mihetsiketsika tahaka ny sinibe, ka hampateza ny zavatra kasaina hatao. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia vintana mahery ny Adizaoza. Tonon' andro mahery ny vava Adizaoza ka ny olona teraka aminy dia miozanozana sy sahozanina raha tsy alam-bintana, ka ho lasa mahantra rehefa lehibe. Ny vody Adizaoza dia malefaka kokoa ka ny vehivavy teraka amin' izany dia ho maro anaka nefa malahelon-karena, fa ny lehilahy kosa tsy hambinina amin' ny fihariana. ==== Alahasaty ==== Ny [[Alahasaty]] no vintana sy volana malagasy fahadimy. Ny tapany atsinanana amin' ny rindrin-trano atsimo no toerana omena azy. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Adalo]] sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Adijady]] ny vintana Alahasaty. Trotroin' ny renivintana Asorotany ny zanabintana Alahasaty. Mitondra tonon'andro roa ny Adizaoza, dia ny vava Alahasaty (na vavan'Alahasaty) sy ny vody Alahasaty (vodin' Alahasaty). Lazaina ho vinta-mpamosavy sy andron' ody ny Alahasaty. Ny olona teraka vava Alahasaty dia mety ho mpamosavy na ho mpitana ody mahery raha teraka misasaka alina. Tonon' andro tsara anandratana ody sy sampy ny vava Alahasaty ka tsy tsara anaovana zavatra hafa. Ny olona terana vody Alahasaty dia ho tratra antitra. Tononandro tsara ho fisantarana zavatra sy fampakaram-bady ny vody Alahasaty. ==== Asombola ==== Vintana sy volana fahenina ny [[Asombola]]. Ny tapany andrefana amin' ny rindrin-trano atsimo no toerana omena azy. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Alohotsy]] sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Alahamady]] ny vintana Asombola. Baben' ny renivintana Adimizana ny zanabintana Asombola. Ao amin' ny fitetezana andro dia mitondra tonon' andro roa ny Asombola, dia ny vava Asombola (na vavan' Asombola) sy ny vody Asombola (na vodin' Asombola). Vintam-bola sy vintan' ny olona tia harena ny Asombola. Ny zazalahy teraka vava Asombola dia ho mpivarotra ary hahazo volabe. Ny zazavavy kosa ho mpanao taozavatra sy ho mpila harena. Ny zaza teraka vody Asombola dia ho mpila vola sy hanan-karena. ==== Alakarabo ==== Ny [[Alakarabo]] no vintana sy volana fahavalo. Ny tapany atsimo amin' ny rindrin-trano andrefana no toerana omena azy. Miarina eo amin' ny Alahamady sady mifandratra amin' ny Adaoro ny vintana Alakarabo. Ny renivintana Adimizana no mitrotro azy. Mitondra tonon' andro roa ny Alakarabo, dia ny vava Alakarabo (na vavan' Alakarabo) sy ny vody Alakarabo (na vodin'Alakarabo). Vintana tsara ny Alakarabo satria androm-bokatra. Tokony misoronana akondro vokatra ny olona amin' ny vava Alakarabo amin' ny maha vintam-bokatra azy. Ny zazavavy teraka vava Alakarabo dia ho maro anaka fa ny zazalahy kosa ho tratra antitra. Ny zazavavy teraka vody Alakarabo dia ho maro anaka ihany koa ary ny zazalahy ho tratra antitra. ==== Alakaosy ==== Ny [[Alakaosy]] dia vintana sy volana fahasivy ao amin' ny fanandroana sy tetiandro malagasy. Ny tapany avaratra amin' ny rindrin-trano andrefana no toerana omena azy. Mifandratra amin' ny Adizaoza ny Alakaosy sady miarina sy miandriana eo amin' ny Asorotany ny Alakaosy. Baben' ny renivintana Adijady ny Alakaosy. Mitondra tonon' andro roa ny Alakaosy, dia ny vava Alakaosy (na vavan' Alakaosy) sy ny vody Alakaosy (na vodin' Alakaosy). Vintana mahery indrindra ny Alakaosy. Raha tsy alam-bintana ny zaza teraka aminy dia atahorana hahafaty izay lehibe noho izy ka ahohoka ho faty. Atao hoe ''[[Alakaosibe]]'' ny vava Alakaosy ao amin' ny volana Alakaosy. Amin' ny vava Alakaosy amin' ny volana Alakaosy no andro fanandratana ody sy sampy. Manao sorona ny mpitahiry ody mahery sy sampy. Ny vehivavy mbola tokony hiteraka dia tsy mihinan-kanina amin'ny vava Alakaosy mba tsy hiteraka Alakaosy. Ny zaza teraka vava Alakaosy dia hanoto ray aman-dreny, ka ahohoka ho faty na alam-bintana mba ho tratra antitra sy ho lehibe ary ho mpanan-karena. Tsy mifankaiza firy amin'ny vava Alakaosy ny vody Alakaosy. Andron' ady sy androm-pifandirana koa ny Alakaosy. ==== Adalo ==== Vintana sy volana faharaika ambin' ny folo ny [[Adalo]]. Ny tapany andrefana amin'ny rindrin-trano avaratra no toerana omena azy. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Alahasaty]] sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Asorotany|Asorontany]] ny vintana Adalolo. Trotroin' ny renivintana Adijady ny zanabintana Adalo. Ao amin' ny fitetezana andro dia mitondra tonon'andro roa ny Adalo, dia ny vava Adalo (na vavan' Adalo)sy ny vody Adalo (na vodin' Adalo). Vintan-dranomaso sy alahelo ny Adalo. Atahorana ho maty kely ny zaza teraka vava Adalo. Ny zaza teraka vody Adalo dia tsara vintana ihany ka ho tratra antitra na dia manan-toetra malahelohelo aza. ==== Alohotsy ==== Vintana sy volana faharoa ambin'ny folo ny [[Alohotsy]]. Ny tapany antsinana amin' ny rindrin-trano avaratra no toerana omena azy. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Asombola]] sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Adimizana]] ny vintana Alohotsy. Baben' ny renivintana Alahamady ny zanabintana Alohotsy. Ao amin' ny fitetezana andro dia mitondra tonon' andro roa ny Alohotsy, dia ny vava Alohotsy (na vavan' Alohotsy) sy ny vody Alohotsy (na vodin' Alohotsy). Atao hoe volam-padina ny volana Alohotsy noho izy iomanana amin' ny Asaramanitra (izany hoe ny Alahamadibe). Tandremana mafy mba tsy haràtra amin' ny hety na antsy ny zazamadinika fa tsy ho mety sitrana ka noho izay tsy alana volo na hoho na ampiasana zava-maranitra. Ny olona maty ao amin' ny volana Alohotsy dia alevina mangingina. Vintan' olona tsy mahatombin-toerana ny Alohotsy. Amin' ny vava Alohotsy sy ny vody Alohotsy dia tsy misy manao taozavatra. Raha hanorin-trano sy hampaka-bady amin' ny andro Alohotsy dia tsy maintsy misorona vatokaranana sy hazo harahara na famaho alevina eo atsinanan'ny andry avaratra tandrify ny Alohotsy mba tsy hihetsiketsika. Ny zaza teraka vava Alohotsy dia tsy ho marim-ponenana fa mifindrafindra na toerana na zavatra hafa. Ny zaza teraka vody Alohotsy dia ho salama ihany. == Ny orim-bintana sy ny zavatra mifandray aminy == === Ny orim-bintana sy ny singa efatra === Araka ny tenin' i [[Jobily Rakotoson]]^{[[Fanandroana malagasy#cite note-:0-2|[1]]]} dia mifandray amin' ny fanandroana ny [[singa efatra]], dia ny [[rano]] sy ny [[rivotra]] sy ny [[tany]] ary ny [[afo]]. Atao hoe vintan-drano ny Asorotany sy ny Alakarabo ary ny Alohotsy. Vintan-drivotra kosa ny Adimizana sy ny Adalo ary ny Adizaoza. Vintan-tany ny Adaoro sy ny Adijady ary ny Asombola. Vintan' afo ny Alahamady sy ny Alahasaty ary ny Alakaosy. === Ny vazantany sy ny zoron-trano === ==== Avaratra ==== Lafy itoeran' ny vintana [[Adalo]] sy ny [[Alohotsy]] ny avaratra. Ao an-trano dia atao eo afovoany mahazo avaratra ny fatana. Ny avaratra dia vazantanin' ny fahefana sy ny fibaikoana ary ny fanjakana. Eo amin' ny misy ny Adalo no toerana fanajam-bahiny indrindra ao an-trano. Tandrify ny Alohotsy no fametrahana ny [[lovia]] sy ny [[sotro]]. ==== Avaratra atsinanana ==== Ny zoro avaratra-atsinana no zoron' ny [[Alahamady]]. Ny zoro avaratra-atsinanana amin' ny trano no omena ny Alahamady izay atao hoe [[zorofirarazana]] koa. Atao hoe Alahamadintany ny tanana na ny faritra manandrify ny zoro Alahamady amin' ny tanana na faritra iray. Ny olona hajaina indrindra, raha misy fivoriana, dia asai-mipetraka eo amin' ny Alahamadintany. ==== Atsinanana ==== Lafy itoeran' ny vintana [[Adaoro]] sy [[Adizaoza]] ny atsinanana. Vazantany natokana ho an' ny vavaka sy ny [[Razana (finoana malagasy)|Razana]] ny atsinanana ao an-trano. Eo atsinanana tandrify ny Adizaoza no ametrahana ny siny ao an-trano. Ny faritra avaratra amin' ny rindrina atsinana, tandrify ny Adaoro, no asiana ny farafara. ==== Atsimo atsinanana ==== Ny zoron-trano atsimo-atsinana no toerana omena ny [[Asorotany]]. ==== Atsimo ==== Lafy itoeran' ny vintana [[Asombola]] sy [[Alahasaty]] ny atsimo. Ny atsimo ao an-trano dia vazantany natokana ho an' ny fanekena ny manam-pahefana, ny fanetren-tena, ny olona anjakana, ny maha mpanompo. Eo atsimo manandrify ny Alahasaty (ilany atsinanana amin' ny rindrina atsimo) no ametrahana ny zanak' omby. Tandrify ny Asombola (ilany andrefana amin' ny rindrina atsimo) no ametrahana ny laona sy ny fanoto sady eo no mitoto vary. ==== Atsimo andrefana ==== Ny zoron-trano atsimo-andrefana no toerana omena ny [[Adimizana]]. Eo no misy ny varavarambe amin' ny trano, izay ivoahana sy idiran'ny tsara sy ny ratsy. ==== Andrefana ==== Lafy itoeran' ny vintana [[Alakaosy]] sy [[Alakarabo]] ny andrefana. Faritra tsy madio sy tsy masina ary an' ny vahiny ny andrefana ao an-trano. Ao amin'ny tapany atsimo amin' ny rindrina andrefana (manandrify ny Alakarabo) no asiana ny varavarambe amin' ny trano, izay ivoahana sy idiran' ny soa sy ny ratsy. Tandrify ny Alakaosy no amelaran-tsihy hampandrosoana ny andriana. Eo koa no misy ny farafaran' ny vehivavy tera-bao izay akaikin' ny fatana ka tsara ho an' ny mpifana. ==== Avaratra adrefana ==== Ny lafin-tany avaratra-andrefana dia atao hoe [[Adijady]] ka ny lafin-trano avaratra-andrefana no omena azy. Atao hoe zorom-baravarankely koa ny eo. == Ohabolana momba ny vintana == * ''Alahasaty angaha no vintana, ka [[Famosaviana|mamosavy]].'' * ''Aza manao vintana Alohotsin-kevitra.'' * ''Aza miady vintana amin' ny [[akoho]] fa raha ho any an-tsena izy lanjaina.'' * ''Ilay [[sorohitra]] nanala vintana: halako olona, halako aho, nefa izaho halako kokoa.'' * ''Ny faniriana tsy ho ary takatry ny vintana.'' * ''Ny tarehy an-dRahiratra, fa ny vintana an-dRasitamoraina.'' * ''Ny vintana tsy azon' olona ovana, fa didy avy amin' Andriamanitra.'' * ''[[Papango|Papangolahy]] manala vintana, ka ny maso omaly tsy miova.'' * ''Ratsy vintana hoatry ny [[saka]], be vohoka vao mamosavy.'' * ''Tolo-kena maty jiro, ka miandry izay anjara vintana.'' * ''Tsy mandidy alohan' Andriamanitra aho, fa izay zara-vintana lolohavina.'' * ''Tsy mety raha asandratry ny vintana, fa abotetaky ny saina.'' * ''Tsy misy nivavaka niankandrefana, fa samy nianavaratra ihany; fa ny harena mila vintana, ka raha tsy anjara, tsy tonga.'' == Jereo koa == * [[Lahatra (finoana malagasy)|Lahatra]] * [[Anjara (finoana)|Anjara]] *[[Tendry]] * [[Fanandroana]] * [[Fanandroana malagasy]] * [[Fanalana faditra]] *[[Fisoronana sy fanalana vintana]] *[[Sikidy (malagasy)|Sikidy malagasy]] == Rohy ivelany == * [http://gasikar-histo.e-monsite.com/pages/geographie/culture-et-arts-traditionnels/astrologie-et-divination-malgaches.html Astrologie et divination malgaches] {{Wayback|url=http://gasikar-histo.e-monsite.com/pages/geographie/culture-et-arts-traditionnels/astrologie-et-divination-malgaches.html|date=20180616153757}} * [http://www.madalascar.fr/astro.html Astrologie malgache] {{Wayback|url=http://www.madalascar.fr/astro.html|date=20190514022301}} * [https://www.letananarivien.com/tana-way-of-life/horoscope-malgache-prediction-de-chance-vintana/ Les horoscope Malgache une prédiction de la chance ou le « Vintana »] {{Wayback|url=https://www.letananarivien.com/tana-way-of-life/horoscope-malgache-prediction-de-chance-vintana/ |date=20201204224406 }} * [http://alimanakarabesata.free.fr/12signes.htm Les 12 signes du zodiaque malagasy] * [http://icalendrier.fr/calendriers-saga/calendriers/malgache Le calendrier malgache] * [https://www.madagascarautrement.com/fetes-malgaches.htm Fêtes Malgaches] * [http://ariniaina.mondoblog.org/2014/03/27/le-nouvel-malgache/ Le Nouvel An Malgache] {{Wayback|url=http://ariniaina.mondoblog.org/2014/03/27/le-nouvel-malgache/ |date=20180526084501 }} * [https://malagasy4all.blogspot.com/2012/05/malagasy-horoscopes-alahamady-alakaosy.html Malagasy Horoscopes : Alahamady, Alakaosy, Asombola.....] * [https://malagasy4all.blogspot.com/2012/05/malagasy-horoscopes-alahamady-alakaosy.html Rabesata Arim''a "''Alimanaka Rabesata Vintana"] * [https://www.calendrier-365.fr/lune/phases-de-la-lune.html Phase de la lune in ''Calendrier-365.fr''] == Fanovozan-kevitra == * Jaovelo-Dzao R., ''Mythes, rites et transes à Madagascar'', ''Angano et Tromba sakalava'', Karthala et Ambozontany, 1996. * Beaujard P., ''Mythe et société à Madagascar'' ''(Tanala de l'Ikongo)'', ''Le chasseur d'oiseau et la princesse du ciel'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 1991. * Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy, ''Filozofia malagasy'', Editions Ambozontany Antananarivo, 2004. * Fivondronamben' ny Eveka eto Madagasikara (mpandika teny), ''Katesizin' ny Fiangonana Katôlika'', Antananarivo, Madagasikara, 2009. == Loharano sy fanamarihana == [[Sokajy:Fanandroana]] [[Sokajy:Vintana]] 0uchvo8pd452komr2afpopc4qlsgvbg 0 281065 1149978 1067818 2026-08-29T07:29:24Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Pterôdaktila]] ho [[Pterodactylus]] i Thelezifor 1067818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Pterodactylus_antiquus_-_IMG_0681.jpg|thumb|268x268px|Pterôdaktila]] Ny '''Pterôdaktila''' (''Pterodactylus'', avy amin'ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe ''pterodáktylos'' (πτεροδάκτυλος) midika hoe "rantsantanana misy elatra") dia karazana biby mandady efa lany tamingana. Heverina fa tsy misy afa-tsy karazany iray izy io, dia ny '''''Pterodactylus antiquus''''', izay biby mandady voalohany nomena anarana sy fantatra ho biby mandady manidina. ==Jereo koa== * [[Brôntôzôrô]] * [[Dinôzôro]] obu3tjzhxqpfzbr6i1dug8mw1kqed20 1149980 1149978 2026-08-29T07:32:23Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanatsara lahatsoratra 1149980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Pterodactylus_antiquus_-_IMG_0681.jpg|thumb|359x359px|''Pterodactylus'']] Ny '''''Pterodactylus''''' dia vondron-karazana biby mandady efa lany tamingana. Heverina fa tsy misy afa-tsy karazany iray izy io, dia ny '''''Pterodactylus antiquus''''', izay biby mandady voalohany nomena anarana sy fantatra ho biby mandady manidina. Ny teny hoe ''Pterodactylus'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe πτεροδάκτυλος / ''pterodáktylos'' izay midika hoe "rantsantanana misy elatra". ==Jereo koa== * ''[[Brontosaurus]]'' ([[Brontosaurus|Brôntôzôrô]]) * ''[[Dinosauria]]'' ([[Dinosauria|Dinôzôro]]) 9vbjd04da57spx7xeag1uuytrf9nwv1 1149981 1149980 2026-08-29T07:37:46Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanitatra votoatiny 1149981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Pterodactylus_antiquus_-_IMG_0681.jpg|thumb|359x359px|''Pterodactylus'']] Ny '''''Pterodactylus''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Reptilia|biby mandady]] efa lany tamingana, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Pterodactylidae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Pterosauria]], ao amin' ny kilasy [[Sauropsida]]. Heverina fa tsy misy afa-tsy karazany iray izy io, dia ny '''''Pterodactylus antiquus''''', izay biby mandady voalohany nomena anarana sy fantatra ho biby mandady manidina. Ny teny hoe ''Pterodactylus'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe πτεροδάκτυλος / ''pterodáktylos'' izay midika hoe "rantsantanana misy elatra". Anarana ahafantarana azy ihany koa ny hoe '''''Diopecephalus''''' sy '''''Macrotrachelus''''' ary '''''Pterotherium'''''. ==Jereo koa== * ''[[Brontosaurus]]'' ([[Brontosaurus|Brôntôzôrô]]) * ''[[Dinosauria]]'' ([[Dinosauria|Dinôzôro]]) dhcdk2fxv8koa7p3pa8s8zhenebdkq5 0 281066 1149975 1067816 2026-08-29T07:25:47Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Brôntôzôrô]] ho [[Brontosaurus]] i Thelezifor 1067816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Brontosaurus_parvus.jpg|thumb|Brôntôzôro]] Ny '''Brôntôzôro''' (''Brontosaurus'', midika hoe "androngon-kotrokorana" avy amin'ny [[teny grika]] βροντή, ''brontē'' "kotrokorana" ary σαῦρος, ''sauros'' "[[androngo]]") dia karazana [[dinôzôro]] lehibe mitongotr' androngo. ==Jereo koa== * [[Dinôzôro]] * [[Pterôdaktila]] 0roqow5w3rre2tpq8ga1jsci3vw5nz7 1149977 1149975 2026-08-29T07:29:08Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanatsara rafi-pehezanteny 1149977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Brontosaurus_parvus.jpg|thumb|''Brontosaurus parvus''|364x364px]] Ny '''''Brontosaurus''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Dinosauria|dinôzôro]] lehibe mitongotr' androngo. Ny teny hoe ''Brontosaurus'' dia midika ara-bakiteny hoe "androngon-kotrokorana", avy amin' ny [[teny grika]] βροντή, ''brontē'' "kotrokorana" sy σαῦρος, ''sauros'' "[[androngo]]". ==Jereo koa== * [[Dinosauria]] ([[Dinosauria|Dinôzôro]]) * ''[[Pterodactylus]]'' ([[Pterodactylus|Pterôdaktila]]) sj33zde866sb52di10xkg2aboe9j6yq 1149982 1149977 2026-08-29T07:40:16Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanatsara lahatsoratra 1149982 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Brontosaurus_parvus.jpg|thumb|''Brontosaurus parvus''|364x364px]] Ny '''''Brontosaurus''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Dinosauria|dinôzôro]] lehibe mitongotr' androngo, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Diplodocidae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Saurischia]], ao amin' ny kilasy [[Sauropsida]]. Ny teny hoe ''Brontosaurus'' dia midika ara-bakiteny hoe "androngon-kotrokorana", avy amin' ny [[teny grika]] βροντή / ''brontē'' "kotrokorana" sy σαῦρος / ''sauros'' "[[androngo]]". ==Jereo koa== * [[Dinosauria]] ([[Dinosauria|Dinôzôro]]) * ''[[Pterodactylus]]'' ([[Pterodactylus|Pterôdaktila]]) bn000gop02zu7lgfwi4iuyw8qekp93g 0 281802 1149924 1044314 2026-08-28T19:51:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149924 wikitext text/x-wiki     [[Sary:Edgar_Degas_-_La_Classe_de_danse.jpg|vignette| Tutus klasika ao amin'ny ''The Ballet Class'' an'i [[Edgar Degas|Degas]], 1874]] '''Dihy kilasika''' ( Frantsay: [balɛ] ) dia karazana dihy fampisehoana nipoitra nandritra ny Renaissance Italiana tamin'ny taonjato fahadimy ambin'ny folo ary dia lasa endrika dihy fampisehoana tany Frantsa sy Rosia. Lasa endrika dihy miely patrana sy tena ara-teknika miaraka amin'ny voambolany. Ny dihy kilasika dia nanan-kery naneran-tany ary namaritra ny teknika fototra izay ampiasaina amin'ny karazana dihy sy kolontsaina hafa. Ny sekoly isan-karazany manerana izao tontolo izao dia nampiditra ny kolontsainy manokana. Vokatr'izany, ny dihy kilasika dia nivoatra tamin'ny fomba miavaka. Ny '''''dihy kilasika''''' ho toy ny asa iraisana dia ahitana ny choreography sy ny [[mozika]] ho an'ny famokarana balety. Ny balety dia choreographe ary ataon'ny mpandihy dihy kilasika efa voaofana. Ny balety kilasika nentim-paharazana dia matetika atao miaraka amin'ny mozika kilasika ary amin'ny fampiasana akanjo sy filalaovana an-tsehatra, fa ny balety maoderina dia matetika atao amin'ny akanjo tsotra ary tsy misy setroka na sehatra. Dihy kilasika dia teny frantsay izay niaviany tamin'ny teny italiana ''balletto'', fanafohezana ny ''ballo'' (dihy) izay avy amin'ny [[Fiteny latina|teny latina]] ''ballo'', ''ballare'', midika hoe "mandihy", izay avy amin'ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe "βαλλίζω" ( ''ballizo'' ), "mandihy, mitsambikina". Ny teny dia tonga tamin'ny fampiasana anglisy avy amin'ny frantsay manodidina ny taona 1630. Dihy kilasika dia nipoitra tao amin'ny kianja Renaissance Italiana tamin'ny taonjato fahadimy ambin'ny folo sy fahenina ambin'ny folo. Teo ambanin'ny fitaoman'i [[Catherine de Medicis|Catherine de' Medici]] amin'ny maha-Mpanjakavavy azy, dia niely tany Frantsa izy io, ary nivoatra lavitra kokoa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Apollo's Angels: A History of Ballet|last=Homans|first=Jennifer|publisher=[[Random House]]|year=2010|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/apollosangelshis00homa_0/page/n30 1]–4|url=https://archive.org/details/apollosangelshis00homa_0}}</ref> Ireo mpandihy tao amin'ireo balety tany am-piandohana ireo dia tena mendri-kaja indrindra. Natao hampiaiky volana ny mpijery ny akanjo misy haingo, saingy nosakanan'izy ireo ny fahalalahana mihetsika. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ballet: An Illustrated History|last=Clarke|first=Mary|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|year=1992|location=Great Britain|pages=17–19}}</ref> Tao amin’ny efitrano lehibe no nanaovana ny balety izay nisy mpijery tamin’ny lafiny telo. Ny fampiharana ny andohalambo proscenium nanomboka tamin'ny 1618 tamin'ireo mpilalao lavitry ny mpihaino, izay afaka nijery tsara kokoa sy nankasitraka ny fahaiza-manao ara-teknika nataon'ireo mpandihy matihanina amin'ny famokarana.  Nahatratra ny fara tampony teo ambany fitondran'ny Mpanjaka [[Louis XIV]] ny dihy frantsay. Louis dia nanangana ny Académie Royale de Danse (Royal Dance Academy) tamin'ny 1661 mba hametrahana fenitra sy hanamarina ny mpampianatra dihy. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Art of Power: How Louis XIV Ruled France ... With Ballet|publisher=[[Mental floss]]}}</ref> Tamin'ny 1672, Louis XIV dia nanao an'i Jean-Baptiste Lully ho talen'ny Académie Royale de Musique ( Opera Paris ) izay nipoiran'ny orinasa mpanao baolina matihanina voalohany, ny Ballet Opera Paris . Pierre Beauchamp dia talen'ny teatra an'i Lully. Ny fiaraha-miasan'izy ireo dia hisy fiantraikany lehibe amin'ny fivoaran'ny balety, araka ny asehon'ny crédit nomena azy ireo tamin'ny fananganana ireo toerana dimy lehibe amin'ny tongotra. Tamin'ny 1681, ny "ballerinas" voalohany dia nandray ny sehatra taorian'ny fiofanana nandritra ny taona maro tao amin'ny Académie. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ballet: An Illustrated History|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|year=1992|location=Great Britain|pages=17–19}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFClarkeCrisp1992">Clarke, Mary; Crisp, Clement (1992). </cite></ref> Nanomboka nihena ny dihy kilasika tany Frantsa taorian'ny 1830, saingy nitohy nivoatra tany Danemark, Italiana ary Rosia. Ny fahatongavan'ny Ballets Russes tany Eoropa notarihin'i Sergei Diaghilev tamin'ny alin'ny [[Ady Lehibe Voalohany|Ady Lehibe Voalohany dia]] namelona indray ny fahalianana tamin'ny balety ary nanomboka ny vanim-potoana maoderina. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Ballet 101: A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving the Ballet|url=https://archive.org/details/ballet101complet0000gres|last=Greskovic|first=Robert|publisher=[[Hachette Books|Hyperion Books]]|year=1998|location=New York, New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ballet101complet0000gres/page/46 46]–57}}</ref> Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20, ny dihy kilasika dia nanana fiantraikany lehibe tamin'ny karazana dihy hafa, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/ballet-and-modern-dance/|title=Ballet And Modern Dance: Using Ballet As The Basis For Other Dance Techniques|date=2014-08-05|work=Student Resources|access-date=2017-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Ary tamin'ny taonjato faha-20, ny dihy kilasika dia nifandimby nanasaraka azy tamin'ny ballet klasika ka hatramin'ny fampidirana ny dihy maoderina, nitarika ho amin'ny hetsika modernista any amin'ny firenena maro. Ireo mpandihy malaza tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 dia ahitana an'i [[Anna Pavlova]], Galina Ulanova, [[Rudolf Nureyev]], Maya Plisetskaya, [[Margot Fonteyn]], Rosella Hightower, [[Maria Tallchief|Maria Tall Chief]], [[Erik Bruhn]], [[Mikhail Baryshnikov]], Suzanne Farrell, Gelsey Kirkland, [[Natalia Makarova|Nataliatchere]] ary Mir . . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/ballet/greatest-ballet-dancers/|title=The ten greatest ballet dancers of the twentieth century|work=Classic FM|access-date=2017-10-02|language=en}}</ref> Jeanne Devereaux dia nanao ballerina prima nandritra ny telopolo taona ary nametraka ny firaketana an'izao tontolo izao tamin'ny nahafahany nanatanteraka 16 triple fouettes. <ref>Lesko, Kathleen Menzie. </ref> fh6ipprao16nu9k71ly3v6e8eadwxk6 0 288375 1149913 1149775 2026-08-28T19:44:16Z Thelezifor 15140 Tsipelina 1149913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Neotibicen linnei.jpg|vignette|295x295px|Jorery mpiseho isan-taona, ''Neotibicen linnei'']] Ny '''jorery''' na '''mpindy''' na '''findy''' na '''dira''' dia bibikely mpaneno eny ambony hazo sy mivelona amin' ny fitsentsefana [[Ranon-javamaniry|ranon-kazo]], mahaforona renifianakaviana, '''''Cicadoidea''''', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]''. Ao amin' ny zana-daharana ''[[Auchenorrhyncha]]'' izy ireo, miaraka amin' ny bibikely mitsambikina kely kokoa toa ny ''[[Cicadellidae]]'' sy ny ''[[Cercopoidea]]''. Mizara ho fianakaviana roa ity renifianakaviana ity, dia ny ''[[Tettigarctidae]]'' izay misy karazany roa any [[Aostralia]], sy ny ''[[Cicadidae]]'' izay misy karazany maherin' ny 3&nbsp;000 vofaritra, manerana izao tontolo izao; karazany maro no mbola tsy voafaritra. Saika ny karazana jorery rehetra dia mpiseho isan-taona afa-tsy ny karazana jorery vitsivitsy any [[Amerika Avaratra]], ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Magicicada]]'', izay mipoitra faobe isaky ny 13 na 17 taona amin' ny faritra iray. Ny jorery dia manana maso misongadina an-daniny sy an-kilan' ny lohany, [[ringotra]] fohy, ary elatra eo anoloana manify dia manify. Maneno mafy ny ankamaroan' ny karazana jorery, amin' ny alalan' ny fikosehany haingana sy ny famotsorany ireo zavatra toa amponga eny aminy. Niseho tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Permiana Ambony]] ny ''[[Cicadomorpha]]'' fôsily fantatra voalohany indrindra; hita eran' izao tontolo izao amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony sy mafana ny karazana misy. Matetika izy ireo no miaina eny ambony hazo, misakafo ranon-kazo miakatra (''xylem''), ary manatody amin' ny triatra eo amin' ny [[hodi-kazo]]. Mbola mahabe fanontaniana ny ankamaroan' ny jorery. Mivoaka mandritra ny andro ny ankamaroan' ny karazana jorery rehefa lehibe, ary ny sasany maneno maraina na hariva. Karazana vitsivitsy tsy fahita firy ihany no fantatra fa mivoaka alina. [[Sary:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|vignette|Jorery mpiseho isaky ny 17 taona, ''Magicicada'',]] Mipoitra isaky ny 13 na 17 taona, arakaraka ny karazana sy ny toerana misy azy, ny vondron-karazana manokana any [[Amerika Avaratra]], ny ''[[Magicicada]]'', izay mandany ny ankamaroan' ny androm-piainany mandritra ny maha [[monany]] azy any ambanin' ny tany. Mampihena ny isan' ny jorery maty noho ny fihazana azy ireo ny faharetana tsy mahazatra sy ny fiarahana mipoitr' izy ireo, izay mahatonga azy ho remby tsy azo ianteherana (ka izay biby mpiremby hiankin-doha amin' ny jorery dia mety ho mosarena amin' ny fiandrasana ny fipoirany), sy amin' ny fisehoany betsaka tampoka toy izany hanome fahafaham-po ny biby mpiremby sisa tavela rehetra alohan' ny hampihena ny isan' izy ireo ka handrahona ny fahaveloman' ny karazany. Na dia manana tsingerim-piainana miovaova eo amin' ny 1 ka hatramin' ny 9 taona na mihoatra aza ny jorery mpiseho isan-taona mandritra ny maha [[monany]] azy any ambanin' ny tany, dia tsy miaraka ny fisehoan' izy ireo ety ambonin' ny tany rehefa lehibe, noho izany dia miseho isan-taona ny jorery sasany amin' ny karazana tsirairay. == Fianakaviana sy zana-pianakaviana == Inty ny lisitry ny fianakaviana sy zana-pianakaviana: * ''[[Tettigarctidae]]'' Distant, 1905 ** † ''Cicadoprosbolinae'' (efa lany tamingana) ** ''Tettigarctinae'' Distant, 1905 (sisa tavela, tsy ahitana afa-tsy vondron-karazana tokana) * ''[[Cicadidae]]'' Latreille, 1802 ** ''Cicadinae'' Latreille, 1802 ** ''Cicadettinae'' Buckton, 1889 ** ''Tibicininae'' Distant, 1905 == Ao amin' ny kolontsaina == === Ohabolana malagasy === * [[Alika|Amboa]] nihaza jorery ka feo no re. * Aza manao toy ny jorery: ny feony mampita [[lohasaha]], fa ny tenany tsy ampy indraim-bava. * Ilay nitono jorery ka sitrany ahay [[Vazana|vaza]]-mihetsika. * Tahaka ny jorery ny fanompoana, ka na tapaka aza ny tongony aman-tanany, mbola mimenomenona ihany. == Jereo koa == * [[Angidina]] * [[Angely]] * [[Famakiloha]] * [[Fanenitra]] * [[Hala]] * [[Hao]] * [[Kalalao]] * [[Kongona]] * [[Lalitra]] * [[Lolo (bibikely)]] * [[Maingoka]] * [[Moka]] * [[Parasy]] * [[Renitantely]] * [[Trambo]] * [[Tsipongo]] na [[Tsipongo|kongona maimbo]] * [[Valala]] * [[Vitsika]] * [[Vitsikazo]] na [[aboaly]] == Jereo koa == [[Sokajy:Bibikely]] pgqhxe6jst8fz7bn8oks8ujq6xkqi66 1149938 1149913 2026-08-28T20:18:54Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Jorery]] ho [[Cicadoidea]] i Thelezifor 1149913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Neotibicen linnei.jpg|vignette|295x295px|Jorery mpiseho isan-taona, ''Neotibicen linnei'']] Ny '''jorery''' na '''mpindy''' na '''findy''' na '''dira''' dia bibikely mpaneno eny ambony hazo sy mivelona amin' ny fitsentsefana [[Ranon-javamaniry|ranon-kazo]], mahaforona renifianakaviana, '''''Cicadoidea''''', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]''. Ao amin' ny zana-daharana ''[[Auchenorrhyncha]]'' izy ireo, miaraka amin' ny bibikely mitsambikina kely kokoa toa ny ''[[Cicadellidae]]'' sy ny ''[[Cercopoidea]]''. Mizara ho fianakaviana roa ity renifianakaviana ity, dia ny ''[[Tettigarctidae]]'' izay misy karazany roa any [[Aostralia]], sy ny ''[[Cicadidae]]'' izay misy karazany maherin' ny 3&nbsp;000 vofaritra, manerana izao tontolo izao; karazany maro no mbola tsy voafaritra. Saika ny karazana jorery rehetra dia mpiseho isan-taona afa-tsy ny karazana jorery vitsivitsy any [[Amerika Avaratra]], ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Magicicada]]'', izay mipoitra faobe isaky ny 13 na 17 taona amin' ny faritra iray. Ny jorery dia manana maso misongadina an-daniny sy an-kilan' ny lohany, [[ringotra]] fohy, ary elatra eo anoloana manify dia manify. Maneno mafy ny ankamaroan' ny karazana jorery, amin' ny alalan' ny fikosehany haingana sy ny famotsorany ireo zavatra toa amponga eny aminy. Niseho tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Permiana Ambony]] ny ''[[Cicadomorpha]]'' fôsily fantatra voalohany indrindra; hita eran' izao tontolo izao amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony sy mafana ny karazana misy. Matetika izy ireo no miaina eny ambony hazo, misakafo ranon-kazo miakatra (''xylem''), ary manatody amin' ny triatra eo amin' ny [[hodi-kazo]]. Mbola mahabe fanontaniana ny ankamaroan' ny jorery. Mivoaka mandritra ny andro ny ankamaroan' ny karazana jorery rehefa lehibe, ary ny sasany maneno maraina na hariva. Karazana vitsivitsy tsy fahita firy ihany no fantatra fa mivoaka alina. [[Sary:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|vignette|Jorery mpiseho isaky ny 17 taona, ''Magicicada'',]] Mipoitra isaky ny 13 na 17 taona, arakaraka ny karazana sy ny toerana misy azy, ny vondron-karazana manokana any [[Amerika Avaratra]], ny ''[[Magicicada]]'', izay mandany ny ankamaroan' ny androm-piainany mandritra ny maha [[monany]] azy any ambanin' ny tany. Mampihena ny isan' ny jorery maty noho ny fihazana azy ireo ny faharetana tsy mahazatra sy ny fiarahana mipoitr' izy ireo, izay mahatonga azy ho remby tsy azo ianteherana (ka izay biby mpiremby hiankin-doha amin' ny jorery dia mety ho mosarena amin' ny fiandrasana ny fipoirany), sy amin' ny fisehoany betsaka tampoka toy izany hanome fahafaham-po ny biby mpiremby sisa tavela rehetra alohan' ny hampihena ny isan' izy ireo ka handrahona ny fahaveloman' ny karazany. Na dia manana tsingerim-piainana miovaova eo amin' ny 1 ka hatramin' ny 9 taona na mihoatra aza ny jorery mpiseho isan-taona mandritra ny maha [[monany]] azy any ambanin' ny tany, dia tsy miaraka ny fisehoan' izy ireo ety ambonin' ny tany rehefa lehibe, noho izany dia miseho isan-taona ny jorery sasany amin' ny karazana tsirairay. == Fianakaviana sy zana-pianakaviana == Inty ny lisitry ny fianakaviana sy zana-pianakaviana: * ''[[Tettigarctidae]]'' Distant, 1905 ** † ''Cicadoprosbolinae'' (efa lany tamingana) ** ''Tettigarctinae'' Distant, 1905 (sisa tavela, tsy ahitana afa-tsy vondron-karazana tokana) * ''[[Cicadidae]]'' Latreille, 1802 ** ''Cicadinae'' Latreille, 1802 ** ''Cicadettinae'' Buckton, 1889 ** ''Tibicininae'' Distant, 1905 == Ao amin' ny kolontsaina == === Ohabolana malagasy === * [[Alika|Amboa]] nihaza jorery ka feo no re. * Aza manao toy ny jorery: ny feony mampita [[lohasaha]], fa ny tenany tsy ampy indraim-bava. * Ilay nitono jorery ka sitrany ahay [[Vazana|vaza]]-mihetsika. * Tahaka ny jorery ny fanompoana, ka na tapaka aza ny tongony aman-tanany, mbola mimenomenona ihany. == Jereo koa == * [[Angidina]] * [[Angely]] * [[Famakiloha]] * [[Fanenitra]] * [[Hala]] * [[Hao]] * [[Kalalao]] * [[Kongona]] * [[Lalitra]] * [[Lolo (bibikely)]] * [[Maingoka]] * [[Moka]] * [[Parasy]] * [[Renitantely]] * [[Trambo]] * [[Tsipongo]] na [[Tsipongo|kongona maimbo]] * [[Valala]] * [[Vitsika]] * [[Vitsikazo]] na [[aboaly]] == Jereo koa == [[Sokajy:Bibikely]] pgqhxe6jst8fz7bn8oks8ujq6xkqi66 0 288731 1149901 1130173 2026-08-28T19:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Elin Danielson-Gambogi, 1890c - Mother and Child.jpg|thumb|Renim-pianakaviana sy ny zanany vao teraka dia miala sasatra eo am-pandriana, mampinono|375x375px]]Ny '''fifanana''' dia fanao nentim-paharazana aorian' ny [[fiterahana]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Withers |first1=M |last2=Kharazmi |first2=N |last3=Lim |first3=E |title=Traditional beliefs and practices in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum: A review of the evidence from Asian countries. |journal=Midwifery |date=January 2018 |volume=56 |pages=158–170 |doi=10.1016/j.midw.2017.10.019 |pmid=29132060}}</ref> Manomboka avy hatrany aorian' ny [[fiterahana]] ireo izay manaraka ireo [[fomba amam-panao]] ireo, ary manana ny faharetany manokana arakaraka ny [[kolontsaina]] ny fitokana-monina na ny [[fitsaboana]] manokana: matetika mandritra ny iray volana na 30 andro, 26 andro, hatramin' ny 40 andro, roa volana, na 100 andro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.babycenter.com.my/a1021145/confinement-practices-an-overview|title=Confinement practices: an overview|website=BabyCenter|access-date=2016-03-21|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207224253/https://www.babycenter.com.my/a1021145/confinement-practices-an-overview|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayiconnection.com/blog/chinese-postpartum-nannies|title=Chinese Postpartum Nannies}}</ref> Mety hahitana fomba fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana nentim-paharazana, [[fady]], fombafomba ary fandrarana ity fifanana aorian' ny fiterahana ity<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tung|first1=Wei-Chen|title=Doing the Month and Asian Cultures: Implications for Health Care|journal=Home Health Care Management & Practice|date=22 June 2010|volume=22|issue=5|pages=369–371|doi=10.1177/1084822310367473|citeseerx=10.1.1.1020.5139|s2cid=73055081}}</ref>. Fantatra amin' ny hoe "mandry ao am-pandriana" ny fanao taloha, izay mifantoka amin' ny fialan-tsasatra, araka ny hevitr' ilay teny. Amin' ny kolontsaina sasany dia mety hifandray amin' ny fady mikasika ny [[fahalotoana]] aorian' ny fiterahana izany. ==Fijery ankapobeny== Manondro ny reny sy ny [[Zaza|zaza]] ny fifanana aorian' ny fiterahana. Mbola tsy dia mivoatra loatra ny zaza vao teraka ka miantso ny telo volana voalohany ho "telovolana fahefatra" ny manam-pahaizana toa an' i Harvey Karp.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/24/155426534/dr-karp-on-parenting-and-the-science-of-sleep|title=Dr. Karp On Parenting And The Science Of Sleep|newspaper=National Public Radio|access-date=February 19, 2017|department=All Things Considered}}</ref> Miaro ihany koa ny zaza ny herinandro fitsaharana mandritra ny fahasitranan' ny reny rehefa zatra ny tontolo manodidina ilay zaza, ary samy mianatra ny fahaizan' ny [[Fampinonoana|fampinonoana]]. Saika ny firenena rehetra dia manana endrika fialan-tsasatra aorian' ny fiterahana. Firenena maro no mampirisika ny lehilahy haka fialan-tsasatra ho an' ny ray, fa na dia ireo izay mandidy ny sasany amin' ny fialan-tsasatra iombonana amin' ny ray aman-dreny dia tsy maintsy ampiasain' ny rainy ("faritra ho an' ny ray") dia manaiky fa mila fotoana tsy iasana ny reny mba ho sitrana amin' ny fiterahana sy hiatrehana ny fiovana ara-batana postpartum. Ny boky amerikana 2016 dia manoritsoritra ny fahasarotana amin' ny fandraketana an' ireo "fomban-drazana maneran-tany" ireo saingy nanamafy fa "tahaka ny tady volamena mampifandray ny vehivavy amin' ny taranaka iray mankany amin' ny manaraka, ny protocole amin' ny fikarakarana ny reny vaovao amin' ny alàlan' ny fanamaivanana ny andraikiny ary ny fiantohana ny fialany sasatra mipoitra any amin' ny toerana maro samihafa ny sakafo".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ou|first1=Heng|last2=Amely|first2=Greeven|last3=Belger|first3=Marisa|title=The First Forty Days: The Essential Art of Nourishing the New Mother|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfortydayses0000ouhe|date=2016|publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=9781617691836}}</ref> Ireo fomba amam-panao ireo dia voarakitra an-tsoratra amin' ny fianarana akademika am-polony, ary matetika dia ahitana fanohanana ny reny vao teraka (anisan' izany ny fanafahana amin' ny raharaha ao an-trano), fialan-tsasatra, sakafo manokana hohanina (sy ireo tokony hialana), fomba fanao manokana momba ny fahadiovana, ary ny fomba fikarakarana ny zaza vao teraka.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last1=Dennis|first1=Cindy-Lee|last2=Fung|first2=Kenneth|last3=Grigoriadis|first3=Sophie|last4=Robinson|first4=Gail Erlick|last5=Romans|first5=Sarah|author-link5=Sarah Romans|last6=Ross|first6=Lori|date=July 2007|title=Traditional Postpartum Practices and Rituals: A Qualitative Systematic Review|journal=Women's Health|volume=3|issue=4|pages=487–502|doi=10.2217/17455057.3.4.487|issn=1745-5065|pmid=19804024|doi-access=free}}</ref> I Martha Wolfenstein sy i Margaret Mead dia nanoratra tamin' ny 1955 fa ny vanim-potoana aorian' ny fiterahana dia nidika hoe "ny vehivavy dia azo ampihantana ary tsy misy hahamenatra amin' izany". Ny famerenana tamin' ny [[2016]] izay nanonona azy ireo dia mitanisa fomba amam-panao eran-tany, nanomboka tamin' ny andron' ny [[Baiboly]] ka hatramin' ny [[Gresy]] môderina: <blockquote> Raha ny angon-drakitra dia toa nihiboka andro maromaro taorian' ny nahaterahana ny vehivavy ary miovaova arakaraka ny saranga na foko [ao [[Nepaly]]]. Ity dia tranga hita manerana izao tontolo izao, anisan' izany ny any amin' ireo firenena manana fidiram-bola ambony tato ho ato. Miovaova ny halavan' ny fotoana hitokanana na hialana sasatra any amin' ny firenena samy hafa ary toa tsy mitovy ihany koa ny foto-kevitra fototra iorenan' io fitokanana io (ny fanasitranana vs. maloto). Aorian' ny vanim-potoan' ny fitokana-monina dia matetika misy lanonana hanadiovana ny vehivavy mba hanaiky ampahibemaso azy ireo amin' ny fiainana andavanandro. Ny literatiora dia manohana ny foto-kevitry ny fialan-tsasatra - vanim-potoana lava na fandaingana, vanim-potoana fitokana-monina, satria mila miala sasatra ny vehivavy mba hanasitranana, saingy mety hidika izany fa tsy noraharahaina izy ireo.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sharma | first1 = S | last2 = van Teijlingen | first2 = E | last3 = Hundley | first3 = V | last4 = Angell | first4 = C | last5 = Simkhada | first5 = P | year = 2016 | title = Dirty and 40 days in the wilderness: Eliciting childbirth and postnatal cultural practices and beliefs in Nepal | journal = BMC Pregnancy Childbirth | volume = 16 | issue = 1| page = 147 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-016-0938-4 | pmid = 27381177 | pmc = 4933986 | doi-access = free }}</ref> </blockquote> ==Vokatry ny fahasalamana== Ny fandinihana meta iray momba ny fanadihadiana dia namintina hoe: "Tsy dia misy porofo mivaingana fa mampihena ny [[Fahaketrahana aorian' ny fiterahana|fahaketrahana aorian' ny fiterahana]] (dépression post-partum) ny fanao amin' ny fifanana."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=Josephine|last2=Fisher|first2=Jane|title=The role of traditional confinement practices in determining postpartum depression in women in Chinese cultures: A systematic review of the English language evidence|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|date=August 2009|volume=116|issue=3|pages=161–169|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.002|pmid=19135261}}</ref> ==Eran'izao tontolo izao== ===Afrika=== ====Madagasikara==== ===Azia=== ====Sina==== [[File:Chinese painting of woman breastfeeding her child. Wellcome L0006337.jpg|thumb|Hosodoko sinoa mampiseho vehivavy mampinono ny zanany, voahodidin' ny mpanohana]] Voarakitra tsara ao [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] ny fifanana aorian' ny fiterahana, izay fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe "Mipetraka ny volana": ''zuò yuè zi'' (坐月子) amin' ny teny mandarina na ''co5 jyut2'' (坐月) amin' ny teny kantoney.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lary |first=Diana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1292532755 |title=China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-06478-1 |edition= |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=49 |oclc=1292532755}}</ref> Manodidina ny 30 ka hatramin' ny 100 andro ny fe-potoam-pifanana. Ny fifanana mandritra ny iray volana (30 andro) dia raisina ho "fifanana kely"; raha "fifanana feno" kosa ny fifanana mandritra ny telo volana (100 andro). Aorian' ny 100 andro dia atao ny Fanasam-be (百日宴) hankalazana ny faha-100 andro ny zaza. Ny fomba amam-panao Sinoa momba ny fifanana aorian' ny fiterahana dia voarakitra hatrany amin' ny taona 960.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/i-tried-the-chinese-practice-of-sitting-the-month-after-childbirth/2017/01/06/54517ee0-ad0b-11e6-a31b-4b6397e625d0_story.html|title=I tried the Chinese practice of 'sitting the month' after childbirth|last=Hsu Oh|first=Leslie|date=8 January 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Ny vehivavy dia manoro hevitra ny hijanona ao an-trano mba hialana amin' ny ratra ara-batana na ara-tsaina vokatry ny fahaterahana sy hanomezana sakafo ny zaza vao teraka. Tafiditra ao anatin' izany ny lafiny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana sinoa, izay mifantoka manokana amin' ny fihinanana sakafo heverina ho mamelona ny vatana sy manampy amin' ny famokarana [[rononon-dreny]]. Any [[Guangdong]] sy ireo faritra mifanila aminy, tsy mahazo mitsidika ireo reny vao teraka mandra-pahatongan' ny faha-12 andro ny zaza, voamariky ny fankalazana antsoina hoe 'Roa ambin' ny folo maraina' (fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe 十二朝). Hatramin' io andro io, ny fianakaviana kantoney manan-janaka vao teraka dia mizara ny hafaliany amin' ny fanomezana fanomezana sakafo, ary ny fianakaviana sasany dia manamarika ny fotoana amin' ny fanomezana voninahitra ny razambeny. Tany Sina fahiny, ny vehivavy avy amin' ny foko sasany any atsimo dia manohy miasa avy hatrany aorian' ny nahaterahany, ary mamela ny lehilahy hanao fifanana aorian' ny fiterahana.<ref>《[[太平廣記]]》卷四八三引[[尉遲樞]]的《[[南楚新聞]]》記載："南方有[[仡佬族|獠婦]]，生子便起。其夫臥床褥，飲食皆如乳婦。"《[[马可·波罗游记]]》："[[傣族]]妇女产子，洗后裹以襁褓，产妇立起工作，产妇之夫则抱子卧床四十日"；《黔记》卷二：郎慈苗在咸宁州，其俗更异，妇人产子，必夫守房，不逾门户，弥月乃出。产妇则出入耕作，措饭食，以供夫乳儿，日无暇刻。"</ref>. Ny lafin' ny fampiharana ny "mipetraka ny volana" dia mitohy ankehitriny, indrindra any [[Hong Kong]] sy [[Taioàna]], ary ny reny sy ny zaza indraindray mandany ny volana amin' ny toeram-pitsaboana manokana.<ref name=":0" /> Rehefa tapitra io vanim-potoana io, rehefa tapitra ny "volana" (''manyue''), dia mandray havana sy namana izay mitondra sakafo manokana toy ny atody mena ny reny.<ref name=":0" /> Araka ny fomban-drazana any [[Sina]], ny reny sy ny zanany dia notazonina misaraka amin' ny sisa ao an-trano. Tsy navela nandro, na nanasa volo, na nitomany ny reny, satria nino fa hisy fiantraikany ratsy amin' ny rononon-dreny ireo asa ireo.<ref name=":0" /> Amin' izao fotoana izao anefa, mety hanasa volo na tsy mandro na mandro matetika ny renim-pianakaviana mandritra ny vanim-potoanana aorian' ny fiterahana, saingy voalaza fa tena ilaina ny fanamainana ny vatany avy hatrany amin' ny servieta madio sy ny volony amin' ny alalan' ny fanamainana volo. Voalaza ihany koa fa zava-dehibe ho an' ny vehivavy ny mifono mafana sy manamaivana ny habetsaky ny hoditra miseho, satria noheverina fa mety ho mora tratran' ny sery izy ireo amin' izany fotoan-tsarotra izany. [[File:Pig feet ginger.jpg|thumb|Tongo-kisoa miaraka amin' ny [[vinaingitra]] mainty ary [[sakamalaho]]]] Ny fomba fanao amin' ny fifanana dia manoro hevitra ny reny vao teraka mba hisafidy sakafo manankarena sy proteinina mba hamerenana ny haavon' ny angovo, hanampy amin' ny fampihenana ny tranonjaza, ary ho sitrana ny ''[[perineum]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lary |first=Diana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1292532755 |title=China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-06478-1 |edition= |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=41 |oclc=1292532755}}</ref> Zava-dehibe koa izany amin' ny famokarana rononon-dreny. Anisan' ireo [[mpampiakatra ronono]] natolotry ny fomba nentim-paharazana ny lasopy matavy, lasopy [[trondro]], ary atody masaka. Indraindray, ny reny vao teraka vao manomboka mihinana sakafo raokandro manokana rehefa mivoaka ny ''[[lochia]]'' rehetra. Ny sakafo mahazatra dia ny henan-kisoa miaraka amin' ny [[sakamalaho]] sy ny [[vinaingitra]] mainty, satria ny henan-kisoa dia heverina fa manampy amin' ny famenoana ny haavon' ny [[kalsiôma]] amin' ny vehivavy. Ny sakamalaho dia hita amin' ny sakafo maro, satria inoana fa afaka manala ny "rivotra" miangona ao amin' ny vatana mandritra ny [[Fitondrana vohoka|fitondrana vohoka]]. Ny ron-kena vita amin' ny lasopy dia matetika ampiasaina mba hanomezana rano sy [[otrikaina]] fanampiny. ====India==== Any amin' ny faritra sasany any [[India]] dia antsoina hoe ''jaappa'' (nadika koa hoe japa); any [[India]] Avaratra sy [[Pakistàna]], ''sawa mahina'' ("dimy herinandro"). Ny ankamaroan'ny Indiana nentim-paharazana dia manaraka ny fifanana mandritry ny 40 andro ary ny fanarenana izay antsoina koa hoe ''jaappa'' (amin'ny teny [[Fiteny hindỳ|hindỳ]]). Ara-dalàna ny sakafo manokana mba hanamora ny famokarana rononon-dreny sy hampitombo ny tahan' ny [[Hemôglôbinina|hemôglôbinina]]. Tsy azo atao ny manao firaisana mandritra io fotoana io. Ao amin' ny kolontsaina Hindoa, io fotoana aorian' ny fiterahana io dia heverina ho vanim-potoanan' ny fahalotoana (''asaucham''), ary ny fe-potoana fifanana 10-40 andro (fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe ''purudu'') dia natolotra ho an'ny reny sy ny zaza. Nandritra io vanim-potoana io dia tsy afaka nanao raharaha tao an-trano sy fombafomba ara-pivavahana izy. Nodiovina tamin' ny fomba fanasan-damba ilay raim-pianakaviana talohan' ny nitsidihany ilay renim-pianakaviana tao anatin'ny fifanana. Raha sanatria misy zaza maty am-piterahana dia 24 ora ny fe-potoana fahalotoana ho an'ny ray aman-dreny.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Marshall / Jaya Tirtha Charan Dasa|title=GUIDE TO RITUAL IMPURITY - What to do at the junctions of birth and death|url=http://www.hknet.org.nz/asaucham-info.htm|access-date=2014-02-02|publisher=Hknet.org.nz|archive-date=2018-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713180651/http://www.hknet.org.nz/asaucham-info.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maro amin'ireo kolontsaina indiana no manana ny fomban-drazany aorian'ny nahaterahany. Io vanim-potoana fahaterahana io dia antsoina hoe Virdi (Marathi), izay maharitra 10 andro aorian'ny nahaterahana ary ahitana ny fifadiana tanteraka amin'ny puja na fitsidihana tempoly. Any [[Pakistàna]], ny fomban-drazana aorian'ny fiterahana dia fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe sawa mahina ("dimy herinandro"). ====Tailandy==== Taloha, ny reny vaovao dia ampirisihina handry eo amin'ny fandriana mafana eo akaikin'ny afo mandritra ny 30 andro, fanao iray antsoina hoe ''yu fai''. Namboarina ho endrika fanorana Thai izany. Ny kao krachome dia karazana fanafody raokandro izay itsofoka ny etona avy amin'ny zavamaniry nandrahoina. Ny ''ya dong'' kosa dia misy fanafody raokandro nalaina tao anatiny. Ireo Thai mpifindra monina any [[Soeda]] dia mitatitra ny fampiasana ny fandroana etona hanasitranana aorian'ny fiterahana, na dia tsy mora aza ny mahita ireo akora mety. Ireo [[Aostralia]]na Tailandey izay nanao [[sezarienina]] dia nahatsapa fa tsy mila —raha ny marina, tsy tokony— hanao ireo fombafomba ireo. ===Eoropa=== Ny ''"lying-in"'', izay teny nampiasaina tamin' ny teny anglisy, izay efa fomba fiteny antitra ankehitriny, dia nampiasaina fahiny hanomezana anarana ny hopitaly ho an' ny reny bevohoka, ohatra ny [[General Lying-In Hospital]] tany Londres. Ny famoahana kanadianina tamin'ny taona 1932 dia niresaka momba ny ''lying-in'' izay naharitra teo anelanelan'ny tapa-bolana ka hatramin'ny roa volana. Ireo herinandro ireo dia nifarana tamin'ny fampidirana indray ny reny tao amin'ny fiaraha-monina tamin'ny alalan'ny lanonana kristianina antsoina hoe ''churching of women''. Ny ''lying-in'' dia hita taratra amin' ny zavakanto kristianina, indrindra fa amin' ny sary fiterahana an' i Jesosy. Ny iray amin' ireo fanomezana natolotra ny reny vao teraka tany amin'ny vanimpotoanan' ny ''Renaissance'' tao Florence dia ''desco da parto'', endrika manokana amin' ny lovia saro-bidy voaravaka hosodoko. Ny fanomezana mitovy amin'izany amin' ny kolontsaina maoderina dia ahitana ny ''baby showers'' ary ny ''push presents''. Ny sakafo manokana tamin'izany dia ahitana ny ''caudle'', zava-pisotro fanasitranana. Ny fitenenana hoe ''"taking caudle"'' dia fanoharana tamin' ny fitsidihana ara-tsosialy aorian' ny fiterahana. === Amerika Latina === Any amin'ny firenena any [[Amerika Latina]], antsoina hoe la ''cuarentena'' ("efapolo andro," mifandray amin'ny teny anglisy hoe "''quarantine''") izy io. Ity fanao ity dia ampiharina amin'ny faritra sasany any Amerika Latina ary koa amin' ny vondrom-piarahamonina sasany any [[Etazonia]]. Izy io dia faritana ho "fomba fanao eo amin' ny fianakaviana mifandimby izay manampy amin' ny fifanarahana amin'ny maha-ray aman-dreny", ary ahitana ny fiovan'ny andraikitry ny ray amin' ny tranga sasany. ==Jereo koa== * [[Fiterahana]] == Loharano == [[sokajy:Fahasalamana]] rttloky1xe2z6am5moi550skjiajm1b 0 294119 1149985 1126027 2026-08-29T08:17:33Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1149985 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''kibo''' dia ampahany amin'ny vatan'[[olombelona]] sy ny [[biby]], hita eo anelanelan'ny [[tratra]] sy ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]] ivelany, ary mitahiry sy mitantana ny [[taova]] manan-danja amin’ny [[fandevonan-kanina]]. Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny kibo no itoeran'ny [[vavony]], n,y [[tsinay]], ny [[aty]], ary ny [[taova]] hafa toy ny [[Voa (taovam-biby)|voa]] na [[tranon-jaza]] amin’ ny vehivavy. == Firafitry ny kibo == Ny kibo dia ahitana [[taova]] manodidina sy [[tambatsela]] maro, toy ireto: * [[hoditra]] sy [[hozatra]]: manarona ny kibo ivelany, ahitana hozatra mandray anjara amin’ny fihetsika sy fiarovana. * [[vavony]]: toerana fitehirizana sy fiandohan'ny [[fandevonan-kanina]]. * [[tsinay]]: mizara ho [[tsinaikely]] sy [[tsinaibe]], mandray anjara amin’ny fitrohana sy famoahana sakafo. * [[aty]] sy [[Voa (taovam-biby)|voa]]: taova manadio sy manivana ny poizina ao amin’ny [[ra]]. * [[Tranonjaza|tranon-jaza]]: hita amin'ny [[vehivavy]], toerana ametrahana zaza mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka. == Asan'ny kibo == Maro ny asan'ny kibo ka anisan'izany ireto: * [[fandevonan-kanina]]: toerana itehirizana sy iasan'ny [[taova]] miasa amin'ny fandevonana. * fitahirizana: mitahiry [[menaka]] sy [[akora simika]] ilain’ny vatana. * fiarovana: miaro ny taova ao anatiny amin'ny loza avy ety ivelany. * fitondrana [[vohoka]]: amin'ny [[vehivavy]], ny kibo dia miitatra amin'ny fitondrana zaza ao an-kibo. == Jereo koa == * [[Vavony]] * [[Tsinay]] * [[Tranon-jaza]] * [[Fandevonan-kanina]] qaivcdnuti7e3aw4bpiv4fmjlyniysf 0 294343 1149973 1110616 2026-08-29T07:22:30Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanolo votoatiny 1149973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Various dinosaurs 4.jpg|vignette|452x452px|Dinôzôro isan-karazany, avy enyambony miankavia: ''Apatosaurus louisae'', ''Microraptor gui'', ''Passer domesticus'', ''Stegosaurus stenops'', ''Plateosaurus engelhardti'', ''Triceratops horridus'', ''Gastonia burgei'', ary ''Edmontosaurus regalis''.]] Ny '''''Dinosauria''''' dia renifilaharana na klady ao amin' ny kilasin' ny ''[[Sauropsida]]'' na ny ''[[Reptilia]]'', izay mahafaoka ny biby atao hoe dinôzôro na dinôzôra (izay efa lany tamingana) sy ny [[vorona]]. Nipoitra voalohany izy ireo nandritra ny vanim-potoana Triasika, teo anelanelan' ny 243 sy 233,23 tapitrisa taona lasa izay, na dia foto-pikarohana mavitrika aza ankehitriny ny tena fiavian' izy ireo sy ny fotoana nivoarany. Izy ireo no lasa biby manana hazondamosina (''[[Biby manana hazondamosina|Vertebrata]]'') an-tanety nanjakazaka izy ireo taorian' ny zava-nitranga niteraka faharipahana tamin' ny vanim-potoana Triasika–Jiorasika izay niseho 201,3 tapitrisa taona lasa izay; nitohy ny fanjakan' izy ireo nandritra ny vanim-potoana Jiorasika sy Kretase. Mampiseho ny firaketana fôsily fa dinôzôra misy [[volom-borona]] ny vorona, izay nivoatra avy amin' ny ''[[Theropoda]]'' tany am-boalohany nandritra ny tapany farany amin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Jiorasika, ary izy ireo no hany taranaky ny dinôzôro fantatra fa tafavoaka velona tamin' ny zava-nitranga niteraka fandripahana tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Kretase-Paleôzenina tokony ho 66 tapitrisa taona eo ho eo. Noho izany, azo lazaina fa azo zaraina ho "dinôzôro vorona" sy "dinôzôra tsy vorona" izay efa lany tamingana ny dinôzôra izay mamorona ny vondron' ny dinôzôra hafa ankoatra ny vorona. Miseho amin' ny endrika isan-karazany ny dinôzôra raha ny fomba fijery taksônômika sy môrfôlôjika ary ekôlôjika no heverina. Anisan' ny vondrom-biby maro karazany indrindra amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina (''[[Biby manana hazondamosina|Vertebrata]]'') ny vorona, izay ahitana karazana mbola velona miisa 11&nbsp;000 mahery. Amin' ny fampiasana porofo momba ny fôsily dia namaritra vondron-karazana 900 mahery sy karazana dinôzôro tsy vorona mihoatra ny 1&nbsp;000 ny paleôntôlôgy. Hita amin' ny kôntinanta rehetra amin' ny alalan' ny karazana mbola misy velona (vorona) sy ny fôsily ny dinôzôro. Nandritra ny ampahany be amin' ny taonjato faha-20, talohan' ny nahafantarana fa dinôzôro ny vorona, dia nihevitra ny ankamaroan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina siantifika fa biby miadam-pandeha sy mafana ra ny dinôzôro. Naneho anefa ny ankamaroan' ny fikarohana natao nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1970, fa ny dinôzôro dia biby mavitrika nanana metabôlisma ambony sy nanova amin' ny fomba maro ny toetrany mba hifanaraka amin' ny tontolon' ny fiaraha-miaina. [[Biby mpihinana zavamaniry]] ny sasany, ny hafa kosa dia [[biby mpihinan-kena]]. Voapoprofo fa manatody avokoa ny dinôzôro, ary toetra iraisan' ny dinôzôro maro, na ny dinôzôro vorona na ny tsy vorona, ny fanaovana [[akany]]. [[Sary:Apatosaurus louisae - CM.jpg|vignette|350x350px|''Apatosaurus louisae'' (Sauropoda)]] Na dia mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa aza ny razamben' ny dinôzôro, dia maro ny vondrona efa lany tamingana no nahitana karazana dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra, ary afaka mampifandimby ireo toetra roa ireo ny sasany. Fahita amin' ny vondrona dinôzôro rehetra ny taova manaingo be pitsiny toy ny [[tandroka]] na ny [[vombo]], ary nahitana fiovana eo amin' ny [[Karana (taolana)|karana]] toy ny fiadiana vita amin' ny taolana sy tsilo taolana eny amin' ny [[hazondamosina]] ny vondrona sasany efa lany tamingana. Na dia kely aza ny vatan' ny taranjan-taranaky ny dinôzôro sisa amin' izao androntsika izao (ny [[vorona]]) noho ny fampifanarahana ny toe-batana amin' ny sidina, dia maro amin' ny dinôzôro tsy vorona no nanana vatana tena lehibe: tombanana ho nanana halava 39,7 m sy haavo 18 m ny dinôzôro mitongotr' androngo (''Sauropoda'') lehibe indrindra, ary izy ireo no biby an-tanety lehibe indrindra hatramin' izay. Hita tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-19 ny fôsilin' ny dinôzôro voalohany, ary ny anarana hoe "dinôzôro" (izay midika hoe "androngo mahatsiravina") dia noforonin' i Sir Richard Owen tamin' ny taona 1842 mba hanondroana ireo "androngo fôsily lehibe" ireo. Nanomboka tamin' izay dia tena mahasarika mpitsidika tranombakoka maneran-tany ny karan' ny dinôzôro fôsily, ary lasa ampahany maharitra amin' ny kolontsaim-bahoaka ny dinôzôro. Nahatonga ny dinôzôro haseho tsy tapaka ao amin' ny boky sy sarimihetsika malaza indrindra, toa ny ''Jurassic Park'', ny vatana goavana ananan' ny dinôzôro sasany, sy ny toetrany toa mahatsiravina sy mahavariana. Niteraka famatsiam-bola lehibe ho an' ny siansan' ny dinôzôro (ao amin' ny [[paleôntôlôjia]]) ny firohotan' ny vahoaka tsy an-kijanona mba hijery ireo biby ireo, ary milaza tsy tapaka ny zava-baovao hita momba azy ireo ny fampahalalam-baovao. Mametraka azy ireo ao anaty klady tokana ny fanasokajiana ny dinôzôro, izay mizara ho klady (filaharana) roa araka ny bikan' ny valahany: ''[[Ornithischia]]'' sy ''[[Saurischia]]''. Tsy ahitana afa-tsy dinôzôro mpihinana zavamaniry izay zarain' ny paleôntôlôgy ho vondrona telo lehibe ny ''Ornithischia'': ny ''[[Ornithopoda]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa amin' ny ankapobeny, anisan' izany ny dinôzôro malaza "mivavan-ganagana" ''[[Hadrosauridae]]'') sy ny ''[[Marginocephalia]]'' (dinôzôro misy haingom-bozona sy dongon-taolana eo an-tampon-dohany: ''[[Ceratopsia]]'' sy ''[[Pachycephalosauria]]'') ary ny ''[[Thyreophora]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra sady misy fiadiana sy tsilo taolana ary takela-taolana eo amin' ny lamosiny sy amin' ny rambony: ''[[Ankylosauria]]'' sy ''[[Stegosauria]]''). Mizara roa miavaka tsara ny ''Saurischia'': ny ''[[Theropoda]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa sy dinôzôro mpihinan-kena sy mpihinana trondro rehetra ary dinôzôro misy volom-borona sy dinôzôro manidina ([[vorona]] ny ankamaroany) ary ny ''[[Sauropodomorpha]]'' (amin' ny ankapobeny dia dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra, lehibe, lava tenda, kely loha ary lava rambo). ==Jereo koa== * [[Brôntôzôrô]] * [[Pterôdaktila]] [[Sokajy:Biolojia]] 7qu963uelsujluktb8bseywom14hsso 1149983 1149973 2026-08-29T07:44:42Z Thelezifor 15140 /* Jereo koa */ 1149983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Various dinosaurs 4.jpg|vignette|452x452px|Dinôzôro isan-karazany, avy enyambony miankavia: ''Apatosaurus louisae'', ''Microraptor gui'', ''Passer domesticus'', ''Stegosaurus stenops'', ''Plateosaurus engelhardti'', ''Triceratops horridus'', ''Gastonia burgei'', ary ''Edmontosaurus regalis''.]] Ny '''''Dinosauria''''' dia renifilaharana na klady ao amin' ny kilasin' ny ''[[Sauropsida]]'' na ny ''[[Reptilia]]'', izay mahafaoka ny biby atao hoe dinôzôro na dinôzôra (izay efa lany tamingana) sy ny [[vorona]]. Nipoitra voalohany izy ireo nandritra ny vanim-potoana Triasika, teo anelanelan' ny 243 sy 233,23 tapitrisa taona lasa izay, na dia foto-pikarohana mavitrika aza ankehitriny ny tena fiavian' izy ireo sy ny fotoana nivoarany. Izy ireo no lasa biby manana hazondamosina (''[[Biby manana hazondamosina|Vertebrata]]'') an-tanety nanjakazaka izy ireo taorian' ny zava-nitranga niteraka faharipahana tamin' ny vanim-potoana Triasika–Jiorasika izay niseho 201,3 tapitrisa taona lasa izay; nitohy ny fanjakan' izy ireo nandritra ny vanim-potoana Jiorasika sy Kretase. Mampiseho ny firaketana fôsily fa dinôzôra misy [[volom-borona]] ny vorona, izay nivoatra avy amin' ny ''[[Theropoda]]'' tany am-boalohany nandritra ny tapany farany amin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Jiorasika, ary izy ireo no hany taranaky ny dinôzôro fantatra fa tafavoaka velona tamin' ny zava-nitranga niteraka fandripahana tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Kretase-Paleôzenina tokony ho 66 tapitrisa taona eo ho eo. Noho izany, azo lazaina fa azo zaraina ho "dinôzôro vorona" sy "dinôzôra tsy vorona" izay efa lany tamingana ny dinôzôra izay mamorona ny vondron' ny dinôzôra hafa ankoatra ny vorona. Miseho amin' ny endrika isan-karazany ny dinôzôra raha ny fomba fijery taksônômika sy môrfôlôjika ary ekôlôjika no heverina. Anisan' ny vondrom-biby maro karazany indrindra amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina (''[[Biby manana hazondamosina|Vertebrata]]'') ny vorona, izay ahitana karazana mbola velona miisa 11&nbsp;000 mahery. Amin' ny fampiasana porofo momba ny fôsily dia namaritra vondron-karazana 900 mahery sy karazana dinôzôro tsy vorona mihoatra ny 1&nbsp;000 ny paleôntôlôgy. Hita amin' ny kôntinanta rehetra amin' ny alalan' ny karazana mbola misy velona (vorona) sy ny fôsily ny dinôzôro. Nandritra ny ampahany be amin' ny taonjato faha-20, talohan' ny nahafantarana fa dinôzôro ny vorona, dia nihevitra ny ankamaroan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina siantifika fa biby miadam-pandeha sy mafana ra ny dinôzôro. Naneho anefa ny ankamaroan' ny fikarohana natao nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1970, fa ny dinôzôro dia biby mavitrika nanana metabôlisma ambony sy nanova amin' ny fomba maro ny toetrany mba hifanaraka amin' ny tontolon' ny fiaraha-miaina. [[Biby mpihinana zavamaniry]] ny sasany, ny hafa kosa dia [[biby mpihinan-kena]]. Voapoprofo fa manatody avokoa ny dinôzôro, ary toetra iraisan' ny dinôzôro maro, na ny dinôzôro vorona na ny tsy vorona, ny fanaovana [[akany]]. [[Sary:Apatosaurus louisae - CM.jpg|vignette|350x350px|''Apatosaurus louisae'' (Sauropoda)]] Na dia mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa aza ny razamben' ny dinôzôro, dia maro ny vondrona efa lany tamingana no nahitana karazana dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra, ary afaka mampifandimby ireo toetra roa ireo ny sasany. Fahita amin' ny vondrona dinôzôro rehetra ny taova manaingo be pitsiny toy ny [[tandroka]] na ny [[vombo]], ary nahitana fiovana eo amin' ny [[Karana (taolana)|karana]] toy ny fiadiana vita amin' ny taolana sy tsilo taolana eny amin' ny [[hazondamosina]] ny vondrona sasany efa lany tamingana. Na dia kely aza ny vatan' ny taranjan-taranaky ny dinôzôro sisa amin' izao androntsika izao (ny [[vorona]]) noho ny fampifanarahana ny toe-batana amin' ny sidina, dia maro amin' ny dinôzôro tsy vorona no nanana vatana tena lehibe: tombanana ho nanana halava 39,7 m sy haavo 18 m ny dinôzôro mitongotr' androngo (''Sauropoda'') lehibe indrindra, ary izy ireo no biby an-tanety lehibe indrindra hatramin' izay. Hita tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-19 ny fôsilin' ny dinôzôro voalohany, ary ny anarana hoe "dinôzôro" (izay midika hoe "androngo mahatsiravina") dia noforonin' i Sir Richard Owen tamin' ny taona 1842 mba hanondroana ireo "androngo fôsily lehibe" ireo. Nanomboka tamin' izay dia tena mahasarika mpitsidika tranombakoka maneran-tany ny karan' ny dinôzôro fôsily, ary lasa ampahany maharitra amin' ny kolontsaim-bahoaka ny dinôzôro. Nahatonga ny dinôzôro haseho tsy tapaka ao amin' ny boky sy sarimihetsika malaza indrindra, toa ny ''Jurassic Park'', ny vatana goavana ananan' ny dinôzôro sasany, sy ny toetrany toa mahatsiravina sy mahavariana. Niteraka famatsiam-bola lehibe ho an' ny siansan' ny dinôzôro (ao amin' ny [[paleôntôlôjia]]) ny firohotan' ny vahoaka tsy an-kijanona mba hijery ireo biby ireo, ary milaza tsy tapaka ny zava-baovao hita momba azy ireo ny fampahalalam-baovao. Mametraka azy ireo ao anaty klady tokana ny fanasokajiana ny dinôzôro, izay mizara ho klady (filaharana) roa araka ny bikan' ny valahany: ''[[Ornithischia]]'' sy ''[[Saurischia]]''. Tsy ahitana afa-tsy dinôzôro mpihinana zavamaniry izay zarain' ny paleôntôlôgy ho vondrona telo lehibe ny ''Ornithischia'': ny ''[[Ornithopoda]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa amin' ny ankapobeny, anisan' izany ny dinôzôro malaza "mivavan-ganagana" ''[[Hadrosauridae]]'') sy ny ''[[Marginocephalia]]'' (dinôzôro misy haingom-bozona sy dongon-taolana eo an-tampon-dohany: ''[[Ceratopsia]]'' sy ''[[Pachycephalosauria]]'') ary ny ''[[Thyreophora]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra sady misy fiadiana sy tsilo taolana ary takela-taolana eo amin' ny lamosiny sy amin' ny rambony: ''[[Ankylosauria]]'' sy ''[[Stegosauria]]''). Mizara roa miavaka tsara ny ''Saurischia'': ny ''[[Theropoda]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa sy dinôzôro mpihinan-kena sy mpihinana trondro rehetra ary dinôzôro misy volom-borona sy dinôzôro manidina ([[vorona]] ny ankamaroany) ary ny ''[[Sauropodomorpha]]'' (amin' ny ankapobeny dia dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra, lehibe, lava tenda, kely loha ary lava rambo). ==Jereo koa== * ''[[Brontosaurus]]'' * ''[[Pterodactylus]]'' [[Sokajy:Biolojia]] puplrs3mzcn1p056e8kso96e5wf3mol 1149999 1149983 2026-08-29T10:25:57Z Thelezifor 15140 1149999 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Various dinosaurs 4.jpg|vignette|452x452px|Dinôzôro isan-karazany, avy eny ambony miankavia: ''Apatosaurus louisae'', ''Microraptor gui'', ''Passer domesticus'', ''Stegosaurus stenops'', ''Plateosaurus engelhardti'', ''Triceratops horridus'', ''Gastonia burgei'', ary ''Edmontosaurus regalis''.]] Ny '''''Dinosauria''''' dia renifilaharana na klady ao amin' ny kilasin' ny ''[[Sauropsida]]'' na ny ''[[Reptilia]]'', izay mahafaoka ny biby atao hoe dinôzôro na dinôzôra (izay efa lany tamingana) sy ny [[vorona]]. Nipoitra voalohany izy ireo nandritra ny vanim-potoana Triasika, teo anelanelan' ny 243 sy 233,23 tapitrisa taona lasa izay, na dia foto-pikarohana mavitrika aza ankehitriny ny tena fiavian' izy ireo sy ny fotoana nivoarany. Izy ireo no lasa biby manana hazondamosina (''[[Biby manana hazondamosina|Vertebrata]]'') an-tanety nanjakazaka izy ireo taorian' ny zava-nitranga niteraka faharipahana tamin' ny vanim-potoana Triasika–Jiorasika izay niseho 201,3 tapitrisa taona lasa izay; nitohy ny fanjakan' izy ireo nandritra ny vanim-potoana Jiorasika sy Kretase. Mampiseho ny firaketana fôsily fa dinôzôra misy [[volom-borona]] ny vorona, izay nivoatra avy amin' ny ''[[Theropoda]]'' tany am-boalohany nandritra ny tapany farany amin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Jiorasika, ary izy ireo no hany taranaky ny dinôzôro fantatra fa tafavoaka velona tamin' ny zava-nitranga niteraka fandripahana tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny Kretase-Paleôzenina tokony ho 66 tapitrisa taona eo ho eo. Noho izany, azo lazaina fa azo zaraina ho "dinôzôro vorona" sy "dinôzôra tsy vorona" izay efa lany tamingana ny dinôzôra izay mamorona ny vondron' ny dinôzôra hafa ankoatra ny vorona. Miseho amin' ny endrika isan-karazany ny dinôzôra raha ny fomba fijery taksônômika sy môrfôlôjika ary ekôlôjika no heverina. Anisan' ny vondrom-biby maro karazany indrindra amin' ny biby manana hazondamosina (''[[Biby manana hazondamosina|Vertebrata]]'') ny vorona, izay ahitana karazana mbola velona miisa 11&nbsp;000 mahery. Amin' ny fampiasana porofo momba ny fôsily dia namaritra vondron-karazana 900 mahery sy karazana dinôzôro tsy vorona mihoatra ny 1&nbsp;000 ny paleôntôlôgy. Hita amin' ny kôntinanta rehetra amin' ny alalan' ny karazana mbola misy velona (vorona) sy ny fôsily ny dinôzôro. Nandritra ny ampahany be amin' ny taonjato faha-20, talohan' ny nahafantarana fa dinôzôro ny vorona, dia nihevitra ny ankamaroan' ny vondrom-piarahamonina siantifika fa biby miadam-pandeha sy mafana ra ny dinôzôro. Naneho anefa ny ankamaroan' ny fikarohana natao nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1970, fa ny dinôzôro dia biby mavitrika nanana metabôlisma ambony sy nanova amin' ny fomba maro ny toetrany mba hifanaraka amin' ny tontolon' ny fiaraha-miaina. [[Biby mpihinana zavamaniry]] ny sasany, ny hafa kosa dia [[biby mpihinan-kena]]. Voapoprofo fa manatody avokoa ny dinôzôro, ary toetra iraisan' ny dinôzôro maro, na ny dinôzôro vorona na ny tsy vorona, ny fanaovana [[akany]]. [[Sary:Apatosaurus louisae - CM.jpg|vignette|350x350px|''Apatosaurus louisae'' (Sauropoda)]] Na dia mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa aza ny razamben' ny dinôzôro, dia maro ny vondrona efa lany tamingana no nahitana karazana dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra, ary afaka mampifandimby ireo toetra roa ireo ny sasany. Fahita amin' ny vondrona dinôzôro rehetra ny taova manaingo be pitsiny toy ny [[tandroka]] na ny [[vombo]], ary nahitana fiovana eo amin' ny [[Karana (taolana)|karana]] toy ny fiadiana vita amin' ny taolana sy tsilo taolana eny amin' ny [[hazondamosina]] ny vondrona sasany efa lany tamingana. Na dia kely aza ny vatan' ny taranjan-taranaky ny dinôzôro sisa amin' izao androntsika izao (ny [[vorona]]) noho ny fampifanarahana ny toe-batana amin' ny sidina, dia maro amin' ny dinôzôro tsy vorona no nanana vatana tena lehibe: tombanana ho nanana halava 39,7 m sy haavo 18 m ny dinôzôro mitongotr' androngo (''Sauropoda'') lehibe indrindra, ary izy ireo no biby an-tanety lehibe indrindra hatramin' izay. Hita tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-19 ny fôsilin' ny dinôzôro voalohany, ary ny anarana hoe "dinôzôro" (izay midika hoe "androngo mahatsiravina") dia noforonin' i Sir Richard Owen tamin' ny taona 1842 mba hanondroana ireo "androngo fôsily lehibe" ireo. Nanomboka tamin' izay dia tena mahasarika mpitsidika tranombakoka maneran-tany ny karan' ny dinôzôro fôsily, ary lasa ampahany maharitra amin' ny kolontsaim-bahoaka ny dinôzôro. Nahatonga ny dinôzôro haseho tsy tapaka ao amin' ny boky sy sarimihetsika malaza indrindra, toa ny ''Jurassic Park'', ny vatana goavana ananan' ny dinôzôro sasany, sy ny toetrany toa mahatsiravina sy mahavariana. Niteraka famatsiam-bola lehibe ho an' ny siansan' ny dinôzôro (ao amin' ny [[paleôntôlôjia]]) ny firohotan' ny vahoaka tsy an-kijanona mba hijery ireo biby ireo, ary milaza tsy tapaka ny zava-baovao hita momba azy ireo ny fampahalalam-baovao. Mametraka azy ireo ao anaty klady tokana ny fanasokajiana ny dinôzôro, izay mizara ho klady (filaharana) roa araka ny bikan' ny valahany: ''[[Ornithischia]]'' sy ''[[Saurischia]]''. Tsy ahitana afa-tsy dinôzôro mpihinana zavamaniry izay zarain' ny paleôntôlôgy ho vondrona telo lehibe ny ''Ornithischia'': ny ''[[Ornithopoda]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa amin' ny ankapobeny, anisan' izany ny dinôzôro malaza "mivavan-ganagana" ''[[Hadrosauridae]]'') sy ny ''[[Marginocephalia]]'' (dinôzôro misy haingom-bozona sy dongon-taolana eo an-tampon-dohany: ''[[Ceratopsia]]'' sy ''[[Pachycephalosauria]]'') ary ny ''[[Thyreophora]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra sady misy fiadiana sy tsilo taolana ary takela-taolana eo amin' ny lamosiny sy amin' ny rambony: ''[[Ankylosauria]]'' sy ''[[Stegosauria]]''). Mizara roa miavaka tsara ny ''Saurischia'': ny ''[[Theropoda]]'' (dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra roa sy dinôzôro mpihinan-kena sy mpihinana trondro rehetra ary dinôzôro misy volom-borona sy dinôzôro manidina ([[vorona]] ny ankamaroany) ary ny ''[[Sauropodomorpha]]'' (amin' ny ankapobeny dia dinôzôro mandeha amin' ny tongotra efatra, lehibe, lava tenda, kely loha ary lava rambo). ==Jereo koa== * ''[[Brontosaurus]]'' * ''[[Pterodactylus]]'' [[Sokajy:Biolojia]] dmnls19w0787jw2sb88tx2dx8m3mnqm 0 295031 1149843 1149828 2026-08-28T12:08:17Z Thelezifor 15140 1149843 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Tsingala''''', amin' ny hevitr' io teny io ara-tsiansa, dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'' tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. ''Tsingala angulata'' <small>Sites</small><small>, 2022</small> ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Atao hoe '''tsingala''' ihany koa ny anaran' ny bibikely ao amin' io vondrona io amin' ny teny malagasy. Anisan' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]'' sy ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Laccocorinae]]'' ary ny foko ''[[Laccocorini]]'' ity vondron-karazana ity, izay tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Heleocoris]]'' taloha. Nofaritana tamin' ny fanavaozana vao haingana ny karazana misy ao aminy (ohatra ''Tsingala humeralis'', ''Tsingala angulata'', ''Tsingala latiforma'', ''Tsingala spatulata'', ''Tsingala trilobata''), indrindra izay nataon' ny Sites & Bergsten tamin' ny taona 2022. == Toetrany == Bibikely [[hemiptera]] anaty rano, hita matetika amin' ny rano mihandrona ([[dobo]], [[honahona]], hady) ny ''Tsingala''. Miavaka izy ireo noho ny fananany loha miendrika vavam-borona, izay toetra mampiavaka ny vondron-karazana ''Temnocoris'' sy ''Tsingala'' ao amin' ny foko ''Laccocorini''. Mpirahalahy akaiky ny vondron-karazana ''[[Temnocoris]]'' sy ''Tsingala'' amin' ny fomba fijery filôjenetika, ary samy tsy fahita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == Misy karazana fito ny ''Tsingala'': * ''[[Tsingala angulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala humeralis]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Heleocoris humeralis'') * ''[[Tsingala latiforma]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> (← ''Heleocoris naucoroides'') ** ''Tsingala naucoroides naucoroides'' ** ''Tsingala naucoroides ambigua'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> (-- ''Tsingala naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> ← ''Heleocoris naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small>) * ''[[Tsingala nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Heleocoris nossibeanus'') * ''[[Tsingala spatulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala trilobata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> == Kolontsaina malagasy == Araka ny finoam-bahoaka dia bibikely anaty rano mahafaty ny tsingala raha voatelina (na ho an' ny [[olombelona]] na ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]). Io hevi-bahoaka io ankehitriny dia toa mifanandrify amin' ny toetran' ireo bibikely ireo, izay loza kely tsy hita maso ao anaty rano. === Ohabolana === * Aza manao tsingala mahalala [[Omby|ombin]]-tena. * Matin-java-kely toy ny [[omby]] nisotro tsingala. * Raha olona iray no tsy tia ahy, mitoto [[koba]] aho hatavy; fa raha ny be sy ny maro no tsy tia ahy, hisotro tsingala aho ho faty. * Tahaka ny tsingala: manan-kovonoina, fa tsy manan-kompiana. * Tsy misy lehibe noho ny [[omby]], fa matin' ny tsingala kely. * Tsingala ambany [[rano]], ka mitady izay hahafatesan' ny omby, [[hadilanana]] ka mitady izay haharovitra ny [[Lamba (malagasy)|lamba]]. * Tsingala sy [[Dinta (biby)|dinta]]: raha miray trano loza ary raha mifanaikitra antambo. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' 54460lm0hogyapn75mbvcpytw78mv6u 1149852 1149843 2026-08-28T14:24:04Z Thelezifor 15140 1149852 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Tsingala''''', amin' ny hevitr' io teny io ara-tsiansa, dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'' tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. ''Tsingala angulata'' <small>Sites</small><small>, 2022</small> ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Atao hoe '''tsingala''' ihany koa ny anaran' ny bibikely ao amin' io vondrona io amin' ny teny malagasy. Anisan' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]'' sy ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Laccocorinae]]'' ary ny foko ''[[Laccocorini]]'' ity vondron-karazana ity, izay tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Heleocoris]]'' taloha. Nofaritana tamin' ny fanavaozana vao haingana ny karazana misy ao aminy (ohatra ''Tsingala humeralis'', ''Tsingala angulata'', ''Tsingala latiforma'', ''Tsingala spatulata'', ''Tsingala trilobata''), indrindra izay nataon' ny Sites & Bergsten tamin' ny taona 2022. == Toetrany == Bibikely [[hemiptera]] anaty rano, hita matetika amin' ny rano mihandrona ([[dobo]], [[honahona]], hady) ny ''Tsingala''. Miavaka izy ireo noho ny fananany loha miendrika vavam-borona, izay toetra mampiavaka ny vondron-karazana ''Temnocoris'' sy ''Tsingala'' ao amin' ny foko ''Laccocorini''. Mpirahalahy akaiky ny vondron-karazana ''[[Temnocoris]]'' sy ''Tsingala'' amin' ny fomba fijery filôjenetika, ary samy tsy fahita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == Misy karazana fito ny ''Tsingala'': * ''[[Tsingala angulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala humeralis]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Heleocoris humeralis'') * ''[[Tsingala latiforma]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> (← ''Heleocoris naucoroides'') ** ''Tsingala naucoroides naucoroides'' ** ''Tsingala naucoroides ambigua'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> (-- ''Tsingala naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> ← ''Heleocoris naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small>) * ''[[Tsingala nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Heleocoris nossibeanus'') * ''[[Tsingala spatulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala trilobata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> == Kolontsaina malagasy == Araka ny finoam-bahoaka dia bibikely anaty rano mahafaty ny tsingala raha voatelina (na ho an' ny [[olombelona]] na ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]). Io hevi-bahoaka io ankehitriny dia toa mifanandrify amin' ny toetran' ireo bibikely ireo, izay loza kely tsy hita maso ao anaty rano. === Ohabolana === * Aza manao tsingala mahalala [[Omby|ombin]]-tena. * Matin-java-kely toy ny [[omby]] nisotro tsingala. * Raha olona iray no tsy tia ahy, mitoto [[koba]] aho hatavy; fa raha ny be sy ny maro no tsy tia ahy, hisotro tsingala aho ho faty. * Tahaka ny tsingala: manan-kovonoina, fa tsy manan-kompiana. * Tsy misy lehibe noho ny [[omby]], fa matin' ny tsingala kely. * Tsingala ambany [[rano]], ka mitady izay hahafatesan' ny omby, [[hadilanana]] ka mitady izay haharovitra ny [[Lamba (malagasy)|lamba]]. * Tsingala sy [[Dinta (biby)|dinta]]: raha miray trano loza ary raha mifanaikitra antambo. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' d3i6mg5gyzvyh9002um96zexjq55ll7 1149855 1149852 2026-08-28T15:17:19Z Thelezifor 15140 Filaharana 1149855 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Tsingala''''', amin' ny hevitr' io teny io ara-tsiansa, dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. ''Tsingala'' <small>Sites</small> ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Atao hoe '''tsingala''' ihany koa ny anaran' ny bibikely ao amin' io vondrona io amin' ny teny malagasy. Anisan' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]'' sy ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Laccocorinae]]'' ary ny foko ''[[Laccocorini]]'' ity vondron-karazana ity, izay tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Heleocoris]]'' taloha. Nofaritana tamin' ny fanavaozana vao haingana ny karazana misy ao aminy (ohatra ''Tsingala humeralis'', ''Tsingala angulata'', ''Tsingala latiforma'', ''Tsingala spatulata'', ''Tsingala trilobata''), indrindra izay nataon' ny Sites & Bergsten tamin' ny taona 2022. == Toetrany == Bibikely [[hemiptera]] anaty rano, hita matetika amin' ny rano mihandrona ([[dobo]], [[honahona]], hady) ny ''Tsingala''. Miavaka izy ireo noho ny fananany loha miendrika vavam-borona, izay toetra mampiavaka ny vondron-karazana ''Temnocoris'' sy ''Tsingala'' ao amin' ny foko ''Laccocorini''. Mpirahalahy akaiky ny vondron-karazana ''[[Temnocoris]]'' sy ''Tsingala'' amin' ny fomba fijery filôjenetika, ary samy tsy fahita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == Misy karazana fito ny ''Tsingala'': * ''[[Tsingala angulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala humeralis]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Heleocoris humeralis'') * ''[[Tsingala latiforma]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> (← ''Heleocoris naucoroides'') ** ''Tsingala naucoroides naucoroides'' ** ''Tsingala naucoroides ambigua'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> (-- ''Tsingala naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> ← ''Heleocoris naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small>) * ''[[Tsingala nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Heleocoris nossibeanus'') * ''[[Tsingala spatulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala trilobata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> == Kolontsaina malagasy == Araka ny finoam-bahoaka dia bibikely anaty rano mahafaty ny tsingala raha voatelina (na ho an' ny [[olombelona]] na ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]). Io hevi-bahoaka io ankehitriny dia toa mifanandrify amin' ny toetran' ireo bibikely ireo, izay loza kely tsy hita maso ao anaty rano. === Ohabolana === * Aza manao tsingala mahalala [[Omby|ombin]]-tena. * Matin-java-kely toy ny [[omby]] nisotro tsingala. * Raha olona iray no tsy tia ahy, mitoto [[koba]] aho hatavy; fa raha ny be sy ny maro no tsy tia ahy, hisotro tsingala aho ho faty. * Tahaka ny tsingala: manan-kovonoina, fa tsy manan-kompiana. * Tsy misy lehibe noho ny [[omby]], fa matin' ny tsingala kely. * Tsingala ambany [[rano]], ka mitady izay hahafatesan' ny omby, [[hadilanana]] ka mitady izay haharovitra ny [[Lamba (malagasy)|lamba]]. * Tsingala sy [[Dinta (biby)|dinta]]: raha miray trano loza ary raha mifanaikitra antambo. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' 1rp108dviffmkduaoz00uw1xjvcds7r 1149856 1149855 2026-08-28T15:18:44Z Thelezifor 15140 1149856 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Tsingala''''', amin' ny hevitr' io teny io ara-tsiansa, dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. ''Tsingala'' <small>Sites</small> ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Atao hoe '''tsingala''' ihany koa ny anaran' ny bibikely ao amin' io vondrona io amin' ny teny malagasy. Anisan' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]'' sy ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Laccocorinae]]'' ary ny foko ''[[Laccocorini]]'' ity vondron-karazana ity, izay tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Heleocoris]]'' taloha. Nofaritana tamin' ny fanavaozana vao haingana ny karazana misy ao aminy (ohatra ''Tsingala humeralis'', ''Tsingala angulata'', ''Tsingala latiforma'', ''Tsingala spatulata'', ''Tsingala trilobata''), indrindra izay nataon' ny Sites & Bergsten tamin' ny taona 2022. == Toetrany == Bibikely [[hemiptera]] anaty rano, hita matetika amin' ny rano mihandrona ([[dobo]], [[honahona]], hady) ny ''Tsingala''. Miavaka izy ireo noho ny fananany loha miendrika vavam-borona, izay toetra mampiavaka ny vondron-karazana ''Temnocoris'' sy ''Tsingala'' ao amin' ny foko ''Laccocorini''. Mpirahalahy akaiky ny vondron-karazana ''[[Temnocoris]]'' sy ''Tsingala'' amin' ny fomba fijery filôjenetika, ary samy tsy fahita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == Misy karazana fito ny ''Tsingala'': * ''[[Tsingala angulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala humeralis]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Heleocoris humeralis'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) * ''[[Tsingala latiforma]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> (← ''Heleocoris naucoroides'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) ** ''Tsingala naucoroides naucoroides'' ** ''Tsingala naucoroides ambigua'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> (-- ''Tsingala naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> ← ''Heleocoris naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small>) * ''[[Tsingala nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Heleocoris nossibeanus'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small>) * ''[[Tsingala spatulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala trilobata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> == Kolontsaina malagasy == Araka ny finoam-bahoaka dia bibikely anaty rano mahafaty ny tsingala raha voatelina (na ho an' ny [[olombelona]] na ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]). Io hevi-bahoaka io ankehitriny dia toa mifanandrify amin' ny toetran' ireo bibikely ireo, izay loza kely tsy hita maso ao anaty rano. === Ohabolana === * Aza manao tsingala mahalala [[Omby|ombin]]-tena. * Matin-java-kely toy ny [[omby]] nisotro tsingala. * Raha olona iray no tsy tia ahy, mitoto [[koba]] aho hatavy; fa raha ny be sy ny maro no tsy tia ahy, hisotro tsingala aho ho faty. * Tahaka ny tsingala: manan-kovonoina, fa tsy manan-kompiana. * Tsy misy lehibe noho ny [[omby]], fa matin' ny tsingala kely. * Tsingala ambany [[rano]], ka mitady izay hahafatesan' ny omby, [[hadilanana]] ka mitady izay haharovitra ny [[Lamba (malagasy)|lamba]]. * Tsingala sy [[Dinta (biby)|dinta]]: raha miray trano loza ary raha mifanaikitra antambo. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' 9yfneqg2yslhzex8qa6t18kyip2m209 1149873 1149856 2026-08-28T16:26:32Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1149873 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Tsingala''''', amin' ny hevitr' io teny io ara-tsiansa, dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. ''Tsingala'' <small>Sites</small> ny anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Atao hoe '''tsingala''' ihany koa ny anaran' ny bibikely ao amin' io vondrona io amin' ny teny malagasy. Anisan' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]'' sy ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Laccocorinae]]'' ary ny foko ''[[Laccocorini]]'' ity vondron-karazana ity, izay tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Heleocoris]]'' taloha. Nofaritana tamin' ny fanavaozana vao haingana ny karazana misy ao aminy (ohatra ''Tsingala humeralis'', ''Tsingala angulata'', ''Tsingala latiforma'', ''Tsingala spatulata'', ''Tsingala trilobata''), indrindra izay nataon' ny Sites & Bergsten tamin' ny taona 2022. == Toetrany == Bibikely [[hemiptera]] anaty rano, hita matetika amin' ny rano mihandrona ([[dobo]], [[honahona]], hady) ny ''Tsingala''. Miavaka izy ireo noho ny fananany loha miendrika vavam-borona, izay toetra mampiavaka ny vondron-karazana ''Temnocoris'' sy ''Tsingala'' ao amin' ny foko ''Laccocorini''. Mpirahalahy akaiky ny vondron-karazana ''[[Temnocoris]]'' sy ''Tsingala'' amin' ny fomba fijery filôjenetika, ary samy tsy fahita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == Misy karazana fito ny ''Tsingala'': * ''[[Tsingala angulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala humeralis]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Heleocoris humeralis'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) * ''[[Tsingala latiforma]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> (← ''Heleocoris naucoroides'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) ** ''Tsingala naucoroides naucoroides'' ** ''Tsingala naucoroides ambigua'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> (-- ''Tsingala naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small> ← ''Heleocoris naucoroides ambiguus'' <small>Poisson, 1962</small>) * ''[[Tsingala nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Heleocoris nossibeanus'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small>) * ''[[Tsingala spatulata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Tsingala trilobata]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> == Kolontsaina malagasy == Araka ny finoam-bahoaka dia bibikely anaty rano mahafaty ny tsingala raha voatelina (na ho an' ny [[olombelona]] na ho an' ny [[biby fiompy]]). Io hevi-bahoaka io ankehitriny dia toa mifanandrify amin' ny toetran' ireo bibikely ireo, izay loza kely tsy hita maso ao anaty rano. === Ohabolana === * Aza manao tsingala mahalala [[Omby|ombin]]-tena. * Matin-java-kely toy ny [[omby]] nisotro tsingala. * Raha olona iray no tsy tia ahy, mitoto [[koba]] aho hatavy; fa raha ny be sy ny maro no tsy tia ahy, hisotro tsingala aho ho faty. * Tahaka ny tsingala: manan-kovonoina, fa tsy manan-kompiana. * Tsy misy lehibe noho ny [[omby]], fa matin' ny tsingala kely. * Tsingala ambany [[rano]], ka mitady izay hahafatesan' ny omby, [[hadilanana]] ka mitady izay haharovitra ny [[Lamba (malagasy)|lamba]]. * Tsingala sy [[Dinta (biby)|dinta]]: raha miray trano loza ary raha mifanaikitra antambo. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' ahaxikslx5ur4j39oufqg7nr8lt7pey 0 295375 1149886 1138940 2026-08-28T18:39:43Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanatsara lahatsoratra 1149886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Wax_scale.jpg|thumb|250px|Bibikely mizana]]Ny '''''Coccoidea''''' dia renifianakaviam-bibikely madinika ao amin' ny zana-pilaharana [[Sternorrhyncha]], ao amin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]]. Noho ny endriny miovaova be sy ny fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy, dia nampidirina ao anatin' ny zafim-pilaharana '''Coccomorpha''' izy ireo.[[Sary:Coccus_viridis.jpg|thumb|205x205px|''Coccus viridis''|ankavia]] Matetika ny vavy efa lehibe dia manana vatana malefaka sady tsy misy tongotra, ary miafina ao ambanin' ny akorany mivohon-tsotro, sady mamoaka [[savoka]] betsaka ho fiarovan-tenany. Misy karazany sasany izay sady lahy no vavy, ka manana taova iray mitambatra fa tsy [[fihary atodinaina]] sy [[fihary tsirinaina]] misaraka. Ny lahy kosa, amin' ny karazana ahitana azy, dia manana tongotra sy indraindray elatra, ary mitovitovy endrika amin' ny lalitra kely. [[Sary:CochenilleSurTilleul.jpg|vignette|226x226px|''Pulvinaria hydrangeae'']] [[Sary:Icerya purchasi feeding on Citrus.jpg|ankavia|vignette|207x207px|''[[Icerya purchasi]]'' mitsentsitra ny ranon-kazon' ny voasarimakirana ([[Citrus limon|''Citrus'' × ''limon'']])]] Bibikely mpitsentsitra [[ranom-javamaniry]] izy ireo, izay mampiasa ny vavany hanindrona ny tambatselan' ny zavamaniry sady mijanona amin' ny toerana iray mba hitrohany ny ranony. Avoakan' izy ireo amin' ny endrika ranon-javatra mamy ny ambin' ny ranon-javamaniry nosotroiny, ka matetika no maniry eo ambonin' izany ny aretina vokatry ny [[holatra]] mainty (indrindra ny ''[[Cladosporium]]'' sy ny ''[[Alternaria]]''). Matetika ireo bibikely ireo no miara-miasa amin' ny [[vitsika]]: misotro ilay ranon-javatra mamy ny vitsika sady miaro azy ireo amin' ny biby mpihinana azy. Misy karazany 8&nbsp;000 eo ho eo no efa voafaritra sy voasokajy izay mitsinara amin' ny fianakviana 21 hatramin' ny 24. Bibikely manimba fambolena ny ''Coccoidea'' sasany, indrindra fa ny ''[[Icerya purchasi]]'' izay mamely ny voasary maniry (''[[Citrus]]''); sarotra ny mifehy azy ireo satria ny akorany sy ny savoka ifonosany dia miaro azy amin' ny poieina famonoana bibikely. Ampiasaina amin' ny ady biôlôjika amin' ny zavamaniry manimba toy ny raketa (''[[Opuntia]]'') ny karazana sasany. Ny hafa kosa dia mamokatra loko sarobidy ara-barotra. == Lisitry ny fianakaviana == Inty ny lisitry ny fianakaviana ao amin' ny ''Coccoidea'', nampidirina ao ny fianakaviana efa lany tamingana<ref><small>Vea, Isabelle M.; Grimaldi, David A. (2016). "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4802209/ Putting scales into evolutionary time: the divergence of major scale insect lineages (Hemiptera) predates the radiation of modern angiosperm hosts]". ''Scientific Reports'' 6 (1): 23487. Bibcode:2016NatSR...623487V. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4802209. <nowiki>PMID 27000526</nowiki>. doi:10.1038/srep23487.</small></ref>: * '''Archecoccoidea Borchsenius, 1958''' ** † Apticoccidae Vea & Grimaldi, 2015 ** † Arnoldidae Koteja, 2008 ** † Burmacoccidae Koteja, 2004 ** † Callipappidae MacGillivray, 1921 ** † Coelostomidiidae Morrison, 1927 ** † Electrococcidae Koteja, 2000 ** † Grimaldiellidae Koteja, 2000 ** † Grohnidae Koteja, 2008 ** † Hammanococcidae Koteja & Azar, 2008 ** † Jersicoccidae Koteja, 2000 ** † Kozariidae Vea & Grimaldi, 2015 ** † Kukaspididae Koteja & Poinar, 2001 ** Kuwaniidae MacGillivray, 1921 ** † Labiococcidae Koteja, 2000b ** † Lebanococcidae Koteja & Azar, 2008 ** Lithuanicoccidae Koteja, 2008 ** Macrodrilidae Poinar, 2020[4] ** Marchalinidae Morrison, 1927 ** Margarodidae Cockerell, 1899 ** Matsucoccidae Morrison, 1927 ** Monophlebidae Morrison, 1927 ** Ortheziidae Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 ** Pennygullaniidae Koteja & Azar, 2008 ** Phenacoleachiidae Cockerell, 1902 ** Pityococcidae McKenzie, 1942 ** Putoidae Tang, 1992 ** † Serafinidae Koteja, 2008 ** Steingeliidae Morrison, 1927 ** Stigmacoccidae Morrison, 1927 ** Termitococcidae Jakubski, 1965 ** † Weitschatidae Koteja, 2008 ** Xylococcidae Pergande in Hubbard & Pergande, 1898 * '''Neococcoidea Borchsenius, 1950''' ** Aclerdidae Cockerell, 1905 ** † Albicoccidae Koteja, 2004 ** Asterolecaniidae Cockerell, 1896 ** Beesoniidae Ferris, 1950 ** Calycicoccidae Brain, 1918 ** Carayonemidae Richard, 1986 ** Cerococcidae Balachowsky, 1942 ** Cissococcidae Brain, 1918 ** Coccidae Fallen, 1814 ** Conchaspididae Green, 1896 ** Cryptococcidae Kosztarab, 1968 ** Dactylopiidae Signoret, 1875 ** Diaspididae Targioni-Tozzetti, 1868 ** Eriococcoidae Cockerell, 1899 ** Halimococcidae Brown & McKenzie, 1962 ** † Hodgsonicoccidae Vea & Grimaldi, 2015 ** † Inkaidae Koteja, 1989 ** Kermesidae Signoret, 1875 ** Kerridae Lindinger, 1937 ** Lecanodiaspididae Targioni-Tozzetti, 1869 ** Micrococcidae Silvestri, 1939 ** Phoenicococcidae Stickney, 1934 ** Porphyrophoridae Signoret, 1875 ** Pseudococcidae Cockerell, 1905 ** Rhizoecidae Williams, 1969 ** Stictococcidae Lindinger, 1913 ** Tachardiidae Green, 1896 == Loharano == rgs5t2r5z9s9nlcwjadsw1d5bzifjso 1149887 1149886 2026-08-28T19:18:53Z Thelezifor 15140 Lisitry ny fianakaviana 1149887 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Wax_scale.jpg|thumb|250px|Bibikely mizana]]Ny '''''Coccoidea''''' dia renifianakaviam-bibikely madinika ao amin' ny zana-pilaharana [[Sternorrhyncha]], ao amin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]]. Noho ny endriny miovaova be sy ny fahasamihafana lehibe eo amin' ny lahy sy ny vavy, dia nampidirina ao anatin' ny zafim-pilaharana '''Coccomorpha''' izy ireo. Matetika ny vavy efa lehibe dia manana vatana malefaka sady tsy misy tongotra, ary miafina ao ambanin' ny akorany mivohon-tsotro, sady mamoaka [[savoka]] betsaka ho fiarovan-tenany. Misy karazany sasany izay sady lahy no vavy, ka manana taova iray mitambatra fa tsy [[fihary atodinaina]] sy [[fihary tsirinaina]] misaraka. Ny lahy kosa, amin' ny karazana ahitana azy, dia manana tongotra sy indraindray elatra, ary mitovitovy endrika amin' ny lalitra kely. [[Sary:CochenilleSurTilleul.jpg|vignette|226x226px|''Pulvinaria hydrangeae'']] Bibikely mpitsentsitra [[ranom-javamaniry]] izy ireo, izay mampiasa ny vavany hanindrona ny tambatselan' ny zavamaniry sady mijanona amin' ny toerana iray mba hitrohany ny ranony. Avoakan' izy ireo amin' ny endrika ranon-javatra mamy ny ambin' ny ranon-javamaniry nosotroiny, ka matetika no maniry eo ambonin' izany ny aretina vokatry ny [[holatra]] mainty (indrindra ny ''[[Cladosporium]]'' sy ny ''[[Alternaria]]''). Matetika ireo bibikely ireo no miara-miasa amin' ny [[vitsika]]: misotro ilay ranon-javatra mamy ny vitsika sady miaro azy ireo amin' ny biby mpihinana azy. Misy karazany 8&nbsp;000 eo ho eo no efa voafaritra sy voasokajy izay mitsinara amin' ny fianakviana 21 hatramin' ny 24. Bibikely manimba fambolena ny ''Coccoidea'' sasany, indrindra fa ny ''[[Icerya purchasi]]'' izay mamely ny voasary maniry (''[[Citrus]]''); sarotra ny mifehy azy ireo satria ny akorany sy ny savoka ifonosany dia miaro azy amin' ny poieina famonoana bibikely. Ampiasaina amin' ny ady biôlôjika amin' ny zavamaniry manimba toy ny raketa (''[[Opuntia]]'') ny karazana sasany. Ny hafa kosa dia mamokatra loko sarobidy ara-barotra. == Lisitry ny fianakaviana == [[Sary:Coccus_viridis.jpg|thumb|205x205px|''Coccus viridis'']][[Sary:Icerya purchasi feeding on Citrus.jpg|vignette|207x207px|''[[Icerya purchasi]]'' mitsentsitra ny ranon-kazon' ny voasarimakirana ([[Citrus limon|''Citrus'' × ''limon'']])]] Inty ny lisitry ny fianakaviana ao amin' ny ''Coccoidea'', nampidirina ao ny fianakaviana efa lany tamingana<ref><small>Vea, Isabelle M.; Grimaldi, David A. (2016). "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4802209/ Putting scales into evolutionary time: the divergence of major scale insect lineages (Hemiptera) predates the radiation of modern angiosperm hosts]". ''Scientific Reports'' 6 (1): 23487. Bibcode:2016NatSR...623487V. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4802209. <nowiki>PMID 27000526</nowiki>. doi:10.1038/srep23487.</small></ref>: * '''Archecoccoidea Borchsenius, 1958''' ** † Apticoccidae Vea & Grimaldi, 2015 ** † Arnoldidae Koteja, 2008 ** † Burmacoccidae Koteja, 2004 ** † Callipappidae MacGillivray, 1921 ** † Coelostomidiidae Morrison, 1927 ** † Electrococcidae Koteja, 2000 ** † Grimaldiellidae Koteja, 2000 ** † Grohnidae Koteja, 2008 ** † Hammanococcidae Koteja & Azar, 2008 ** † Jersicoccidae Koteja, 2000 ** † Kozariidae Vea & Grimaldi, 2015 ** † Kukaspididae Koteja & Poinar, 2001 ** Kuwaniidae MacGillivray, 1921 ** † Labiococcidae Koteja, 2000b ** † Lebanococcidae Koteja & Azar, 2008 ** Lithuanicoccidae Koteja, 2008 ** Macrodrilidae Poinar, 2020[4] ** Marchalinidae Morrison, 1927 ** Margarodidae Cockerell, 1899 ** Matsucoccidae Morrison, 1927 ** Monophlebidae Morrison, 1927 ** Ortheziidae Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 ** Pennygullaniidae Koteja & Azar, 2008 ** Phenacoleachiidae Cockerell, 1902 ** Pityococcidae McKenzie, 1942 ** Putoidae Tang, 1992 ** † Serafinidae Koteja, 2008 ** Steingeliidae Morrison, 1927 ** Stigmacoccidae Morrison, 1927 ** Termitococcidae Jakubski, 1965 ** † Weitschatidae Koteja, 2008 ** Xylococcidae Pergande in Hubbard & Pergande, 1898 * '''Neococcoidea Borchsenius, 1950''' ** Aclerdidae Cockerell, 1905 ** † Albicoccidae Koteja, 2004 ** Asterolecaniidae Cockerell, 1896 ** Beesoniidae Ferris, 1950 ** Calycicoccidae Brain, 1918 ** Carayonemidae Richard, 1986 ** Cerococcidae Balachowsky, 1942 ** Cissococcidae Brain, 1918 ** Coccidae Fallen, 1814 ** Conchaspididae Green, 1896 ** Cryptococcidae Kosztarab, 1968 ** Dactylopiidae Signoret, 1875 ** Diaspididae Targioni-Tozzetti, 1868 ** Eriococcoidae Cockerell, 1899 ** Halimococcidae Brown & McKenzie, 1962 ** † Hodgsonicoccidae Vea & Grimaldi, 2015 ** † Inkaidae Koteja, 1989 ** Kermesidae Signoret, 1875 ** Kerridae Lindinger, 1937 ** Lecanodiaspididae Targioni-Tozzetti, 1869 ** Micrococcidae Silvestri, 1939 ** Phoenicococcidae Stickney, 1934 ** Porphyrophoridae Signoret, 1875 ** Pseudococcidae Cockerell, 1905 ** Rhizoecidae Williams, 1969 ** Stictococcidae Lindinger, 1913 ** Tachardiidae Green, 1896 === Fianakaviana misy eto Madagasikara === Indreto ny fianakaviana ao amin' ny ''Coccoidea'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''Aclerdidae'' * ''Asterolecaniidae'' * ''Coccidae'' * ''Conchaspididae'' * ''Diaspididae'' * ''Eriococcidae'' * ''Lecanodiaspididae'' * ''Margarodidae'' * ''Monophlebidae'' * ''Ortheziidae'' * ''Pseudococcidae'' * ''Rhizoecidae'' * ''Stictococcidae'' === Karazana sasantsasany === Indreto misy karazana sasantsasany fahita eto Madagasikara: * ''Antonina graminis''  <small>Maskell</small> (''Pseudococcidae'') * ''Aspidiotus destructor'' <small>Signoret</small> (''Diaspididae'') * ''Capricornaspis armineae'' <small>Balachowsky</small> ( ''Diaspididae'') * ''Cerococcus gallicolus'' <small>Mamet</small> (''Cerococcidae'') * ''Ceroplastes madagascariensis'' <small>Green</small> (''Coccidae'') * Chnaurococcus ankazobeensis <small>Mamet</small> (''Pseudococcidae'') * Coccidohystrix ihoujin <small>Tanaka</small> (''Pseudococcidae'') * ''Coccidohystrix madecassa'' <small>Mamet</small> (''Pseudococcidae'') * ''Coccidohystrix primigenia'' (''Pseudococcidae'') * ''Coccus hesperidum''  <small>L</small><small>.</small> (''Coccidae'') * ''Conchaspis didiereae'' <small>Mamet</small> (''Conchaspididae'') * ''Conchaspis insolita'' <small>Mamet</small> (''Conchaspididae)'' * ''Conchaspis pauliani'' <small>Mamet</small> (''Conchaspididae)'' * ''Gascardia madagascariensis'' <small>Targioni</small> Tozzetti (''Coccidae)'' * ''Icerya seychellarum'' <small>Westwood</small> (''Monophlebidae / Margarodidae)'' * ''Madagasia ankaratrae'' (''Pseudococcidae'') * ''Melanaspis madagascariensis'' (''Diaspididae'') * ''Paraleucaspis madagascariensis'' (''Diaspididae'') * ''Selenaspidus ambanjae'' (''Diaspididae'') == Loharano == <references /> k2t0izljxhfvfi7k4dtqod5dcrcpru9 0 295425 1149966 1149822 2026-08-29T06:27:01Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanatsara lahatsoratra 1149966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Red_Weaver_Ant,_Oecophylla_smaragdina.jpg|thumb|369x369px|''Oecophylla smaragdina'']] [[Sary:Red_Weaver_Ant,_Oecophylla_longinoda.jpg|thumb|250px|''Oecophylla longinoda'']] Ny '''Oecophyllini''' dia fokom-bitsika miara-miaina amin' ny fomba voalamina tsara, ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Formicidae]]''. Tsy manana vodron-karazana afa-tsy tokana ity foko ity, dia ny '''''Oecophylla'''''. Miaina eny amin' ny hazo ary tsy maintsy eny no iainany, ary fantatra amin' ny fomba fanamboarany ny akany ireo vitsika ireo: mandrary ravina izy ireo amin' ny alalan' ny fampiasana kofehy landy avoakan' ny olitr' izy ireo ihany. Mety ho maro sy goavana dia goavana ny andiana miara-monina, ka ahitana akaniny mihoatra ny zato miparitaka amin' ny hazo maro ary ahitana vitsika mpiasa mihoatra ny 500&nbsp;000. Tahaka ny karazana vitsika maro hafa, mihaza bibikely madinika ny karazana ao amn' ny vitsika ao amin' ny ''Oecophylla'' ary mameno ny sakafony amin' ny ranon-javatra mamy be gliosida avoakan' ny bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Coccoidea]]'' ([[Hemiptera]]). Mizara roa mazava tsara ny vitsika mpiasa eo amin' ny habeny, ka saika tsy misy fifanindriana mihitsy eo amin' ny haben' ny vitsika mpiasa madinika sy ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe. Manodidina ny 8 hatramin' ny 10 mm ny halavan' ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe, fa ny madinika kosa dia eo amin' ny antsasaky ny halavan' ireo lehibe ireo. Ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe no manao ny asa fitadiavana sakafo, fiarovana, fikojakojana ary fanitarana ny toeram-ponenany; fa ny madinika kosa dia matetika mijanona ao anatin'ny akany hikarakara ny taranaka sy haka ny ranon-javatra mamy avy amin' ny ''Coccoidea'' izay monina ao anatin' ny akany na eo akaikiny. == Lisitry ny karazana == [[Sary:Two weaver ants.JPG|vignette|208x208px|''Oecophylla smaragdina'']] Atolotra eto ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny foko ''Oecophyllini'' sy ny vondron-karazana ''Oecophylla''. Karazana mbola velona: * ''Oecophylla kolhapurensis'' <small>Kurane ''et al.'', 2015</small> * ''Oecophylla longinoda'' <small>(Latreille, 1802)</small> * ''Oecophylla smaragdina'' <small>(Fabricius, 1775)</small> [[Sary:Oecophylla superba femelle 1937 N. Th. Holotype éch. R402 x3 p. 212, Pl. IV, Hyménoptères du Sannoisien de Kleinkembs.pdf|vignette|291x291px|''Oecophylla superba'' (fôsily)]] Karazana efa lany tamingana: * †''Oecophylla atavina'' <small>Cockerell, 1915</small> * †''Oecophylla bartoniana'' <small>Cockerell, 1920</small> * †''Oecophylla brischkei'' <small>Mayr, 1868</small> * †''Oecophylla crassinoda'' <small>Wheeler, 1922</small> * †''Oecophylla eckfeldiana'' <small>Dlussky, Wappler & Wedmann, 2008</small> * †''Oecophylla grandimandibula'' <small>Riou, 1999</small> * †''Oecophylla kraussei'' <small>(Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 1999)</small> * †''Oecophylla leakeyi'' <small>Wilson & Taylor, 1964</small> * †''Oecophylla longiceps'' <small>Dlussky, Wappler & Wedmann, 2008</small> * †''Oecophylla megarche'' <small>Cockerell, 1915</small> * †''Oecophylla obesa'' <small>(Heer, 1849)</small> * †''Oecophylla praeclara'' <small>Förster, 1891</small> * †''Oecophylla sicula'' <small>Emery, 1891</small> * †''Oecophylla superba'' <small>Théobald, 1937</small> * †''Eoecophylla'' <small>Archibald, Mathewes, & Perfilieva, 2024</small> == Jereo koa == [[Sokajy:Bibikely]] lh861n3m3nnsdkdxjq4der72jo3wth8 1149967 1149966 2026-08-29T06:28:04Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1149967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Red_Weaver_Ant,_Oecophylla_smaragdina.jpg|thumb|369x369px|''Oecophylla smaragdina'']] [[Sary:Red_Weaver_Ant,_Oecophylla_longinoda.jpg|thumb|250px|''Oecophylla longinoda'']] Ny '''Oecophyllini''' dia fokom-[[Vitsika|bitsika]] miara-miaina amin' ny fomba voalamina tsara, ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Formicidae]]''. Tsy manana vodron-karazana afa-tsy tokana ity foko ity, dia ny '''''Oecophylla'''''. Miaina eny amin' ny hazo ary tsy maintsy eny no iainany, ary fantatra amin' ny fomba fanamboarany ny akany ireo vitsika ireo: mandrary ravina izy ireo amin' ny alalan' ny fampiasana kofehy landy avoakan' ny olitr' izy ireo ihany. Mety ho maro sy goavana dia goavana ny andiana miara-monina, ka ahitana akaniny mihoatra ny zato miparitaka amin' ny hazo maro ary ahitana vitsika mpiasa mihoatra ny 500&nbsp;000. Tahaka ny karazana vitsika maro hafa, mihaza bibikely madinika ny karazana ao amn' ny vitsika ao amin' ny ''Oecophylla'' ary mameno ny sakafony amin' ny ranon-javatra mamy be gliosida avoakan' ny bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Coccoidea]]'' ([[Hemiptera]]). Mizara roa mazava tsara ny vitsika mpiasa eo amin' ny habeny, ka saika tsy misy fifanindriana mihitsy eo amin' ny haben' ny vitsika mpiasa madinika sy ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe. Manodidina ny 8 hatramin' ny 10 mm ny halavan' ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe, fa ny madinika kosa dia eo amin' ny antsasaky ny halavan' ireo lehibe ireo. Ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe no manao ny asa fitadiavana sakafo, fiarovana, fikojakojana ary fanitarana ny toeram-ponenany; fa ny madinika kosa dia matetika mijanona ao anatin'ny akany hikarakara ny taranaka sy haka ny ranon-javatra mamy avy amin' ny ''Coccoidea'' izay monina ao anatin' ny akany na eo akaikiny. == Lisitry ny karazana == [[Sary:Two weaver ants.JPG|vignette|208x208px|''Oecophylla smaragdina'']] Atolotra eto ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny foko ''Oecophyllini'' sy ny vondron-karazana ''Oecophylla''. Karazana mbola velona: * ''Oecophylla kolhapurensis'' <small>Kurane ''et al.'', 2015</small> * ''Oecophylla longinoda'' <small>(Latreille, 1802)</small> * ''Oecophylla smaragdina'' <small>(Fabricius, 1775)</small> [[Sary:Oecophylla superba femelle 1937 N. Th. Holotype éch. R402 x3 p. 212, Pl. IV, Hyménoptères du Sannoisien de Kleinkembs.pdf|vignette|291x291px|''Oecophylla superba'' (fôsily)]] Karazana efa lany tamingana: * †''Oecophylla atavina'' <small>Cockerell, 1915</small> * †''Oecophylla bartoniana'' <small>Cockerell, 1920</small> * †''Oecophylla brischkei'' <small>Mayr, 1868</small> * †''Oecophylla crassinoda'' <small>Wheeler, 1922</small> * †''Oecophylla eckfeldiana'' <small>Dlussky, Wappler & Wedmann, 2008</small> * †''Oecophylla grandimandibula'' <small>Riou, 1999</small> * †''Oecophylla kraussei'' <small>(Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 1999)</small> * †''Oecophylla leakeyi'' <small>Wilson & Taylor, 1964</small> * †''Oecophylla longiceps'' <small>Dlussky, Wappler & Wedmann, 2008</small> * †''Oecophylla megarche'' <small>Cockerell, 1915</small> * †''Oecophylla obesa'' <small>(Heer, 1849)</small> * †''Oecophylla praeclara'' <small>Förster, 1891</small> * †''Oecophylla sicula'' <small>Emery, 1891</small> * †''Oecophylla superba'' <small>Théobald, 1937</small> * †''Eoecophylla'' <small>Archibald, Mathewes, & Perfilieva, 2024</small> == Jereo koa == * [[Vitsika]] [[Sokajy:Bibikely]] m9kos2yo3vm8bjj4uak2zx1b3hi9775 1149968 1149967 2026-08-29T06:29:34Z Thelezifor 15140 1149968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Red_Weaver_Ant,_Oecophylla_smaragdina.jpg|thumb|369x369px|''Oecophylla smaragdina'']] [[Sary:Red_Weaver_Ant,_Oecophylla_longinoda.jpg|thumb|250px|''Oecophylla longinoda'']] Ny '''Oecophyllini''' dia fokom-[[Vitsika|bitsika]] miara-miaina amin' ny fomba voalamina tsara, ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Formicidae]]''., ao amin' ny filaharana [[Hymenoptera]]. Tsy manana vodron-karazana afa-tsy tokana ity foko ity, dia ny '''''Oecophylla'''''. Miaina eny amin' ny hazo ary tsy maintsy eny no iainany, ary fantatra amin' ny fomba fanamboarany ny akany ireo vitsika ireo: mandrary ravina izy ireo amin' ny alalan' ny fampiasana kofehy landy avoakan' ny olitr' izy ireo ihany. Mety ho maro sy goavana dia goavana ny andiana miara-monina, ka ahitana akaniny mihoatra ny zato miparitaka amin' ny hazo maro ary ahitana vitsika mpiasa mihoatra ny 500&nbsp;000. Tahaka ny karazana vitsika maro hafa, mihaza bibikely madinika ny karazana ao amn' ny vitsika ao amin' ny ''Oecophylla'' ary mameno ny sakafony amin' ny ranon-javatra mamy be gliosida avoakan' ny bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Coccoidea]]'' ([[Hemiptera]]). Mizara roa mazava tsara ny vitsika mpiasa eo amin' ny habeny, ka saika tsy misy fifanindriana mihitsy eo amin' ny haben' ny vitsika mpiasa madinika sy ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe. Manodidina ny 8 hatramin' ny 10 mm ny halavan' ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe, fa ny madinika kosa dia eo amin' ny antsasaky ny halavan' ireo lehibe ireo. Ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe no manao ny asa fitadiavana sakafo, fiarovana, fikojakojana ary fanitarana ny toeram-ponenany; fa ny madinika kosa dia matetika mijanona ao anatin'ny akany hikarakara ny taranaka sy haka ny ranon-javatra mamy avy amin' ny ''Coccoidea'' izay monina ao anatin' ny akany na eo akaikiny. == Lisitry ny karazana == [[Sary:Two weaver ants.JPG|vignette|208x208px|''Oecophylla smaragdina'']] Atolotra eto ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny foko ''Oecophyllini'' sy ny vondron-karazana ''Oecophylla''. Karazana mbola velona: * ''Oecophylla kolhapurensis'' <small>Kurane ''et al.'', 2015</small> * ''Oecophylla longinoda'' <small>(Latreille, 1802)</small> * ''Oecophylla smaragdina'' <small>(Fabricius, 1775)</small> [[Sary:Oecophylla superba femelle 1937 N. Th. Holotype éch. R402 x3 p. 212, Pl. IV, Hyménoptères du Sannoisien de Kleinkembs.pdf|vignette|291x291px|''Oecophylla superba'' (fôsily)]] Karazana efa lany tamingana: * †''Oecophylla atavina'' <small>Cockerell, 1915</small> * †''Oecophylla bartoniana'' <small>Cockerell, 1920</small> * †''Oecophylla brischkei'' <small>Mayr, 1868</small> * †''Oecophylla crassinoda'' <small>Wheeler, 1922</small> * †''Oecophylla eckfeldiana'' <small>Dlussky, Wappler & Wedmann, 2008</small> * †''Oecophylla grandimandibula'' <small>Riou, 1999</small> * †''Oecophylla kraussei'' <small>(Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 1999)</small> * †''Oecophylla leakeyi'' <small>Wilson & Taylor, 1964</small> * †''Oecophylla longiceps'' <small>Dlussky, Wappler & Wedmann, 2008</small> * †''Oecophylla megarche'' <small>Cockerell, 1915</small> * †''Oecophylla obesa'' <small>(Heer, 1849)</small> * †''Oecophylla praeclara'' <small>Förster, 1891</small> * †''Oecophylla sicula'' <small>Emery, 1891</small> * †''Oecophylla superba'' <small>Théobald, 1937</small> * †''Eoecophylla'' <small>Archibald, Mathewes, & Perfilieva, 2024</small> == Jereo koa == * [[Vitsika]] [[Sokajy:Bibikely]] l3v3v7kne38hfakfuor7161148g4db5 1149970 1149968 2026-08-29T06:56:51Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1149970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Red_Weaver_Ant,_Oecophylla_smaragdina.jpg|thumb|369x369px|''Oecophylla smaragdina'']] [[Sary:Red_Weaver_Ant,_Oecophylla_longinoda.jpg|thumb|250px|''Oecophylla longinoda'']] Ny '''Oecophyllini''' dia fokom-[[Vitsika|bitsika]] miara-miaina amin' ny fomba voalamina tsara, ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Vitsika|Formicidae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Hymenoptera]]. Tsy manana vodron-karazana afa-tsy tokana ity foko ity, dia ny '''''Oecophylla'''''. Miaina eny amin' ny hazo ary tsy maintsy eny no iainany, ary fantatra amin' ny fomba fanamboarany ny akany ireo vitsika ireo: mandrary ravina izy ireo amin' ny alalan' ny fampiasana kofehy landy avoakan' ny olitr' izy ireo ihany. Mety ho maro sy goavana dia goavana ny andiana miara-monina, ka ahitana akaniny mihoatra ny zato miparitaka amin' ny hazo maro ary ahitana vitsika mpiasa mihoatra ny 500&nbsp;000. Tahaka ny karazana vitsika maro hafa, mihaza bibikely madinika ny karazana ao amn' ny vitsika ao amin' ny ''Oecophylla'' ary mameno ny sakafony amin' ny ranon-javatra mamy be gliosida avoakan' ny bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Coccoidea]]'' ([[Hemiptera]]). Mizara roa mazava tsara ny vitsika mpiasa eo amin' ny habeny, ka saika tsy misy fifanindriana mihitsy eo amin' ny haben' ny vitsika mpiasa madinika sy ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe. Manodidina ny 8 hatramin' ny 10 mm ny halavan' ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe, fa ny madinika kosa dia eo amin' ny antsasaky ny halavan' ireo lehibe ireo. Ny vitsika mpiasa lehibe no manao ny asa fitadiavana sakafo, fiarovana, fikojakojana ary fanitarana ny toeram-ponenany; fa ny madinika kosa dia matetika mijanona ao anatin'ny akany hikarakara ny taranaka sy haka ny ranon-javatra mamy avy amin' ny ''Coccoidea'' izay monina ao anatin' ny akany na eo akaikiny. == Lisitry ny karazana == [[Sary:Two weaver ants.JPG|vignette|208x208px|''Oecophylla smaragdina'']] Atolotra eto ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny foko ''Oecophyllini'' sy ny vondron-karazana ''Oecophylla''. Karazana mbola velona: * ''Oecophylla kolhapurensis'' <small>Kurane ''et al.'', 2015</small> * ''Oecophylla longinoda'' <small>(Latreille, 1802)</small> * ''Oecophylla smaragdina'' <small>(Fabricius, 1775)</small> [[Sary:Oecophylla superba femelle 1937 N. Th. Holotype éch. R402 x3 p. 212, Pl. IV, Hyménoptères du Sannoisien de Kleinkembs.pdf|vignette|291x291px|''Oecophylla superba'' (fôsily)]] Karazana efa lany tamingana: * †''Oecophylla atavina'' <small>Cockerell, 1915</small> * †''Oecophylla bartoniana'' <small>Cockerell, 1920</small> * †''Oecophylla brischkei'' <small>Mayr, 1868</small> * †''Oecophylla crassinoda'' <small>Wheeler, 1922</small> * †''Oecophylla eckfeldiana'' <small>Dlussky, Wappler & Wedmann, 2008</small> * †''Oecophylla grandimandibula'' <small>Riou, 1999</small> * †''Oecophylla kraussei'' <small>(Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 1999)</small> * †''Oecophylla leakeyi'' <small>Wilson & Taylor, 1964</small> * †''Oecophylla longiceps'' <small>Dlussky, Wappler & Wedmann, 2008</small> * †''Oecophylla megarche'' <small>Cockerell, 1915</small> * †''Oecophylla obesa'' <small>(Heer, 1849)</small> * †''Oecophylla praeclara'' <small>Förster, 1891</small> * †''Oecophylla sicula'' <small>Emery, 1891</small> * †''Oecophylla superba'' <small>Théobald, 1937</small> * †''Eoecophylla'' <small>Archibald, Mathewes, & Perfilieva, 2024</small> == Jereo koa == * [[Vitsika]] [[Sokajy:Bibikely]] cm0lcadjc3kn5hbbxats2rwykxrgknc 0 298909 1149922 1149470 2026-08-28T19:50:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Smallpox |synonym =Variola,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151|url-status=live}}</ref> variola vera,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|url-status=live}}</ref> pox,<ref name="Fenner_1988"/> red plague<ref name=Peg2017/> |image =Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic. |pronounce = |specialty =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] |symptoms ={{plainlist |* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> * '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>}} |onset =1 to 3 weeks following exposure<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> |duration =About 4 weeks<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> |causes =''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)<ref name=CDC2016What/><ref name=She2004/> |risks = |diagnosis =Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag/> |differential =[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis & Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |prevention =[[Smallpox vaccine]]<ref name=CDC2017Tx/> |treatment =[[Supportive care]]<ref name=WHO2007Fact/> |medication =[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]<ref name=CDC2017Tx/> |prognosis =30% risk of death<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> |frequency =[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977) |deaths = }}Aretina mifindra vokatry ny iray amin'ireo karazana [[Virosy|viriosy]] roa '''ny nendra''', ''dia ny Variola major'' sy ''ny Variola minor''.<ref name="She2004">{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|edition=4th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/525 525]–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}</ref> Ny tranga farany hita voajanahary dia voamarina tamin'ny Oktobra 1977, ary ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana|Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana]] (WHO) dia nanome mari-pankasitrahana ny famongorana maneran-tany ny aretina tamin'ny 1980.<ref name="WHO2007Fact">{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}</ref> Manodidina ny 30% eo ho eo ny mety ho fahafatesana aorian'ny nahazoana ny aretina, ary ambony kokoa ny tahan'ny fahafatesana eo amin'ny zazakely.<ref name="CDC2016What">{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rie2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}</ref> Matetika ireo izay tafavoaka velona dia nanana holatra be dia be teo amin'ny hodiny, ary ny sasany dia lasa jamba.<ref name="CDC2016What" /> Anisan'ny soritr'aretina voalohany tamin'ilay aretina ny tazo sy ny fandoavana.<ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> Nanaraka izany ny fiforonan'ny fery tao am-bava sy ny mangidihidy tao amin'ny hoditra.<ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> Nandritra ny andro maromaro dia niova ho fivontosana feno ranoka miavaka misy lavaka eo afovoany ny maimaika amin'ny hoditra.<ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> Niparitaka ireo fivontosana ary nilatsaka, namela takaitra.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Niely teo amin'ny olona na tamin'ny alalan'ny zavatra voaloto ny aretina.<ref name="CDC2016What" /><ref name="Leb2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Ny fisorohana voalohany indrindra dia tamin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny nendra.<ref name="CDC2017Tx" /> Raha vao nipoitra ny aretina dia mety ho nanampy ny fanafody antiviral sasany.<ref name="CDC2017Tx">{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tsy fantatra ny niandohan'ny nendra.<ref name="CDC2017His" /> Ny porofo voalohany momba ny aretina dia tamin'ny taonjato faha-3 talohan'i JK tao amin'ny momi Ejiptiana.<ref name="CDC2017His">{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nitranga nandritra ny fihanaky ny aretina ara-tantara ity aretina ity.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Tany Eoropa tamin'ny taonjato faha-18, tombanana ho 400.000 isan-taona ny olona matin'ny aretina, ary ny ampahatelon'ny tranga dia niafara tamin'ny fahajambana.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays2005">{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}</ref> Anisan'ireo maty ireo ny mpanjaka enina.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays2005" /> Tombanana ho 300 no maty vokatry ny nendra&nbsp;olona tapitrisa tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 <ref>{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|url=https://archive.org/details/microbehuntersth0000unse|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/microbehuntersth0000unse/page/23 23]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}</ref> ary manodidina ny 500&nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany tao anatin'ny 100 taona farany nisiany.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}</ref> Vao tamin'ny 1967, 15&nbsp;tranga an-tapitrisany no nitranga isan-taona.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Toa nanomboka tany [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Shina]] tamin'ny taona 1500 teo ho eo ny vaksiny ho an'ny nendra.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&lpg=PA259&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&lpg=PA259&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA134|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&lpg=PA10&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&lpg=PA10&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}</ref> Nandray ity fomba fanao avy any Azia ity i Eoropa tamin'ny tapany voalohany tamin'ny taonjato faha-18.<ref name="strathern179">{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}</ref> Tamin'ny 1796, [[Edward Jenner|i Edward Jenner]] no nampiditra ny vaksiny nendra maoderina.<ref name="Wolfe2002">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamin'ny 1967, nanamafy ny ezaka natao hanafoanana ity aretina ity ny OMS.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Ny nendra dia iray amin'ireo aretina mifindra roa izay efa nofoanana, ny iray hafa dia ny rinderpest tamin'ny taona 2011.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Ny teny hoe "nendra" dia nampiasaina voalohany tany Grande-Bretagne tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taonjato faha-16 mba hanavahana ny aretina amin'ny [[Farasisa|syphilis]], izay fantatra tamin'ny anarana hoe "nendra lehibe" tamin'izany fotoana izany.<ref>{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bar1997">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1997-10-15_127_8/page/635|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}</ref> Anisan'ny anarana ara-tantara hafa ho an'ity aretina ity ny pox, speckled monster, ary red plague.<ref name="Fenner_1988">{{Cite book|vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID|chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World|title=Smallpox and its eradication|series=History of International Public Health|volume=6|date=1988|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156110-5|hdl=10665/39485|pages=209–44|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peg2017">{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bar1997" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 13otrr6otdekby80u4nlitrqb3x4dvb 0 298913 1149932 1134541 2026-08-28T19:54:21Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder |synonym =Attention-deficit disorder, hyperkinetic disorder (ICD-10) |image =Primary Laos2.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt =An image of children |caption =People with ADHD may find it more difficult than others to focus on and complete tasks such as schoolwork. |pronounce = |specialty =[[Psychiatry]], [[pediatrics]] |symptoms =Difficulty paying [[attention]], excessive activity, [[impulsivity|difficulty controlling behavior]]<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=DSM5/> |onset =Before age 6–12<ref name=CDC/> |duration =>6 months<ref name=CDC/> |causes =Both [[Genetic disorder|genetic]] and [[environmental factors]]<ref name=nimh/><ref name=Koo2019/> |risks = |diagnosis =Based on symptoms after other possible causes ruled out<ref name=NIH2016/> |differential =Normally active young child, [[conduct disorder]], [[oppositional defiant disorder]], [[learning disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferri |first=Fred F. |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=978-0323076999 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zubler, MD, FAAP |first1=Jennifer |last2=Weitzman, MD, FAAP |first2=Carol |last3=Sloane, DO |first3=Mark |last4=Singh, MPA |first4=Natasha |last5=Senturias, MD, FAAP |first5=Yasmin N. |last6=Kosofsky, MD, PhD |first6=Barry |last7=Kable, PhD |first7=Julie |last8=Fernandez-Baca, MA |first8=Daniel |last9=Dang, MPH |first9=Elizabeth |last10=Chasnoff, MD, FAAP |first10=Ira |last11=Bertrand PhD |first11=Jacquelyn |last12=Balachova PhD |first12=Tatiana |last13=Hagan Jr. MD, FAAP |first13=Joseph F. |title=Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |journal=Pediatrics |year=2016 |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=e20151553 |publisher=American Journal of Pediatrics |doi=10.1542/peds.2015-1553 |pmid=27677572 |pmc=5477054 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320042016/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |prevention = |treatment =[[psychotherapy|Counseling]], lifestyle changes, medications<ref name=NIH2016/> |medication =[[CNS stimulants|Stimulants]], [[atomoxetine]], [[guanfacine]], [[clonidine]]<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A |date=November 2017 |title=Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1283–1307 |doi=10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y |pmc=5656703 |pmid=28429134}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jain R, Katic A |s2cid=3807877 |date=August 2016 |title=Current and Investigational Medication Delivery Systems for Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders |volume=18 |issue=4 |doi=10.4088/PCC.16r01979 |pmid=27828696}}</ref> |prognosis = |frequency =51.1 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/> |deaths = }} '''Ny ADHD''' ( '''Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder''' ) dia aretina ara-tsaina amin'ny karazana fivoaran'ny atidoha.<ref name="pmid23299717">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X|date=February 2013|title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Neuroscience Bulletin|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–10|doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6|pmc=4440572|pmid=23299717}}</ref><ref name="Caroline2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&pg=PA133|title=Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9780387717982|pages=133|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829104348/https://books.google.com/books?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&pg=PA133&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Miavaka amin'ny fahasarotana amin'ny fifantohana, ny fanaovana zavatra tafahoatra, ary ny fihetsika tsy miraharaha ny vokany, izay tsy mety amin'ny taonan'ny olona iray raha tsy izany.<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Arlington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=59–65|edition=5th}}</ref> Misy olona sasany manana ADHD koa mampiseho fahasarotana amin'ny fandrindrana ny fihetseham-po na olana amin'ny fiasan'ny mpanatanteraka.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, Newcorn JH|date=February 2019|title=Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|volume=60|issue=2|pages=133–150|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12899|pmid=29624671|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827233718/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Practitioner-Review%3A-Emotional-dysregulation-in-for-Faraone-Rostain/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Morris S, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Pelham WE|date=April 2019|title=Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|volume=47|issue=4|pages=589–603|doi=10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y|pmc=6377355|pmid=30112596}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, Masi G|date=January 2018|title=Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=84|pages=359–367|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010|pmid=28837827|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104959/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DSM5" /> Mba hahafantarana ny aretina, dia tokony hiseho alohan'ny faha-roa ambin'ny folo taonany ny soritr'aretina, tokony ho hita mihoatra ny enim-bolana, ary mety hiteraka olana amin'ny toerana roa farafahakeliny (toy ny any an-tsekoly, any an-trano, na any amin'ny fialam-boly).<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web|website=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)|title=Symptoms and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|publisher=Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=29 September 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202516/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lake2011">{{Cite book|last=Dulcan|first=Mina K.|last2=Lake|first2=MaryBeth|chapter=Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders|title=Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books|edition=4th illustrated|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|isbn=978-1-58562-416-4|date=2011|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HvTa2nArhOsC&pg=PA34 34]}}</ref> Ho an'ny ankizy, ny olana amin'ny fifantohana dia mety hiteraka vokatra ratsy any an-tsekoly.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Ankoatra izany, misy fifandraisana amin'ny aretina ara-tsaina hafa sy ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, Scott JG|title=Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A&nbsp;Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=10|pages=841–50|date=October 2016|pmid=27663939|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016}}</ref> Na dia miteraka fahasimbana aza izany, indrindra amin'ny fiaraha-monina maoderina, dia maro ny olona voan'ny ADHD no afaka mifantoka tsara amin'ny asa izay hitany fa mahaliana na mahafa-po (fantatra amin'ny hoe hyperfocus ).<ref name="Koo2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, etal|title=Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD|journal=European Psychiatry|volume=56|pages=14–34|date=February 2019|pmid=30453134|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Wal2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J|title=[The school child with ADHD]|language=DE|journal=Therapeutische Umschau|volume=69|issue=8|pages=467–73|date=August 2012|pmid=22851461|doi=10.1024/0040-5930/a000316|trans-title=The school child with ADHD|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726110423/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Na dia io aza no aretina ara-tsaina matetika ianarana sy voamarina indrindra amin'ny ankizy sy ny zatovo, dia tsy fantatra mazava ny antony marina amin'ny ankamaroan'ny tranga.<ref name="nimh">{{Cite web|last=NIMH|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Easy-to-Read)|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|publisher=National Institute of Mental Health|year=2013|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414031036/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 75% eo ho eo amin'ny risika ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Demontis|first=Ditte|title=Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=51|issue=1|pages=63–75|doi=10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7|pmid=30478444|pmc=6481311|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&r3_referer=nature|access-date=27 August 2019|quote=Consensus estimates from more than 30 twin studies indicate that the heritability of ADHD is 70–80% throughout the lifespan and that environmental risks are those not shared by siblings. Twin studies also suggest that diagnosed ADHD represents the extreme tail of one or more heritable quantitative traits.|hdl=10138/309285|year=2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726105532/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&r3_referer=nature|url-status=live}}</ref> Mety hampidi-doza ho an'ny tontolo iainana ny fiparitahan'ny nikôtinina mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tiesler|first=Carla M. T.|last2=Heinrich|first2=Joachim|title=Prenatal nicotine exposure and child behavioural problems|journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|date=21 September 2014|volume=23|issue=10|pages=913–929|doi=10.1007/s00787-014-0615-y|pmid=25241028|pmc=4186967}}</ref> Toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'ny fomba fitaizana na ny fitsipi-pifehezana izany.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Does Bad Parenting Cause ADHD?|url=https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/parenting-role-in-adhd#1|website=WebMD|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726113614/https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/parenting-role-in-adhd#1|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahatratra 5–7% eo ho eo amin'ny ankizy no voan'izany rehefa voamarina araka ny fepetra DSM-IV <ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="pmid22976615">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Willcutt EG|title=The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review|journal=Neurotherapeutics|volume=9|issue=3|pages=490–9|date=July 2012|pmid=22976615|pmc=3441936|doi=10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8}}</ref> ary 1–2% rehefa voamarina araka ny fepetra ICD-10.<ref name="Cowen2012">{{Cite book|last=Cowen|first=Philip|last2=Harrison|first2=Paul|last3=Burns|first3=Tom|chapter=Drugs and other physical treatments|title=Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960561-3|pages=[{{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|pages=546|plainurl=yes}} 546]|edition=6th|url={{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2015, tombanana ho olona 51.1 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voakasik'izany maneran-tany.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Mitovy ny tahan'ny aretina eo amin'ny firenena tsirairay ary miankina betsaka amin'ny fomba famaritana azy.<ref name="Jones2011">{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470977408|chapter=Ch. 25: Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|vauthors=Faraone SV|pages=450|edition=3rd|year=2011|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222193454/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOc4pdXe43EC&pg=PA450|url-status=live}}</ref> Matetika avo roa heny eo ho eo ny trangan'ny ADHD amin'ny ankizilahy noho ny amin'ny ankizivavy,<ref name="DSM5" /> na dia matetika aza tsy raharahiana amin'ny ankizivavy ity aretina ity satria tsy mitovy amin'ny an'ny ankizilahy ny soritr'aretiny.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=Nicole|date=February 2003|title=ADHD: a women's issue|journal=Monitor on Psychology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=28|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409110923/http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="pmid19393378">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H|title=[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]|language=FR|journal=L'Encephale|volume=35|issue=2|pages=107–14|date=April 2009|pmid=19393378|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005|trans-title=Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singh I|s2cid=205504587|title=Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=9|issue=12|pages=957–64|date=December 2008|pmid=19020513|doi=10.1038/nrn2514}}</ref> Manodidina ny 30–50%-n'ny olona voamarina fa voan'ny aretina tamin'ny fahazazany no mbola manana soritr'aretina hatrany amin'ny fahamatorana ary eo anelanelan'ny 2–5%-n'ny olon-dehibe no voan'io aretina io.<ref name="Kooij-2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, Gaillac V, Ginsberg Y, Henry C, Krause J, Lensing MB, Manor I, Niederhofer H, Nunes-Filipe C, Ohlmeier MD, Oswald P, Pallanti S, Pehlivanidis A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rastam M, Ryffel-Rawak D, Stes S, Asherson P|title=European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=10|issue=|pages=67|date=September 2010|pmid=20815868|pmc=2942810|doi=10.1186/1471-244X-10-67}}</ref><ref name="Balint2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bálint S, Czobor P, Mészáros A, Simon V, Bitter I|title=[Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review]|language=Hungarian|journal=Psychiatria Hungarica|volume=23|issue=5|pages=324–35|year=2008|pmid=19129549|trans-title=Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review}}</ref><ref name="underdiagnosed">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP|title=Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=16|issue=3|year=2014|pmid=25317367|pmc=4195639|doi=10.4088/PCC.13r01600|quote=Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,^5–8 compared with 5%–7% of children.^9,10&nbsp;... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.^7,15,16}}</ref> Mety hitranga amin'ny olon-dehibe ny tsy fahazoana aina anatiny fa tsy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people, and adults|url=https://archive.org/details/attentiondeficit0000unse_l2x5|date=2009|publisher=British Psychological Society|others=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain), British Psychological Society., Royal College of Psychiatrists.|isbn=9781854334718|location=Leicester|oclc=244314955|pmid=22420012|page=[https://archive.org/details/attentiondeficit0000unse_l2x5/page/17 17]|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)}}</ref> Matetika izy ireo dia mampivelatra fahaiza-miatrika izay manonitra ny sasany na ny fahasembanana rehetra ananany.<ref name="Art.218">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gentile JP, Atiq R, Gillig PM|title=Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management|journal=Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=8|pages=25–30|date=August 2006|pmid=20963192|pmc=2957278|quote=likelihood that the adult with ADHD has developed coping mechanisms to compensate for his or her impairment}}</ref> Mety ho sarotra ny manavaka ity aretina ity amin'ny aretina hafa, ary koa ny manavaka azy amin'ny asa be loatra izay mbola ao anatin'ny fitondran-tena mahazatra.<ref name="Lake2011" /> Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny tolo-kevitra momba ny fitantanana ny ADHD ary mazàna dia misy fitambaran'ny torohevitra, fanovana fomba fiaina ary fanafody.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Ny torolàlana Britanika dia manoro hevitra ny fampiasana fanafody ho fitsaboana voalohany ho an'ny ankizy manana soritr'aretina mafy ary tokony hodinihina ny fampiasana fanafody ho an'ireo manana soritr'aretina antonony izay mandà na tsy mihatsara amin'ny alalan'ny torohevitra, na dia fitsaboana voalohany aza ho an'ny olon-dehibe ny fanafody.<ref name="NICE2009-PharmRec">{{Cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|chapter=Pharmacological Treatment|pages=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/#ch10.s92 303–307]|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> Manoro hevitra ny fitantanana ny fitondran-tena amin'ny voalohany amin'ny ankizy mbola tsy mianatra mialoha ny torolàlana Kanadiana sy Amerikana, raha toa ka soso-kevitra ny fampiasana fanafody sy fitsaboana fitondran-tena miaraka aorian'izay.<ref name="CADDRA">{{Cite web|title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines|url=http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|website=Canadian ADHD Alliance|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222344/https://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC guideline">{{Cite web|title=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=13 July 2015|date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707181535/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="APP2019">{{Cite journal|last=Wolraich|first=ML|last2=Hagan JF|first2=Jr|last3=Allan|first3=C|last4=Chan|first4=E|last5=Davison|first5=D|last6=Earls|first6=M|last7=Evans|first7=SW|last8=Flinn|first8=SK|last9=Froehlich|first9=T|last10=Frost|first10=J|last11=Holbrook|first11=JR|last12=Lehmann|first12=CU|last13=Lessin|first13=HR|last14=Okechukwu|first14=K|last15=Pierce|first15=KL|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents.|journal=Pediatrics|date=October 2019|volume=144|issue=4|pages=e20192528|doi=10.1542/peds.2019-2528|pmid=31570648|pmc=7067282}}</ref> Ny fitsaboana amin'ny stimulants dia mandaitra mandritra ny 14 andro farafahakeliny&nbsp;volana; na izany aza, tsy mazava ny fahombiazany maharitra ary mety hisy voka-dratsy.<ref name="StorebøPedersen2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira-Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C|date=May 2018|title=Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD012069|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2|pmc=6494554|pmid=29744873}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers|website=NIMH » Home|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|access-date=2019-01-01|quote=Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184640/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NICE 2009">{{Cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Long-Term Outcomes Medications">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Huang YS, Tsai MH|s2cid=3449435|title=Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=25|issue=7|pages=539–54|date=July 2011|pmid=21699268|doi=10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000}}</ref><ref name="Long-term 2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S|title=Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|pages=e0116407|date=February 2015|pmid=25714373|pmc=4340791|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116407|display-authors=4|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1016407A}}</ref><ref name="Long-term 36">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V|title=The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management|volume=6|issue=|pages=87–99|date=September 2013|pmid=24082796|pmc=3785407|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S49114|quote=Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period.&nbsp;... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria.&nbsp;... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22}}</ref><ref name="CNS09">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wigal SB|s2cid=11340058|year=2009|title=Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=23 Suppl 1|pages=21–31|doi=10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004|pmid=19621975}}</ref> Ny literatiora ara-pitsaboana dia efa nilazalaza soritr'aretina mitovy amin'ny an'ny ADHD hatramin'ny taonjato faha-18.<ref name="Lange Reichl 2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|date=December 2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ny ADHD, ny famaritana azy, ary ny fitsaboana azy dia noheverina ho iadian-kevitra hatramin'ny taona 1970.<ref name="Parrillo 2008 63">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Social Problems|vauthors=Parrillo VN|year=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412941655|pages=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|access-date=2 May 2009|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104002705/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|url-status=live}}</ref> Nahitana mpitsabo, mpampianatra, mpanao politika, ray aman-dreny ary ny media ireo adihevitra ireo. Anisan'ny lohahevitra hodinihina ny antony mahatonga ny ADHD sy ny fampiasana fanafody mampientanentana amin'ny fitsaboana azy.<ref name="May2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J|s2cid=18481191|title=ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=3|pages=151–66|date=2008|pmid=18569037|doi=10.1080/10673220802167782}}</ref> Ny ankamaroan'ny mpitsabo dia manaiky ny ADHD ho aretina tena izy amin'ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe, ary ny adihevitra eo amin'ny vondrom-piarahamonina siantifika dia mifantoka indrindra amin'ny fomba fitiliana sy fitsaboana azy.<ref name="Sim">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E|title=When the child with ADHD grows up|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=33|issue=8|pages=615–8|date=August 2004|pmid=15373378|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083931/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Online">{{Cite book|vauthors=Silver LB|title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|edition=3rd|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58562-131-6|pages=4–7}}</ref><ref name="Schonwald">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schonwald A, Lechner E|title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=189–95|date=April 2006|pmid=16601502|doi=10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70}}</ref> Fantatra tamin'ny anarana hoe '''fikorontanan'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana''' ( '''ADD''' ) io aretina io nanomboka tamin'ny 1980 ka hatramin'ny 1987, raha fantatra kosa tamin'ny anarana hoe '''fihetsiky ny fahazazana hyperkinetic''' talohan'izay.<ref name="We2005">{{Cite book|last=Weiss|first=Lawrence G.|title=WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-564931-5|pages=237|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&pg=PA237|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116095548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&pg=PA237|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|access-date=5 March 2016|publisher=PBS}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rjlvkozm7fn7r444gz0rioqc4o8nkme 0 298917 1149895 1135810 2026-08-28T19:30:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =632164040 |drug_name =MDMA |INN =Midomafetamine<ref name=INN>{{cite news|title=FDA Substance Registration System|url=https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/KE1SEN21RM|access-date=31 August 2017|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831220013/https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/KE1SEN21RM|url-status=live|archivedate=2017-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831220013/https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/KE1SEN21RM}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831220013/https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/unii/KE1SEN21RM |date=31 August 2017 }}</ref> |chirality =[[Racemic mixture]] |image =MDMA (simple).svg |width =250px |alt =MDMA structure |image2 =MDMA molecule from xtal ball.png |alt2 =Ball-and-stick model of an MDMA molecule |width2 =250px |IUPAC_name =(''RS'')-1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-''N''-methylpropan-2-amine<!--From PubChem--> |pronounce =methylenedioxy{{shy}}methamphetamine:<br/>{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|ɪ|l|iː|n|d|aɪ|ˈ|ɒ|k|s|i}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|əm|iː|n}} <!--External links--> |Drugs.com ={{Drugs.com|parent|MDMA}} |synonyms ={{abbr|3,4-MDMA|3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine}}; Ecstasy (E, X, XTC); Molly; Mandy<ref name="nature.com"/><ref name=DrugFacts/> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability = |protein_bound = |metabolism =[[Liver]], [[Cytochrome P450|CYP450]] extensively involved, including [[CYP2D6]] |metabolites =[[3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine|MDA]], [[4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine|HMMA]], [[4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine|HMA]], [[Alpha-Methyldopamine|DHA]], [[MDP2P]], [[3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine|MDOH]]<ref name="pmid22392347">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos M | title = Toxicity of amphetamines: an update | journal = Archives of Toxicology | volume = 86 | issue = 8 | pages = 1167–231 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22392347 | doi = 10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5 }}</ref> |elimination_half-life=(''R'')-MDMA: 5.8&nbsp;±&nbsp;2.2&nbsp;hours (variable)<ref name="Toxnet MDMA">{{cite web|title=3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+42542-10-9|website=Hazardous Substances Data Bank|publisher=National Library of Medicine|access-date=22 August 2014|date=28 August 2008|quote=|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404201340/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs%20hsdb%3A%40term%20%40rn%20%40rel%2042542-10-9|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404201340/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs%20hsdb%3A%40term%20%40rn%20%40rel%2042542-10-9 |date=4 April 2019 }}</ref><br />(''S'')-MDMA: 3.6&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.9&nbsp;hours (variable)<ref name="Toxnet MDMA" /> |excretion =[[Kidney]] <!--Chemical data--> |C =11 |H =15 |N =1 |O =2 |SMILES =CC(NC)CC1=CC=C(OCO2)C2=C1 |StdInChI_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChI =1S/C11H15NO2/c1-8(12-2)5-9-3-4-10-11(6-9)14-7-13-10/h3-4,6,8,12H,5,7H2,1-2H3 |StdInChIKey_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChIKey =SHXWCVYOXRDMCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N |density = |melting_point = |melting_notes = |boiling_point =105 |boiling_notes =at 0.4&nbsp;mmHg (experimental)<!--Pubchem--> <!--Clinical/legal data--> |legal_AU =S9 |legal_BR =F<!-- F2 --> |legal_CA =Schedule I |legal_DE =Anlage I |legal_NZ =Class B |legal_UK =Class A |legal_US =Schedule I |legal_UN =Psychotropic Schedule I |legal_status = |pregnancy_category= |pregnancy_US = |licence_US = |class =[[empathogen–entactogen]]<br /> [[stimulant]] |defined_daily_dose=not established<ref name="imp">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701051953/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701051953/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ |date=1 July 2021 }}</ref> <!--Pharmacological data--> |dependency_liability=[[Physical dependence|Physical]]: not typical<ref name=palmer>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Robert B.|title=Medical toxicology of drug abuse : synthesized chemicals and psychoactive plants|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-471-72760-6|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWFiVaDZnkQC&pg=PA139|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222012039/https://books.google.com/books?id=OWFiVaDZnkQC&pg=PA139|url-status=live}}</ref><br />[[Psychological dependence|Psychological]]: moderate |addiction_liability=Low–moderate<ref name="NHM-MDMA">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-148127-4 | pages = 375 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders}}</ref><ref name=Betzler2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Betzler F, Viohl L, Romanczuk-Seiferth N | title = Decision-making in chronic ecstasy users: a systematic review | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–44 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27859780 | doi = 10.1111/ejn.13480 | quote = ...the addictive potential of MDMA itself is relatively small. }}</ref><ref name="Substance abuse">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jerome L, Schuster S, Yazar-Klosinski BB | title = Can MDMA play a role in the treatment of substance abuse? | journal = Current Drug Abuse Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–62 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23627786 | doi = 10.2174/18744737112059990005 | quote = Animal and human studies demonstrate moderate abuse liability for MDMA, and this effect may be of most concern to those treating substance abuse disorders. | url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/33fd/4f5decd405dee8d4f280a9158bfb16ae6e27.pdf | access-date = 30 July 2020 | archive-date = 3 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200803194522/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/33fd/4f5decd405dee8d4f280a9158bfb16ae6e27.pdf | url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803194522/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/33fd/4f5decd405dee8d4f280a9158bfb16ae6e27.pdf |date=3 August 2020 }}</ref> |routes_of_administration=Common: [[oral route|by mouth]]<ref name=EU2015 /><br /> Uncommon: [[insufflation (medicine)|snorting]],<ref name=EU2015 /> [[inhalation]] ([[vaporization]]),<ref name=EU2015 /> [[injection (medicine)|injection]],<ref name=EU2015>{{cite web|title=Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy')|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma|website=EMCDDA|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction|access-date=17 October 2014|ref=EMCDDA|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101211851/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101211851/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma |date=1 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)|url = http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/methylenedioxymethamphetamine.htm|work = Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets.|publisher = [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]]|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102427/http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/methylenedioxymethamphetamine.htm|archive-date = 3 May 2012|df = dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412185805/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/methylenedioxymethamphetamine.htm |date=12 April 2010 }}</ref> [[rectal (medicine)|rectal]] |onset =30–45&nbsp;minutes (by mouth)<ref name=Freye2009/> |duration_of_action=4–6&nbsp;hours<ref name=Betzler2017/><ref name=Freye2009/> }} '''Ny 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine''' ( '''MDMA''' ), {{#tag:ref|The term ''MDMA'' is a contraction of {{nowrap|3,4-[[methylenedioxy|<u>m</u>ethylene<u>d</u>ioxy]]-[[methamphetamine|<u>m</u>ethamphet<u>a</u>mine]]}}; it is also known as ecstasy (shortened to "E", "X", or "XTC"), mandy, and molly.<ref name="nature.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = Luciano RL, Perazella MA | title = Nephrotoxic effects of designer drugs: synthetic is not better! | journal = Nature Reviews. Nephrology | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 314–24 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24662435 | doi = 10.1038/nrneph.2014.44 }}</ref><ref name="DrugFacts">{{cite web|title=DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)|url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasy-or-molly|publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse|access-date=2 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203115531/http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasy-or-molly|archive-date=3 December 2014|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203115531/http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasy-or-molly |date=3 December 2014 }}</ref>|group="note"}} fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe '''ecstasy''' ( '''E''' ) na '''molly''', dia zava-mahadomelina psychoactive ampiasaina indrindra amin'ny fialam-boly.<ref name="Current2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Meyer JS|title=3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives|journal=Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation|volume=4|issue=|pages=83–99|year=2013|pmid=24648791|pmc=3931692|doi=10.2147/SAR.S37258}}</ref> Ny vokatra irina dia ahitana ny fiovan'ny fahatsapana, ny fitomboan'ny [[Angôvo|angovo]], ny fangorahana, ary koa [[Fahafinaretana|ny fahafinaretana]].<ref name="Current2013" /><ref name="Drugs2014">{{Cite web|title=MDMA|url=https://www.drugs.com/illicit/mdma.html|access-date=30 March 2016|editor-last=Anderson|editor-first=Leigh|website=Drugs.com|publisher=Drugsite Trust|date=18 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323161153/http://www.drugs.com/illicit/mdma.html|archive-date=23 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rehefa raisina am-bava dia manomboka miasa ao anatin'ny 30 ka hatramin'ny 45 minitra ary maharitra 3 ka hatramin'ny 6 ora.<ref name="Freye2009">{{Cite book|last=Freye|first=Enno|title=Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs|url=https://archive.org/details/pharmacologyabus0000frey|date=28 July 2009|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-481-2448-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pharmacologyabus0000frey/page/151 151]–160|chapter=Pharmacological Effects of MDMA in Man|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_24}}</ref><ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|title=DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasymolly|website=National Institute on Drug Abuse|access-date=30 March 2016|date=February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323164024/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasymolly|archive-date=23 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Anisan'ny voka-dratsy ny fiankinan-doha, ny olana amin'ny fitadidiana, ny paranoia, ny fahasarotana amin'ny torimaso, ny fikikisana nify, ny fahitana manjavozavo, ny hatsembohana ary ny fitempon'ny fo haingana.<ref name="Drugs2014" /> Nisy tatitra momba ny fahafatesana vokatry ny fiakaran'ny hafanan'ny vatana sy ny tsy fahampian-drano.<ref name="Drugs2014" /> Matetika ny olona aorian'ny fampiasana azy dia mahatsiaro ho ketraka sy reraka.<ref name="Drugs2014" /> Ny fiasan'ny MDMA dia amin'ny fampitomboana ny fiasan'ny neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine ary noradrenaline any amin'ny faritra sasany ao amin'ny atidoha.<ref name="Drugs2014" /><ref name="NIH2016" /> Anisan'ny sokajin-drongony amphetamine soloina izy io ary manana fiantraikany manaitaitra sy manaitra ny saina.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Freye|first=Enno|title=Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2448-0|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTAlolM3XlwC&pg=PA147|language=en|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215541/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTAlolM3XlwC&pg=PA147|url-status=live}}</ref> Tsy ara-dalàna ny MDMA any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena <ref name="Drugs2014" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Vikram|title=Mental and neurological public health a global perspective|date=2010|publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier|location=San Diego, CA|isbn=978-0-12-381527-9|page=57|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fihf3VWbcIC&pg=PA57|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234523/https://books.google.com/books?id=8fihf3VWbcIC&pg=PA57|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> ary, hatramin'ny taona 2018, dia tsy misy fampiasana ara-pitsaboana ekena.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ecstasy as a Remedy for PTSD? You Probably Have Some Questions.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/us/ecstasy-molly-ptsd-mdma.html|access-date=14 July 2018|date=1 May 2018}}</ref> Misy tranga manokana voafetra indraindray ho an'ny fikarohana.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Manadihady ireo mpikaroka raha toa ka mety hanampy amin'ny fitsaboana ny fikorontanan'ny adin-tsaina aorian'ny trauma (PTSD) mafy sy tsy voatsabo ny MDMA amin'ny alàlan'ny fitsapana ara-pitsaboana dingana faha-3 mba handinihana ny fahombiazana sy ny fiarovana izay antenaina hanomboka amin'ny taona 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feduccia AA, Holland J, Mithoefer MC|title=Progress and promise for the MDMA drug development program|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=235|issue=2|pages=561–571|date=February 2018|pmid=29152674|doi=10.1007/s00213-017-4779-2}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2017, ny FDA dia nanome ny MDMA mari-pahaizana momba ny fitsaboana mandroso {{#tag:ref|The FDA's "breakthrough therapy" designation is not intended to imply that a drug is actually a "breakthrough" or that there is high-quality evidence of treatment efficacy for a particular condition;<ref name=healthnews>{{cite news | vauthors=Schwitzer G | title=CBS proclaims 'cancer breakthrough' – doesn't explain what FDA means by that term | url=http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2016/05/cbs-proclaims-cancer-breakthrough-doesnt-explain-what-fda-means-by-that-term/ | work=Health News Review | date=13 May 2016 | access-date=9 October 2017 | archive-date=8 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208215931/https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2016/05/cbs-proclaims-cancer-breakthrough-doesnt-explain-what-fda-means-by-that-term/ | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208215931/https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2016/05/cbs-proclaims-cancer-breakthrough-doesnt-explain-what-fda-means-by-that-term/ |date=8 December 2020 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25713472" /> rather, it allows the FDA to grant [[Priority review|priority review]] to drug candidates if preliminary [[clinical trial]]s indicate that the therapy may offer substantial treatment advantages over existing options for patients with serious or life-threatening diseases.<ref name="pmid25713472">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kepplinger EE | title = FDA's Expedited Approval Mechanisms for New Drug Products | journal = Biotechnology Law Report | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–37 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25713472 | pmc = 4326266 | doi = 10.1089/blr.2015.9999 }}</ref><ref name="FDA_2012">{{cite web | title = Fact Sheet: Breakthrough Therapies | publisher = United States Food and Drug Administration | url = https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/LawsEnforcedbyFDA/SignificantAmendmentstotheFDCAct/FDASIA/ucm329491.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009081511/https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/LawsEnforcedbyFDA/SignificantAmendmentstotheFDCAct/FDASIA/ucm329491.htm | date = 10 December 2014 | access-date = 9 October 2017 | archive-date = 9 October 2017 | quote = A breakthrough therapy is a drug:<br />{{bull}}intended alone or in combination with one or more other drugs to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and<br />{{bull}}preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009081511/https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/LawsEnforcedbyFDA/SignificantAmendmentstotheFDCAct/FDASIA/ucm329491.htm |date=9 October 2017 }}</ref>|group="note"|name="breakthrough therapy"}} ho an'ny PTSD, midika izany fa raha toa ka mampiseho fanantenana ny fanadihadiana, dia mety hitranga haingana kokoa ny famerenana ny mety ho fampiasana ara-pitsaboana.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ecstasy could be 'breakthrough' therapy for soldiers, others suffering from PTSD|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ecstasy-could-be-breakthrough-therapy-for-soldiers-others-suffering-from-ptsd/2017/08/26/009314ca-842f-11e7-b359-15a3617c767b_story.html|access-date=29 August 2017|date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Novolavolain'ny Merck voalohany tamin'ny 1912 ny MDMA.<ref name="Merck">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Freudenmann RW, Öxler F, Bernschneider-Reif S|title=The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents|url=http://www.thedea.org/docs/2006_Freudenmann_22846_1.pdf|journal=Addiction|volume=101|issue=9|pages=1241–1245|date=August 2006|pmid=16911722|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01511.x|quote=Although MDMA was, in fact, first synthesized at Merck in 1912, it was not tested pharmacologically because it was only an unimportant precursor in a new synthesis for haemostatic substances.|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922140222/http://www.thedea.org/docs/2006_Freudenmann_22846_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nampiasaina hanatsarana ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1970 ary lasa nalaza ho fanafody eny an-dalambe tamin'ny taona 1980.<ref name="Drugs2014" /><ref name="NIH2016" /> Matetika ny MDMA dia mifandray amin'ny fety fandihizana, raves, ary mozika dihy elektronika.<ref name="WHO2004">{{Cite book|last=World Health Organization|title=Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9OhG-dZdAwC&pg=PA97|year=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-156235-5|pages=97–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428231233/https://books.google.com/books?id=G9OhG-dZdAwC&pg=PA97|archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> Azo afangaro amin'ny akora hafa toy ny ephedrine, amphetamine, ary methamphetamine izy io.<ref name="Drugs2014" /> Tamin'ny taona 2016, olona 21 tapitrisa eo ho eo, eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 64 taona, no nampiasa ecstasy (0.3%-n'ny mponina eran-tany).<ref name="UN2018">{{Cite book|title=World Drug Report 2018|date=June 2018|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-148304-8|page=7|access-date=14 July 2018|url=https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/prelaunch/WDR18_Booklet_1_EXSUM.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727030037/http://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/prelaunch/WDR18_Booklet_1_EXSUM.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Mitovy amin'ny isan-jaton'ny olona mampiasa [[kôkainina]] na amphetamine izany, saingy ambany noho ny cannabis na opioids.<ref name="UN2018" /> Any Etazonia, hatramin'ny taona 2017, eo amin'ny 7% eo ho eo ny olona efa nampiasa MDMA tamin'ny fotoana iray teo amin'ny fiainany ary 0.9% no efa nampiasa izany tao anatin'ny herintaona.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/mdma-ecstasymolly|website=National Institute on Drug Abuse|access-date=14 July 2018|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011009/https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/mdma-ecstasymolly|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ie9gi38l4clagieb2xo4ynas70id9rz 0 298919 1149896 1134559 2026-08-28T19:31:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Bipolar disorder |synonym =Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gautam S, Jain A, Gautam M, Gautam A, Jagawat T | title = Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) in Children and Adolescents | journal = Indian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 61 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 294–305 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30745704 | pmc = 6345130 | doi = 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_570_18 }}</ref> bipolar illness, manic depression, manic depressive disorder, manic-depressive illness,<ref name="Shorter2005">{{cite book|author=Edward Shorter|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M49pEDoEpl0C&pg=PA165|year=2005|place=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517668-1|pages=165–166|access-date=August 6, 2020|archive-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106000437/https://books.google.com/books?id=M49pEDoEpl0C&pg=PA165|url-status=live}}</ref> manic-depressive psychosis, circular insanity,<ref name="Shorter2005" /> bipolar disease<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coyle|first1=Nessa|last2=Paice|first2=Judith A. |title=Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780199332342|page=623}}</ref> |image =P culture.svg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania. |pronounce = |specialty =[[Psychiatry]] |symptoms =Periods of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and elevated [[mood (psychology)|mood]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /><ref name=DSM5 /> |onset =25 years old<ref name=BMJ2012 /> |duration = |causes =[[Environmental factor|Environmental]] and [[Genetics|genetic]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /> |risks =Family history, [[childhood abuse]], long-term [[stress (psychological)|stress]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /> |diagnosis = |differential =[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[schizophrenia]], [[substance use disorder]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /> |prevention = |treatment =[[Psychotherapy]], [[medication]]s<ref name=BMJ2012 /> |medication =[[Lithium (medication)|Lithium]], [[antipsychotic]]s, [[anticonvulsant]]s<ref name=BMJ2012 /> |prognosis = |frequency =1–3%<ref name=BMJ2012/><ref name=Schmitt2014/> |deaths = }} '''Ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar''', fantatra taloha amin'ny hoe '''fahaketrahana mania''', dia fikorontanan-tsaina miavaka amin'ny vanim-potoanan'ny fahaketrahana sy ny toe-po miakatra tsy ara-dalàna.<ref name="BMJ2012" /><ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatry Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Arlington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=123–154|edition=5th}}</ref><ref name="FDA4">{{Cite web|title=DSM IV Criteria for Manic Episode|url=https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/slides/3590s1c/tsld002.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731230148/https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/slides/3590s1c/tsld002.htm|archive-date=July 31, 2017}}</ref> Raha mafy na mifandray amin'ny psychosis ny fiakaran'ny toe-po, dia antsoina hoe mania izany; raha tsy dia mafy loatra kosa, dia antsoina hoe hypomania.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Mandritra ny mania, ny olona iray dia mitondra tena na mahatsiaro ho mavitrika, faly, na mora tezitra tsy araka ny tokony ho izy.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Matetika ny olona no mandray fanapahan-kevitra maimaika nefa tsy miraharaha firy ny vokany.<ref name="DSM5" /> Matetika mihena ny filàna torimaso mandritra ny dingana mania.<ref name="DSM5" /> Mandritra ny fotoam-pahakiviana, mety hitomany ny olona iray, hanana fomba fijery ratsy momba ny fiainana, ary tsy hifandray tsara amin'ny hafa.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Avo dia avo ny mety hisian'ny famonoan-tena ; tao anatin'ny 20 taona dia 6%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena, raha 30–40% kosa no nanao fandratrana tena.<ref name="BMJ2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Anderson IM, Haddad PM, Scott J|title=Bipolar disorder|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=December 27, 2012|volume=345|page=e8508|pmid=23271744|doi=10.1136/bmj.e8508}}</ref> Ny olana ara-pahasalamana ara-tsaina hafa, toy ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby sy ny fikorontanan'ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, dia matetika mifandray amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Na dia mbola tsy mazava tsara aza ny antony mahatonga ny fikorontanan'ny saina, dia heverina fa samy mitana anjara toerana ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fototarazo.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Maro ireo fototarazo, samy manana fiantraikany kely avy, no mety handray anjara amin'ny fivoaran'ny fikorontanana.<ref name="BMJ2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodwin|first=Guy M.|title=Bipolar disorder|journal=Medicine|volume=40|issue=11|pages=596–598|doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.08.011|year=2012}}</ref> Ny fototarazo dia miteraka eo amin'ny 70–90% eo ho eo amin'ny mety hisian'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Charney|first=Alexander|last2=Sklar|first2=Pamela|editor-last=Charney|editor-first=Dennis|editor2-last=Nestler|editor2-first=Eric|editor3-last=Sklar|editor3-first=Pamela|editor4-last=Buxbaum|editor4-first=Joseph|title=Charney & Nestler's Neurobiology of Mental Illness|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780190681425|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780190681425/page/162 162]|edition=5th|chapter=Genetics of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder|isbn=9780190681425|access-date=March 15, 2022|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111023147/https://books.google.com/books?id=y8M9DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=Charney+%26+Nestler%27s+Neurobiology+of+Mental+Illness&pg=PA162|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bobo2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bobo WV|title=The Diagnosis and Management of Bipolar I and II Disorders: Clinical Practice Update|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=92|issue=10|pages=1532–1551|date=October 2017|pmid=28888714|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.06.022|type=Review|doi-access=free}}</ref> Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza eo amin'ny tontolo iainana ny tantaran'ny [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|fanararaotana zaza]] sy ny adin-tsaina maharitra.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Voasokajy ho aretin'ny bipolar I ity aretina ity raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra mania iray farafahakeliny, miaraka na tsy misy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana, ary ho aretin'ny bipolar II raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra hypomania iray farafahakeliny (saingy tsy misy trangan-javatra mania feno) sy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana lehibe iray.<ref name="DSM5" /> Raha vokatry ny zava-mahadomelina na olana ara-pahasalamana ireo soritr'aretina ireo dia tsy voamarina fa aretina bipolar izy ireo.<ref name="DSM5" /> Ny toe-javatra hafa izay mifanindry ny soritr'aretina amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar dia ahitana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana tafahoatra]], ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny skizofrenia, ary ny fikorontanan'ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina ary koa ny toe-pahasalamana maro hafa.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Tsy ilaina ny fitiliana ara-pitsaboana mba hahafantarana ny aretina, na dia afaka manilika olana hafa aza ny fitiliana ra na ny fitiliana sary ara-pitsaboana.<ref name="NIH2016Test">{{Cite web|title=Bipolar Disorder|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml#part_145405|last=NIMH|publisher=National Institutes of Health|date=April 2016|access-date=August 13, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727230418/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml#part_145405|archive-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref> Ireo fanafody mampitony ny toe-po —lithium sy ireo fanafody sasany mampitony ny fikorontanan-tsaina toy ny valproate sy carbamazepine —no fototra iorenan'ny fisorohana maharitra ny fihemorana.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Omena mandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny mania tampoka ny fanafody antipsikotika, ary koa amin'ny tranga izay tsy leferina na tsy mahomby ny fanafody mampitony ny toe-po, na rehefa tsy zatra ny zava-drehetra.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Misy porofo sasany fa manatsara ny fizotran'ity aretina ity ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, Aronson JK, Barnes T, Cipriani A, Coghill DR, Fazel S, Geddes JR, Grunze H, Holmes EA, Howes O, Hudson S, Hunt N, Jones I, Macmillan IC, McAllister-Williams H, Miklowitz DR, Morriss R, Munafò M, Paton C, Saharkian BJ, Saunders K, Sinclair J, Taylor D, Vieta E, Young AH|title=Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: Revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=30|issue=6|pages=495–553|date=June 2016|pmid=26979387|pmc=4922419|doi=10.1177/0269881116636545|quote=Currently, medication remains the key to successful practice for most patients in the long term. ... At present the preferred strategy is for continuous rather than intermittent treatment with oral medicines to prevent new mood episodes.}}</ref> Mampiady hevitra ny fampiasana fanafody mampitony fahaketrahana amin'ny fotoam-pahaketrahana—mety hahomby izy ireo saingy voalaza fa miteraka vanim-potoana mania.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cheniaux E, Nardi AE|title=Evaluating the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in patients with bipolar disorder|journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Safety|volume=18|issue=10|pages=893–913|date=October 2019|pmid=31364895|doi=10.1080/14740338.2019.1651291}}</ref> Na izany aza, matetika sarotra ny fitsaboana ireo trangan-javatra mampalahelo.<ref name="Lancet2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E|title=Bipolar disorder|journal=Lancet|volume=387|issue=10027|pages=1561–1572|date=April 2016|pmid=26388529|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X}}</ref> Mandaitra amin'ny trangan-javatra mania sy fahaketrahana tampoka ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny herinaratra (ECT), indrindra amin'ny psychosis na catatonia . {{efn|Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by profound unresponsiveness or stupor with abnormal movements in a person who is otherwise awake.<ref name="DSM-5-introduction">{{Cite book| last=American Psychiatric Association| year=2013| title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders| edition=Fifth| publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing| location=Arlington, VA| pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119 119–121]| isbn=978-0-89042-555-8| url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119}}</ref>}} <ref name="Lancet2016" /> Mety ilaina ny fidirana hopitaly ara-tsaina raha toa ka mampidi-doza ho an'ny tenany na ho an'ny hafa ny olona iray; indraindray ilaina ny fitsaboana tsy nahy raha toa ka mandà ny fitsaboana ilay olona voakasik'izany.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Mitranga amin'ny 1% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Any Etazonia, tombanana ho 3% eo ho eo no voakasik'izany amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany; toa mitovy ny tahan'ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy.<ref name="Schmitt2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schmitt A, Malchow B, Hasan A, Falkai P|title=The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders|journal=Front Neurosci|volume=8|issue=19|pages=19|date=February 2014|doi=10.3389/fnins.2014.00019|pmc=3920481|pmid=24574956}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diflorio A, Jones I|title=Is sex important? Gender differences in bipolar disorder|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=22|issue=5|pages=437–452|date=2010|pmid=21047158|doi=10.3109/09540261.2010.514601}}</ref> 25 taona no tena mahazatra indrindra amin'ny taona anombohan'ny soritr'aretina.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Manodidina ny ampahefatry ny olona voan'ny aretin-tsaina bipolar no manana olana ara-bola, ara-tsosialy, na ara-asa noho io aretina io.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> Anisan'ny antony 20 lehibe mahatonga ny fahasembanana maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny saina ary miteraka fandaniana be ho an'ny fiaraha-monina.<ref name="Ferrari2016">{{Cite journal|last=Ferrari|first=AJ|last2=Stockings|first2=E|last3=Khoo|first3=JP|last4=Erskine|first4=HE|last5=Degenhardt|first5=L|last6=Vos|first6=T|last7=Whiteford|first7=HA|title=The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Bipolar Disorders|date=August 2016|volume=18|issue=5|pages=440–50|doi=10.1111/bdi.12423|pmid=27566286|type=Review}}</ref> Noho ny safidy fomba fiaina sy ny voka-dratsin'ny fanafody, ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny antony voajanahary toy ny aretim-po amin'ny olona voan'ny bipolar dia avo roa heny noho ny an'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny.<ref name="BMJ2012" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2vpwdgnfqa8g8ytzkrsu4dc504h1hzi 1150005 1149896 2026-08-29T11:34:30Z Haingo18 39791 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500715|Bipolar disorder]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect2|Manic depression|Bipolar disorders|the medical journal|Bipolar Disorders (journal)}} {{Infobox medical condition|name=Bipolar disorder|synonym=Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gautam S, Jain A, Gautam M, Gautam A, Jagawat T | title = Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) in Children and Adolescents | journal = Indian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 61 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 294–305 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30745704 | pmc = 6345130 | doi = 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_570_18 }}</ref> bipolar illness, manic depression, manic depressive disorder, manic-depressive illness,<ref name=Shorter2005/> manic-depressive psychosis, circular insanity,<ref name=Shorter2005/> bipolar disease<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coyle|first1=Nessa|last2=Paice|first2=Judith A. |title=Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780199332342|page=623}}</ref>|image=P culture.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Periods of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and elevated [[mood (psychology)|mood]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /><ref name=DSM5 />|onset=25 years old<ref name=BMJ2012 />|duration=|causes=[[Environmental factor|Environmental]] and [[Genetics|genetic]]<ref name=BMJ2012 />|risks=Family history, [[childhood abuse]], long-term [[stress (psychological)|stress]]<ref name=BMJ2012 />|diagnosis=|differential=[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[schizophrenia]], [[substance use disorder]]<ref name=BMJ2012 />|prevention=|treatment=[[Psychotherapy]], [[medication]]s<ref name=BMJ2012 />|medication=[[Lithium (medication)|Lithium]], [[antipsychotic]]s, [[anticonvulsant]]s<ref name=BMJ2012 />|prognosis=|frequency=1–3%<ref name=BMJ2012/><ref name=Schmitt2014/>|deaths=}} '''Ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar''', fantatra taloha amin'ny hoe '''fahaketrahana mania''', dia fikorontanan-tsaina miavaka amin'ny vanim-potoanan'ny fahaketrahana sy ny toe-po miakatra tsy ara-dalàna. Raha mafy na mifandray amin'ny psychosis ny fiakaran'ny toe-po, dia antsoina hoe mania izany; raha tsy dia mafy loatra kosa, dia antsoina hoe hypomania . Mandritra ny mania, ny olona iray dia mitondra tena na mahatsiaro ho mavitrika, faly, na mora tezitra tsy araka ny tokony ho izy . Matetika ny olona no mandray fanapahan-kevitra maimaika nefa tsy miraharaha firy ny vokany. Matetika mihena ny filàna torimaso mandritra ny dingana mania. Mandritra ny fotoam-pahakiviana, mety hitomany ny olona iray, hanana fomba fijery ratsy momba ny fiainana, ary tsy hifandray tsara amin'ny hafa. Avo dia avo ny mety hisian'ny [[famonoan-tena]] ; tao anatin'ny 20 taona dia 6%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena, raha 30–40% kosa no nanao fandratrana tena . Ny olana ara-pahasalamana ara-tsaina hafa, toy ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby sy ny fikorontanan'ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, dia matetika mifandray amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar. Na dia mbola tsy mazava tsara aza ny antony mahatonga ny fikorontanan'ny saina, dia heverina fa samy mitana anjara toerana ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fototarazo . Maro ireo fototarazo, samy manana fiantraikany kely avy, no mety handray anjara amin'ny fivoaran'ny fikorontanana. Ny fototarazo dia miteraka eo amin'ny 70–90% eo ho eo amin'ny mety hisian'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar. Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza eo amin'ny tontolo iainana ny tantaran'ny [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|fanararaotana zaza]] sy ny adin-tsaina maharitra. Voasokajy ho aretin'ny bipolar I ity aretina ity raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra mania iray farafahakeliny, miaraka na tsy misy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana, ary ho aretin'ny bipolar II raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra hypomania iray farafahakeliny (saingy tsy misy trangan-javatra mania feno) sy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana lehibe iray. Raha vokatry ny zava-mahadomelina na olana ara-pahasalamana ireo soritr'aretina ireo dia tsy voamarina fa aretina bipolar izy ireo. Ny toe-javatra hafa izay mifanindry ny soritr'aretina amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar dia ahitana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana tafahoatra]], ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny skizofrenia, ary ny fikorontanan'ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina ary koa ny toe-pahasalamana maro hafa. Tsy ilaina ny fitiliana ara-pitsaboana mba hahafantarana ny aretina, na dia afaka manilika olana hafa aza ny fitiliana ra na ny fitiliana sary ara-pitsaboana . Ireo fanafody mampitony ny toe-po —lithium sy ireo fanafody sasany mampitony ny fikorontanan-tsaina toy ny valproate sy carbamazepine —no fototra iorenan'ny fisorohana maharitra ny fihemorana. Omena mandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny mania tampoka ny fanafody antipsikotika, ary koa amin'ny tranga izay tsy leferina na tsy mahomby ny fanafody mampitony ny toe-po, na rehefa tsy zatra ny zava-drehetra. Misy porofo sasany fa manatsara ny fizotran'ity aretina ity ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina . Mampiady hevitra ny fampiasana fanafody mampitony fahaketrahana amin'ny fotoam-pahaketrahana—mety hahomby izy ireo saingy voalaza fa miteraka vanim-potoana mania. Na izany aza, matetika sarotra ny fitsaboana ireo trangan-javatra mampalahelo. Mandaitra amin'ny trangan-javatra mania sy fahaketrahana tampoka ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny herinaratra (ECT), indrindra amin'ny psychosis na catatonia . {{efn|Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by profound unresponsiveness or stupor with abnormal movements in a person who is otherwise awake.<ref name="DSM-5-introduction">{{Cite book| last=American Psychiatric Association| year=2013| title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders| edition=Fifth| publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing| location=Arlington, VA| pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119 119–121]| isbn=978-0-89042-555-8| url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119}}</ref>}} Mety ilaina ny fidirana hopitaly ara-tsaina raha toa ka mampidi-doza ho an'ny tenany na ho an'ny hafa ny olona iray; indraindray ilaina ny fitsaboana tsy nahy raha toa ka mandà ny fitsaboana ilay olona voakasik'izany. Mitranga amin'ny 1% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar. Any Etazonia, tombanana ho 3% eo ho eo no voakasik'izany amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany; toa mitovy ny tahan'ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy. 25 taona no tena mahazatra indrindra amin'ny taona anombohan'ny soritr'aretina. Manodidina ny ampahefatry ny olona voan'ny aretin-tsaina bipolar no manana olana ara-bola, ara-tsosialy, na ara-asa noho io aretina io. Anisan'ny antony 20 lehibe mahatonga ny fahasembanana maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny saina ary miteraka fandaniana be ho an'ny fiaraha-monina. Noho ny safidy fomba fiaina sy ny voka-dratsin'ny fanafody, ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny antony voajanahary toy ny [[Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo|aretim-po]] amin'ny olona voan'ny bipolar dia avo roa heny noho ny an'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny. == -tsoratra == {{notelist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5168o7mghyq65rhukuwmpahu143b9u3 1150008 1150005 2026-08-29T11:41:19Z Haingo18 39791 Nanitsy tsipelina 1150008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect2|Manic depression|Bipolar disorders|the medical journal|Bipolar Disorders (journal)}} {{Infobox medical condition|name=Bipolar disorder|synonym=Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gautam S, Jain A, Gautam M, Gautam A, Jagawat T | title = Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) in Children and Adolescents | journal = Indian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 61 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 294–305 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30745704 | pmc = 6345130 | doi = 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_570_18 }}</ref> bipolar illness, manic depression, manic depressive disorder, manic-depressive illness,<ref name=Shorter2005/> manic-depressive psychosis, circular insanity,<ref name=Shorter2005/> bipolar disease<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coyle|first1=Nessa|last2=Paice|first2=Judith A. |title=Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780199332342|page=623}}</ref>|image=P culture.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Periods of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and elevated [[mood (psychology)|mood]]<ref name=BMJ2012 /><ref name=DSM5 />|onset=25 years old<ref name=BMJ2012 />|duration=|causes=[[Environmental factor|Environmental]] and [[Genetics|genetic]]<ref name=BMJ2012 />|risks=Family history, [[childhood abuse]], long-term [[stress (psychological)|stress]]<ref name=BMJ2012 />|diagnosis=|differential=[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[schizophrenia]], [[substance use disorder]]<ref name=BMJ2012 />|prevention=|treatment=[[Psychotherapy]], [[medication]]s<ref name=BMJ2012 />|medication=[[Lithium (medication)|Lithium]], [[antipsychotic]]s, [[anticonvulsant]]s<ref name=BMJ2012 />|prognosis=|frequency=1–3%<ref name=BMJ2012/><ref name=Schmitt2014/>|deaths=}} '''Ny fikorontanan'ny ''bipolar''''', fantatra taloha amin'ny hoe '''fahaketrahana mania''', dia fikorontanan-tsaina miavaka amin'ny vanim-potoanan'ny fahaketrahana sy ny toe-po miakatra tsy ara-dalàna. Raha mafy na mifandray amin'ny ''psychosis'' ny fiakaran'ny toe-po, dia antsoina hoe mania izany; raha tsy dia mafy loatra kosa, dia antsoina hoe ''hypomania'' . Mandritra ny mania, ny olona iray dia mitondra tena na mahatsiaro ho mavitrika, faly, na mora tezitra tsy araka ny tokony ho izy . Matetika ny olona no mandray fanapahan-kevitra maimaika nefa tsy miraharaha firy ny vokany. Matetika mihena ny filàna torimaso mandritra ny dingana mania. Mandritra ny fotoam-pahakiviana, mety hitomany ny olona iray, hanana fomba fijery ratsy momba ny fiainana, ary tsy hifandray tsara amin'ny hafa. Avo dia avo ny mety hisian'ny [[famonoan-tena]] ; tao anatin'ny 20 taona dia 6%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena, raha 30–40% kosa no nanao fandratrana tena . Ny olana ara-pahasalamana ara-tsaina hafa, toy ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby sy ny fikorontanan'ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, dia matetika mifandray amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar. Na dia mbola tsy mazava tsara aza ny antony mahatonga ny fikorontanan'ny saina, dia heverina fa samy mitana anjara toerana ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fototarazo . Maro ireo fototarazo, samy manana fiantraikany kely avy, no mety handray anjara amin'ny fivoaran'ny fikorontanana. Ny fototarazo dia miteraka eo amin'ny 70–90% eo ho eo amin'ny mety hisian'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar. Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza eo amin'ny tontolo iainana ny tantaran'ny [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|fanararaotana zaza]] sy ny adin-tsaina maharitra. Voasokajy ho aretin'ny bipolar I ity aretina ity raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra mania iray farafahakeliny, miaraka na tsy misy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana, ary ho aretin'ny bipolar II raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra hypomania iray farafahakeliny (saingy tsy misy trangan-javatra mania feno) sy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana lehibe iray. Raha vokatry ny zava-mahadomelina na olana ara-pahasalamana ireo soritr'aretina ireo dia tsy voamarina fa aretina bipolar izy ireo. Ny toe-javatra hafa izay mifanindry ny soritr'aretina amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar dia ahitana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana tafahoatra]], ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny skizofrenia, ary ny fikorontanan'ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina ary koa ny toe-pahasalamana maro hafa. Tsy ilaina ny fitiliana ara-pitsaboana mba hahafantarana ny aretina, na dia afaka manilika olana hafa aza ny fitiliana ra na ny fitiliana sary ara-pitsaboana . Ireo fanafody mampitony ny toe-po —lithium sy ireo fanafody sasany mampitony ny fikorontanan-tsaina toy ny valproate sy carbamazepine —no fototra iorenan'ny fisorohana maharitra ny fihemorana. Omena mandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny mania tampoka ny fanafody antipsikotika, ary koa amin'ny tranga izay tsy leferina na tsy mahomby ny fanafody mampitony ny toe-po, na rehefa tsy zatra ny zava-drehetra. Misy porofo sasany fa manatsara ny fizotran'ity aretina ity ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina . Mampiady hevitra ny fampiasana fanafody mampitony fahaketrahana amin'ny fotoam-pahaketrahana—mety hahomby izy ireo saingy voalaza fa miteraka vanim-potoana mania. Na izany aza, matetika sarotra ny fitsaboana ireo trangan-javatra mampalahelo. Mandaitra amin'ny trangan-javatra mania sy fahaketrahana tampoka ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny herinaratra (ECT), indrindra amin'ny psychosis na catatonia . {{efn|Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by profound unresponsiveness or stupor with abnormal movements in a person who is otherwise awake.<ref name="DSM-5-introduction">{{Cite book| last=American Psychiatric Association| year=2013| title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders| edition=Fifth| publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing| location=Arlington, VA| pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119 119–121]| isbn=978-0-89042-555-8| url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119}}</ref>}} Mety ilaina ny fidirana hopitaly ara-tsaina raha toa ka mampidi-doza ho an'ny tenany na ho an'ny hafa ny olona iray; indraindray ilaina ny fitsaboana tsy nahy raha toa ka mandà ny fitsaboana ilay olona voakasik'izany. Mitranga amin'ny 1% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny ''bipolar''. Any Etazonia, tombanana ho 3% eo ho eo no voakasik'izany amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany; toa mitovy ny tahan'ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy. 25 taona no tena mahazatra indrindra amin'ny taona anombohan'ny soritr'aretina. Manodidina ny ampahefatry ny olona voan'ny aretin-tsaina bipolar no manana olana ara-bola, ara-tsosialy, na ara-asa noho io aretina io. Anisan'ny antony 20 lehibe mahatonga ny fahasembanana maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny saina ary miteraka fandaniana be ho an'ny fiaraha-monina. Noho ny safidy fomba fiaina sy ny voka-dratsin'ny fanafody, ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny antony voajanahary toy ny [[Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo|aretim-po]] amin'ny olona voan'ny bipolar dia avo roa heny noho ny an'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny. {{notelist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8ewrqy51kitspso3f8yvu26vz3fzc0x 1150015 1150008 2026-08-29T11:51:01Z Haingo18 39791 Nanova infobox 1150015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect2|Manic depression|Bipolar disorders|the medical journal|Bipolar Disorders (journal)}} {{Infobox medical condition | name = Bipolar disorder | synonym = | image = P culture.svg | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania. | pronounce = | specialty = [[Psychiatry]] | symptoms = Periods of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and elevated [[mood (psychology)|mood]] name=BMJ2012 / name=DSM5 /> | onset = 25 taona, anarana=BMJ2012 /> | duration = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = [[Psychotherapy]], [[medication]]s name=BMJ2012 /> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1–3%<name=BMJ2012/name=Schmitt2014/> | deaths = }} '''Ny fikorontanan'ny ''bipolar''''', fantatra taloha amin'ny hoe '''fahaketrahana mania''', dia fikorontanan-tsaina miavaka amin'ny vanim-potoanan'ny fahaketrahana sy ny toe-po miakatra tsy ara-dalàna. Raha mafy na mifandray amin'ny ''psychosis'' ny fiakaran'ny toe-po, dia antsoina hoe mania izany; raha tsy dia mafy loatra kosa, dia antsoina hoe ''hypomania'' . Mandritra ny mania, ny olona iray dia mitondra tena na mahatsiaro ho mavitrika, faly, na mora tezitra tsy araka ny tokony ho izy . Matetika ny olona no mandray fanapahan-kevitra maimaika nefa tsy miraharaha firy ny vokany. Matetika mihena ny filàna torimaso mandritra ny dingana mania. Mandritra ny fotoam-pahakiviana, mety hitomany ny olona iray, hanana fomba fijery ratsy momba ny fiainana, ary tsy hifandray tsara amin'ny hafa. Avo dia avo ny mety hisian'ny [[famonoan-tena]] ; tao anatin'ny 20 taona dia 6%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena, raha 30–40% kosa no nanao fandratrana tena . Ny olana ara-pahasalamana ara-tsaina hafa, toy ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby sy ny fikorontanan'ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, dia matetika mifandray amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar. Na dia mbola tsy mazava tsara aza ny antony mahatonga ny fikorontanan'ny saina, dia heverina fa samy mitana anjara toerana ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana sy ny fototarazo . Maro ireo fototarazo, samy manana fiantraikany kely avy, no mety handray anjara amin'ny fivoaran'ny fikorontanana. Ny fototarazo dia miteraka eo amin'ny 70–90% eo ho eo amin'ny mety hisian'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar. Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza eo amin'ny tontolo iainana ny tantaran'ny [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|fanararaotana zaza]] sy ny adin-tsaina maharitra. Voasokajy ho aretin'ny bipolar I ity aretina ity raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra mania iray farafahakeliny, miaraka na tsy misy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana, ary ho aretin'ny bipolar II raha toa ka nisy trangan-javatra hypomania iray farafahakeliny (saingy tsy misy trangan-javatra mania feno) sy trangan-javatra fahaketrahana lehibe iray. Raha vokatry ny zava-mahadomelina na olana ara-pahasalamana ireo soritr'aretina ireo dia tsy voamarina fa aretina bipolar izy ireo. Ny toe-javatra hafa izay mifanindry ny soritr'aretina amin'ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar dia ahitana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana tafahoatra]], ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny skizofrenia, ary ny fikorontanan'ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina ary koa ny toe-pahasalamana maro hafa. Tsy ilaina ny fitiliana ara-pitsaboana mba hahafantarana ny aretina, na dia afaka manilika olana hafa aza ny fitiliana ra na ny fitiliana sary ara-pitsaboana . Ireo fanafody mampitony ny toe-po —lithium sy ireo fanafody sasany mampitony ny fikorontanan-tsaina toy ny valproate sy carbamazepine —no fototra iorenan'ny fisorohana maharitra ny fihemorana. Omena mandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny mania tampoka ny fanafody antipsikotika, ary koa amin'ny tranga izay tsy leferina na tsy mahomby ny fanafody mampitony ny toe-po, na rehefa tsy zatra ny zava-drehetra. Misy porofo sasany fa manatsara ny fizotran'ity aretina ity ny fitsaboana ara-tsaina . Mampiady hevitra ny fampiasana fanafody mampitony fahaketrahana amin'ny fotoam-pahaketrahana—mety hahomby izy ireo saingy voalaza fa miteraka vanim-potoana mania. Na izany aza, matetika sarotra ny fitsaboana ireo trangan-javatra mampalahelo. Mandaitra amin'ny trangan-javatra mania sy fahaketrahana tampoka ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny herinaratra (ECT), indrindra amin'ny psychosis na catatonia . {{efn|Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by profound unresponsiveness or stupor with abnormal movements in a person who is otherwise awake.<ref name="DSM-5-introduction">{{Cite book| last=American Psychiatric Association| year=2013| title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders| edition=Fifth| publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing| location=Arlington, VA| pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119 119–121]| isbn=978-0-89042-555-8| url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119}}</ref>}} Mety ilaina ny fidirana hopitaly ara-tsaina raha toa ka mampidi-doza ho an'ny tenany na ho an'ny hafa ny olona iray; indraindray ilaina ny fitsaboana tsy nahy raha toa ka mandà ny fitsaboana ilay olona voakasik'izany. Mitranga amin'ny 1% eo ho eo amin'ny mponina maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny ''bipolar''. Any Etazonia, tombanana ho 3% eo ho eo no voakasik'izany amin'ny fotoana iray eo amin'ny fiainany; toa mitovy ny tahan'ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy. 25 taona no tena mahazatra indrindra amin'ny taona anombohan'ny soritr'aretina. Manodidina ny ampahefatry ny olona voan'ny aretin-tsaina bipolar no manana olana ara-bola, ara-tsosialy, na ara-asa noho io aretina io. Anisan'ny antony 20 lehibe mahatonga ny fahasembanana maneran-tany ny fikorontanan'ny saina ary miteraka fandaniana be ho an'ny fiaraha-monina. Noho ny safidy fomba fiaina sy ny voka-dratsin'ny fanafody, ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny antony voajanahary toy ny [[Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo|aretim-po]] amin'ny olona voan'ny bipolar dia avo roa heny noho ny an'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny. {{notelist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pp5hxydra2q6po645o9zhuze38gnrt4 0 298923 1149907 1134570 2026-08-28T19:40:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Pulmonary embolism |synonym = |image =SaddlePE.PNG |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Chest spiral [[CT scan]] with [[radiocontrast]] agent showing multiple filling defects both at the bifurcation ("saddle" pulmonary embolism) and in the [[pulmonary artery|pulmonary arteries]] |pronounce = |specialty =[[Hematology]], [[cardiology]], [[pulmonology]] |symptoms =[[dyspnea|Shortness of breath]], [[chest pain]], coughing up blood<ref name=NIH2011Sym/> |onset =Advanced age<ref name=NIH2011Risk/> |duration = |causes = |risks =[[Cancer]], prolonged [[bed rest]], [[smoking]], [[stroke]], certain [[genetics|genetic]] conditions, [[hormone replacement therapy|estrogen-based medication]], [[pregnancy]], [[obesity]], after surgery<ref name=NIH2011Risk/> |diagnosis =Based on symptoms, [[D-dimer]], [[CT pulmonary angiography]], [[lung ventilation/perfusion scan]]<ref name=NIH2011Diag/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =[[Anticoagulant]]s ([[heparin]], [[warfarin]], [[DOACs]])<ref name=Chest2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, Huisman M, King CS, Morris TA, Sood N, Stevens SM, Vintch JR, Wells P, Woller SC, Moores L | display-authors = 6 | title = Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report | journal = Chest | volume = 149 | issue = 2 | pages = 315–352 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26867832 | doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026 }}</ref> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =~450,000 per year (USA), 430,000 (Europe)<ref name=NIH2011What/><ref name="Epi2005"/><ref name=Ras2014/> |deaths =50,000–200,000 per year (USA)<ref name=Epi2005/><ref name="Robbins Pathology"/> }} '''Ny embolisma amin'ny havokavoka''' ( '''PE''' ) dia sakana amin'ny lalan-drà ao amin'ny havokavoka vokatry ny zavatra iray izay nifindra avy any an-kafa ao amin'ny vatana amin'ny alalan'ny lalan-drà ( embolisma ). Ny soritr'aretin'ny PE dia mety ahitana ny fahasemporana, ny fanaintainan'ny tratra indrindra rehefa mifoka rivotra, ary ny kohaka misy ra.<ref name="NIH2011Sym" /> Mety hisy ihany koa ny soritr'aretin'ny fivontosan'ny ra ao amin'ny tongotra, toy ny mena, mafana, mivonto ary maharary ny tongotra. Anisan'ny famantarana ny PE ny haavon'ny oksizenina ambany ao amin'ny ra, ny fifohana rivotra haingana, ny fitempon'ny fo haingana, ary indraindray ny tazo malefaka.<ref name="Tint2010">{{Cite book|last=Tintinalli|first=Judith E.|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|location=New York|year=2010|pages=432|edition=7|isbn=978-0-07-148480-0}}</ref> Ny tranga mafy dia mety hiteraka fahatoranana, tosidra ambany tsy ara-dalàna, ary fahafatesana tampoka.<ref name="Goldhaber">{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldhaber SZ|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/harrisonsprincip0000denn_n2s5|edition=16th|year=2005|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-139140-5|pages=1561–65|chapter=Pulmonary thromboembolism}}</ref> Matetika ny PE dia vokatry ny fivontosan'ny ra ao amin'ny tongotra izay mandeha mankany amin'ny havokavoka. Mitombo ny mety hisian'ny fivontosan'ny ra noho ny homamiadana, ny fialana sasatra ela eo am-pandriana, ny fifohana sigara, ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, ny aretina fototarazo sasany, ny fanafody mifototra amin'ny estrogen, [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]], ny hatavezana, ary aorian'ny karazana fandidiana sasany. Ny ampahany kely amin'ny tranga dia vokatry ny embolization amin'ny rivotra, tavy, na ranon-javatra amniotique.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pantaleo G, Luigi N, Federica T, Paola S, Margherita N, Tahir M|title=Amniotic fluid embolism: review|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology|volume=14|issue=14|pages=1163–7|date=2014|pmid=24804726|doi=10.2174/1389201015666140430161404}}</ref> Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina miaraka amin'ny valin'ny fitiliana.<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Raha ambany ny risika, ny fitiliana ra fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe D-dimer dia mety hanaporofo fa tsy marina io aretina io.<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Raha tsy izany, ny angiografia CT pulmonary, ny fitiliana ventilation/perfusion lung, na ny ultrasound amin'ny tongotra dia mety hanamarina ny aretina. Ny thrombosis lalan-dra lalina sy ny PE dia fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe venous thromboembolism (VTE). Ny ezaka atao hisorohana ny PE dia ahitana ny fanombohana mihetsika haingana araka izay azo atao aorian'ny fandidiana, ny fanazaran-tena amin'ny tongotra ambany mandritra ny fotoana fipetrahana, ary ny fampiasana fanafody manalefaka ny ra aorian'ny karazana fandidiana sasany. Ny fitsaboana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fanafody manakana ny fikorianan'ny ra toy ny heparin, warfarin na iray amin'ireo fanafody manakana ny fikorianan'ny ra (DOAC) miasa mivantana.<ref name="Chest2016">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, Huisman M, King CS, Morris TA, Sood N, Stevens SM, Vintch JR, Wells P, Woller SC, Moores L | display-authors = 6 | title = Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report | journal = Chest | volume = 149 | issue = 2 | pages = 315–352 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26867832 | doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026 }}</ref> Ireo dia atolotra mandritra ny telo volana farafahakeliny. Mety mitaky fandidiana trombolysis amin'ny alalan'ny fanafody toy ny tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) omena amin'ny alalan'ny lalan-drà na amin'ny alalan'ny catheter ny tranga mafy, ary ny sasany mety mitaky fandidiana ( thrombectomy pulmonary ).<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /><ref name="Or2020">{{Cite journal|last=Ortel|first=Thomas L.|last2=Neumann|first2=Ignacio|last3=Ageno|first3=Walter|last4=Beyth|first4=Rebecca|last5=Clark|first5=Nathan P.|last6=Cuker|first6=Adam|last7=Hutten|first7=Barbara A.|last8=Jaff|first8=Michael R.|last9=Manja|first9=Veena|last10=Schulman|first10=Sam|last11=Thurston|first11=Caitlin|last12=Vedantham|first12=Suresh|last13=Verhamme|first13=Peter|last14=Witt|first14=Daniel M.|last15=D. Florez|first15=Ivan|title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism|journal=Blood Advances|date=13 October 2020|volume=4|issue=19|pages=4693–4738|doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> Raha tsy mety ny fanafody manalefaka ny ra, dia azo ampiasaina ny sivana vena cava vonjimaika. Olona 430.000 eo ho eo isan-taona no voan'ny emboli pulmonary any Eoropa.<ref name="Ras2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raskob GE, Angchaisuksiri P, Blanco AN, Buller H, Gallus A, Hunt BJ, Hylek EM, Kakkar A, Konstantinides SV, McCumber M, Ozaki Y, Wendelboe A, Weitz JI|display-authors=6|title=Thrombosis: a major contributor to global disease burden|journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology|volume=34|issue=11|pages=2363–71|date=November 2014|pmid=25304324|doi=10.1161/atvbaha.114.304488|doi-access=free}}</ref> Any Etazonia, eo anelanelan'ny 300.000 sy 600.000 ny tranga mitranga isan-taona,<ref name="Epi2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rahimtoola A, Bergin JD|title=Acute pulmonary embolism: an update on diagnosis and management|journal=Current Problems in Cardiology|volume=30|issue=2|pages=61–114|date=February 2005|pmid=15650680|doi=10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2004.06.001}}</ref> izay miteraka fahafatesana eo anelanelan'ny 50.000 <ref name="Epi2005" /> sy 200.000.<ref name="Robbins Pathology">{{Cite book|vauthors=Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN|title=Basic Pathology|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-312-1036-9|page=98}}</ref> Mitovy ny tahan'ny aretina amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy.<ref name="NIH2011Risk" /> Miha-mahazatra kokoa izy ireo rehefa mihantitra ny olona. == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 09d97xtq5myne5texchw68lwmdpucff 0 298924 1149893 1134572 2026-08-28T19:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Verifiedfields =changed |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =418022579 |drug_name =Lisdexamfetamine |image =Lisdexamfetamine structure.svg |width =200 |alt = |image2 =Lisdexamfetamine ball-and-stick model.png |caption =<!-- |type = <!-- Names --> |pronounce = |tradename =Tyvense, Elvanse, Vyvanse, others |synonyms =(2''S'')-2,6-Diamino-''N''-[(2''S'')-1-phenylpropan-2-yl]hexanamide<br />''N''-[(2''S'')-1-Phenyl-2-propanyl]-<small>L</small>-lysinamide |IUPAC_name =(2''S'')-2,6-Diamino-''N''-[(1''S'')-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]hexanamide <!-- Clinical data --> |class =[[Central nervous system]] (CNS) [[stimulant]]<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=Amp2013/> |uses =[[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[binge eating disorder]]<ref name=AHFS2019/> |side_effects =Loss of appetite, anxiety, diarrhea, [[insomnia|trouble sleeping]], irritability, nausea<ref name=AHFS2019/> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy_AU =B3 |pregnancy_US =C |pregnancy_category= |breastfeeding = |routes_of_administration=By mouth ([[Capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]]) |onset =2&nbsp;h<ref name="Millichap: onset, peak, and duration">{{cite book | author = Millichap JG | editor = Millichap JG | title = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD | year = 2010 | publisher = Springer | location = New York, USA | isbn = 9781441913968 | pages = 112 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD | quote = <br />Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication<br />Dexedrine [Peak:2–3&nbsp;h] [Duration:5–6&nbsp;h]&nbsp;...<br />Adderall [Peak:2–3&nbsp;h] [Duration:5–7&nbsp;h]<br />Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8&nbsp;h] [Duration:12&nbsp;h]&nbsp;...<br />Adderall XR [Peak:7–8&nbsp;h] [Duration:12&nbsp;h]<br />Vyvanse [Peak:3–4&nbsp;h] [Duration:12&nbsp;h]}}</ref><ref name="XR onset-duration">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL | title = Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | journal = Postgrad. Med. | volume = 120 | issue = 3 | pages = 69–88 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18824827 | doi = 10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909 | quote = Onset of efficacy was earliest for d-MPH-ER at 0.5 hours, followed by d, l-MPH-LA at 1 to 2 hours, MCD at 1.5 hours, d, l-MPH-OR at 1 to 2 hours, MAS-XR at 1.5 to 2 hours, MTS at 2 hours, and LDX at approximately 2 hours.&nbsp;... MAS-XR, and LDX have a long duration of action at 12 hours postdose}}</ref> |duration_of_action=10–12&nbsp;h<ref name="Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology - Lisdexamfetamine">{{cite book | vauthors=Stahl SM | title=Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology | url=https://archive.org/details/prescribersguide0000step | date=March 2017 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, United Kingdom | isbn=9781108228749 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/prescribersguide0000step/page/379 379]–384 | edition=6th | chapter=Lisdexamfetamine }}</ref><ref name="Millichap: onset, peak, and duration" /><ref name="XR onset-duration" /> |defined_daily_dose=30 mg<ref name=WHO2020DDD>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA12 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210136/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA12 |url-status=live }}</ref> |typical_dose = |dependency_liability=High<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology - Lisdexamfetamine"/> |addiction_liability=Moderate <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{drugs.com|monograph|lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate}} |MedlinePlus =a607047 <!-- Legal data --> |legal_AU =S8 |legal_BR =Class A3 |legal_CA =Schedule II |legal_DE =Anlage III |legal_UK =Class B |legal_US =Schedule II |legal_status =Rx-only |DailyMedID =Lisdexamfetamine |licence_US =Lisdexamfetamine |licence_EU = <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability =96.4%<ref>{{cite web | title=Public Assessment Report Decentralised Procedure | url=http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con261790.pdf | publisher=MHRA |access-date=23 August 2014 | page=14 | archive-date=31 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031205521/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con261790.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> |metabolism =[[Hydrolysis]] by enzymes in [[red blood cell]]s initially.<br />Subsequent metabolism follows [[Amphetamine#Pharmacokinetics]]. |elimination_half-life=≤1&nbsp;h ([[prodrug]] molecule)<br />9–11&nbsp;h (dextroamphetamine) |excretion =Renal: ~2% <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =15 |H =25 |N =3 |O =1 |SMILES =O=C(N[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)C)[C@@H](N)CCCCN |StdInChI =1S/C15H25N3O/c1-12(11-13-7-3-2-4-8-13)18-15(19)14(17)9-5-6-10-16/h2-4,7-8,12,14H,5-6,9-11,16-17H2,1H3,(H,18,19)/t12-,14-/m0/s1 |StdInChI_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChIKey =VOBHXZCDAVEXEY-JSGCOSHPSA-N |StdInChIKey_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} }} '''Ny Lisdexamfetamina''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Vyvanse''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody ampiasaina hitsaboana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana sy ny fiasan'ny vatana]] (ADHD) amin'ny olona mihoatra ny dimy taona ary koa ho an'ny fikorontanan'ny fihinanana tafahoatra antonony ka hatramin'ny mafy amin'ny olon-dehibe.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608192642/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisdexamfetamine-dimesylate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Atelina ny Lisdexamfetamine.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="DailyMed2019">{{Cite web|title=Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisdexamfetamine.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=16 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111171419/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisdexamfetamine.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Any Royaume-Uni dia mazàna tsy dia tian'ny olona loatra noho ny methylphenidate.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=348–349|edition=76}}</ref> Mazàna dia manomboka ao anatin'ny 2 ora ny vokany ary maharitra hatramin'ny 12 ora.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny tsy fahazotoan-komana, ny tebiteby, ny aretim-pivalanana, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ny fahasosorana ary ny maloiloy.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Anisan'ny voka-dratsy tsy fahita firy nefa lehibe ny mania, ny fahafatesan'ny fo tampoka ho an'ireo manana olana amin'ny fo, ary ny psychosis.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Mety ho azo ampiasaina amin'ny fomba ratsy izy io araka ny DEA.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="DailyMed2019" /> Mety hitranga ny aretin'ny serotoninina raha ampiasaina miaraka amin'ny fanafody sasany hafa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Mety hiteraka fahavoazana ho an'ny zaza ny fampiasana azy mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] ary tsy atolotry ny mpanamboatra ny fampiasana azy mandritra ny fampinonoana.<ref name="BNF76" /><ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="DailyMed2019" /> Ny Lisdexamfetamine dia fanafody mandrisika ny rafi-pitatitra foibe (CNS) izay miasa rehefa avy ovain'ny vatana ho dextroamphetamine.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="Amp2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ|title=Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective|journal=J. Psychopharmacol.|volume=27|issue=6|pages=479–496|date=June 2013|pmid=23539642|pmc=3666194|doi=10.1177/0269881113482532}}</ref> Ara-simika, ny lisdexamfetamine dia voaforon'ny asidra amine <nowiki><small id="mwgA">L</small></nowiki> -lysine, mifamatotra amin'ny dextroamphetamine.<ref name="pmid17407369">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Blick SK, Keating GM|title=Lisdexamfetamine|journal=Paediatric Drugs|volume=9|issue=2|pages=129–135; discussion 136–138|date=2007|pmid=17407369|doi=10.2165/00148581-200709020-00007|url=}}</ref> Nekena ho ampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tany Etazonia tamin'ny taona 2007 ny Lisdexamfetamine.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Mitentina [[Pound sterling|£]] <span>58</span> eo ho eo ho an'ny Sampan-draharahan'ny Fahasalamana Nasionaly Britanika ny famatsiana iray volana any Royaume-Uni {{as of|2019|lc=y|post=.}} <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisdexamfetamine&action=edit &#x5B; fanavaozana &#x5D;]</sup><ref name="BNF76" /> Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny amin'ity vola ity dia eo amin'ny <span>264</span> [[United States dollar|dolara amerikana]] eo ho eo.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-91 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny valo tapitrisa.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/LisdexamfetamineDimesylate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127230121/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/LisdexamfetamineDimesylate|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zava-mahadomelina voafehy araka ny fandaharam-potoana II any Royaume-Uni ary zava-mahadomelina voafehy araka ny fandaharam-potoana II any Etazonia.<ref name="BNF76" /><ref name="DEA2017">{{Cite book|title=Drugs of Abuse|date=2017|publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration • U.S. Department of Justice|page=22|url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/drug_of_abuse.pdf|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617145333/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/drug_of_abuse.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rol8spzu2bs1dqzve6j4oqxapciq1s2 0 298927 1149917 1134576 2026-08-28T19:47:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Pneumonia |synonym =Pneumonitis |image =Chest radiograph in influensa and H influenzae, posteroanterior, annotated.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =[[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a pneumonia caused by [[influenza]] and ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', with patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow) |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|nj|uː|ˈ|m|əʊ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|new|MOHN|ee-ə}} |specialty =[[Pulmonology]], [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|infectious disease]] |symptoms =Cough, difficulty breathing, [[rapid breathing]], fever<ref name=Ash2007/> |onset = |duration =Few weeks<ref name=Behera2010>{{cite book|last=Behera|first=D.|title=Textbook of pulmonary medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|pages=296–97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA296|edition=2nd|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914155329/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA296|url-status=live}}</ref> |causes =Bacteria, virus, [[aspiration pneumonia|aspiration]]<ref name=RespText09/><ref name=Jeff2010/> |risks =[[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[asthma]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[heart failure]], history of [[smoking]], older age<ref name=NIH2011Risk/><ref name=-BMJ2012>{{cite journal | last1=Caldeira | first1=D. | last2=Alarcao | first2=J. | last3=Vaz-Carneiro | first3=A. | last4=Costa | first4=J. | title=Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal=The BMJ | publisher=BMJ | volume=345 | issue=jul11 1 | date=2012-07-11 | issn=1756-1833 | pmid=22786934 | pmc=3394697 | doi=10.1136/bmj.e4260 | pages=e4260 | quote=Susceptibility is higher among elderly people (≥65 years)}}</ref><ref name=CDC2020SCD/> |diagnosis =Based on symptoms, [[chest X-ray]]<ref name=NIH2011Diag/> |differential =[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], [[asthma]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]]<ref name=BMJ06>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoare Z, Lim WS | title = Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management | journal = BMJ | volume = 332 | issue = 7549 | pages = 1077–79 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16675815 | pmc = 1458569 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.332.7549.1077 | url = http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077.full.pdf | access-date = 27 July 2020 | archive-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200409062318/https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077 | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409062318/https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7549/1077 |date=9 April 2020 }}</ref> |prevention =[[Vaccine]]s, [[handwashing]], not smoking<ref name=NIH2011Pre/> |treatment = |medication =[[Antibiotic]]s, [[antiviral]]s, [[oxygen therapy]]<ref name=NIH2011Tx/><ref name=Lancet11/> |prognosis = |frequency =450 million (7%) per year<ref name=Lancet11/><ref name=CochraneTx13/> |deaths =Four million per year<ref name=Lancet11/><ref name=CochraneTx13/> }} '''Ny pnemonia''' dia aretina mamaivay ao amin'ny [[havokavoka]] izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ireo kitapo rivotra kely fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe alveoli.<ref name="RespText09">{{Cite book|editor-last=McLuckie|editor-first=A.|title=Respiratory disease and its management|url=https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84882-094-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu/page/51 51]}}</ref><ref name="AcuteCare09">{{Cite book|last=Leach, Richard E.|title=Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-6139-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&pg=PT168|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&pg=PT168|url-status=live}}</ref> Ny soritr'aretina dia mazàna ahitana fitambaran'ny kohaka mamokatra na maina, fanaintainan'ny tratra, tazo, ary fahasarotana miaina.<ref name="Ash2007">{{Cite book|last=Ashby|first=Bonnie|last2=Turkington|first2=Carol|title=The encyclopedia of infectious diseases|edition=3rd|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|year=2007|page=242|isbn=978-0-8160-6397-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&pg=PA242|access-date=2011-04-21|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180124/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&pg=PA242|url-status=live}}</ref> Miovaova ny hamafin'ny aretina.<ref name="Ash2007" /> Ny pnemonia dia matetika vokatry ny [[Virosy|viriosy]] na [[bakteria]] ary tsy dia fahita firy noho ny [[Zavamananaina bitika|zavamananaina]] bitika hafa, [[fanafody]] sasany na toe-javatra toy ny aretina autoimmune.<ref name="RespText09" /><ref name="Jeff2010">{{Cite book|last=Jeffrey C. Pommerville|title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=9th|publisher=Jones & Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|year=2010|page=323|quote=|isbn=978-0-7637-6258-2|oclc=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&pg=PA323|access-date=|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180101/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&pg=PA323|url-status=live}}</ref> Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fibrosis cystika, ny aretin'ny havokavoka mitaiza (COPD), ny aretin'ny sela misy sickle cell, [[Sohika|ny asma]], [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo, ny tantaran'ny fifohana sigara, ny tsy fahafahana mikohaka (toy ny aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ), ary ny hery fiarovana malemy . Matetika ny famaritana aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina sy ny fizahana ara-batana.<ref name="NIH2011Diag" /> Mety hanampy amin'ny fanamafisana ny aretina ny fitiliana taratra X amin'ny tratra, ny fitiliana ra, ary ny kolontsaina amin'ny rora . Azo sokajiana araka ny toerana nahazoana azy ny aretina, toy ny pnemonia azo avy amin'ny fiaraha-monina na hopitaly na mifandraika amin'ny fahasalamana. Misy [[vaksiny]] azo ampiasaina hisorohana ny karazana pnemonia sasany.<ref name="NIH2011Pre" /> Ny fomba fisorohana hafa dia ny fanasana tanana sy ny tsy fifohana sigara. Miankina amin'ny antony fototra ny fitsaboana. Ny pnemonia izay heverina fa vokatry ny bakteria dia tsaboina amin'ny [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] . Raha mafy ny pnemonia dia matetika ampidirina hopitaly ilay olona voan'izany.<ref name="NIH2011" /> Azo ampiasaina ny fitsaboana oksizenina raha ambany ny tahan'ny oksizenina.<ref name="NIH2011Tx" /> Isan-taona, eo amin'ny 450 eo ho eo ny olona voan'ny pnemonia&nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany (7%-n'ny mponina) ary miteraka fahafatesana eo amin'ny 4 tapitrisa eo ho eo.<ref name="Lancet11">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR|title=Viral pneumonia|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9773|pages=1264–75|date=April 2011|pmid=21435708|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6|pmc=7138033}}</ref><ref name="CochraneTx13">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lodha R, Kabra SK, Pandey RM|title=Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|page=CD004874|date=June 2013|pmid=23733365|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub4|pmc=7017636}}</ref> Nihatsara be ny fahavelomana noho ny fampidirana antibiotika sy vaksiny tamin'ny taonjato faha-20.<ref name="Lancet11" /> Na izany aza, any amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana, ary koa eo amin'ireo zokiolona, ireo tanora ary ireo marary mitaiza, ny pnemonia dia mbola antony voalohany mahatonga fahafatesana.<ref name="Lancet11" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2|page=353|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA353|edition=5th|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502042842/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA353|url-status=live}}</ref> Matetika ny pnemonia dia manafohy ny fe-potoana fijaliana eo amin'ireo efa akaiky ny fahafatesana ary noho izany dia nantsoina hoe "sakaizan'ny rangahy antitra". == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pmnwvp5mvxt842dopn528v0n4c5afip 0 298928 1149928 1149477 2026-08-28T19:53:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Psoriasis |synonym = |image =Psoriasis on back1.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Back and arms of a person with psoriasis |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|p|s|-|,_|s|ɒ|-|,_|s|ɔː|-|,_|s|oʊ|-}}{{refn|{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci0000unse_d4y7 |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Psoriasis}}}} <br> (''[[#Etymology|psora + -iasis]]'') |specialty =[[Dermatology]] |symptoms =[[erythema|Red]] (purple on darker skin), itchy, scaly patches of skin<ref name=Menter2008/> |onset =Adults<ref name=NIH2015/> |duration =Long term<ref name=Lancet2015/> |causes =[[Genetic disease]] triggered by environmental factors<ref name=Menter2008 /> |risks = |diagnosis =Based on symptoms<ref name=Lancet2015/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =[[corticosteroid|Steroid creams]], [[vitamin D3]] cream, [[ultraviolet light]], [[Immunosuppressive drug|immune system suppressing medications]] such as [[methotrexate]]<ref name=NIH2013/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =79.7 million<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = ((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> / 2–4%<ref name=Parisi2013/> |deaths = }}Aretina maharitra vokatry ny hery fiarovana '''ny psoriasis''', izay miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny faritra mibontsina amin'ny hoditra tsy ara-dalàna.<ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Psoriasis|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Psoriasis/default.asp|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|access-date=1 July 2015|date=October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708150114/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_info/Psoriasis/default.asp|archive-date=8 July 2015}}</ref> Ireo faritra ireo dia mazàna mena amin'ny hoditra mazava, na volomparasy amin'ny olona sasany manana hoditra maizina kokoa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=LeMone|first=Priscilla|last2=Burke|first2=Karen|last3=Dwyer|first3=Trudy|last4=Levett-Jones|first4=Tracy|last5=Moxham|first5=Lorna|last6=Reid-Searl|first6=Kerry|title=Medical-Surgical Nursing|date=2015|publisher=Pearson Higher Education AU|isbn=9781486014408|page=454|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDXiBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA454|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829015354/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDXiBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA454|url-status=live}}</ref> Mety ho maina, mangidihidy ary misy kirany ny hoditra voakasik'izany.<ref name="Fitz2023">{{Cite book|last=Saavedra|first=Arturo|title=Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology|last2=Roh|first2=Ellen K.|last3=Mikailov|first3=Anar|date=2023|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-1-264-27801-5|edition=9th|location=New York|language=en|chapter=3. Psoriasis, psoriasiform, and pityriasiform dermatoses|pages=52-73|access-date=13 October 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929074552/https://books.google.com/books?id=ctOLEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Miovaova ny hamafin'ny psoriasis, manomboka amin'ny faritra kely eo an-toerana ka hatramin'ny faritra rehetra amin'ny vatana.<ref name="Menter2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Van Voorhees AS, Leonardi CL, Gordon KB, Lebwohl M, Koo JY, Elmets CA, Korman NJ, Beutner KR, Bhushan R|display-authors=6|title=Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2008-05_58_5/page/826|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=58|issue=5|pages=826–50|date=May 2008|pmid=18423260|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039}}</ref> Ny ratra amin'ny hoditra dia mety hiteraka fiovan'ny hoditra psoriatika eo amin'io toerana io, izay fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe trangan-javatra Koebner.<ref name="Ely2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ely JW, Seabury Stone M|title=The generalized rash: part II. Diagnostic approach|journal=American Family Physician|volume=81|issue=6|pages=735–9|date=March 2010|pmid=20229972|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0315/p735.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202152931/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0315/p735.html|archive-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> Misy karazany dimy ny psoriasis: plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular, ary erythrodermic.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Ny psoriasis misy takelaka, fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe psoriasis vulgaris, dia mahatratra 90 isan-jaton'ny tranga.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Matetika izy io dia miseho amin'ny endrika teboka mena misy kirany fotsy eo ambony.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ny faritra amin'ny vatana izay matetika voakasik'izany dia ny lamosin'ny sandry, ny kitrokely, ny foitra ary ny hodi-doha.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Manana fery miendrika ranoka mitete ny psoriasis guttate.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Ny psoriasis pustular dia miseho ho toy ny vay kely feno nana tsy misy mifindra.<ref name="Jain2012">{{Cite book|last=Jain|first=Sima|title=Dermatology : illustrated study guide and comprehensive board review|year=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-0524-6|pages=83–87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4Xzi0LKROcC&lpg=PP1&dq=dermatology&pg=PA86|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183432/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4Xzi0LKROcC&lpg=PP1&dq=dermatology&pg=PA86|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Ny psoriasis mivadika dia mamorona teboka mena eo amin'ny valan'ny hoditra.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Mitranga ny psoriasis erythrodermika rehefa miely patrana be ny maimaika, ary mety hipoitra avy amin'ny karazana hafa rehetra.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Voakasik'izany [[Hoho|ny hoho]] sy ny hoho amin'ny ankabeazan'ny olona voan'ny psoriasis amin'ny fotoana iray.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Mety ho tafiditra ao anatin'izany ny fisian'ny lavaka eo amin'ny hoho na ny fiovan'ny lokon'ny hoho.<ref name="Lancet2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Boehncke WH, Schön MP|title=Psoriasis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_september-5-11-2015_386_9997/page/983|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9997|pages=983–94|date=September 2015|pmid=26025581|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61909-7}}</ref> Amin'ny ankapobeny dia heverina ho aretina ara-pandovan-toetra izay ateraky ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana ny psoriasis.<ref name="Menter2008" /> Raha voan'ny psoriasis ny kambana iray, dia avo telo heny ny mety ho voan'izany raha [[Kambana|mitovy]] ny kambana noho ny raha [[Kambana|tsy mitovy]] izy ireo.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Izany dia manondro fa ny fototarazo dia mety hiteraka psoriasis.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Matetika miharatsy ny soritr'aretina mandritra ny ririnina sy miaraka amin'ny fanafody sasany, toy ny beta blockers na NSAIDs.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Mety hisy fiantraikany amin'izany koa ny aretina sy ny adin-tsaina ara-tsaina.<ref name="Menter2008" /><ref name="NIH2013" /> Tsy mifindra ny psoriasis.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ny mekanisma fototra dia mahakasika ny fihetsiky ny hery fiarovana amin'ny sela hoditra.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Matetika ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny psoriasis; na izany aza, misy fitsaboana isan-karazany afaka manampy amin'ny fanaraha-maso ny soritr'aretina.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ireo fitsaboana ireo dia ahitana crème stéroïde, crème vitamina D3, taratra ultraviolet ary fanafody manakana ny hery fiarovana, toy ny methotrexate.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Eo amin'ny 75 isan-jaton'ny fahasimban'ny hoditra no mihatsara amin'ny fampiasana crème fotsiny.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Roa ka hatramin'ny efatra isan-jaton'ny mponina no voakasik'ity aretina ity.<ref name="Parisi2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM|title=Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=133|issue=2|pages=377–85|date=February 2013|pmid=23014338|doi=10.1038/jid.2012.339|others=Identification and Management of Psoriasis and Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) project team|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mitovy ny fahamaroan'ny olona voakasik'izany eo amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Mety hanomboka amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra ny aretina, saingy matetika manomboka amin'ny olon-dehibe.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|title=Questions and Answers About Psoriasis|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/psoriasis/|website=www.niams.nih.gov|access-date=22 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134800/https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/psoriasis/|archive-date=22 April 2017|date=2017-04-12}}</ref> Ny psoriasis dia mifandray amin'ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana, lymphoma, aretim-po, aretin'i Crohn, ary fahaketrahana.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Mahatratra 30 isan-jaton'ny olona voan'ny psoriasis no voan'ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana vokatry ny aretin'ny tonon-taolana.<ref name="Jain2012" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] qm2034h3mntyh01exgio27u0shpy4u2 0 298935 1149900 1134598 2026-08-28T19:34:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=455343638|drug_name=|image=Amoxicillin.svg|width=|alt=|image2=Amoxicillin-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png|width2=|alt2=|caption=|type=<!-- empty --> <!-- Names -->|pronounce={{IPAc-en |ə|ˌ|m|ɒ|k|s|ᵻ|ˈ|s|ɪ|l|ᵻ|n }}|tradename=Hundreds of names<ref name=brands>{{cite web|title=International brand names for amoxicillin|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/amoxicillin.html|website=www.drugs.com|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=15 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529051432/http://www.drugs.com/international/amoxicillin.html|archive-date=29 May 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529051432/http://www.drugs.com/international/amoxicillin.html |date=29 May 2016 }}</ref>|synonyms=Amoxycillin, amox|INN=|AAN=amoxycillin|IUPAC_name=(2''S'',5''R'',6''R''<nowiki>)-6-{[(2</nowiki>''R'')-2-Amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid <!-- Clinical data -->|class=[[β-lactam]] antibiotic|uses=[[acute otitis media|Middle ear infection]], [[strep throat]], [[pneumonia]], [[cellulitis|skin infections]], [[urinary tract infection]]s<ref name=AHFS2015/>|side_effects=Nausea, rash<ref name=AHFS2015/>|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=A|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_US=B|pregnancy_US_comment=|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]]|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=1.5 grams (by mouth) or<br> 3 grams (parenteral)<ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007010519/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007010519/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04 |date=7 October 2020 }}</ref>|typical_dose=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=|aware=[[WHO_AWaRe#Access|Access]] <!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|amoxicillin}}|MedlinePlus=a685001 <!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Amoxicillin|licence_US=|licence_CA=<!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) -->|licence_EU=<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=95% by mouth|protein_bound=|metabolism=less than 30% biotransformed in [[liver]]|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=61.3 minutes|excretion=[[Kidney|Kidneys]] <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=16|H=19|N=3|O=5|S=1|SMILES=O=C(O)[C@@H]2N3C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](c1ccc(O)cc1)N)[C@H]3SC2(C)C|StdInChI=1S/C16H19N3O5S/c1-16(2)11(15(23)24)19-13(22)10(14(19)25-16)18-12(21)9(17)7-3-5-8(20)6-4-7/h3-6,9-11,14,20H,17H2,1-2H3,(H,18,21)(H,23,24)/t9-,10-,11+,14-/m1/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=LSQZJLSUYDQPKJ-NJBDSQKTSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|density=1.6±0.1 <ref name="chemsrc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/26787-78-0_946616.html|title=Amoxicillin|website=www.chemsrc.com|access-date=2018-05-08|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519221150/http://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/26787-78-0_946616.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519221150/http://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/26787-78-0_946616.html |date=2017-05-19 }}</ref>|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=}}[[Antibiôtika|Antibiotika]] ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina bakteria maromaro ny '''Amoxicillin'''.<ref name="AHFS2015">{{Cite web|title=Amoxicillin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin.html|website=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905150500/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin.html|archive-date=5 September 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin.html "Amoxicillin"]. </cite></ref> Anisan'izany ny aretin'ny sofina afovoany, ny aretin'ny tenda, ny pnemonia, ny aretin'ny hoditra, ary ny aretin'ny lalan-drà.<ref name="Ritter">{{Cite book|last=Ritter|first=James M.|last2=Flower|first2=Rod|last3=Henderson|first3=Graeme|last4=Loke|first4=Yoon Kong|last5=Robinson|first5=Emma|last6=Fullerton|first6=James|title=Rang & Dale's Pharmacology|url=https://archive.org/details/rangdalespharmac0000jame|date=2024|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7448-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/rangdalespharmac0000jame/page/707 707]|language=English|edition=10th|chapter=52. Antibacterial drugs|access-date=2024-01-30|archive-date=2024-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210013403/https://books.google.com/books?id=66G_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA707#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015" /> Atelina izy io, na tsy dia matetika amin'ny alalan'ny tsindrona.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amoxicillin Sodium for Injection|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/5359|website=EMC|access-date=26 October 2016|date=10 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027054630/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/5359|archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Anisan'ny voka-dratsy mahazatra ny maloiloy sy ny mangidihidy.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Mety hampitombo ny mety hisian'ny aretin'ny leviora ihany koa izany, ary rehefa ampiasaina miaraka amin'ny asidra clavulanic, dia miteraka aretim-pivalanana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gillies|first=M|last2=Ranakusuma|first2=A|last3=Hoffmann|first3=T|last4=Thorning|first4=S|last5=McGuire|first5=T|last6=Glasziou|first6=P|last7=Del Mar|first7=C|title=Common harms from amoxicillin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials for any indication|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=17 November 2014|pmid=25404399|doi=10.1503/cmaj.140848|volume=187|issue=1|pages=E21–31|pmc=4284189}}</ref> Tsy tokony hampiasaina amin'ireo izay tsy mahazaka [[Penisilinina|penisilinina izy]] io.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Na dia azo ampiasaina amin'ireo manana olana amin'ny voa aza, dia mety mila ahena ny fatrany.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Toa tsy mampidi-doza ny fampiasana azy mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] sy ny fampinonoana.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Ao amin'ny fianakavian'ny antibiotika beta-lactam ny Amoxicillin.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Hita tamin'ny 1958 ny Amoxicillin ary nanomboka nampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tamin'ny 1972.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA490|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135935/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA490|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Jiben|title=An introduction to pharmaceutical sciences production, chemistry, techniques and technology|date=2012|publisher=Woodhead Pub.|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781908818041|page=239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IdmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135935/https://books.google.com/books?id=0IdmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iray amin'ireo antibiotika matetika indrindra omena ny ankizy izy io.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Deirdre|title=Diseases of the liver and biliary system in children|date=2008|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, UK|isbn=9781444300543|page=217|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7nO3OrNXckC&pg=PA217|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135935/https://books.google.com/books?id=z7nO3OrNXckC&pg=PA217|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Azo vidiana ho fanafody tsy misy fangarony ny Amoxicillin ary tsy dia lafo loatra.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Hanno2014">{{Cite book|last=Hanno|first=Philip M.|last2=Guzzo|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Malkowicz|first3=S. Bruce|last4=Wein|first4=Alan J.|title=Penn Clinical Manual of Urology E-Book|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-24466-4|page=122|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Penn_Clinical_Manual_of_Urology_E_Book/OQTbAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cephalexin+inexpensive&pg=PA122|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30|archive-date=2021-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827214122/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Penn_Clinical_Manual_of_Urology_E_Book/OQTbAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cephalexin+inexpensive&pg=PA122|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-18 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 27 tapitrisa.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Amoxicillin Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=1 December 1981|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Amoxicillin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411215247/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Amoxicillin|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] k3y9jga4vxxs4u0oufxn58wj1hqga4h 0 298949 1149892 1134634 2026-08-28T19:29:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Polio |synonym =Poliomyelitis, infantile paralysis |image =Polio lores134.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =A man with a [[wasting|smaller]] right leg due to poliomyelitis |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|oʊ|l|i|oʊ|ˌ|m|aɪ|ə|'|l|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}} |specialty =[[Neurology]], [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|infectious disease]] |symptoms =[[Muscle weakness]] resulting in an [[flaccid paralysis|inability to move]]<ref name = PinkBook2009/> |onset =Few hours to days<ref name = PinkBook2009/><ref name=WHO2014/> |duration = |causes =[[Poliovirus]] spread by [[fecal-oral route]]<ref name = PinkBook2009/> |risks = |diagnosis =Finding the virus in the [[feces]] or [[antibodies]] in the blood<ref name = PinkBook2009/> |differential = |prevention =[[Polio vaccine]]<ref name=WHO2014/> |treatment =[[Supportive care]]<ref name=WHO2014/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =98 wild cases (2024)<ref name=GP2025/> |deaths = }} '''Ny Polio''', fanafohezana '''ny poliomyelitis''', dia aretina mifindra vokatry ny poliovirus.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Amin'ny 0.5 isan-jaton'ny tranga eo ho eo, dia misy fahalemena hozatra ka mahatonga ny tsy fahafahana mihetsika.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Mety hitranga ao anatin'ny ora vitsivitsy ka hatramin'ny andro vitsivitsy izany.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Ny fahalemena dia matetika mahakasika ny tongotra, saingy mety tsy dia mahakasika ny hozatry ny loha, ny tenda ary ny diaphragm.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Maro ny olona sitrana tanteraka.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Ho an'ireo izay manana fahalemena hozatra, eo amin'ny 2 ka hatramin'ny 5 isan-jaton'ny ankizy ary 15 ka hatramin'ny 30 isan-jaton'ny olon-dehibe no maty. Ho an'ireo rehetra voan'ny aretina, hatramin'ny 70 isan-jaton'ny aretina dia tsy misy soritr'aretina.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> 25 isan-jaton'ny olona hafa no manana soritr'aretina madinika toy ny tazo sy tenda maharary, ary hatramin'ny 5 isan-jato no manana aretin'andoha, fihenjanana eo amin'ny hatoka ary fanaintainana eo amin'ny sandry sy ny tongotra.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /><ref name="WHO2014" /> Ireo olona ireo dia mazàna miverina amin'ny laoniny ao anatin'ny herinandro na roa.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Taona maro aorian'ny fahasitranana, mety hitranga ny "post-polio syndrome", miaraka amin'ny fivoarana miadana amin'ny fahalemen'ny hozatra mitovy amin'ny an'ilay olona nandritra ny aretina voalohany. Matetika ny poliovirus dia mifindra amin'ny olona iray mankany amin'ny olona iray hafa amin'ny alalan'ny diky voan'ny aretina ka tafiditra ao am-bava . Mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny sakafo na rano misy dikin'olombelona ihany koa izy io ary tsy dia fahita firy amin'ny alalan'ny rora misy ny tsimok'aretina.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Ireo izay voan'ny aretina dia mety hampiely ny aretina mandritra ny enina herinandro na dia tsy misy soritr'aretina aza.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Azo fantarina ny aretina amin'ny alalan'ny fahitana ny viriosy ao amin'ny [[Tay|fivalanana]] na amin'ny fahitana ireo hery fiarovana manohitra azy ao amin'ny ra.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Ny aretina dia miseho ho azy amin'ny olombelona ihany.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Azo sorohina amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny polio ity aretina ity; na izany aza, ilaina ny fatra maromaro mba hampahomby azy.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Manoro hevitra ny fampiasana vaksiny polio ho an'ny mpandeha sy ireo mipetraka any amin'ny firenena misy ny aretina ny Foibe Amerikana misahana ny Fanaraha-maso sy ny Fisorohana ny Aretina . Raha vao voan'ny aretina dia tsy misy fitsaboana manokana azo atao.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Tamin'ny taona 2018, nisy tranga polio 33 tany an'ala ary tranga polio 104 avy amin'ny vaksiny. Nihena izany raha oharina amin'ny tranga 350.000 tany an'ala tamin'ny 1988. Tamin'ny taona 2024, niparitaka teo amin'ny olona tany [[Afganistàna|Afghanistan]] sy [[Pakistàna|Pakistan]] ihany ity aretina ity.<ref name="GP2025">{{Cite web|title=GPEI-Wild Poliovirus count|url=https://polioeradication.org/wild-poliovirus-count/|access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2024 dia nisy tranga polio 98 ary farafahakeliny tranga polio 190 avy amin'ny vaksiny.<ref name="GP2025" /> Efa an'arivo taona maro no nisian'ny Poliomyelitis, ary efa nisy sary maneho io aretina io tamin'ny zavakanto fahiny. Ny [[dokotera]] anglisy Michael Underwood no voalohany nahalala io aretina io ho aretina miavaka tamin'ny taona 1789.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Ny viriosy mahatonga azy dia voafaritry ny manam-pahaizana momba ny hery fiarovana Aotrisianina Karl Landsteiner sy ny mpanampy azy, Erwin Popper, tamin'ny 1908.<ref name="Daniel1997">{{Cite book|last=Daniel|first=Thomas M.|last2=Robbins|first2=Frederick C.|editor2-last=Robbins|title=Polio|url=https://archive.org/details/polio0000unse|date=1997|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, N.Y.|isbn=1-878822-90-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/polio0000unse/page/11 11]|edition=1st|chapter=1. A history of poliomyelitis}}</ref> Nanomboka nitranga tamin'ny faramparan'ny taonjato faha-19 tany Eoropa sy Etazonia [[Valanaretina|ny fihanaky ny valanaretina]] lehibe.<ref name="PinkBook2009" /> Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 dia lasa iray amin'ireo aretina mampanahy indrindra amin'ny fahazazana any amin'ireny faritra ireny izany.<ref name="Wheeler">{{Cite book|last=Downes|first=John J.|editor2-last=Wong|editor3-last=Shanley|title=Science and practice of pediatric critical care medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781848009202|date=2009|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=978-1-84800-920-2|chapter=1. Development of pediatric critical care medicine- how did we get here and why?|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781848009202/page/n25 10]–11}}</ref> Ny vaksiny polio voalohany dia novolavolain'i [[Jonas Salk]] tamin'ny taona 1950 ary taoriana kelin'izay, dia namorona vaksiny am-bava i Albert Sabin.<ref name="Jong2022">{{Cite book|last=Helfrich|first=Alison M.|last2=Tajnik|first2=Michael|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|editor2-last=Stevens|editor2-first=Dennis L.|title=Netter's Infectious Diseases|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-71159-3|pages=29-33|edition=2nd|language=en|chapter=7. Poliomyelitis (polio) and polio viruses|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020154446/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lwv63ratry41cnmromfrur3onlt0rk7 0 298950 1149890 1134649 2026-08-28T19:28:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videowiki|Youtube=_HDzxD9gcpw}}{{Clear}} == famantarana == Amporisihina ny famatorana ny valahana raha vao heverina fa tapaka ny valahana.<ref name="RH2019">{{Cite book|title=Roberts and Hedges' clinical procedures in emergency medicine and acute care|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780323547949|pages=939-940|edition=Seventh}}</ref> [[Sary:Diastasis_symphysis_pubis_1300500.JPG|center|500x500px]] {{Clear}} == FITAOVANA == Ny fitaovana ilaina dia ahitana takelaka manify sy fatorana tariby roa.<ref name="ATLS2018">{{Cite book|title=ATLS - Advanced Trauma Life Support - Student Course Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/atlsadvancedtrau0000mdsh_ed10|date=2018|publisher=American College of Surgeons|isbn=9780996826235|edition=10|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlsadvancedtrau0000mdsh_ed10/page/96 96]–97, 352}}</ref><ref name="CabTie2021">{{Cite web|title=Clinical Practice Guidelines : Trauma – Early management of pelvic injuries in children|url=https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Trauma_%E2%80%93_Early_management_of_pelvic_injuries_in_children/|website=www.rch.org.au|access-date=22 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418185940/https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Trauma_%E2%80%93_Early_management_of_pelvic_injuries_in_children/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sary:EquipmentforPelvicBinder.jpg|center|500x500px]] {{Clear}} == Dingana 1 == Apetraho eo ambony fandriana ny lamba manify aforitra mitsivalana, eo amin'ny haavon'ny valahana alohan'ny hahatongavan'ny marary.<ref name="EMS2005">{{Cite web|title=Emergency Stabilization of Unstable Pelvic Fractures|url=https://www.emsworld.com/article/10323983/emergency-stabilization-unstable-pelvic-fractures|website=EMS World|access-date=22 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019165449/http://www.emsworld.com/article/10323983/emergency-stabilization-unstable-pelvic-fractures|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sary:PelvicBinderPrep.wbm.webm|center|500x500px]] {{Clear}} == Dingana n2 == Ampifantohy eo ambonin'ny femur ambony ilay lamba ary asio tsindry kely.<ref name="TCCC2016">{{Cite journal|last=Shackelford|first=S|last2=Hammesfahr|first2=R|last3=Morissette|first3=D|last4=Montgomery|first4=HR|last5=Kerr|first5=W|last6=Broussard|first6=M|last7=Bennett|first7=BL|last8=Dorlac|first8=WC|last9=Bree|first9=S|last10=Butler|first10=FK|title=The Use of Pelvic Binders in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: TCCC Guidelines Change 1602 7 November 2016.|journal=Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals|date=Spring 2017|volume=17|issue=1|pages=135-147|pmid=28285493|url=https://rmf.ims.allogy.com/pf.tlx?6Q6nc6Fq3Gc|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sary:PelvicBind1.webm|center|500x500px]] {{Clear}} == Dingana faha-3 == [[Template:VW playall|Endrika:VW playall]] Ampifandraiso amin'ny tariby ny tapany roa.<ref name="TCCC2016" /> [[Sary:PelvicBinder2.webm|center|500x500px]] {{Clear}} == Dingana faha-4 == [[Template:VW playall|Endrika:VW playall]] Apetaho miaraka ireo rantsan-tongotra.<ref name="ATLS2018" /> Ary vita ianao. [[Sary:PelvicBinder4.webm|center|500x500px]] {{Clear}} == Loharano == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 1j44alx47hs1k8w2v0wsoznvcfuc0uk 0 298951 1149926 1134647 2026-08-28T19:52:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videowiki}} == Topimaso == Ny raboka (na TB) dia aretina mifindra, izay matetika vokatry ny [[bakteria]] ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''.<ref name="WHO2015Fact">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|title=Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104|date=October 2015|website=WHO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823143802/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|archive-date=23 August 2012|access-date=11 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Amin'ny ankapobeny dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny [[havokavoka]] ny raboka, saingy mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ihany koa.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> [[Sary:Overview_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myupchar.com/en/disease/tuberculosis-tb|title=Tuberculosis (TB): symptoms, causes, treatment, medicine, prevention, diagnosis|website=myUpchar|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref>]] {{Clear}} == soritr'aretina == Ny ankamaroan'ny olona voan'ny raboka dia tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina, ary mihotrika ilay aretina. Antsoina hoe tioberkilaozy miafina izany.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Na izany aza, eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ireo aretina miafina no mivoatra ho aretina mavitrika, izay, raha tsy tsaboina, dia mahafaty ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> [[Sary:Symptoms_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} === Kohaka maharitra === Ny soritr'aretina mahazatra amin'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika dia kohaka maharitra, misy ra ny rora, tazo, hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary fihenan-danja.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> [[Sary:Chronic_Cough_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} === Fihenan-danja === Ny soritr'aretina farany dia ny fihenan-danja, mety ho miharihary loatra ka nanome ny TB anarana ara-tantara hoe "fihinanana".<ref name="Cha1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> [[Sary:Weight_Loss_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} === Aretina hafa === Ny aretina amin'ny taova hafa dia mety hiteraka soritr'aretina isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny fahalemena, ny hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary ny fivontosan'ny fihary atodinaina.<ref name="ID10">{{Cite book|last=Dolin|first=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|page=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}</ref> [[Sary:Other_Infections_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} == HAMPITOERANA == Tena mifindra ny tioberkilaozy mahavoa ny havokavoka. Raha ny marina, tena mifindra tokoa izy io ka afaka mampiely izany amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra ny olona iray, amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra tsotra toy ny kohaka, rora, fitenenana na [[Evina|fievina]].<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /><ref name="CDC2012B">{{Cite web|title=Basic TB Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|website=CDC|access-date=11 February 2016|date=March 13, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206032136/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sary:Causes_Infections_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} === Tranga ahitana fahasarotany === Ary ny tranga ahitana fahasarotany dia mety hitranga kokoa amin'ny olona voan'ny VIH na SIDA, ireo izay manana hery fiarovana ambany, ary ireo izay mifoka sigara.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> [[Sary:Active_Infection_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} === TB miafina === Etsy ankilany, ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy miafina dia tsy mampiely ny aretina.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> [[Sary:Latent_TB_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} == aretina == Ny fitiliana ny raboka mavitrika dia mifototra amin'ny taratra X-tratra, ary koa ny fizahana mikroskopika, ary ny kolontsaina amin'ny tsiranoka ao amin'ny vatana.<ref name="AP">{{Cite journal|last=Konstantinos A|year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis|journal=Australian Prescriber|volume=33|issue=1|pages=12–18|url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804052035/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18|archive-date=4 August 2010|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2010.005}}</ref> [[Sary:Diagnosis_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} === Famantarana ny tioberkilaozy miafina === Ny fitiliana ny rà amin'ny alalan'ny fitsapana ny hoditra amin'ny alalan'ny tuberculin (izay antsoina koa hoe fitsapana ny hoditra Mantoux), na fitiliana ra, no ahafahana mamantatra ny fisian'ny tioberkilaozy miafina.<ref name="AP" /> [[Sary:Diagnosis_of_Latent_TB_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} == Fisorohana == Ny fisorohana ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny fitiliana ireo olona atahorana ho voan'izany, ny famantarana sy fitsaboana mialoha ny tranga, ary ny fanaovana vaksiny haingana amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).<ref name="Haw2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, Churchyard GJ, Kublin JG, Bekker LG, Self SG|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|pmc=4248657|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref><ref name="Harr2013">{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Randall E.|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofch0000harr|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofch0000harr/page/682 682]|ref=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682}}</ref><ref name="TBCon2008">{{Cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179}}</ref> Ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny olona ao an-tokantrano, any am-piasana, ary ireo olona mifandray ara-tsosialy amin'ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika.<ref name="TBCon2008" /> [[Sary:Prevention_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} == fitsaboana == Mitaky ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] maromaro mandritra ny fotoana maharitra ny fitsaboana.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Mahatonga ny tioberkilaozy ho sarotra tsaboina ny fanoherana ny antibiotika, miaraka amin'ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody maro (antsoina hoe MDR-TB), ary ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody betsaka (antsoina hoe XDR-TB).<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> [[Sary:Treatment_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px]] {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 13hl72vvmbdlp6g9gq4466t8coglmow 0 298956 1149912 1134651 2026-08-28T19:43:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Verifiedfields =changed |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =451973921 |drug_name =Tramadol |image =Tramadol as a racemic mixture.svg |width =250px |image2 =Tramadol 3D.png |width2 =250px <!-- Names --> |pronounce =tra' ma dole |tradename =Ultram, Zytram, others<ref name=generics/> |synonyms = |IUPAC_name =2-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol <!-- Clinical data --> |class =[[Opiate analgesic]]<ref name="MedlinePlus">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |title=Tramadol |work=[[MedlinePlus]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |access-date=29 September 2009 |date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |uses =<!-- primary uses --> |side_effects =<!-- common side effects and notable side effects --> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy_AU =C |pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Tramadol Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=14 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=13 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |pregnancy_US =N |pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" /> |pregnancy_category= |breastfeeding = |routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], rectal |onset =Less than 1 hour (by mouth)<ref name=AHFS2014/> |duration_of_action=6 hours<ref name="Pharmacology of tramadol">{{cite journal |last1=Dayer |first1=P |last2=Desmeules |first2=J |last3=Collart |first3=L |title=[Pharmacology of tramadol]. |journal=Drugs |date=1997 |volume=53 Suppl 2 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006 |pmid=9190321}}</ref> |defined_daily_dose=300 mg<ref name=WHO2020DDD>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AX02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725030617/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AX02 |url-status=live }}</ref> |typical_dose = |dependency_liability=Present<ref name=AHFS2014/> <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{drugs.com|monograph|ultram}} |MedlinePlus =a695011 <!-- Legal data --> |legal_AU =S4 |legal_CA =Rx only |legal_NZ =Prescription Medicine |legal_UK =Class C – Schedule 3 CD |legal_US =Schedule IV |legal_status =Rx-only |DailyMedID =Tramadol |licence_US =Tramadol |licence_EU = <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability =70–75% (by mouth), 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)<ref name = MD>{{cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|work=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=13 December 2013|access-date=5 April 2014|url=http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/6263-c.htm|editor=Brayfield, A|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092614/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/extensions/revolution.extension.slideanims.min.js?version=5.4.5|url-status=live}}</ref> |protein_bound =20%<ref name=AHFS2014/> |metabolism =[[Liver]]-mediated [[demethylation]] and [[glucuronidation]] via [[CYP2D6]] & [[CYP3A4]]<ref name = MD/><ref name = MSR/> |metabolites =O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol |elimination_half-life=6.3 ± 1.4&nbsp;h<ref name = MSR>{{cite web|title=Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|work=Medscape Reference|publisher=WebMD|access-date=28 November 2013|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022453/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ultram-er-tramadol-343324#showall|url-status=live}}</ref> |excretion =Urine (95%)<ref name = TGAIR>{{cite web|title=Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules|publisher=TGA eBusiness Services|date=4 November 2011|access-date=6 April 2014|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|format=PDF|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801015150/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-03844-3|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =16 |H =25 |N =1 |O =2 |SMILES =CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O |StdInChI =1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1 |StdInChI_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChIKey =TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N |StdInChIKey_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |melting_point =180 |melting_high =181 }} '''Ny Tramadol''', amidy amin'ny anarana hoe '''Ultram''' ankoatra ny hafa,<ref name="generics">{{Cite web|title=Tramadol|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=22 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}</ref> dia fanafody fanaintainana opioid ampiasaina hitsaboana fanaintainana antonony ka hatramin'ny antonony.<ref name="AHFS2014">{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2014|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015421/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy dia tian'ny olona loatra izy io raha oharina amin'ny fanafody fanaintainana hafa.<ref name="TI2021">{{Cite web|title=[131] Tramadol: Where do we go from here?|url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716014831/https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2021/07/14/131-tramadol/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rehefa raisina am-bava amin'ny endrika mamoaka avy hatrany, dia matetika manomboka ao anatin'ny adiny iray ny fanamaivanana ny fanaintainana.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Azo alaina amin'ny alalan'ny tsindrona ihany koa izy io.<ref name="BNF74">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join/page/447 447]–448|edition=74}}</ref> Azo amidy miaraka amin'ny paracetamol (acetaminophen) na amin'ny endrika fanafody maharitra kokoa ny fiasany.<ref name="AHFS2014" /><ref name="BNF74" /> Araka ny mahazatra amin'ny opiacés, ny voka-dratsy matetika aterak'izany dia ny fitohanana, ny mangidihidy,ny maloiloy.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Mety ahitana ny voka-dratsiny lehibe ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny serotonin syndrome, ny fihenan'ny fahatsiarovan-tena, ary ny fiankinan-doha amin'ny zava-mahadomelina.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Mety ilaina ny fanovana ny fatra ho an'ireo manana olana amin'ny voa na aty.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Tsy soso-kevitra ho an'ireo izay mety [[mpikambana:Bluerose25/Mamono Tena|hamono tena]] na ireo izay [[Fitondrana vohoka|bevohoka izany]].<ref name="AHFS2014" /><ref name="BNF74" /> Na dia tsy soso-kevitra ho an'ny vehivavy mampinono aza, ireo izay mihinana fatra tokana dia tsy tokony hampijanona ny fampinonoana amin'ny ankapobeny.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413050449/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/tramadol.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ao amin'ny aty, ny Tramadol dia miova ho <nowiki><i id="mweg">O-</i></nowiki> desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), opioid izay mifamatotra mafy kokoa amin'ny receptor μ-opioid.<ref name="AHFS2014" /><ref name="Raf2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, Hertrampf T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Straßburger W, Terlinden R, Tzschentke TM|title=Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol|journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother|volume=13|issue=10|pages=1437–49|year=2012|pmid=22698264|doi=10.1517/14656566.2012.696097|url=}}</ref> Tramadol koa dia mpanakana ny serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI).<ref name="AHFS2014" /><ref name="PHR2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Leppert W|title=Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.|journal=Pharmacological Reports|date=November–December 2009|volume=61|issue=6|pages=978–92|pmid=20081232|url=http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017220350/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_978.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nahazo patanty ny Tramadol tamin'ny 1963 ary navoaka tamin'ny anarana hoe "Tramal" tamin'ny 1977 nataon'ny orinasa fanafody Alemana Andrefana Grünenthal GmbH.<ref name="PHR2009" /><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=528|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528|language=en|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043604/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA528|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamin'ny tapaky ny taona 1990, dia nekena tany Royaume-Uni sy Etazonia izany.<ref name="PHR2009" /> Azo vidiana amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io ary amidy amin'ny marika maro maneran-tany.<ref name="AHFS2014" /><ref name="generics" /> Any Etazonia, latsaky ny 0.05 dolara amerikana isaky ny fatra ny vidin'ny ambongadiny tamin'ny taona 2018.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=deviated}}</ref> Any Kanada dia mitentina eo amin'ny 1.20 CAD eo ho eo isaky ny fatra amin'ny taona 2021.<ref name="TI2021" /> Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-32 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 21 tapitrisa.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201148/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/TramadolHydrochloride|url-status=deviated}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4klh649nl10mpiv8ynjf1nawx8oyru7 0 299050 1149891 1135252 2026-08-28T19:28:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Schizophrenia |synonym = |image =Cloth embroidered by a schizophrenia sufferer.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt =A white cloth with seemingly random, unconnected text sewn into it using multiple colors of thread |caption =Cloth embroidered by a person diagnosed with schizophrenia |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|k|ɪ|t|s|ə|ˈ|f|r|iː|n|i|ə}}, {{nowrap|{{small|UK also}} {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|k|ɪ|d|z|ə|-}}}}, {{nowrap|{{small|US also}} {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|f|r|ɛ|n|i|ə}}}}<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Jones D | author-link = Daniel Jones (phonetician) | title = English Pronouncing Dictionary | url = https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci0000unse_d4y7 | editor-first1 = Peter | editor-last1 = Roach | editor-first2 = James | editor-last2 = Hartmann |editor-first3 = Jane | editor-last3 = Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 | isbn = 978-3-12-539683-8}}</ref> |specialty =[[Psychiatry]] |symptoms =[[Hallucination]]s (usually [[auditory hallucination#Schizophrenia|hearing voices]]), [[delusion]]s, [[thought disorder|confused thinking]]<ref name=WHO2019/><ref name=NIH2016/> |onset =Ages 16 to 30<ref name=NIH2016/> |duration =Chronic<ref name=NIH2016/> |causes =Environmental and genetic factors<ref name=Lancet2016/> |risks =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], [[cannabis]] use in adolescence, problems during pregnancy, childhood adversity, birth in late winter or early spring, older father, being born or raised in a city<ref name=Lancet2016/><ref name="Gruebner">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, et al |title=Cities and mental health |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=8 |pages=121–127 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28302261 |pmc=5374256 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121}}</ref> |diagnosis =Based on observed behavior, reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person<ref name=DSM5/> |differential =[[Substance abuse]], [[Huntington's disease]], [[mood disorders]] ([[bipolar disorder]]), [[autism]],<ref name="Ferri">{{cite book|vauthors=Ferri FF |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr |date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-323-07699-9|page=Chapter S|edition=2nd}}</ref> [[borderline personality disorder]]<ref name="Paris">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paris J | title = Differential Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. | journal = The Psychiatric Clinics of North America | date = December 2018 | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages=575–582 | doi = 10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.001 | pmid = 30447725}}</ref> |prevention = |treatment =Counseling, job training<ref name=WHO2019/><ref name=Lancet2016/> |medication =[[Antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]]<ref name=Lancet2016/> |prognosis =20 years shorter [[life expectancy]]<ref name=SBU2012/><ref name="Laursen"/> |frequency =~0.5%<ref name="Ferri2019">{{cite book |title=Ferri's clinical advisor 2019 : 5 books in 1 |pages=1225–1226|date=2019 |isbn=9780323530422 |last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.}}</ref> |deaths =~17,000 (2015)<ref name=GDB2015/> }}Aretina ara-tsaina ny '''skizofrenia''' izay miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny aretin -tsaina mitohy na miverimberina.<ref name="Lancet2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Owen MJ, Sawa A, Mortensen PB|title=Schizophrenia|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10039|pages=86–97|date=July 2016|pmid=26777917|pmc=4940219|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6}}</ref> Anisan'ny soritr'aretina lehibe ny fahitana zavatra tsy misy (matetika mandre feo ), ny fisafotofotoana (manana finoana tsy iombonan'ny hafa), ary ny fisainana tsy milamina.<ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5.|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse|url-access=registration|date=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/99 99]–105|edition=5th}}</ref> Anisan'ny soritr'aretina hafa ny fisintahana amin'ny fiaraha-monina, ny fihenan'ny fanehoana fihetseham-po, ary ny tsy fahampian'ny antony manosika.<ref name="Lancet2016" /><ref name="MINDUK">{{Cite web|title=Types of psychosis|url=https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/psychosis/types-of-psychosis/|website=www.mind.org.uk|access-date=25 January 2020|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125165257/https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/psychosis/types-of-psychosis/|url-status=live}}</ref> Matetika ireo soritr'aretina dia miseho tsikelikely, manomboka amin'ny fahatanorana, ary amin'ny ankamaroan'ny tranga dia tsy mivaha mihitsy.<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|title=Schizophrenia|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=3 February 2016|date=January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125145206/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml|archive-date=25 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="DSM5" /> Maro amin'ireo olona voan'ny skizofrenia no manana aretina ara-tsaina hafa toy ny aretin'ny tebiteby, anisan'izany ny fikorontanan'ny tahotra, ny fikorontanan'ny fihetsika tsy voafehy, na ny fikorontanan'ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina.<ref name="DSM5" /> Anisan'ny antony mahatonga izany ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra dia ahitana karazana fiovaovan-toetra mahazatra sy tsy fahita firy.<ref name="van de Leemput">{{Cite journal|vauthors=van de Leemput J, Hess JL, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT|date=2016|title=Genetics of Schizophrenia: Historical Insights and Prevailing Evidence.|journal=Advances in Genetics|volume=96|pages=99–141|doi=10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.001|pmid=27968732}}</ref> Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hitranga eo amin'ny tontolo iainana ny fitaizana azy an- tanàn-dehibe, ny fampiasana rongony mandritra ny fahatanorana, ny aretina, ny taonan'ny reny na ny ray, ary ny tsy fahampian -tsakafo mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka.<ref name="Lancet2016" /><ref name="Parakh2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parakh P, Basu D|title=Cannabis and psychosis: have we found the missing links?|journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=4|pages=281–7|date=August 2013|pmid=23810133|doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2013.03.012|type=Review|quote=Cannabis acts as a component cause of psychosis, that is, it increases the risk of psychosis in people with certain genetic or environmental vulnerabilities, though by itself, it is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of psychosis.}}</ref> Tsy misy fitiliana diagnostika tsy mitanila; ny diagnostika dia mifototra amin'ny fitondran-tena voamarika, tantara izay ahitana ny zavatra niainan'ilay olona notaterina, ary tatitra avy amin'ny olon-kafa mahafantatra azy.<ref name="DSM5" /> Mba hahitana ny aretina dia mila misy mandritra ny enim-bolana ( DSM-5 ), na iray volana ( ICD-11 ) ny soritr'aretina sy ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fiasan'ny vatana.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="Ferri2019" /> Eo amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voamarina fa voan'ny skizofrenia no hihatsara kokoa rehefa ela ny ela ary tsy hiverina intsony ny aretina, ary ampahany kely amin'izy ireo no ho sitrana tanteraka.<ref name="DSM5" /><ref name="Vita">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vita A, Barlati S|s2cid=35299996|title=Recovery from schizophrenia: is it possible?|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|date=May 2018|volume=31|issue=3|pages=246–255|doi=10.1097/YCO.0000000000000407|pmid=29474266}}</ref> Ny antsasany hafa kosa dia hanana fahasembanana mandritra ny androm-piainana,<ref name="Law2015">{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Ryan E.|last2=First|first2=Michael B.|last3=Lieberman|first3=Jeffrey A.|chapter=Chapter 48: Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses|editor2-last=Kay|editor3-last=Lieberman|editor4-last=First|editor5-last=Riba|title=Psychiatry|edition=fourth|date=2015|pages=798, 816, 819|doi=10.1002/9781118753378.ch48|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn=978-1-118-84547-9}}</ref> ary mety hampidirina hopitaly imbetsaka ireo tranga mafy.<ref name="Vita" /> Ireo olana ara-tsosialy toy ny tsy fananana asa maharitra, ny fahantrana, ny tsy fananana trano, ny fanararaotana ary ny fijaliana dia voka-dratsy mahazatra ateraky ny skizofrenia.<ref name="Killaspy">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Killaspy H|title=Contemporary mental health rehabilitation|journal=East Asian Archives of Psychiatry|volume=24|issue=3|pages=89–94|date=September 2014|pmid=25316799}}</ref><ref name="Charleson">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Charlson FJ, Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, et al|title=Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin|date=17 October 2018|volume=44|issue=6|pages=1195–1203|doi=10.1093/schbul/sby058|pmid=29762765|pmc=6192504}}</ref> Raha ampitahaina amin'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny, ny olona voan'ny skizofrenia dia manana tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony kokoa (eo amin'ny 5% amin'ny ankapobeny) ary olana ara-pahasalamana bebe kokoa,<ref name="Lancet09">{{Cite journal|vauthors=[[Jim van Os|van Os J]], [[Shitij Kapur|Kapur S]]|s2cid=208792724|title=Schizophrenia|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9690|pages=635–45|date=August 2009|pmid=19700006|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8|url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19525360/611943554/name/Schizophrenia+-+The+Lancet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623065810/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19525360/611943554/name/Schizophrenia+-+The+Lancet.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2013|access-date=23 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Jop2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hor K, Taylor M|title=Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=24|issue=4 Suppl|pages=81–90|date=November 2010|pmid=20923923|pmc=2951591|doi=10.1177/1359786810385490}}</ref> izay mitarika ho amin'ny fihenan'ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainana]] eo amin'ny 20 taona eo ho eo.<ref name="Laursen">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Laursen TM, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB|title=Excess early mortality in schizophrenia.|journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology|date=2014|volume=10|pages=425–48|doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657|pmid=24313570}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2015, tombanana ho 17 000 ny fahafatesana vokatry ny skizofrenia.<ref name="GDB2015">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Ny fitsaboana fototra dia fanafody antipsychotic, miaraka amin'ny torohevitra, fiofanana momba ny asa, ary fanarenana ara-tsosialy.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Hatramin'ny ampahatelon'ny olona no tsy mamaly ny fanafody antipsychotic voalohany, ka amin'izay tranga izay dia azo ampiasaina ny clozapine antipsychotic.<ref name="Siskind2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Siskind D, Siskind V, Kisely S|title=Clozapine Response Rates among People with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Data from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=62|issue=11|pages=772–777|date=November 2017|pmid=28655284|doi=10.1177/0706743717718167|pmc=5697625}}</ref> Raha misy ny mety hisian'ny ratra amin'ny tena na ny hafa, dia mety ilaina ny fampidirana hopitaly tsy nahy vetivety.<ref name="BeckerKilian2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Becker T, Kilian R|title=Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: what can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care?|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum|volume=113|issue=429|pages=9–16|year=2006|pmid=16445476|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00711.x}}</ref> Mety ilaina ny fidirana hopitaly maharitra ho an'ny olona vitsivitsy voan'ny skizofrenia mafy.<ref name="Cap2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Capdevielle D, Boulenger JP, Villebrun D, Ritchie K|title=[Schizophrenic patients' length of stay: mental health care implication and medicoeconomic consequences]|language=French|journal=Encephale|volume=35|issue=4|pages=394–9|date=September 2009|pmid=19748377|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2008.11.005}}</ref> Any amin'ireo firenena izay voafetra na tsy misy ny tolotra fanohanana, dia mahazatra kokoa ny fijanonana maharitra any amin'ny hopitaly.<ref name="Narayan">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Narayan KK, Kumar DS|title=Disability in a Group of Long-stay Patients with Schizophrenia: Experience from a Mental Hospital.|journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine|date=January 2012|volume=34|issue=1|pages=70–5|doi=10.4103/0253-7176.96164|pmid=22661812|pmc=3361848}}</ref> Eo amin'ny 0.3% ka hatramin'ny 0.7% eo ho eo amin'ny olona no voan'ny skizofrenia mandritra ny androm-piainany.<ref name="Javitt1">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Javitt DC|title=Balancing therapeutic safety and efficacy to improve clinical and economic outcomes in schizophrenia: a clinical overview|journal=The American Journal of Managed Care|volume=20|issue=8 Suppl|pages=S160-5|date=June 2014|pmid=25180705}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2017, tombanana ho 1.1 tapitrisa ny tranga vaovao ary tamin'ny taona 2019 dia nahatratra 20 tapitrisa ny tranga maneran-tany.<ref name="GBD2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=James SL, Abate D|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017|journal=The Lancet|date=November 2018|volume=392|issue=10159|pages=1789–1858|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7|pmid=30496104|pmc=6227754}}</ref><ref name="WHO2019" /> Ny lehilahy no matetika voan'izany ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia manomboka aloha kokoa izy ireo.<ref name="WHO2019">{{Cite web|title=Schizophrenia Fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia|website=www.who.int|date=4 October 2019|access-date=22 January 2020|language=en|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327174732/https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/schizophrenia/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7iqksbnsrx6zn7l3269k08zjnfppf6q 0 299051 1149934 1149512 2026-08-28T19:54:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Down syndrome |synonym =Down's syndrome, Down's, trisomy 21 |image =Down syndrome lg.jpg <!-- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pictures will be immediately reverted. --> |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome |caption =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome |pronounce = |specialty =[[Medical genetics]], [[pediatrics]] |symptoms =Delayed [[child development|physical growth]], characteristic [[dysmorphic feature|facial features]], mild to moderate [[intellectual disability]]<ref name=Wei2010/> |onset = |duration = |causes =Third copy of [[chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]]<ref name=Patt2009/> |risks =[[Advanced maternal age|Older age of mother]], prior affected child<ref name=Mor2002>{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|author2=Mutton, DE |author3=Alberman, E |title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=17 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035402/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |url-status=live }}</ref> |diagnosis =[[Prenatal testing|Prenatal screening]], [[genetic testing]]<ref name=NIH2014Diag/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =Educational support, sheltered work environment<ref name=Roi2003/><ref name=NADS/> |medication = |prognosis =Life expectancy 50 to 60 years (developed world)<ref name=Malt2013/><ref name=Nelson2011/><ref name=Ts2020>{{cite journal |last1=Tsou |first1=Amy Y. |last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024}}</ref> |frequency =0.1% of newborns (5.4 million)<ref name=Wei2010/><ref name=GBD2015Pre/> |deaths =26,500 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> }} '''Ny Down syndrome''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie 21''', dia aretina ara-pandovan-toetra vokatry ny fisian'ny dika mitovy fahatelo amin'ny chromosome 21 manontolo na ampahany.<ref name="Patt2009">{{Cite journal|last=Patterson|first=D|title=Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome.|journal=Human Genetics|date=Jul 2009|volume=126|issue=1|pages=195–214|pmid=19526251|doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0696-8}}</ref> Matetika izy io dia mifandray amin'ny fahatarana amin'ny fitomboana ara-batana, fahasembanana ara-tsaina malefaka ka hatramin'ny antonony, ary endrika mampiavaka ny tarehy.<ref name="Wei2010">{{Cite journal|last=Weijerman|first=ME|last2=de Winter, JP|title=Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome.|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|date=Dec 2010|volume=169|issue=12|pages=1445–52|pmid=20632187|doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1253-0|pmc=2962780}}</ref> Ny salan'isa IQ an'ny tanora manana Down syndrome dia 50, mitovy amin'ny fahaiza-misaina an'ny zaza 8 na 9 taona, saingy mety miovaova be izany.<ref name="Malt2013">{{Cite journal|last=Malt|first=EA|last2=Dahl, RC|last3=Haugsand, TM|last4=Ulvestad, IH|last5=Emilsen, NM|last6=Hansen, B|last7=Cardenas, YE|last8=Skøld, RO|last9=Thorsen, AT|last10=Davidsen, EM|title=Health and disease in adults with Down syndrome|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke|date=Feb 5, 2013|volume=133|issue=3|pages=290–94|pmid=23381164|doi=10.4045/tidsskr.12.0390|doi-access=free}}</ref> Matetika ara- dalàna ny fototarazon'ny ray aman-drenin'ilay olona voakasik'izany.<ref name="Steph2010">{{Cite book|last=Hammer|first=edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Gary D.|title=Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/pathophysiologyo0000unse_q2x0|year=2010|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162167-0|pages=Chapter 2|edition=6th|chapter=Pathophysiology of Selected Genetic Diseases}}</ref> Mitombo avy amin'ny latsaky ny 0.1% amin'ny reny 20 taona ny mety hisian'ny zaza ka hatramin'ny 3% amin'ny reny 45 taona.<ref name="Mor2002">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free|last2=Mutton, DE|last3=Alberman, E}}</ref> Inoana fa kisendrasendra ny fisian'ny krômôzôma fanampiny, tsy misy fihetsika na anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana fantatra izay manova ny mety hitranga.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{Cite web|title=What causes Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082310/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 January 2016|df=}}</ref> Azo fantarina mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ny "syndrome Down" amin'ny alalan'ny fitiliana mialoha ny fiterahana arahin'ny fitiliana diagnostika na aorian'ny fiterahana amin'ny alalan'ny fandinihana mivantana sy ny fitiliana fototarazo.<ref name="NIH2014Diag">{{Cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=4 March 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142500/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=}}</ref> Hatramin'ny nampidirana ny fitiliana dia matetika no [[Fahafahan-jaza|ajanona]] [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] izay voamarina fa voan'ny aretina.<ref name="Nat2012">{{Cite journal|last=Natoli|first=JL|last2=Ackerman, DL|last3=McDermott, S|last4=Edwards, JG|title=Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: a systematic review of termination rates (1995–2011)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_prenatal-diagnosis_2012-02_32_2/page/142|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Feb 2012|volume=32|issue=2|pages=142–53|pmid=22418958|doi=10.1002/pd.2910}}</ref><ref name="Mans1999">{{Cite journal|last=Mansfield|first=C|last2=Hopfer, S|last3=Marteau, TM|title=Termination rates after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a systematic literature review. European Concerted Action: DADA (Decision-making After the Diagnosis of a fetal Abnormality)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_prenatal-diagnosis_1999-09_19_9/page/808|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Sep 1999|volume=19|issue=9|pages=808–12|pmid=10521836|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199909)19:9<808::aid-pd637>3.0.co;2-b}}</ref> Amporisihina mandritra ny androm-piainan'ny olona iray ny fanaovana fitiliana tsy tapaka ireo olana ara-pahasalamana mahazatra amin'ny Syndrome Down.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny Down syndrome.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Down Syndrome: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106221704/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|archive-date=6 January 2016|df=}}</ref> Hita fa manatsara ny kalitaon'ny fiainana ny fanabeazana sy ny fikarakarana sahaza azy.<ref name="Roi2003">{{Cite journal|last=Roizen, NJ|last2=Patterson, D|title=Down's syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-04-12_361_9365/page/1281|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9365|pages=1281–89|date=April 2003|pmid=12699967|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12987-X|type=Review}}</ref> Misy ankizy manana Down syndrome mianatra any an-tsekoly mahazatra, fa ny hafa kosa mila fampianarana manokana kokoa.<ref name="NADS" /> Misy olona manana Down syndrome mahazo diplaoma amin'ny lise, ary misy vitsivitsy manohy fianarana ambony.<ref name="Stein2011">{{Cite book|last=Steinbock|first=Bonnie|title=Life before birth the moral and legal status of embryos and fetuses|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-971207-6|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ehYs43QBYAC&pg=PA222|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123082359/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ehYs43QBYAC&pg=PA222|archive-date=2017-01-23}}</ref> Rehefa lehibe, eo amin'ny 20% eo ho eo any Etazonia no manao asa karamaina amin'ny lafiny sasany, ary maro amin'izy ireo no mitaky tontolo iasana voaaro.<ref name="NADS">{{Cite web|title=Facts About Down Syndrome|publisher=National Association for Down Syndrome|url=http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162637/http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|archive-date=3 April 2012|df=}}</ref> Matetika no ilaina ny fanohanana amin'ny raharaha ara-bola sy ara-dalàna.<ref name="Nelson2011" /> Eo anelanelan'ny 50 sy 60 taona eo ny androm-piainana&nbsp;taona maro any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]] miaraka amin'ny fikarakarana ara-pahasalamana sahaza.<ref name="Malt2013" /><ref name="Nelson2011">{{Cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Kliegma|title=Nelson textbook of pediatrics|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781437707557|year=2011|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0755-7|pages=Chapter 76.2|edition=19th|chapter=Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number}}</ref><ref name="Ts2020">{{Cite journal|last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024|last=Tsou|first=Amy Y.}}</ref> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] bvz9xhnmxg7wot8jcjj2ugeppvxxvra 0 299056 1149923 1135261 2026-08-28T19:51:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =464371569 |drug_name =Methylphenidate |image =Methylphenidate-2D-skeletal.svg |width =200 |alt = |image2 =Methylphenidate-enantiomers-3D-balls.png |width2 =225 |caption = <!-- Names --> |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|θ|əl|ˈ|f|ɛ|n|ɪ|d|eɪ|t|,_|-|ˈ|f|iː|-}} |tradename =Ritalin, Concerta, [[Methylphenidate#Names|others]] |synonyms = |IUPAC_name =Methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate<!-- the locant '2' for acetic acid is not cited --> <!-- Clinical data --> |class ={{abbr|CNS|central nervous system}} [[stimulant]] |uses =[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[narcolepsy]]<ref name=AHFS2018/> |side_effects =Difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, anxiety, weight loss<ref name=AHFS2018/> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy_AU =B3 |pregnancy_US =C |pregnancy_category= |breastfeeding = |routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[transdermal]]<ref name=AHFS2018/> |onset = |duration_of_action= |defined_daily_dose=30 mg<ref name=WHO2020DDD>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA04 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601053243/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA04 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601053243/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N06BA04 |date=1 June 2020 }}</ref> |typical_dose = |dependency_liability=High<ref name=AHFS2018/> |addiction_liability=High<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonewit-West |first1=Kathy |last2=Hunt |first2=Sue A. |last3=Applegate |first3=Edith |title=Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures |date=2012 |page=571 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9781455701506 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&pg=PA571 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728034412/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&pg=PA571 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929161302/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&pg=PA571#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 September 2024 }}</ref> <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{drugs.com|monograph|methylphenidate-hydrochloride}} |MedlinePlus =a682188 <!-- Legal data --> |legal_AU =S8 |legal_CA =Schedule III |legal_DE =Anlage III |legal_UK =Class B |legal_US =Schedule II |legal_status = |licence_US =Methylphenidate |licence_EU = <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability =Approx. 30% (range: 11–52%) |protein_bound =10–33% |metabolism =[[Liver]] (80%) mostly [[Carboxylesterase 1|CES1A1]]-mediated |elimination_half-life=2–3 hours<ref name="pmid10628897">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kimko HC, Cross JT, Abernethy DR | title = Pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of methylphenidate | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 457–70 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10628897 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-199937060-00002 }}</ref> |excretion =[[Urine]] (90%) <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =14 |H =19 |N =1 |O =2 |SMILES =O=C(OC)C(C1CCCCN1)C2=CC=CC=C2 |StdInChI =1S/C14H19NO2/c1-17-14(16)13(11-7-3-2-4-8-11)12-9-5-6-10-15-12/h2-4,7-8,12-13,15H,5-6,9-10H2,1H3 |StdInChI_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChIKey =DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N |StdInChIKey_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |molecular_weight =233.31 |molecular_weight_unit=g/mol |melting_point =74 |melting_notes =<ref name="Pubchem properties">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Methylphenidate|section-url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=4158#x27|website=Pubchem Compound|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|section=Chemical and Physical Properties|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106100442/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=4158#x27|url-status=live|url=http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=4158#x27}}</ref> |boiling_point =136 |boiling_notes =<ref name="Pubchem properties" /> }} '''Ny Methylphenidate''', amidy amin'ny anarana ara-barotra '''Ritalin''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody mampientanentana ampiasaina hitsaboana [[Aretin'ny tsy fahampian'ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra|ny fikorontanan'ny fifantohana sy ny fiasan'ny saina]] (ADHD) sy ny narcolepsy . Fanafody voalohany ho an'ny ADHD izy io.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Azo raisina am-bava na ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra izy io.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Samy hafa ny faharetan'ny vokany amin'ny karazana fanafody samihafa.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Anisan'ny voka-dratsin'ny methylphenidate ny fahasarotana amin'ny torimaso, ny fihenan'ny fahazotoan-komana, ny tebiteby ary ny fihenan-danja. Mety ahitana voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa ny aretin-tsaina, ny fihetseham-po mahazaka, ny fananganana maharitra, ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina, ary ny olana amin'ny fo.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Inoana fa miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny fidiran'ny dopamine sy norepinephrine indray ataon'ny [[Nerônina|neurons]] ny Methylphenidate.<ref name="Arn2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arnsten AF, Li BM|title=Neurobiology of Executive Functions: Catecholamine Influences on Prefrontal Cortical Functions|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=11|pages=1377–84|year=2005|pmid=15950011|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019}}</ref><ref name="St4th">{{Cite book|last=Stahl|first=Stephen M.|title=Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/stahlsessentialp0000stah|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107686465|edition=4th|date=11 April 2013}}</ref> Methylphenidate dia mpandrisika ny rafi-pitatitra foibe (CNS) ao amin'ny kilasy phenethylamine sy piperidine.<ref name="AHFS2018" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Preedy|first=Victor R.|title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions|date=2016|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128006771|page=651|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA651|language=en|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829151101/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu9eBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA651|url-status=live}}</ref> Ny Methylphenidate dia novokarina voalohany tamin'ny 1944 ary nekena ho ampiasaina amin'ny fitsaboana any Etazonia tamin'ny 1955.<ref name="Lang2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|year=2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8}}</ref> Namidin'ny orinasa soisa CIBA, izay Novartis Corporation ankehitriny, izy io tany am-boalohany.<ref name="Lang2010" /> Tombanana ho 2.4 lavitrisa fatra methylphenidate no noraisina maneran-tany tamin'ny taona 2013. Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-47 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 16 tapitrisa. Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny fanafody ambongadiny amin'ny famoahana eo no ho eo dia latsaky ny US$0.30 isaky ny fatra tamin'ny taona 2018. == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] cgkf0gm2w1iemlgzm63g0h4zgtkg782 0 299059 1149929 1149517 2026-08-28T19:53:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Septic_shock |synonym = |image =Gabriel Metsu - La Fille malade.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =''The Sick Girl'' by [[Gabriël Metsu]] |pronounce = |specialty =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] |symptoms ='''Early''': Temperature > {{convert|38|C|F|1}}, [[fast heart rate]], [[narrow pulse pressure]]<ref name=ATLS2018/><ref name=Stat2020/><br>'''Worsens''': Confusion, [[cyanosis|bluish skin]]<ref name=Stat2020/> |onset = |duration = |causes =Infection<ref name=Stat2020/> |risks =[[Diabetes]], [[cancer]], [[liver disease|liver]] or [[kidney problems]], [[corticosteroid]] use, [[burns]], poor immune function, extremes of age<ref name=Stat2020/> |diagnosis =Based on MAP < 65 mmHg and lactate < 2 mmol/L despite [[intravenous fluids|fluids]]<ref name=LF2020/> |differential =Other types of [[circulatory shock|shock]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[adrenal crisis]], drug overdose<ref name=ATLS2018/><ref name=Stat2020/> |prevention = |treatment =[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], removing infected tissue, [[intravenous fluids]], [[norepinephrine (medication)|norepinephrine]]<ref name=Stat2020/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency = |deaths =Risk > 40%<ref name=Sing2016/> }} '''Ny fahatairana septika''' dia karazana sepsis mafy izay mijanona ho ambany ny tosidra ary mihoatra ny 2 mmol/L (>18 mg/dL) ny laktate na dia ampy aza ny ranoka miditra amin'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="Sing2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC|display-authors=6|title=The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=8|pages=801–10|date=February 2016|pmid=26903338|pmc=4968574|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0287}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSingerDeutschmanSeymourShankar-Hari2016">Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et&nbsp;al. (February 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4968574 "The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)"]. ''JAMA''. '''315''' (8): <span class="nowrap">801–</span>10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.0287 10.1001/jama.2016.0287]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4968574 4968574]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26903338 26903338].</cite></ref><ref name="LF2020">{{Cite web|title=Sepsis Definitions and Diagnosis • LITFL • CCC Sepsis|url=https://litfl.com/sepsis-definitions-and-diagnosis/|website=Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL • Medical Blog|access-date=5 January 2021|date=3 November 2020|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118001932/https://litfl.com/sepsis-definitions-and-diagnosis/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ny soritr'aretina voalohany dia mety ahitana mari-pana mihoatra ny {{Convert|38|C|F|1}} na latsaky ny {{Convert|36|C|F|1}}, fitempon'ny fo haingana, tsindrin'ny fitempon'ny fo tery, ary fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra.<ref name="ATLS2018">{{Cite book|title=ATLS - Advanced Trauma Life Support - Student Course Manual|date=2018|publisher=American College of Surgeons|isbn=78-0-9968262|pages=51|edition=10}}</ref><ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Mahapatra|first=S|last2=Heffner|first2=AC|title=Septic Shock|date=January 2020|pmid=28613689|journal=StatPearls}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMahapatraHeffner2020">Mahapatra, S; Heffner, AC (January 2020). "Septic Shock". ''StatPearls''. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613689 28613689].</cite></ref> Mety ahitana fisafotofotoana sy hoditra manga ny soritr'aretina mahery kokoa.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny "acute respiratory distress syndrome" sy ny "multiple organ dysfunction syndrome".<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ny karazana aretina mahazatra indrindra dia [[Bakteria|ny bakteria]], miaraka amin'ny aretina bakteria gram-negatif izay hita amin'ny 62% amin'ny tranga ary aretina bakteria gram-positive izay hita amin'ny 47% amin'ny tranga.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Latsaky ny 5%-n'ny tranga no voakasik'izany [[Virosy|viriosy]] na [[katsentsitra]].<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ny toerana mahazatra indrindra ahitana aretina dia ny havokavoka (42%), ny ra (21%), ary ny urine (10%), na dia tsy mazava aza ny toerana misy azy amin'ny ampahatelon'ny tranga.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza amin'ny sepsis [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], homamiadana, olana amin'ny aty na voa, fampiasana corticosteroid, may, tsy fahampian'ny hery fiarovana, ary ny fahanterana tafahoatra.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Karazana fahatairana mizara izany.<ref name="ITLS2018">{{Cite book|title=International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers|url=https://archive.org/details/internationaltra0000also|date=2018|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|isbn=978-1292-17084-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationaltra0000also/page/175 175]|edition=8}}</ref> Ny fitsaboana dia ahitana fitsaboana mialoha ny tanjona, amin'ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]], fanesorana ny sela voan'ny aretina, ranoka ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, ary akora vasoactive toy ny norepinephrine.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Mety ahitana ny fampidirana rivotra mekanika sy ny corticosteroids ny fepetra hafa.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Mitranga amin'ny olona 750.000 eo ho eo (300 isaky ny 100.000) isan-taona any Etazonia ny sepsis mafy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ronco|first=Claudio|last2=Bellomo|first2=Rinaldo|last3=Kellum|first3=John A.|title=Critical Care Nephrology|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4160-4252-5|page=831|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&pg=PA831|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053548/https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&pg=PA831|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jos2013">{{Cite book|last=FCCM|first=Joseph E. Parrillo, MD|last2=MS|first2=R. Phillip Dellinger, MD|title=Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-08929-6|page=339|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA339|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053812/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA339|url-status=live}}</ref> Mihoatra ny 40% ny mety ho fahafatesana ary ny sasany amin'ireo izay tafavoaka velona dia manana fahasembanana maharitra.<ref name="Sing2016" /><ref name="Jos2013" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3b7k9v3de488ip0i92zw3cavzt3zjbu 0 299063 1149916 1135269 2026-08-28T19:46:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Molluscum contagiosum |synonym =Water warts |image =Molluscaklein.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Typical flesh-colored, dome-shaped and pearly lesions |pronounce = |specialty =[[Dermatology]] |symptoms =Small, raised, pink lesions with a dimple in the center<ref name=CDC2015/> |onset =Children 1 to 10 years of age<ref name=CDC2015Risk/> |duration =Usually 6-12 months, may last up to four years<ref name=CDC2015/> |causes =''[[Molluscum contagiosum virus]]'' spread by direct contact or contaminated objects<ref name=CDC2015Tran/> |risks =[[immunosuppression|Weak immune system]], [[atopic dermatitis]], crowded living conditions<ref name=CDC2015Risk/> |diagnosis =Based on appearance<ref name=Ramdass2015/> |differential =[[Wart|Warts]], [[herpes simplex]], [[chickenpox]], [[folliculitis]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter M|edition=2nd}}</ref> |prevention =[[Hand washing]], not sharing personal items<ref name=CDC2015Pre/> |treatment =None, [[cryotherapy|freezing]], opening up the lesion and scraping the inside, [[laser therapy]]<ref name=CDC2015Tx/> |medication =[[Cimetidine]], [[podophyllotoxin]]<ref name=CDC2015Tx/> |prognosis = |frequency =122&nbsp;million / 1.8% (2010)<ref name=LancetEpi2012/> |deaths = }} '''Ny Molluscum contagiosum''' ( '''MC''' ), izay antsoina indraindray hoe '''"water warts"''', dia aretina vokatry ny virosy amin'ny [[hoditra]] izay miteraka fery kely mavokely mitsangana miaraka amin'ny lavaka eo afovoany.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web|title=Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616211957/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/|archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> Mety ho mangidihidy na maharary indraindray izy ireo, ary miseho tsirairay na miaraka amin'ny vondrona.<ref name="CDC2015" /> Mety ho voakasika avokoa ny faritra rehetra amin'ny hoditra, ka ny kibo, ny tongotra, ny sandry, ny vozona, ny faritra filahiana ary ny tarehy no tena fahita matetika.<ref name="CDC2015" /> Fito herinandro eo ho eo aorian'ny aretina no manomboka ny fery.<ref name="Ramdass2015">{{Cite journal|last=Ramdass|first=P|last2=Mullick|first2=S|last3=Farber|first3=HF|title=Viral Skin Diseases|journal=Primary Care|date=December 2015|volume=42|issue=4|pages=517–67|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.006|pmid=26612372|access-date=|type=Review}}</ref> Matetika izy ireo dia afaka ao anatin'ny herintaona tsy misy holatra.<ref name="CDC2015" /> Ny aretina dia vokatry ny poxvirus antsoina hoe ''molluscum contagiosum virus'' (MCV).<ref name="CDC2015" /> Miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana mivantana, anisan'izany ny firaisana ara-nofo, na amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra voaloto toy ny lamba famaohana, ny viriosy.<ref name="CDC2015Tran">{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610150359/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/transmission.html|archive-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> Mety hiparitaka any amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ihany koa ity aretina ity, raha ny tenan'ilay olona mihitsy no manao izany.<ref name="CDC2015Tran" /> Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny hery fiarovana malemy, ny dermatitis atopika, ary ny fiainana feno olona.<ref name="CDC2015Risk">{{Cite web|title=Risk Factors {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/risk.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610203738/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/risk.html|archive-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> Aorian'ny aretina iray dia mety ho voan'ny aretina indray ianao.<ref name="CDC2015Comp">{{Cite web|title=Long Term Effects {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/long-term-effects.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205755/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/long-term-effects.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> Matetika ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fisehoan'ny fery.<ref name="Ramdass2015" /> Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fanasana tanana sy ny tsy fizarana entana manokana.<ref name="CDC2015Pre">{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205753/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/prevention.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> Na dia tsy ilaina aza ny fitsaboana, ny sasany mety maniry ny hanesorana ireo fery noho ny antony ara-tarehy na mba hisorohana ny fiparitahana.<ref name="CDC2015Tx">{{Cite web|title=Treatment Options {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/treatment.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205751/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/treatment.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> Mety hitranga amin'ny alalan'ny fampangatsiahana, fitsaboana amin'ny laser, na fanokafana ny fery sy ny fikikisana ny ao anatiny ny fanesorana azy.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /> Mety hiteraka holatra anefa ny fikikisana ny fery.<ref name="CDC2015Comp" /> Azo ampiasaina ihany koa ny fanafody cimetidine atelina, na podophyllotoxin, cantharidin na crème potassium hydroxide ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra.<ref name="CDC2015Tx" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ton|first=Joey|title=#232 Muscling out molluscum contagiosum: Which treatments work?|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp232/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=16 June 2023|date=1 April 2019|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129132507/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp232/|url-status=live}}</ref> Eo amin'ny 122 eo ho eo&nbsp;Olona an-tapitrisany eran-tany no voan'ny molluscum contagiosum tamin'ny taona 2010 (1.8%-n'ny mponina).<ref name="LancetEpi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Vos|first=Theo|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|last2=Flaxman|last3=Naghavi|last4=Lozano|last5=Michaud|last6=Ezzati|last7=Shibuya|last8=Salomonn|last9=Abdalla|last10=Aboyans|last11=Abraham|last12=Ackerman|last13=Aggarwal|last14=Ahn|last15=Ali|first2=Abraham D|first3=Mohsen|first4=Rafael|first5=Catherine|first6=Majid|first7=Kenji|first8=Joshua A|first9=Safa|first10=Victor|first11=Jerry|first12=Ilana|first13=Rakesh|first14=Stephanie Y|first15=Mohammed K|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2|display-authors=29}}</ref> Matetika kokoa no hita amin'ny ankizy eo anelanelan'ny herintaona sy folo taona izany.<ref name="CDC2015Risk" /> Niha-mahazatra kokoa ity aretina ity tany Etazonia nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1966.<ref name="CDC2015Risk" /> Tsy antony tokony tsy andehananan'ny zaza hianatra any an-tsekoly na any amin'ny akanin-jaza ny fisian'ny aretina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Day Care Centers and Schools {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/day_care.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205806/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/day_care.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 11oilp1xw5oh8lgq4j7z7flwemj7pq8 0 299067 1149898 1135274 2026-08-28T19:32:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug class |name =<!-- omit to use page name --> |image =Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg |alt = |caption =[[Serotonin]], the neurotransmitter that is involved in the mechanism of action of SSRIs. <!-- Class identifiers --> |pronounce = |stem =-oxetine<ref>{{cite book |title=The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances |date=2011 |publisher=WHO |page=37 |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |access-date=2021-04-17 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |synonyms =Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, serotonergic antidepressants<ref name="BARLOW">{{Cite book| vauthors = Barlow DH, durand VM |title=Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach | url = https://archive.org/details/abnormalpsycholo0000barl_b8c9 |edition=Fifth |page=[https://archive.org/details/abnormalpsycholo0000barl_b8c9/page/239 239] |chapter=Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide |isbn=978-0-495-09556-9 |oclc=192055408 |location=Belmont, CA |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning |year=2009}}</ref> <!-- Clinical data --> |use =[[Depression]], [[panic disorder]], [[obsessive compulsive disorder]]<ref name=Hitch2019/> |side effects =Upset stomach, allergies, weight change, [[suicide]], bleeding<ref name=Hitch2019/> |types =[[Citalopram]], [[escitalopram]], [[fluoxetine]], [[fluvoxamine]], [[paroxetine]], [[sertraline]]<ref name=Hitch2019/><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Common SSRIs + Uses & Side Effects |url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/ssri-antidepressants.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=17 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416191853/https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/ssri-antidepressants.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |subtypes = |interactions =[[MAO inhibitors]], other [[serotonergic medication]].<ref name=Hitch2019/> |mode_of_action = |mechanism_of_action= |biological_target=[[Serotonin transporter]]<ref>{{cite web |title=How Antidepressants Block Serotonin Transport |url=https://als.lbl.gov/antidepressants-block-serotonin-transport/ |website=ALS |access-date=17 April 2021 |date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319220216/https://als.lbl.gov/antidepressants-block-serotonin-transport/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |chemical_class = <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{Drugs.com|drug-class|ssri-antidepressants}} |medicinenet = |rxlist = |video1 = }} '''Ny "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors''' " ( '''SSRIs''' ) dia karazana fanafody ampiasaina matetika amin'ny fahaketrahana, ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby, ary ny fikorontanan'ny fikorontanan-tsaina.<ref name="Hitch2019">{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=54|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Na dia izany aza, kely ny tombony azo amin'ny fahaketrahana ary mety ho voafehin'ny voka-dratsiny, indrindra amin'ny tanora.<ref name="Jak2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jakobsen JC, Katakam KK, Schou A, Hellmuth SG, Stallknecht SE, Leth-Møller K, Iversen M, Banke MB, Petersen IJ, Klingenberg SL, Krogh J, Ebert SE, Timm A, Lindschou J, Gluud C|title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus placebo in patients with major depressive disorder. A systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=17|issue=1|pages=58|date=February 2017|pmid=28178949|pmc=5299662|doi=10.1186/s12888-016-1173-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hetrick|first=SE|last2=McKenzie|first2=JE|last3=Cox|first3=GR|last4=Simmons|first4=MB|last5=Merry|first5=SN|title=Newer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=14 November 2012|volume=11|pages=CD004851|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004851.pub3|pmid=23152227}}</ref> Mitovy amin'ny an'ny fanafody antidepresse tricyclic ny fahombiazany.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny aretin'ny vavony, ny alèjy, ary ny fiovan'ny lanja.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Mety ahitana voka-dratsy hafa ny tsy fahampian'ny sodium, ny rà mandriaka, ary [[mpikambana:Bluerose25/Mamono Tena|ny famonoan-tena]].<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Mety hiteraka "syndrome serotonin" ny fatra tafahoatra.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Ny fijanonana tampoka dia mety hiteraka fisintahana.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Inoana fa miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny haavon'ny neurotransmitter serotonin ny SSRI amin'ny alàlan'ny famerana ny fidirany indray.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Ny SSRI, indrindra ny fluoxetine, dia nekena voalohany ho an'ny fampiasana ara-pitsaboana tany Etazonia tamin'ny 1987.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stein|first=Dan J.|last2=Kupfer|first2=David J.|last3=Schatzberg|first3=Alan F.|title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders|date=2007|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=978-1-58562-716-5|page=PT485|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_American_Psychiatric_Publishing_Text/27qIdrB1arkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=SSRI+1987+fluoxetine&pg=PT485|language=en|access-date=2021-04-17|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829170620/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_American_Psychiatric_Publishing_Text/27qIdrB1arkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=SSRI+1987+fluoxetine&pg=PT485|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireo no fanafody mampitony fanaintainana ampiasaina matetika indrindra any amin'ny firenena maro, anisan'izany i Etazonia.<ref name="Pres2004">{{Cite book|vauthors=Preskorn SH, Ross R, Stanga CY|chapter=Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors|editor2-last=Hohn P. Feighner|editor3-last=Christina Y. Stanga|editor4-last=Ruth Ross|title=Antidepressants: Past, Present and Future|url=https://archive.org/details/antidepressantsp0000unse|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/antidepressantsp0000unse/page/241 241]–62|isbn=978-3-540-43054-4|access-date=2021-04-15|archive-date=2021-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726130455/https://books.google.com/books?id=sO_hArhCxwMC&pg=PA241|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghaffari Darab|first=M|last2=Hedayati|first2=A|last3=Khorasani|first3=E|last4=Bayati|first4=M|last5=Keshavarz|first5=K|title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depression disorder treatment: an umbrella review on systematic reviews.|journal=International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice|date=November 2020|volume=24|issue=4|pages=357-370|doi=10.1080/13651501.2020.1782433|pmid=32667275}}</ref> Misy karazana SSRI maromaro azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony ary tsy dia lafo loatra.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ds2rywxggcew43mtk1kixcscr6s22y2 0 299074 1149930 1149473 2026-08-28T19:53:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Coeliac disease |synonym =Celiac sprue, nontropical sprue, endemic sprue, gluten enteropathy |image =Coeliac path.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Biopsy of [[small bowel]] showing coeliac disease manifested by blunting of [[intestinal villus|villi]], crypt [[hypertrophy]], and [[lymphocyte]] infiltration of crypts |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|i|æ|k}} {{respell|SEE|lee|ak}} |specialty =[[Gastroenterology]], [[internal medicine]] |symptoms =None or [[Signs and symptoms|non-specific]], [[abdominal distention]], [[diarrhea|diarrhoea]], [[constipation]], [[malabsorption]], weight loss, [[dermatitis herpetiformis]]<ref name=Fasano2005Pediatric/><ref name=SymptomsCausesNIDDK>{{cite web|title=Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=24 April 2017|date=June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175500/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|archive-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> |onset =Any age<ref name=Fasano2005Pediatric/><ref name=ESPGHAN2012 /> |duration =Lifelong<ref name=Cic2015 /> |causes =Reaction to [[gluten]]<ref name=TovoliMasi2015/> |risks =[[Genetic predisposition]]<ref name=NIH2015/> |diagnosis =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], blood [[antibody]] tests, intestinal [[biopsy|biopsies]], [[genetic testing]], response to gluten withdrawal<ref name=NIH2015/><ref name=VivasVaquero2015 /> |differential =[[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[intestinal parasites]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[cystic fibrosis]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter C|edition=2nd}}</ref> |prevention = |treatment =[[Gluten-free diet]]<ref name=SeeKaukinen2015/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =~1 in 135<ref name=NEJM2012/> |deaths = }} '''Ny aretin'ny seliaka''' na '''ny aretin'ny seliaka''' dia aretina maharitra ateraky ny hery fiarovana izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny tsinay kely.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|title=Celiac Disease|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDKD|access-date=17 March 2016|date=June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313222154/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> Anisan'ny soritr'aretina mahazatra ny olana amin'ny fandevonan-kanina toy ny aretim-pivalanana mitaiza, fivontosan'ny kibo, tsy fahatomombanan'ny fidiran'ny sakafo, tsy fahazotoan-komana, ary ny tsy fahampian'ny fitomboana ara-dalàna eo amin'ny ankizy.<ref name="Fasano2005Pediatric" /> Matetika izany dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny enim-bolana sy roa taona.<ref name="Fasano2005Pediatric" /> Ireo soritr'aretina tsy mahazatra dia mahazatra kokoa, indrindra amin'ny olona mihoatra ny roa taona.<ref name="ESPGHAN2012" /><ref name="Newnham2017">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/jgh.13704|doi-access=free|pmid=28244672|title=Coeliac disease in the 21st century: Paradigm shifts in the modern age|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=32|pages=82–85|year=2017|last=Newnham|first=Evan D|s2cid=46285202|quote=Presentation of CD with malabsorptive symptoms or malnutrition is now the exception rather than the rule.}}</ref><ref name="TonuttiBizzaro2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tonutti E, Bizzaro N|title=Diagnosis and classification of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity|journal=Autoimmun Rev|volume=13|issue=4–5|pages=472–6|date=2014|pmid=24440147|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.043}}</ref> Mety hisy soritr'aretina malemy na tsy misy mihitsy eo amin'ny tsinay, soritr'aretina maro samihafa mahakasika ny faritra rehetra amin'ny vatana na tsy misy soritr'aretina miharihary.<ref name="Fasano2005Pediatric" /> Ny aretin'ny seliaka dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny fahazazana; <ref name="Cic2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ciccocioppo R, Kruzliak P, Cangemi GC, Pohanka M, Betti E, Lauret E, Rodrigo L|title=The Spectrum of Differences between Childhood and Adulthood Celiac Disease|journal=Nutrients|volume=7|issue=10|pages=8733–51|date=22 October 2015|pmid=26506381|pmc=4632446|doi=10.3390/nu7105426|type=Review|quote=Several additional studies in extensive series of coeliac patients have clearly shown that TG2A sensitivity varies depending on the severity of duodenal damage, and reaches almost 100% in the presence of complete villous atrophy (more common in children under three years), 70% for subtotal atrophy, and up to 30% when only an increase in IELs is present. ''(IELs: intraepithelial lymphocytes)''}}</ref><ref name="ESPGHAN2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, Troncone R, Giersiepen K, Branski D, Catassi C, Lelgeman M, Mäki M, Ribes-Koninckx C, Ventura A, Zimmer KP,(( ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis; ESPGHAN Gastroenterology Committee; European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition))|s2cid=15029283|title=European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease|journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr|volume=54|issue=1|pages=136–60|date=January 2012|pmid=22197856|url=http://www.espghan.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidelines_pdf/Guidelines_2404/European_Society_for_Pediatric_Gastroenterology_.28__1_.pdf|doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0|type=Practice Guideline|quote=Since 1990, the understanding of the pathological processes of CD has increased enormously, leading to a change in the clinical paradigm of CD from a chronic, gluten-dependent enteropathy of childhood to a systemic disease with chronic immune features affecting different organ systems. (...) atypical symptoms may be considerably more common than classic symptoms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403065800/http://www.espghan.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidelines_pdf/Guidelines_2404/European_Society_for_Pediatric_Gastroenterology_.28__1_.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2016|access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> na izany aza, mety hitranga amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra izany.<ref name="Fasano2005Pediatric">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fasano A|title=Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=128|issue=4 Suppl 1|pages=S68–73|date=April 2005|pmid=15825129|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.015|type=Review}}</ref><ref name="ESPGHAN2012" /> Mifandray amin'ny aretina autoimmune hafa izy io, toy ny diabeta mellitus karazany 1 sy ny tiroidita, ankoatra ny hafa.<ref name="Cic2015" /> Ny aretin'ny seliaka dia vokatry ny fihetsika amin'ny gluten, vondron'ny proteinina isan-karazany hita ao amin'ny [[varimbazaha]] sy amin'ny voamaina hafa toy ny [[Vary ôrza|orza]] sy ny rye.<ref name="TovoliMasi2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tovoli F, Masi C, Guidetti E, Negrini G, Paterini P, Bolondi L|title=Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders|journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases|volume=3|issue=3|pages=275–84|date=March 2015|pmid=25789300|pmc=4360499|doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275|type=Review}}</ref><ref name="PenaginiDilillo2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Penagini F, Dilillo D, Meneghin F, Mameli C, Fabiano V, Zuccotti GV|title=Gluten-free diet in children: an approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet|journal=Nutrients|volume=5|issue=11|pages=4553–65|date=November 2013|pmid=24253052|pmc=3847748|doi=10.3390/nu5114553|type=Review}}</ref><ref name="Lancet2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR|s2cid=8415780|title=Coeliac disease|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9673|pages=1480–93|date=April 2009|pmid=19394538|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60254-3}}</ref> Matetika azo leferina ny [[Oany|oats]] amin'ny habetsahana antonony, izay tsy misy loto avy amin'ny voamaina hafa misy gluten.<ref name="PenaginiDilillo2013" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pinto-Sánchez MI, Causada-Calo N, Bercik P, Ford AC, Murray JA, Armstrong D, Semrad C, Kupfer SS, Alaedini A, Moayyedi P, Leffler DA, Verdú EF, Green P|title=Safety of Adding Oats to a Gluten-Free Diet for Patients With Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical and Observational Studies|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=153|issue=2|pages=395–409.e3|date=August 2017|pmid=28431885|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115341/1/FordSafety%20of%20Adding%20Oats.pdf|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2021-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129071334/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115341/1/FordSafety%20of%20Adding%20Oats.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Mety hiankina amin'ny karazana vary orza ny fisian'ny olana.<ref name="PenaginiDilillo2013" /><ref name="CominoMoreno2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Comino I, Moreno M, Sousa C|title=Role of oats in celiac disease|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=21|issue=41|pages=11825–31|date=November 2015|pmid=26557006|pmc=4631980|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11825|quote=It is necessary to consider that oats include many varieties, containing various amino acid sequences and showing different immunoreactivities associated with toxic prolamins. As a result, several studies have shown that the immunogenicity of oats varies depending on the cultivar consumed. Thus, it is essential to thoroughly study the variety of oats used in a food ingredient before including it in a gluten-free diet.}}</ref> Mitranga amin'ny olona manana fototarazo mora voan'izany izany.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Rehefa tratran'ny gluten, ny valin-kafatra tsy ara-dalàna amin'ny hery fiarovana dia mety hitarika amin'ny famokarana autoantibodies samihafa izay mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny [[taova]] samihafa.<ref name="Lund2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lundin KE, Wijmenga C|s2cid=24533103|title=Coeliac disease and autoimmune disease-genetic overlap and screening|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=12|issue=9|pages=507–15|date=September 2015|pmid=26303674|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.136|type=Review|quote=The abnormal immunological response elicited by gluten-derived proteins can lead to the production of several different autoantibodies, which affect different systems.}}</ref> Ao amin'ny tsinay kely, miteraka fivontosana izany ary mety hiteraka fihenan'ny villi mandrakotra ny tsinay kely ( atrophy villous ).<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="VivasVaquero2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vivas S, Vaquero L, Rodríguez-Martín L, Caminero A|title=Age-related differences in celiac disease: Specific characteristics of adult presentation|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=6|issue=4|pages=207–12|date=November 2015|pmid=26558154|pmc=4635160|doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.207|type=Review|quote=In addition, the presence of intraepithelial lymphocytosis and/or villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia of small-bowel mucosa, and clinical remission after withdrawal of gluten from the diet, are also used for diagnosis antitransglutaminase antibody (tTGA) titers and the degree of histological lesions inversely correlate with age. Thus, as the age of diagnosis increases antibody titers decrease and histological damage is less marked. It is common to find adults without villous atrophy showing only an inflammatory pattern in duodenal mucosa biopsies: Lymphocytic enteritis (Marsh I) or added crypt hyperplasia (Marsh II)}}</ref> Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fidiran'ny otrikaina izany, izay matetika mitarika ho amin'ny tsy fahampian-dra.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="Lancet2009" /> Matetika ny aretina dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitambaran'ny fitiliana antibody amin'ny ra sy ny biopsie amin'ny tsinay, izay ampian'ny fitiliana fototarazo manokana.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Tsy mora foana ny mamantatra ny aretina.<ref name="MatthiasPfeiffer2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Matthias T, Pfeiffer S, Selmi C, Eric Gershwin M|s2cid=33661098|title=Diagnostic challenges in celiac disease and the role of the tissue transglutaminase-neo-epitope|journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol|volume=38|issue=2–3|pages=298–301|date=April 2010|pmid=19629760|doi=10.1007/s12016-009-8160-z|type=Review}}</ref> Matetika, ratsy ny autoantibodies ao amin'ny ra,<ref name="LewisScott2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lewis NR, Scott BB|title=Systematic review: the use of serology to exclude or diagnose coeliac disease (a comparison of the endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody tests)|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics|volume=24|issue=1|pages=47–54|date=July 2006|pmid=16803602|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02967.x}}</ref><ref name="AGA2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rostom A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF|title=American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=131|issue=6|pages=1981–2002|date=December 2006|pmid=17087937|url=http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2806%2902227-X/fulltext|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.004|type=Review|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2014-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318130040/http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(06)02227-X/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> ary olona maro no manana fiovana kely amin'ny tsinay miaraka amin'ny villi ara-dalàna.<ref name="MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, Fernández-Bañares F|title=Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics|volume=41|issue=9|pages=807–20|date=May 2015|pmid=25753138|doi=10.1111/apt.13155|type=Review|quote=Furthermore, seronegativity is more common in coeliac disease patients without villous atrophy (Marsh 1-2 lesions), but these ‘minor’ forms of coeliac disease may have similar clinical manifestations to those with villous atrophy and may show similar clinical–histological remission with reversal of haematological or biochemical disturbances on a gluten-free diet (GFD).}}</ref> Mety hisy soritr'aretina mafy ny olona ary mety hodinihina mandritra ny taona maro izy ireo alohan'ny hahitana ny aretina.<ref name="CichewiczMearns2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cichewicz AB, Mearns ES, Taylor A, Boulanger T, Gerber M, Leffler DA|s2cid=71143826|display-authors=etal|title=Diagnosis and Treatment Patterns in Celiac Disease|journal=Dig Dis Sci|volume=64|issue=8|pages=2095–2106|date=1 March 2019|pmid=30820708|doi=10.1007/s10620-019-05528-3|type=Review}}</ref><ref name="LudvigssonCard2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ludvigsson JF, Card T, Ciclitira PJ, Swift GL, Nasr I, Sanders DS, Ciacci C|title=Support for patients with celiac disease: A literature review|journal=United European Gastroenterology Journal|volume=3|issue=2|pages=146–59|date=April 2015|pmid=25922674|pmc=4406900|doi=10.1177/2050640614562599|type=Review}}</ref> Mihamaro hatrany ny olona tsy manana soritr'aretina voamarina, vokatry ny fitiliana.<ref name="VanHeelWest">{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Heel DA, West J|title=Recent advances in coeliac disease|journal=Gut|volume=55|issue=7|pages=1037–46|date=July 2006|pmid=16766754|pmc=1856316|doi=10.1136/gut.2005.075119|type=Review}}</ref> Na izany aza, tsy ampy ny porofo momba ny vokatry ny fitiliana mba hamaritana ny maha-ilaina azy.<ref name="USPSTF2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Ebell M, Epling JW, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW|s2cid=205086614|title=Screening for Celiac Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|journal=JAMA|volume=317|issue=12|pages=1252–1257|date=March 2017|pmid=28350936|doi=10.1001/jama.2017.1462}}</ref> Na dia vokatry ny tsy fahazakana maharitra ny proteinina gluten aza ity aretina ity,<ref name="NIH2015" /> dia miavaka amin'ny alèjy amin'ny varimbazaha izy io, izay tsy fahita firy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burkhardt|first=J. G.|last2=Chapa-Rodriguez|first2=A.|last3=Bahna|first3=S. L.|title=Gluten sensitivities and the allergist: Threshing the grain from the husks|journal=Allergy|date=July 2018|volume=73|issue=7|pages=1359–1368|doi=10.1111/all.13354|pmid=29131356}}</ref> Ny fitsaboana mahomby fantatra ihany dia ny fihinanana sakafo tsy misy gluten mandritra ny androm-piainana, izay mitarika amin'ny famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny rindrin'ny tsinay, manatsara ny soritr'aretina ary mampihena ny mety hisian'ny fahasarotana amin'ny ankamaroan'ny olona.<ref name="SeeKaukinen2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=See JA, Kaukinen K, Makharia GK, Gibson PR, Murray JA|s2cid=20270743|title=Practical insights into gluten-free diets|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=12|issue=10|pages=580–91|date=October 2015|pmid=26392070|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.156|type=Review|quote=A lack of symptoms and/or negative serological markers are not reliable indicators of mucosal response to the diet. Furthermore, up to 30% of patients continue to have gastrointestinal symptoms despite a strict GFD.122,124 If adherence is questioned, a structured interview by a qualified dietitian can help to identify both intentional and inadvertent sources of gluten.}}</ref> Raha tsy voatsabo dia mety hiteraka homamiadana toy ny lymphoma amin'ny tsinay ary mety hampitombo kely ny mety ho fahafatesana aloha loatra.<ref name="Leb2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH|title=Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity|journal=BMJ|volume=351|pages=h4347|date=October 2015|pmid=26438584|pmc=4596973|doi=10.1136/bmj.h4347|quote=Celiac disease occurs in about 1% of the population worldwide, although most people with the condition are undiagnosed. It can cause a wide variety of symptoms, both intestinal and extra-intestinal because it is a systemic autoimmune disease that is triggered by dietary gluten. Patients with coeliac disease are at increased risk of cancer, including a twofold to fourfold increased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and a more than 30-fold increased risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma, and they have a 1.4-fold increased risk of death.|type=Review}}</ref> Miovaova arakaraka ny faritra eto amin'izao tontolo izao ny tahan'ny aretina, manomboka amin'ny 1 amin'ny 300 ka hatramin'ny 1 amin'ny 40, miaraka amin'ny salan'isa eo anelanelan'ny 1 amin'ny 100 sy 1 amin'ny olona 170.<ref name="NEJM2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fasano A, Catassi C|title=Clinical practice. Celiac disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-12-20_367_25/page/2419|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=367|issue=25|pages=2419–26|date=December 2012|pmid=23252527|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1113994|type=Review}}</ref> Tombanana ho 80%-n'ny tranga no mbola tsy voamarina, matetika noho ny tsy fahampian'ny na tsy fisian'ny olana amin'ny fandevonan-kanina sy ny tsy fahampian'ny fahalalana ny soritr'aretina sy ny fepetra takiana amin'ny diagnostika.<ref name="WGO2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english|title=Celiac disease|date=July 2016|publisher=[[World Gastroenterology Organisation]] Global Guidelines|access-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317123604/http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english|archive-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="CichewiczMearns2019" /><ref name="LionettiGatti2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lionetti E, Gatti S, Pulvirenti A, Catassi C|title=Celiac disease from a global perspective|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology|volume=29|issue=3|pages=365–79|date=June 2015|pmid=26060103|doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2015.05.004|type=Review}}</ref> Somary mahazatra kokoa amin'ny vehivavy ny aretin'ny seliaka raha oharina amin'ny lehilahy.<ref name="His2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, Mäki M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Romano A, Troncone R, Ward R|title=Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics|volume=23|issue=5|pages=559–75|date=March 2006|pmid=16480395|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4hx5vkoontgbk34jk0r3lqyn4vt4i45 0 299093 1149910 1135358 2026-08-28T19:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =457630940 |image =Cefalexin.svg |image2 =Cefalexin ball-and-stick.png <!-- Names --> |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛ|f|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|k|s|ᵻ|n}} |tradename =Keflex, Ceporex, others<ref name=McP2007/> |synonyms = |BAN =Cephalexin |USAN =cephalexin |IUPAC_name =(7R)-3-Methyl-7- (α- D -phenylglycylamino) -3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate <!-- Clinical data --> |class =[[Antibiotic]] (1st-generation [[cephalosporin]])<ref name=AHFS2014/> |uses =[[otitis media|Middle ear]], [[bone infection|bone]] and [[joint infection|joint]], [[Skin infection#Bacterial|skin]], and [[urinary tract infection]]s<ref name=AHFS2014/> |side_effects =Upset stomach, diarrhea, allergic reactions<ref name=AHFS2014/> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy_AU =A |pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Cephalexin Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=28 December 2018 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/cephalexin.html | access-date=7 February 2020 | archive-date=7 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207073035/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/cephalexin.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |pregnancy_US =B |pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" /> |pregnancy_category= |breastfeeding = |onset = |duration_of_action= |defined_daily_dose=2 grams<ref name=who>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201084015/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB01 |url-status=live }}</ref> |routes_of_use =By mouth |typical_dose = <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{Drugs.com|monograph|Cephalexin}} |MedlinePlus =a682733 <!-- Legal data --> |legal_AU =S4 |legal_UK =POM |legal_US =Rx-only |DailyMedID =Cephalexin |licence_US =Keflex <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability =Well absorbed |protein_bound =15% |metabolism =80% excreted unchanged in urine within 6 hours |elimination_half-life=0.6–1.2 hours (adult with normal kidney function)<ref>McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service — Drug Information 95. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1995 (Plus Supplements 1995)., p. 166</ref> |excretion =[[Kidney]] <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =16 |H =17 |N =3 |O =4 |S =1 |SMILES =O=C2N1/C(=C(\CS[C@@H]1[C@@H]2NC(=O)[C@@H](c3ccccc3)N)C)C(=O)O |StdInChI =1S/C16H17N3O4S/c1-8-7-24-15-11(14(21)19(15)12(8)16(22)23)18-13(20)10(17)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,10-11,15H,7,17H2,1H3,(H,18,20)(H,22,23)/t10-,11-,15-/m1/s1 |StdInChI_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChIKey =ZAIPMKNFIOOWCQ-UEKVPHQBSA-N |StdInChIKey_Ref ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |melting_point =326.8 |drug_name =Cefalexin }} '''Ny Cefalexin''', izay soratana koa hoe '''cephalexin''', indraindray antsoina hoe '''Keflex''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]].<ref name="AHFS2014">{{Cite web|title=Cephalexin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cephalexin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Apr 21, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501202910/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/cephalexin.html|archive-date=2014-05-01}}</ref> Ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina bakteria maromaro izy io, anisan'izany ny aretina amin'ny sofina afovoany, taolana sy tonon-taolana, hoditra, ary lalan-drà.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Azo ampiasaina amin'ny karazana pnemonia sasany, aretin'ny tenda, ary hisorohana ny endocarditis bakteria ihany koa izy io.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Tsy mahomby amin'ny aretina vokatry ny Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ''Enterococcus'', na ''Pseudomonas'' <nowiki><i id="mwLw">izay</i></nowiki> mahatohitra ny methicillin ny Cefalexin.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Toy ny antibiotika hafa, tsy afaka mitsabo aretina virosy izy, toy ny [[gripa]], sery mahazatra na bronchitis mahery vaika.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Na dia azo ampiasaina amin'ireo manana ny mety amin'ny [[penisilinina]] malefaka na antonony aza izy io, dia tsy soso-kevitra ho an'ireo manana alèjy amin'ny penisilinina mafy.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Anisan'ny zava-doza mahazatra ny aretin'ny vavony sy ny aretim-pivalanana.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Mety hitranga ihany koa ny fihetseham-po mahazaka na aretina vokatry ny <nowiki><i id="mwTg">Clostridium difficile</i></nowiki>, izay antony mahatonga ny aretim-pivalanana.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Toa tsy manimba ny zaza ny fampiasana azy mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] na ny fampinonoana.<ref name="AHFS2014" /><ref name="TGA2014">{{Cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|website=Australian Government|access-date=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408040902/http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Breast2013">{{Cite book|title=Breastfeeding and Medication|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136178153|page=227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8lbCnF1mgC&pg=PA227|last=Wendy Jones|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135050/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8lbCnF1mgC&pg=PA227|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Azo ampiasaina amin'ny ankizy sy ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona izy io.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Mety mila ahena ny fatrany ireo manana olana amin'ny voa.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Cefalexin dia antibiotika beta-lactam ao anatin'ny kilasin'ny cephalosporins taranaka voalohany.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Mamono bakteria gram-positive sy gram-negative sasany izy amin'ny alàlan'ny fanakanana ny fitomboan'ny rindrin'ny sela bakteria.<ref name="AHFS2014" /> Mitovy amin'ny fiasan'ny fanafody hafa ao anatin'ity kilasy ity izy io, anisan'izany ny cefazolin ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, saingy azo raisina am-bava.<ref name="Brunton2011">{{Cite book|last=Brunton|first=Laurence L.|title=Goodman & Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics.|url=https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansph0000unse_z2e0|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0071624428|edition=12th|chapter=53, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Other β-Lactam Antibiotics}}</ref> Noforonina tamin'ny taona 1967 ny Cefalexin.<ref name="Hey2007">{{Cite book|editor-last=Hey|editor-first=Edmund|title=Neonatal formulary 5 drug use in pregnancy and the first year of life|date=2007|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=9780470750353|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aumIBqHmChwC&pg=PA67|edition=5th|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135050/https://books.google.com/books?id=aumIBqHmChwC&pg=PA67|archive-date=2017-09-08}}></ref> Navoaka voalohany tamin'ny 1969 izy io.<ref name="McP2007">{{Cite book|last=McPherson|first=Edwin M.|title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia.|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington|isbn=9780815518563|page=915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA915|edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA915|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ravina|first=Enrique|title=The evolution of drug discovery : from traditional medicines to modern drugs|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|isbn=9783527326693|page=267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA267|edition=1. Aufl.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA267|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Misy karazana fanafody generika azo vidiana ary tsy lafo.<ref name="AHFS2014" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanlon|first=Geoffrey|title=Essential Microbiology for Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science|date=2012|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118432433|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4Ucifn76PUC&pg=PT140|last2=Hodges, Norman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4Ucifn76PUC&pg=PT140|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-102 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny fito tapitrisa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cephalexin - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Cephalexin|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620032324/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Cephalexin|url-status=live}}</ref> Tany Kanada, io no antibiotika fahadimy nampiasaina betsaka indrindra tamin'ny taona 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/aspc-phac/HP37-20-2013-eng.pdf|title=Human Antimicrobial Drug Use Report 2012/2013|date=November 2014|access-date=February 24, 2015|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321041930/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/aspc-phac/HP37-20-2013-eng.pdf|archive-date=March 21, 2015}}</ref> Any Aostralia, iray amin'ireo fanafody 15 be mpampiasa indrindra izy io.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Australia's Health 2012: The Thirteenth Biennial Health Report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|date=2012|publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|isbn=9781742493053|page=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CazE2WqNBEC&pg=PT424|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135051/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CazE2WqNBEC&pg=PT424|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pbeey1jrfge569g2ek66b8yydcf6t3a 0 299097 1149927 1135366 2026-08-28T19:52:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Plantar wart |synonym =Verruca, myrmecia, verruca plantaris<ref name="andrews">{{cite book |author1=James, William D. |author2=Berger, Timothy G. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |url=https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseaseso0000jame_10ed |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location= |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseaseso0000jame_10ed/page/405 405] |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6|display-authors=etal}}</ref> |image =Largeplanterwart.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Close up image of a large plantar wart |pronounce = |specialty =[[Dermatology]] |symptoms =Skin colored lesion, may be painful<ref name=V2016/> |onset = |duration =Two years<ref name=V2016/> |causes =[[Human papillomavirus infection|Human papillomavirus]] (HPV)<ref name=V2016/> |risks =Communal showers, prior warts, [[immunocompromised|poor immune function]]<ref name=V2016/><ref name=Fer2018/> |diagnosis =Based on symptoms<ref name=Fer2018/> |differential =[[Callus]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[squamous cell carcinoma]]<ref name=V2016/> |prevention = |treatment =[[Medical uses of salicylic acid|Salicylic acid]], [[cryotherapy]], surgical removal<ref name=V2016/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =Common<ref name=AO2017/> |deaths = }}Ny "plantar wart" dia karazana wart miseho eo amin’ny faladian’ny tongotra na amin’ny rantsan-tongotra. [1] Matetika mitovy loko amin’ny hoditra izy ireo. [2] Matetika misy teboka mainty kely eo amboniny. [1] Mety hiseho tokana na maromaro amin’ny faritra iray izy ireo. [2] Mety hanaintaina rehefa tsindriana izy ireo ka mahatonga ny fandehanana ho sarotra. [2] Ny viriosy papilloma olombelona (HPV) no mahatonga azy ireo.<ref name="V2016">{{Cite journal|last=Vlahovic|first=TC|last2=Khan|first2=MT|title=The Human Papillomavirus and Its Role in Plantar Warts: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management.|journal=Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery|date=July 2016|volume=33|issue=3|pages=337–53|doi=10.1016/j.cpm.2016.02.003|pmid=27215155}}</ref> Ilaina ny ratra amin'ny hoditra vao misy aretina.<ref name="V2016" /> Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fampiasana fandroana iraisana, ny efa nanana ketrona teo aloha, ary ny tsy fahampian'ny hery fiarovana.<ref name="V2016" /><ref name="Fer2018">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=1375|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1375|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11|archive-date=2017-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204644/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1375|url-status=live}}</ref> Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina.<ref name="Fer2018" /> Ilaina ny fitsaboana raha toa ka miteraka soritr'aretina izany.<ref name="Fer2018" /> Mety ahitana asidra salisilika, fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny cryotherapy, na fanesorana amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana izany.<ref name="V2016" /> Tokony hesorina amin'ny ankapobeny ny hoditra eo ambonin'ny fery alohan'ny fitsaboana.<ref name="V2016" /> Amin'ny ampahatelony ka hatramin'ny roa ampahatelon'ny tranga dia afaka tsy misy fitsaboana manokana izy ireo, na izany aza dia mety haharitra roa taona izany.<ref name="V2016" /> Fahita matetika ny ketrona amin'ny tendron-tongotra.<ref name="AO2017">{{Cite web|title=Plantar Warts|url=http://www.aofas.org/footcaremd/conditions/ailments-of-the-big-toe/Pages/Plantar-Warts.aspx|website=AOFAS|access-date=11 November 2017|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204815/http://www.aofas.org/footcaremd/conditions/ailments-of-the-big-toe/Pages/Plantar-Warts.aspx|archive-date=11 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ny ankizy sy ny tanora no tena voakasik'izany matetika.<ref name="Fer2018" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ftqais0bry9zhqnb8nvptnnyr8mw50r 0 299109 1149911 1149490 2026-08-28T19:42:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Menopause |synonym =Climacteric |image =Menopause symbol.jpg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Symbolic representation of menopause |pronounce = |specialty =[[Gynaecology|Gynecology]] |symptoms =No [[menstrual period]]s for a year<ref name=NIH2013Def>{{cite web|title=Menopause: Overview|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> |onset =49 to 52 years of age<ref name=Tak2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Takahashi TA, Johnson KM | title = Menopause | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–34 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25841598 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006 }}</ref> |duration = |causes =Usually a natural change, surgery that removes both [[Ovary|ovaries]], some types of [[chemotherapy]]<ref name=NIH2013Con/><ref name=NIH2013Ca>{{cite web|title=What causes menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091652/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091652/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> |risks = |diagnosis = |differential = |prevention = |treatment =None, lifestyle changes<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> |medication =[[Hormone replacement therapy|Menopausal hormone therapy]], [[clonidine]], [[gabapentin]], [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s<ref name=NIH2013Tx/><ref name=Kra2015/> |prognosis = |frequency = |deaths = }}Ny fitsaharan'ny fadimbolana, fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe menopause, dia dingana voajanahary eo amin’ny fiainan’ny ankamaroan’ny vehivavy izay ahitana ny fijanonan’ny fadimbolana tanteraka, ka mahatonga ny vehivavy tsy ho afaka miteraka intsony. [1] [2] Matetika io toe-javatra io dia miseho eo anelanelan’ny 49 sy 52 taona eo ho eo. [3] Amin’ny fitsaboana, dia heverina ho efa tonga ny fadimbolana rehefa tsy nisy rà fadimbolana nandritra ny herintaona manontolo ny vehivavy iray. [4] Ny fadimbolana dia mifandray amin’ny fihenan’ny famokarana hormonina ataon’ny ovaire. [5] Ho an’ireo vehivavy efa nodidiana nanalana ny tranon-jaza nefa mbola manana ovaire, dia azo heverina fa efa nitranga ny fadimbolana tamin’ny fotoana nanaovana ny fandidiana na rehefa nihena ny hormonina ao amin’ny vatana. [5] Amin’ny tranga sasany, aorian’ny fanesorana ny tranonjaza dia mety hiseho aloha kokoa ny soritr’aretin’ny fadimbolana, matetika manodidina ny 45 taona eo ho eo. [6] Amin'ireo taona mialoha ny fadimbolana, dia mazàna tsy ara-dalàna ny fadimbolana amin'ny vehivavy,<ref name=NIH2013Sym>{{cite web|title=What are the symptoms of menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=6 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320015025/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx|archive-date=20 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320015025/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> izay midika fa mety ho lava kokoa na fohy kokoa ny faharetan'ny fadimbolana na ho maivana kokoa na ho mavesatra kokoa ny habetsahan'ny fikorianan'ny fadimbolana.<ref name=NIH2013Sym /> Mandritra io fotoana io, matetika ny vehivavy no mahatsapa hafanana tampoka ; matetika izany dia maharitra 30 segondra ka hatramin'ny folo minitra ary mety mifandray amin'ny fangovitana, hatsembohana ary mena ny hoditra.<ref name=NIH2013Sym /> Matetika ny hafanana tampoka dia mijanona rehefa afaka herintaona na roa taona. Mety ahitana soritr'aretina hafa koa ny fahamainan'ny fivaviana, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ary ny fiovan'ny toe-po. Miovaova arakaraka ny vehivavy ny hamafin'ny soritr'aretina.<ref name=PubMed2013>{{cite web|title=Menopause: Overview|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|publisher=PubMedHealth|access-date=8 March 2015|date=29 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181404/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181404/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/ |date=10 September 2017 }}</ref> Na dia matetika heverina ho mifandray amin'ny fitomboan'ny aretim-po aza ny fadimbolana, dia mitranga indrindra izany noho ny fitomboan'ny taona ary tsy misy ifandraisany mivantana amin'ny fadimbolana.<ref name=PubMed2013 /> Ho an'ny vehivavy sasany, ireo olana izay nisy toy ny endometriosis na ny fanaintainana mandritra ny fadimbolana dia hihatsara aorian'ny fadimbolana.<ref name=PubMed2013 /> Matetika fiovana voajanahary ny fadimbolana, satria mihakely tsikelikely ny ovaire rehefa mihantitra.<ref name="Zheng2019">{{Cite book|last=Suster|first=David|last2=Liu|first2=Martina Z.|last3=Lin|first3=Douglas I.|editor-last=Zheng|editor-first=Wenxin|editor2-last=Fadare|editor2-first=Oluwole|editor3-last=Quick|editor3-first=Charles Matthew|editor4-last=Shen|editor4-first=Danhua|editor5-last=Guo|editor5-first=Donghui|title=Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology|volume=2|date=2019|publisher=Springer|location=Springer|isbn=978-981-13-3018-6|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA96&dq=&hl=en|language=en|chapter=3. Benign diseases of the ovary|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802001238/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRegDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA96&dq=&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Mety hitranga aloha kokoa amin'ireo izay mifoka sigara izany.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Warren|first=volume editors, Claudio N. Soares, Michelle|title=The menopausal transition : interface between gynecology and psychiatry|url=https://archive.org/details/menopausaltransi0000unse|date=2009|publisher=Karger|location=Basel|isbn=978-3805591010|page=[https://archive.org/details/menopausaltransi0000unse/page/73 73]|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref> Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ny fandidiana izay manala ny ovaire roa na karazana chimiothérapie sasany.<ref name=NIH2013Con>{{cite web|title=What is menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319224154/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319224154/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref> Eo amin'ny lafiny ara-batana, ny fadimbolana dia mitranga noho ny fihenan'ny famokarana hormonina estrogen sy progesterone ao amin'ny ovaire. Na dia tsy ilaina aza matetika, ny famaritana ny fadimbolana dia azo hamarinina amin'ny fandrefesana ny haavon'ny hormonina ao amin'ny ra na ny urine. Mifanohitra amin'ny menarche ny fadimbolana, izay fotoana anombohan'ny fadimbolana amin'ny zazavavy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James|title=Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9780202365701|page=401|chapter=9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181403/https://books.google.com/books?id=I0_SrDBNy24C&pg=PA401|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> Tsy ilaina matetika ny fitsaboana manokana.<ref name=NIH2013Tx>{{cite web|title=What are the treatments for other symptoms of menopause?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=8 March 2015|date=2013-06-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320030632/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=20 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320030632/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx |date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> Mety hihatsara amin'ny alalan'ny fitsaboana anefa ny soritr'aretina sasany.<ref name=NIH2013Tx /> Raha ny amin'ny hafanana tampoka, dia matetika no soso-kevitra ny hialana amin'ny fifohana sigara, kafeinina ary alikaola.<ref name=NIH2013Tx /> Mety hanampy ny fatoriana ao amin'ny efitrano mangatsiaka sy ny fampiasana mpankafy.<ref name=NIH2013Tx /> Ireto fanafody manaraka ireto dia mety hanampy: fitsaboana hormonina mandritra ny fadimbolana (MHT), clonidine, [[gabapentin]], na [[Mpanakantsakana ny fiverimberenan'ny serotoninina voafantina|fanafody manakana ny fidiran'ny serotoninina amin'ny vatana]].<ref name=NIH2013Tx /><ref name="Kra2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Krause MS, Nakajima ST|title=Hormonal and nonhormonal treatment of vasomotor symptoms|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|volume=42|issue=1|pages=163–79|date=March 2015|pmid=25681847|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008}}</ref> Mety hanampy amin'ny olana amin'ny torimaso ny fanatanjahan-tena.<ref name=NIH2013Tx /> Raha toa ka efa mahazatra ny fampiasana ny MHT taloha, dia ireo manana soritr'aretina lehibe ihany no atolotra azy ankehitriny, satria misy ny ahiahy momba ny voka-dratsiny. Tsy mbola nisy porofo avo lenta momba ny fahombiazan'ny fitsaboana hafa . Misy porofo vonjimaika momba ny fisian'ny phytoestrogens.<ref name="Franco2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Franco OH, Chowdhury R, Troup J, Voortman T, Kunutsor S, Kavousi M, Oliver-Williams C, Muka T|title=Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-06-21_315_23/page/n73|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=23|pages=2554–63|date=June 2016|pmid=27327802|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.8012|doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] n01jodqwb5yyhnd0bb1jfgg1yy8uka5 0 299120 1149920 1135403 2026-08-28T19:48:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Lung cancer |synonym =Lung carcinoma |image =LungCACXR.PNG |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =A [[chest X-ray]] showing a tumor in the lung (marked by arrow) |pronounce = |specialty =[[Oncology]]<ref name=WHO2021.1.inttro/> |symptoms =Coughing (including [[Hemoptysis|coughing up blood]]), weight loss, shortness of breath, [[chest pain]]s<ref name="Harrison"/> |onset =~70 years<ref name="SEER"/> |duration = |causes = |risks ={{hlist|[[Tobacco smoking]]|[[genetics|genetic factors]]|[[radon]] gas|[[asbestos]]|[[air pollution]]<ref name=Kumar2020/>}} |diagnosis =[[Medical imaging]], [[tissue biopsy]]<ref name=Kumar2020/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =[[Surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy|radiotherapy]]<ref name=Kumar2020/> |medication = |prognosis =[[Five-year survival rate]]: 10 to 20% (most countries), 33% (Japan), 27% (Israel), 25% (Republic of Korea)<ref name="Sung2021"/> |frequency =2.2&nbsp;million new cases in 2020<ref name="Glob2020"/> |deaths =1.8&nbsp;million (2020)<ref name="Sung2021"/> }}Ny homamiadan’ny havokavoka dia aretina iray ao amin’ny sokajin’ny homamiadana, izay miseho amin’ny endrika fivontosana ao amin’ny havokavoka, vokatry ny fitomboan’ny sela tsy voafehy ao amin’ny sela havokavoka. [1] Ireo sela mitombo tsy ara-dalàna ireo dia afaka miparitaka any amin’ny faritra hafa amin’ny vatana amin’ny alalan’ny dingana antsoina hoe metastasis, ka manafika sela sy taova hafa akaiky na lavitra. [2] Ny ankamaroan’ny homamiadana manomboka ao amin’ny havokavoka, izay antsoina hoe homamiadan’ny havokavoka voalohany, dia ao anatin’ny sokajin’ny karsinoma. [3] Ny karazany roa lehibe dia ny homamiadan’ny havokavoka sela kely (SCLC) sy ny homamiadan’ny havokavoka tsy sela kely (NSCLC). [4] Ny soritr’aretina mahazatra indrindra dia ahitana kohaka maharitra, anisan’izany ny kohaka misy ra, fihenan-danja tsy nahy, fahasemporana, ary fanaintainan’ny tratra. [5] Ny ankamaroan'ny tranganà homamiadan'ny havokavoka (>80%) dia vokatry ny fifohana sigara mandritra ny fotoana maharitra. Mitombo maneran-tany ny homamiadan'ny havokavoka amin'ireo olona tsy nifoka sigara mihitsy. Ireo tranga ireo dia matetika vokatry ny fitambaran'ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra sy ny fiparitahan'ny entona radon, [[Vatosiraka|asbestos]], setroka sigara hafa, na endrika hafa amin'ny fahalotoan'ny rivotra.<ref name="Kumar2020">{{Cite book|last=White|first=Veronica|last2=Ruperelia|first2=Prina|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor2-last=Randall|editor2-first=David|editor3-last=Waterhouse|editor3-first=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|pages=975-982|edition=10th|language=en|chapter=28.Respiratory disease|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119144202/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA975|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWhiteRuperelia2020">White, Veronica; Ruperelia, Prina (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA975 "28.Respiratory disease"]. In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). ''Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine'' (10th&nbsp;ed.). Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">975–</span>982. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-7870-5|<bdi>978-0-7020-7870-5</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220119144202/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA975 Archived] from the original on 19 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="MurrayNadel52">{{Cite book|vauthors=Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Samet JM|title=Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/murraynadelstext0001unse|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|year=2016|chapter=Chapter 52: Epidemiology of lung cancer|edition=6th|isbn=978-1-4557-3383-5}}</ref> Mety ho hita amin'ny alalan'ny radiografia tratra sy ny fitiliana tomografia informatika (CT) ny homamiadan'ny havokavoka.<ref name="Kumar2020" /> Ny biopsy no manamarina ny aretina, izay matetika atao amin'ny alalan'ny bronchoscopy na CT-guidance.<ref name="Holland-Frei78">{{Cite book|vauthors=Lu C, Onn A, Vaporciyan AA, etal|title=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/hollandfreicance0000unse|edition=8th|chapter=Chapter 78: Cancer of the Lung|publisher=People's Medical Publishing House|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60795-014-1}}</ref> Ny fisorohana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza, anisan'izany ny fifohana sigara sy ny fahalotoan'ny rivotra, no fomba fisorohana voalohany. Miankina amin'ny karazana homamiadana, ny dingana (fiparitahan'ny aretina), ary ny fahasalaman'ny olona amin'ny ankapobeny ny fitsaboana sy ny vokatra maharitra. Tsy azo sitranina ny ankamaroan'ny tranga. Ny fitsaboana mahazatra dia ahitana ny fandidiana, ny chimiothérapie, ary ny radiotherapy.<ref name="Kumar2020" /> Indraindray ny NSCLC dia tsaboina amin'ny fandidiana, raha toa kosa ny SCLC mazàna dia mamaly tsara kokoa ny fitsaboana simika sy ny radiotherapy.<ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Chapman S, Robinson G, Stradling J, West S, Wrightson J|title=Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_f2c2|edition=3rd|chapter=Chapter 31|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_f2c2/page/284 284]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-870386-0}}</ref> Maneran-tany tamin'ny taona 2020, ny homamiadan'ny havokavoka dia nitranga tamin'ny 2.2&nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany ary niafara tamin'ny 1.8&nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana.<ref name="Sung2021" /> Izany no mahatonga azy io ho antony mahazatra indrindra amin'ny fahafatesana mifandraika amin'ny homamiadana amin'ny lehilahy ary faharoa amin'ny vehivavy aorian'ny homamiadan'ny nono . Na dia eo aza ny fihenan'ny tahan'ny sigara amin'ny ankapobeny, dia miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny tahan'ny sigara amin'ireo olona tsy nifoka sigara mihitsy, saingy mitombo amin'ny ankapobeny, miaraka amin'ny 15–20% amin'ny lehilahy no tsy mpifoka sigara ary mihoatra ny 50% amin'ny vehivavy no tsy mpifoka sigara. 70 taona ny taona mahazatra indrindra amin'ny fotoana ahafantarana ny aretina. Any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena, ny tahan'ny fahavelomana dimy taona dia eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20% eo ho eo,<ref name="Sung2021" /> raha any Japon kosa dia 33%, any Israely 27%, ary any amin'ny Repoblikan'i Korea 25%.<ref name="Sung2021" /> Ratsy kokoa ny vokatra amin'ny ankapobeny any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.<ref name="Maj2009">{{Cite book|last=Majumder|first=Sadhan|title=Stem cells and cancer|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-89611-3|page=193|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaErOupWnO0C&pg=PA193|edition=Online-Ausg.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018040051/https://books.google.com/books?id=HaErOupWnO0C&pg=PA193|archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> Ny lahatsoratra voalohany momba ny homamiadan'ny havokavoka, navoakan'i Isaac Adler tamin'ny 1912, dia nilaza fa tsy voamarina tsara izany.<ref name="Kloeck2021.1">{{Cite book|last=Kloecker|first=Goetz|editor-last=Kloecker|editor-first=Goetz|editor2-last=Fraig|editor2-first=Mostafa|editor3-last=Arnold|editor3-first=Susanne M.|editor4-last=Perez|editor4-first=Cesar A.|title=Lung Cancer: Standards of Care|date=7 December 2021|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|location=New York|isbn=978-1-260-13620-3|pages=3-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugJTzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|language=en|chapter=1. History of lung cancer|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128162659/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugJTzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4obcbcbqfmc5wx5t9ye1l0mv4ji9afm 0 299128 1149925 1135411 2026-08-28T19:52:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug |Watchedfields =changed |verifiedrevid =477315393 |drug_name =Vitamin_C |image =L-Ascorbic_acid.svg |width = |alt =Natta projection of structural formula for L-ascorbic acid |image2 =Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png |width2 = |alt2 =Ball-and-stick model of L-ascorbic acid |caption =<!-- |type = <!-- Names --> |pronounce = |tradename = |synonyms ={{sm|l}}-ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, ascorbate |IUPAC_name ={{sm|l}}-''threo''-Hex-2-enono-1,4-lactone<br />''or''<br />(''R'')-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((''S'')- 1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2(5''H'')-one <!-- Clinical data --> |class =[[Vitamin]] |uses =[[Scurvy]]<ref name=MSF2020>{{cite web |title=ASCORBIC acid = VITAMIN C oral - Essential drugs |url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/ascorbic-acid-vitamin-c-oral-16685261.html |website=medicalguidelines.msf.org |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827183337/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/ascorbic-acid-vitamin-c-oral-16685261.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |side_effects =Gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, trouble sleeping, flushing of the skin<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web |title=Ascorbic Acid |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ascorbic-acid.html |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=December 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230161611/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ascorbic-acid.html |archive-date=December 30, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=WHO2008 /> |interactions =<!-- notable interactions --> |pregnancy_AU =<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> |pregnancy_US =<!-- A / B / C / D / X --> |pregnancy_category=A (to [[Dietary Reference Intake|Recommended Dietary Allowance]] (RDA)), C (above RDA)<ref name="Drugscom pregnancy" /> |breastfeeding = |routes_of_administration=By mouth, [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], [[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Subcutaneous injection|subQ]] |onset = |duration_of_action= |defined_daily_dose=200 mg (by mouth or injection)<ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A11GA01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728132548/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A11GA01 |url-status=live }}</ref> |typical_dose = <!-- External links --> |Drugs.com ={{drugs.com |monograph |ascorbic-acid}} |MedlinePlus =a682583 <!-- Legal data --> |legal_status =OTC (when used by mouth); prescription (for injectable form) |DailyMedID =Ascorbic_acid |licence_US =<!-- FDA may use generic name --> |licence_EU =<!-- EMEA requires brand name --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> |bioavailability =Rapid and complete |protein_bound =Negligible |elimination_half-life=Varies according to plasma concentration <!-- can be 30 min to weeks, depending on body stores --> |excretion =Kidney <!-- Chemical and physical data --> |C =6 |H =8 |O =6 |chemical_formula = |SMILES =OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O |StdInChI =1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1 |StdInChI_Ref ={{stdinchicite |correct |chemspider}} |StdInChIKey =CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N |StdInChIKey_Ref ={{stdinchicite |correct |chemspider}} |molecular_weight =176.12 |density =1.694 |melting_point =190–192 |melting_notes =(some decomposition)<ref>[[Merck Index]], 14th ed.</ref> |boiling_point =552.7 |boiling_notes =<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Vitamin C|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10189562.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724030511/http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10189562.html|archive-date=July 24, 2020|access-date=2020-07-25|website=ChemSpider|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> }}Ny vitamina C, fantatra ihany koa amin’ny anarana hoe asidra ascorbic na ascorbate, dia vitamina hita amin’ny sakafo isan-karazany ary amidy ihany koa ho fanampin-tsakafo. [1] Izy io dia ampiasaina indrindra amin’ny fisorohana sy fitsaboana ny scurvy. [1] Otrikaina tena ilaina ho an’ny vatana ny vitamina C, satria mandray anjara amin’ny fanamboarana ny sela sy amin’ny famokarana anzima ary neurotransmitters sasany. [1][2] Ankoatra izany, ilaina amin’ny fiasan’ny anzima maro izy io ary manan-danja amin’ny fanamafisana ny hery fiarovana. [2][3] Miasa ihany koa ho toy ny antioksidanta izy, manampy amin’ny fiarovana ny sela amin’ny fahasimban’ny radika malalaka. [4] Misy porofo sasany fa ny fampiasana tsy tapaka ny fanampin-tsakafo dia mety hampihena ny faharetan'ny sery mahazatra, saingy toa tsy misoroka ny aretina izany.<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|title=Fact Sheet for Health Professionals – Vitamin C|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/|publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health|date=February 11, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730052126/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/|archive-date=July 30, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="Hem2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hemilä H, Chalker E|title=Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=1|pages=CD000980|date=January 2013|pmid=23440782|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4|pmc=1160577}}</ref> Tsy mazava raha misy fiantraikany amin'ny mety hisian'ny homamiadana, aretim-po, na dementia ny fanampin-tsakafo.<ref name="Ye2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z|title=Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=2|pages=e56803|year=2013|pmid=23437244|pmc=3577664|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056803|bibcode=2013PLoSO...856803Y}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Duerbeck NB, Dowling DD, Duerbeck JM|title=Vitamin C: Promises Not Kept|journal=Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey|volume=71|issue=3|pages=187–93|date=March 2016|pmid=26987583|doi=10.1097/OGX.0000000000000289|quote=Antioxidant vitamin supplementation has no effect on the incidence of major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, stroke, total death, and cardiac death.}}</ref> Azo raisina am-bava na tsindrona izy io.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web|title=Ascorbic Acid|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ascorbic-acid.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=December 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230161611/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ascorbic-acid.html|archive-date=December 30, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Amin'ny ankapobeny dia leferina tsara ny vitamina C.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ny fatra be loatra dia mety hiteraka tsy fahazoana aina ao amin'ny tsinay, aretin'andoha, olana amin'ny torimaso, ary mena ny hoditra.<ref name="AHFS2016" /><ref name="WHO2008" /> Azo antoka ny fatra mahazatra mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]].<ref name="Drugscom pregnancy">{{Cite web|title=Ascorbic acid Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ascorbic-acid.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=December 30, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075819/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ascorbic-acid.html|archive-date=December 31, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Manoro hevitra ny tsy handraisana fatra be loatra ny United States Institute of Medicine.<ref name="DRItext">{{Cite book|title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids|url=https://archive.org/details/dietaryreference0000unse_t1q0|chapter=Vitamin C|publisher=The National Academies Press|year=2000|location=Washington, DC|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dietaryreference0000unse_t1q0/page/95 95]–185|access-date=September 1, 2017|isbn=978-0-309-06935-9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180153/https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/7|archive-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref> Ny vitamina C dia otrikaina ilaina ho an’ny vatan’olombelona, hita voalohany tamin’ny taona 1912, navahana tamin’ny 1928, ary tamin’ny 1933 no voalohany novokarina tamin’ny alalan’ny sintetika simika. [10] Izy io dia tafiditra ao anatin’ny Lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina an’ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana. [11] Azo vidiana mora eny amin’ny fivarotam-panafody sy amin’ny endrika fanafody tsy mila prescription ny vitamina C. [1][12][13] Noho ny fikarohana sy ny fahitana azy, dia nahazo ny Loka Nobel tamin’ny taona 1937 i Albert Szent-Györgyi (Fisiolojia sy Fitsaboana) sy Walter Norman Haworth (Simia). [14][15] Anisan’ny sakafo manankarena vitamina C ny voankazo voasary makirana, kiwi, goavy, broccoli, tsimok’i Bruxelles, dipoavatra, ary frezy. [4] Ny fitahirizana maharitra na ny fandrahoana be loatra dia mety hampihena ny tahan’ny vitamina C ao amin’ny sakafo. [4] == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] f0b6ac7gqpj2dlwkkj5xql8jx7woj6x 0 299139 1149899 1135439 2026-08-28T19:33:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|image=Iotroxic acid.png <!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=Biliscopin, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=3-<nowiki/>{2-[2-(2-<nowiki/>{[(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodophenyl)carbamoyl]methoxy}ethoxy)ethoxy]acetamido}-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid <!-- Clinical data -->|class=|uses=<!-- primary uses -->|side_effects=<!-- common side effects and notable side effects -->|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=not established<ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AC02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121195808/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AC02 |url-status=live }}</ref>|typical_dose=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|iotroxic-acid}}|MedlinePlus=<!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=22|H=18|I=6|N=2|O=9|SMILES=O=C(Nc1c(I)c(c(I)cc1I)C(=O)O)COCCOCCOCC(=O)Nc2c(I)c(C(=O)O)c(I)cc2I}}Ny asidra iotroksika, fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe meglumine iotroxate, dia molekiola ampiasaina ho toy ny fitaovana fanehoana (contrast medium) mandritra ny taratra X.[1][2] Ampiasaina manokana izy io amin’ny fitiliana ny gallbladder sy ny lalan-drà biliary.[2] Omena amin’ny alalan’ny tsindrona miadana ao anaty lalan-drà izy io.[2] Mahalana ny voka-dratsiny.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neugebauer|first=Edmund|last2=Sauerland|first2=Stefan|title=Recommendations for evidence-based endoscopic surgery: The updated EAES consensus development conferences|date=2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9782817808499|page=67|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=seILBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101000948/https://books.google.ca/books?id=seILBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|archive-date=2017-01-01}}</ref> Anisan'izany ny fandoavana, ny fivontosana amin'ny hoditra, ny aretin'andoha, ny mangidihidy, ary ny tosidrà ambany.<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/315 315], 318}}</ref> Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny tsy fahita firy ny fikorontanan-tsaina sy ny fihetseham-po mahazaka.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Tsy tokony hampiasain'ireo izay manana [[Iôda|alèjy amin'ny iode]] izy io.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Ny asidra iotroksika dia fitaovana fampifandanjana misy iode amin'ny karazana diiônika dimer.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schaefer|first=Christof|last2=Peters|first2=Paul W. J.|last3=Miller|first3=Richard K.|title=Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment|date=2014|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780124079014|page=532|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=L2NzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA532|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001148/https://books.google.ca/books?id=L2NzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA532|archive-date=2017-01-01}}</ref> Ny asidra iotroksika dia novokarina voalohany tamin'ny 1976.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korolkovas|first=Andrejus|title=Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry|date=1988|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780471883562|page=1063|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6hxtAAAAMAAJ|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001146/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6hxtAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=2017-01-01}}</ref> Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}</ref> Mahalana vao ampiasaina any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]] izy io noho ny fisian'ny "magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography " (MRCP).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sherlock|first=Shiela|last2=Dooley|first2=James|title=Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System|date=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470986813|page=568|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=-TD1_-SiqvcC&lpg=PA568|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001040/https://books.google.ca/books?id=-TD1_-SiqvcC&lpg=PA568|archive-date=2017-01-01}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] bibrrt080eakh3zvwln123u09afnabx 0 299178 1149919 1149516 2026-08-28T19:47:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Pancreatic cancer |synonym = |image =Diagram showing the position of the pancreas CRUK 356.svg |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Diagram showing the position of the pancreas, behind the stomach (which is transparent in this schematic). |pronounce = |specialty =[[Oncology]] |symptoms =[[jaundice|Yellow skin]], [[abdominal pain|abdominal]] or [[back pain]], [[cachexia|unexplained weight loss]], light-colored [[feces|stools]], dark urine, [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]]<ref name=cancer2020/> |onset =90% after age 50 years<ref name=Søreide2021.1/> |duration = |causes = |risks =[[Tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], certain rare [[genetics|genetic]] conditions<ref name=Søreide2021.1/> |diagnosis =[[Medical imaging]], blood tests, [[tissue biopsy]]<ref name=Wolfgang2013/><ref name="Lancet">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M | title = Pancreatic cancer | journal = Lancet | volume = 378 | issue = 9791 | pages = 607–620 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21620466 | pmc = 3062508 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0 | url = http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20111127193405_869876397245.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112190623/http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20111127193405_869876397245.pdf | archive-date = 12 January 2015 | df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112190623/http://m-learning.zju.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20111127193405_869876397245.pdf |date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |differential = |prevention =Not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, low [[red meat]] diet<ref name=Can2014Meat/> |treatment =Surgery, [[radiation therapy|radiotherapy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[palliative care]]<ref name=cancer2020/> |medication = |prognosis =[[Five year survival rate]] 2% to 9%<ref name=Hu2021/> |frequency =459,000 (2018)<ref name=Søreide2021.2/> |deaths =432,000 (2018)<ref name=Søreide2021.2/> }}Mipoitra '''ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty''' rehefa manomboka mihamaro tsy voafehy [[Sela|ny sela]] ao amin'ny sarakaty, taova fihary ao ambadiky ny [[vavony]], ka mamorona vongana . Ireo sela homamiadana ireo dia afaka miditra amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana.<ref name="cancer2020" /> Misy karazana homamiadan'ny sarakaty maromaro. Ny '''adenokarsinoma sarakaty''' mahazatra indrindra, izay miteraka 90% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga, ary ny teny hoe "homamiadan'ny sarakaty" dia matetika ampiasaina hilazana io karazana io ihany. Ireo adenocarcinoma ireo dia manomboka ao amin'ny ampahan'ny sarakaty izay mamokatra anzima fandevonan-kanina.<ref name="WCR2014">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0429-9|at=Chapter 5.7}}</ref> Mety hipoitra avy amin'ireo sela ireo ihany koa ny karazana hafa maromaro, izay maneho ny ankamaroan'ny tsy adenocarcinomas.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Ny iray ka hatramin'ny roa isan-jaton'ny tranganà homamiadan'ny sarakaty dia fivontosana neuroendocrine, izay mipoitra avy amin'ny sela mpamokatra hormonina ao amin'ny sarakaty.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy dia mahery vaika loatra ireo raha oharina amin'ny adenocarcinoma sarakaty.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Ny soritr'aretin'ny endrika mahazatra indrindra dia mety ahitana hoditra mavomavo, fanaintainan'ny kibo na lamosina tsy hay hazavaina, fihenan-danja tsy hay hazavaina, [[Tay|fivalanana]] miloko mazava, fivalanana maizina, ary tsy fahazotoan-komana . Matetika tsy misy soritr'aretina amin'ny dingana voalohany, ary ireo soritr'aretina izay voafaritra tsara ka manondro fa homamiadan'ny sarakaty dia mazàna tsy mipoitra raha tsy efa tonga amin'ny dingana mandroso ny aretina.<ref name="PDQ2014" /><ref name="NEJM14">{{Cite journal|last=Ryan|first=David P.|last2=Hong|first2=Theodore S.|last3=Bardeesy|first3=Nabeel|title=Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-09-11_371_11/page/1039|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=11 September 2014|volume=371|issue=11|pages=1039–1049|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1404198|pmid=25207767}}</ref> Amin'ny fotoana ahafantarana ny aretina dia efa miparitaka any amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name="Bond-Smith">{{Cite journal|last=Bond-Smith|first=G.|last2=Banga|first2=N.|last3=Hammond|first3=T. M.|last4=Imber|first4=C. J.|title=Pancreatic adenocarcinoma|journal=BMJ|date=16 May 2012|volume=344|issue=may16 1|pages=e2476|doi=10.1136/bmj.e2476|pmid=22592847}}</ref> Anisan'ny mety ho voan'ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty ny fifohana sigara, ny hatavezana, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ary ny aretina fototarazo tsy fahita firy sasany.<ref name="Søreide2021.1">{{Cite book|last=Franklin|first=Oskea|last2=Sund|first2=Marlin|editor-last=Søreide|editor-first=Kjetil|editor2-last=Stättner|editor2-first=Stefan|title=Textbook of Pancreatic Cancer: Principles and Practice of Surgical Oncology|date=2021|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-53785-2|language=en|chapter=1. Risk factors pancreatic cancer|pages=3-16|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426110326/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPYZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|url-status=live}}</ref> Eo amin'ny 25% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga no mifandray amin'ny fifohana sigara,<ref name="Wolfgang2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH|title=Recent progress in pancreatic cancer|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=63|issue=5|pages=318–348|date=September 2013|pmid=23856911|pmc=3769458|doi=10.3322/caac.21190}}</ref> ary 5–10% no mifandray amin'ny fototarazo nolovaina.<ref name="NEJM14" /> Matetika ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty dia voamarina amin'ny alalan'ny fitambaran'ny teknika fitiliana ara-pitsaboana toy ny ultrasound na computed tomography, fitiliana ra, ary fandinihana ny santionan'ny sela ( biopsy ).<ref name="Wolfgang2013" /> Mizara ho dingana maromaro ny aretina, manomboka amin'ny voalohany (dingana&nbsp;I) hatramin'ny tara (dingana)&nbsp;IV).<ref name="Bond-Smith" /> Tsy hita fa mahomby ny fitiliana ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny. Ambany kokoa ny mety ho voan'ny homamiadan'ny sarakaty amin'ireo tsy mpifoka sigara, ary ireo olona mitazona lanja ara-pahasalamana ary mametra ny fihinanana hena mena na voahodina . Mihena ny fahafahan'ny mpifoka sigara hahazo io aretina io raha toa ka mijanona tsy mifoka sigara izy ary saika miverina amin'ny an'ny mponina sisa rehefa afaka 20 taona.&nbsp;taona.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Mety ho fandidiana, radiotherapy, chimiothérapie, fikarakarana palliative, na fitambaran'ireo fitsaboana ireo no fitsaboana.<ref name="PDQ2014" /> Miankina amin'ny dingana misy ny homamiadana ny safidy sasany.<ref name="PDQ2014" /> Ny fandidiana no hany fitsaboana afaka manasitrana ny adenocarcinoma amin'ny sarakaty,<ref name="Bond-Smith" /> ary azo atao ihany koa mba hanatsarana ny kalitaon'ny fiainana nefa tsy misy ny mety ho fanasitranana.<ref name="Bond-Smith" /> Indraindray ilaina ny fitantanana ny fanaintainana sy ny fanafody hanatsarana ny fandevonan-kanina.<ref name="Bond-Smith" /> Amporisihina ny fikarakarana palliative mialoha na dia ho an'ireo izay mahazo fitsaboana mikendry ny fahasitranana aza.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bardou M, Le Ray I|title=Treatment of pancreatic cancer: A narrative review of cost-effectiveness studies|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology|volume=27|issue=6|pages=881–892|date=December 2013|pmid=24182608|doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2013.09.006}}</ref> Tamin’ny taona 2018, ny homamiadan’ny sarakaty dia nahafaty olona manodidina ny 432 000 maneran-tany, ka izy no antony fahafito mahazatra indrindra mahatonga fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadana. [14] Izy io ihany koa no antony fahadimy mahazatra indrindra mahatonga fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadana any Royaume-Uni, [15] ary fahatelo any Etazonia. [16] Ny salan-taonan’ny olona voan’ity aretina ity dia manodidina ny 72 taona, ary eo amin’ny 90% amin’ny tranga dia miseho amin’ny olona mihoatra ny 50 taona. [8] Matetika kokoa ny fisehony any amin’ireo firenena mandroso, izay ahitana manodidina ny 70% amin’ny tranga vaovao tamin’ny taona 2012. [4] Amin’ny ankapobeny, ratsy ny vinavinan’ny adenocarcinoma amin’ny sarakaty: aorian’ny fitiliana, manodidina ny 25% ny marary no mbola velona aorian’ny herintaona, ary eo amin’ny 5% no mbola velona aorian’ny dimy taona. [17] Ho an’ny tranga voamarina aloha dia mety hiakatra hatramin’ny 20% ny tahan’ny fahavelomana dimy taona. [18] Ny homamiadan’ny neuroendocrine amin’ny sarakaty kosa dia manana vinavina tsara kokoa: manodidina ny 65% ny marary no mbola velona dimy taona aorian’ny fitiliana, na dia miovaova be aza izany arakaraka ny karazana fivontosana. [4] == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] oh97inlomkc91gyy8e6obtiin5dwmbo 0 300040 1150013 1141016 2026-08-29T11:49:14Z Nantesa 40448 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1498241|Stroke]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Stroke|synonym=Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack|image=MCA Territory Infarct.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[CT scan]] of the brain showing a prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]], stroke medicine|symptoms=[[hemiplegia|Inability to move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014S/>|onset=|duration=|causes=[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)<ref name=HLB2014W/>|risks=[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014C/><ref name="Hu2018"/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding<ref name=HLB2014D/><ref name=AFP2009/>|differential=[[Hypoglycemia|Low blood sugar]]<ref name=HLB2014D/>|prevention=|treatment=Based on the type<ref name=Donnan2008/>|medication=|prognosis=Average life expectancy 1 year<ref name=Donnan2008/>|frequency=42.4 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=6.3 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>}} GuyNy '''fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra''' dia [[aretina]] iray izay mahatonga ny tsy fikorianan'ny ra mankany amin'ny [[atidoha]] ho faty.<ref name="HLB2014W">{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Misy karazany roa lehibe ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra: ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ischemic, vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fikorianan'ny ra, ary ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra hemorrhagic, vokatry ny rà mandriaka.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Samy mahatonga ny ampahany amin'ny atidoha tsy hiasa tsara izy roa ireo.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia mety ahitana ny tsy fahafahana mihetsika na mahatsapa amin'ny ilany iray amin'ny vatana, ny olana amin'ny fahatakarana na ny fitenenana, ny fanina, na ny fahaverezan'ny fahitana amin'ny ilany iray.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Matetika ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina dia miseho avy hatrany aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Raha latsaky ny adiny iray na roa ny faharetan'ny soritr'aretina, dia antsoina hoe " transient ischemic attack " (TIA) ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, izay antsoina koa hoe "mini-stroke".<ref name="HLB2014S">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Mety mifandray amin'ny aretin'andoha mafy ihany koa ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC).<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Mety haharitra ela ny soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Mety ahitana pnemonia sy fahaverezan'ny fifehezana ny tatavia ny fahasarotana maharitra.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Ny anton-javatra mampidi-doza lehibe indrindra amin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà.<ref name="HLB2014C">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fifohana sigara, ny hatavezana, ny kolesterola avo ao amin'ny ra, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny TIA teo aloha, ny aretin'ny voa efa ho tapitra ny dingana farany, ary ny fibrillation atrial.<ref name="HLB2014C" /><ref name="Hu2018">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}</ref> Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC ischemic) dia matetika vokatry ny fikatonan'ny lalan-dra, na dia misy ihany koa ireo antony tsy dia fahita firy.<ref name="HLB2014T" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha dia vokatry ny rà mandriaka mivantana ao amin'ny atidoha na ao amin'ny toerana eo anelanelan'ny fonon'ny atidoha.<ref name="HLB2014T">{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=}}</ref><ref name="Feigin05">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mety hitranga ny rà mandriaka noho ny fahatapahan'ny aneurysm ao amin'ny atidoha.<ref name="HLB2014T" /> Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fizahana ara-batana ary tohanan'ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny scan CT na MRI.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Afaka manaporofo ny fisian'ny rà mandriaka ny fitiliana CT scan, saingy mety tsy voatery hanaporofo ny fisian'ny ischemia, izay matetika tsy hita amin'ny fitiliana CT scan raha vao manomboka.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}</ref> Misy fitiliana hafa toy ny electrocardiogram (ECG) sy fitiliana ra atao mba hamaritana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza sy hanilihana ireo antony hafa mety hitranga.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Mety hiteraka soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany ny siramamy ambany ao amin'ny ra.<ref name="HLB2014D">{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fampihenana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza, ny fandidiana hanokafana ny lalan-dra mankany amin'ny atidoha ho an'ireo izay manana olana amin'ny fampihenana ny tahan'ny fo ao amin'ny carotid, ary ny fampiasana warfarin na fanafody hafa manakana ny fiforonan'ny ra ao amin'ny olona voan'ny atrial fibrillation.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana [[Aspirinina|aspirine]] na statins ho fisorohana.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Matetika ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra na ny TIA dia mitaky fitsaboana maika.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra iskemika, raha hita ao anatin'ny telo ka hatramin'ny efatra ora sy sasany, dia azo tsaboina amin'ny fanafody afaka manapaka ny fivontosan'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Misy ihany koa ireo fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra vokatry ny fandidiana.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Ny fitsaboana mba hamerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fiasan'ny atidoha very dia antsoina hoe fanarenana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, ary tsara indrindra raha atao ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra; na izany aza, tsy misy izany any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena eran-tany. Tamin'ny taona 2013, olona 6.9 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha ary 3.4 tapitrisa no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tokony ho 42.4&nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany izay efa voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra teo aloha ary mbola velona ihany.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Teo anelanelan'ny taona 1990 sy 2010, nihena 10% teo ho eo ny isan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra isan-taona tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] ary nitombo 10% tany amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.<ref name="Fei2013" /> Tamin'ny taona 2015, ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no antony faharoa mahatonga fahafatesana matetika indrindra aorian'ny [[Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo|aretin'ny lalan-dra ao am-po]], izay mitentina 6.3&nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana (11% amin'ny fitambarany).<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Maty teo amin'ny 3.0 tapitrisa teo ho eo ny olona voan'ny stroke ischemic raha 3.3 tapitrisa kosa ny olona maty vokatry ny stroke hemorrhagic.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no miaina latsaky ny herintaona. Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny roa ampahatelon'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia nitranga tamin'ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona.<ref name="Fei2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] c0q4bltamrs6okb825kcxk9jg15i3m2 1150014 1150013 2026-08-29T11:50:44Z Nantesa 40448 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1498241|Stroke]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Stroke|synonym=Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack|image=MCA Territory Infarct.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[CT scan]] of the brain showing a prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]], stroke medicine|symptoms=[[hemiplegia|Inability to move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014S/>|onset=|duration=|causes=[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)<ref name=HLB2014W/>|risks=[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014C/><ref name="Hu2018"/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding<ref name=HLB2014D/><ref name=AFP2009/>|differential=[[Hypoglycemia|Low blood sugar]]<ref name=HLB2014D/>|prevention=|treatment=Based on the type<ref name=Donnan2008/>|medication=|prognosis=Average life expectancy 1 year<ref name=Donnan2008/>|frequency=42.4 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=6.3 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>}} GuyNy '''fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra''' dia [[aretina]] iray izay mahatonga ny tsy fikorianan'ny ra mankany amin'ny [[atidoha]] ho faty.<ref name="HLB2014W">{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Misy karazany roa lehibe ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra: ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ischemic, vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fikorianan'ny ra, ary ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra hemorrhagic, vokatry ny rà mandriaka.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Samy mahatonga ny ampahany amin'ny atidoha tsy hiasa tsara izy roa ireo.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia mety ahitana ny tsy fahafahana mihetsika na mahatsapa amin'ny ilany iray amin'ny vatana, ny olana amin'ny fahatakarana na ny fitenenana, ny fanina, na ny fahaverezan'ny fahitana amin'ny ilany iray.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Matetika ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina dia miseho avy hatrany aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Raha latsaky ny adiny iray na roa ny faharetan'ny soritr'aretina, dia antsoina hoe " transient ischemic attack " (TIA) ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, izay antsoina koa hoe "mini-stroke".<ref name="HLB2014S">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Mety mifandray amin'ny aretin'andoha mafy ihany koa ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC).<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Mety haharitra ela ny soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Mety ahitana pnemonia sy fahaverezan'ny fifehezana ny tatavia ny fahasarotana maharitra.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Ny anton-javatra mampidi-doza lehibe indrindra amin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà.<ref name="HLB2014C">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fifohana sigara, ny hatavezana, ny kolesterola avo ao amin'ny ra, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny TIA teo aloha, ny aretin'ny voa efa ho tapitra ny dingana farany, ary ny fibrillation atrial.<ref name="HLB2014C" /><ref name="Hu2018">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}</ref> Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC ischemic) dia matetika vokatry ny fikatonan'ny lalan-dra, na dia misy ihany koa ireo antony tsy dia fahita firy.<ref name="HLB2014T" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha dia vokatry ny rà mandriaka mivantana ao amin'ny atidoha na ao amin'ny toerana eo anelanelan'ny fonon'ny atidoha.<ref name="HLB2014T">{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=}}</ref><ref name="Feigin05">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mety hitranga ny rà mandriaka noho ny fahatapahan'ny aneurysm ao amin'ny atidoha.<ref name="HLB2014T" /> Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fizahana ara-batana ary tohanan'ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny scan CT na MRI.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Afaka manaporofo ny fisian'ny rà mandriaka ny fitiliana CT scan, saingy mety tsy voatery hanaporofo ny fisian'ny ischemia, izay matetika tsy hita amin'ny fitiliana CT scan raha vao manomboka.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}</ref> Misy fitiliana hafa toy ny electrocardiogram (ECG) sy fitiliana rà atao mba hamaritana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza sy hanilihana ireo antony hafa mety hitranga.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Mety hiteraka soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany ny siramamy ambany ao amin'ny ra.<ref name="HLB2014D">{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fampihenana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza, ny fandidiana hanokafana ny lalan-dra mankany amin'ny atidoha ho an'ireo izay manana olana amin'ny fampihenana ny tahan'ny fo ao amin'ny carotid, ary ny fampiasana warfarin na fanafody hafa manakana ny fiforonan'ny ra ao amin'ny olona voan'ny atrial fibrillation.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana [[Aspirinina|aspirine]] na statins ho fisorohana.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Matetika ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra na ny TIA dia mitaky fitsaboana maika.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra iskemika, raha hita ao anatin'ny telo ka hatramin'ny efatra ora sy sasany, dia azo tsaboina amin'ny fanafody afaka manapaka ny fivontosan'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Misy ihany koa ireo fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra vokatry ny fandidiana.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Ny fitsaboana mba hamerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fiasan'ny atidoha very dia antsoina hoe fanarenana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, ary tsara indrindra raha atao ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra; na izany aza, tsy misy izany any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena eran-tany. Tamin'ny taona 2013, olona 6.9 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha ary 3.4 tapitrisa no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tokony ho 42.4&nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany izay efa voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra teo aloha ary mbola velona ihany.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Teo anelanelan'ny taona 1990 sy 2010, nihena 10% teo ho eo ny isan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra isan-taona tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] ary nitombo 10% tany amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.<ref name="Fei2013" /> Tamin'ny taona 2015, ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no antony faharoa mahatonga fahafatesana matetika indrindra aorian'ny [[Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo|aretin'ny lalan-dra ao am-po]], izay mitentina 6.3&nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana (11% amin'ny fitambarany).<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Maty teo amin'ny 3.0 tapitrisa teo ho eo ny olona voan'ny stroke ischemic raha 3.3 tapitrisa kosa ny olona maty vokatry ny stroke hemorrhagic.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no miaina latsaky ny herintaona. Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny roa ampahatelon'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia nitranga tamin'ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona.<ref name="Fei2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] dmd4ybqzhszv9ly615tshrmsljd031l 1150016 1150014 2026-08-29T11:51:43Z Nantesa 40448 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1498241|Stroke]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Stroke|synonym=Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack|image=MCA Territory Infarct.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[CT scan]] of the brain showing a prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]], stroke medicine|symptoms=[[hemiplegia|Inability to move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014S/>|onset=|duration=|causes=[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)<ref name=HLB2014W/>|risks=[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014C/><ref name="Hu2018"/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding<ref name=HLB2014D/><ref name=AFP2009/>|differential=[[Hypoglycemia|Low blood sugar]]<ref name=HLB2014D/>|prevention=|treatment=Based on the type<ref name=Donnan2008/>|medication=|prognosis=Average life expectancy 1 year<ref name=Donnan2008/>|frequency=42.4 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=6.3 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>}} GuyNy '''fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra''' dia [[aretina]] iray izay mahatonga ny tsy fikorianan'ny ra mankany amin'ny [[atidoha]] ho faty.<ref name="HLB2014W">{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Misy karazany roa lehibe ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra: ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ischemic, vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fikorianan'ny ra, ary ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra hemorrhagic, vokatry ny rà mandriaka.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Samy mahatonga ny ampahany amin'ny atidoha tsy hiasa tsara izy roa ireo.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia mety ahitana ny tsy fahafahana mihetsika na mahatsapa amin'ny ilany iray amin'ny vatana, ny olana amin'ny fahatakarana na ny fitenenana, ny fanina, na ny fahaverezan'ny fahitana amin'ny ilany iray.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Matetika ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina dia miseho avy hatrany aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Raha latsaky ny adiny iray na roa ny faharetan'ny soritr'aretina, dia antsoina hoe " transient ischemic attack " (TIA) ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, izay antsoina koa hoe "mini-stroke".<ref name="HLB2014S">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Mety mifandray amin'ny aretin'andoha mafy ihany koa ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC).<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Mety haharitra ela ny soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Mety ahitana pnemonia sy fahaverezan'ny fifehezana ny tatavia ny fahasarotana maharitra.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Ny anton-javatra mampidi-doza lehibe indrindra amin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà.<ref name="HLB2014C">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fifohana sigara, ny hatavezana, ny kolesterola avo ao amin'ny ra, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny TIA teo aloha, ny aretin'ny voa efa ho tapitra ny dingana farany, ary ny fibrillation atrial.<ref name="HLB2014C" /><ref name="Hu2018">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}</ref> Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC ischemic) dia matetika vokatry ny fikatonan'ny lalan-dra, na dia misy ihany koa ireo antony tsy dia fahita firy.<ref name="HLB2014T" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha dia vokatry ny rà mandriaka mivantana ao amin'ny atidoha na ao amin'ny toerana eo anelanelan'ny fonon'ny atidoha.<ref name="HLB2014T">{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=}}</ref><ref name="Feigin05">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mety hitranga ny rà mandriaka noho ny fahatapahan'ny aneurysm ao amin'ny atidoha.<ref name="HLB2014T" /> Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fizahana ara-batana ary tohanan'ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny scan CT na MRI.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Afaka manaporofo ny fisian'ny rà mandriaka ny fitiliana CT scan, saingy mety tsy voatery hanaporofo ny fisian'ny ischemia, izay matetika tsy hita amin'ny fitiliana CT scan raha vao manomboka.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}</ref> Misy fitiliana hafa toy ny electrocardiogram (ECG) sy fitiliana rà atao mba hamaritana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza sy hanilihana ireo antony hafa mety hitranga.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Mety hiteraka soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany ny siramamy ambany ao amin'ny rà.<ref name="HLB2014D">{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fampihenana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza, ny fandidiana hanokafana ny lalan-dra mankany amin'ny atidoha ho an'ireo izay manana olana amin'ny fampihenana ny tahan'ny fo ao amin'ny carotid, ary ny fampiasana warfarin na fanafody hafa manakana ny fiforonan'ny ra ao amin'ny olona voan'ny atrial fibrillation.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana [[Aspirinina|aspirine]] na statins ho fisorohana.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Matetika ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra na ny TIA dia mitaky fitsaboana maika.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra iskemika, raha hita ao anatin'ny telo ka hatramin'ny efatra ora sy sasany, dia azo tsaboina amin'ny fanafody afaka manapaka ny fivontosan'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Misy ihany koa ireo fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra vokatry ny fandidiana.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Ny fitsaboana mba hamerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fiasan'ny atidoha very dia antsoina hoe fanarenana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, ary tsara indrindra raha atao ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra; na izany aza, tsy misy izany any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena eran-tany. Tamin'ny taona 2013, olona 6.9 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha ary 3.4 tapitrisa no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tokony ho 42.4&nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany izay efa voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra teo aloha ary mbola velona ihany.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Teo anelanelan'ny taona 1990 sy 2010, nihena 10% teo ho eo ny isan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra isan-taona tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] ary nitombo 10% tany amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.<ref name="Fei2013" /> Tamin'ny taona 2015, ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no antony faharoa mahatonga fahafatesana matetika indrindra aorian'ny [[Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo|aretin'ny lalan-dra ao am-po]], izay mitentina 6.3&nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana (11% amin'ny fitambarany).<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Maty teo amin'ny 3.0 tapitrisa teo ho eo ny olona voan'ny stroke ischemic raha 3.3 tapitrisa kosa ny olona maty vokatry ny stroke hemorrhagic.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no miaina latsaky ny herintaona. Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny roa ampahatelon'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia nitranga tamin'ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona.<ref name="Fei2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] liu5yxpcx94fzabo7mo4a3h0cymq5ma 0 300451 1149909 1142703 2026-08-28T19:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Lesbophobia.png|vignette|Ohatra iray amin'ny fankahalana ny lesbo amin'ny alalan'ny fanorisorenana eny an-dalambe atao amin'ny mpivady lesbiana]] '''Ny fankalahalana pelaka na lesbophobia''' dia fanilikilihana ara-tsosialy ny lesbiana na ny vehivavy roa mifankatia. Hevitra noforonin'ireo mpikatroka pelaka tamin'ny faramparan'ny taona 1990, ny endriky ny teny ampiasaina dia mbola faritana indray ho toy ny fanadihadiana samihafa momba ity fandrosoana ara-panavakavahana ity. Mety ho amin'ny endrika maro izany, ny tranainy indrindra amin'izany dia ny famafana ara-tsosialy ny lesbiana sy ny fiheverana ny vehivavy ho heterosexualité (taova ara-pananahana araka ny tokony ho izy), fa eo koa ny fomba fanao ara-tsosialy sy ara-dalàna manavakavaka, ny fanehoana sariitatra na fanaovana sampy ary ny herisetra am-bava, ara-batana ary ara-nofo. Ny fankahalana ny lesbiana dia mahatonga ny lesbiana ho sarotra kokoa amin'ny fiainana ny maha-lesbiana azy, ka misy ny miverina amin'ny fomba fiaina heterosexuelle mba handosirana ny [[herisetra]]. Ireo izay miaina ny maha-lesbiiana azy dia manao izany amin'ny ambaratonga samihafa amin'ny fanivanana tena sy ny fitokana-monina, ary ny fankahalana ny lesbiana dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny fahombiazany amin'ny asa ary koa amin'ny fahasalamany ara-tsaina sy ara-batana. Taorian'ny asa nataon'ireo mpikatroka mba hanekena ny lesbophobia, dia nanomboka napetraka ireo fomba manokana hiadiana amin'ity fampahoriana ity. == Fampiasana ny teny == === Antony manosika sy ny teny manodidina ny fampiasana ny teny === Ao anatin'ny ezaka hanasongadinana ny fanavakavahana roa sosona (homophobia sy sexisma) izay mikendry mazava tsara ny lesbiana, ny teny hoe lesbophobia dia ampiasaina bebe kokoa fa tsy ny homophobia, indraindray miaraka amin'ny fanampiana ny mitovy aminy amin'ny lehilahy, gayphobia <ref>https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01232610</ref>. Ny fampiasana ny teny manokana hoe lesbophobia dia indraindray miaraka amin'ny safidy ny teny hoe LGBTIphobia noho ny homophobia mba hanantitranterana ny endriny maro samihafa ary mba hisorohana ny fampihenana, izay matetika atao amin'ny fiteny andavanandro, ny homophobia amin'ny zava-misy iainan'ny lehilahy pelaka. Noho izany, ny homophobia dia azo raisina indray ho fitambaran'ny lesbophobia (fankahalana lesbiana) sy gayphobia (fankahalana pelaka). === Famaritana === Toy ny amin'ny homophobia, ny famaritana ny lesbophobia dia mety tsy hitovy, izay faritana ho [[fanavakavahana]] <ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Arc |first=Stéphanie |date=2015 |title=Identités lesbiennes : en finir avec les idées reçues |publisher=Le Cavalier bleu |isbn=978-2-84670-641-4 |oclc=907359653}}</ref>, fampahoriana <ref name=":11" />, fanilikilihana ara-tsosialy <ref name=":11" />, fankahalana <ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Eribon |first=Didier |last2=Haboury |first2=Frédéric |last3=Lerch |first3=Arnaud |date=2003 |title=Dictionnaire des cultures gays et lesbiennes |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedesc0000unse_t4e6 |publisher=Larousse |isbn=2-03-505164-9 |oclc=300482574}}</ref>, famantarana ny fankahalana <ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=France. SOS Homophobie |date=2008 |title=Rapport de l'enquête sur la lesbophobie |publisher=SOS homophobie |isbn=978-2-917010-02-0 |oclc=287993615}}</ref>, na tsy fahampian'ny fankatoavana ara-tsosialy <ref name=":12" /> . Ny teboka iray tsy ifanarahana eo amin'ny fikambanana LGBT dia ny hoe singa iray amin'ny homophobia ve ny lesbophobia sa endrika fanavakavahana misaraka <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Histoire d'un concept : la Lesbophobie - C.L.F. |url=http://coordinationlesbienne.org/spip.php?article17 |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=coordinationlesbienne.org}}</ref> . Indrindra indrindra, ny Lesbian Coordination any Frantsa dia nanome ity famaritana manaraka ity tamin'ny 1998 « ny fankahalana ny lesbiana izay manavakavaka azy ireo amin'ny maha-olona ao amin'ny vondrom-piarahamonina misy vehivavy azy sy noho ny firaisan'izy ireo amin'ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy azy ireo » <ref name=":14"/> Tamin'ny 2006, ny gazety ''Nouvelles Questions féministes'' dia namaritra ny lesbophobia ho « ny tsy fahitana ara-tsosialy ny lesbiana sy ny vokany, ny fiheverana ny maha-heterosexual ny vehivavy rehetra » <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Perrin |first=Céline |date=2006 |title=Isabelle Mimeault :Pour le dire. Rendre les services sociaux et les services de santé accessibles aux lesbiennes |url=https://doi.org/10.3917/nqf.252.0123 |journal=Nouvelles Questions Féministes |volume=25 |issue=2 |page=123 |doi=10.3917/nqf.252.0123 |issn=0248-4951 |access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref> . Ao amin'ny fanadihadiana manokana voalohany momba ny lesbophobia, navoaka tamin'ny taona 2008, ny SOS homophobie dia mampiasa ity famaritana « fampisehoana manokana ny fankahalana ny vehivavy noho ny firaisan'ny samy lehilahy na samy vehivavy tena izy na heverina ho mitovy fananahana aminy » <ref name=":13"/> avy eo, tao amin'ny fanadihadiana vaovao nataony tamin'ny 2014, « endrika fanavakavahana ara-tsosialy ny lesbiana na vehivavy heverina ho toy izany » <ref name=":25"/> . Ao amin'ny famaritana farany azy, ny SOS homophobia dia ahitana ireo vehivavy bisexual sy pansexual ho niharan'ny lesbophobia, izay asaina mazava tsara hamaly ny fanadihadiana nataon'izy ireo <ref name=":25"/> . === Fampielezana amin'ny teny frantsay === Tany [[Frantsa]], io teny io dia noforonina sy nampiasaina voalohany tamin'ny alalan'ny Lesbian Coordination any Frantsa <ref name=":6"/> , <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-28 |title=«Lesbophobie» dans le dictionnaire, une «étape historique» pour l’Inter-LGBT |url=https://www.komitid.fr/2014/05/28/lesbophobie-dans-le-dictionnaire-une-etape-historique-pour-linter-lgbt/ |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=komitid.fr |language=fr}}</ref> nandritra ny fanomanana ny Diabe Manerantany ho an'ny Vehivavy tany [[Montréal]] tamin'ny 1998 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marie-Josèphe Devilliers |last2=Jocelyne Fildard |last3=Catherine Morin Lesech |date=juin 2017 |title=Rôle des lesbiennes dans les combats féministes |url=https://www.coredem.info/IMG/pdf/pass17_fr_web-2.pdf |journal=Passerelle |language=fr |page=89-95}}.</ref> . Misy hatramin'ny fiandohan'ny XXI faha-21 taonjato tao amin'ny diksionera manokana, toy ny ''Dictionary of Gay and Lesbian Cultures'' tamin'ny taona 2003 tao amin'ny lahatsoratra nosoratan'i Suzette Robichon <ref name=":12"/> na ny ''Dictionary of Homophobia'', navoaka tamin'io taona io ihany, tao amin'ny lahatsoratra nosoratan'i [[Raymonde Gérard]] <ref name=":6"/>, ny teny dia niditra tamin'ny taona 2015 tao amin'ny diksionera ankapobeny, ny Petit Robert <ref name=":5"/>, noho ny fihetsiky ny mpikatroka lesbiana <ref name=":11"/> . === Fampielezana amin'ny fiteny hafa === Efa ela kokoa noho ny teny frantsay no nampiasa ny teny hoe "lesbophobia" tamin'ny teny anglisy, satria ny Rakibolana Anglisy Oxford dia mampiasa azy voalohany an-tsoratra ao amin'ny The Erotic Life of the American Wife, nosoratan'i Natalie Gittelson tamin'ny 1972. == Endriky ny lesbophobia == "Ny fihanaky ny fihetsika manavakavaka ny vehivavy sy ny pelaka eo amin'ny [[fiarahamonina]] amin'ny ankapobeny dia miteraka rivo-piainana feno herisetra izay mampidi-doza indrindra ho an'ny lesbiana, na any amin'ny toeram-piasany na any an-tranony." Ireo tanora lesbiana izay manambara ny [[Fironana ara-nofo|fironany ara-nofo]] dia indraindray teren'ny fianakaviany hanambady na hanao [[firaisana ara-nofo]] amin'ny lehilahy. Ireo fifandraisana na fanambadiana an-tery ireo, izay ahitana firaisana ara-nofo matetika tsy misy fanekena (fanolanana), dia tsy vitan'ny hoe manavakavaka fa azo heverina ho fampijaliana na fanandevozana ara-nofo. Amin'ny alàlan'ny fitsapana virjiny na ny fitondrana vohoka an-tery, ny lesbiana dia indraindray iharan'ny fampijaliana mihoatra noho izay iainan'ny lehilahy pelaka sy biseksuela. Satria mora kokoa ho an'ny [[fianakaviana]] sy ny mpikambana ao amin'ny fiarahamonina ny manara-maso ny firaisana ara-nofon'ny vehivavy, ny lesbiana dia miatrika sakana maro amin'ny fisorohana ny fampijaliana na ny fahazoana onitra. Ao amin'ny fiarahamonina izay iampangana azy ireo ho mitondra henatra ho an'ny fianakaviana na ny fiarahamonina, ny vehivavy izay voasarika amin'ny vehivavy hafa, na milaza ho lesbiana izy ireo na tsia, dia tena atahorana ho iharan'ny fampijaliana. Nanomboka fanadihadiana lehibe momba ny lesbophobia tany Frantsa ny SOS Homophobie tamin'ny taona 2013, izay nandraisan'ny 7 126 femmes anjara. Araka ity fanadihadiana ity, 59% amin'ireo vehivavy lesbiana sy biseksual izay namaly no nilaza fa niharan'ny lesbophobia <ref name=":25"/> . Manasongadina ihany koa izany fa ny endrika mahazatra indrindra amin'ny lesbophobia dia ny herisetra eny amin'ny toerana ho an'ny daholobe, indrindra fa ataon'ny lehilahy latsaky ny {{Nowrap|35 ans}} izay tsy fantatry ny lesbiana ary mihetsika anaty vondrona, indrindra any amin'ireo tanàn-dehibe <ref name=":25"/> . === Herisetra ara-batana === [[Sary:Justice_For_Sizakhele_&_Salome_(8036300204).jpg|vignette|Sora-baventy mitaky ny rariny ho an'i Sizakhele sy Salomé, vehivavy lesbiana roa nampijaliana, nanolana ary novonoina tao [[Johannesburg]] tamin'ny taona 2007 nandritra ny diabe [[Soweto]] Pride tamin'ny taona 2012.]] Amin'ny tranga faratampony indrindra, ny lesbiana dia mety ho niharan'ny kapoka, herisetra ara-nofo ary na dia " fanolanana manasazy" aza Ao amin'ny bokiny ''hoe Féminin féminin'', ohatra, dia mitantara ny fomba niharan'ny fanolanana azy nandritra ny fahatanorany i [[Léa Duffy]], satria vehivavy pelaka izy <ref>{{Cite book |last=Flory |first=Eli |date=2013-10-01 |title=Ces femmes qui aiment les femmes |url=https://books.google.ch/books?id=VLjLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161&dq=%22L%C3%A9a+Duffy%22+lesbienne&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja8uX56MTzAhV_gv0HHSLlC-QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=%22L%C3%A9a%20Duffy%22%20lesbienne&f=false |language=fr |publisher=L'Archipel |isbn=978-2-8098-1195-7 |access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref> . Misy tranga maro ahitana tanora lesbiana nokapohina, novetavetaina ary notafihin'ny mpianakavy izay te-hanasazy azy ireo, handrava ny fitondran-tenany, ary hampiseho mazava fa tsy afaka mifehy ny vatany sy ny sainy araka izay hitany fa mety izy ireo.” Tany Arzantina, ny raharaha Higui, vonoan'olona niaro tena taorian'ny fanolanana andian-jiolahy mpankahala pelaka natao tamin'ny taona 2016, dia niafara tamin'ny fanafahana an'i Eva Analía De Jesús tamin'ny taona 2022. === Herisetra ara-tsaina === Rehefa iharan'ny fanesoana, fanevatevana na fandrahonana ny lesbiana, dia matetika avy amin'ny ray aman-dreny izany (indraindray aza dia lavina tsy ho ao amin'ny fianakaviana izy ireo), mpiara-monina na mpiara-miasa (na mpiara-miasa amin'ny lisea ho an'ny zatovovavy) izay mankahala ny lesbiana <ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=SOS Homophobie |date=2014 |title=Rapport sur la lesbophobie |url=https://www.sos-homophobie.org/sites/default/files/enquete_sur_la_visibilite_des_lesbiennes_et_la_lesbophobie_2015.pdf}}</ref> . Milaza ny tatitry ny SOS momba ny homophobia fa ny antsasaky ny namaly no niharan'ny herisetra tao anatin'ny fianakaviana: tsy fifankahazoana ho an'ny 35%, fandavana ho an'ny 21%, ary fanevatevana ho an'ny 13% <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-05 |title=L'amour entre femmes choque encore |url=https://sante.lefigaro.fr/actualite/2012/07/05/18578-lamour-entre-femmes-choque-encore |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=sante.lefigaro.fr}}</ref> . === Fampijaliana sy fampihenana ny lanjan'ny firaisana ara-nofo eo amin'ny vehivavy === Ny fanavakavahana ny vehivavy dia mametraka ny firaisana ara-nofo amin'ny toerana ambany kokoa, izay misy amin'ny alalan'ny fanirian'ny lehilahy sy noho ny faniriany ihany; ity fomba fijery ity dia mihevitra ny fifandraisana misy eo amin'ny vehivavy ho toy ny tantara tsy hita maso <ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Borrillo |first=Daniel |date=2014-04 |title=L'homophobie : mieux la définir pour mieux la combattre |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01232610 |access-date=2021-05-23}}</ref> , <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Worthen |first=Meredith Gwynne Fair |date=2020 |title=Queers, bis, and, straight lies : an intersectional examination of LGBTQ stigma |language=en |isbn=978-1-315-28033-2 |oclc=1123187388}}</ref> . Ankoatra izany, ny lesbianisma dia ampiasaina amin'ny fomba reductive sy sariitatra amin'ny pôrnôgrafia ho toy ny zavatra foronina sy voyeurism <ref name=":6"/> , <ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Stéphanie Arc |date=2010 |title=Les Lesbiennes: idées reçues sur les lesbiennes |language=fr |publisher=Le Cavalier Bleu Editions |pages=128 |isbn=9782846706940}}</ref>, izay nomarihin'ny Lesbian Coordination any Frantsa tao amin'ny ''Tatitra momba ny lesbophobia any Frantsa'', izay nanasongadinana ny fampiasana ny firaisana ara-nofo lesbian ho toy ny zavatra foronina pôrnôgrafia ho an'ny lehilahy <ref name="1999 - C.L.F.">{{Cite web |title=1999 - C.L.F. |url=https://www.coordinationlesbienne.org/spip.php?article103 |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=coordinationlesbienne.org}}</ref> , <ref name=":7" /> , <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |date=2018-06-30 |title=Marche des fiertés : « Les lesbiennes ne se retrouvent pas nécessairement dans les discours de nombreuses associations LGBT » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/06/30/marche-des-fiertes-les-lesbiennes-ne-se-retrouvent-pas-necessairement-dans-les-discours-de-nombreuses-associations-lgbt_5323679_3224.html |journal=Le Monde.fr |language=fr |access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref> . Araka ny fanadihadiana natao tamin'ny taona 2020 momba ny fanilikilihana ny LGBTQI+, ny lesbiana dia miatrika fanilikilihana amin'ny ankapobeny momba ny fanaony ara-pananahana izay azo lazaina amin'ny fomba diso fa mivilivily, mivadika, saingy iharan'ny fanilikilihana manokana izay mifandray amin'ny fizotran'ny kolontsaina izay manaratsy sy manaratsy azy ireo, toy ny fanavakavahana sy fanavakavahana ny vehivavy. lesbiana. === Sariitatra momba ny lesbiana === [[Sary:L'Assiette_au_beurre_18_septembre_1909_1245.jpg|alt=Dessin d'une femme âgée à l'expression lubrique courant dans les bois pour rattraper une jeune fille femme qui s'enfuit|vignette|Sariitatra avy amin'ny ''L'Assiette au Beurre'' tamin'ny 18 Septambra 1909, izay mampifandray ny feminista amin'ny endrik'ilay lesbiana mpiremby.]] Misy ihany koa ireo hevitra efa voahevitra mialoha, ohatra ilay hoe raha vehivavy lesbiana ny vehivavy iray dia satria "diso fanantenana amin'ny lehilahy" izy; ity toe-javatra ity dia mety ho vetivety ihany ary mety hovana amin'ny alalan'ny fidiran'ny lehilahy an-tsehatra , <ref name=":3"/> . Ny fananganana sary maharikoriko momba ny lesbiana dia mifandray amin'ny sariitatra manohitra ny feminista : amin'ity lojika ity, ny vehivavy izay mizaka tena amin'ny lehilahy dia tsy maintsy ho lesbiana, ary ny lesbiana dia tsy maintsy ho ratsy fitondran-tena sy tsy voajanahary <ref name=":3"/> . === Famafana ny lesbiana === Misy endrika roa ny famafana ny lesbiana Ny voalohany dia ny tsy fahitana azy ireo amin'ny sehatra sosialy sy manokana, izay mampangina ny fisian'ny lesbiana amin'ny fandalinana ara-tantara na sosialy. Ny faharoa dia ny famafana ny lesbianisma mihitsy, amin'ny fampihenana azy ho endrika iray amin'ny firaisan'ny samy lehilahy na samy vehivavy na ho fiovaovan'ny maha-bisexual ny vehivavy, ary mandà amin'ny tranga roa ireo ny mampiavaka azy. === Herisetra atao amin'ny orinasa pelaka === Miseho amin'ny toeram-piasana, fananana, ary ny tompony ihany koa ny fankahalana ny vehivavy, na amin'ny fomba ofisialy na amin'ny alalan'ny fandrobana tsy mitonona anarana. Ohatra, tamin'ny 1926, ''ny Eve's Hangout'', naorin'i Eva Kotchever, dia niharan'ny fanenjehana nataon'ny polisy avy amin'ny Departemantan'ny Polisin'i [[New York]] . Voatery nikatona ny klioba taorian'ny nisamborana ny tompony noho ny "fitondran-tena vetaveta" sy ny fandroahana azy avy any Etazonia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gattuso |first=Reina |date=2019-09-03 |title=The Founder of America's Earliest Lesbian Bar Was Deported for Obscenity |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-was-first-gay-bar |access-date=2020-03-18 |website=atlasobscura.com |language=en}}</ref> Tany Frantsa, i Marie-Thérèse Auffray, mpiady amin'ny fanoherana sady mpanao hosodoko, sy i Noëlle Guillou, vadiny, dia niharan'ny fankahalana ny vehivavy eo an-toerana rehefa nanokatra ny toeram-pivarotany ''Le Bateau Ivre'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sur les traces de Marie-Thérèse Auffray, une personnalité marquante d'Échauffour dans l'Orne |url=https://actu.fr/normandie/echauffour_61150/sur-traces-marie-therese-auffray-une-personnalite-marquante-dechauffour-dans-lorne_26358335.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=actu.fr |language=fr}}</ref>, tao [[Normandia|Normandie]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Julie Blouet - CPD Arts plastiques et Histoire des Arts de l’Orne |title=Marie-Thérèse Auffray |url=https://prim61.discip.ac-caen.fr/IMG/blogs/culture/photos_expos/Marie_Therese_Auffray_expo_CD.pdf |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2022-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021180112/https://prim61.discip.ac-caen.fr/IMG/blogs/culture/photos_expos/Marie_Therese_Auffray_expo_CD.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> . == Fanavakavahana == Mitranga eo amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana ny fanavakavahana ny lesbophobia, ka mandà ny fikarakarana ny marariny ny mpitsabo noho ny fironany ara-pananahana. Na dia tsy misy fanavakavahana amin'ny heviny hentitra aza, ny lesbophobia ara-pitsaboana dia manakana ny fikarakarana ny lesbiana: manimba ny fifandraisana ara-pahasalamana amin'ny marariny ny fanamarihan'ny mpitsabo, ka miteraka fikarakarana tsy mety sy famaritana diso momba ny fahasalamana ara-tsaina, tsy fahampian'ny fahafantarana ny aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny lesbiana, ary fizahana ara-pahasalamana tafahoatra. Ireo fomba fanao ratsy ireo dia mitarika ny lesbiana hisoroka ny matihanina amin'ny fahasalamana matetika kokoa noho ny vehivavy hafa. Mora iharan'ny tsindry ihany koa ny lesbiana transgender sy intersex mba handalo fitsaboana tsy araka ny sitrapony. Indraindray koa izy ireo dia miatrika fanavakavahana rehefa mitady asa na trano fonenana[1]. Tao anatin'ny fanadihadiana natao tany Eoropa tamin'ny taona 2019 nataon'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans ary Intersex (ILGA), ny fanavakavahana amin'ny fidirana amin'ny trano fonenana no endrika fanavakavahana matetika indrindra ho an'ny lesbiana. Ny lesbiana miloko, mpifindra monina, trans, intersex, na vehivavy manana fahasembanana dia iharan'ny fanavakavahana bebe kokoa noho ny lesbiana hafa, ary marina indrindra izany ho an'ireo izay sady trans no manana firazanana. Ireo mpanorina ny fivarotam-boky ho an'ny vehivavy lesbiana any Paris, Violette and Co, dia manamarina ny fahasarotan'ny fahazoana fampindramam-bola any amin'ny banky <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Violette & Co, la seule librairie lesbienne de France |url=https://www.streetpress.com/sujet/1488901462-violette-co-la-seule-librairie-lesbienne-de-france |access-date=2022-01-09 |website=StreetPress |language=fr}}</ref> . Ireo fanavakavahana ireo dia tsy voalaza amin'ny fomba ofisialy afa-tsy amin'ny 10%-n'ny tranga <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Cianán B. Russell |last2=Ilaria Todde |date=2019 |title=Diving into the FRA LGBTI II Survey Data : Lesbians Briefing |url=https://www.ilga-europe.org/files/uploads/2022/09/FRA-Intersections-Report-2022-Lesbians.pdf |journal=ILGA Europe |language=en}}</ref> . === Tsy fitoviana eo amin'ny zon'olombelona === Firenena vitsivitsy ihany no mamela ny fanambadiana sy ny fananganan-jaza eo amin'ny samy lahy na samy vavy, ary ''indrindra indrindra'' ny fanambadiana sy ny fananganan-jaza eo amin'ny samy lahy na samy vavy: [[Kanada]], [[Espaina]], [[Belzika]], [[Nederlandy|Holandy]] . Firenena maro no mametra ny teknolojia fanampiana amin'ny fananahana ho an'ny mpivady heterosexual, ankoatra ny mpivady vehivavy <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geay |first=Juliette |date=2021-11-11 |title=PMA en Europe : quels pays l'autorisent et pour qui ? |url=https://www.franceinter.fr/societe/pma-en-europe-quels-pays-l-autorisent-et-pour-qui |access-date=2022-01-20 |website=franceinter.fr |language=fr}}</ref> . == Eo afovoany == === Fianakaviana === Ao anatin'ny faribolan'ny fianakaviana, ireo mpanafika dia ray aman-dreny sy rafozana, ny ankamaroany dia reny sy rafozambavy, indraindray rahalahy sy anabavy na fianakaviana mivelatra <ref name=":25"/> . === Arakasa === Any am-piasana, ireo mpanafika dia mpiara-miasa sy lehibeny miasa ao anaty vondrona. Amin'ity tontolo ity, ny lesbophobia sy ny homophobia dia samy ampitaina amin'ny endrika vazivazy ary, araka ny fanadihadiana natao tany Québec tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taona 2000, dia miely patrana indrindra amin'ny tontolo iainan'ny lehilahy. Ireo fanamarihana ireo dia mirona hanjavona eo anatrehan'ny lesbiana. === Haino aman-jery === === Mpikatroka LGBT sy feminista === Na dia eo aza ny fifandraisana misy eo amin'ny fanavakavahana vehivavy sy ny lesbophobia, dia tsy afa-bela amin'ny fanao lesbophobia ireo fikambanana feminista . == Tetikady ho an'ny lesbophobia == === Vazivazy === Toy ny amin'ny endrika fampahoriana hafa, ny fampiasana vazivazy, indrindra rehefa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'ny tena manokana, dia ahafahan'ireo mpanoratra fanamarihana mankahala ny lesbiana mandositra ampahany amin'ny vokatry ny teniny, satria ny fiampangana ho manimba ny fandriampahalemana ara-tsosialy dia tsy mikendry intsony ireo mpanoratra ny fanamarihana fa amin'ireo lesbiana izay mamaly azy ireo, izay avy eo dia ampangaina ho tsy manana vazivazy . == Ny voka-dratsin'ny lesbophobia amin'ny lesbiana sy ny bisexuel == === Coming in === Mahatonga ny fizotran'ny fanambarana ho sarotra kokoa ny fisian'ny fankahalana ny vehivavy (lesbophobia) manjaka. « Tsy vehivavy manokana no kendren'ny Lesbophobia, fa ny sokajin'ny Lesbiana, izay faritana amin'ny fomba mampihena sy manimba izay tsy mampirisika ny famantarana azy. Eny tokoa, iza no te-hilaza fa anisan'ny vondrona esoina? » . === Fanivanan-tena === Indraindray ny fanorisorenana eny an-dalana dia mitarika ny vehivavy lesbiana sy biseksuela hanalavitra toerana sasany na fampisehoana fitiavana amin'ny vadiny <ref name=":25"/> . Rehefa navoaka ny gazetiboky frantsay momba ny lesbiana Lesbia, dia nanontany tena ny mpamaky raha mety ny mampiditra sary sy sary somary manaitaitra ny filan'ny nofo. Indrindra indrindra, ireo lesbiana izay mpikambana ao amin'ny vondrona mpikatroka mahery fihetsika dia miampanga ny gazetiboky ho mampiroborobo endrika fijerena ny fijerin'ny lehilahy ny lesbiana <ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Garrec |first=Evelyne |date=1984 |title=Des femmes qui s'aiment |url=https://archive.org/details/desfemmesquisaim0000lega |publisher=Seuil |isbn=2-02-006972-5 |oclc=11848522}}</ref> . === Fankahalana lesbiana anatiny === Ny "lesbophobia" anatiny dia manondro ireo fomba fanao "lesbophobia" avy amin'ny lesbiana ary mikendry ny tenany na ny lesbiana hafa, ary koa ny fampidirana anatiny ireo fanehoana ara-tsosialy manavakavaka momba azy ireo <ref name=":4"/> . === Fitokana-monina === Ny fankahalana ny lesbo eo amin'ny fianakaviana sy ny tontolon'ny matihanina dia mitarika ho amin'ny fitokana-monina amin'ilay olona iharan'izany <ref name=":25"/> . === Sakana amin'ny fahombiazana matihanina === Ny fankahalana ny lesbiôs ao amin'ny fianakaviana sy ny tontolon'ny asa dia manakana ny fahombiazan'ny lesbiôs amin'ny asany, amin'ny alàlan'ny fahasarotana amin'ny fanohizana ny fianarany, ny fandavana ny fisondrotana na ny fahaverezan'asa. === Fahasalamana ara-tsaina === "Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny voka-dratsin'ny fampijaliana sy ny fitondrana ratsy eo amin'ny tanora sy ny fiantraikany eo amin'ny fivoarany ara-tsosialy sy ara-pihetseham-po dia tena goavana tokoa" . Na dia tsy mitatitra voka-dratsy mivaingana avy amin'ny fanorisorenana eny an-dalambe aza ny ankamaroan'ny lesbiana, dia misy ihany koa ny vitsy an'isa mitatitra fahatsapana hatezerana, tsy fifampitokisana, alahelo, na tsy fahazoana aina[1]. Ny herisetra ao anatin'ny fianakaviana na ny sehatry ny asa no miteraka voka-dratsy lehibe indrindra: fahaketrahana, tebiteby, fitokana-monina, na fahatsapana ho meloka[1]. === Miverina amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo mahazatra === Misy ireo lesbiana sasany, mba hisorohana izany fanavakavahana rehetra izany, manafina ny fironany ara-nofo amin'ny alalan'ny fanambadiana. Ny fanerena ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy dia iray amin'ireo fisehoan'ny herisetra ara-tsaina atao amin'ny lesbiana <ref name=":6"/> , <ref name=":7"/> . == Famakafakana sy ady amin'ny lesbophobia == [[Sary:Caminhada_lésbica_2009_sp_37.jpg|vignette|Ny Diabe Lesbiana tamin'ny taona 2009 tao [[São Paulo]], izay nifantoka tamin'ny ady amin'ny lesbophobia ny fitakiany]] === Frantsa === Natolotra tamin'ny... ny volavolan-dalàna iray mifandraika amin'ny ady amin'ny homophobia, lesbophobia ary transphobia.26 mars 2003 Martine Billard, Yves Cochet ary Noël Mamère dia nilaza hoe:{{citation bloc|La question de la lesbophobie, à savoir la haine particulière rencontrée par les femmes homosexuelles, mérite une mention particulière dans cet exposé des motifs. En effet, le lesbianisme n'étant qu'une forme d'homosexualité, la condamnation de la lesbophobie découle de l'appareil juridique prévu pour la condamnation de l'homophobie. Toutefois, parce que ne répondant pas à l'image dominante, masculine, de l'homosexualité, et parce que réputées plus discrètes dans leur distanciation avec le modèle social hétérosexiste que les homosexuels, les lesbiennes sont absentes des représentations usuelles de l'homophobie. Elles sont néanmoins toutes autant victimes des injures et de la stigmatisation que les hommes homosexuels, même si les agressions verbales sont elles aussi souvent “plus discrètes”<ref>[http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/propositions/pion0728.asp /Proposition de loi, relative à la lutte contre l’homophobie, la lesbophobie et la transphobie]</ref>}}Ny vondrom-piarahamonina lesbiana mihitsy no mikarakara ny ady amin'ny lesbiana amin'izao fotoana izao, ary tafiditra indrindra amin'izany ny fikatrohana ataon'ireo fikambanana tsy mifangaro, toy ny Lesbian Coordination any Frantsa, fa koa ny fihetsiketsehana toy ny " diabe fireharehan'ny lesbiana " <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Marie-Josèphe Devilliers |last2=Jocelyne Fildard |last3=Catherine Morin Lesech |date=juin 2017 |title=Rôle des lesbiennes dans les combats féministes |url=https://www.coredem.info/IMG/pdf/pass17_fr_web-2.pdf |journal=Passerelle |language=fr |page=89-95}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lutte contre les propos sexistes ou homophobes |url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/dossiers/lutte_discrimination.asp |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=assemblee-nationale.fr}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |title=Comptes rendus des réunions de la délégation aux droits des femmes : Mardi 23 novembre 2004(Séance&nbsp;de&nbsp;18&nbsp;heures) |url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/cr-delf/04-05/c0405006.asp |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=assemblee-nationale.fr}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |title=N°&nbsp;728 - Proposition de loi de Mme Martine Billard relative à la lutte contre l'homophobie, la lesbophobie et la transphobie |url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/propositions/pion0728.asp |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=assemblee-nationale.fr}}</ref> , <ref>{{Cite web |title=État des lieux des luttes lesbiennes, de leurs enjeux aux niveaux national et international. - C.L.F. |url=http://coordinationlesbienne.org/spip.php?article373 |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=coordinationlesbienne.org}}</ref> , <ref name=":14"/> , <ref name="1999 - C.L.F."/> , <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Tin |first=Louis-Georges |date=2003 |title=Dictionnaire de l'homophobie |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |isbn=2-13-053582-8 |oclc=53838661}}.</ref> , <ref name=":8"/> . Saingy ny lesbophobia dia vokatry ny fanavakavahana roa sosona, etsy ankilany amin'ny maha-lesbiana (lesbophobia), anisan'izany ny avy amin'ny vehivavy sasany, ary etsy ankilany amin'ny maha-vehivavy (sexism), anisan'izany ny avy amin'ny pelaka sasany <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-26 |title=Enquête : La double discrimination femme et homosexuelle au travail |url=https://www.autrecercle.org/page/enquete-la-double-discrimination-femme-et-homosexuelle-au-travail |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=autrecercle.org |language=fr |archive-date=2021-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021142832/https://www.autrecercle.org/page/enquete-la-double-discrimination-femme-et-homosexuelle-au-travail |url-status=dead }}</ref> . Izany no antony, ho an'ny maro amin'izy ireo, ny feminisma sy ny ady amin'ny lesbophobia dia matetika mifamatotra akaiky. <references /> [[Sokajy:LGBT ao Madagasikara]] [[Sokajy:Fankahalana pelaka]] sqa89eog68hyuvj75wa6o46lk3mk261 0 300698 1149963 1149601 2026-08-29T03:13:30Z Mikoriana 40064 /* */ 1149963 wikitext text/x-wiki Imbitika Rambala Teraka tamin'ny '''29 Aogositra 1944''' tao '''Alakamisy Ambohimaha - Fianarantsoa''' i Imbitika Rambala. '''RAMBOANOMENTSOANDRAINY Max Edmond''' no tena anarany. Manoratra tononkalo, hainteny, sombintantara, tantara an'onjampeo ary sarimihetsika izy. Nandray anjara tamin'ny fiofanana manoratra tantara an'onjampeo nampanaovin'ny '''Population Communicati International na PCI''' tamin'ny 14 - 25 Oktobra 1996.[https://www.facebook.com/100064834804944/posts/4328543860499207/?app=fbl] Niaraka nanoratra ny ''Sarivolana'' ireo mpiofana avy eo ka anisan'izany i Solofo José sy RAMAMONJISOA Elysé. Anisan'ireo nanoratra ny sarimehitsika mitohy ''Jiaby Jiaby'' koa izy. Efa dimy hatreto ny boky navoakany ka ireto avy izany : ''Eri-maso 1, Eri-maso 2, Eri-maso 3, Eri-maso 4, Kapo-batana sy Tefy manta.'' Ny amboaran-tsombintantara ''Dindom-piainana'' kosa dia niarahany tamin'i Heriarilala Andriamamonjy. Izy no nahazo ny '''loka faharoa''' tamin'ny fifaninanam-pirenena sokajy sombintantara nokarakarain'ny Ministeran'ny Serasera sy ny Kolontsaina tamin'ny 2022. Lohahevitra tamin'izany ny hoe : Asa sy ezaka, Iray ihany isika, Tagnamaro. '''''Ampiovana''''', izay no lohatenin'ny sombintantara nandraisany anjara. Mpanoratra tantara lava izy. Anisan'ny tantara nandeha amam-bolana tamin'ny onjampeo ny "Sambotra adrisa", "Rabary sy Rajao." Tamin'ny taona 2026 no nivoaka ho boky ity farany. Tantara nitohy tao amin'ny M.B.S radio nanomboka tamin'ny 29 oktobra 2007 hatramin'ny 16 desambra 2007.<ref>M.B.S radio</ref> Anisan'ny efa namoaka lahatsoratra fanadihadiana tao amin'ny Tranonkala Poetawebs koa Imbitika Rambala.<ref name=":0">http://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/fakafaka/tsarovy-ny-avana.html</ref> Ireto avy izany : - Fanadihadiana ny tononkalon'i Ny Avana Ramanantoanina mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Tsarovy''<ref name=":0" /> - ''Tafasirin'i Imbitika Rambala [https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/fakafaka/tafasirin-imbitika-rambala.html]'' Manana ny mari-boninahi-pirenena '''Officier de l'Odre national''' izy, azony tamin'ny taona 1999 ary tamin'ny taona 2020 kosa no nahazoany no nahazoany mari-boninahitry ny kanto eo amin'ny laharan'ny '''Commandeur des Arts, des Lettres et de la Culture'''. Maro ny solon'anarana nentiny ka anisan'izany ny hoe AIR SY MAX na IMBOA. Anisan'ireo [[mpanoratra]] malagasy fanta-daza i Imbitika Rambala. 0kk2psrttyfpe0bf94iw0unqryvcnx5 0 300699 1149962 1149599 2026-08-29T03:11:51Z Mikoriana 40064 /* */ 1149962 wikitext text/x-wiki Imbitika Rambala Teraka tamin'ny '''29 Aogositra 1944''' tao '''Alakamisy Ambohimaha''' '''- Fianarantsoa''' i Imbitika Rambala. '''RAMBOANOMENTSOANDRAINY Max Edmond''' no tena anarany.[https://www.facebook.com/100063919838614/posts/669163245224331/?app=fbl] '''Rameliarinoro Marie Thérèse no vadiny''' ka niteraka 4 mianadahy izy ireo. Manoratra tononkalo, hainteny, sombintantara, tantara an'onjampeo ary sarimihetsika izy.<ref>https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/tapatapakahitra/page-113.html</ref> Nandray anjara tamin'ny fiofanana manoratra tantara an'onjampeo nampanaovin'ny Population Communicati International na PCI tamin'ny 14 - 25 Oktobra 1996.[https://www.facebook.com/100064834804944/posts/4328543860499207/?app=fbl] Niaraka nanoratra ny '''''Sarivolana''''' ireo mpiofana avy eo ka anisan'izany i Solofo José sy RAMAMONJISOA Elysé. Anisan'ireo nanoratra ny sarimehitsika mitohy '''''Jiaby Jiaby''''' koa izy. Efa dimy hatreto ny boky navoakany manokana ka ireto avy izany : '''''Eri-maso 1, Eri-maso 2, Eri-maso 3, Eri-maso 4, Kapo-batana sy Tefy manta.''' Ny a''mboaran-tsombintantara ''[https://www.facebook.com/100063919838614/posts/669163245224331/?app=fbl Dindom-piainana]'' kosa dia niarahany tamin'i Heriarilala Andriamamonjy. Ao anatin'io ''Dindom-piainana'' io ilay sombintantara nahazoany ny loka faharoa tamin'ny fifaninanam-pirenena sokajy sombintantara 2022. '''Ampiovana''' no lohateniny. Lohahevitra nifaninanana tamin'izany ny hoe : Iray ihany isika, Asa sy ezaka, Tagnamaro Mpanoratra tantara lava izy. Anisan'ny tantara nandeha amam-bolana tamin'ny onjampeo ny "Sambotra adrisa", "Rabary sy Rajao." Tamin'ny taona 2026 no nivoaka ho boky ity farany. Tantara nitohy tao amin'ny M.B.S radio nanomboka tamin'ny 29 oktobra 2007 hatramin'ny 16 desambra 2007.<ref>M.B.S radio</ref> '''Anisan'ny efa namoaka fanadihadiana tao amin'ny Tranonkala Poetawebs koa Imbitika Rambala.<ref name=":0">http://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/fakafaka/tsarovy-ny-avana.html</ref> Ireto avy izany''' : - Fanadihadiana ny tononkalon'i Ny Avana Ramanantoanina mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Tsarovy''<ref name=":0" /> - Tafasirin'i Imbitika Rambala [https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/fakafaka/tafasirin-imbitika-rambala.html] Manana ny mari-boninahi-pirenena '''Officier de l'Odre national''' izy, azony tamin'ny taona 1999 ary tamin'ny taona 2020 kosa no nahazoany no nahazoany mari-boninahitry ny kanto eo amin'ny laharan'ny '''Commandeur des Arts, des Lettres et de la Culture'''. Maro ny solon'anarana nentiny ka anisan'izany ny hoe '''AIR SY MAX,''' '''IMBOA'''. <ref>'''cnlegis.gov.mg'''</ref> Manoratra amin'ny fiteny betsileo koa izy ary nanao lahatsoratra momba ny fahatsiarovany an'Alakamisy Ambohimaha <ref>https://takila.serasera.org/imbitika-rambala-/alakamisy-ambohimaha</ref> Ankoatra izay dia nanangana ny vondrona '''OHABOLANA IRAY''' '''ISAN'ANDRO''' izy tamin'ny 20 septambra 2024 izay niova ho '''ANDAO HIFARIMBONA AMIN'NY OHABOLANA SY OHAPITENENANA''' '''IRAY ISAN'ANDRO''' tamin'ny taona 2026. Niroborobo fatratra io vondrona io Ary efa nahavita nikarakara fifaninanana tamin'ny volana febroary 2026. Fifaninanana izay nentina nankalaza ny Andro iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny tenindreny. 580hz59keh4blny8pkqrhtal65qnkx4 0 301570 1149960 1148586 2026-08-29T03:03:35Z Mikoriana 40064 /* */ 1149960 wikitext text/x-wiki Toetra Ràja Toetra Rajaonarivony, nanomboka nanoratra tamin'ny taona 1983, manambady an'i Haingo ary niteraka mianadahy. Niaina ny fahazazany tao Betroka, nanohy fianarana tany Frantsa, nanangana ny '''Tranonkala''' '''Poetawebs''' tamin'ny taona 2009.[https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/tapatapakahitra/page-51-2.html]<ref>Gazety Taratra</ref> Anisan'ireo nanangana ny '''Havàtsa UPEM sampana Frantsa''' izy. Efa namoaka ny boky Tiako- Tiako Foana. Tononkalo fohy isan'andalana no tena ahafantarana azy. Ankoatra izay dia mikaroka momba ny lalam-piainan'ireo pôeta efa nodimandry koa izy ka anisan'ny manana lahatsoratra ao boky '''''Sorapiainana''''' andiany telo misesy. Izy rahateo koa no mpandrindra an'io boky io.<ref>Gazety Inona no vaovao</ref> Tafiditra ao amin’ny boky fampianarana PREPA fidirana amin’ny Sekoly lehibe momba ny varotra sy fitantanana any Frantsa ny tononkalony mitondra ny lohateny hoe « ''Etsy Matoria'' ». Mitaha amin’ny asa soratr’ireo Poeta malaza toa an-dry Lamartine, Ronsard, Alfred de Musset izay voarakitra ao amin’ny boky « ''Magie'' ''d’aimer'' » izany.[https://www.tsidika.mg/2022/07/29/mpanoratra-toetra-raja-poeta-manana-ny-maha-izy-azy/]<ref>Tranonkala Poetawebs </ref> Ireo boky ahitana ny asa sorany : Boky manokana : - Tiako - Tiako foana (amboaran-tononkalo) Boky iombonana : - Tatamo manokana - Havàtsa Notsongaina - Santa-bokatra - Tombokavatsan'ny Nahazo Mariboninahitry ny kanto sy ny Soratra ary ny Kolontsaina « Commandeur de l’Ordre des arts, des lettres et de la culture » tamin'ny taona 2022.<ref>Tranonkala Poetawebs </ref> cg2wirkmbsdxeomz96fd8de40ts8nrb 1149961 1149960 2026-08-29T03:06:26Z Mikoriana 40064 /* */ 1149961 wikitext text/x-wiki Toetra Ràja Toetra Rajaonarivony, nanomboka nanoratra tamin'ny taona 1983, manambady an'i Haingo ary niteraka mianadahy. Niaina ny fahazazany tao Betroka, nanohy fianarana tany Frantsa, nanangana ny '''Tranonkala''' '''Poetawebs''' tamin'ny taona 2009.[https://poetawebs.e-monsite.com/pages/tapatapakahitra/page-51-2.html]<ref>Gazety Taratra</ref> Anisan'ireo nanangana ny '''Havàtsa UPEM sampana Frantsa''' izy. Efa namoaka ny boky Tiako- Tiako Foana. Tononkalo fohy isan'andalana no tena ahafantarana azy. Ankoatra izay dia mikaroka momba ny lalam-piainan'ireo pôeta efa nodimandry koa izy ka anisan'ny manana lahatsoratra ao boky '''''Sorapiainana''''' andiany telo misesy. Izy rahateo koa no mpandrindra an'io boky io.<ref>Gazety Inona no vaovao</ref> Tafiditra ao amin’ny boky fampianarana PREPA fidirana amin’ny Sekoly lehibe momba ny varotra sy fitantanana any Frantsa ny tononkalony mitondra ny lohateny hoe « ''Etsy Matoria'' ». Mitaha amin’ny asa soratr’ireo Poeta malaza toa an-dry Lamartine, Ronsard, Alfred de Musset izay voarakitra ao amin’ny boky « ''Magie'' ''d’aimer'' » izany.[https://www.tsidika.mg/2022/07/29/mpanoratra-toetra-raja-poeta-manana-ny-maha-izy-azy/]<ref>Tranonkala Poetawebs </ref> Ireo boky ahitana ny asa sorany : '''Boky manokana ''': - ''Tiako - Tiako foana'' (amboaran-tononkalo 2017) '''Boky iombonana :''' - ''Tatamo manokana'' - ''Havàtsa Notsongaina'' - ''Santa-bokatra'' - ''Tombokavatsan'ny Haisoratra'' (2022) - ''Sangan-tsangana'' (2024) - ''Sorapiainana 1'' (2019) - ''Sorapiainana 2'' (2021) - ''Sorapiainana 3'' (2021) Nahazo Mariboninahitry ny kanto sy ny Soratra ary ny Kolontsaina « Commandeur de l’Ordre des arts, des lettres et de la culture » tamin'ny taona 2022.<ref>Tranonkala Poetawebs </ref> cuvqvm5282721z60ig18uka6g064s7i 0 301585 1149914 1148667 2026-08-28T19:45:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Add 14 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1149914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ny Onlywomen Press''' (fantatra vetivety tamin'ny anarana '''The Women's Press <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jeffreys |first=Sheila |year=2018 |title=The Lesbian Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/lesbianrevolutio0000jeff |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lesbianrevolutio0000jeff/page/41 41]–42 |isbn=9781138096578}}</ref>''' <ref>Wilson, Anna (3 December 2016). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KN2UbXDyqqI Lesbian History Group -Onlywomen Press 2017]. Lesbian History Group. </ref> ) dia gazety feminista niorina tao [[Lôndôna|Londres]]. Tamin'izany fotoana izany dia io no hany gazety feminista naorin'ireo nahasahy niseho masoandro ho lesbiana. Ry Lilian Mohin, Sheila Shulman, ary Deborah Hart ireo nanorina azy ireo. <ref name=":0" /> Nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1974 no nivoahany ary iray amin'ireo famoaham-boky dimy feminista mavitrika nandritra ny taompolo 1990.<ref name=":1">Jeffreys, Sheila (3 December 2016). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KN2UbXDyqqI Lesbian History Group -Onlywomen Press 2017]. Lesbian History Group. </ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article116419318 "WRITERS' WORLD"]. [[:en:The_Canberra_Times|The Canberra Times]]. 23 July 1983. p. 14. Retrieved 20 December 2013 – via National Library of Australia. </ref><ref>Onlywomen Press; [[:en:Leeds_Revolutionary_Feminist_Group|Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group]] (1981), Love your enemy? : the debate between heterosexual feminism and political lesbianism, Onlywomen Press, ISBN 978-0-906500-08-8</ref> Iavahan'ny Onlywomen amin'ireo gazety feminista britanika hafa ilay sady manonta printy no namoaka boky aman-gazety. Voasahana avokoa noho izany ny "rojom-pamokarana ara-kolontsaina"<ref>Murray, Simone Elizabeth (1999). [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348866/1/327545.pdf MIXED MEDIA:FEMINIST PRESSES AND PUBLISHING POLITICS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITAIN] (PDF) (Thesis). University College London.pages 218-219.</ref> ary voatohana amin'ny alàlan'ny fanontana boky ny "fanampiana ara-bolan'ny asa famoaham-boky". Ny taona 1986 ka hatramin'ny taona 1988 no namoahana ny gazety ''Gossip: A Journal of Lesbian Feminist Ethics''.<ref>Onlywomen Press (issuing body.) (1986), "Gossip : a journal of lesbian feminist ethics", Gossip, London Onlywomen Press Ltd, ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-6627 0268-6627]</ref><ref name=":0" /> Matetika ny mpanoratra namoaka asa soratra no namaky ny asany tao amin'ny fivarotam-boky [["Gay's the Word" (fivarotam-boky)|Gay's the Word]].<ref>"[http://onlywomenpress.com/pages/news.html Onlywomen Press Reading at Gay's the Word]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029082156/http://onlywomenpress.com/pages/news.html Archived] 29 October 2013 at the [[Wayback Machine]] – 14 September 2011 – Onlywomen Press Reading at Gay's the Word – included: Claire Macquet, Jane Traies, Jan Marsh, Hannah Bradby, Stephanie Dummler, Anna Wilson, Sheila Shulman, Helen Larder, Frances Gapper and Alison Ward, had all written items for the short story collection titled Secret Rushes Publisher: Onlywomen Press Ltd (31 March 2012) ISBN 978-0956105332</ref> Anisan'ireo  lesbiana mpanoratra malaza namoahan'ny Onlywomen Press asa soratra i Anna Livia, Margaret Sloan-Hunter, Jay Taverner, Celia Kitzinger sy Sue Wilkinson, Sylvia Martin ary Sheila Jeffreys. Nivoaka tamin'ny taona 2010 ny boky navoakany farany, izay boky ho an'ny ankizy.<ref name=":1" /> == Asa soratra navoakany == === tantara foronina === * Croft, Eve (1981). ''Brainchild.'' Onlywomen Press. [[Special:BookSources/9780906500064|ISBN 978-0906500064]] * {{Cite book|title=Bulldozer Rising|url=https://archive.org/details/bulldozerrising0000livi|last=Livia|first=Anna|year=1988|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500279|author-link=Anna Livia (author)}} * {{Cite book|title=The Needle on Full: Lesbian Feminist Science Fiction|last=Forbes|first=Caroline|year=1985|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=978-0906500194|author-link=Caroline Forbes|url=https://archive.org/details/needleonfull00forb}} * {{Cite book|title=Different Enclosures: The Poetry and Prose of Irena Klepfisz|url=https://archive.org/details/differentenclosu0000klep|last=Klepfisz|first=Irena|year=1985|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500170|author-link=Irena Klepfisz}} * {{Cite book|title=Incidents Involving Warmth: A Collection of Lesbian Feminist Love Stories|url=https://archive.org/details/incidentsinvolvi00livi|last=Livia|first=Anna|year=1986}} * {{Cite book|title=A Noise from the Woodshed|last=Dorcey|first=Mary|year=1989|isbn=9780906500309|author-link=Mary Dorcey}} * {{Cite book|title=The Pied Piper: Lesbian Feminist Fiction|last1=Livia|first1=Anna|last2=Mohin|first2=Lilian|year=1989|publisher=Onlywomen |isbn=9780906500293|author-link=Anna Livia (author)|url=https://archive.org/details/piedpiperlesbian0000unse}} * {{Cite book|title=In and Out of Time: Lesbian Feminist Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/inoutoftime0000unse|year=1990|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500378|editor-last=Duncker|editor-first=Patricia|editor-link=Patricia Duncker}} * {{Cite book|title=Water Wings|last=Natzler|first=Caroline|year=1990|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500385|url=https://archive.org/details/waterwings00caro}} * {{Cite book|title=Stealing Time|last=Edwards|first=Nicky|year=1990|publisher=Onlywomen |isbn=9780906500316}} * {{Cite book|title=Many Are Called|url=https://archive.org/details/manyarecalled0000pata|last=Arrowsmith|first=Pat|year=1998|publisher=Onlywomen |isbn=978-0906500590|author-link=Pat Arrowsmith}} * {{Cite book|title=Beyond the Pale: A Novel|last=Dykewomon|first=Elana|year=2000|publisher=Onlywomen |isbn=9780906500637|author-link=Elana Dykewomon}} ==== Tononkalo ==== *{{Cite book|title=One Foot on the Mountain: An Anthology of British Feminist Poetry, 1969-1979|year=1979|publisher=Onlywomen Press Limited |isbn=978-0906500019|editor-last=Mohin|editor-first=Lilian}} *Carthew, Natasha (1999) ''Flash Reckless'' {{ISBN|9780906500705}}. *{{Cite book|title=Kindling|url=https://archive.org/details/kindling0000dorc|last=Dorcey|first=Mary|year=1982|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500095|author-link=Mary Dorcey}} 978-0906500705 *{{Cite book|title=The Work of a Common Woman|last=Grahn|first=Judy|year=1985|publisher=Only women |isbn=9780906500200|author-link=Judy Grahn}} *{{Cite book|title=Beautiful Barbarians: Lesbian Feminist Poetry|last=Mohin|first=Lilian|year=1987|publisher=Onlywomen |isbn=9780906500231|url=https://archive.org/details/beautifulbarbari00lili}} * {{Cite book|title=Because of India: Selected Poems and Fables|last=Namjoshi|first=Suniti|year=1989|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500330|author-link=Suniti Namjoshi|url=https://archive.org/details/becauseofindia00suni}} *{{Cite book|title=The Hang-glider's Daughter: New and Selected Poems|url=https://archive.org/details/hangglidersdaugh0000hack|last=Hacker|first=Marilyn|year=1990|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500361|author-link=Marilyn Hacker}} *{{Cite book|title=Soft Engineering|url=https://archive.org/details/softengineering0000fole|last=Foley|first=Kate|year=1994|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500514}} *{{Cite book|title=Lightning On My Tongue|url=https://archive.org/details/lightningonmyton0000kend|last=Kendall|first=Tina|year=1995|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=978-0906500507}} *{{Cite book|title=Nothing will be as sweet as the taste|last=Dykewomon|first=Elana|year=1995|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=0906500575|author-link=Elana Dykewomon}} *{{Cite book|title=Not for the Academy: Lesbian Poets|year=1999|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500606|editor-last=Mohin|editor-first=Lilian}} === tsy-tantara foronina === *{{Cite book|title=Women Against Violence Against Women|year=1985|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=0906500168|editor-last=Rhodes|editor-first=Dusty|editor-last2=McNeill|editor-first2=Sandra}} *{{Cite book|title=For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology|year=1988|publisher=Onlywomen |isbn=9780906500286|editor-last=Lucia Hoagland|editor-first=Sarah|editor-link=Sarah Hoagland|editor-last2=Penelope|editor-first2=Julia|editor-link2=Julia Penelope|url=https://archive.org/details/forlesbiansonly00sara}} *{{Cite book|title=Lesbian Texts and Contexts: Radical Revisions|year=1992|editor-last=Jay|editor-first=Karla|editor-link=Karla Jay|editor-last2=Glasgow|editor-first2=Joanne}} *{{Cite book|title=Changing Our Minds: Lesbian Feminism and Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/changingourminds00kitz|last1=Kitzinger|first1=Celia|last2=Perkins|first2=Rachel|year=1993|publisher=NYU Press |isbn=9780814746455|author-link=Celia Kitzinger and Sue Wilkinson}} *{{Cite book|title=Volcanoes and Pearl Divers: Essays in Lesbian Feminist Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/volcanoespearldi0000unse_i2k3|year=1995|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=0906500486|editor-last=Raitt|editor-first=Suzanne}} * {{Cite book|title=Leaving the Life: Lesbians, Ex-Lesbians and the Heterosexual Imperative|last=Menasche|first=Ann|year=1997|publisher=Onlywomen |isbn=978-0906500538|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/leavinglifelesbi0000mena}} * {{Cite book|title=Passionate Friends: Mary Fullerton, Mabel Singleton & Miles Franklin|url=https://archive.org/details/passionatefriend0000mart|last=Martin|first=Sylvia|year=2001|publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=9780906500644}} === Gazety === * {{Cite book |last=Rich |first=Adrienne |author-link=Adrienne Rich |year=1981 |title=Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence |url=https://archive.org/details/compulsoryhetero00rich |isbn=0906500079}} * {{Cite book |last=Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group |author-link=Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group |year=1981 |title=Love Your Enemy?: The Debate Between Heterosexual Feminism and Political Lesbianism |url=https://archive.org/details/loveyourenemydeb0000unse |publisher=Onlywomen Press |isbn=0906500087}} == Loharano == 3m1v19fjx7rhqrpezpo6f8hk7d82jy9 0 301790 1149838 1149837 2026-08-28T11:59:48Z ~2026-43677-38 40632 1149838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sametingsåpning - 51609646697 (Haakon).jpg|thumb|Haakon VIII]] '''Haakon VIII''', anarana feno'' Haakon Magnus avy any Norvezy'' (teraka ny 20 Jolay 1973 tao [[Oslo]]), no Mpanjakan'i {{Norvezy}} nanomboka ny 28 Aogositra 2026. Mpikambana ao amin'ny Tranon'i Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg izy, sampana kadety ao amin'ny Tranon'i [[Oldenburg]]. ==Ray aman-dreny == Zanakalahin'ny Mpanjaka [[Harald V.]] avy any Norvezy sy ny Mpanjakavavy Sonja i Haakon VIII. ==Mpajakan'i Norvezy== *[[Haakon VII]] (1905-1957) *[[Olav V]] (1957-1991) *[[Harald V.]] (1991-2026) *[[Haakon VIII]] (1973-) == Jereo koa == {{commonscat|Haakon VIII of Norway}} [[de:Hakkon VIII.]] [[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Norvezy]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1973]] glfugfv8d3h5g4o9a3zkvr7la94lt2j 1149839 1149838 2026-08-28T12:03:38Z ~2026-43677-38 40632 1149839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sametingsåpning - 51609646697 (Haakon).jpg|thumb|Haakon VIII]] '''Haakon VIII'''<ref>(de) [https://web.de/magazine/unterhaltung/adel/haakon-offiziellen-namen-42661720 Haakon gibt offiziellen Namen bekannt]</ref>, anarana feno'' Haakon Magnus avy any Norvezy'' (teraka ny 20 Jolay 1973 tao [[Oslo]]), no Mpanjakan'i {{Norvezy}} nanomboka ny 28 Aogositra 2026. Mpikambana ao amin'ny Tranon'i Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg izy, sampana kadety ao amin'ny Tranon'i [[Oldenburg]]. ==Ray aman-dreny == Zanakalahin'ny Mpanjaka [[Harald V.]] avy any Norvezy sy ny Mpanjakavavy Sonja i Haakon VIII. ==Mpajakan'i Norvezy== *[[Haakon VII]] (1905-1957) *[[Olav V]] (1957-1991) *[[Harald V.]] (1991-2026) *[[Haakon VIII]] (1973-) == Jereo koa == {{commonscat|Haakon VIII of Norway}} [[de:Hakkon VIII.]] [[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Norvezy]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1973]] 866ahdy8ekl5cpe7g0d78fwkmndtlzn 1149840 1149839 2026-08-28T12:04:24Z ~2026-43677-38 40632 1149840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sametingsåpning - 51609646697 (Haakon).jpg|thumb|Haakon VIII]] '''Haakon VIII'''<ref>(de) [https://web.de/magazine/unterhaltung/adel/haakon-offiziellen-namen-42661720 Haakon gibt offiziellen Namen bekannt]</ref>, anarana feno'' Haakon Magnus avy any Norvezy'' (teraka ny 20 Jolay 1973 tao [[Oslo]]), no Mpanjakan'i {{Norvezy}} nanomboka ny 28 Aogositra 2026. Mpikambana ao amin'ny Tranon'i Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg izy, sampana kadety ao amin'ny Tranon'i [[Oldenburg]]. ==Ray aman-dreny == Zanakalahin'ny Mpanjaka [[Harald V.]] avy any Norvezy sy ny Mpanjakavavy Sonja i Haakon VIII. ==Mpajakan'i Norvezy== *[[Haakon VII]] (1905-1957) *[[Olav V]] (1957-1991) *[[Harald V.]] (1991-2026) *[[Haakon VIII]] (1973-) == Jereo koa == {{commonscat|Haakon VIII of Norway}} [[de:Haakon VIII.]] [[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Norvezy]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1973]] 562zhbtntynw0cp95m31r5mx5ly9433 1149842 1149840 2026-08-28T12:06:53Z ~2026-43677-38 40632 1149842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sametingsåpning - 51609646697 (Haakon).jpg|thumb|]] [[File:Heraldic crown of the King of Norway.svg|thumb|]] '''Haakon VIII'''<ref>(de) [https://web.de/magazine/unterhaltung/adel/haakon-offiziellen-namen-42661720 Haakon gibt offiziellen Namen bekannt]</ref>, anarana feno'' Haakon Magnus avy any Norvezy'' (teraka ny 20 Jolay 1973 tao [[Oslo]]), no Mpanjakan'i {{Norvezy}} nanomboka ny 28 Aogositra 2026. Mpikambana ao amin'ny Tranon'i Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg izy, sampana kadety ao amin'ny Tranon'i [[Oldenburg]]. ==Ray aman-dreny == Zanakalahin'ny Mpanjaka [[Harald V.]] avy any Norvezy sy ny Mpanjakavavy Sonja i Haakon VIII. ==Mpajakan'i Norvezy== *[[Haakon VII]] (1905-1957) *[[Olav V]] (1957-1991) *[[Harald V.]] (1991-2026) *[[Haakon VIII]] (1973-) == Jereo koa == {{commonscat|Haakon VIII of Norway}} [[de:Haakon VIII.]] [[Sokajy:Mpanjakan'i Norvezy]] [[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1973]] srf9puy73a66sdl2rk1fw0oe3zlbb21 0 301791 1149841 2026-08-28T12:06:18Z Thelezifor 15140 Fianakaviana bibikely ao amin' ny filaharana Hemiptera 1149841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Sous-famillles Naucoridae Sites 2021 zlab105f0010.jpg|vignette|400x400px|Ohatra isaky ny zana-pianakaviana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'': (a) ''Ambrysus signoreti'' (Ambrysinae); (b) ''Cheirochela thailandana'' (Cheirochelinae); c) ''Cryphocricos hungerfordi'' (Cryphocricinae); (d) ''Ilyocoris cimicoides'' (Ilyocorinae); (e) ''Laccocoris limicola'' (Laccocorinae); (f) ''Limnocoris innornatus'' (Limnocorinae); (g) ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' (Macrocorinae); (h) ''Naucoris scutellaris'' (Naucorinae, Thailand).]] Ny '''''Naucoridae''''' dia fianakaviana bibikely (''[[Insecta]]'') ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', ao amin' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]''. Mitovitovy endrika sy fihetsika amin' ny ''[[Belostomatidae]]'' (ny [[tsindrahaka]]) izy ireo, saingy kely lavitra, ka eo amin' ny 0,5 hatramin' ny 2 sm eo ho eo ny halavany. Hita manerana izao tontolo izao ny ''Naucoridae'', saingy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly no ahitana karazany maro indrindra. Miaina amin' ny karazana toerana samihafa misy ranomamy izy ireo, manomboka amin' ny rano tsy mikoriana toy ny [[dobo]] ka hatramin' ny [[renirano]] sy ny [[riakan-tendrombohitra]]. Misy zana-pianakaviana valo (''Ambrysinae'', ''Cheirochelinae'', ''Cryphocricinae'', ''Ilyocorinae'', ''Laccocorinae'', ''Limnocorinae'', ''Macrocorinae'' ary ''Naucorinae'') ahitana karazany eo amin' ny 400 eo ho eo, izay mitsinjara ho vondron-karazana miisa 46 io fianakaviana io. Anisan' ireo zana-pianakaviana ireo ny ''Pelocoris'', ary matetika no hita ao anaty dobo na rano milamina ny karazana ao anatin' io vondrona io. Bibikely mpihaza izy ireo ka mihinana biby madinika tsy manana hazondamosina hafa. Taloha dia natambatra tao amin' ny renifianakaviana antsoina hoe ''Naucoroidea'' izy ireo niaraka amin' ny ''[[Aphelocheiridae]]'' sy ny ''[[Potamocoridae]]'', saingy ankehitriny dia ao amin' ny renifianakaviana misy azy manokana (''Aphelocheiroidea'') ireo roa farany ireo, ary ny ''Naucoroidea'' kosa dia renifianakaviana tsy ahitana afa-tsy fianakaviana iray. == Lisitry ny vondron-karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'' <ref><small>Sites, Robert W. (7 February 2022). "[https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1245/6523736?__cf_chl_rt_tk=TClVd4DAN8CWLKykH4IfElKj6Z.kGPgpOXpFtg1rhhs-1787917957-1.0.1.1-FhmKKH9dNToPK97eV1I_EeccCfR88DXcU6DVyBKAl.g Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae)]". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. 195 (4): 1245–1286. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105.</small></ref>: * ''Afronaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Ambrysus'' <small>Stål, 1862</small> * ''Aneurocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Aptinocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Asthenocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1937</small> * ''Australambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Australonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Carvalhoiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1963</small> * ''Cataractocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1941</small> * ''Calocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Cheirochela'' <small>Hope, 1840</small> * ''Coptocatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''Cryphocricos'' <small>Signoret, 1850</small> * ''Ctenipocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Decarloa'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Diaphorocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Gestroiella'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Halmaheria'' <small>Zettel, 2007</small> * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Heleolaccocoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Hygropetrocoris'' <small>Sites, 2015</small> * ''Idiocerus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Ilyocoris'' <small>Stål, 1861</small> * ''Indonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Interocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1974</small> * ''Laccocoris'' <small>Stål, 1856</small> * ''Limnocoris'' <small>Stål, 1858</small> * ''Macrocoris'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Maculambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Melloiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1935</small> * ''Namtokocoris'' <small>Sites, 2007</small> * ''Nanonaucoris'' <small>Zettel, 2001</small> * ''Naucoris'' <small>Geoffroy, 1762</small> * ''Neomacrocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1913</small> * ''Nesocricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Pelocoris'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Philippinocoris'' <small>D. Polhemus & J. Polhemus, 1987</small> * ''Picrops'' <small>La Rivers, 1952</small> * ''Placomerus'' <small>La Rivers, 1956</small> * ''Procryphocricos'' <small>J. Polhemus, 1991</small> * ''Sagocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1911</small> * ''Stalocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Tanycricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Temnocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Warisia'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> == Jereo koa == dwxoj7g640rbkamkub1krlg5xiwta9j 1149844 1149841 2026-08-28T12:09:09Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1149844 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Sous-famillles Naucoridae Sites 2021 zlab105f0010.jpg|vignette|400x400px|Ohatra isaky ny zana-pianakaviana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'': (a) ''Ambrysus signoreti'' (Ambrysinae); (b) ''Cheirochela thailandana'' (Cheirochelinae); c) ''Cryphocricos hungerfordi'' (Cryphocricinae); (d) ''Ilyocoris cimicoides'' (Ilyocorinae); (e) ''Laccocoris limicola'' ([[Laccocorinae]]); (f) ''Limnocoris innornatus'' (Limnocorinae); (g) ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' (Macrocorinae); (h) ''Naucoris scutellaris'' (Naucorinae, Thailand).]] Ny '''''Naucoridae''''' dia fianakaviana bibikely (''[[Insecta]]'') ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', ao amin' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]''. Mitovitovy endrika sy fihetsika amin' ny ''[[Belostomatidae]]'' (ny [[tsindrahaka]]) izy ireo, saingy kely lavitra, ka eo amin' ny 0,5 hatramin' ny 2 sm eo ho eo ny halavany. Hita manerana izao tontolo izao ny ''Naucoridae'', saingy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly no ahitana karazany maro indrindra. Miaina amin' ny karazana toerana samihafa misy ranomamy izy ireo, manomboka amin' ny rano tsy mikoriana toy ny [[dobo]] ka hatramin' ny [[renirano]] sy ny [[riakan-tendrombohitra]]. Misy zana-pianakaviana valo (''Ambrysinae'', ''Cheirochelinae'', ''Cryphocricinae'', ''Ilyocorinae'', ''[[Laccocorinae]]'', ''Limnocorinae'', ''Macrocorinae'' ary ''Naucorinae'') ahitana karazany eo amin' ny 400 eo ho eo, izay mitsinjara ho vondron-karazana miisa 46 io fianakaviana io. Anisan' ireo zana-pianakaviana ireo ny ''Pelocoris'', ary matetika no hita ao anaty dobo na rano milamina ny karazana ao anatin' io vondrona io. Bibikely mpihaza izy ireo ka mihinana biby madinika tsy manana hazondamosina hafa. Taloha dia natambatra tao amin' ny renifianakaviana antsoina hoe ''Naucoroidea'' izy ireo niaraka amin' ny ''[[Aphelocheiridae]]'' sy ny ''[[Potamocoridae]]'', saingy ankehitriny dia ao amin' ny renifianakaviana misy azy manokana (''Aphelocheiroidea'') ireo roa farany ireo, ary ny ''Naucoroidea'' kosa dia renifianakaviana tsy ahitana afa-tsy fianakaviana iray. == Lisitry ny vondron-karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'' <ref><small>Sites, Robert W. (7 February 2022). "[https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1245/6523736?__cf_chl_rt_tk=TClVd4DAN8CWLKykH4IfElKj6Z.kGPgpOXpFtg1rhhs-1787917957-1.0.1.1-FhmKKH9dNToPK97eV1I_EeccCfR88DXcU6DVyBKAl.g Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae)]". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. 195 (4): 1245–1286. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105.</small></ref>: * ''Afronaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Ambrysus'' <small>Stål, 1862</small> * ''Aneurocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Aptinocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Asthenocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1937</small> * ''Australambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Australonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Carvalhoiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1963</small> * ''Cataractocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1941</small> * ''Calocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Cheirochela'' <small>Hope, 1840</small> * ''Coptocatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''Cryphocricos'' <small>Signoret, 1850</small> * ''Ctenipocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Decarloa'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Diaphorocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Gestroiella'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Halmaheria'' <small>Zettel, 2007</small> * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Heleolaccocoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Hygropetrocoris'' <small>Sites, 2015</small> * ''Idiocerus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Ilyocoris'' <small>Stål, 1861</small> * ''Indonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Interocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1974</small> * ''Laccocoris'' <small>Stål, 1856</small> * ''Limnocoris'' <small>Stål, 1858</small> * ''Macrocoris'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Maculambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Melloiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1935</small> * ''Namtokocoris'' <small>Sites, 2007</small> * ''Nanonaucoris'' <small>Zettel, 2001</small> * ''Naucoris'' <small>Geoffroy, 1762</small> * ''Neomacrocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1913</small> * ''Nesocricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Pelocoris'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Philippinocoris'' <small>D. Polhemus & J. Polhemus, 1987</small> * ''Picrops'' <small>La Rivers, 1952</small> * ''Placomerus'' <small>La Rivers, 1956</small> * ''Procryphocricos'' <small>J. Polhemus, 1991</small> * ''Sagocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1911</small> * ''Stalocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Tanycricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Temnocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Warisia'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> == Jereo koa == npamf03ii1dma5kmyabaixpfjtkf5d7 1149845 1149844 2026-08-28T12:18:07Z Thelezifor 15140 Loharano 1149845 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Sous-famillles Naucoridae Sites 2021 zlab105f0010.jpg|vignette|400x400px|Ohatra isaky ny zana-pianakaviana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'': (a) ''Ambrysus signoreti'' (Ambrysinae); (b) ''Cheirochela thailandana'' (Cheirochelinae); c) ''Cryphocricos hungerfordi'' (Cryphocricinae); (d) ''Ilyocoris cimicoides'' (Ilyocorinae); (e) ''Laccocoris limicola'' ([[Laccocorinae]]); (f) ''Limnocoris innornatus'' (Limnocorinae); (g) ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' (Macrocorinae); (h) ''Naucoris scutellaris'' (Naucorinae, Thailand).]] Ny '''''Naucoridae''''' dia fianakaviana bibikely (''[[Insecta]]'') ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', ao amin' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]''. Mitovitovy endrika sy fihetsika amin' ny ''[[Belostomatidae]]'' (ny [[tsindrahaka]]) izy ireo, saingy kely lavitra, ka eo amin' ny 0,5 hatramin' ny 2 sm eo ho eo ny halavany. Hita manerana izao tontolo izao ny ''Naucoridae'', saingy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly no ahitana karazany maro indrindra. Miaina amin' ny karazana toerana samihafa misy ranomamy izy ireo, manomboka amin' ny rano tsy mikoriana toy ny [[dobo]] ka hatramin' ny [[renirano]] sy ny [[riakan-tendrombohitra]]. Misy zana-pianakaviana valo (''Ambrysinae'', ''Cheirochelinae'', ''Cryphocricinae'', ''Ilyocorinae'', ''[[Laccocorinae]]'', ''Limnocorinae'', ''Macrocorinae'' ary ''Naucorinae'') ahitana karazany eo amin' ny 400 eo ho eo, izay mitsinjara ho vondron-karazana miisa 46 io fianakaviana io. Anisan' ireo zana-pianakaviana ireo ny ''Pelocoris'', ary matetika no hita ao anaty dobo na rano milamina ny karazana ao anatin' io vondrona io. Bibikely mpihaza izy ireo ka mihinana biby madinika tsy manana hazondamosina hafa. Taloha dia natambatra tao amin' ny renifianakaviana antsoina hoe ''Naucoroidea'' izy ireo niaraka amin' ny ''[[Aphelocheiridae]]'' sy ny ''[[Potamocoridae]]'', saingy ankehitriny dia ao amin' ny renifianakaviana misy azy manokana (''Aphelocheiroidea'') ireo roa farany ireo, ary ny ''Naucoroidea'' kosa dia renifianakaviana tsy ahitana afa-tsy fianakaviana iray. == Lisitry ny vondron-karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'' <ref><small>Sites, Robert W. (7 February 2022). "[https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1245/6523736?__cf_chl_rt_tk=TClVd4DAN8CWLKykH4IfElKj6Z.kGPgpOXpFtg1rhhs-1787917957-1.0.1.1-FhmKKH9dNToPK97eV1I_EeccCfR88DXcU6DVyBKAl.g Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae)]". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. 195 (4): 1245–1286. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105.</small></ref>: * ''Afronaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Ambrysus'' <small>Stål, 1862</small> * ''Aneurocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Aptinocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Asthenocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1937</small> * ''Australambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Australonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Carvalhoiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1963</small> * ''Cataractocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1941</small> * ''Calocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Cheirochela'' <small>Hope, 1840</small> * ''Coptocatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''Cryphocricos'' <small>Signoret, 1850</small> * ''Ctenipocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Decarloa'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Diaphorocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Gestroiella'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Halmaheria'' <small>Zettel, 2007</small> * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Heleolaccocoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Hygropetrocoris'' <small>Sites, 2015</small> * ''Idiocerus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Ilyocoris'' <small>Stål, 1861</small> * ''Indonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Interocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1974</small> * ''Laccocoris'' <small>Stål, 1856</small> * ''Limnocoris'' <small>Stål, 1858</small> * ''Macrocoris'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Maculambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Melloiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1935</small> * ''Namtokocoris'' <small>Sites, 2007</small> * ''Nanonaucoris'' <small>Zettel, 2001</small> * ''Naucoris'' <small>Geoffroy, 1762</small> * ''Neomacrocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1913</small> * ''Nesocricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Pelocoris'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Philippinocoris'' <small>D. Polhemus & J. Polhemus, 1987</small> * ''Picrops'' <small>La Rivers, 1952</small> * ''Placomerus'' <small>La Rivers, 1956</small> * ''Procryphocricos'' <small>J. Polhemus, 1991</small> * ''Sagocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1911</small> * ''Stalocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Tanycricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Temnocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Warisia'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> == Jereo koa == == Loharano == qv4kmrutqi1gkno4sv6ft6tdac1lkvl 1149849 1149845 2026-08-28T14:18:40Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara 1149849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Sous-famillles Naucoridae Sites 2021 zlab105f0010.jpg|vignette|400x400px|Ohatra isaky ny zana-pianakaviana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'': (a) ''Ambrysus signoreti'' (Ambrysinae); (b) ''Cheirochela thailandana'' (Cheirochelinae); c) ''Cryphocricos hungerfordi'' (Cryphocricinae); (d) ''Ilyocoris cimicoides'' (Ilyocorinae); (e) ''Laccocoris limicola'' ([[Laccocorinae]]); (f) ''Limnocoris innornatus'' (Limnocorinae); (g) ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' (Macrocorinae); (h) ''Naucoris scutellaris'' (Naucorinae, Thailand).]] Ny '''''Naucoridae''''' dia fianakaviana bibikely (''[[Insecta]]'') ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', ao amin' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]''. Mitovitovy endrika sy fihetsika amin' ny ''[[Belostomatidae]]'' (ny [[tsindrahaka]]) izy ireo, saingy kely lavitra, ka eo amin' ny 0,5 hatramin' ny 2 sm eo ho eo ny halavany. Hita manerana izao tontolo izao ny ''Naucoridae'', saingy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly no ahitana karazany maro indrindra. Miaina amin' ny karazana toerana samihafa misy ranomamy izy ireo, manomboka amin' ny rano tsy mikoriana toy ny [[dobo]] ka hatramin' ny [[renirano]] sy ny [[riakan-tendrombohitra]]. Misy zana-pianakaviana valo (''Ambrysinae'', ''Cheirochelinae'', ''Cryphocricinae'', ''Ilyocorinae'', ''[[Laccocorinae]]'', ''Limnocorinae'', ''Macrocorinae'' ary ''Naucorinae'') ahitana karazany eo amin' ny 400 eo ho eo, izay mitsinjara ho vondron-karazana miisa 46 io fianakaviana io. Anisan' ireo zana-pianakaviana ireo ny ''Pelocoris'', ary matetika no hita ao anaty dobo na rano milamina ny karazana ao anatin' io vondrona io. Bibikely mpihaza izy ireo ka mihinana biby madinika tsy manana hazondamosina hafa. Taloha dia natambatra tao amin' ny renifianakaviana antsoina hoe ''Naucoroidea'' izy ireo niaraka amin' ny ''[[Aphelocheiridae]]'' sy ny ''[[Potamocoridae]]'', saingy ankehitriny dia ao amin' ny renifianakaviana misy azy manokana (''Aphelocheiroidea'') ireo roa farany ireo, ary ny ''Naucoroidea'' kosa dia renifianakaviana tsy ahitana afa-tsy fianakaviana iray. == Lisitry ny vondron-karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'' <ref><small>Sites, Robert W. (7 February 2022). "[https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1245/6523736?__cf_chl_rt_tk=TClVd4DAN8CWLKykH4IfElKj6Z.kGPgpOXpFtg1rhhs-1787917957-1.0.1.1-FhmKKH9dNToPK97eV1I_EeccCfR88DXcU6DVyBKAl.g Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae)]". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. 195 (4): 1245–1286. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105.</small></ref>: * ''Afronaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Ambrysus'' <small>Stål, 1862</small> * ''Aneurocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Aptinocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Asthenocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1937</small> * ''Australambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Australonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Carvalhoiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1963</small> * ''Cataractocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1941</small> * ''Calocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Cheirochela'' <small>Hope, 1840</small> * ''Coptocatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''Cryphocricos'' <small>Signoret, 1850</small> * ''Ctenipocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Decarloa'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Diaphorocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Gestroiella'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Halmaheria'' <small>Zettel, 2007</small> * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Heleolaccocoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Hygropetrocoris'' <small>Sites, 2015</small> * ''Idiocerus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Ilyocoris'' <small>Stål, 1861</small> * ''Indonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Interocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1974</small> * ''Laccocoris'' <small>Stål, 1856</small> * ''Limnocoris'' <small>Stål, 1858</small> * ''Macrocoris'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Maculambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Melloiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1935</small> * ''Namtokocoris'' <small>Sites, 2007</small> * ''Nanonaucoris'' <small>Zettel, 2001</small> * ''Naucoris'' <small>Geoffroy, 1762</small> * ''Neomacrocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1913</small> * ''Nesocricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Pelocoris'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Philippinocoris'' <small>D. Polhemus & J. Polhemus, 1987</small> * ''Picrops'' <small>La Rivers, 1952</small> * ''Placomerus'' <small>La Rivers, 1956</small> * ''Procryphocricos'' <small>J. Polhemus, 1991</small> * ''Sagocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1911</small> * ''Stalocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Tanycricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Temnocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Warisia'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> === Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indreto ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Naucoridae'' izay misy eto Madagsikara: * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> Ny karazana tao amin' ny ''[[Heleocoris]]'' sy ''[[Naucoris]]'' izay hita teto Madagasikara dia nafindra ao amin' ny ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' sy ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]''. == Jereo koa == == Loharano == s3ppsw43v37y4ofvjyq1lq82fcc4376 1149850 1149849 2026-08-28T14:20:04Z Thelezifor 15140 1149850 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Sous-famillles Naucoridae Sites 2021 zlab105f0010.jpg|vignette|400x400px|Ohatra isaky ny zana-pianakaviana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'': (a) ''Ambrysus signoreti'' (Ambrysinae); (b) ''Cheirochela thailandana'' (Cheirochelinae); c) ''Cryphocricos hungerfordi'' (Cryphocricinae); (d) ''Ilyocoris cimicoides'' (Ilyocorinae); (e) ''Laccocoris limicola'' ([[Laccocorinae]]); (f) ''Limnocoris innornatus'' (Limnocorinae); (g) ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' (Macrocorinae); (h) ''Naucoris scutellaris'' (Naucorinae, Thailand).]] Ny '''''Naucoridae''''' dia fianakaviana bibikely (''[[Insecta]]'') ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', ao amin' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]''. Mitovitovy endrika sy fihetsika amin' ny ''[[Belostomatidae]]'' (ny [[tsindrahaka]]) izy ireo, saingy kely lavitra, ka eo amin' ny 0,5 hatramin' ny 2 sm eo ho eo ny halavany. Hita manerana izao tontolo izao ny ''Naucoridae'', saingy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly no ahitana karazany maro indrindra. Miaina amin' ny karazana toerana samihafa misy ranomamy izy ireo, manomboka amin' ny rano tsy mikoriana toy ny [[dobo]] ka hatramin' ny [[renirano]] sy ny [[riakan-tendrombohitra]]. Misy zana-pianakaviana valo (''Ambrysinae'', ''Cheirochelinae'', ''Cryphocricinae'', ''Ilyocorinae'', ''[[Laccocorinae]]'', ''Limnocorinae'', ''Macrocorinae'' ary ''Naucorinae'') ahitana karazany eo amin' ny 400 eo ho eo, izay mitsinjara ho vondron-karazana miisa 46 io fianakaviana io. Anisan' ireo zana-pianakaviana ireo ny ''Pelocoris'', ary matetika no hita ao anaty dobo na rano milamina ny karazana ao anatin' io vondrona io. Bibikely mpihaza izy ireo ka mihinana biby madinika tsy manana hazondamosina hafa. Taloha dia natambatra tao amin' ny renifianakaviana antsoina hoe ''Naucoroidea'' izy ireo niaraka amin' ny ''[[Aphelocheiridae]]'' sy ny ''[[Potamocoridae]]'', saingy ankehitriny dia ao amin' ny renifianakaviana misy azy manokana (''Aphelocheiroidea'') ireo roa farany ireo, ary ny ''Naucoroidea'' kosa dia renifianakaviana tsy ahitana afa-tsy fianakaviana iray. == Lisitry ny vondron-karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'' <ref><small>Sites, Robert W. (7 February 2022). "[https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1245/6523736?__cf_chl_rt_tk=TClVd4DAN8CWLKykH4IfElKj6Z.kGPgpOXpFtg1rhhs-1787917957-1.0.1.1-FhmKKH9dNToPK97eV1I_EeccCfR88DXcU6DVyBKAl.g Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae)]". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. 195 (4): 1245–1286. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105.</small></ref>: * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Ambrysus'' <small>Stål, 1862</small> * ''Aneurocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Aptinocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Asthenocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1937</small> * ''Australambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Australonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Carvalhoiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1963</small> * ''Cataractocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1941</small> * ''Calocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Cheirochela'' <small>Hope, 1840</small> * ''Coptocatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''Cryphocricos'' <small>Signoret, 1850</small> * ''Ctenipocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Decarloa'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Diaphorocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Gestroiella'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Halmaheria'' <small>Zettel, 2007</small> * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Heleolaccocoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Hygropetrocoris'' <small>Sites, 2015</small> * ''Idiocerus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Ilyocoris'' <small>Stål, 1861</small> * ''Indonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Interocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1974</small> * ''Laccocoris'' <small>Stål, 1856</small> * ''Limnocoris'' <small>Stål, 1858</small> * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Maculambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Melloiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1935</small> * ''Namtokocoris'' <small>Sites, 2007</small> * ''Nanonaucoris'' <small>Zettel, 2001</small> * ''Naucoris'' <small>Geoffroy, 1762</small> * ''Neomacrocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1913</small> * ''Nesocricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Pelocoris'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Philippinocoris'' <small>D. Polhemus & J. Polhemus, 1987</small> * ''Picrops'' <small>La Rivers, 1952</small> * ''Placomerus'' <small>La Rivers, 1956</small> * ''Procryphocricos'' <small>J. Polhemus, 1991</small> * ''Sagocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1911</small> * ''Stalocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Tanycricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Warisia'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> === Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indreto ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Naucoridae'' izay misy eto Madagsikara: * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> Ny karazana tao amin' ny ''[[Heleocoris]]'' sy ''[[Naucoris]]'' izay hita teto Madagasikara dia nafindra ao amin' ny ''Afronaucoris'' sy ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]''. == Jereo koa == == Loharano == l2olfaf28cgjf5xms9eif70snbjqn86 1149851 1149850 2026-08-28T14:21:30Z Thelezifor 15140 1149851 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Sous-famillles Naucoridae Sites 2021 zlab105f0010.jpg|vignette|400x400px|Ohatra isaky ny zana-pianakaviana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'': (a) ''Ambrysus signoreti'' (Ambrysinae); (b) ''Cheirochela thailandana'' (Cheirochelinae); c) ''Cryphocricos hungerfordi'' (Cryphocricinae); (d) ''Ilyocoris cimicoides'' (Ilyocorinae); (e) ''Laccocoris limicola'' ([[Laccocorinae]]); (f) ''Limnocoris innornatus'' (Limnocorinae); (g) ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' (Macrocorinae); (h) ''Naucoris scutellaris'' (Naucorinae, Thailand).]] Ny '''''Naucoridae''''' dia fianakaviana bibikely (''[[Insecta]]'') ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', ao amin' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Naucoroidea]]''. Mitovitovy endrika sy fihetsika amin' ny ''[[Belostomatidae]]'' (ny [[tsindrahaka]]) izy ireo, saingy kely lavitra, ka eo amin' ny 0,5 hatramin' ny 2 sm eo ho eo ny halavany. Hita manerana izao tontolo izao ny ''Naucoridae'', saingy amin' ny faritra trôpikaly no ahitana karazany maro indrindra. Miaina amin' ny karazana toerana samihafa misy ranomamy izy ireo, manomboka amin' ny rano tsy mikoriana toy ny [[dobo]] ka hatramin' ny [[renirano]] sy ny [[riakan-tendrombohitra]]. Misy zana-pianakaviana valo (''Ambrysinae'', ''Cheirochelinae'', ''Cryphocricinae'', ''Ilyocorinae'', ''[[Laccocorinae]]'', ''Limnocorinae'', ''Macrocorinae'' ary ''Naucorinae'') ahitana karazany eo amin' ny 400 eo ho eo, izay mitsinjara ho vondron-karazana miisa 46 io fianakaviana io. Anisan' ireo zana-pianakaviana ireo ny ''Pelocoris'', ary matetika no hita ao anaty dobo na rano milamina ny karazana ao anatin' io vondrona io. Bibikely mpihaza izy ireo ka mihinana biby madinika tsy manana hazondamosina hafa. Taloha dia natambatra tao amin' ny renifianakaviana antsoina hoe ''Naucoroidea'' izy ireo niaraka amin' ny ''[[Aphelocheiridae]]'' sy ny ''[[Potamocoridae]]'', saingy ankehitriny dia ao amin' ny renifianakaviana misy azy manokana (''Aphelocheiroidea'') ireo roa farany ireo, ary ny ''Naucoroidea'' kosa dia renifianakaviana tsy ahitana afa-tsy fianakaviana iray. == Lisitry ny vondron-karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny ''Naucoridae'' <ref><small>Sites, Robert W. (7 February 2022). "[https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1245/6523736?__cf_chl_rt_tk=TClVd4DAN8CWLKykH4IfElKj6Z.kGPgpOXpFtg1rhhs-1787917957-1.0.1.1-FhmKKH9dNToPK97eV1I_EeccCfR88DXcU6DVyBKAl.g Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae)]". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. 195 (4): 1245–1286. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105.</small></ref>: * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Ambrysus'' <small>Stål, 1862</small> * ''Aneurocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Aptinocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Asthenocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1937</small> * ''Australambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Australonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Carvalhoiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1963</small> * ''Cataractocoris'' <small>Usinger, 1941</small> * ''Calocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Cheirochela'' <small>Hope, 1840</small> * ''Coptocatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''Cryphocricos'' <small>Signoret, 1850</small> * ''Ctenipocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Decarloa'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Diaphorocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Gestroiella'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Halmaheria'' <small>Zettel, 2007</small> * ''[[Heleocoris]]'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Heleolaccocoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Hygropetrocoris'' <small>Sites, 2015</small> * ''Idiocerus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Ilyocoris'' <small>Stål, 1861</small> * ''Indonaucoris'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Interocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1974</small> * ''Laccocoris'' <small>Stål, 1856</small> * ''Limnocoris'' <small>Stål, 1858</small> * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Maculambrysus'' <small>Reynoso & Sites, 2021</small> * ''Melloiella'' <small>De Carlo, 1935</small> * ''Namtokocoris'' <small>Sites, 2007</small> * ''Nanonaucoris'' <small>Zettel, 2001</small> * ''[[Naucoris]]'' <small>Geoffroy, 1762</small> * ''Neomacrocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1913</small> * ''Nesocricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''Pelocoris'' <small>Stål, 1876</small> * ''Philippinocoris'' <small>D. Polhemus & J. Polhemus, 1987</small> * ''Picrops'' <small>La Rivers, 1952</small> * ''Placomerus'' <small>La Rivers, 1956</small> * ''Procryphocricos'' <small>J. Polhemus, 1991</small> * ''Sagocoris'' <small>Montandon, 1911</small> * ''Stalocoris'' <small>La Rivers, 1969</small> * ''Tanycricos'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''Warisia'' <small>La Rivers, 1971</small> === Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indreto ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Naucoridae'' izay misy eto Madagsikara: * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' <small>Sites, 2022</small> * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> Ny karazana tao amin' ny ''[[Heleocoris]]'' sy ''[[Naucoris]]'' izay hita teto Madagasikara dia nafindra ao amin' ny ''Afronaucoris'' sy ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]''. == Jereo koa == == Loharano == jax2b3zwt05qrsuemgt1nle3bqvvqjs 0 301792 1149846 2026-08-28T12:28:55Z Thelezifor 15140 Toerana iva sady tery, anelanelan-kavoana 1149846 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''hadilalana''' dia "toerana iva kokoa sady tery, anelanelan' ny [[havoana]] roa, ka toy ny andilana mampitohy azy roa ireo"<ref><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=hadilanana Hadilanana]", in [[Régis Rajemisa Raolison|Rajemisa-Raolison Régis]], ''Rakibolana malagasy'', nadika ao amin' ny ''[[Rakibolana sy Rakipahalalana malagasy]]''.</small></ref>. == Ohabolana == * [[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]] ambany rano, ka mitady izay hahafatesan' ny [[omby]], hadilanana ka mitady izay haharovitra ny [[Lamba (kolontsaina malagasy)|lamba]]. == Loharano == 8xfwm7ljrjya7ae2026em6hf8f9mggb 0 301793 1149847 2026-08-28T13:35:56Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazana bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana Naucoridae 1149847 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Heleocoris''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Insecta|bibikely]] miaina anaty rano ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]''. I Carl Stål no namaritra ara-tsiansa voalohany an' io vondron-karazana io tamin' ny taona 1876. == Lisitry ny karazana == Ahitana ireto karazana manaraka ireto ny ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Heleocoris''<ref><small>"[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1053830#null Heleocoris Genus Informatie ITIS]". ''ITIS.gov''. Geraadpleegd op 21 april 2020.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id897885/ Heleocoris Genus Informatie BioLib]". ''biolib.cz''. Geraadpleegd op 21 april 2020.</small></ref>: * ''Heleocoris acutus'' <small>(Spinola, 1837)</small> * ''Heleocoris bengalensis'' <small>Montandon, 1910</small> * ''Heleocoris bergrothi'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris breviceps'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris elongatus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris floresensis'' <small>Nieser & Chen, 1992</small> * ''Heleocoris grandis'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Heleocoris humeralis]]'' <small>(Signoret, 1860)</small> * ''Heleocoris indicus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris jaechi'' <small>Zettel, 2012</small> * ''Heleocoris laeviceps'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris linnavuorii'' <small>Poisson, 1964</small> * ''Heleocoris majusculus'' <small>Montandon, 1908</small> * ''Heleocoris malayensis'' <small>Polhemus & Polhemus, 2013</small> * ''Heleocoris mcphersoni'' <small>Sites & Vitheepradit, 2011</small> * ''Heleocoris minusculus'' <small>(Walker, 1870)</small> * ''Heleocoris montandoni'' <small>Lundblad, 1933</small> * ''[[Heleocoris naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris nebulosus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Heleocoris nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''Heleocoris obliquatus'' <small>(Spinola, 1837)</small> * ''Heleocoris obscuratus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris ovatus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris rotundatus'' <small>Montandon, 1908</small> * ''Heleocoris strabus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris vicinus'' <small>Montandon, 1910</small> == Karazana nesorina avy ao == Indreto ny karazana nesorina avy ao amin' ny ''Heleocoris'' ka namoronana vondron-karazana vaovao (''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'') izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara tamin' ny taona 2022: * ''[[Tsingala humeralis]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Heleocoris humeralis'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) * ''[[Tsingala naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> (← ''Heleocoris naucoroides'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) * ''[[Tsingala nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Heleocoris nossibeanus'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small>) == Jereo koa == * [[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)]] == Loharano == 6ojaxb81vv6y8wi78k6euzxplf085eq 1149848 1149847 2026-08-28T14:03:01Z Thelezifor 15140 1149848 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Heleocoris''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Insecta|bibikely]] miaina anaty rano ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]''. I Carl Stål no namaritra ara-tsiansa voalohany an' io vondron-karazana io tamin' ny taona 1876. == Lisitry ny karazana == Ahitana ireto karazana manaraka ireto ny ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Heleocoris''<ref><small>"[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1053830#null Heleocoris Genus Informatie ITIS]". ''ITIS.gov''. Geraadpleegd op 21 april 2020.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id897885/ Heleocoris Genus Informatie BioLib]". ''biolib.cz''. Geraadpleegd op 21 april 2020.</small></ref>: * ''Heleocoris acutus'' <small>(Spinola, 1837)</small> * ''Heleocoris bengalensis'' <small>Montandon, 1910</small> * ''Heleocoris bergrothi'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris breviceps'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris elongatus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris floresensis'' <small>Nieser & Chen, 1992</small> * ''Heleocoris grandis'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Heleocoris humeralis]]'' <small>(Signoret, 1860)</small> (→''[[Tsingala humeralis]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) * ''Heleocoris indicus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris jaechi'' <small>Zettel, 2012</small> * ''Heleocoris laeviceps'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris linnavuorii'' <small>Poisson, 1964</small> * ''Heleocoris majusculus'' <small>Montandon, 1908</small> * ''Heleocoris malayensis'' <small>Polhemus & Polhemus, 2013</small> * ''Heleocoris mcphersoni'' <small>Sites & Vitheepradit, 2011</small> * ''Heleocoris minusculus'' <small>(Walker, 1870)</small> * ''Heleocoris montandoni'' <small>Lundblad, 1933</small> * ''[[Heleocoris naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> (→''[[Tsingala naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) * ''Heleocoris nebulosus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Heleocoris nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (→''[[Tsingala nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small>) * ''Heleocoris obliquatus'' <small>(Spinola, 1837)</small> * ''Heleocoris obscuratus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris ovatus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris rotundatus'' <small>Montandon, 1908</small> * ''Heleocoris strabus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''Heleocoris vicinus'' <small>Montandon, 1910</small> == Karazana nesorina avy ao == Indreto ny karazana nesorina avy ao amin' ny ''Heleocoris'' ka namoronana vondron-karazana vaovao (''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'') izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto Madagasikara tamin' ny taona 2022: * ''[[Tsingala humeralis]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Heleocoris humeralis'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) * ''[[Tsingala naucoroides]]'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> (← ''Heleocoris naucoroides'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) * ''[[Tsingala nossibeanus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Heleocoris nossibeanus'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small>) == Jereo koa == * [[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|''Tsingala'' (vondron-karazana)]] == Loharano == 6ti3ia1ftm4ts6q2vt7qqggt0r319gv 0 301794 1149853 2026-08-28T14:33:25Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana Naucoridae 1149853 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Naucoris''''' dia vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviam-bibikely an-drano ''[[Naucoridae]]''. Hita any [[Eorôpa]], atỳ [[Afrika]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any [[Azia]] ny karazana ao anatin' ity vondrona ity. == Lisitry ny karazana == Indreto ny karazana 23 ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Naucoris'' araka ny ''[[The Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]'': * ''Naucoris australicus'' Stål, 1876 * ''Naucoris ciliatistylus'' Linnavuori, 1971 * ''Naucoris congrex'' Stål, 1876 * ''Naucoris crassus'' Piton & Theobald, 1935 * ''Naucoris dilatatus'' Heer, 1853 * ''Naucoris fuscipennis'' Schaum, 1853 * ''Naucoris kenyalis'' Poisson, 1949 * ''Naucoris lapidarius'' Weyenbergh, 1869 * ''Naucoris maculatus'' Fabricius, 1798 * ''[[Naucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small> (→ ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>) * ''Naucoris magela'' Lansbury, 1991 * ''Naucoris obscuratus'' Montandon, 1913 * ''Naucoris obscuripennis'' Stål, 1854 * ''[[Naucoris parvulus]]'' Signoret, 1869 (→ ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) * ''Naucoris perezi'' Bolivar, 1879 * ''Naucoris planus'' Germar, 1837 * ''Naucoris pumilus'' Zettel, Nieser & D.Polhemus, 1999 * ''Naucoris rhizomatus'' J.Polhemus, 1984 * ''Naucoris rottensis'' Schlechtendal, 1899 * ''Naucoris sigaloeis'' La Rivers, 1974 * ''Naucoris subaureus'' Lansbury, 1985 * ''Naucoris subopacus'' Montandon, 1913 * ''Naucoris sumatranus'' Fieber, 1851 Tsy misy karazana ''Naucoris'' intsony ny eto [[Madagasikara]] fa efa nafindra ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Afronaucoris]]'': * ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small> (← ''Naucoris madagascariensis'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>). * ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Naucoris parvulus'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>). == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' hm7h3ovuhmfjbfmgmhb59n8d662exut 1149854 1149853 2026-08-28T14:44:01Z Thelezifor 15140 1149854 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Naucoris''''' dia vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviam-bibikely an-drano ''[[Naucoridae]]''. Hita any [[Eorôpa]], atỳ [[Afrika]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any [[Azia]] ny karazana ao anatin' ity vondrona ity. Io no vondron-karazana filamatra ao amin' ilay fianakavina. == Lisitry ny karazana == Indreto ny karazana 23 ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Naucoris'' araka ny ''[[The Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]'': * ''Naucoris australicus'' Stål, 1876 * ''Naucoris ciliatistylus'' Linnavuori, 1971 * ''Naucoris congrex'' Stål, 1876 * ''Naucoris crassus'' Piton & Theobald, 1935 * ''Naucoris dilatatus'' Heer, 1853 * ''Naucoris fuscipennis'' Schaum, 1853 * ''Naucoris kenyalis'' Poisson, 1949 * ''Naucoris lapidarius'' Weyenbergh, 1869 * ''Naucoris maculatus'' Fabricius, 1798 * ''[[Naucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small> (→ ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>) * ''Naucoris magela'' Lansbury, 1991 * ''Naucoris obscuratus'' Montandon, 1913 * ''Naucoris obscuripennis'' Stål, 1854 * ''[[Naucoris parvulus]]'' Signoret, 1869 (→ ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) * ''Naucoris perezi'' Bolivar, 1879 * ''Naucoris planus'' Germar, 1837 * ''Naucoris pumilus'' Zettel, Nieser & D.Polhemus, 1999 * ''Naucoris rhizomatus'' J.Polhemus, 1984 * ''Naucoris rottensis'' Schlechtendal, 1899 * ''Naucoris sigaloeis'' La Rivers, 1974 * ''Naucoris subaureus'' Lansbury, 1985 * ''Naucoris subopacus'' Montandon, 1913 * ''Naucoris sumatranus'' Fieber, 1851 Tsy misy karazana ''Naucoris'' intsony ny eto [[Madagasikara]] fa efa nafindra ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Afronaucoris]]'': * ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small> (← ''Naucoris madagascariensis'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>). * ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Naucoris parvulus'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>). == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' 3q06lq4v1cd810weqmvusv7qvx3igk1 1149870 1149854 2026-08-28T16:24:50Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1149870 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Naucoris''''' dia vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviam-bibikely an-drano ''[[Naucoridae]]''. Hita any [[Eorôpa]], atỳ [[Afrika]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any [[Azia]] ny karazana ao anatin' ity vondrona ity. Io no vondron-karazana filamatra ao amin' ilay fianakavina. == Lisitry ny karazana == Indreto ny karazana 23 ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Naucoris'' araka ny ''[[The Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]'': * ''Naucoris australicus'' Stål, 1876 * ''Naucoris ciliatistylus'' Linnavuori, 1971 * ''Naucoris congrex'' Stål, 1876 * ''Naucoris crassus'' Piton & Theobald, 1935 * ''Naucoris dilatatus'' Heer, 1853 * ''Naucoris fuscipennis'' Schaum, 1853 * ''Naucoris kenyalis'' Poisson, 1949 * ''Naucoris lapidarius'' Weyenbergh, 1869 * ''Naucoris maculatus'' Fabricius, 1798 * ''[[Naucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small> (→ ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>) * ''Naucoris magela'' Lansbury, 1991 * ''Naucoris obscuratus'' Montandon, 1913 * ''Naucoris obscuripennis'' Stål, 1854 * ''[[Naucoris parvulus]]'' Signoret, 1869 (→ ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) * ''Naucoris perezi'' Bolivar, 1879 * ''Naucoris planus'' Germar, 1837 * ''Naucoris pumilus'' Zettel, Nieser & D.Polhemus, 1999 * ''Naucoris rhizomatus'' J.Polhemus, 1984 * ''Naucoris rottensis'' Schlechtendal, 1899 * ''Naucoris sigaloeis'' La Rivers, 1974 * ''Naucoris subaureus'' Lansbury, 1985 * ''Naucoris subopacus'' Montandon, 1913 * ''Naucoris sumatranus'' Fieber, 1851 Tsy misy karazana ''Naucoris'' intsony ny eto [[Madagasikara]] fa efa nafindra ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Afronaucoris]]'': * ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small> (← ''Naucoris madagascariensis'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>). * ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Naucoris parvulus'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>). == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' draejzdpp56jnm79ro49aelmvpjmfzx 1149878 1149870 2026-08-28T16:28:11Z Thelezifor 15140 Namafa soratra tsy ilaina 1149878 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Naucoris''''' dia vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviam-bibikely an-drano ''[[Naucoridae]]''. Hita any [[Eorôpa]], atỳ [[Afrika]], any [[Aostralia]] ary any [[Azia]] ny karazana ao anatin' ity vondrona ity. Io no vondron-karazana filamatra ao amin' ilay fianakavina. == Lisitry ny karazana == Indreto ny karazana 23 ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Naucoris'' araka ny ''[[The Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]'': * ''Naucoris australicus'' Stål, 1876 * ''Naucoris ciliatistylus'' Linnavuori, 1971 * ''Naucoris congrex'' Stål, 1876 * ''Naucoris crassus'' Piton & Theobald, 1935 * ''Naucoris dilatatus'' Heer, 1853 * ''Naucoris fuscipennis'' Schaum, 1853 * ''Naucoris kenyalis'' Poisson, 1949 * ''Naucoris lapidarius'' Weyenbergh, 1869 * ''Naucoris maculatus'' Fabricius, 1798 * ''[[Naucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small> (→ ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>) * ''Naucoris magela'' Lansbury, 1991 * ''Naucoris obscuratus'' Montandon, 1913 * ''Naucoris obscuripennis'' Stål, 1854 * ''[[Naucoris parvulus]]'' Signoret, 1869 (→ ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) * ''Naucoris perezi'' Bolivar, 1879 * ''Naucoris planus'' Germar, 1837 * ''Naucoris pumilus'' Zettel, Nieser & D.Polhemus, 1999 * ''Naucoris rhizomatus'' J.Polhemus, 1984 * ''Naucoris rottensis'' Schlechtendal, 1899 * ''Naucoris sigaloeis'' La Rivers, 1974 * ''Naucoris subaureus'' Lansbury, 1985 * ''Naucoris subopacus'' Montandon, 1913 * ''Naucoris sumatranus'' Fieber, 1851 Tsy misy karazana ''Naucoris'' intsony ny eto [[Madagasikara]] fa efa nafindra ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Afronaucoris]]'': * ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small> (← ''Naucoris madagascariensis'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>). * ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small> (← ''Naucoris parvulus'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>). == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' t3dtb5vazwdm0cx4zodtbr6ojejbrjo 0 301795 1149857 2026-08-28T15:20:08Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazana bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana Naucoridae 1149857 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Afronaucoris''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amn' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]''. Natsangan' i Robert W. Sites tamin' ny taona 2022 io vondron-karazana io. Taloha dia tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Naucoris]]'' no nanasokajiana ny karazana ao aminy izay miisa roa. == Lisitry ny karazana == Araka ny fanavaozana lehibe momba ny fanasokajiana navoakan' i Robert W. Sites sy i Johannes Bergsten, dia karazany roa no ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''Afronaucoris'': * ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>(Montandon, 1899)</small> (← ''Naucoris madagascariensis'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>) * ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>(Signoret, 1860)</small> (← ''Naucoris parvulus'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) == Jereo koa == * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' 18nrkcm8xpvf3ph9cmkkdwbpge3txbc 1149866 1149857 2026-08-28T16:22:58Z Thelezifor 15140 1149866 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Afronaucoris''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amn' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]''. Natsangan' i Robert W. Sites tamin' ny taona 2022 io vondron-karazana io. Taloha dia tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Naucoris]]'' no nanasokajiana ny karazana ao aminy izay miisa roa. == Lisitry ny karazana == Araka ny fanavaozana lehibe momba ny fanasokajiana navoakan' i Robert W. Sites sy i Johannes Bergsten, dia karazany roa no ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''Afronaucoris'': * ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>(Montandon, 1899)</small> (← ''Naucoris madagascariensis'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>) * ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>(Signoret, 1860)</small> (← ''Naucoris parvulus'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' q1j8bigqr7qi0yqc3265lu8d3a1e6ax 1149874 1149866 2026-08-28T16:27:00Z Thelezifor 15140 Namafa soratra tsy ilaina 1149874 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Afronaucoris''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amn' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]''. Natsangan' i Robert W. Sites tamin' ny taona 2022 io vondron-karazana io. Taloha dia tao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Naucoris]]'' no nanasokajiana ny karazana ao aminy izay miisa roa. == Lisitry ny karazana == Araka ny fanavaozana lehibe momba ny fanasokajiana navoakan' i Robert W. Sites sy i Johannes Bergsten, dia karazany roa no ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''Afronaucoris'': * ''[[Afronaucoris madagascariensis]]'' <small>(Montandon, 1899)</small> (← ''Naucoris madagascariensis'' <small>Montandon, 1899</small>) * ''[[Afronaucoris parvulus]]'' <small>(Signoret, 1860)</small> (← ''Naucoris parvulus'' <small>Signoret, 1860</small>) == Jereo koa == * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' 61wa9f6rkh3jzj44e509olx0ibhm31t 0 301796 1149858 2026-08-28T15:53:58Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazana bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana Naucoridae 1149858 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Macrocoris''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]''. Misy karazana miisa sivy ity vondrona ity ka ny efatra dia fahita eto [[Madagasikara]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Macrocoris'': * ''Macrocoris convexus'' <small>(Montandon, 1897)</small> * ''[[Macrocoris distinctus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Macrocoris intermedius'' <small>Poisson, 1959</small> * ''Macrocoris laticollis'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Macrocoris namorona]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Macrocoris nigropunctatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Macrocoris rhantoides]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris sikorae]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (←''Pseudambrysus fairmairei'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indredto ny karazana misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Macrocoris distinctus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris namorona]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Macrocoris rhantoides]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris sikorae]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Pseudambrysus fairmairei'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) == Jereo koa == * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' tgy13yg8qek7dtn27lnj45a7rfk91jc 1149859 1149858 2026-08-28T15:59:47Z Thelezifor 15140 1149859 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Macrocoris''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]''. Misy karazana miisa sivy ity vondrona ity ka ny efatra dia fahita eto [[Madagasikara]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Macrocoris'': * ''Macrocoris convexus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Macrocoris distinctus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Macrocoris intermedius'' <small>Poisson, 1959</small> * ''Macrocoris laticollis'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Macrocoris namorona]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Macrocoris nigropunctatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Macrocoris rhantoides]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris sikorae]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (←''Pseudambrysus fairmairei'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indredto ny karazana misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Macrocoris distinctus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris namorona]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Macrocoris rhantoides]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris sikorae]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Pseudambrysus fairmairei'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) == Jereo koa == * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' 010wjfio1o7g5z2oqy1rg0xzw56cg9j 1149868 1149859 2026-08-28T16:24:05Z Thelezifor 15140 1149868 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Macrocoris''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]''. Misy karazana miisa sivy ity vondrona ity ka ny efatra dia fahita eto [[Madagasikara]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Macrocoris'': * ''Macrocoris convexus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Macrocoris distinctus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Macrocoris intermedius'' <small>Poisson, 1959</small> * ''Macrocoris laticollis'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Macrocoris namorona]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Macrocoris nigropunctatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Macrocoris rhantoides]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris sikorae]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (←''Pseudambrysus fairmairei'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indredto ny karazana misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Macrocoris distinctus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris namorona]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Macrocoris rhantoides]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris sikorae]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Pseudambrysus fairmairei'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' 0fwixvo753j5w6lnjxj7pyhr72dhnvl 1149877 1149868 2026-08-28T16:27:49Z Thelezifor 15140 Namafa soratra tsy ilaina 1149877 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Macrocoris''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]''. Misy karazana miisa sivy ity vondrona ity ka ny efatra dia fahita eto [[Madagasikara]]. == Lisitry ny karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Macrocoris'': * ''Macrocoris convexus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> * ''[[Macrocoris distinctus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''Macrocoris flavicollis'' <small>Signoret, 1861</small> * ''Macrocoris intermedius'' <small>Poisson, 1959</small> * ''Macrocoris laticollis'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Macrocoris namorona]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Macrocoris nigropunctatus'' <small>Montandon, 1909</small> * ''[[Macrocoris rhantoides]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris sikorae]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (←''Pseudambrysus fairmairei'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) === Karazana misy eto Madagasikara === Indredto ny karazana misy eto [[Madagasikara]]: * ''[[Macrocoris distinctus]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris namorona]]'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''[[Macrocoris rhantoides]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> * ''[[Macrocoris sikorae]]'' <small>Bergroth, 1893</small> (← ''Pseudambrysus fairmairei'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small>) == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' hnx11lccmkuj4qp1xccvob9f8r4zzd1 0 301797 1149860 2026-08-28T16:11:42Z Mammysou17 34685 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456832|Triple X syndrome]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1149860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Triple X syndrome|synonym=Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome<ref name=NIH2014/>|image=XXXSyndromeB.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Hypertelorism|Increased distance between the eyes]] in 9 year old girl with trisomy X<ref name=Tar2010/>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]|symptoms=Taller than average<ref name=NIH2014/>|onset=|duration=|causes=Random event<ref name=NIH2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Chromosomal analysis]]<ref name=GARD2016/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Speech therapy, physical therapy, [[counseling]]<ref name=GARD2016/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1 per 1,000 female births<ref name=Tar2010/>|deaths=}} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . Ny Triple X dia vokatry ny trangan-javatra tsy nampoizina. Mety hitranga mandritra ny fizarazaran'ny sela fananahan'ny reny na mandritra ny fizarazaran'ny sela mandritra ny fivoarana voalohany ny Triple X. Tsy lovaina amin'ny taranaka mifandimby izany matetika. Mety hitranga ihany koa ny endrika iray izay ahitana XXX amin'ny ampahany kely amin'ny sela ao amin'ny vatana . Ny fitiliana dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fanadihadiana ny krômôzôma . Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Naoty == {{NoteFoot}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9ekjkg15oigszbbyn6yc0hwci7uyd1v 1149861 1149860 2026-08-28T16:13:44Z Mammysou17 34685 /* Naoty */ 1149861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Triple X syndrome|synonym=Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome<ref name=NIH2014/>|image=XXXSyndromeB.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Hypertelorism|Increased distance between the eyes]] in 9 year old girl with trisomy X<ref name=Tar2010/>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]|symptoms=Taller than average<ref name=NIH2014/>|onset=|duration=|causes=Random event<ref name=NIH2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Chromosomal analysis]]<ref name=GARD2016/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Speech therapy, physical therapy, [[counseling]]<ref name=GARD2016/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1 per 1,000 female births<ref name=Tar2010/>|deaths=}} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . Ny Triple X dia vokatry ny trangan-javatra tsy nampoizina. Mety hitranga mandritra ny fizarazaran'ny sela fananahan'ny reny na mandritra ny fizarazaran'ny sela mandritra ny fivoarana voalohany ny Triple X. Tsy lovaina amin'ny taranaka mifandimby izany matetika. Mety hitranga ihany koa ny endrika iray izay ahitana XXX amin'ny ampahany kely amin'ny sela ao amin'ny vatana . Ny fitiliana dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fanadihadiana ny krômôzôma . Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8abghvdejpi2by9z5dtkasdl15j73pg 1149863 1149861 2026-08-28T16:17:43Z Mammysou17 34685 1149863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Triple X syndrome|synonym=Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome<ref name=NIH2014/>|image=XXXSyndromeB.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Hypertelorism|Increased distance between the eyes]] in 9 year old girl with trisomy X<ref name=Tar2010/>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]|symptoms=Taller than average<ref name=NIH2014/>|onset=|duration=|causes=Random event<ref name=NIH2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Chromosomal analysis]]<ref name=GARD2016/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Speech therapy, physical therapy, [[counseling]]<ref name=GARD2016/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1 per 1,000 female births<ref name=Tar2010/>|deaths=}} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza. Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 96bk02qgwezdu9rv1k2abqqvnsm1pe9 1149864 1149863 2026-08-28T16:18:58Z Mammysou17 34685 /* Epidemiolojia */ 1149864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Triple X syndrome|synonym=Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome<ref name=NIH2014/>|image=XXXSyndromeB.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Hypertelorism|Increased distance between the eyes]] in 9 year old girl with trisomy X<ref name=Tar2010/>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Medical genetics]]|symptoms=Taller than average<ref name=NIH2014/>|onset=|duration=|causes=Random event<ref name=NIH2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Chromosomal analysis]]<ref name=GARD2016/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Speech therapy, physical therapy, [[counseling]]<ref name=GARD2016/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1 per 1,000 female births<ref name=Tar2010/>|deaths=}} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>. Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3x3beqpo3121oburncospxa2r67jmqr 1149869 1149864 2026-08-28T16:24:13Z Mammysou17 34685 1149869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Triple X syndrome | synonym = Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome<ref name=NIH2014/> | image = XXXSyndromeB.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = [[Hypertelorism|Increased distance between the eyes]] in 9 year old girl with trisomy X | pronounce = | specialty = [[Medical genetics]] | symptoms = Maharitra ela kokoa | onset = | duration = | causes = Zava-mitranga kisendrasendra | risks = | diagnosis = Fitiliana ny krômôzôma | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Fitsaboana ara-batana sy ara-pitenenana | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1 isaky ny vehivavy teraka 1.000 | deaths = }} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>. Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9jilfsnj3y44wlxm29rdxptaiqjgf4o 1149872 1149869 2026-08-28T16:26:03Z Mammysou17 34685 1149872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Triple X syndrome | synonym = Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome | image = XXXSyndromeB.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Fitomboan'ny elanelana misy eo amin'ny maso amin'ny zazavavy 9 taona voan'ny trisomie X | pronounce = | specialty = [[Medical genetics]] | symptoms = Maharitra ela kokoa | onset = | duration = | causes = Zava-mitranga kisendrasendra | risks = | diagnosis = Fitiliana ny krômôzôma | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Fitsaboana ara-batana sy ara-pitenenana | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1 isaky ny vehivavy teraka 1.000 | deaths = }} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>. Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9vpxr7tfpkyixbwh7uhxqqubf9kl4df 1149875 1149872 2026-08-28T16:27:07Z Mammysou17 34685 1149875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Triple X syndrome | synonym = Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome | image = XXXSyndromeB.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Fitomboan'ny elanelana misy eo amin'ny maso amin'ny zazavavy 9 taona voan'ny trisomie X | pronounce = | specialty = Génétika ara-pitsaboana | symptoms = Maharitra ela kokoa | onset = | duration = | causes = Zava-mitranga kisendrasendra | risks = | diagnosis = Fitiliana ny krômôzôma | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Fitsaboana ara-batana sy ara-pitenenana | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1 isaky ny vehivavy teraka 1.000 | deaths = }} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>. Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4zzmt9hm2lxqzwqkdcs71dqcvdnyq4n 1149879 1149875 2026-08-28T16:28:21Z Mammysou17 34685 1149879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Triple X syndrome | synonym = Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome | image = XXXSyndromeB.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Fitomboan'ny elanelana misy eo amin'ny maso amin'ny zazavavy 9 taona voan'ny trisomie X | pronounce = | specialty = Génétika ara-pitsaboana | symptoms = Maharitra ela kokoa | onset = | duration = | causes = Zava-mitranga kisendrasendra | risks = | diagnosis = Fitiliana ny krômôzôma | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Fitsaboana ara-batana sy ara-pitenenana | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1 isaky ny vehivavy teraka 1.000 | deaths = }} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>. Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Fisehoan'ny aretina == Matetika, ny trisomie X dia tsy miteraka olana ara-pahasalamana na toetra miavaka ary tsy hita. Ny vehivavy voan'ity aretina ity dia lava kokoa noho ny salan'isa, mety manana tsingerin'ny fadimbolana tsy ara-dalàna, ary mety ho sahirana kokoa amin'ny fianarana, indrindra amin'ny fiteny, mahalana vao mivoatra ho amin'ny fahasembanana ara-tsaina [3],[4]. Mety hampiseho tsy fandriam-pahalemana ara-pihetseham-po izy ireo [3]. Eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ny vehivavy voakasik'izany no voan'ny olana amin'ny voa [2]. Na izany aza, miovaova be ireo toetra ireo eo amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany. Ankoatra izany, ny ankamaroan'ny vehivavy voan'ny trisomie X dia manana fivoarana ara-pananahana ara-dalàna ary afaka miteraka, izay amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy manana tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma [4]. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rip34x1fpsy0zwzw695qsc3r2x0mwyn 1149880 1149879 2026-08-28T16:28:51Z Mammysou17 34685 1149880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Triple X syndrome | synonym = Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome | image = XXXSyndromeB.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Fitomboan'ny elanelana misy eo amin'ny maso amin'ny zazavavy 9 taona voan'ny trisomie X | pronounce = | specialty = Génétika ara-pitsaboana | symptoms = Maharitra ela kokoa | onset = | duration = | causes = Zava-mitranga kisendrasendra | risks = | diagnosis = Fitiliana ny krômôzôma | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Fitsaboana ara-batana sy ara-pitenenana | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1 isaky ny vehivavy teraka 1.000 | deaths = }} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>. Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Fisehoan'ny aretina == Matetika, ny trisomie X dia tsy miteraka olana ara-pahasalamana na toetra miavaka ary tsy hita. Ny vehivavy voan'ity aretina ity dia lava kokoa noho ny salan'isa, mety manana tsingerin'ny fadimbolana tsy ara-dalàna, ary mety ho sahirana kokoa amin'ny fianarana, indrindra amin'ny fiteny, mahalana vao mivoatra ho amin'ny fahasembanana ara-tsaina. Mety hampiseho tsy fandriam-pahalemana ara-pihetseham-po izy ireo. Eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ny vehivavy voakasik'izany no voan'ny olana amin'ny voa. Na izany aza, miovaova be ireo toetra ireo eo amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany. Ankoatra izany, ny ankamaroan'ny vehivavy voan'ny trisomie X dia manana fivoarana ara-pananahana ara-dalàna ary afaka miteraka, izay amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy manana tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 05gubxjd9y1cexxv5cuh5e87y2gswid 1149881 1149880 2026-08-28T16:30:31Z Mammysou17 34685 /* Epidemiolojia */ 1149881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Triple X syndrome | synonym = Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome | image = XXXSyndromeB.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Fitomboan'ny elanelana misy eo amin'ny maso amin'ny zazavavy 9 taona voan'ny trisomie X | pronounce = | specialty = Génétika ara-pitsaboana | symptoms = Maharitra ela kokoa | onset = | duration = | causes = Zava-mitranga kisendrasendra | risks = | diagnosis = Fitiliana ny krômôzôma | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Fitsaboana ara-batana sy ara-pitenenana | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1 isaky ny vehivavy teraka 1.000 | deaths = }} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>, . Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Fisehoan'ny aretina == Matetika, ny trisomie X dia tsy miteraka olana ara-pahasalamana na toetra miavaka ary tsy hita. Ny vehivavy voan'ity aretina ity dia maharitra kokoa noho ny salan'isa, mety manana tsingerin'ny fadimbolana tsy ara-dalàna, ary mety ho sahirana kokoa amin'ny fianarana, indrindra amin'ny fiteny, mahalana vao mivoatra ho amin'ny fahasembanana ara-tsaina. Mety hampiseho tsy filaminana ara-pihetseham-po izy ireo. Eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ny vehivavy voakasik'izany no voan'ny olana amin'ny [[voa]]. Na izany aza, miovaova be ireo toetra ireo eo amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany. Ankoatra izany, ny ankamaroan'ny vehivavy voan'ny trisomie X dia manana fivoarana ara-pananahana ara-dalàna ary afaka miteraka, izay amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy manana tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] bp0j1xssiekgsmnt61a7xrg8ldam2bn 1149882 1149881 2026-08-28T16:31:35Z Mammysou17 34685 /* Fisehoan'ny aretina */ 1149882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Triple X syndrome | synonym = Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome | image = XXXSyndromeB.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Fitomboan'ny elanelana misy eo amin'ny maso amin'ny zazavavy 9 taona voan'ny trisomie X | pronounce = | specialty = Génétika ara-pitsaboana | symptoms = Maharitra ela kokoa | onset = | duration = | causes = Zava-mitranga kisendrasendra | risks = | diagnosis = Fitiliana ny krômôzôma | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Fitsaboana ara-batana sy ara-pitenenana | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1 isaky ny vehivavy teraka 1.000 | deaths = }} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]] . Matetika lava kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary ny fahafanana miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>, . Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Fisehoan'ny aretina == Matetika, ny trisomie X dia tsy miteraka olana ara-pahasalamana na toetra miavaka ary tsy hita. Ny vehivavy voan'ity aretina ity dia maharitra kokoa noho ny salan'isa, mety manana tsingerin'ny fadimbolana tsy ara-dalàna, ary mety ho sahirana kokoa amin'ny fianarana, indrindra amin'ny fiteny, mahalana vao mivoatra ho amin'ny fahasembanana ara-tsaina <ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1750-1172-5-8</ref>. Mety hampiseho tsy filaminana ara-pihetseham-po izy ireo. Eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ny vehivavy voakasik'izany no voan'ny olana amin'ny [[voa]]. Na izany aza, miovaova be ireo toetra ireo eo amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany. Ankoatra izany, ny ankamaroan'ny vehivavy voan'ny trisomie X dia manana fivoarana ara-pananahana ara-dalàna ary afaka miteraka, izay amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy manana tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ngum2vua15k9zigs5qcf9jvtkpwr9cc 1149883 1149882 2026-08-28T16:32:41Z Mammysou17 34685 1149883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Triple X syndrome | synonym = Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome | image = XXXSyndromeB.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Fitomboan'ny elanelana misy eo amin'ny maso amin'ny zazavavy 9 taona voan'ny trisomie X | pronounce = | specialty = Génétika ara-pitsaboana | symptoms = Maharitra ela kokoa | onset = | duration = | causes = Zava-mitranga kisendrasendra | risks = | diagnosis = Fitiliana ny krômôzôma | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Fitsaboana ara-batana sy ara-pitenenana | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1 isaky ny vehivavy teraka 1.000 | deaths = }} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]]. Matetika maharitra kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary afaka miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>, . Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Fisehoan'ny aretina == Matetika, ny trisomie X dia tsy miteraka olana ara-pahasalamana na toetra miavaka ary tsy hita. Ny vehivavy voan'ity aretina ity dia maharitra kokoa noho ny salan'isa, mety manana tsingerin'ny fadimbolana tsy ara-dalàna, ary mety ho sahirana kokoa amin'ny fianarana, indrindra amin'ny fiteny, mahalana vao mivoatra ho amin'ny fahasembanana ara-tsaina <ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1750-1172-5-8</ref>. Mety hampiseho tsy filaminana ara-pihetseham-po izy ireo. Eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ny vehivavy voakasik'izany no voan'ny olana amin'ny [[voa]]. Na izany aza, miovaova be ireo toetra ireo eo amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany. Ankoatra izany, ny ankamaroan'ny vehivavy voan'ny trisomie X dia manana fivoarana ara-pananahana ara-dalàna ary afaka miteraka, izay amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy manana tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2u0ia703xz1rb3abjlzbc2vvsm44ol0 1149884 1149883 2026-08-28T16:33:38Z Mammysou17 34685 /* Fisehoan'ny aretina */ 1149884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Triple X syndrome | synonym = Triplo-X syndrome, trisomy X, XXX syndrome, 47,XXX syndrome | image = XXXSyndromeB.png | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = Fitomboan'ny elanelana misy eo amin'ny maso amin'ny zazavavy 9 taona voan'ny trisomie X | pronounce = | specialty = Génétika ara-pitsaboana | symptoms = Maharitra ela kokoa | onset = | duration = | causes = Zava-mitranga kisendrasendra | risks = | diagnosis = Fitiliana ny krômôzôma | differential = | prevention = | treatment = Fitsaboana ara-batana sy ara-pitenenana | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 1 isaky ny vehivavy teraka 1.000 | deaths = }} '''Ny "Triple X syndrome"''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''trisomie X''' sy '''47,XXX''', dia miavaka amin'ny fisian'ny krômôzôma X fanampiny ao amin'ny [[sela]] tsirairay ao amin'ny [[vehivavy]]. Matetika maharitra kokoa noho ny salan'isan' ireo olona voakasik'izany. Matetika tsy misy fahasamihafana ara-batana hafa ary afaka miteraka ara-dalàna. Indraindray dia misy ny fahasarotana amin'ny fianarana, ny fihenan'ny herin'ny hozatra, ny fikorontanan'ny saina, na ny olana amin'ny voa . == Epidemiolojia == Ny aretin'ny Triple X no tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma mahazatra indrindra amin'ny vehivavy, izay mahakasika olona iray amin'ny 1.000 eo ho eo. Na izany aza, tombanana ho 10% amin'ireo vehivavy voakasik'izany (izany hoe iray amin'ny 10.000 amin'ny mponina vehivavy rehetra) ihany no voamarina amin'izao fotoana izao, ary ny ankamaroany dia mahatsapa soritr'aretina malefaka fotsiny na tsy misy soritr'aretina mihitsy aza <ref>https://www.orpha.net/fr/disease/detail/3375</ref>, . Mety ahitana fitsaboana amin'ny fitenenana, fitsaboana ara-batana, ary torohevitra ny fitsaboana. Mitranga amin'ny vehivavy iray isaky ny 1.000 teraka izany. Tombanana ho 90% amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany no tsy voamarina satria tsy misy soritr'aretina na vitsy ihany no hitany. Ny mpikaroka momba ny fototarazo Patricia Jacobs no nahita azy voalohany tamin'ny 1959. == Fisehoan'ny aretina == Matetika, ny trisomie X dia tsy miteraka olana ara-pahasalamana na toetra miavaka ary tsy hita. Ny vehivavy voan'ity aretina ity dia maharitra kokoa noho ny salan'isa, mety manana tsingerin'ny fadimbolana tsy ara-dalàna, ary mety ho sahirana kokoa amin'ny fianarana, indrindra amin'ny fiteny, mahalana vao mivoatra ho amin'ny fahasembanana ara-tsaina <ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1750-1172-5-8</ref>. Mety hampiseho tsy filaminana ara-pihetseham-po izy ireo. Eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ny vehivavy voakasik'izany no voan'ny olana amin'ny [[voa]] <ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2009109</ref>. Na izany aza, miovaova be ireo toetra ireo eo amin'ireo olona voakasik'izany. Ankoatra izany, ny ankamaroan'ny vehivavy voan'ny trisomie X dia manana fivoarana ara-pananahana ara-dalàna ary afaka miteraka, izay amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsy manana tsy fetezan'ny krômôzôma. == Naoty == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 53kwfka5nmmxj69f7klr30yd5v75jum 0 301798 1149862 2026-08-28T16:16:10Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazana bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana Naucoridae 1149862 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Temnocoris''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]], nofaritan' ny antômôlôjista Albert-Léon Montandon voalohany tamin' ny taona 1897. Nohavaozina ny fanasokajiana azy tamin' ny taona 2022 izay nahitana karazana miisa 11. == Lisitryny karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny karazana 11 ao amin' ny ''Temnocoris'': * ''Temnocoris ambositrae'' <small>Poisson, 1951</small> ** ''Temnocoris ambositrae ambositrae'' <small>Poisson, 1951</small> ** ''Temnocoris ambositrae betiokyi'' <small>Poisson, 1951</small> ** ''Temnocoris ambositrae magnus'' <small>Poisson, 1956</small> * ''Temnocoris andringitrae'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris dubius'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris hungerfordi'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris leachi'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Temnocoris montandoni'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Temnocoris perplexus'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris poissoni'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Temnocoris scarletti'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris starmuehlneri'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris translucidus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> == Jereo koa == oe4jgij8dhbg641s5lfbkeedg706f4q 1149871 1149862 2026-08-28T16:25:24Z Thelezifor 15140 Rohy anatiny 1149871 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Temnocoris''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]], nofaritan' ny antômôlôjista Albert-Léon Montandon voalohany tamin' ny taona 1897. Nohavaozina ny fanasokajiana azy tamin' ny taona 2022 izay nahitana karazana miisa 11. == Lisitryny karazana == Inty ny lisitry ny karazana 11 ao amin' ny ''Temnocoris'': * ''Temnocoris ambositrae'' <small>Poisson, 1951</small> ** ''Temnocoris ambositrae ambositrae'' <small>Poisson, 1951</small> ** ''Temnocoris ambositrae betiokyi'' <small>Poisson, 1951</small> ** ''Temnocoris ambositrae magnus'' <small>Poisson, 1956</small> * ''Temnocoris andringitrae'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris dubius'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris hungerfordi'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris leachi'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Temnocoris montandoni'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Temnocoris perplexus'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris poissoni'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> * ''Temnocoris scarletti'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris starmuehlneri'' <small>Poisson, 1952</small> * ''Temnocoris translucidus'' <small>Montandon, 1897</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' * ''[[Gonioathrix]]'' * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' bfd5czszsxtwmwk4wtg4hye9umab1yx 0 301799 1149865 2026-08-28T16:20:21Z Thelezifor 15140 Vondron-karazana bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana Naucoridae 1149865 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Gonioathrix''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. izay nofaritan' ny entômôlôjista Robert W. Sites sy Johannes Bergsten voalohany tao amin' ny fanavaozana lehibe nataon' izy ireo tamin' ny volana Septambra 2022. Tsy manana afa-tsy karazana tokana izy io: * ''Gonioathrix temnocoroides'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> == Jereo koa == 41hoen6sd4y8ryj9edck7tcm0h3tgk1 1149867 1149865 2026-08-28T16:23:25Z Thelezifor 15140 1149867 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Gonioathrix''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. izay nofaritan' ny entômôlôjista Robert W. Sites sy Johannes Bergsten voalohany tao amin' ny fanavaozana lehibe nataon' izy ireo tamin' ny volana Septambra 2022. Tsy manana afa-tsy karazana tokana izy io: * ''Gonioathrix temnocoroides'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' au149ba8ty1obmgbo8nzsfxsh7h17xm 1149876 1149867 2026-08-28T16:27:21Z Thelezifor 15140 Namafa soratra tsy ilaina 1149876 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''''Gonioathrix''''' dia vondron-karazana bibikely anaty rano, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Naucoridae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana ''[[Hemiptera]]'', tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. izay nofaritan' ny entômôlôjista Robert W. Sites sy Johannes Bergsten voalohany tao amin' ny fanavaozana lehibe nataon' izy ireo tamin' ny volana Septambra 2022. Tsy manana afa-tsy karazana tokana izy io: * ''Gonioathrix temnocoroides'' <small>Sites & Bergsten, 2022</small> == Jereo koa == * ''[[Afronaucoris]]'' * ''[[Macrocoris]]'' * ''[[Naucoris]]'' * ''[[Temnocoris]]'' * ''[[Tsingala (vondron-karazana)|Tsingala]]'' 5n0g8qe56bf14q8x6tj3ra07rakl337 0 301800 1149888 2026-08-28T19:27:14Z Thelezifor 15140 Karazana bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana Cicadidae 1149888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Cicada (Yanga grandidieri) (8541912526).jpg|vignette|366x366px|''Yanga grandidieri'']] Ny '''''Yanga grandidieri''''' dia karazana bibikely ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cicadidae]]'' (fianakavian-jorery), ao amin' ny renifian,akviana ''[[Cicadoidea]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]], izay nofariparitan' i William Lucas Distant voalohany tamin' ny taona 1905. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Yanga]]'' ltjyelvpax0ryin8a72pyo4lh3a5tzw 1149894 1149888 2026-08-28T19:30:11Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanampy andian-teny 1149894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Cicada (Yanga grandidieri) (8541912526).jpg|vignette|366x366px|''Yanga grandidieri'']] Ny '''''Yanga grandidieri''''' dia karazana bibikely ao amin' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Cicadinae]]'', ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Cicadidae]]'' (fianakavian-jorery), ao amin' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Cicadoidea]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]], izay nofariparitan' i William Lucas Distant voalohany tamin' ny taona 1905. Tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] ity bibikely ity. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Yanga]]'' a9tspwyxycqqyrxnhy0opinjqw9pnh1 0 301801 1149936 2026-08-28T20:04:02Z Thelezifor 15140 Fianakaviam-bibikely ao anatin' ny filaharana Hemiptera 1149936 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Cicada (Cicada orni) male Babadag.jpg|vignette|''Cicada orni'']] Ny '''''Cicadidae''''' dia iray amin' ny fianakaviana [[jorery]] roa, ao amin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]], ao amin' ny zana-pilaharana [[Auchenorrhyncha]], izay ahitana karazana miisa 3&nbsp;400 eo ho eo izay mitsinjara amin' ny vondron-karazana mihoatra ny 520 maneran-tany; ahitana ny ankamaroan' ny karazana jorery mbola velona izy io, afa-tsy ny roa ao amin' ny fianakaviana rahavaviny, dia ny ''[[Tettigarctidae]]''. Manana tsingerim-piainana karazana hemimetabôla izy ireo (izany hoe, ny fiofohana farany ihany no tena feno). == Fanasokajiana == Ny ''Cicadidae'' dia iray amin' ny fianakaviana roa ao anatin' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Cicadoidea]]''. Ao amin' ny zana-pilaharana [[Auchenorrhyncha]] io fianakaviana io, ao anatin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]]. === Zana-pianakaviana sy foko === [[Sary:Neotibicen linnei.jpg|vignette|212x212px|''Neotibicen linnei'']] Misy zana-pianakaviana dimy ao amin' ny ''Cicadidae'': ''Cicadettinae'', ''Cicadinae'', ''Derotettiginae'', ''Tettigomyiinae'' ary ''Tibicininae''. Indreto ny foko isaky ny zana-pianakaviana: Cicadettinae <small>Buckton, 1890</small> * Aragualnini <small>Sanborn, 2018</small> * Carinetini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Chlorocystini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Cicadatrini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Cicadettini <small>Buckton, 1890</small> * Katoini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Lamotialnini <small>Boulard, 1976</small> * Nelcyndanini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Pagiphorini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Parnisini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Pictilini <small>Moulds & Hill, 2018</small> * Prasiini <small>Matsumura, 1917</small> * Taphurini <small>Distant, 1905</small> Cicadinae <small>Batsch, 1789</small> * Antankariini <small>Sanborn, 2021</small> * Arenopsaltriini <small>Moulds, 2018</small> * Ayuthiini <small>Moulds, Lee, and Marshall, 2021</small> * Burbungini <small>Moulds, 2005</small> * Cicadini <small>Batsch, 1789</small> * Cicadmalleuini <small>Boulard & Puissant, 2013</small> * Cosmopsaltriini <small>Kato, 1932</small> * Cyclochilini <small>Distant, 1904</small> * Distantadini <small>Orian, 1963</small> * Dundubiini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Durangonini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Fidicinini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Gaeanini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Jassopsaltriini <small>Moulds, 2005</small> * Kimberpsaltriini <small>Moulds, Marshall, and Popple, 2021</small> * Lahugadini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Leptopsaltriini <small>Moulton, 1923</small> * Macrotristriini <small>Moulds, 2018</small> * Oncotympanini <small>Ishihara, 1961</small> * Platypleurini <small>Schmidt, 1918</small> * Plautillini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Polyneurini <small>Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843</small> * Psaltodini <small>Moulds, 2018</small> * Psithyristriini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Sonatini <small>Lee, 2010</small> * Tacuini <small>Distant, 1904</small> (Ny foko ''Cryptotympanini'' <small>Handlirsch, 1925</small> dia lasa zana-ppokon' ny ''Tacuina'' <small>Distant, 1904</small>) * Talcopsaltriini <small>Moulds, 2008</small> * Tamasini <small>Moulds, 2005</small> * Thophini <small>Distant, 1904</small> * Tosenini <small>Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843</small> * Zammarini <small>Distant, 1905</small> Derotettiginae <small>Moulds, 2019</small> <ref name="ref8" /> * Derotettigini <small>Moulds, 2019</small> Tettigomyiinae <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Hovanini <small>Sanborn, Moulds & Marshall, 2020</small> * Iruanini <small>Boulard, 1983</small> * Malagasiini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Tettigomyiini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Ydiellini <small>Boulard, 1973</small> Tibicininae <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Citroriginini <small>Sanborn, 2021</small> * Chilecicadini <small>Sanborn, 2014</small> * Hemidictyini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Platypediini <small>Kato, 1932</small> * Sapantangini <small>Sanborn, Moulds, & Marshall, 2020</small> * Selymbriini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Tettigadini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Tibicinini <small>Distant, 1905</small> i03tq9ep7gdg2wdsfpth69k7qbax9it 1149940 1149936 2026-08-28T20:20:18Z Thelezifor 15140 1149940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Cicada (Cicada orni) male Babadag.jpg|vignette|''Cicada orni'']] Ny '''''Cicadidae''''' dia iray amin' ny fianakaviana [[jorery]] roa, ao amin' ny renifianakviana ''[[Cicadoidea]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pilaharana [[Auchenorrhyncha]], ao amin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]], izay ahitana karazana miisa 3&nbsp;400 eo ho eo izay mitsinjara amin' ny vondron-karazana mihoatra ny 520 maneran-tany; ahitana ny ankamaroan' ny karazana jorery mbola velona izy io, afa-tsy ny roa ao amin' ny fianakaviana rahavaviny, dia ny ''[[Tettigarctidae]]''. Manana tsingerim-piainana karazana hemimetabôla izy ireo (izany hoe, ny fiofohana farany ihany no tena feno). == Fanasokajiana == Ny ''Cicadidae'' dia iray amin' ny fianakaviana roa ao anatin' ny renifianakaviana ''[[Cicadoidea]]''. Ao amin' ny zana-pilaharana [[Auchenorrhyncha]] io fianakaviana io, ao anatin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]]. === Zana-pianakaviana sy foko === [[Sary:Neotibicen linnei.jpg|vignette|212x212px|''Neotibicen linnei'']] Misy zana-pianakaviana dimy ao amin' ny ''Cicadidae'': ''Cicadettinae'', ''Cicadinae'', ''Derotettiginae'', ''Tettigomyiinae'' ary ''Tibicininae''. Indreto ny foko isaky ny zana-pianakaviana: Cicadettinae <small>Buckton, 1890</small> * Aragualnini <small>Sanborn, 2018</small> * Carinetini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Chlorocystini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Cicadatrini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Cicadettini <small>Buckton, 1890</small> * Katoini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Lamotialnini <small>Boulard, 1976</small> * Nelcyndanini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Pagiphorini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Parnisini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Pictilini <small>Moulds & Hill, 2018</small> * Prasiini <small>Matsumura, 1917</small> * Taphurini <small>Distant, 1905</small> Cicadinae <small>Batsch, 1789</small> * Antankariini <small>Sanborn, 2021</small> * Arenopsaltriini <small>Moulds, 2018</small> * Ayuthiini <small>Moulds, Lee, and Marshall, 2021</small> * Burbungini <small>Moulds, 2005</small> * Cicadini <small>Batsch, 1789</small> * Cicadmalleuini <small>Boulard & Puissant, 2013</small> * Cosmopsaltriini <small>Kato, 1932</small> * Cyclochilini <small>Distant, 1904</small> * Distantadini <small>Orian, 1963</small> * Dundubiini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Durangonini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Fidicinini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Gaeanini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Jassopsaltriini <small>Moulds, 2005</small> * Kimberpsaltriini <small>Moulds, Marshall, and Popple, 2021</small> * Lahugadini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Leptopsaltriini <small>Moulton, 1923</small> * Macrotristriini <small>Moulds, 2018</small> * Oncotympanini <small>Ishihara, 1961</small> * Platypleurini <small>Schmidt, 1918</small> * Plautillini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Polyneurini <small>Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843</small> * Psaltodini <small>Moulds, 2018</small> * Psithyristriini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Sonatini <small>Lee, 2010</small> * Tacuini <small>Distant, 1904</small> (Ny foko ''Cryptotympanini'' <small>Handlirsch, 1925</small> dia lasa zana-ppokon' ny ''Tacuina'' <small>Distant, 1904</small>) * Talcopsaltriini <small>Moulds, 2008</small> * Tamasini <small>Moulds, 2005</small> * Thophini <small>Distant, 1904</small> * Tosenini <small>Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843</small> * Zammarini <small>Distant, 1905</small> Derotettiginae <small>Moulds, 2019</small> <ref name="ref8" /> * Derotettigini <small>Moulds, 2019</small> Tettigomyiinae <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Hovanini <small>Sanborn, Moulds & Marshall, 2020</small> * Iruanini <small>Boulard, 1983</small> * Malagasiini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Tettigomyiini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Ydiellini <small>Boulard, 1973</small> Tibicininae <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Citroriginini <small>Sanborn, 2021</small> * Chilecicadini <small>Sanborn, 2014</small> * Hemidictyini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Platypediini <small>Kato, 1932</small> * Sapantangini <small>Sanborn, Moulds, & Marshall, 2020</small> * Selymbriini <small>Moulds & Marshall, 2018</small> * Tettigadini <small>Distant, 1905</small> * Tibicinini <small>Distant, 1905</small> 5ivtrhzfiw6h0snqveoz6xbzof8ktxw 0 301802 1149937 2026-08-28T20:17:11Z Thelezifor 15140 Fianakaviam-bibikely ao amin' ny filaharana Hemiptera 1149937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:AustralianMuseum cicada specimen 12.JPG|vignette|''Tettigarcta crinita'']] Ny '''''Tettigarctidae''''' dia fianakaviam-bibikely ahitana [[jorery]] tranainy sady sisa tavela (ka ny ankamaroany dia efa lany tamingana), ao amin' ny renifianakviana ''[[Cicadoidea]]'', ao amin' ny zana-pilaharana [[Auchenorrhyncha]], ao amin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]]. Ankoatra ny vondron-karazana maherin' ny 20 izay efa lany tamingana, ny ''Tettigarctidae'' dia ahitana vondron-karazana iray mbola misy ankehitriny, dia ny ''Tettigarcta'', izay ahitana karazana roa mbola velona: ny iray any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Aostralia]] (''Tettigarcta'' ''crinita'') ary ny iray any amin' ny nosy [[Tasmania]] (''Tettigarcta'' ''tomentosa''). Karazana maro hita amin' ny endrika fôsily no efa voafariparitra. Ny karazana ao amin' ny ''Tettigarcta'' no havana akaiky indrindra mbola velona amin' ny ''[[Cicadidae]]''. 03c1hu0yzyanfgrpq9435n2csx9jfe1 0 301803 1149939 2026-08-28T20:18:54Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Jorery]] ho [[Cicadoidea]] i Thelezifor 1149939 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Cicadoidea]] 4bvdqwx72tr34g4q5w9x2tvbaxg6se5 0 301804 1149941 2026-08-28T20:40:36Z Thelezifor 15140 Zana-pilaharana ao anatin' ny filaharana Hemiptera 1149941 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny '''Auchenorrhyncha''' dia zana-pilaharana ao anatin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]], izay ahitana ny ankamaroan' ny karazana mahazatra izay nantsoina hoe "Homoptera" taloha, toy ny ''[[Cicadoidea]]'', ny ''[[Cicadellidae]]'', ny ''[[Membracidae]]'', ny [[Fulgoromorpha]] ary ny ''[[Cercopoidea]]''. Ny ''[[Aphidoidea]]'' sy ny ''[[Coccoidea]]'' kosa no ny karazana "Homoptera" hafa fanta-daza, ary ao anatin' ny zana-pilaharana [[Sternorrhyncha]] izy ireo. Miparitaka manerana izao tontolo izao ny karazana rehetra ao anatin' ity vondrona ity, ka samy mihinana zavamaniry avokoa, ary maro amin' izy ireo no mpitatitra aretina vokatry ny [[Virosy|viriosy]] sy [[holatra]] eo amin' ny zavamaniry. Matetika koa ny karazana bibikely ao amin' ny zana-pilaharana Auchenorrhyncha no mamoaka feo re na hovitrovitra amin' ny zavatra ijoroany mba hifandraisana. Mety ho hovitrovitra tsy ren' ny sofin' olombelona izany, na koa feo mafy toy ny an' ny karazana jorery maro izay re hatrany amin' ny zato metatra mahery any ho any. Rehefa tonga ny vanim-potoanany, dia izy ireo no mamoaka ilay feo tena mampiavaka azy ireo sady re na aiza na aiza. Mizara ho zafim-pilaharana roa io zana-pilahanarana io: [[Cicadomorpha]] sy [[Fulgoromorpha]]. 0uvn5awmx1bahmvsvrd63gexif6p7xe 1149942 1149941 2026-08-28T20:43:42Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanisy sary 1149942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Flickr - ggallice - Wax-tail hopper (1).jpg|vignette|367x367px|''Pterodictya reticularis'' (Fulgoridae)]] Ny '''Auchenorrhyncha''' dia zana-pilaharana ao anatin' ny filaharana [[Hemiptera]], izay ahitana ny ankamaroan' ny karazana mahazatra izay nantsoina hoe "Homoptera" taloha, toy ny ''[[Cicadoidea]]'', ny ''[[Cicadellidae]]'', ny ''[[Membracidae]]'', ny [[Fulgoromorpha]] ary ny ''[[Cercopoidea]]''. Ny ''[[Aphidoidea]]'' sy ny ''[[Coccoidea]]'' kosa no ny karazana "Homoptera" hafa fanta-daza, ary ao anatin' ny zana-pilaharana [[Sternorrhyncha]] izy ireo. Miparitaka manerana izao tontolo izao ny karazana rehetra ao anatin' ity vondrona ity, ka samy mihinana zavamaniry avokoa, ary maro amin' izy ireo no mpitatitra aretina vokatry ny [[Virosy|viriosy]] sy [[holatra]] eo amin' ny zavamaniry. Matetika koa ny karazana bibikely ao amin' ny zana-pilaharana Auchenorrhyncha no mamoaka feo re na hovitrovitra amin' ny zavatra ijoroany mba hifandraisana. Mety ho hovitrovitra tsy ren' ny sofin' olombelona izany, na koa feo mafy toy ny an' ny karazana jorery maro izay re hatrany amin' ny zato metatra mahery any ho any. Rehefa tonga ny vanim-potoanany, dia izy ireo no mamoaka ilay feo tena mampiavaka azy ireo sady re na aiza na aiza. Mizara ho zafim-pilaharana roa io zana-pilahanarana io: [[Cicadomorpha]] sy [[Fulgoromorpha]]. 1ikpfw98gs6fnl2y7l80w87zpgd6fcn 0 301805 1149950 2026-08-29T00:33:08Z Haingo18 39791 Nampidirina lahatsoratra vaovao 1149950 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona dia anisany sampa-mpampianarana lehibe misy eto amin'ny Oniversiten'Antananarivo. Manana lalan-piofanana maro manofana olona ho manam-p<ref>https://fac-flsh.mg/about</ref>ahaizana. pjeolxh2jg0dmwekdsxe1ji537hrnex 1149951 1149950 2026-08-29T00:54:15Z Haingo18 39791 Nanova fehezanteny 1149951 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona ao amin'ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia ivon-toeram-pampianarana ambony lehibe eto Madagasikara. Niorina tamin'ny taona 60 izy ary manofana manam-pahaizana amin’ny sehatry ny Literatiora, Fiteny, Tantara, Jeografia ary Siantsa maha Olona. Ahitana 0kubg2ucqn508lr6aisgqfrroyg74w9 1149952 1149951 2026-08-29T00:56:34Z Haingo18 39791 Nanampy lahatsoratra 1149952 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona ao amin'ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia ivon-toeram-pampianarana ambony lehibe eto Madagasikara. Niorina tamin'ny taona 60 izy ary manofana manam-pahaizana amin’ny sehatry ny Literatiora, Fiteny, Tantara, Jeografia ary Siantsa maha Olona. Ahitana mpianatra maherin’ny 1 400 ny FLSH ankehitriny, izay miparitaka amin’ireo sampam-pianarana samihafa. Manolotra fiofanana hahazoana ny mari-pahaizana Lisantsa sy Masitera koa izy, izay ekena eo amin’ny sehatra nasionaly sy iraisam-pirenena. kh9vhbbbnz8gelb6j75xt66xqigg09z 1149953 1149952 2026-08-29T01:16:39Z Haingo18 39791 Nanampy lahatsoratra 1149953 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona ao amin'ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia ivon-toeram-pampianarana ambony lehibe eto Madagasikara. Niorina tamin'ny taona 60 izy ary manofana manam-pahaizana amin’ny sehatry ny Literatiora, Fiteny, Tantara, Jeografia ary Siantsa maha Olona. Ahitana mpianatra maherin’ny 1 400 ny FLSH ankehitriny, izay miparitaka amin’ireo sampam-pianarana samihafa. Manolotra fiofanana hahazoana ny mari-pahaizana Lisantsa sy Masitera koa izy, izay ekena eo amin’ny sehatra nasionaly sy iraisam-pirenena. Lisitry ny sampam-pianarana ao amin'ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona: •Antropolojia, •Communication, Media, Méditation, Innovation et Développement Local, • Communication,MediasEt Organisation,• École Doctorale,• Etudes Anglophones, • Études Françaises Et Francophone,• Études Germaniques,• Études Malagasy, • Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles,• Langues étrangers,•Geographie, •Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés en Développement,• Philosophie, •Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelles, •Science Du Tourisme. 3rllvxpex4hckmeowugizyp0thkh9ev 1149954 1149953 2026-08-29T01:19:30Z Haingo18 39791 Nampiditra loharano 1149954 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona ao amin'ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia ivon-toeram-pampianarana ambony lehibe eto Madagasikara. Niorina tamin'ny taona 60 izy ary manofana manam-pahaizana amin’ny sehatry ny Literatiora, Fiteny, Tantara, Jeografia ary Siantsa maha Olona. Ahitana mpianatra maherin’ny 1 400 ny FLSH ankehitriny, izay miparitaka amin’ireo sampam-pianarana samihafa. Manolotra fiofanana hahazoana ny mari-pahaizana Lisantsa sy Masitera koa izy, izay ekena eo amin’ny sehatra nasionaly sy iraisam-pirenena. <ref>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</ref>'''Lisitry ny sampam-pianarana ao amin'ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona:''' •Antropolojia, •Communication, Media, Méditation, Innovation et Développement Local, • Communication,MediasEt Organisation,• École Doctorale,• Etudes Anglophones, • Études Françaises Et Francophone,• Études Germaniques,• Études Malagasy, • Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles,• Langues étrangers,•Geographie, •Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés en Développement,• Philosophie, •Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelles, •Science Du Tourisme. bun32y5n9xj0measihwiqykfdl2rnr5 1149955 1149954 2026-08-29T01:25:59Z Haingo18 39791 Nanova endrika 1149955 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona ao amin'ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia ivon-toeram-pampianarana ambony lehibe eto Madagasikara. Niorina tamin'ny taona 60 izy ary manofana manam-pahaizana amin’ny sehatry ny Literatiora, Fiteny, Tantara, Jeografia ary Siantsa maha Olona. Ahitana mpianatra maherin’ny 1 400 ny FLSH ankehitriny, izay miparitaka amin’ireo sampam-pianarana samihafa. Manolotra fiofanana hahazoana ny mari-pahaizana Lisantsa sy Masitera koa izy, izay ekena eo amin’ny sehatra nasionaly sy iraisam-pirenena. = <ref>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</ref>'''Lisitry ny sampam-pianarana ao amin'ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona:''' = <blockquote>•Anthropologie •Communication, Media, Méditation, Innovation et Développement Local • Communication,MediasEt Organisation • École Doctorale,• Etudes Anglophones • Études Françaises Et Francophone • Études Germaniques,• Études Malagasy, • Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles, • Langues étrangers,•Geographie, •Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés en Développement, • Philosophie, •Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelles, •Science Du Tourisme.</blockquote> tuqw7zpax7yyio6yadsqhtqh91jq4yd 1149956 1149955 2026-08-29T01:28:04Z Haingo18 39791 Nanitsy tsipelina 1149956 wikitext text/x-wiki Ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona ao amin'ny oniversiten'Antananarivo dia ivon-toeram-pampianarana ambony lehibe eto Madagasikara. Niorina tamin'ny taona 60 izy ary manofana manam-pahaizana amin’ny sehatry ny Literatiora, Fiteny, Tantara, Jeografia ary Siantsa maha Olona. Ahitana mpianatra maherin’ny 1 400 ny FLSH ankehitriny, izay miparitaka amin’ireo sampam-pianarana samihafa. Manolotra fiofanana hahazoana ny mari-pahaizana Lisantsa sy Masitera koa izy, izay ekena eo amin’ny sehatra nasionaly sy iraisam-pirenena. = <ref>http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/</ref>'''Lisitry ny sampam-pianarana ao amin'ny fakioliten'ny teny aman-tsoratra sy ny siantsan'ny maha olona:''' = <blockquote>•Anthropologie •Communication, Media, Méditation, Innovation et Développement Local • Communication, Medias Et Organisation • École Doctorale • Etudes Anglophones • Études Françaises Et Francophone • Études Germaniques • Études Malagasy • Études Plurilingues Et Interculturelles • Langues étrangers •Géographie •Histoire, Sciences Savoirs Et Sociétés en Développement • Philosophie •Psychologie Sociale Et Interculturelles •Science Du Tourisme</blockquote> ihcgo1wqft5fzn8757bci3jcmmgxdi1 0 301806 1149957 2026-08-29T02:08:48Z ~2026-47067-71 40862 Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « '''Arlyson Gomes Santos''' dia [[mpandraharaha]], [[mpanao gazety]], mpitantana ny raharaham-panjakana, mpanatontosa sarimihetsika, mpandrindra tranonkala, YouTuber taloha ary mpanao politika mizaka ny zom-pirenen’i Brezila, teraka ny 9 Aogositra 2003 tao Bragança. Mpikambana ao amin’ny Partido Missão izy ary filohan’ny Comitê Nacional de Arte Brasileira (CNAB) nanomboka tamin’ny taona 2025 ka hatramin’ny 2026. » 1149957 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arlyson Gomes Santos''' dia [[mpandraharaha]], [[mpanao gazety]], mpitantana ny raharaham-panjakana, mpanatontosa sarimihetsika, mpandrindra tranonkala, YouTuber taloha ary mpanao politika mizaka ny zom-pirenen’i Brezila, teraka ny 9 Aogositra 2003 tao Bragança. Mpikambana ao amin’ny Partido Missão izy ary filohan’ny Comitê Nacional de Arte Brasileira (CNAB) nanomboka tamin’ny taona 2025 ka hatramin’ny 2026. lpgywxhpq1snbi7m3t9bl2zuf3ed1m3 1149958 1149957 2026-08-29T02:15:10Z MBL14 40863 1149958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arlyson Gomes''' dia [[mpandraharaha]], [[mpanao gazety]], mpitantana ny raharaham-panjakana, mpanatontosa sarimihetsika, mpandrindra tranonkala, YouTuber taloha ary mpanao politika mizaka ny zom-pirenen’i Brezila, teraka ny 9 Aogositra 2003 tao Bragança. Mpikambana ao amin’ny Partido Missão izy ary filohan’ny Comitê Nacional de Arte Brasileira (CNAB) nanomboka tamin’ny taona 2025 ka hatramin’ny 2026. {{infobox olona |sary= Arlyson Gomes em 23 de setembro de 2025.jpgo |anarana=Arlyson Gomes |teraka=09 Aogositra 2003 |firenena=Brezil }} tekuvmnps4bjbpo9ygj8jie8pr78scy 1149959 1149958 2026-08-29T02:15:39Z MBL14 40863 /* */ 1149959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arlyson Gomes''' dia [[mpandraharaha]], [[mpanao gazety]], mpitantana ny raharaham-panjakana, mpanatontosa sarimihetsika, mpandrindra tranonkala, YouTuber taloha ary mpanao politika mizaka ny zom-pirenen’i Brezila, teraka ny 9 Aogositra 2003 tao Bragança. Mpikambana ao amin’ny Partido Missão izy ary filohan’ny Comitê Nacional de Arte Brasileira (CNAB) nanomboka tamin’ny taona 2025 ka hatramin’ny 2026. {{infobox olona |sary= Arlyson Gomes em 23 de setembro de 2025.jpgo |anarana=Arlyson Gomes |teraka=09 Aogositra 2003 |firenena=Brezil |image=Arlyson Gomes em 23 de setembro de 2025.jpg}} 52fx82hm8d48l4wxx10jbf2cwalx2f8 0 301807 1149969 2026-08-29T06:48:38Z Thelezifor 15140 Fihodinana 1149969 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA[[Vitsika]] 4yc2fofionffv2t9ymdu59vo90yf5f1 0 301808 1149976 2026-08-29T07:25:47Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Brôntôzôrô]] ho [[Brontosaurus]] i Thelezifor 1149976 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Brontosaurus]] 7ds9uc5jpt7yn7q454pxfixc1qr54vz 0 301809 1149979 2026-08-29T07:29:24Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Pterôdaktila]] ho [[Pterodactylus]] i Thelezifor 1149979 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Pterodactylus]] 456v0c01fs506n5xxaeu5o1uyjybucp 0 301810 1149984 2026-08-29T08:06:03Z Thelezifor 15140 Klady na filaharana ao amin' ny Dinosauria 1149984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Ornithischia montage.jpg|vignette|360x360px|Avy any ambony ka hatrany ambany ary avy any ankavia ka hatrany ankavanana, dia ireo taolam-biby fôsily isan-karazany an' ny dinôzôro ao amin' ny Ornithischia: ''Heterodontosaurus'' (Heterodontosauridae), ''Nipponosaurus'' (Ornithopoda), ''Stegosaurus'' (Stegosauria), ''Borealopelta'' (Ankylosauria), ''Stegoceras'' (Pachycephalosauria), ary ''Triceratops'' (Ceratopsia).]] Ny '''''Ornithischia''''' (izay fantatra ihany koa amin' ny hoe '''''Predentata''''') dia klady na filaharana misy biby efa lany tamingana sady iray amin' ny klady lehibe roa mampivondrona ny [[Dinosauria|dinôzôro]]. I Harry Govier Seeley no nanolotra io fanasokajiana io tamin' ny taona 1887, ary nekena haingana izany. Ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny ''Ornithischia'' sy ny ''[[Saurischia]]'', ilay klady lehibe iray hafa ao amin' ny [[Dinosauria]], dia hita indrindra eo amin' ny taolam-balahany. Ny ''Ornithischia'' dia manana taolam-balahana mitovitovy amin' ny an' ny [[vorona]]; izany hoe, mitodika mankany aoriana ny taolan' ny [[tampom-banja]]<nowiki/>ny. Misy fahasamihafana lehibe hafa koa, indrindra eo amin' ny [[karan-doha]] sy ny endriky ny taolan-tendany. Misy taolana eo amin' ny faritra alohan' ny [[valanorano]], izay ahafahany manetsika ny taolana itsatohan' ny [[nify]] eo amin' ny valanorano ambany. Na izany aza, araka ny teôria eken' ny maro ankehitriny, ny karazam-borona mbola misy ankehitriny dia sokajina ho anisan' ny ''Saurischia'' (dinôzôro manana valahana mitovy amin' ny an' ny androngo), fa tsy anisan' ny ''Ornithischia''. 0prbdxfttjrazjlwkdaqaw2zziy42r1 1149993 1149984 2026-08-29T08:36:45Z Thelezifor 15140 1149993 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Ornithischia montage.jpg|vignette|360x360px|Avy any ambony ka hatrany ambany ary avy any ankavia ka hatrany ankavanana, dia ireo taolam-biby fôsily isan-karazany an' ny dinôzôro ao amin' ny Ornithischia: ''Heterodontosaurus'' (Heterodontosauridae), ''Nipponosaurus'' (Ornithopoda), ''Stegosaurus'' (Stegosauria), ''Borealopelta'' (Ankylosauria), ''Stegoceras'' (Pachycephalosauria), ary ''Triceratops'' (Ceratopsia).]] Ny '''''Ornithischia''''' (izay fantatra ihany koa amin' ny hoe '''''Predentata''''') dia klady na filaharana misy biby efa lany tamingana sady iray amin' ny klady lehibe roa mampivondrona ny [[Dinosauria|dinôzôro]]. I Harry Govier Seeley no nanolotra io fanasokajiana io tamin' ny taona 1887, ary nekena haingana izany. Ny fahasamihafana misy eo amin' ny ''Ornithischia'' sy ny ''[[Saurischia]]'', ilay klady lehibe iray hafa ao amin' ny [[Dinosauria]], dia hita indrindra eo amin' ny taolam-balahany. Ny ''Ornithischia'' dia manana taolam-balahana mitovitovy amin' ny an' ny [[vorona]]; izany hoe, mitodika mankany aoriana ny [[taolan' ny tampom-banja]]<nowiki/>ny. Misy fahasamihafana lehibe hafa koa, indrindra eo amin' ny [[karan-doha]] sy ny endriky ny taolan-tendany. Misy taolana eo amin' ny faritra alohan' ny [[valanorano]], izay ahafahany manetsika ny taolana itsatohan' ny [[nify]] eo amin' ny valanorano ambany. Na izany aza, araka ny teôria eken' ny maro ankehitriny, ny karazam-borona mbola misy ankehitriny dia sokajina ho anisan' ny ''Saurischia'' (dinôzôro manana valahana mitovy amin' ny an' ny androngo), fa tsy anisan' ny ''Ornithischia''. phnsgbqwi8w51rkeg6h02mtxxet8t2m 0 301811 1149986 2026-08-29T08:25:02Z Thelezifor 15140 Taolana ao amin' ny firafitry ny valahana 1149986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Pubis 02 animation.gif|vignette|360x360px|Taolan' ny tampom-banja]] Ny '''tampom-banja''' dia taolana ao amin' ny firafitry ny [[valahana]] na ilay faritra amban' ny [[kibo]] sady eo ambonin' ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]] ivelany. Mifandray eo afovoany ny [[taolana]] roa (havia sy havanana) amin' ny tampom-banja amin' ny alalan' ny [[tonon-taolana]] matanjaka. Izy io dia toerana ifamatoran' ny [[hozatra]] maro ao amin' ny kibo sy ny [[fe]] ary miaro ny [[taova]] ao amin' ny faritry ny valahana (toy ny [[tatavia]] sy ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]]). Manomboka maniry volo ny faritry ny tampom-banja mandritra ny [[fahamaotiana]], vokatry ny asan' ny [[hôrmônina]]. 76q1kpnpbl3oatd4x02ps4zkw62m2po 1149987 1149986 2026-08-29T08:25:51Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Tampom-banja]] ho [[Taolan' ny tampom-banja]] i Thelezifor 1149986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Pubis 02 animation.gif|vignette|360x360px|Taolan' ny tampom-banja]] Ny '''tampom-banja''' dia taolana ao amin' ny firafitry ny [[valahana]] na ilay faritra amban' ny [[kibo]] sady eo ambonin' ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]] ivelany. Mifandray eo afovoany ny [[taolana]] roa (havia sy havanana) amin' ny tampom-banja amin' ny alalan' ny [[tonon-taolana]] matanjaka. Izy io dia toerana ifamatoran' ny [[hozatra]] maro ao amin' ny kibo sy ny [[fe]] ary miaro ny [[taova]] ao amin' ny faritry ny valahana (toy ny [[tatavia]] sy ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]]). Manomboka maniry volo ny faritry ny tampom-banja mandritra ny [[fahamaotiana]], vokatry ny asan' ny [[hôrmônina]]. 76q1kpnpbl3oatd4x02ps4zkw62m2po 1149989 1149987 2026-08-29T08:27:39Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanova anarana 1149989 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Pubis 02 animation.gif|vignette|360x360px|Taolan' ny tampom-banja]] Ny '''taolan' ny tampom-banja''' dia taolana ao amin' ny firafitry ny [[valahana]] eo amban' ny [[kibo]] sady eo ambonin' ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]] ivelany. Mifandray eo afovoany ny [[taolana]] roa (havia sy havanana) amin' ny taolan' ny tampom-banja amin' ny alalan' ny [[tonon-taolana]] matanjaka. Izy io dia toerana ifamatoran' ny [[hozatra]] maro ao amin' ny kibo sy ny [[fe]] ary miaro ny [[taova]] ao amin' ny faritry ny valahana (toy ny [[tatavia]] sy ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]]). Manomboka maniry volo ny hoditra amin' ny faritry ny tampom-banja mandritra ny [[fahamaotiana]], vokatry ny asan' ny [[hôrmônina]]. eqtzd8c3px5q2ms7uqok6mo0kk7svht 1149990 1149989 2026-08-29T08:28:05Z Thelezifor 15140 1149990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Pubis 02 animation.gif|vignette|360x360px|Taolan' ny tampom-banja]] Ny '''taolan' ny tampom-banja''' dia taolana ao amin' ny firafitry ny [[valahana]] eo amban' ny [[kibo]] sady eo ambonin' ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]] ivelany. Mifandray eo afovoany ny [[taolana]] roa (havia sy havanana) amin' ny taolan' ny tampom-banja amin' ny alalan' ny [[tonon-taolana]] matanjaka. Izy io dia toerana ifamatoran' ny [[hozatra]] maro ao amin' ny kibo sy ny [[fe]] ary miaro ny [[taova]] ao amin' ny faritry ny valahana (toy ny [[tatavia]] sy ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]]). Manomboka maniry volo ny hoditra amin' ny faritry ny [[tampom-banja]] mandritra ny [[fahamaotiana]], vokatry ny asan' ny [[hôrmônina]]. hcio9s3iagu6vhhol4b2p2epby2gpnh 0 301812 1149988 2026-08-29T08:25:51Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Tampom-banja]] ho [[Taolan' ny tampom-banja]] i Thelezifor 1149988 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Taolan' ny tampom-banja]] 3hza0b0fxv33axlu7yhqnl074shgqu8 1149991 1149988 2026-08-29T08:33:33Z Thelezifor 15140 Faritra somary mivohitra eo anelanelan' ny kibo sy ny taovam-pananahan' ny olombelona 1149991 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Poolside anterior view of mons pubis.jpg|vignette|Tampom-banja]] Ny '''tampom-banja''' dia faritra misy [[hoditra]] sy somary mivohitra eo anelanelan' ny [[kibo]] sy ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]] ivelany. Voaforon' ny [[tambatsela]] matavy izy io, ary manomboka maniry eo aminy ny volo rehefa tonga amin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny [[fahamaotiana]] ny olona iray. q0dkidy9p7ig93fle6e4sbzzom2axho 1149992 1149991 2026-08-29T08:34:21Z Thelezifor 15140 Jereo koa 1149992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Poolside anterior view of mons pubis.jpg|vignette|Tampom-banja|362x362px]] Ny '''tampom-banja''' dia faritra misy [[hoditra]] sy somary mivohitra eo anelanelan' ny [[kibo]] sy ny [[Fitaovam-pananahana|taovam-pananahana]] ivelany. Voaforon' ny [[tambatsela]] matavy izy io, ary manomboka maniry eo aminy ny volo rehefa tonga amin' ny vanim-potoanan' ny [[fahamaotiana]] ny olona iray. == Jereo koa == * [[Taolan' ny tampom-banja]] 7wlm8skdbsh73v9q9o5k2d23hprmjv3 0 301813 1149994 2026-08-29T08:58:19Z Thelezifor 15140 Filaharana na klady lehibe mandrafitra ny Dinosauria 1149994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Saurischia.jpg|vignette|370x370px|Avy any ambony ka hatrany ambany ary avy any ankavia miankavanana: taolana karazana dinôzôro samihafa ao amin' ny ''Saurischia'' : ''Herrerasaurus'' (Herrerasauridae), ''Eodromaeus'', ''Pelecanus occidentali''s, ''Tyrannosaurus'' (karazana ''Theropoda'' telo), ''Apatosaurus'', ary ''Plateosaurus'' (karazana Sauropodomorpha roa).]] Ny '''''Saurischia''''' dia iray amin' ny filaharana na klady lehibe roa mandrafitra ny ''[[Dinosauria]]''. ny faharoa dia ny ''[[Ornithischia]]''. Nipoitra nandritra ny vanim-potoana Triasika Afovoany izy ireo, tokony ho 240 tapitrisa taona lasa izay, ary saika nanjavona tanteraka nandritra ny fisehoan-javatra niteraka fandripahana faobe teo amin' ny fihaonan' ny vanim-potoana Kretasea sy Paleôsena, izay nanamarika ny fiafaran' ny vanim-potoana Mezôzôika 66 tapitrisa taona lasa izay. Ny hoe ''Saurischia'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] hoe σαῦρος / ''saûros'', izay midika hoe "[[Reptilia|biby mandady]]", sy ἴσχιον / ''iskhíon'' izay manondro ny taolan' ny valahana ifandraisan' ny [[taolam-pe]] sy ny [[taola-maoja]]. Atao hoe '''''Pachypoda''''' sy '''''Pachypodes''''' koa izy ireo. Ny [[vorona]] ihany, izay taranaky ny karazam-biby madinika tao amin' ny Saurischia niaina tamin' ny faramparan' ny vanim-potoana Jiorasika, no tafavoaka velona tamin' io faharipahana io. Niparitaka haingana eran' ny kôntinanta rehetra nanomboka tamin' ny fiandohan' ny vanim-potoana Jiorasika ny ''Saurischia'', izay anisan' ny [[biby manana hazondamosina]] manana endrika sy karazany samihafa indrindra, ary mbola hita any amin' ireo toerana ireo ihany koa ankehitriny amin' ny alalan' ny vorona. cp194z7i6xht09gidhcdkeifpjgjisf 0 301814 1149995 2026-08-29T09:08:10Z Thelezifor 15140 Taolana ao amin' ny fe 1149995 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Femur - anterior view2.png|vignette|356x356px|Taolam-pe (nolokoana mena)]] Ny '''taolam-pe''' dia [[taolana]] lava mamorona ny karan' ny [[fe]], izay ampahany ambony amin' ny [[rantsam-batana ambany]]. Io no taolana lava indrindra sy mavesatra indrindra ary mafy indrindra ao amin' ny [[Vatan' olombelona|vatan']] [[Vatan' olombelona|olombelona]] (raha jerena ny fahafahany mahatanty ny hery mihatra aminy, toy ny fihenjanan' ny [[hozatra]] sns). Ho an' ny olon-dehibe, matetika dia eo anelanelan' ny 40 sy 45 sm ny halavany, arakaraka ny refin' ny olona sy ny maha [[Lehilahy|lahy]] na maha [[Vehivavy|vavy]] azy. Mahatratra eo amin' ny 25 % amin' ny haavon' ny [[tena]]<nowiki/>n' ny olombelona manontolo izany. shcfdhn6pv4lytgcsr3uji534xrimrv 1150000 1149995 2026-08-29T10:27:11Z Thelezifor 15140 1150000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Femur - anterior view2.png|vignette|356x356px|Taolam-pe (nolokoana mena)]] Ny '''taolam-pe''' dia [[taolana]] lava mamorona ny karan' ny [[fe]], izay ampahany ambony amin' ny [[rantsam-batana ambany]]. Io no taolana lava indrindra sy mavesatra indrindra ary mafy indrindra ao amin' ny [[tenan' olombelona]] (raha jerena ny fahafahany mahatanty ny hery mihatra aminy, toy ny fihenjanan' ny [[hozatra]] sns). Ho an' ny olon-dehibe, matetika dia eo anelanelan' ny 40 sy 45 sm ny halavany, arakaraka ny refin' ny olona sy ny maha [[Lehilahy|lahy]] na maha [[Vehivavy|vavy]] azy. Mahatratra eo amin' ny 25 % amin' ny haavon' ny [[tena]]<nowiki/>n' ny olombelona manontolo izany. 80lsykf3psw0681xqyqkdk5wip8tbck 0 301815 1149996 2026-08-29T10:13:30Z Thelezifor 15140 Rantsam-batana ampiasaina amin' ny fijoroana sy ny fivezivezena 1149996 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Human leg bones labeled.svg|vignette|Taolan' ny rantsam-batana ambany]] Ny '''rantsam-batana ambany''' amin' ny [[olombelona]] dia ny [[rantsam-batana]] roa ampiasaina amin' ny fihetsehana sy ny fivezivezena, ary hita eo amin' ny tapany ambany amin' ny tenan' ny olombelona. Ny tena anjara asany dia ny mitondra ny lanjan' ny tena manontolo sy ahafahana mandeha sy mihazakazaka ary mitsambikina. Ny [[Karana (taolana)|karana]] mandrafitra ny rantsam-batana ambany tsirairay dia zaraina ho faritra lehibe efatra miavaka, manomboka any ambony ka hatrany ambany: ny [[valahana]], ny [[fe]], ny [[ranjo]] ary ny [[tongotra]] (faritra ambany indrindra). == Fizaràn' ny rantsam-batana ambany == === Valahana === Mampifandray ny rantsambatana ambany amin' ny vatana ny valahana sady mampita ny lanjan' ny tena manontolo mankany amin' ny [[ranjo]]. Ny taolana lehibe indrindra ao aminy dia ny [[ila taola-maoja]] (izay fitambaran' ny taolana telo, anisany ny [[taolan' ny tampom-banja]]) havia sy havanana. === Fe === Ny fe dia ilay faritra eo anelanelan' ny [[valahana]] sy ny [[lohalika]]. Ao no ahitana ny taolana lava indrindra sy mavesatra indrindra, sady matanjaka indrindra ao amin' ny tenan' olombelona. === Ranjo === Ny ranjo dia ny faritra eo anelanelan' ny [[lohalika]] sy ny [[kitrokely]]. Ireto avy ny taolana ao aminy: ny [[taolan-dranjo]] no taolana lehibe ao aminy (taolana ao anatiny izay mitondra ny lanjan' ny vatana sady tena mafy). Ny lohalika no mampitohy io faritra io amin' ny [[fe]], ary ahitana taolana kely mihetsiketsika eo anoloany antsoina hoe [[ampelandohalika]] (na [[taolan-dohalika]]). === Tongotra === Ny [[tongotra]] dia ampahany farany ambany amin' ny rantsam-batana ambany izay saro-drafitra, natao hanalefaka ny dona na ny fitontonana sy hanosika ny tenan' ny olombelona handroso. Mizara ho vondrona taolana telo izy io: ny [[taolan-katotongotra]] (fitambarana taolana 7 matanjaka) sy ny [[lahatongotra]] (fitambarana taolana 5) ary ny [[vanin-drantsana]] (fitambarana taolana 14). h3u1jy0hvidv0lmdf58rvkegjn9oz4x 1149997 1149996 2026-08-29T10:16:59Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Rantsam-batana ambany]] ho [[Rantsam-batana ambany (amin' ny olombelona)]] i Thelezifor 1149996 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Human leg bones labeled.svg|vignette|Taolan' ny rantsam-batana ambany]] Ny '''rantsam-batana ambany''' amin' ny [[olombelona]] dia ny [[rantsam-batana]] roa ampiasaina amin' ny fihetsehana sy ny fivezivezena, ary hita eo amin' ny tapany ambany amin' ny tenan' ny olombelona. Ny tena anjara asany dia ny mitondra ny lanjan' ny tena manontolo sy ahafahana mandeha sy mihazakazaka ary mitsambikina. Ny [[Karana (taolana)|karana]] mandrafitra ny rantsam-batana ambany tsirairay dia zaraina ho faritra lehibe efatra miavaka, manomboka any ambony ka hatrany ambany: ny [[valahana]], ny [[fe]], ny [[ranjo]] ary ny [[tongotra]] (faritra ambany indrindra). == Fizaràn' ny rantsam-batana ambany == === Valahana === Mampifandray ny rantsambatana ambany amin' ny vatana ny valahana sady mampita ny lanjan' ny tena manontolo mankany amin' ny [[ranjo]]. Ny taolana lehibe indrindra ao aminy dia ny [[ila taola-maoja]] (izay fitambaran' ny taolana telo, anisany ny [[taolan' ny tampom-banja]]) havia sy havanana. === Fe === Ny fe dia ilay faritra eo anelanelan' ny [[valahana]] sy ny [[lohalika]]. Ao no ahitana ny taolana lava indrindra sy mavesatra indrindra, sady matanjaka indrindra ao amin' ny tenan' olombelona. === Ranjo === Ny ranjo dia ny faritra eo anelanelan' ny [[lohalika]] sy ny [[kitrokely]]. Ireto avy ny taolana ao aminy: ny [[taolan-dranjo]] no taolana lehibe ao aminy (taolana ao anatiny izay mitondra ny lanjan' ny vatana sady tena mafy). Ny lohalika no mampitohy io faritra io amin' ny [[fe]], ary ahitana taolana kely mihetsiketsika eo anoloany antsoina hoe [[ampelandohalika]] (na [[taolan-dohalika]]). === Tongotra === Ny [[tongotra]] dia ampahany farany ambany amin' ny rantsam-batana ambany izay saro-drafitra, natao hanalefaka ny dona na ny fitontonana sy hanosika ny tenan' ny olombelona handroso. Mizara ho vondrona taolana telo izy io: ny [[taolan-katotongotra]] (fitambarana taolana 7 matanjaka) sy ny [[lahatongotra]] (fitambarana taolana 5) ary ny [[vanin-drantsana]] (fitambarana taolana 14). h3u1jy0hvidv0lmdf58rvkegjn9oz4x 0 301816 1149998 2026-08-29T10:16:59Z Thelezifor 15140 nanova ny anaran'i [[Rantsam-batana ambany]] ho [[Rantsam-batana ambany (amin' ny olombelona)]] i Thelezifor 1149998 wikitext text/x-wiki #FIHODINANA [[Rantsam-batana ambany (amin' ny olombelona)]] tjv4swqw9pfc53yryhqnkthxv9p4k3i 0 301817 1150002 2026-08-29T10:48:43Z Thelezifor 15140 Ampahany azo tsapain-tanana maha olombelona ny olombelona 1150002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Anatomical Male Figure Showing Heart, Lungs, and Main Arteries.jpg|vignette|464x464px|Sary maneho ny tenan' ny [[lehilahy]] mampiseho ny [[fo]] sy ny [[havokavoka]] ary ny lalan-dra lehibe]] Ny '''tenan' olombelona''' dia rafitra manontolo izay ampahany azo tsapain-tanana maha olombelona ny olombelona, ahitana karazan-t[[sela]] maro izay voalamina ho [[tambatsela]], [[taova]], ary [[Fitaovana (biôlôjia)|rafi-taova]] (na fitaovana) izay miasa mirindra tsara. Izany no ahafahan' ny [[olombelona]] mifindra toerana, misakafo, misefo, mahatsapa ny tontolo manodidina azy, miteraka, ary mitazona ny fifandanjana ao anatiny. Ny tenan' olombelona dia manana ny lanjany ara-kolontsaina. Ahitana rafitra maro samihafa izy io (toy ny [[rafi-pitatitra]], ny [[rafi-pandevonan-kanina]], sns.), ary ahitana [[taolana]] miisa 206 sy [[hozatra]] miisa 639, ka ny 570 amin' ireo hozatra ireo dia hozatry ny taolana. Ny siansa sy ny fomba fiasa mikendry ny hamaritra ny firafitra sy ny fiasan' ny tenan' ny olombelona (anatômian' ny olombelona) dia sampana iray manokana ao amin' ny [[siansan' ny fitsaboana]]. aqqzut0w4alblucvlpimhuwybrvw8fu 0 301818 1150006 2026-08-29T11:35:28Z IrmaA2 39594 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500561|Avoidant personality disorder]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Avoidant personality disorder|synonym=Anxious personality disorder|image=Loneliness in a Crowd.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Sadness, depression, and loneliness in a crowd.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Excessive fear of [[social rejection]], feelings of inadequacy<ref name=DSM5/><ref name=WHO1992/>|onset=By early adulthood<ref name=DSM5/>|duration=Long term<ref name=Stat2020/>|causes=|risks=[[Genealogy|Family history]], [[Child neglect|childhood emotional neglect]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|diagnosis=|differential=[[Anxiety]] (including [[social phobia]]), [[schizoid personality disorder]], [[dependent personality disorder]]<ref name=Stat2020/><ref name=DSM5/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[interpersonal therapy]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=2%<ref name=Stat2020/>|deaths=}}{{Personality disorders sidebar}} '''Ny fikorontanan'ny toetra misoroka''' ( '''AvPD''' ) dia fikorontanan'ny toetra miavaka amin'ny tahotra maharitra ny fandavana ara-tsosialy sy ny fahatsapana ho tsy mahay.<ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book||title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/672 672-675]|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/234}}</ref><ref name="WHO1992">{{Cite book|title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders|date=1992|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf#155|access-date=2020-10-04|archive-date=2016-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618131606/http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf#155|url-status=live}}</ref> Izany dia miteraka fisorohana mavitrika ny fifandraisana eo amin'ny samy olona na any am-piasana na any amin'ny fiaraha-monina.<ref name="DSM5" /> Efa misy ireo soritr'aretina amin'ny fiandohan'ny fahamatorana farafahatarany.<ref name="DSM5" /> Mety ahitana ny fahaketrahana, ny fampiasana zava-mahadomelina, ary ny fikorontanan'ny fihinanana ny aretina mifandraika amin'izany.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Fariba|first=K|last2=Sapra|first2=A|title=Avoidant Personality Disorder|date=January 2020|pmid=32644751|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza [[Tetiarana|ny tantaram-pianakaviana]] sy ny tsy firaharahiana ara-pihetseham-po nandritra ny fahazazana.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ny famaritana ny aretina dia mitaky ny fisian'ny soritr'aretina izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny fiasan'ny vatana sy ny fiheverana ny fenitra ara-kolontsaina sy ara-poko.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="DSM5" /> Aretin'ny toetra cluster C izy io.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Misy mihevitra azy io ho endrika mafy amin'ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby ara-tsosialy.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Mety ahitana fitsaboana ara-tsaina sy fitondran-tena na fitsaboana eo amin'ny samy olona ny fitsaboana.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Mihatsara ao anatin'ny 10 taona eo ho eo ny antsasaky ny olona.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Manodidina ny 2%-n'ny olona no voakasik'izany.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Toa mitovy matetika ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Nampidirina tao amin'ny DSM III tamin'ny taona 1980 izany.<ref name="Stat2020" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] kvw4numrv1toffiirfx997qgaick1vx 0 301819 1150007 2026-08-29T11:37:25Z Nantesa 40448 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503124|Lorazepam]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug}} '''Lorazepam''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Ativan''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody benzodiazepine.<ref name="AHSP2016">{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lorazepam.html|website=drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 July 2016|date=June 29, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605073500/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/lorazepam.html|archive-date=5 June 2016|df=}}</ref> Ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin'ny tebiteby, [[Mahita tory|ny olana amin'ny torimaso]], ny fikorontanan'ny saina, anisan'izany ny status epilepticus, ny fisintahana amin'ny alikaola, ary ny maloiloy sy mandoa vokatry ny chimiothérapie.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Ampiasaina mandritra ny fandidiana ihany koa izy io mba hanelingelina ny famoronana fahatsiarovana sy hampitoniana ireo izay ampidirana rivotra amin'ny alalan'ny milina.<ref name="AHSP2016" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam: MedlinePlus Drug Information|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682053.html#why|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=16 July 2016|date=1 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819014154/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682053.html#why|archive-date=19 August 2016|df=}}</ref> Na dia azo ampiasaina amin'ny fikororohana mafy aza izy io, dia matetika no aleo kokoa ny midazolam.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Ampiasaina ihany koa izy io, miaraka amin'ny fitsaboana hafa, ho an'ny aretin'ny fo vokatry ny fampiasana [[kôkainina]].<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Azo omena am-bava na tsindrona amin'ny hozatra na lalan-drà izany.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Rehefa omena amin'ny alalan'ny tsindrona dia eo anelanelan'ny iray sy telopolo minitra ny fiatombohan'ny vokany ary maharitra hatramin'ny iray andro ny vokany.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahalemena, ny fahatsapana ho rendremana, ny tosidra ambany, ary ny fihenan'ny fiezahana miaina.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Rehefa ampidirina amin'ny lalan-drà ilay olona dia tokony ho arahi-maso akaiky.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Mety hitombo ny mety hisian'ny [[famonoan-tena]] eo amin'ireo izay [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ketraka]].<ref name="AHSP2016" /><ref name="Doc2017">{{Cite journal|last=Dodds|first=Tyler J.|date=2017-03-02|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|issn=2155-7780|pmid=28257172}}</ref> Raha ampiasaina maharitra, mety ilaina ny fatra lehibe kokoa mba hahazoana vokatra mitovy.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Mety hitranga ihany koa ny fiankinan -doha ara-batana sy ara-tsaina.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Raha ajanona tampoka aorian'ny fampiasana maharitra, dia mety hitranga ny "benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome".<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Matetika kokoa ny zokiolona no mahatsapa voka-dratsy.<ref name="Riss-2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S|title=Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics|journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica|volume=118|issue=2|pages=69–86|year=2008|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x|pmid=18384456}}</ref> Amin'ity sokajin-taona ity, ny lorazepam dia mifandray amin'ny fianjerana sy ny tapaka amin'ny andilana.<ref name="Mets-2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mets MA, Volkerts ER, Olivier B, Verster JC|title=Effect of hypnotic drugs on body balance and standing steadiness|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|year=2010|volume=14|issue=4|pages=259–267|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.008|pmid=20171127}}</ref> Noho ireo ahiahy ireo, ny fampiasana lorazepam dia matetika atolotra mandritra ny roa ka hatramin'ny efatra herinandro ihany.<ref name="Altrx2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/017794s034s035lbl.pdf|title=Ativan (lorazepam) Tablets Rx only|date=March 2007|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|quote=In general, benzodiazepines should be prescribed for short periods only (e.g. 2–4 weeks). Extension of the treatment period should not take place without reevaluation of the need for continued therapy. Continuous long-term use of product is not recommended.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917064143/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/017794s034s035lbl.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-17|df=}}</ref> Azo antoka tsara ho an'ny zaza ny fampiasana azy mandritra ny fampinonoana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/lorazepam.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 September 2021|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812163847/https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/lorazepam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nahazo patanty voalohany ny Lorazepam tamin'ny 1963 ary namidy tany Etazonia tamin'ny 1977.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shorter|first=Edward|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-029201-0|chapter=B|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328043221/https://books.google.com/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|archive-date=2017-03-28}}</ref> Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Eo anelanelan'ny 0.02 sy 0.21 dolara amerikana eo ho eo ny vidin'ny fanafody 1 mg avoaka amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] tamin'ny taona 2015.<ref name="MSH">{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=483&searchYear=2015|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503173719/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=483&searchYear=2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Io vola io any Royaume-Uni dia mitentina eo amin'ny £0.14 eo ho eo ho an'ny NHS.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=336|edition=76}}</ref> Any Etazonia, tamin'ny taona 2015, latsaky ny 25 dolara amerikana ny famatsiana isam-bolana.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=437}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-60 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny roa ambin'ny folo tapitrisa.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lorazepam|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412004606/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lorazepam|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8hkfld8bq3l3pcktphsiqs9br8rk71b 0 301820 1150009 2026-08-29T11:41:49Z Manirisoa22 39786 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1462090|Ulcerative colitis]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Ulcerative colitis|synonym=|image=UC granularity.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Colonoscopy|Endoscopic]] image of a colon affected by ulcerative colitis. The internal surface of the colon is blotchy and broken in places. Mild-moderate disease.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Gastroenterology]]|symptoms=[[Abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]] mixed with [[blood]], [[weight loss]], [[fever]], [[anemia]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|onset=15–30 years or > 60 years<ref name=NIH2014/>|duration=Long term<ref name=NIH2014/>|causes=Unknown<ref name=NIH2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Colonoscopy]] with [[tissue biopsies]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|differential=[[Dysentery]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[ischemic colitis]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Runge|first1=Marschall S.|last2=Greganti|first2=M. Andrew|title=Netter's Internal Medicine E-Book|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781437727722|page=428|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiIPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA428|language=en|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827171209/https://books.google.com/books?id=hiIPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA428|url-status=live}}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=Dietary changes, medication, surgery<ref name=NIH2014/>|medication=[[Sulfasalazine]], [[mesalazine]], [[corticosteroids|steroids]], [[immunosuppressants]] such as [[azathioprine]], [[Biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease|biological therapy]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|prognosis=|frequency=Up to 5 per 1000 people<ref name=Molodecky>{{cite journal | vauthors = Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Barkema HW, Kaplan GG | title = Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 142 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–54.e42; quiz e30 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22001864 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001 }}</ref>|deaths=47,400 together with Crohn's (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref>}}'''Ny kolitika mampivalana''' ( '''UC''' ) dia aretina maharitra izay miteraka fivontosana sy fery amin'ny tsinaibe sy ny lava-pitombenana.<ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web|title=Ulcerative Colitis|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ulcerative-colitis/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDK|access-date=3 August 2016|date=September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728002512/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ulcerative-colitis/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=28 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="BMJ2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Hanauer SB|s2cid=14778938|title=Ulcerative colitis|journal=BMJ|volume=346|pages=f432|date=February 2013|pmid=23386404|doi=10.1136/bmj.f432}}</ref> Ny soritr'aretina voalohany amin'ny aretina mavitrika dia ny fanaintainan'ny kibo sy [[Piriritra|ny aretim-pivalanana]] mifangaro amin'ny [[ra]].<ref name="NIH2014" /> Mety hitranga ihany koa ny fihenan-danja, [[Tazo|ny tazo]] ary ny tsy fahampian-dra.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Matetika, miadana ny fisehoan'ny soritr'aretina ary mety miovaova arakaraka ny anton'ny aretina, manomboka amin'ny malemy ka hatramin'ny mafy.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Matetika mitranga tsy tapaka ireo soritr'aretina miaraka amin'ny fotoana tsy misy soritr'aretina eo anelanelan'ny fipoahan'ny aretina.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny megacolon, ny fivontosan'ny maso, ny tonon-taolana, na ny aty, ary ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref name="Wan2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wanderås MH, Moum BA, Høivik ML, Hovde Ø|title=Predictive factors for a severe clinical course in ulcerative colitis: Results from population-based studies|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=7|issue=2|pages=235–41|date=May 2016|pmid=27158539|pmc=4848246|doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.235}}</ref> Tsy fantatra ny antony.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Ny teoria dia mahakasika ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny hery fiarovana, ny fototarazo, ny fiovan'ny bakteria ara-dalàna ao amin'ny tsinay, ary ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref name="Hir2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Akiho H, Yokoyama A, Abe S, Nakazono Y, Murakami M, Otsuka Y, Fukawa K, Esaki M, Niina Y, Ogino H|title=Promising biological therapies for ulcerative colitis: A review of the literature|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology|volume=6|issue=4|pages=219–27|date=November 2015|pmid=26600980|pmc=4644886|doi=10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.219}}</ref> Avo kokoa ny tahan'ny aretina any amin'ny firenena mandroso, ary misy milaza fa vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fihanaky ny aretina amin'ny tsinay izany, na ny sakafo sy ny fomba fiaina tandrefana.<ref name="BMJ2013" /><ref name="NEJM2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Danese S, Fiocchi C|title=Ulcerative colitis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=365|issue=18|pages=1713–25|date=November 2011|pmid=22047562|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1102942}}</ref> Mety ho fiarovana ny fanesorana ny appendice amin'ny fahazazana.<ref name="NEJM2011" /> Matetika ny diagnostika dia amin'ny alalan'ny colonoscopy miaraka amin'ny biopsie amin'ny sela.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Karazana aretin'ny tsinay mamaivay (IBD) miaraka amin'ny [[aretin'i Crohn]] sy ny kolitika mikroskopika izy io.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Mety hanatsara ny soritr'aretina ny fanovana ny sakafo, toy ny fihinanana sakafo be kaloria na sakafo tsy misy laktose.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Fanafody maromaro no ampiasaina hitsaboana ireo soritr'aretina sy hitondrana ary hihazonana ny fahasitranana, anisan'izany ny aminosalicylates toy ny mesalazine na sulfasalazine, steroïde, immunosuppressants toy ny azathioprine, ary fitsaboana biolojika.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Mety ilaina ny fanesorana ny tsinaibe amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana raha toa ka mafy ny aretina, tsy mahomby amin'ny fitsaboana, na raha misy fahasarotana toy ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Ny fanesorana ny tsinaibe sy ny lava-pitombenana amin'ny ankapobeny dia manasitrana ny aretina.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref name="NEJM2011" /> Miaraka amin'ny aretin'i Crohn, olona 11.2 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voakasik'izany {{as of|2015|lc=yes}} <ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Isan-taona dia mitranga eo amin'ny 1 ka hatramin'ny 20 isaky ny olona 100.000 izany, ary 5 ka hatramin'ny 500 isaky ny olona 100.000 no voakasik'izany.<ref name="BMJ2013" /><ref name="NEJM2011" /> Fahita kokoa any Amerika Avaratra sy Eoropa ity aretina ity raha oharina amin'ny faritra hafa.<ref name="NEJM2011" /> Matetika izy io dia manomboka amin'ny olona 15 ka hatramin'ny 30 taona, na eo amin'ireo mihoatra ny 60 taona <ref name="NIH2014" /> Toa mitovy ny tahan'ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.<ref name="BMJ2013" /> Niha-mahazatra kokoa ihany koa izany nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1950.<ref name="BMJ2013" /><ref name="NEJM2011" /> Miaraka, ny colitis ulcerative sy ny aretin'i Crohn dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny olona iray tapitrisa eo ho eo any Etazonia.<ref name="Elsevier Health Sciences">{{Cite book|last=Adams|first=James G.|title=Emergency Medicine E-Book: Clinical Essentials (Expert Consult – Online)|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455733941|page=304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PA304|language=en|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316062011/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PA304|url-status=live}}</ref> Raha voatsabo tsara dia mitovy amin'ny an'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny ny mety hisian'ny fahafatesana.<ref name="Wan2016" /> Ny famaritana voalohany ny kolitika mampivaivay dia nitranga tamin'ny taona 1850 teo ho eo.<ref name="NEJM2011" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] e9tpx3s1clfqxwqv65jvmx8xmc947gr 1150018 1150009 2026-08-29T11:53:40Z Manirisoa22 39786 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1462090|Ulcerative colitis]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Ulcerative colitis|synonym=|image=UC granularity.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Colonoscopy|Endoscopic]] image of a colon affected by ulcerative colitis. The internal surface of the colon is blotchy and broken in places. Mild-moderate disease.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Gastroenterology]]|symptoms=[[Abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]] mixed with [[blood]], [[weight loss]], [[fever]], [[anemia]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|onset=15–30 years or > 60 years<ref name=NIH2014/>|duration=Long term<ref name=NIH2014/>|causes=Unknown<ref name=NIH2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Colonoscopy]] with [[tissue biopsies]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|differential=[[Dysentery]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[ischemic colitis]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Runge|first1=Marschall S.|last2=Greganti|first2=M. Andrew|title=Netter's Internal Medicine E-Book|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781437727722|page=428|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiIPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA428|language=en|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827171209/https://books.google.com/books?id=hiIPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA428|url-status=live}}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=Dietary changes, medication, surgery<ref name=NIH2014/>|medication=[[Sulfasalazine]], [[mesalazine]], [[corticosteroids|steroids]], [[immunosuppressants]] such as [[azathioprine]], [[Biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease|biological therapy]]<ref name=NIH2014/>|prognosis=|frequency=Up to 5 per 1000 people<ref name=Molodecky>{{cite journal | vauthors = Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Barkema HW, Kaplan GG | title = Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 142 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–54.e42; quiz e30 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22001864 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001 }}</ref>|deaths=47,400 together with Crohn's (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref>}}'''Ny kolitika mampivalana''' ( '''UC''' ) dia aretina maharitra izay miteraka fivontosana sy fery amin'ny tsinaibe sy ny lava-pitombenana.<ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web|title=Ulcerative Colitis|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ulcerative-colitis/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDK|access-date=3 August 2016|date=September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728002512/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ulcerative-colitis/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=28 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="BMJ2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Hanauer SB|s2cid=14778938|title=Ulcerative colitis|journal=BMJ|volume=346|pages=f432|date=February 2013|pmid=23386404|doi=10.1136/bmj.f432}}</ref> Ny soritr'aretina voalohany amin'ny aretina dia ny fanaintainan'ny kibo sy [[Piriritra|ny aretim-pivalanana]] mifangaro amin'ny [[ra]].<ref name="NIH2014" /> Mety hitranga ihany koa ny fihenan-danja, [[Tazo|ny tazo]] ary ny tsy fahampian-dra.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Matetika, miadana ny fisehoan'ny soritr'aretina ary mety miovaova arakaraka ny anton'ny aretina, manomboka amin'ny malemy ka hatramin'ny mafy.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Matetika mitranga tsy tapaka ireo soritr'aretina miaraka amin'ny fotoana tsy misy soritr'aretina eo anelanelan'ny fipoahan'ny aretina.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny megacolon, ny fivontosan'ny maso, ny tonon-taolana, na ny aty, ary ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref name="Wan2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wanderås MH, Moum BA, Høivik ML, Hovde Ø|title=Predictive factors for a severe clinical course in ulcerative colitis: Results from population-based studies|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=7|issue=2|pages=235–41|date=May 2016|pmid=27158539|pmc=4848246|doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.235}}</ref> Tsy fantatra ny antony.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Ny teoria dia mahakasika ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny hery fiarovana, ny fototarazo, ny fiovan'ny bakteria ara-dalàna ao amin'ny tsinay, ary ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref name="Hir2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Akiho H, Yokoyama A, Abe S, Nakazono Y, Murakami M, Otsuka Y, Fukawa K, Esaki M, Niina Y, Ogino H|title=Promising biological therapies for ulcerative colitis: A review of the literature|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology|volume=6|issue=4|pages=219–27|date=November 2015|pmid=26600980|pmc=4644886|doi=10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.219}}</ref> Avo kokoa ny tahan'ny aretina any amin'ny firenena mandroso, ary misy milaza fa vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fihanaky ny aretina amin'ny tsinay izany, na ny sakafo sy ny fomba fiaina tandrefana.<ref name="BMJ2013" /><ref name="NEJM2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Danese S, Fiocchi C|title=Ulcerative colitis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=365|issue=18|pages=1713–25|date=November 2011|pmid=22047562|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1102942}}</ref> Mety ho fiarovana ny fanesorana ny appendice amin'ny fahazazana.<ref name="NEJM2011" /> Matetika ny diagnostika dia amin'ny alalan'ny colonoscopy miaraka amin'ny biopsie amin'ny sela.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Karazana aretin'ny tsinay mamaivay (IBD) miaraka amin'ny [[aretin'i Crohn]] sy ny kolitika mikroskopika izy io.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Mety hanatsara ny soritr'aretina ny fanovana ny sakafo, toy ny fihinanana sakafo be kaloria na sakafo tsy misy laktose.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Fanafody maromaro no ampiasaina hitsaboana ireo soritr'aretina sy hitondrana ary hihazonana ny fahasitranana, anisan'izany ny aminosalicylates toy ny mesalazine na sulfasalazine, steroïde, immunosuppressants toy ny azathioprine, ary fitsaboana biolojika.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Mety ilaina ny fanesorana ny tsinaibe amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana raha toa ka mafy ny aretina, tsy mahomby amin'ny fitsaboana, na raha misy fahasarotana toy ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe.<ref name="NIH2014" /> Ny fanesorana ny tsinaibe sy ny lava-pitombenana amin'ny ankapobeny dia manasitrana ny aretina.<ref name="NIH2014" /><ref name="NEJM2011" /> Miaraka amin'ny aretin'i Crohn, olona 11.2 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voakasik'izany {{as of|2015|lc=yes}} <ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Isan-taona dia mitranga eo amin'ny 1 ka hatramin'ny 20 isaky ny olona 100.000 izany, ary 5 ka hatramin'ny 500 isaky ny olona 100.000 no voakasik'izany.<ref name="BMJ2013" /><ref name="NEJM2011" /> Fahita kokoa any Amerika Avaratra sy Eoropa ity aretina ity raha oharina amin'ny faritra hafa.<ref name="NEJM2011" /> Matetika izy io dia manomboka amin'ny olona 15 ka hatramin'ny 30 taona, na eo amin'ireo mihoatra ny 60 taona <ref name="NIH2014" /> Toa mitovy ny tahan'ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.<ref name="BMJ2013" /> Niha-mahazatra kokoa ihany koa izany nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1950.<ref name="BMJ2013" /><ref name="NEJM2011" /> Miaraka, ny colitis ulcerative sy ny aretin'i Crohn dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny olona iray tapitrisa eo ho eo any Etazonia.<ref name="Elsevier Health Sciences">{{Cite book|last=Adams|first=James G.|title=Emergency Medicine E-Book: Clinical Essentials (Expert Consult – Online)|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455733941|page=304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PA304|language=en|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316062011/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PA304|url-status=live}}</ref> Raha voatsabo tsara dia mitovy amin'ny an'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny ny mety hisian'ny fahafatesana.<ref name="Wan2016" /> Ny famaritana voalohany ny kolitika mampivaivay dia nitranga tamin'ny taona 1850 teo ho eo.<ref name="NEJM2011" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] az1p2wsei4k7n3vdh9e7dbkkte2ugnl 0 301821 1150010 2026-08-29T11:43:52Z Nantesa 40448 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501036|Cardiac arrest]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Cardiac arrest|synonym=Cardiopulmonary arrest, circulatory arrest, sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), sudden cardiac death (SCD)<ref name=Fie2009/>|image=US Navy 040421-N-8090G-001 Hospital Corpsman 3rd Class Flowers administers chest compressions to a simulated cardiac arrest victim.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] being administered during a simulation of cardiac arrest.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Cardiology]], [[emergency medicine]]|symptoms=[[unconsciousness|Loss of consciousness]], [[respiratory arrest|abnormal or no breathing]]<ref name=Fie2009/><ref name=NIH2016Sign/>|onset=Older age<ref name=NIH2016Risk/>|duration=|causes=[[Coronary artery disease]], [[congenital heart defect]], major [[bleeding|blood loss]], lack of oxygen, [[hypokalemia|very low potassium]], [[heart failure]]<ref name=NIH2016Ca/>|risks=|diagnosis=Finding no pulse<ref name=Fie2009/>|differential=|prevention=Not smoking, physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, healthy eating<ref name=NIH2016Pre/>|treatment=[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR), [[defibrillation]]<ref name=NIH2016Tx/>|medication=|prognosis=Survival rate ~ 10% (outside of hospital) 25% (in hospital)<ref name=Adam2012/><ref name=JAMA2019>{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=LW |last2=Holmberg |first2=MJ |last3=Berg |first3=KM |last4=Donnino |first4=MW |last5=Granfeldt |first5=A |title=In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review. |journal=JAMA |date=26 March 2019 |volume=321 |issue=12 |pages=1200–1210 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.1696 |pmid=30912843|pmc=6482460 }}</ref>|frequency=13 per 10,000 people per year (outside hospital in the US)<ref name=AHA2015Part4/>|deaths=> 425,000 per year (U.S.)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meaney |first1=PA |last2=Bobrow |first2=BJ |last3=Mancini |first3=ME |last4=Christenson |first4=J |last5=de Caen |first5=AR |last6=Bhanji |first6=F |last7=Abella |first7=BS |last8=Kleinman |first8=ME |last9=Edelson |first9=DP |last10=Berg |first10=RA |last11=Aufderheide |first11=TP |last12=Menon |first12=V |last13=Leary |first13=M |last14=CPR Quality Summit Investigators, the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee, and the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and |first14=Resuscitation. |title=Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected] improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. |journal=Circulation |date=23 July 2013 |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=417–35 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829d8654 |pmid=23801105|doi-access=free }}</ref>}} '''Ny fijanonan'ny fo''' dia fahaverezan'ny fikorianan-dra tampoka vokatry ny tsy fahafahan'ny [[fo]] miasa tsara.<ref name="NIH2016What">{{Cite web|title=What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728031608/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Anisan'ny famantarana ny fahaverezan'ny fahatsiarovan-tena sy ny fifohana rivotra tsy ara-dalàna na tsy fisian'ny fofonaina.<ref name="Fie2009">{{Cite book|last=Field|first=John M.|title=The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR|date=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781788991|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaOoXdSlT9sC&pg=PA11|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905133735/https://books.google.com/books?id=JaOoXdSlT9sC&pg=PA11|archive-date=2017-09-05}}</ref><ref name="NIH2016Sign" /> Mety hahatsapa fanaintainan'ny tratra, sempotra, na maloiloy ny olona sasany alohan'ny fijanonan'ny fo.<ref name="NIH2016Sign">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827190624/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/signs|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Raha tsy voatsabo ao anatin'ny minitra vitsy dia matetika mitarika [[fahafatesana]] izany.<ref name="NIH2016What" /> Ny antony mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny fijanonan'ny fo dia [[Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo|ny aretin'ny lalan-drà ao am-po]].<ref name="NIH2016Ca" /> Anisan'ny antony tsy dia fahita firy ny fahaverezan-drà be loatra, ny tsy fahampian'ny oksizenina, ny potassium ambany dia ambany, ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo, ary ny fanatanjahan-tena mafy.<ref name="NIH2016Ca" /> Mety hampitombo ny risika ihany koa ny aretina nolovaina maromaro, anisan'izany ny syndrome QT lava.<ref name="NIH2016Ca" /> Ny gadona voalohany amin'ny fo dia matetika fibrillation ventricular.<ref name="NIH2016Ca">{{Cite web|title=What Causes Sudden Cardiac Arrest?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728042233/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/causes|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Voamarina ny aretina rehefa tsy misy fitempon'ny fo.<ref name="Fie2009" /> Na dia mety ho vokatry ny aretim-po na ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo aza ny fijanonan'ny fo, dia tsy mitovy ireo.<ref name="NIH2016What" /> Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny tsy fifohana sigara, ny fanaovana fanatanjahan-tena, ary ny fitazonana lanja ara-pahasalamana.<ref name="NIH2016Pre" /> Ny fitsaboana ny fijanonan'ny fo dia ahitana ny famelomana indray ny fo (CPR) avy hatrany ary, raha misy gadona mahatohina, dia ny defibrillation.<ref name="NIH2016Tx">{{Cite web|title=How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827184130/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/treatment|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Amin'ireo izay tafavoaka velona, ny fitantanana ny mari-pana voafaritra tsara dia mety hanatsara ny vokatra.<ref name="Arr2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arrich J, Holzer M, Havel C, Müllner M, Herkner H|title=Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2|pages=CD004128|date=February 2016|pmid=26878327|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004128.pub4|pmc=6516972}}</ref> Azo apetraka ny "implantable cardiac defibrillator" mba hampihenana ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny fiverimberenan'ny aretina.<ref name="NIH2016Pre">{{Cite web|title=How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/prevention|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827200432/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/prevention|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Any [[Etazonia]], eo amin'ny 535.000 eo ho eo ny tranga mitranga isan-taona.<ref name="AHA2015Part4" /> Eo amin'ny 13 amin'ny olona 10.000 (326.000 na 61%) eo ho eo no tratran'ny fijanonan'ny fo ivelan'ny toeram-pitsaboana, raha 209.000 (39%) kosa no mitranga ao anatin'ny hopitaly.<ref name="AHA2015Part4">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kronick SL, Kurz MC, Lin S, Edelson DP, Berg RA, Billi JE, Cabanas JG, Cone DC, Diercks DB, Foster JJ, Meeks RA, Travers AH, Welsford M|title=Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality Improvement: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care|journal=Circulation|volume=132|issue=18 Suppl 2|pages=S397-413|date=November 2015|pmid=26472992|doi=10.1161/cir.0000000000000258}}</ref> Miha-mahazatra ny fijanonan'ny fo rehefa mihantitra.<ref name="NIH2016Risk" /> Matetika kokoa ny lehilahy no voan'izany noho ny vehivavy.<ref name="NIH2016Risk">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Arrest?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/atrisk|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823231651/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/atrisk|archive-date=23 August 2016}}</ref> Manodidina ny 8% eo ho eo ny isan-jaton'ireo tafavoaka velona ivelan'ny fijanonana hopitaly, na dia efa notsaboina aza.<ref name="Adam2012" /> Maro amin'ireo tafavoaka velona no manana fahasembanana lehibe.<ref name="Adam2012" /> Na izany aza, fandaharana amin'ny fahitalavitra amerikana maro no naneho taha-pahavelomana avo lenta tsy mitombina izay mahatratra 67%.<ref name="Adam2012">{{Cite book|last=Adams|first=James G.|title=Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials (Expert Consult – Online)|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455733941|page=1771|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PA1771|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905133735/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PA1771|archive-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hwpac23zgon8li66idnhks9ggv4wv74 0 301822 1150011 2026-08-29T11:43:57Z ZATSY Mitarimy 35840 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1479263|Sepsis]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Sepsis|synonym=Septicemia, blood poisoning|image=Bloodculturetubes.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Blood culture]] bottles: orange cap for [[anaerobes]], green cap for [[aerobes]], and yellow cap for blood samples from children<ref>{{cite web |url=http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |title=Blood Culture Collection |publisher=WVUH Laboratories |date=7 April 2012 |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163301/http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|p|s|ᵻ|s}}|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[tachycardia|increased heart rate]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[hyperventilation|increased breathing rate]], [[mental confusion|confusion]]<ref name=CDC2014Q>{{cite web |title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}</ref>|onset=|duration=|causes=[[immune system|Immune response]] triggered by an infection<ref name=Tint2011>{{cite book |last1= Jui |first1= Jonathan |chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |editor-last1= Tintinalli |editor-first1= Judith E. |editor-last2= Stapczynski |editor-first2= J. Stephan |editor-last4= Cline |editor-first4= David M. |editor-last3= Ma |editor-first3= O. John |editor-last5= Cydulka |editor-first5= Rita K. |editor-last6= Meckler |editor-first6= Garth D. |display-editors= 1 | collaboration = [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= 1003–14 |year= 2011 | chapter-url= |isbn=9780071484800 }}</ref><ref name="Deutschman2014">{{cite journal |last1= Deutschman |first1= CS |last2= Tracey |first2= KJ | title = Sepsis: Current dogma and new perspectives | journal = [[Immunity (journal)|Immunity]] | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–75 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24745331 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>|risks=Young or old age, [[cancer]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[major trauma]], [[burn]]s<ref name=CDC2014Q />|diagnosis=[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]] (SIRS),<ref name=Tint2011 /> [[SOFA score#Quick SOFA score|qSOFA]]<ref name= "Sepsis–3_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}</ref>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluids]], [[antimicrobial]]s<ref name=CDC2014Q /><ref name= "SSC–G2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}</ref>|medication=|prognosis=10 to 80% risk of death<ref name= "Sepsis–3_2016" /><ref name=Jawad2012/>|frequency=0.2–3 per 1000 a year (developed world)<ref name=Jawad2012/><ref name=Martin2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}</ref>|deaths=}}Aretina mahafaty ny '''sepsis''' izay mitranga rehefa miteraka ratra amin'ny sela sy ny taova ny fihetsiky ny vatana manoloana ny aretina.<ref name="Sepsis–3_2016">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}</ref> Arahin'ny fihenan'ny [[hery fiarovana]] ity dingana voalohany ity.<ref name="pmid31611560">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chao C, Muming Y, Yanfen C|title=Pathological Alteration and Therapeutic Implications of Sepsis-Induced Immune Cell Apoptosis|journal=Cell Death & Disease|volume=10|issue=10|pages=782|year=2019|doi=10.1038/s41419-019-2015-1|pmc=6791888|pmid=31611560}}</ref> Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina mahazatra [[Tazo|ny tazo]], ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fitempon'ny fo, ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra, ary ny fisafotofotoana.<ref name="CDC2014Q">{{Cite web|title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}</ref> Mety hisy ihany koa ireo soritr'aretina mifandraika amin'ny aretina manokana, toy ny kohaka miaraka amin'ny pnemonia, na fanaintainana amin'ny fipipiana miaraka amin'ny aretin'ny voa.<ref name="Tint2011">{{Cite book|chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= 1003–14 |year= 2011 |isbn=9780071484800 |last=Jui|first=Jonathan|editor2-last=Stapczynski|editor4-last=Cline|editor3-last=Ma|editor5-last=Cydulka|editor6-last=Meckler}}</ref> Mety tsy hisy soritr'aretina manokana ny tanora, antitra, ary ireo olona manana hery fiarovana malemy, ary mety ho ambany na ara-dalàna ny mari-pana fa tsy [[tazo]] . Ny sepsis mafy dia sepsis izay miteraka tsy fahatomombanan'ny fiasan'ny taova na ny fikorianan'ny rà.<ref name="SSCG2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R|display-authors=2|title=Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012|journal=[[Critical Care Medicine (journal)|Critical Care Medicine]]|volume=41|issue=2|pages=580–637|date=February 2013|pmid=23353941|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ny fisian'ny tosidrà ambany, ny haavon'ny laktate ao amin'ny rà, na ny fihenan'ny urine dia mety manondro ny fikorianan'ny rà ratsy.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> [[Fahatairana septika|Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra septika]] dia tosidra ambany vokatry ny sepsis izay tsy mihatsara rehefa avy nosoloina rano.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Ny sepsis dia [[Hery fiarovana|valin-kery fanefitra]] vokatry ny fivontosana vokatry ny aretina.<ref name="Tint2011" /><ref name="Deutschman2014" /> Ny aretina [[Bakteria|vokatry ny bakteria]] no tena mahazatra indrindra, saingy mety hiteraka sepsis ihany koa ny aretina [[Fungi|vokatry ny holatra]], [[Virosy|viriosy]] ary [[protozoa]] . Ny toerana mahazatra isehoan'ny aretina voalohany dia ny havokavoka, ny atidoha, ny lalan-drà, ny hoditra ary ny taova ao an-kibo . Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fahatanorana, ny fahanterana, ny fahalemen'ny hery fiarovana vokatry ny aretina toy ny [[homamiadana]] na [[diabeta]], [[Maratra|ny ratra mafy]], na ny may.<ref name="CDC2014Q" /> Teo aloha, ny famaritana ny sepsis dia nitaky ny fisian'ny fepetra SIRS ( systemic inflammatory response syndrome ) roa farafahakeliny raha toa ka heverina fa misy aretina. Tamin'ny taona 2016, ny isa fohy momba ny fanombanana ny tsy fahombiazan'ny taova (SOFA score), fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe isa SOFA haingana (qSOFA), dia nisolo ny rafitra diagnostika SIRS.<ref name="Sepsis–3_2016" /> Ny fepetra qSOFA ho an'ny sepsis dia ahitana farafahakeliny roa amin'ireto telo manaraka ireto: fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra, fiovan'ny fahatsiarovan-tena, ary tosidra ambany. Ny torolàlana momba ny sepsis dia manoro hevitra ny hahazoana kolontsaina ra alohan'ny hanombohana antibiotika; na izany aza, ny diagnostika dia tsy mitaky ny fisian'ny aretina ao amin'ny ra . Manampy ny fakana sary ara-pitsaboana rehefa mitady ny toerana mety hisian'ny aretina.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Ny antony hafa mety hisian'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany dia ahitana ny anaphylaxis, ny tsy fahampian'ny adrenal, ny habetsahan'ny ra ambany, ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo, ary ny embolism pulmonary . Ny sepsis dia mazàna mitaky fitsaboana haingana amin'ny alalan'ny fanafody antimikrobia sy ranoka fampidirana amin'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="CDC2014Q" /><ref name="SSC–G2016">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}</ref> Matetika ny fikarakarana mitohy dia mitohy ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana vonjy taitra . Raha tsy ampy ny fitsapana ampy amin'ny fanoloana rano mba hihazonana ny tosidra, dia ilaina ny fampiasana fanafody izay mampiakatra ny tosidra . Mety ilaina ny fampidirana rivotra mekanika sy ny dialyse mba hanohanana ny fiasan'ny havokavoka sy ny voa. Azo apetraka ny catheter lalan-drà afovoany sy ny catheter arterial mba hidirana amin'ny lalan-drà sy hitarihana ny fitsaboana.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Ny fandrefesana mahasoa hafa dia ahitana ny cardiac output sy ny superior vena cava oxygen saturation.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Ireo olona voan'ny sepsis dia mila fepetra fisorohana ho an'ny trombosis amin'ny lalan-drà lalina, ny fery vokatry ny stress, ary ny fery vokatry ny pressure raha tsy misy toe-javatra hafa manakana izany fitsaboana izany.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Mety handray soa avy amin'ny fanaraha-maso hentitra ny tahan'ny siramamy ao amin'ny ra amin'ny alalan'ny insuline ny olona sasany.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Mampiady hevitra ny fampiasana corticosteroids, ary misy tsikera sasany mahita fa mahasoa,<ref name="Ann2019">{{Cite journal|last=Annane|first=D|last2=Bellissant|first2=E|last3=Bollaert|first3=PE|last4=Briegel|first4=J|last5=Keh|first5=D|last6=Kupfer|first6=Y|last7=Pirracchio|first7=R|last8=Rochwerg|first8=B|title=Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 December 2019|volume=12|pages=CD002243|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002243.pub4|pmid=31808551|pmc=6953403}}</ref><ref name="Fang2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fang F, Zhang Y, Tang J, Lunsford LD, Li T, Tang R, He J, Xu P, Faramand A, Xu J, You C|display-authors=2|title=Association of corticosteroid treatment with outcomes in adult patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine]]|volume=179|issue=2|pages=213–223|date=February 2019|pmid=30575845|pmc=6439648|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5849}}</ref> ary ny hafa kosa tsy.<ref name="Long2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Long B, Koyfman A|title=Controversies in corticosteroid use for sepsis|journal=[[The Journal of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=53|issue=5|pages=653–661|date=November 2017|pmid=28916121|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.05.024}}</ref> Ny hamafin'ny aretina no mamaritra ny vokany.<ref name="Jawad2012" /> Mahatratra 30% ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny sepsis, raha toa ka mahatratra 50% kosa ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny sepsis mahery vaika, ary 80% ny mety ho fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny vatana vokatry ny sepsis <ref name="Jawad2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jawad I, Lukšić I, Rafnsson SB|display-authors=2|title=Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: Global estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality|journal=Journal of Global Health|volume=2|issue=1|pages=010404|date=June 2012|pmid=23198133|pmc=3484761|doi=10.7189/jogh.01.010404}}</ref> Olona 49 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny sepsis tamin'ny taona 2017, ary 11 tapitrisa no maty (1 amin'ny 5 no maty maneran-tany).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rudd|first=Kristina E|last2=Johnson|first2=Sarah Charlotte|last3=Agesa|first3=Kareha M|last4=Shackelford|first4=Katya Anne|last5=Tsoi|first5=Derrick|last6=Kievlan|first6=Daniel Rhodes|last7=Colombara|first7=Danny V|last8=Ikuta|first8=Kevin S|last9=Kissoon|first9=Niranjan|last10=Finfer|first10=Simon|last11=Fleischmann-Struzek|first11=Carolin|last12=Machado|first12=Flavia R|last13=Reinhart|first13=Konrad K|last14=Rowan|first14=Kathryn|last15=Seymour|first15=Christopher W|title=Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study|journal=The Lancet|date=January 2020|volume=395|issue=10219|pages=200–211|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7|pmid=31954465|pmc=6970225}}</ref> Any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]], eo amin'ny 0.2 ka hatramin'ny 3 isaky ny 1000 eo ho eo ny olona voan'ny sepsis isan-taona, ka miteraka tranga iray tapitrisa eo ho eo isan-taona any Etazonia.<ref name="Jawad2012" /><ref name="Martin2012">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}</ref> Nitombo ny tahan'ny aretina.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy ny sepsis noho ny amin'ny vehivavy.<ref name="Tint2011" /> Ny famaritana ny sepsis dia efa hatramin'ny andron'i [[Hippocrate]].<ref name="NEJM2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T|title=Severe sepsis and septic shock|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=369|issue=9|pages=840–51|date=August 2013|pmid=23984731|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ny teny hoe "septikaemia" sy "fanapoizinana amin'ny ra" dia efa nampiasaina tamin'ny fomba maro samihafa ary tsy soso-kevitra intsony.<ref name="NEJM2013" /><ref name="1992consensus">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ|display-authors=2|title=Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis.|journal=[[Chest (journal)|Chest]]|volume=101|issue=6|pages=1644–55|date=June 1992|pmid=1303622|doi=10.1378/chest.101.6.1644|quote=Septicemia... has been used... in a variety of ways... We therefore suggest that this term be eliminated from current usage.|url=http://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505181345/https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] kdw1vjt18i1um18r25qgzzdw9me252g 0 301823 1150012 2026-08-29T11:49:04Z ZATSY Mitarimy 35840 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457370|Quetiapine]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug}}'''Ny Quetiapine''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Seroquel''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody antipsychotic tsy mahazatra ampiasaina amin'ny fitsaboana ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar, ary [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fikorontanan'ny fahaketrahana lehibe]].<ref name="Cochrane2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, Kissling W, Leucht S|title=Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=12|pages=CD008121|date=December 2010|pmid=21154393|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008121.pub2}}</ref> Na dia ampiasaina betsaka ho fanampiana amin'ny torimaso aza noho ny fiantraikany mampitony, dia toa tsy dia mihoatra ny voka-dratsiny loatra ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany fampiasana izany. Atelina izy io.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana rendremana, [[fitohanana]], fitomboan'ny lanja, ary vava maina . Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny hafa ny tosidrà ambany rehefa mitsangana, ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny [[Priapisma|fananganana maharitra]], ny siramamy ambony ao amin'ny ra, ny dyskinesia tara, ary ny neuroleptika maligna syndrome.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Ho an'ny zokiolona voan'ny dementia, ny fampiasana azy dia mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny fahafatesana.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Ny fampiasana azy amin'ny [[Fitondrana vohoka|telo volana fahatelo]] amin'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]] dia mety hiteraka fikorontanan'ny fihetsehan'ny zaza mandritra ny fotoana kelikely aorian'ny fiterahana.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Inoana fa miasa amin'ny fanakanana mpandray maromaro ny Quetiapine, anisan'izany ny serotonin sy dopamine.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Noforonina tamin'ny 1985 ny Quetiapine ary nekena ho ampiasaina ara-pitsaboana any Etazonia tamin'ny 1997.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel M, Müller N, Strassnig M, Spellmann I, Severus E, Möller HJ|title=Quetiapine in the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=3|issue=2|pages=219–35|date=April 2007|pmid=19300555|pmc=2654633|doi=10.2147/nedt.2007.3.2.219}}</ref> Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.<ref name="BNF74" /> Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny dia eo amin'ny 12 {{US$}} isam-bolana amin'ny taona 2017. Any Royaume-Uni, ny famatsiana iray volana dia mitentina £60 eo ho eo ho an'ny NHS tamin'ny taona 2017.<ref name="BNF74">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|page=383|edition=74}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-76 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny folo tapitrisa. == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 90w0dz8y90bolxof8bh7p7pn8f795pv 0 301824 1150017 2026-08-29T11:53:31Z ZATSY Mitarimy 35840 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503147|Lupus]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] crfwy0gb5smv3gajikt7tebuxoa5516 0 301825 1150019 2026-08-29T11:55:52Z Miarantsoa 35560 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1505856|Parkinson's disease]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect2|Parkinson's|Parkinson's Disease|the medical journal|Parkinson’s Disease (journal)|other uses}} {{Infobox medical condition|name=Parkinson's disease|synonym=Parkinson disease, idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy|image=Paralysis agitans (1907, after St. Leger).png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Two sketches (one from the front and one from the right side) of a man, with an expressionless face. He is stooped forward and is presumably having difficulty walking.|caption=Illustration of Parkinson's disease by [[William Gowers (neurologist)|William Richard Gowers]], first published in ''A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System'' (1886)|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=[[tremor|Shaking]], [[Spasticity|rigidity]], [[Hypokinesia#Bradykinesia|slowness of movement]], [[gait abnormality|difficulty walking]]<ref name=NIH2016/>|onset=Age over 60<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=Car2016/>|duration=|causes=Unknown<ref name=Lancet2015/>|risks=[[Pesticide]] exposure, [[head injuries]]<ref name=Lancet2015/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms<ref name=NIH2016/>|differential=[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]], [[progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[essential tremor]], [[antipsychotic]] use<ref>{{cite book|vauthors= Ferri FF|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter P|edition=2nd}}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=Exercise, medications, surgery<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=CF2025/>|medication=[[L-DOPA]], [[dopamine agonist]]s<ref name=Sv2016/>|prognosis=[[Life expectancy]] ~ 15 years{{medcn|date=July 2020}}<ref name=Ley2018>{{medcn|date=July 2020}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Golbe LI, Leyton CE |title=Life expectancy in Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |volume=91 |issue=22 |pages=991–992 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30381371 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000006560 |type= Editorial}}</ref>|frequency=6.2 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=117,400 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>}} '''Ny aretin'i Parkinson''' ( '''PD''' ), na '''Parkinson''' fotsiny, dia aretina maharitra amin'ny rafi-pitatitra foibe izay misy fiantraikany indrindra amin'ny rafi-pitatitra . Rehefa miharatsy ny aretina dia miha-mahazatra kokoa ireo soritr'aretina tsy mifandraika amin'ny fihetsehana.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="Lancet2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kalia LV, Lang AE|title=Parkinson's disease|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9996|pages=896–912|date=August 2015|pmid=25904081|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3}}</ref> Matetika dia mipoitra miadana ireo soritr'aretina.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Amin'ny fiandohan'ny aretina ny soritr'aretina miharihary indrindra dia ny hovitrovitra, ny fihenjanana, ny fiadanam-pihetsika ary ny fahasarotana amin'ny fandehanana.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Mety hitranga ihany koa ny olana amin'ny fisainana sy ny fitondran-tena.<ref name="Sv2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sveinbjornsdottir S|title=The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|volume=139 Suppl 1|pages=318–324|date=October 2016|pmid=27401947|doi=10.1111/jnc.13691|doi-access=free}}</ref> Matetika no mitranga ny dementia rehefa mandroso ny dingana.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Fahita ihany koa [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]] sy ny tebiteby izay mitranga amin'ny ampahatelon'ny olona voan'ny PD.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Anisan'ny soritr'aretina hafa ny olana ara-pandrenesana, ny torimaso ary [[Fihetseham-po|ny fihetseham-po]].<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="Sv2016" /> Ny soritr'aretina lehibe amin'ny fihetsehana dia antsoina hoe " parkinsonisme ", na "syndrome parkinsonian".<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=H. Royden|title=The Netter collection of medical illustrations. a compilation of paintings|date=2013|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781455733873|page=161|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&pg=PA161|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&pg=PA161|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Tsy fantatra ny antony mahatonga ny aretin'i Parkinson, saingy inoana fa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ireo izay manana fianakaviana voakasik'izany dia mety ho voan'ny aretina ihany koa.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Misy ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny risika amin'ireo olona tratran'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely sasany sy ireo izay efa naratra loha teo aloha, raha toa kosa ka mihena ny risika amin'ireo mpifoka sigara sy ireo misotro [[Kafe (zava-pisotro)|kafe]] na [[Dite (zava-pisotro)|dite]].<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barranco Quintana JL, Allam MF, Del Castillo AS, Navajas RF|title=Parkinson's disease and tea: a quantitative review|journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–6|date=February 2009|pmid=19571153|doi=10.1080/07315724.2009.10719754}}</ref> Ny soritr'aretin'io aretina io dia vokatry ny fahafatesan'ny sela ao amin'ny substantia nigra, faritra iray ao amin'ny atidoha afovoany . Izany dia miteraka tsy fahampian'ny dopamine ao amin'io faritra ao amin'ny atidoha io.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Tsy dia fantatra loatra ny antony mahatonga ity fahafatesan'ny sela ity, saingy mahakasika ny fitomboan'ny [[Prôteinina|proteinina]] ao amin'ny vatan'i Lewy ao amin'ny [[Nerônina|neurons]] izany.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ny famaritana ireo tranga mahazatra dia mifototra indrindra amin'ny soritr'aretina, miaraka amin'ny fitiliana toy ny neuroimaging ampiasaina mba hanamarinana ny fisian'ny aretina hafa.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny aretin'i Parkinson.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Ny fitsaboana dia mikendry ny hanatsara ny soritr'aretina. Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia mazàna amin'ny fanatanjahan-tena sy fanafody antiparkinson levodopa ( [[L-DOPA]] ), arahin'ny dopamine agonists rehefa tsy dia mandaitra intsony ny levodopa.<ref name="Sv2016" /><ref name="CF2025">{{Cite web|last=Exner|first=Matthew|title=#382 Exercise for Parkinson’s Disease: More movement = Better movement? – CFPCLearn|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|publisher=CFPC|access-date=4 February 2025|archive-date=17 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217073101/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rehefa miharatsy ny aretina ary mbola very hatrany ny sela ao amin'ny atidoha, dia mihena ny fahombiazan'ireo fanafody ireo, sady miteraka fahasarotana miavaka amin'ny fihetsehana mihodinkodina tsy nahy.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Nasehon'ny sakafo sy ny fomba fanarenana sasany fa mahomby amin'ny fanatsarana ny soritr'aretina.<ref name="pmid19691125">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G|title=Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=24|issue=13|pages=1881–92|date=October 2009|pmid=19691125|doi=10.1002/mds.22705|hdl=2434/67795|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Neuro2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ahlskog JE|title=Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?|journal=Neurology|volume=77|issue=3|pages=288–94|date=July 2011|pmid=21768599|pmc=3136051|doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66}}</ref> Ny fandidiana hametrahana microelectrodes ho an'ny fanentanana lalina ny atidoha dia nampiasaina mba hampihenana ny soritr'aretin'ny fihetsehana amin'ny tranga mafy izay tsy mahomby ny fanafody.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Tsy dia matanjaka loatra ny porofo momba ny fitsaboana ireo soritr'aretin'ny PD izay tsy mifandraika amin'ny fihetsehana, toy ny fikorontanan'ny torimaso sy ny olana ara-pihetseham-po.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 6.2 tapitrisa no voan'ny PD ary nahafaty olona 117.400 teo ho eo maneran-tany.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}</ref><ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|last=GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> Matetika ny aretin'i Parkinson dia mitranga amin'ny olona mihoatra ny 60 taona ary eo amin'ny iray isan-jato eo ho eo no voakasik'izany.<ref name="Car2016">{{Cite book|vauthors=Carroll WM|title=International Neurology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118777367|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Matetika kokoa ny lehilahy no voan'izany noho ny vehivavy amin'ny tahan'ny 3:2 eo ho eo.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Rehefa hita amin'ny olona alohan'ny faha-50 taonany izany dia antsoina hoe PD vao manomboka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mosley|first=Anthony D.|title=The encyclopedia of Parkinson's disease|date=2010|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=9781438127491|page=89|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&pg=PA89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&pg=PA89|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Eo anelanelan'ny 7 sy 15 taona ny salan'isan'ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainan'ny olona]] aorian'ny fitiliana.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Nomena anarana avy amin'ilay dokotera anglisy James Parkinson ity aretina ity, izay namoaka ny famaritana amin'ny antsipiriany voalohany tao amin'ny ''An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'', tamin'ny 1817. Anisan'ny fanentanana ho an'ny daholobe ny Andro Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Parkinson ( fitsingerenan'ny andro nahaterahan'i James Parkinson, 11 Aprily) sy ny fampiasana [[Tolipàna|tulip]] mena ho mariky ny aretina.<ref name="pmid18175393">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lees AJ|title=Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=22 Suppl 17|issue=Suppl 17|pages=S327–34|date=September 2007|pmid=18175393|doi=10.1002/mds.21684}}</ref> Ireo olona voan'ny Parkinson izay nampitombo ny fahafantaran'ny vahoaka momba ity aretina ity dia ahitana an'i [[Muhammad Ali]], ilay angano momba ny ady totohondry, ilay mpilalao sarimihetsika Michael J. Fox, ilay mpitaingina bisikileta Olaimpika Davis Phinney, ary ilay mpilalao sarimihetsika [[Alan Alda]] . == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nug65199vwqzy00amzzcwrlct5xlpsm 1150021 1150019 2026-08-29T11:57:52Z Miarantsoa 35560 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1505856|Parkinson's disease]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect2|Parkinson's|Parkinson's Disease|the medical journal|Parkinson’s Disease (journal)|other uses}} {{Infobox medical condition|name=Parkinson's disease|synonym=Parkinson disease, idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy|image=Paralysis agitans (1907, after St. Leger).png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Two sketches (one from the front and one from the right side) of a man, with an expressionless face. He is stooped forward and is presumably having difficulty walking.|caption=Illustration of Parkinson's disease by [[William Gowers (neurologist)|William Richard Gowers]], first published in ''A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System'' (1886)|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=[[tremor|Shaking]], [[Spasticity|rigidity]], [[Hypokinesia#Bradykinesia|slowness of movement]], [[gait abnormality|difficulty walking]]<ref name=NIH2016/>|onset=Age over 60<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=Car2016/>|duration=|causes=Unknown<ref name=Lancet2015/>|risks=[[Pesticide]] exposure, [[head injuries]]<ref name=Lancet2015/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms<ref name=NIH2016/>|differential=[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]], [[progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[essential tremor]], [[antipsychotic]] use<ref>{{cite book|vauthors= Ferri FF|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter P|edition=2nd}}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=Exercise, medications, surgery<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=CF2025/>|medication=[[L-DOPA]], [[dopamine agonist]]s<ref name=Sv2016/>|prognosis=[[Life expectancy]] ~ 15 years{{medcn|date=July 2020}}<ref name=Ley2018>{{medcn|date=July 2020}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Golbe LI, Leyton CE |title=Life expectancy in Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |volume=91 |issue=22 |pages=991–992 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30381371 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000006560 |type= Editorial}}</ref>|frequency=6.2 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=117,400 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>}} '''Ny aretin'i Parkinson''' ( '''PD''' ), na '''Parkinson''' fotsiny, dia aretina maharitra amin'ny rafi-pitatitra foibe izay misy fiantraikany indrindra amin'ny rafi-pitatitra . Rehefa miharatsy ny aretina dia miha-mahazatra kokoa ireo soritr'aretina tsy mifandraika amin'ny fihetsehana.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="Lancet2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kalia LV, Lang AE|title=Parkinson's disease|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9996|pages=896–912|date=August 2015|pmid=25904081|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3}}</ref> Matetika dia mipoitra miadana ireo soritr'aretina.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Amin'ny fiandohan'ny aretina ny soritr'aretina miharihary indrindra dia ny hovitrovitra, ny fihenjanana, ny fiadanam-pihetsika ary ny fahasarotana amin'ny fandehanana.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Mety hitranga ihany koa ny olana amin'ny fisainana sy ny fitondran-tena.<ref name="Sv2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sveinbjornsdottir S|title=The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|volume=139 Suppl 1|pages=318–324|date=October 2016|pmid=27401947|doi=10.1111/jnc.13691|doi-access=free}}</ref> Matetika no mitranga ny dementia rehefa mandroso ny dingana.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Fahita ihany koa [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]] sy ny tebiteby izay mitranga amin'ny ampahatelon'ny olona voan'ny PD.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Anisan'ny soritr'aretina hafa ny olana ara-pandrenesana, ny torimaso ary [[Fihetseham-po|ny fihetseham-po]].<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="Sv2016" /> Ny soritr'aretina lehibe amin'ny fihetsehana dia antsoina hoe " parkinsonisme ", na "syndrome parkinsonian".<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=H. Royden|title=The Netter collection of medical illustrations. a compilation of paintings|date=2013|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781455733873|page=161|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&pg=PA161|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&pg=PA161|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Tsy fantatra ny antony mahatonga ny aretin'i Parkinson, saingy inoana fa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ireo izay manana fianakaviana voakasik'izany dia mety ho voan'ny aretina ihany koa.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Misy ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny risika amin'ireo olona tratran'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely sasany sy ireo izay efa naratra loha teo aloha, raha toa kosa ka mihena ny risika amin'ireo mpifoka sigara sy ireo misotro [[Kafe (zava-pisotro)|kafe]] na [[Dite (zava-pisotro)|dite]].<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barranco Quintana JL, Allam MF, Del Castillo AS, Navajas RF|title=Parkinson's disease and tea: a quantitative review|journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–6|date=February 2009|pmid=19571153|doi=10.1080/07315724.2009.10719754}}</ref>Anisany hisian'ny soritr'aretina dia vokatry ny fahafatesan'ny sela ao amin'ny substantia nigra, faritra iray ao amin'ny atidoha afovoany . Izany dia miteraka tsy fahampian'ny dopamine ao amin'io faritra ao amin'ny atidoha io.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Tsy dia fantatra loatra ny antony mahatonga ity fahafatesan'ny sela ity, saingy mahakasika ny fitomboan'ny [[Prôteinina|proteinina]] ao amin'ny vatan'i Lewy ao amin'ny [[Nerônina|neurons]] izany.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ny famaritana ireo tranga mahazatra dia mifototra indrindra amin'ny soritr'aretina, miaraka amin'ny fitiliana toy ny neuroimaging ampiasaina mba hanamarinana ny fisian'ny aretina hafa.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny aretin'i Parkinson.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Ny fitsaboana dia mikendry ny hanatsara ny soritr'aretina. Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia mazàna amin'ny fanatanjahan-tena sy fanafody antiparkinson levodopa ( [[L-DOPA]] ), arahin'ny dopamine agonists rehefa tsy dia mandaitra intsony ny levodopa.<ref name="Sv2016" /><ref name="CF2025">{{Cite web|last=Exner|first=Matthew|title=#382 Exercise for Parkinson’s Disease: More movement = Better movement? – CFPCLearn|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|publisher=CFPC|access-date=4 February 2025|archive-date=17 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217073101/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rehefa miharatsy ny aretina ary mbola very hatrany ny sela ao amin'ny atidoha, dia mihena ny fahombiazan'ireo fanafody ireo, sady miteraka fahasarotana miavaka amin'ny fihetsehana mihodinkodina tsy nahy.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Nasehon'ny sakafo sy ny fomba fanarenana sasany fa mahomby amin'ny fanatsarana ny soritr'aretina.<ref name="pmid19691125">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G|title=Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=24|issue=13|pages=1881–92|date=October 2009|pmid=19691125|doi=10.1002/mds.22705|hdl=2434/67795|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Neuro2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ahlskog JE|title=Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?|journal=Neurology|volume=77|issue=3|pages=288–94|date=July 2011|pmid=21768599|pmc=3136051|doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66}}</ref> Ny fandidiana hametrahana microelectrodes ho an'ny fanentanana lalina ny atidoha dia nampiasaina mba hampihenana ny soritr'aretin'ny fihetsehana amin'ny tranga mafy izay tsy mahomby ny fanafody.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Tsy dia matanjaka loatra ny porofo momba ny fitsaboana ireo soritr'aretin'ny PD izay tsy mifandraika amin'ny fihetsehana, toy ny fikorontanan'ny torimaso sy ny olana ara-pihetseham-po.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 6.2 tapitrisa no voan'ny PD ary nahafaty olona 117.400 teo ho eo maneran-tany.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}</ref><ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|last=GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> Matetika ny aretin'i Parkinson dia mitranga amin'ny olona mihoatra ny 60 taona ary eo amin'ny iray isan-jato eo ho eo no voakasik'izany.<ref name="Car2016">{{Cite book|vauthors=Carroll WM|title=International Neurology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118777367|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Matetika kokoa ny lehilahy no voan'izany noho ny vehivavy amin'ny tahan'ny 3:2 eo ho eo.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Rehefa hita amin'ny olona alohan'ny faha-50 taonany izany dia antsoina hoe PD vao manomboka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mosley|first=Anthony D.|title=The encyclopedia of Parkinson's disease|date=2010|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=9781438127491|page=89|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&pg=PA89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&pg=PA89|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Eo anelanelan'ny 7 sy 15 taona ny salan'isan'ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainan'ny olona]] aorian'ny fitiliana.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Nomena anarana avy amin'ilay dokotera anglisy James Parkinson ity aretina ity, izay namoaka ny famaritana amin'ny antsipiriany voalohany tao amin'ny ''An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'', tamin'ny 1817. Anisan'ny fanentanana ho an'ny daholobe ny Andro Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Parkinson ( fitsingerenan'ny andro nahaterahan'i James Parkinson, 11 Aprily) sy ny fampiasana [[Tolipàna|tulip]] mena ho mariky ny aretina.<ref name="pmid18175393">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lees AJ|title=Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=22 Suppl 17|issue=Suppl 17|pages=S327–34|date=September 2007|pmid=18175393|doi=10.1002/mds.21684}}</ref> Ireo olona voan'ny Parkinson izay nampitombo ny fahafantaran'ny vahoaka momba ity aretina ity dia ahitana an'i [[Muhammad Ali]], ilay angano momba ny ady totohondry, ilay mpilalao sarimihetsika Michael J. Fox, ilay mpitaingina bisikileta Olaimpika Davis Phinney, ary ilay mpilalao sarimihetsika [[Alan Alda]] . == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9u6jgt64v6tol3hvrzh7lgybwcp2ell 0 301826 1150020 2026-08-29T11:56:36Z ZATSY Mitarimy 35840 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501605|Diphtheria]] to:mg #mdwikicx 1150020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Diphtheria|synonym=|image=Diphtheria bull neck.5325 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Diphtheria can cause a swollen neck, sometimes referred to as a ''bull neck''.<ref name=CDC2012Pink/>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Sore throat, fever, barky cough<ref name=WHO2006/>|onset=2–5 days post-exposure<ref name=CDC2012Pink/>|duration=|causes=''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]'' (spread by direct contact and [[airborne disease|through the air]])<ref name=CDC2012Pink/>|risks=|diagnosis=Throat appearance, [[microbiological culture|culture]]<ref name=WHO2006/>|differential=|prevention=[[Diphtheria vaccine]]<ref name=CDC2012Pink/>|treatment=[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], [[tracheostomy]]<ref name=CDC2012Pink/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=4,500 (reported 2015)<ref name=WHO2015/>|deaths=2,100 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>}} Aretina vokatry ny [[bakteria]] ''Corynebacterium diphtheriae'' '''ny difteria'''.<ref name="CDC2012Pink">{{Cite book|last=Atkinson|first=William|title=Diphtheria Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases|date=May 2012|publisher=Public Health Foundation|isbn=9780983263135|pages=215–230|edition=12|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/dip.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915204257/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/dip.html|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> Mety miovaova ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina manomboka amin'ny malemy ka hatramin'ny mafy.<ref name="WHO2006">{{Cite journal|title=Diphtheria vaccine|journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec|date=20 January 2006|volume=81|issue=3|pages=24–32|pmid=16671240|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606054559/http://www.who.int/wer/2006/wer8103.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Matetika izy ireo dia manomboka roa ka hatramin'ny dimy andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny aretina.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Miseho tsikelikely oreo soritr'aretina ireo, ka manomboka amin'ny tenda maharary sy [[tazo]].<ref name="WHO2006" /> Amin'ny tranga mafy, misy teboka volondavenona na fotsy mipoitra eo amin'ny tenda.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /><ref name="WHO2006" /> Mety hanakana ny lalan-drivotra izany ary hiteraka kohaka mivovo toy ny amin'ny croup.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Mety hivonto ny vozona noho ny fitomboan'ny fihary atodinaina.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Misy ihany koa ny karazana difteria izay mahakasika ny hoditra, ny maso na ny taovam-pananahana.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /><ref name="WHO2006" /> Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny myocarditis, ny fivontosan'ny nerveo, ny olana amin'ny voa, ary ny olana amin'ny rà mandriaka vokatry ny haavon'ny platelets ambany.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Mety hiteraka fitempon'ny fo tsy ara-dalàna ny myocarditis ary mety hiteraka paralysis ny fivontosan'ny nerveo.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Matetika ny difiteria dia mifindra amin'ny olona amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana mivantana na amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kowalski|first=Wladyslaw|title=Hospital airborne infection control|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=9781439821961|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGS7fCcloBQC&pg=PA54|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221095743/https://books.google.com/books?id=rGS7fCcloBQC&pg=PA54|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Mety hiparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra voaloto ihany koa izany.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Misy olona mitondra ny bakteria nefa tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina, nefa mbola afaka mampiely ny aretina amin'ny hafa ihany.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ny karazana telo lehibe amin'ny ''C. diphtheriae'' dia miteraka fahasarotana samihafa amin'ny aretina.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ny soritr'aretina dia vokatry ny poizina vokarin'ny bakteria.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Matetika ny aretina dia azo atao mifototra amin'ny endriky ny tenda miaraka amin'ny fanamafisana amin'ny alalan'ny kolontsaina mikrôbiolojika.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Mety tsy hiaro amin'ny aretina amin'ny ho avy ny aretina teo aloha.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Mandaitra amin'ny fisorohana ny vaksiny difteria ary misy amin'ny endrika maro.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Fatra telo na efatra, miaraka amin'ny vaksiny tetanosy sy vaksiny kohaka, no atolotra mandritra ny fahazazana.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Amporisihina ny fanaovana vaksiny difteria-tetanus isaky ny folo taona fanampiny.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Azo hamarinina amin'ny fandrefesana ny tahan'ny antitoxine ao amin'ny ra ny fiarovana.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Azo sorohina amin'ireo olona tratran'ny difiteria ary azo tsaboina amin'ny [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] erythromycin na benzylpenicillin.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Indraindray dia ilaina ny fandidiana tracheotomy mba hanokafana ny lalan-drivotra amin'ny tranga mafy.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Tamin'ny taona 2015, tranga 4 500 no notaterina tamin'ny fomba ofisialy maneran-tany, nidina avy amin'ny efa ho 100 000 tamin'ny taona 1980.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web|title=Diphtheria|url=http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/diphtheria/en/|website=who.int|access-date=27 March 2015|date=3 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121723/http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/diphtheria/en/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Inoana fa tranga iray tapitrisa eo ho eo isan-taona no nitranga talohan'ny taona 1980.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Ny difteria amin'izao fotoana izao dia matetika hita any [[Afrika atsimon' i Saharà|Afrika atsimon'i Sahara]], India ary Indonezia.<ref name="WHO2006" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323263733|page=2372|edition=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2372|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221092112/https://books.google.com/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2372|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2015, dia nahafaty olona 2 100 izany, nidina avy amin'ny fahafatesana 8 000 tamin'ny taona 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71}}</ref> Any amin'ny faritra mbola fahita matetika izany, ny ankizy no tena voakasik'izany.<ref name="WHO2006" /> Mahalana izany any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]] noho ny fihanaky ny vaksiny saingy mety hipoitra indray raha mihena ny tahan'ny vaksiny.<ref name="WHO2006" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al|first=A. E. Paniz-Mondolfi et|title=Resurgence of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Venezuela as a Regional Public Health Threat in the Americas – Volume 25, Number 4 – April 2019 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=4|pages=625–632|language=en-us|doi=10.3201/eid2504.181305|pmid=30698523|pmc=6433037|year=2019}}</ref> Tany Etazonia, tranga 57 no voalaza teo anelanelan'ny taona 1980 sy 2004.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> 5% ka hatramin'ny 10% amin'ireo voamarina fa maty no mitranga.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Nolazain'i [[Hippocrate|Hippocrates]] voalohany tamin'ny taonjato faha-5 talohan'i JK ity aretina ity.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> Ny bakteria dia hitan'i Edwin Klebs tamin'ny 1882.<ref name="CDC2012Pink" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6k8rukw74gd1px1muvfbxo512quaahb