Vola

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    <title>Vola</title>
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      <comment>Zäh agal vola</comment>
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      <text bytes="4857" sha1="ju6qv1hnlly7rqo22husduw9bw3i72l" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:US-$10000-Certificate of Deposit-1875 (Proof).jpg|thumb|ankavanana|Ny taratasy fanamarinana momba ny 10,000 dôlara amerikana, [[1875]].|292x292px]]
[[Sary:Billets de 5000.jpg|thumb|Vola]]

Ny '''''vola''''' dia vita amin' ny [[taratasy]] na [[metaly]] atontan' ny [[fanjakana]], ary manan-kery ao amin' io tany io mba ho sandan' ny entana vidiana. Ny fanjakan' ny [[firenena]] tsirairay avy dia manamarika ny volany amin' ny sary sy soratra mba hampiavaka azy ireo. Manana ny anjara toerany lehibe eo amin' ny firenena iray ny vola.

== Tantara ==

Tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha|andro taloha]], rehefa mividy na mivarotra, dia tsy maintsy manakalo ilay zavatra vidiana na amidy amina zavatra hafa mitovy vidy; ny zavatra amidy na vidiana dia mety raha atao ho an' ny olon-kafa; io fomba io dia tsy dia efikasy araka ny ohatra ho aseho eo:

Misy mpiompy iray miompy bengy ary mila [[varimbazaha]] izy mba hanao mofo. Ilay mpamboly varimbazaha dia tsy mila bengy ary noho izany tsy dia misy tombontsoa betsaka ilay fifanakalozana noho ilay mpamboly varimbazaha tsy mila [[bengy]].

Mila bengy ho atao sakafo ny mpanefy, kanefa ny tsy mila fitaovana amboarin' ny mpanefy ny mpiompy bengy, fa ny mpamboly varimbazaha no tena mila ny fitaovana amboarin' ny mpanefy.

Amin' ny farany, raha te-hahazo varimbazaha ilay mpiompy, dia tsy maintsy manakalo ny benginy any amin' ny mpamboly izy, izay ilay mpamboly mila fitaovana vao afaka manakalo amin' ilay mpanefy.

[[Sary:BMC 06.jpg|150px|ankavanana|thumb|vola]]

Tamin' ny ankabeazan' ny fiara-monina voalohany nisy, ny olona dia nila nanakalo ny entana azo avy amin' ny ezany amina zavatra hafa. Noho izany, maka ny [[voankazo]] eo amin' ny tany izy mba hahafahany hahazo akanjo hoditra amin' ny alàlan' ny fifanakalozana, toy izany ny fomba nahaterahan' ny takalo. Ny olana amin' ny takalo, dia izy mila mahafantatra ny zavatra izay ilain' ny olona manodidina anatin' ny fotoana iray, noho izany, dia mety tsy mifanitsy amin' izay zavatra ilaina anaty ny fotoana iray ny takalo.

Ao amin' ilay ohatra nolazaina teo ambony, mety tsy nila voankazo ilay mpihaza fa kibay hazo. Ho sarotra inay ny fifanakalozana, satria mila mpiangoty iray vonona hanakalo ny voankazony ary mpanapaka hazo vonona hanakalo voankazo amin' ny kibay.

== Karazan-javatra atao vola ==
Betsaka ireo karazan-javatra efa natao vola. Anisan' ireo:

* [[Akorandriaka]]
* Vola azo atao entana
* Vola taratasy azo avadika
* Vola tsy azo avadika
* Petra-bola any amin' ny [[banky]]
* Vola elektrônika

Ny vola azo atao entana dia azo ampiasaina amin' ny zavatra hafa izay tsy fifanakalozana, ka lazaina hoe manana sanda anaty, satria manana ny sandany manokana noho ny filana azy. Ireo karazana vola azo atao entana dia ny landy, ny [[biby fiompy]] sy ny [[Volamena|volamena]] ary ny [[volafotsy]]. Ny vola azo avadika dia vola azo avadika volamena na volafotsy. Ny mari-pananana [[volamena|volamena]] na volafotsy dia azo avadika vola taratasy noho izy ireo azo avadika tanteraka ho volamena na volafotsy.

Ny vola tsy azo avadika dia vola tsy azo avadika ho volamena na volafotsy. Ny lelavola dia vola tsy azo avadika ary voadidin' ny governemanta ho vola. Izany no volam-pirenena azo ifanakalozana. Vola ampiasaina amin' ny petra-bola any amin' ny banky ny lelavola.

Ireo karazana petra-bola:

* Tahiry
* Petra-bola
* Vola mandry
* Mari-pananana azo iadiana varotra

== Vola sandoka ==
Ny vola sandoka dia vola naprinty na namboarina tsy nahazoana alalana avy amin' ny governemanta na ny fanjakana. Ny famokarana na ny fampiasana vola sandoka dia karazana hosoka. Nipoitra niaraka tamin' ny vola ny vola sandoka. Talohan' ny nanaprintiana vola taratasy, ny fomba fanaovana vola sandoka hita matetika indrindra dia ny fampifangaroana karazana metaly fototra amin' ny volamena na volafotsy ranoray. Misy ihany koa ny vola sandoka aprintin' ny fitaovam-printy ara-dalana ho valin' ny baiko hosoka. Tamin' ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]] ohatra, dia namoaka vola sandoka [[Sterling|livra britanika]] ary [[dôlara]] amerikanina ny Alemanina. Ny vola sandoka dôlara amerikanina tsara kalitao indrindra hita amin' izao fotoana izao dia antsoina hoe ''superdollar.'' Efa misy ihany koa ny vola euro sandoka fa kely kokoa raha oharina amin' ny dôlara amerikanina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Counterfeit Cash – Fake Money: Stats Infographic |url=https://itsamoneything.com/money/counterfeiting-cash-money-infographic/#.VB71g5R_uJQ |access-date=2020-06-20 |archive-date=2019-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104231919/https://itsamoneything.com/money/counterfeiting-cash-money-infographic/#.VB71g5R_uJQ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

9876

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
* [[Ariary]]
* [[Bitcoin]]
* [[Dôlara]]
* [[Euro]]
* [[Real breziliana]]
* [[Mauritian Rupee]]
* [[Kauri]]

[[Sokajy:Toekarena]]
[[Sokajy:Sandam-bola]]
[[Sokajy:Vola]]</text>
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    <title>Wikipedia:Takelaka/*/tsara vakiana</title>
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      <text bytes="2310" sha1="ad15mov59pqn5uf503m893mlyw7j9cf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Barrage de Tsiazompaniry.jpg|thumb|Tohodranon'i Tsiazompaniry]]
Ny '''tohodranon'i Tsiazompaniry''', naorina ny taona 1956, tohodrano mitahiry rano betsaka indrindra eto [[Madagasikara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://newsmada.com/2026/02/12/barrage-de-tsiazompaniry-aucun-risque-de-debordement-nest-a-craindre/&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Momba azy ==
Ny '''tohodranon'i Tsiazompaniry''' dia tohodrano miendrika andohalambo sady misy andry mpanohana  hoan'ny [[Ikopa|Reniranon'i Ikopa]], renirano akaikin'i Tsiazompaniry ao anatin'ny [[faritra Analamanga]]. Orinasa frantsay iray no nanorina azy io tamin'ny taona 1956. Izy io no mamorona ny [[Lac Tsiazompaniry|Farihin'i Tsiazompaniry]], izay fitahirizan-drano lehibe indrindra eto amin'ny firenena, manana velarana 31 kilometatra tora-droa. Afaka mitahiry rano hatramin'ny 260.000.000 metatra tora-telo ny tohodranon'i Tsiazompaniry. Misy tohodrano hafa mitovy karazana aminy, hita iray kilaometatra mianavaratra-andrefan'ilay tohodrano lehibe, izay manampy amin'ny fandrindrana ny rano ao amin'io fitahirizana io&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Any amin'ny kaominina Ambohimiadana, distrikan' Andramasina, faritra Analamanga no misy azy&lt;ref&gt;https://mapcarta.com/fr/W506145669&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny rano avoakan'ny tohodrano dia mikoriana any amin'ny toby famokarana herinaratra ao [[Antelomita,]] izay hita any ambany kokoa amin'ny [[renirano]]. Nanomboka tamin'ny taona 2011 ny tetikasa hametrahana toby famokarana [[herinaratra]] manana tanjaka 5,25 MW eo am-pototr'ilay tohodrano. Tamin'io taona io ihany, dia tena ambany dia ambany ny haavon'ny rano tao amin'ilay [[tohodrano]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.madonline.com/energie-le-barrage-de-tsiazompaniry-est-presque-sec/&lt;/ref&gt;.

Efa nampiasaina namatsiana rano an' Ikopa ny rano tao [[Tsiazompaniry]] vokatry ny haintany, toy ny tamin'ny taona 2017 izay namoahana didim-panjakana ny amin'ny famahana ny tohodrano&lt;ref&gt;https://scoopdago.wordpress.com/tag/tsiazompaniry/&lt;/ref&gt;.

('''Fanamarihana:''' Andao hatsaraina ny lahatsoratra amin'ny teny malagasy, ateveno miaraka amin'ny loharanom-baovao manaraka ny satan'ny Wikipedia... Tsindrio ny rohy eto ambany dia ateveno. Marihana fa na dia nanatevina ny lahatsoratra aza ianao dia tsy miova ny eto amin'ny pejy voalohany, ka aza mikorapaka fa fombany ihany izany.) 

([[Tohodranon'i Tsiazompaniry|tohiny]])</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Barreirinhas</title>
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{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       = Barreirinhas
|velarantany   =3111
|fanjakana      = [[Maranhão]]
|isam-ponina   = 62.528
|firenena      = {{Brazila}}
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|sary          =Lencois Maranhenses 3.jpg
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[[File:Maranhao Municip Barreirinhas.svg|thumb|left|Barreirinhas]]
'''Barreirinhas''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana mizaka tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]].

== Jeografia ==
Ny isam-ponina dia 62.528 mponina tamin'ny taona 2019.&lt;ref name='geocities'&gt;[http://download.geonames.org/export/ Brazila] ao amin'i geonames.org, novingiana ny 18/11/2018 &lt;/ref&gt;

== Jereo koa ==
* [[Brazila]]
** [[Maranhão]]

== Tsiahy ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fanandroana malagasy</title>
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      <comment>/* Ny vintana */ Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
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      <text bytes="41144" sha1="6xqtf9fnhpqw37444so3m45eud4ya99" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Orim-bintana malagasy.jpg|vignette|271x271px|Ny toerana misy ny orim-bintana eny amin' ny zoro sy ny rindrin-trano malagasy]]
Ny '''fanandroana malagasy''' dia endriky ny [[fanandroana]] ataon' ny mpanandro malagasy izay andinihany sy ampiharany ny fifandraisan' ny fotoana sy toerana isehoan' ny zavatra iray (fahaterahana, fanaovan-javatra, fisehon-javatra), amin' ny toerana sy ny toetran' ny zavatra eny amin' ny lanitra, indrindra ny [[Volana]], ankilany (araka ny [[tetiandro malagasy]]) sy ny fifandraisan' izany amin' ny ho toetr' ilay olona teraka na ilay zavatra miseho na tiana hotanteraka. Resahina noho izany ny atao hoe [[Vintana (finoan-drazana malagasy)|vintana]]. 

Ny fanandroana malagasy dia avy amin' ny [[fanandroana arabo]]. Noho izany, ny volana tsirairay ao amin' ny tetiandro malagasy mampiasa [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] nohagasina dia mitondra anaram-bintana ([[Alahamady]], [[Adaoro]], [[Adizaoza]], [[Asorotany]], [[Alahasaty]], [[Asombola]], [[Adimizana]], [[Alakarabo]], [[Alakaosy]], [[Adijady]], [[Adalo]] ary [[Alohotsy]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy, ''Filozofia malagasy'', 2005, p. 104.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Alahamady&quot;, Régis Rajemisa-Raolisona, ''Rakibolana malagasy'', 1985, p. 49.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;), ny andro tsirairay ao amin' ny volana dia mitondra anaram-bintana koa, toy izany koa ny fizaràn' ny andro tsirairay. Tsy ny volana ihany fa ny zavatra rehetra dia manam-pifandraisana amin' ny vintana, indrindra fa ny [[lafin-tany]] ([[avaratra]], [[atsinanana]], [[atsimo]], [[andrefana]], sns) sy ny &quot;[[singa efatra]]&quot; ([[rano]], [[rivotra]], [[tany]], [[afo]]) izay itsinjaran' ny orim-bintana roa ambin' ny folo. Raha ny marina dia anaran' ny [[Antokon-kintana|antokon-kintan]]' ny [[zôdiaka]] amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] nohagasina ny anaram-bintana malagasy nefa efa tsy mifanandrify amin' ny fotoana iheverana ny antokon-kintana mitovy anarana aminy ny [[Tetiandro malagasy|volana malagasy]]. 

Ao amin' ny fanandroana malagasy dia misy lanjany eo amin' ny fivoasana ny vintana koa ny [[andro]] ao amin' ny [[herinandro]] ([[alakamisy]], [[zoma]], [[asabotsy]], sns) izay mety ho tsara na ratsy arakaraka ny zavatra tian-katao. Ambaran' ny mpanandro malagasy fa mamaritra ny toetra sy ny hoavin' ny olona ateraka na ny zavatra tanterahina tandrify azy ny vintana nefa azo ovana izany amin' ny alalan' ny [[fanalana vintana]] na [[fanalana faditra]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy, ''Filozofia malagasy'', 2005, p. 107.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; raha ratsy ka atahorana hitera-doza io vintana io. 

Ankehitriny dia mbola maro ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] mitady hevitra amin' ny mpanandro, eny fa na ny olona sasany izay efa nandray finoana hafa ([[sinkretisma]]) na dia manameloka izany ny [[Fivavahana eto Madagasikara|fivavahana]] arahiny. 

== Ny fiaviana sy fielezan' ny fanandroana malagasy ==
Ny fanandroana malagasy dia avy amin' ny [[fanandroana arabo]], izay avy amin' ny [[fanandroana grika]], ity indray dia avy amin' ny [[fanandroana babilôniana]] sy [[Fanandroana egiptiana|egiptiana]]. Ny [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] (izay antsoin' ny Malagasy hoe ''Talaotra'' na ''[[Antalaotra]]'') no heverin' ny maro fa nitondra ny fanandroana teto Madagasikara&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;'Ny Arabo izay tonga tany amorontsiraka atsinanana sy andrefana no isan’ ireo firenena mpiavy. Ny finoana mohamedianina izay naelin’ izy ireo no nanjary fanompoan-tsampy teto, nahatonga ny sikidy sy fanandroana, ny mosavy sy ny hitsak’ andro”. (Rainihifina, ''Lovantsaina II Tantara Betsileo'', Ambozontany Fianarantsoa. 1975,  p. 19)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy, ''Filozofia malagasy'', 2005, p. 91.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Araka ny finoan-drazana malagasy dia lova avy amin' ny ray aman-dreny na talenta avy amin' ny [[Zanahary (anaran-tsamirery)|Zanahary]] ny fanandroana. Ilain' ny [[Ntaolo malagasy|Nataolo malagasy]] ny manontany mpanandro alohan' ny hiterahana, hanamboarana trano na fasana, hanaovana [[Famorana|hasoavana]] na [[fanambadiana]], hisantatra na hitokana zavatra, [[Fandevenana|handevenana]] sns.

Fanao andavanandro teto Madagasikara ny fankanesana any amin' ny mpanandro teo amin' ireo [[andriana]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-18 sy faha-19. Tao [[Imerina]] teo antenatenan' ny taonjato faha-19 dia nahay nanandro ny iray ampahatelon' ny olona&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jobily Rakotoson, &quot;L'art divinatoire, parole d'un sage&quot; in ''Madagascar fenêtres'', 2002, p.93.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ny vintana ==
[[Sary:New Moon at sunset.jpg|vignette|180x180px|Tsinam-bolana]]
Singa manan-danja indrindra eo amin' ny fanandroana malagasy ny [[Vintana (finoan-drazana malagasy)|vintana]]. Ireto avy ny anaram-bintana amin' ny fanandroana malagasy izay sady anaran' ny [[Tetiandro malagasy|volana malagasy]] avy amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]]: [[Alahamady]], [[Adaoro]], [[Adizaoza]], [[Asorotany]], [[Alahasaty]], [[Asombola]], [[Adimizana]], [[Alakarabo]], [[Alakaosy]], [[Adijady]], [[Adalo]] ary [[Alohotsy]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy, ''Filozofia malagasy'', 2005, p. 104.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Alahamady&quot;, Régis Rajemisa-Raolisona, ''Rakibolana malagasy'', 1985, p. 49.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ankehitriny dia mbola iadian-kevitra ny fotoana mifanandrify amin' ny volana tsirairay noho ny fahasamihafam-piheverana misy eo amin' ireo milaza tena fa manam-pahaizana momba ny [[tetiandro malagasy]].

=== Sokajim-bintana sy fifandraisan' ny vintana ===
Atsidika hatrety amboalohany fa ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] hoe ''vintana'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny indôneziana|teny indôneziana]] hoe ''[[:id:Bintang|bintang]]'' izay midika hoe &quot;[[kintana]]&quot;. Lasa tsy dia mifandray loatra amin' ny kintana anefa ny fanandroana malagasy taty aoriana fa amin' ny [[Volana]], hadino ny fiavian' ilay teny. Ny hoe ''vintana'' dia tsy manondro kintana intsony fa fizaram-potoana ao anatin' ny iray taona na iray [[Volana (fotoana)|volana]] na iray [[andro]] na fizaran' ny erana manodidina.

==== Renivintana sy zanabintana ====
Ny vintana tsirairay dia naorin' ny [[Ntaolo malagasy]] amin' ny zoron-trano sy ny rindrin-trano na amin' ny [[lafin-tany]], ka atao hoe [[renivintana]] ny vintana miorina amin' ny zoron-trano na amin' ny lafin-tany mifanandrify amin' ny zoron-trano, fa [[zanabintana]] kosa ireo vintana miorina amin' ny rindrin-trano na ny lafin-tany mifanandrify amin' izany.

Ireto avy ny renivintana ao amin' ny fanandroana malagasy: 

* ny [[Alahamady]] izay miorina amin' ny zoro na lafin-tany avaratra atsinanana;
* ny [[Asorotany]], izay miorina amin' ny zoro na lafin-tany atsimo atsinanana;
* ny [[Adimizana]], izay miorina amin' ny zoro na lafin-tany atsimo andrefana; ary 
* ny [[Adijady]], izay miorina amin' ny zoro na lafin-tany avaratra andrefana.

Ireto kosa ny zanabintana miisa valo:

* ny [[Adaoro]], izay miorina amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' ny rindrina atsinanana;
* ny [[Adizaoza]], izay apetraka eo amin' ny tapany atsimo amin' ny rindrina atsinanana;
* ny [[Alahasaty]], izay miorina amin' ny tapany atsinanana amin' ny rindrina atsimo;
* ny [[Asombola]], izay miorina amin' ny tapany andrefana amin' ny rindrina atsimo;
* ny [[Alakarabo]], izay miorina amin' ny tapany atsimo amin' ny rindrina andrefana:
* ny [[Alakaosy]], izay miorina amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' ny rindrina andrefana;
* ny [[Adalo]], izay miorina amin' ny tapany andrefana amin' ny rindrina avaratra;
* ary ny [[Alohotsy]], izay miorina amin' ny tapany atsinanana amin' ny rindrina avaratra.

==== Renivintana mibaby sy mitrotro zanabintana ====
Ny vintana roa mialoha sy manaraka ny renivintana iray dia zanabintan' ity renivintana ity, ka ilay mialoha azy dia lazaina fa &quot;babeny&quot; ary ilay manaraka azy dia atao hoe &quot;trotroiny&quot;. Noho izany, ny [[Alahamady]] mitrotro ny Adaoro, ny [[Asorotany]] mitrotro ny Alahasaty, ny [[Adimizana]] mitrotro ny Alakarabo, ary ny [[Adijady]] mitrotro ny Adalo. Alahamady mibaby ny [[Alohotsy]], ny Asorotany mibaby ny [[Adizaoza]], ny Adimizana mibaby ny [[Asombola]], ary ny Adijady mibaby ny [[Alakaosy]].

==== Vintana mifanoto na mifanohitra na mifandratra ====
Ny vintana iray eo amin' ny zoron-trano na lafin-trano iray sy ny vintana iray hafa izay eo amin' ny zoron-trano na lafin-trano mifanatrika (na mifandaka) amin' io (manome zoro 180°) dia lazaina hoe &quot;mifandratra&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy]], ''Filozofia malagasy,'' 2005, p. 106.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Tsy maintsy renivintana no mifandratra amin' ny renivintana. Ny zanabintana trotroina dia tsy maintsy mifandratra amin' ny zanabintana trotroina, ary ny zanabintana babena dia tsy maintsy mifandratra amin' ny zanabintana babena. Noho izany, ny Alahamady mifandratra amin' ny Adimizana, ny Adaoro mifandratra amin' ny Alakarabo, ny Adizaoza mifandratra amin' ny Alakaosy, ny Asorotany mifandratra amin' ny Adijady, ny Alahasaty mifandratra amin' ny Adalo, ary ny Asombola mifandratra amin' ny Alohotsy.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Vintana mifandratra
|-
|Alahamady
|Adimizana
|-
|Adaoro
|Alakarabo
|-
|Adizaoza
|Alakaosy
|-
|Asorontany
|Adijady
|-
|Alahasaty
|Adalo
|-
|Asombola
|Alohotsy
|}

==== Vintana mitanila na miarina ====
Lazaina fa &quot;mitanila&quot; na &quot;miarina&quot; eo amin' ny zanabintana roan' ny renivintana mifandratra aminy ny ny renivintana. Ny zanabintana dia mitanila na miarina eo amin' ny renivintana mifandratra amin' ny renivintana mibaby na mitrotro azy.

=== Ny tonon' andro sy ny fitetezanana andro ===

==== Vava, vonto, vody ====
[[Sary:Moon hidden by clouds.jpg|vignette|214x214px|Ny [[Volana]]]]
Mitondra tonon' andro telo izay antsoina hoe &quot;vava&quot; (na &quot;vavany&quot;) sy &quot;vonto&quot; (&quot;vontony&quot;) ary &quot;vody&quot; (na &quot;vodiny&quot;) ny renivintana. Ny zanabintana kosa dia tsy mitondra afa-tsy tonon' andro roa &quot;vavany&quot; sy &quot;vodiny&quot;. Ao anatin' ny iray volana dia mifanarakaraka araka ny filaharany ny vintana ka ny vavan' ny vintana mitovy anarana amin' ny [[Volana (fotoana)|volana]] diavina no anombohana (ohatra, vava Alahamady); andro ahatsinanan' ny [[Volana]] izany. Ninoan' ny [[Ntaolo malagasy]] fa mahery kokoa ny vavany raha mitaha amin' ny vontony sy ny vodiny, izany hoe eo amin' ny vavavy no mahatanteraka ny toetra ahafantarana indrindra ilay vintana, fa malefaka na foana izany amin' ny vontony sy ny vodiny.

Toy izao, ohatra, ny fifandimbiasan' ny tonon' andro ao amin' ny volana Alahamady&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy, ''Filozofia malagasy'', 2005, p. 105.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;:

# &lt;u&gt;Vava Alahamady&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vonto Alahamady
# Vody Alahamady
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Adaoro&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vody Adaoro
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Adizaoza&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vody Adizaoza
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Asorotany&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vonto Asorotany
# Vody Asorotany
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Alahasaty&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vody Alahasaty
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Asombola&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vody Asombola
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Adimizana&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vonto Adimizana
# Vody Adimizana
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Alakarabo&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vody Alakarabo
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Alakaosy&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vody Alakaosy
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Adijady&lt;/u&gt; 
# Vonto Adijady
# Vody Adijady
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Adalo&lt;/u&gt;
# Vody Adalo
# &lt;u&gt;Vava Alohotsy&lt;/u&gt;  
# Vody Alohotsy
Raha mbola tsy maty ny [[Volana]] na mbola tsy miseho ny [[tsinam-bolana]] vaovao dia mitohy ny fitetezana andro ao amin' ny volana Alahamady ka miampy vava Alahamady faharoa (andro faha-29) izany, na hatramin' ny vonto Alahamady faharoa (andro faha-30).

==== Isan' ny andro ao anatin' ny iray volana ====
Ny ao anatin' ny iray [[Tetiandro malagasy|volana malagasy]] dia mety misy 28 hatramin' ny 30 andro. Ny 29 sy ny 30 andro no matetika indrindra satria maharitra 29 andro sy 12 ora ary 44 minitra ny tsingerim-pihodinan' ny [[Volana]] amin' ny [[Tany]]. Raha misy 28 andro ny iray volana dia mifarana amin' ny vodin' ny vintana mitovy anarana amin' ny volana eo aloha ny volana diavina (ohatra, mifarana amin'ny vody Alohotsy, raha ny volana Alahamady no diavina). Raha tsy tsinana ny Volana alohan' ny mitataovovonan' ny faha-29 andro dia lasa misy 29 andro ny iray volana ka mifarana amin' ny vavan' ny vintana mitovy anarana aminy io volana diavina io (ohatra, mifarana amin' ny vava Alahamady, raha ny Alahamady no volana diavina). Fa raha mbola tsy tsinana ihany ny Volana amin' ny faha-30 andro dia misy 30 andro ny iray volana ka mifarana amin' ny vodiny na ny vonton' ny vintana mitovy anarana aminy io volana diavina io, ka vodiny raha zanabintana fa vontony raha renivintana.

==== Isan' ny andro ao anatin' ny iray taona ====
Raha misy 29 na 30 andro ny ao anatin' ny fe-potoana itsingerenan' ny Volana, misy 354 na 355 andro kosa ny iray taona raha [[Tetiandro manara-bolana|manara-bolana]] tanteraka.

=== Ny toetra ankapoben' ny tonon' andro ===

==== Vintana tsara sy vintana ratsy ====
Misy &quot;tsara&quot; sy &quot;ratsy&quot; ny vintana na ny tonon' andro&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Arakaraka ny zavatra kasaina hatao no mety hahatsara na haharatsy ny tonon' andro iray, na dia mety ho tsara na ratsy amin' ny ankapobeny aza. Ohatra, ny vintana [[Alakaosy]] dia vintana malaza ho ratsy, nefa andro tsara anandratana [[ody]] ny tsinam-bolan' ny volana Alakaosy (vava Alakaosy) izay atao hoe [[Alakaosibe]]. Na dia vintana ratsy amin' ny ankappobeny aza ny Alahasaty dia heverina fa tonon' andro tsara ny vody Alahasaty satria ny zaza teraka amin' io dia ho tratra antitra ary tonon' andro tsara ho fisantaran-javatra sy fampakaram-bady koa ny amin' io.

==== Vintana mahery sy vintana maivana ====
Misy koa ny tonon' andro na vintana mahery na maivana. Ny [[renivintana]] rehetra dia inoana fa vintana mahery. Misy koa anefa [[zanabintana]] inoana fa mahery. Malaza ho vintana mahery indrindra ny Alahamady (renivintana) sy ny Alakaosy (nefa zanabintana). Vintana mahery ihany koa ny Adizaoza (zanabintana) sy ny Asorotany (renivintana) sy ny Adimizana (renivintana) ary ny Adijady (renivintana). Ny Alohotsy dia inoana ho vintana maivana.

=== Ny orim-bintana roa ambin' ny folo ===

==== Alahamady ====
[[Sary:Orim-bintana malagasy.jpg|vignette|271x271px|Ny toerana misy ny orim-bintana eny amin' ny zoro sy ny rindrin-trano malagasy]]
Ny [[Alahamady]] no volana sy vintana voalohany amin' ny fanandroana. [[Renivintana]] ny Alahamady. Ny zoro avaratra-atsinana amin' ny trano no toerana omena azy. Io zoro io dia atao hoe [[zorofirarazana]] koa. Ny faritra na tanàna ao avaratra-atsinanan' ny tanàna iray dia atao hoe &quot;Alahamadin-tany&quot; ho an' io tanàna faharoa io&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/alahamady?w=alahamady Alahamady]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/homePage Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara]''.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;. Ny vava Alahamady ao amin' ny volana Alahamady dia atao hoe [[Alahamadibe]].  

Inoana ho vintan' [[andriana]] sady vintana maha mpanjaka ny Alahamady. Ny Alahamady no vintana mahery indrindra&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;Jobily Rakotoson, &quot;L'art divinatoire, parole d'un sage&quot; in ''Madagascar fenêtres'', 2002, p.95.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Andro mahery ny vava Alahamady ka ny zaza teraka amin'io dia [[Fisoronana sy fanalana vintana|alam-bintana]] fandrao misavika ny andriana, ka raha ankohonan' ny Andriana dia tsy avela hiara-mitoetra aminy. Ny olona teraka vonto Alahamady dia ampitehirizina amponga telon-jehy sy ampiompina [[gisa]] fotsy mivady mba ho tratra antitra. Tonon' andro tsara ny vody Alahamady ka ny olona teraka amin' io dia ho tonga lehibe sy hanan-karena ary ho tratra antitra. 

==== Adaoro ====
Ny [[Adaoro]] no vintana sy volana faharoa. Zanabintana ny Adaoro. Ny tapany avaratra amin' ny rindrin-trano atsinanana no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Adaoro Adaoro]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/homePage Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara]''.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;. Lazaina fa mifandratra amin' ny [[Alakarabo]] sady mihataka sy miarina eo amin' ny Adimizana ny Adaoro.  

Ny olona teraka vava Adaoro dia atahorana amin' ny afo ka tsy maintsy alam-bintana amin' ny alalan' ny fitondran-dreniny azy mandositra avy anaty trano tomboka kely nodorana. Ny olona teraka vody Adaoro dia tsara vintana, ka raha lahy dia hahay mikabary fa raha vavy kosa dia ho tsara fanahy.  

==== Adizaoza ====
Vintana sy volana fahatelo ny [[Adizaoza]]. Zanabintana ny Adizaoza. Ny toerana omena azy dia ny tapany atsimo amin' ny rindrin-trano antsinanana. Eo amin' ny Adizaoza no fitoeran'ny sinibe ao an-trano&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Adizaoza Adizaoza]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/homePage Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara]''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny [[Alakaosy]] no mifandratra amin' ny Adizaoza izay miarina eo amin' ny [[Adijady]].  

Izay olona mikasa hampaka-bady, na hanorin-trano, sns., nefa sendra mifandratra amin' ny vintany ny andro tsara fanaovana izany, dia ny Adizaoza no tokony hofidiny, fa io tsy mihetsiketsika tahaka ny sinibe, ka hampateza ny zavatra kasaina hatao. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia vintana mahery ny Adizaoza. Tonon' andro mahery ny vava Adizaoza ka ny olona teraka eo dia miozanozana sy sahozanina raha tsy [[Fisoronana sy fanalana vintana|alam-bintana]], ka ho lasa mahantra rehefa lehibe. Ny vody Adizaoza dia malefaka kokoa, ka ny vehivavy teraka amin' izany dia ho maro anaka nefa malahelon-karena, fa ny lehilahy kosa tsy hambinina amin' ny fihariana.

==== Asorotany ====
Vintana sy volana fahefatra ny [[Asorotany]]. Renivintana ny Asorotany. Ny zoron-trano atsimo-atsinana no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Asorotany Asorotany]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Adijady]] nefa mitanila sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Alakaosy]] sy [[Adalo]] izy. 

Andro mahery ny Asorotany. Atahorana no maty kely ny zaza teraka amin' ny vava Asorotany, fa raha tsy izany dia ho tratra antitra ihany izy, nefa amin' izany tsy tezain' ny ray aman-dreniny izy fa omena ho tezain' ny havana. Ho tratra antitra ny olona teraka vonto Asorotany. Atahorana ho maty kely ny olona teraka vody Asorotany, ka raha tsy maty izy dia hanan-karena sy holava andro iainana. 

==== Alahasaty ====
Ny [[Alahasaty]] no vintana sy volana malagasy fahadimy. Zanabintana ny Alahasaty. Ny tapany atsinanana amin' ny rindrin-trano atsimo no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Alahasaty Alahasaty]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mifandratra amin' ny Adalo sy miarina eo amin' ny Adijady ny vintana Alahasaty.

Lazaina ho vinta-mpamosavy sy andron' [[ody]] ny Alahasaty. Ny olona teraka vava Alahasaty dia mety ho mpamosavy na ho mpitana ody mahery raha teraka misasaka alina. Tonon' andro tsara anandratana ody sy [[Sampy (malagasy)|sampy]] ny vava Alahasaty ka tsy tsara anaovana zavatra hafa. Ny olona teraka vody Alahasaty dia ho tratra antitra. Tonon' andro tsara ho fisantarana zavatra sy fampakaram-bady ny vody Alahasaty. 

==== Asombola ====
Vintana sy volana fahenina ny [[Asombola]]. Zanabintana ny Asombola. Ny tapany andrefana amin' ny rindrin-trano atsimo no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Asombola Asombola]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Alohotsy]] sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Alahamady]] ny vintana Asombola.

Vintam-bola sy vintan' ny olona tia harena ny Asombola. Ho mpivarotra ary hahazo volabe ny zazalahy teraka vava Asombola. Ny zazavavy kosa ho mpanao taozavatra sy ho mpila harena. Ho mpila vola sy hanan-karena ny zaza teraka vody Asombola.

==== Adimizana ====
Ny [[Adimizana]] no vintana sy volana fahafito. Renivintana ny Adimizana. Ny zoron-trano atsimo-andrefana no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Adimizana Adimizana]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny Adimizana dia mifandratra amin' ny Alahamady sady mitanila sy miarina eo amin' ny Alohotsy sy ny Adaoro.    

Vintana mahery ny Adimizana nefa mety ho tsara na hahafaty mbola kely. Ho mpivarotra sy mpandranto ny zazalahy teraka vava Adimizana. Ny zazavavy kosa dia atahorana ho maty kely nefa mety ho tratra antitra sy hanan-karena. Tonon' andro tsara ny vonto Adimizana ka ny zaza teraka eo dia ho mpanan-karena sy tsy maty vonoina. Ny vody Adimizana dia tononandro tsara ka ny zaza teraka eo dia ho tratra antitra raha tsy maty kely.  

==== Alakarabo ====
Ny [[Alakarabo]] no vintana sy volana fahavalo. Zanabintana ny Alakarabo. Ny tapany atsimo amin' ny rindrin-trano andrefana no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Alakarabo Alakarabo]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Miarina eo amin' ny Alahamady sady mifandratra amin' ny Adaoro ny vintana Alakarabo. 

Vintana tsara ny Alakarabo satria androm-bokatra. Tokony [[Fisoronana sy fanalana vintana|isoronana]] [[Akondro (voany)|akondro]] vokatra ny olona teraka amin' ny vava Alakarabo amin' ny maha vintam-bokatra azy. Ny zazavavy teraka vava Alakarabo dia ho maro anaka fa ny zazalahy kosa ho tratra antitra. Ho maro anaka ihany koa ny zazavavy teraka vody Alakarabo ary ny zazalahy ho tratra antitra.  

==== Alakaosy ====
Ny [[Alakaosy]] dia vintana sy volana fahasivy ao amin' ny fanandroana sy tetiandro malagasy. Zanabintana ny Alakaosy. Ny tapany avaratra amin' ny rindrin-trano andrefana no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Alakaosy Alakaosy]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mifandratra amin' ny Adizaoza ny Alakaosy sady miarina sy miandriana eo amin' ny Asorotany ny Alakaosy.  

Vintana mahery indrindra ny Alakaosy. Raha tsy [[Fisoronana sy fanalana vintana|alam-bintana]] ny zaza teraka eo dia atahorana hahafaty izay lehibe noho izy ka ahohoka ho faty. Amin' ny vava Alakaosy amin' ny volana Alakaosy no andro fanandratana [[ody]] sy [[Sampy (malagasy)|sampy]]. Manao sorona ny mpitahiry ody mahery sy sampy. Ny vehivavy mbola tokony hiteraka dia tsy mihinan-kanina amin' ny vava Alakaosy mba tsy hiteraka Alakaosy. Hanoto ray aman-dreny ny zaza teraka vava Alakaosy, ka ahohoka ho faty na alam-bintana mba ho tratra antitra sy ho lehibe ary ho mpanan-karena. Tsy mifankaiza firy amin' ny vava Alakaosy ny vody Alakaosy. Tsy resy an' ady koa ny olona teraka Alakaosy.

==== Adijady ====
Vintana sy volana fahafolo ny [[Adijady]]. Renivintana ny Adijady. Ny zoron-trano avaratra-andrefana no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Adijady Adijady]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mifandratra amin' ny Asorotany sady mitanila sy miarina eo amin' ny Alahasaty sy ny Adizaoza ny Adijady.  

Amin' ny ankapobeny dia vintana mafy ny Adijady ka tsara anorenana zavatra tiana hateza satria &quot;mijadina mafy&quot;. Ny zavatra tian-ko mafy sy mateza no santarina amin' io andro io, toy ny fampidiram-pananana sy biby hompina ary vola hotehirizina. Tonom-bintana fanorenan-trano sy fampakaram-bady ny Adijady. Ny zaza teraka vava Adijady dia ho vitsy teny, noho izany dia tokony [[Fisoronana sy fanalana vintana|alam-bintana]] fandrao mijadina loatra ka tsy miteny. Heverina ho tsara vintana ny zaza teraka amin' ny vonto Adijady sy amin' ny vody Adijady.  

==== Adalo ====
Tsy marina izany. Ny tapany andrefana amin' ny rindrin-trano avaratra no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Adalo Adalo]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Alahasaty]] sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Asorotany|Asorontany]] ny vintana Adalo. Vintan-dranomaso sy alahelo ny Adalo. Atahorana ho maty kely ny zaza teraka vava Adalo. Ny zaza teraka vody Adalo dia tsara vintana ihany ka ho tratra antitra na dia manan-toetra malahelohelo aza. 

==== Alohotsy ====
Vintana sy volana faharoa ambin' ny folo ny [[Alohotsy]]. Zanabintana ny Alohotsy. Ny tapany antsinana amin' ny rindrin-trano avaratra no toerana omena azy&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/Alohotsy Alohotsy]&quot;, ao amin'ny ''Rakibolana malagasy sy Rakipahalalàna momba an'i Madagasikara''.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Mifandratra amin' ny [[Asombola]] sy miarina eo amin' ny [[Adimizana]] ny vintana Alohotsy.

Atao hoe volam-padina ny volana Alohotsy noho izy iomanana amin' ny &quot;Asaramanitra&quot; (izany hoe ny [[Alahamadibe]]). Tandremana mafy mba tsy haràtra amin' ny [[hety]] na [[antsy]] ny zazamadinika fa tsy ho mety sitrana ka noho izay tsy alana [[Volon-doha|volo]] na [[hoho]] na ampiasana zava-maranitra. Alevina mangingina ny olona maty ao amin' ny volana Alohotsy.

Vintan' olona tsy mahatombin-toerana ny Alohotsy. Andro maivana ny andro Alohotsy. Amin' ny vava Alohotsy sy ny vody Alohotsy dia tsy misy manao taozavatra. Raha hanorin-trano sy hampaka-bady amin' ny andro Alohotsy dia tsy maintsy [[Fisoronana sy fanalana vintana|misorona]] [[vatokaranana]] sy hazo [[Harahara (zavamaniry)|harahara]] na [[famaho]] alevina eo atsinanan' ny andry avaratra tandrify ny Alohotsy mba tsy hihetsiketsika. Tsy ho marim-ponenana fa mifindrafindra na toerana na zavatra hafa ny zaza teraka vava Alohotsy. Ho salama ihany ny zaza teraka vody Alohotsy.

=== Ny vintana sy ny zôdiaka ===
Raha tiana ho azo ny fanandroana malagasy dia tokony havahana ny hoe [[antokon-kintana]] sy ny hoe vintana ary ny hoe [[Tetiandro malagasy|tetiandro]]. Ny fifandraisana misy eo amin' ny [[Fanandroan-kintana|antokon-kintan' ny zôdiaka]] sy ny vintana dia efa tsy hentintra intsony noho ny fanandroana sy ny tetiandro malagasy manara-bolana fa tsy manara-kintana na manara-masoandro tanteraka.

Raha [[Tetiandro manara-bolana|manara-bolana tanteraka]] ny tetiandro malagasy dia tsy misy ifandraisany ny [[evan' ny zôdiaka]] na ny [[Fanandroan-kintana|antokon-kintan' ny zôdiaka]] sy ny volana malagasy, afa-tsy ny fitovian' anarana. Na dia atao hoe [[Tetiandro manara-bolana sy masoandro|manara-bolana sy masoandro]] aza ny tetiandro malagasy dia mbola tsy mifanandrify ihany ny volana malagasy sy ny antokon-kintan' ny zôdiaka mitovy anarana aminy.

Ity ny fifandraisan' ny anaram-bolana sy vintana malagasy amin' ny anaran' ny eva sy ny antokon-kintan' ny [[zôdiaka]] amin' ny teny latina&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Anaram-bolana
malagasy
|Anaran' antokon-kintan' ny
zodiaka amin' ny teny latina
|Dikany
ara-bakiteny
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Alahamady&lt;/small&gt;
|''&lt;small&gt;Aries&lt;/small&gt;''
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;ondrilahy&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Adaoro&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;''Taurus''&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;ombilahy&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Adizaozo&lt;/small&gt;
|''&lt;small&gt;Gemini&lt;/small&gt;''
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;kambana&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Asorotany&lt;/small&gt;
|''&lt;small&gt;Cancer&lt;/small&gt;''
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;foza&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Alahasaty&lt;/small&gt;
|''&lt;small&gt;Leo&lt;/small&gt;''
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;liona&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Asombola&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;''Virgo''&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;virjina&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Adimizana&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;''Libra''&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;mizana&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Alakarabo&lt;/small&gt;
|''&lt;small&gt;Scorpio&lt;/small&gt;''
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;maingoka&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Alakaosy&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;''Sagittarius''&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;mpitifitra tsipika&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Adijady&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;''Capricornus''&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;osy-trondro&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Adalo&lt;/small&gt;
|''&lt;small&gt;Aquarius&lt;/small&gt;''
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;mpandraraka rano&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Alohotsy&lt;/small&gt;
|''&lt;small&gt;Pisces&lt;/small&gt;''
|&lt;small&gt;&quot;trondro&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

=== Ny orim-bintana sy ny zavatra mifandray aminy ===

==== Ny orim-bintana sy ny singa efatra ====
Araka an' i [[Jobily Rakotoson]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Fanandroana malagasy#cite%20note-:0-2|[1]]]&lt;/sup&gt; dia mifandray amin' ny fanandroana ny singa tsirairay, dia ny [[rano]] sy ny [[rivotra]] sy ny [[tany]] ary ny [[afo]]. Atao hoe vintan' ny rano ny Asorotany sy ny Alakarabo ary ny Alohotsy. Vintan' ny rivotra kosa ny Adimizana sy ny Adalo ary ny Adizaoza. Vintan' ny tany ny Adaoro sy ny Adijady ary ny Asombola. Vintan' ny afo ny Alahamady sy ny Alahasaty ary ny Alakaosy.

==== Ny vazantany sy ny zoron-trano ====
Lafin-tany itoeran' ny vintana Adalo sy ny Alohotsy ny [[avaratra]]. Ny zoro [[avaratra-atsinana]] no zoron' ny Alahamady. Lafin-tany itoeran' ny vintana Adaoro sy Adizaoza ny [[atsinanana]]. Ny zoron-trano [[atsimo-atsinana]] no toerana omena ny Asorotany. Lafin-tany itoeran' ny vintana Asombola sy Alahasaty ny [[atsimo]]. Ny zoron-trano atsimo-andrefana no toerana omena ny Adimizana. Lafy itoeran' ny vintana Alakaosy sy Alakarabo ny [[andrefana]]. Ny lafin-tany [[avaratra-andrefana]] dia atao hoe Adijady ka ny lafin-trano [[avaratra-andrefana]] no omena azy.

== Ny andro ao amin' ny herinandro ==
Tsy ny vintana mifandray amin' ny [[Volana]] sy ny [[kintana]] ihany no voakasiky ny fanandroana malagasy fa ny vanim-potoana rehetra hatramin' ny [[andro]] ao amin' ny [[herinandro]] sy ny fizaràn' ny andro, ka hatramin' ny [[Fizaràn-taona|fizaran-taona]] sy ny [[taona]] koa. Manan-danja ihany koa ny fizarazaran' ny andro iray, toy ny maraina sy ny tolakandro, ny andro sy ny alina, ny miposaka masoandro sy ny mitatao vovonana sy ny milentika masoandro sns.

Manomboka amin' ny filentehan' ny [[masoandro]] ny [[andro]] malagasy ary manomboka amin' ny andro [[Alakamisy]] ny [[herinandro]]. Ny iray [[Volana (fotoana)|volana]] ao amin' ny [[tetiandro malagasy]] dia misy 29 na 30 andro. Samy manana ny maha izy azy ireo andro ao amin' ny herinandro ireo. Ny fanaovan-javatra fa tsy ny fahaterahana loatra no tena itandreman' ny [[Ntaolo]] sy ny Malagasy ankehitriny ny fisafidianana ny andro.

=== Andro tsara sy andro ratsy ao amin' ny herinandro ===
Misy &quot;tsara&quot; sy &quot;ratsy&quot; ny andro ao amin' ny herinandro, sahala amin' ny tonon' andro, nefa arakaraka ny zavatra kasaina hatao no mety hahatsara na haharatsy ny andro iray na ny tonon' andro iray, na dia mety ho tsara na ratsy amin' ny ankapobeny aza ny andro na ny tonon' andro. Ohatra, ny andro [[Alarobia]] dia andro ratsy amin' ny ankapobeny nefa anisan' ny andro tsara andevenana ny amin' io; ny andro [[Alakamisy]] kosa dia heverina fa andro tsara amin' ny ankapobeny, nefa tsy tsara andevenana.

Mety hifanaraka na hifanohitra amin' ny tonon' andro mifanojo aminy ny andro iray ao amin' ny herinandro. Mifanohitra ny tonon' andro tsara sy ny andro ratsy, na ny tonon' andro ratsy sy ny andro tsara. Mifanampy kosa ny tonon' andro tsara sy ny andro tsara, na ny tonon' andro ratsy sy ny andro ratsy.

Raha mifanojo ny andro tsara (ohatra, ny Alakamisy) sy ny tonon' andro tsara (ohatra, ny Adijady) dia tsara indrindra io fotoana io. Raha mifanojo ny andro ratsy (ohatra, ny Alarobia) sy ny tonon' andro ratsy (ohatra, ny Adalo) dia ratsy tanteraka izany fotoana izany ka tokony tsy amin' io no hanaovan-javatra, sarotsarotra ny [[fanalana faditra]] na ny [[Fisoronana sy fanalana vintana|fanalana vintana]]. Na dia tsara aza ny tonon' andro (ohatra, ny Adijady) nefa mifanojo amin' ny andro heverina fa andro ratsy (ohatra, ny Alarobia) dia foanana ny zavatra hatao na atao ihany fa ialohavan' ny fanalam-paditra. Na dia tsara koa aza ny andro (ohatra, ny Alakamisy) nefa ratsy ny tonon' andro (ohatra, ny Adalo) dia aleo ajanona ny zavatra tokony hatao na tanterahina ny fanalana vintana.

=== Ny andro fito ao amin' ny herinandro ===

==== Alakamisy ====
Andro voalohany ao amin' ny fanandroana sy tetiandro malagasy ny andro [[Alakamisy]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Fanandroana malagasy#cite%20note-:1-1|[2]]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Ny teny hoe ''Alakamisy'' na ''Lakamisy'' na ''Kamisy'' dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny arabo|teny arabo]] hoe الخميس / ''al-khamīs'' izay midika hoe &quot;ny fahadimy&quot; ao amin' ny [[Tetiandro mozilmana|tetiandro silamo]].

Araka ny finoan' ny [[Ntaolo]] malagasy, amin' ny ankapobeny, dia andro tsara ny Alakamisy fa manantena hisy. Andro fisantarana izay atao (fanorenan-trano, fivohan' ny tafika amin' ny ady) sy tsara anaovana fampakaram-bady ny Alakamisy. Tsy tsara andevenana ny andro Alakamisy.

==== Zoma ====
Amin' ny Ntaolo malagasy dia andro faharoa ny andro [[Zoma]]. Ny teny hoe ''Zoma'' na ''Azoma'' na ''Joma'' dia avy amin' ny teny arabo hoe الجمعة / ''al-jum‘ah'' izay midika hoe &quot;ny fahenina&quot;. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia andro mainty ny Zoma, araka ny finoan' ny Ntaolo malagasy, ka natokana handevenana.

==== Asabotsy ====
Amin' ny Ntaolo malagasy dia andro fahatelo ny andro [[Asabotsy]]. Ny teny hoe ''Asabotsy'' na ''Sabotsy'' dia avy amin' ny teny arabo hoe السبت / ''as-sabt'' izay avy amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] hoe שָׁבַת / ''shabbat'' na avy amin' ny teny hebreo hoe ''shabbos,'' izay samy manondro ny andro Asabotsy sady midika hoe &quot;andro fitsaharana&quot; na &quot;andro fialan-tsasatra&quot;. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia andro &quot;mibontsina&quot; ny Asabotsy, araka ny fivoasana sy ny finoan-drazana malagasy, ka natokana hitomaniana sy hamoizana ny maty.

==== Alahady ====
Amin' ny Ntaolo malagasy dia andro fahefatra ny [[Alahady]]. Ny teny hoe ''Alahady na Lahady'' dia avy amin' ny teny arabo hoe الأحد / ''al-aḥad'' izay midika hoe &quot;ny voalohany&quot;. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia andro mahery ny Alahady, raha ny finoan' ny Ntaolo malagasy azy, ka tsy azo andevenana ny marainany.

==== Alatsinainy ====
Amin' ny Ntaolo malagasy dia andro fahadimy ny [[Alatsinainy]]. Ny teny hoe ''Alatsinainy'' na ''Latsinainy'' na ''Tinainy'' dia avy amin' ny teny arabo hoe الإثنين / ''al-ithnayn'' izay midika hoe &quot;ny faharoa&quot;. Amin' ny ankapobeny dia andro mafy sy mainty ny Alatsinainy, araka ny finoan-drazana malagasy. Tsy fisantaran-javatra io andro io, amin' ny maha andro mafy azy, fa andro fandevenana sy fanamafisan-javatra.

==== Talata ====
Amin' ny Ntaolo malagasy dia andro fahenina ny [[Talata]]. Ny teny malagasy hoe ''Talata'' na ''Atalata'' dia avy amin' ny teny arabo hoe الثلاثاء / ''ath-thulathā’'', izay midika hoe &quot;ny fahatelo&quot;.  Amin' ny ankapobeny, amin'ny faritra maro eto Madagasikara dia tsy mety ny mamangy mana-manjo amin'ny andro Talata, araka ny finoan'ny Ntaolo malagasy. Andro tsara hivoahan'ny [[andriana]] na ny tafika ny andro Talata. Ataon'ny Ntaolo malagasy hoe &quot;Talata gorobaka&quot; ny andro Talata.

==== Alarobia ====
Andro fahafito ny andro [[Alarobia]] amin' ny Ntaolo malagasy. Ny teny malagasy hoe ''Alarobia'' na ''Larobia'' dia avy amin'ny teny arabo hoe الأربعاء / ''al-’arbi‘ā’'' , izay midika hoe &quot;ny fahefatra&quot;. Amin' ny ankapobeny, amin' ny Ntaolo malagasy dia andro ratsy ny Alarobia, araka ny fitenenana hoe &quot;Alarobia tsy miverina&quot;. Natokana ho an' ny famoizana sy ny fandevenana ny Alarobia.

== Olana eo amin' ny fanandroana malagasy ==

=== Ny fahamarinan' ny laharan' andro ===
Tsy isaina ho andro voalohany ao amin' ny volana ny tonon' andro iray raha tsy tsinana alohan' ny mitataovovonan' io andro io ny Volana. Miteraka fahasamihafana arakaraka ny faritra anaovana fanandroana izany satria tsy amin' ny 12 ora antoandro amin' ny [[Famataranandro|famantaranandro]] araka ny [[hasin' ora]] ifanarahana izany. Ny mitataovovonana any amin' ny faritra atsinanana indrindra eto [[Madagasikara]] dia tsy mitataovovonana any amin' ny faritra andrefana. Raha tonon' andro vava Alahasaty amin' ny volana Alahasaty, ohatra, no mifanojo amin' ny andro Alatsinainy any andrefana, dia mety efa vonto Alahamady ny any atsinanana, raha ohatra ka manodidina ny mitataovovonana ny nahatsinanan' ny Volana. Mety hiteraka fahadisoana koa ny tsy fahitana ny fotoana ahafatesan' ny Volana na ahatsinanany noho ny fisian' ny rahona na orana na tendrombohitra manakona ka misakana ny fijerena izany, na noho ny hakamoan' ny mpanandro &quot;mamono volana an-trano&quot;.

=== Fisian' ny tetiandro malagasy maro ===
Olana lehibe eo amin' ny fanandroana malagasy koa ny fisian' ny [[tetiandro malagasy]] maro, izay samy manana ny mpanohana azy, dia ny [[tetiandro manara-bolana]], izay ahitana taona fohy kokoa noho ny an' ny [[tetiandro gregôriana]] ka mihemotra hatrany ny toerana misy ny volana ao aminy raha mitaha amin' ity farany, sy ny [[tetiandro manara-bolana sy masoandro]] izay mametraka hatrany ny volana [[Alahamady]] manandrify ny volana [[Martsa|Marsa]] sy [[Aprily|Avrily]].

Raha lazaina ohatra fa teraka Alahamady ny mpanjaka sasany, na teraka Alakaosy ny olona sasany;  dia ny Alahamady na Alakaosy araka ny tetiandro malagasy inona izany ?

== Fijerin' ny fivavahana hafa ny fanandroana ==

=== Fijerin' ny fivavahana kristiana ===
Amin' ny ankapobeny dia manohitra ny fanandroana sy ny sikidy ny [[Kristianisma eto Madagasikara|fivavahana kristiana]] eto [[Madagasikara]] na dia misy amin' ny Kristiana isam-batan' olona ny mbola mankany amin' ny mpanandro mba hamantara ny tokony hataony.

==== Ny hevitry ny katôlisisma ====
Mazava ny voasoratra ao amin' ny [[Katesizin' ny Fiangonana Katôlika]] (KFK) ny amin' ny fandavany ny [[fanandroana]] sy ny [[sikidy]] ary ny [[Mazia (finoana)|mazia]] araka izao:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Tsy azo ekena avokoa ny sikidy amam-panandroana sy izay fomba rehetra miendrika izany: fangataham-bonjy amin' i [[Satana|Satàna]] na amin' ireo [[demony]], [[fiantsoana ny maty]] na ireo fomba amam-pihetsika hafa misandoka ho &quot;mahalala&quot; ny hoavy. Ny fizahana vintana (''horoscope''), ny fanandroana atao amin' ny fandinihana ny antokon-kintana (''astrologie''), ny fanandroana amin' ny fijerena bika aman-tsipitsipika eo amin' ny felatanana (''chiromancie''), ny fanazavana ny [[Fambara (finoana)|fambara]] miseho, ny fanazavana ny vintana, [[Anjara (finoana)|anjara]], [[lahatra]], [[Famosaviana|mosavy]], ny faminaniana amin' ny fisehon-javatra mahazendana, ny fitadiavam-bonjy amin' ny [[Famohana angatra|mpamoha angatra]]; ireo rehetra ireo dia mirakitra hery mangeja eo amin' ny fotoana, eo amin' ny tantara ary farany eo amin' ny olombelona, sady koa mirakitra faniriana hihavana amin' ireo hery miafina. Ireo rehetra ireo dia zava-manohitra ny fitokiana an' Andriamanitra sy ny voninahiny ary ny fanajana Azy, izay tokony hotanterahintsika Aminy irery ao anatin' ny fahatahorana Azy amim-pitiavana.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Tsy hanana andriamanitra hafa eo anatrehako ianao&quot;, ao amin' ny ''[[Katesizin' ny Fiangonana Katôlika]]'', p. 572.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ohabolana momba ny fanandroana ==

* Mahadidy maso mpanandro ary manoto azy milaza, fa mamitaka ny adala, ka aza manandro foana.
* Mamono volana an-trano toa mpanandro tsy mahay.

== Jereo koa ==
'''Fanandroana'''
* [[Fanandroana]]
* [[Fanandroana babilôniana]]
* [[Fanandroana helenistika]]
* [[Fanandroana arabo]]
* [[Fanandroana malagasy]]
* [[Fanandroana sinoa]]
* [[Zôdiaka sinoa]]
* [[Fanandroana azteka]]
* [[Fanandroana indiana]] (na [[Fanandroana hindo]])
* [[Fanandroana maia]]
* [[Fanandroana mesôpôtamiana]]
* [[Fanandroana tibetàna]]
* [[Fanandroana seltika]]
* [[Zôdiakan' i Dendera]]
'''Hafa'''
* [[Tetiandro malagasy]]
* [[Fivavahana eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Sikidy malagasy]]
*[[Finoan-drazana malagasy]]

== Rohy ivelany ==

* [http://gasikar-histo.e-monsite.com/pages/geographie/culture-et-arts-traditionnels/astrologie-et-divination-malgaches.html Astrologie et divination malgaches] {{Wayback|url=http://gasikar-histo.e-monsite.com/pages/geographie/culture-et-arts-traditionnels/astrologie-et-divination-malgaches.html |date=20180616153757 }}
* [http://www.madalascar.fr/astro.html Astrologie malgache] {{Wayback|url=http://www.madalascar.fr/astro.html |date=20190514022301 }}
* [https://www.letananarivien.com/tana-way-of-life/horoscope-malgache-prediction-de-chance-vintana/ Les horoscope Malgache une prédiction de la chance ou le « Vintana »] {{Wayback|url=https://www.letananarivien.com/tana-way-of-life/horoscope-malgache-prediction-de-chance-vintana/ |date=20201204224406 }}
* [http://alimanakarabesata.free.fr/12signes.htm Les 12 signes du zodiaque malagasy]
* [http://icalendrier.fr/calendriers-saga/calendriers/malgache Le calendrier malgache]
* [https://www.madagascarautrement.com/fetes-malgaches.htm Fêtes Malgaches] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascarautrement.com/fetes-malgaches.htm |date=20190416043525 }}
* [http://ariniaina.mondoblog.org/2014/03/27/le-nouvel-malgache/ Le Nouvel An Malgache] {{Wayback|url=http://ariniaina.mondoblog.org/2014/03/27/le-nouvel-malgache/ |date=20180526084501 }}
* [https://malagasy4all.blogspot.com/2012/05/malagasy-horoscopes-alahamady-alakaosy.html Malagasy Horoscopes : Alahamady, Alakaosy, Asombola.....]
* [https://malagasy4all.blogspot.com/2012/05/malagasy-horoscopes-alahamady-alakaosy.html Rabesata Arim''a &quot;''Alimanaka Rabesata Vintana&quot;]
* [https://www.calendrier-365.fr/lune/phases-de-la-lune.html Phase de la lune in ''Calendrier-365.fr'']

== Fanovozan-kevitra ==

* Jaovelo-Dzao R., ''Mythes, rites et transes à Madagascar'', ''Angano et Tromba sakalava'', Karthala et Ambozontany, 1996.
* Beaujard P., ''Mythe et société à Madagascar'' ''(Tanala de l'Ikongo)'', ''Le chasseur d'oiseau et la princesse du ciel'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 1991.
* Antoine de Padoue Rahajarizafy, ''Filozofia malagasy'', Editions Ambozontany Antananarivo, 2004. 
*Fivondronamben' ny Eveka eto Madagasikara (mpandika teny), ''Katesizin' ny Fiangonana Katôlika'', Antananarivo, Madagasikara, 2009.  

== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==

== Jereo koa ==
[[Sokajy:Fanandroana]]</text>
      <sha1>6xqtf9fnhpqw37444so3m45eud4ya99</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sokajy:Ambasadaoron’i Madagasikara</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>286356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151083</id>
      <parentid>1071788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50172-80</username>
        <id>41062</id>
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      <text bytes="95" sha1="5c70tgrnj79cja9wmrib9brw2b4bgdi" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:Ministeran'ny Fiarovam-pirenena]]
[[Sokajy:Diplaomaty]]
[[Sokajy:Diplaomaty malagasy]]</text>
      <sha1>5c70tgrnj79cja9wmrib9brw2b4bgdi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beroberoka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>287849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151136</id>
      <parentid>1114952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T09:11:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nandamina lahatsoratra</comment>
      <origin>1151136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="636" sha1="fknmcj6y8t6z490wyw1x1rd2g03aa8p" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sonchus February 2008-1.jpg|vignette|''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]''|360x360px]]
[[Sary:Sonchus arvensis.JPG|vignette|''[[Sonchus arvensis]]''|280x280px]]
Ny '''beroberoka''' dia anarana karazan-javamaniry samihafa ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]'':

* ''[[Lactuca indica]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- beroberoka

* ''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- anamboraka, beroberobazaha, beroberoka, beroberokamboa, beroberokondrilahy, majajay
* ''[[Sonchus arvensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- beroberoka

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Lactuca]]''
* ''[[Sonchus]]''

[[Sary:Akinonogeshi.JPG|vignette|285x285px|''[[Lactuca indica]]'']]</text>
      <sha1>fknmcj6y8t6z490wyw1x1rd2g03aa8p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151137</id>
      <parentid>1151136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T09:13:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
      <origin>1151137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="635" sha1="1yz2163klnskphp94v6t6cmj8qm888k" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sonchus February 2008-1.jpg|vignette|''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]''|360x360px]]
[[Sary:Sonchus arvensis.JPG|vignette|''[[Sonchus arvensis]]''|280x280px]]
Ny '''beroberoka''' dia anarana karazan-javamaniry samihafa ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]'':

* ''[[Lactuca indica]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- beroberoka

* ''[[Sonchus oleaceus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- anamboraka, beroberobazaha, beroberoka, beroberokamboa, beroberokondrilahy, majajay
* ''[[Sonchus arvensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- beroberoka

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Lactuca]]''
* ''[[Sonchus]]''

[[Sary:Akinonogeshi.JPG|vignette|285x285px|''[[Lactuca indica]]'']]</text>
      <sha1>1yz2163klnskphp94v6t6cmj8qm888k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151140</id>
      <parentid>1151137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T09:16:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nanala ny fanavaozana</comment>
      <origin>1151140</origin>
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      <text bytes="636" sha1="fknmcj6y8t6z490wyw1x1rd2g03aa8p" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sonchus February 2008-1.jpg|vignette|''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]''|360x360px]]
[[Sary:Sonchus arvensis.JPG|vignette|''[[Sonchus arvensis]]''|280x280px]]
Ny '''beroberoka''' dia anarana karazan-javamaniry samihafa ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]'':

* ''[[Lactuca indica]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- beroberoka

* ''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- anamboraka, beroberobazaha, beroberoka, beroberokamboa, beroberokondrilahy, majajay
* ''[[Sonchus arvensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- beroberoka

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Lactuca]]''
* ''[[Sonchus]]''

[[Sary:Akinonogeshi.JPG|vignette|285x285px|''[[Lactuca indica]]'']]</text>
      <sha1>fknmcj6y8t6z490wyw1x1rd2g03aa8p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lactuca indica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>287851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151096</id>
      <parentid>1114951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T00:09:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */ Nanitsy tsipelina</comment>
      <origin>1151096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1988" sha1="3naz3tpwcc7ujki3y8osfbm3j57fk0o" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Akinonogeshi.JPG|vignette|251x251px|''Lactuca indica'']]
Ny '''''Lactuca indica''''' dia karazana [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny foko ''Cichorieae'' ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]''. Ity zavamaniry ity dia teratany any amin' ny tapany andrefan' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] ([[Xinjiang]], [[Tibeta|Tibet]]), any amin' ny tendrombohitra Himalaya, ary any [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Azia Atsimo-Andrefana]] hatrany andrefana any [[Torkia]]. Io narany ara-tsiansa io dia midika hoe &quot;'''salady indiana'''&quot;. Nampidirina be dia be any amin' ny faritra hafa izy io, eny fa na any amin' ny [[Afrika Atsinanana]] aza, ary heverina ho nampidirina tany Japana efa tamin' ny andro fahagola, nentina niaraka amin' ny fambolem-bary.

Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ity zavamaniry ity dia atao hoe '''beroberoka''', nefa tsy io ihany ny antsoin' ny Malalagasy hoe [[beroberoka]] fa misy karazan-javamaniry hafa koa, dia ny ''[[Sonchus oleaceus]]'' (izay atao hoe koa ''anamboraka'', ''beroberobazaha'', ''beroberokamboa'', ''beroberokondrilahy'' na ''majajay'') sy ny ''[[Sonchus arvencis]]''. 
[[Sary:Lactuca indica 3.JPG|ankavia|vignette|190x190px|''Lactuca indica'']]
Ny ''Lactuca indica'' dia ahitra maniry maharitra roa taona, mitombo avy amin' ny fakany ka mahatratra 40 sm farafahakeliny ary matetika mahatratra 2 m. Ny voniny dia misy felany miloko fotsy mankamin' ny mavo matroa ka ny afovoany dia mavo. Ny sakan' ny felan-draviny izay kely sy ny tsiro amam-pofon' ny raviny dia miovaova be arakaraka ny faritra aniriany.
[[Sary:Lactuca indica 2.JPG|vignette|''Lactuca indica'']]
Izy io dia ambolena (na ny marimarina kokoa, ampirisihina ny fambnolena azy) ho sakafon' ny [[bitro]], ny [[kisoa]], ny [[akoho amam-borona]] ary na ny [[trondro]] aza any Azia. Ny raviny tanora dia azo ampiasaina hatao [[anana]] atao salady toy ny beroberoka fihinana hafa. Ampiasaina amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] izy io ho fanampiana amin' ny fandevonan-kanina.</text>
      <sha1>3naz3tpwcc7ujki3y8osfbm3j57fk0o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151097</id>
      <parentid>1151096</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T00:12:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-39119-14</username>
        <id>40302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Namafa soratra tsy ilaina</comment>
      <origin>1151097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1983" sha1="p1mburhlndk0c3xbcu2r7ai6u4h0q3q" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Akinonogeshi.JPG|vignette|251x251px|''Lactuca indica'']]
Ny '''''Lactuca indica''''' dia karazana [[zavamaniry]] ao amin' ny foko ''Cichorieae'' ao anatin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]''. Ity zavamaniry ity dia teratany any amin' ny tapany andrefan' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] ([[Xinjiang]], [[Tibeta|Tibet]]), any amin' ny tendrombohitra [[Himalaya]], ary any [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Azia Atsimo-Andrefana]] hatrany andrefana any [[Torkia]]. Io narany ara-tsiansa io dia midika hoe &quot;'''salady indiana'''&quot;. Nampidirina be dia be any amin' ny faritra hafa izy io, eny fa na any [[Afrika Atsinanana]] aza, ary heverina ho nampidirina tany Japana efa tamin' ny andro fahagola, nentina niaraka amin' ny fambolem-bary.

Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ity zavamaniry ity dia atao hoe '''beroberoka''', nefa tsy io ihany ny antsoin' ny Malalagasy hoe [[beroberoka]] fa misy karazan-javamaniry hafa koa, dia ny ''[[Sonchus oleaceus]]'' (izay atao hoe koa ''anamboraka'', ''beroberobazaha'', ''beroberokamboa'', ''beroberokondrilahy'' na ''majajay'') sy ny ''[[Sonchus arvencis]]''. 
[[Sary:Lactuca indica 3.JPG|ankavia|vignette|190x190px|''Lactuca indica'']]
Ny ''Lactuca indica'' dia ahitra maniry maharitra roa taona, mitombo avy amin' ny fakany ka mahatratra 40 sm farafahakeliny ary matetika mahatratra 2 m. Ny voniny dia misy felany miloko fotsy mankamin' ny mavo matroa ka ny afovoany dia mavo. Ny sakan' ny felan-draviny izay kely sy ny tsiro amam-pofon' ny raviny dia miovaova be arakaraka ny faritra aniriany.
[[Sary:Lactuca indica 2.JPG|vignette|''Lactuca indica'']]
Izy io dia ambolena (na ny marimarina kokoa, ampirisihina ny fambnolena azy) ho sakafon' ny [[bitro]], ny [[kisoa]], ny [[akoho amam-borona]] ary na ny [[trondro]] aza any Azia. Ny raviny tanora dia azo ampiasaina hatao [[anana]] atao salady toy ny beroberoka fihinana hafa. Ampiasaina amin' ny [[fitsaboana nentim-paharazana]] izy io ho fanampiana amin' ny fandevonan-kanina.</text>
      <sha1>p1mburhlndk0c3xbcu2r7ai6u4h0q3q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonchus oleraceus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>287854</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151098</id>
      <parentid>1079176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T00:17:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-39119-14</username>
        <id>40302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nanitsy hadisoam-pitendrena</comment>
      <origin>1151098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="917" sha1="inj5w1mqc4hotn6g55x6zt8fi7sdjp2" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sonchus February 2008-1.jpg|vignette|271x271px|''Sonchus oleraceus'']]
Ny '''''Sonchus oleraceus''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Sonchus'' sy ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]''. Teratany any [[Eorôpa]], any [[Afrika Avaratra]] ary any [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany Atsinanana]] io karazana io ary efa nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena hafa rehetra maneran-tany. Maniry amin' ny [[tany kotra]] eny an-tsaha, amin' ny zaridaina, amin' ny korontam-bato, amin' ny tany lao, amoron-dalana an-tanàna na ivelan' ny tanàna ity zavamaniry ity. Ny raviny dia azo hanina manta na masaka. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy dia atao hoe '''beroberoka''', nefa tsy io ihany no ataon' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] hoe [[beroberoka]]. Misy koa ny miantso azy hoe '''anamboraka''', '''beroberobazaha''', '''beroberokamboa''', '''beroberokondrilahy''' na '''majajay'''.</text>
      <sha1>inj5w1mqc4hotn6g55x6zt8fi7sdjp2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151138</id>
      <parentid>1151098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T09:15:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Sonchus oleaceus]] ho [[Sonchus oleraceus]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1151098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="917" sha1="inj5w1mqc4hotn6g55x6zt8fi7sdjp2" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sonchus February 2008-1.jpg|vignette|271x271px|''Sonchus oleraceus'']]
Ny '''''Sonchus oleraceus''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Sonchus'' sy ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]''. Teratany any [[Eorôpa]], any [[Afrika Avaratra]] ary any [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany Atsinanana]] io karazana io ary efa nampidirina tany amin' ny firenena hafa rehetra maneran-tany. Maniry amin' ny [[tany kotra]] eny an-tsaha, amin' ny zaridaina, amin' ny korontam-bato, amin' ny tany lao, amoron-dalana an-tanàna na ivelan' ny tanàna ity zavamaniry ity. Ny raviny dia azo hanina manta na masaka. Amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] izy dia atao hoe '''beroberoka''', nefa tsy io ihany no ataon' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] hoe [[beroberoka]]. Misy koa ny miantso azy hoe '''anamboraka''', '''beroberobazaha''', '''beroberokamboa''', '''beroberokondrilahy''' na '''majajay'''.</text>
      <sha1>inj5w1mqc4hotn6g55x6zt8fi7sdjp2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonchus arvensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>287855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151134</id>
      <parentid>1079177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T09:06:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Sonchus arvencis]] ho [[Sonchus arvensis]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1079177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="236" sha1="ptd7rdgvejwuazap040acu1gsoaogi6" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Sonchus arvensis.JPG|vignette|''Sonchus arvensis'']]
Ny '''''Sonchus arvensis''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asteraceae]]'', teratany any amin' ny faritra manana toetany antonony any [[Eorazia]].</text>
      <sha1>ptd7rdgvejwuazap040acu1gsoaogi6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Efemerida/25 Septambra</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>298692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151127</id>
      <parentid>1133941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T06:10:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
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      <origin>1151127</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="518" sha1="kadmlo0qkwzxdq95xyvdd9ei98qat9w" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[25 Septambra|25 septambra]]''':

* '''[[1921]]''' - Fametrahana tao [[Alemaina]] ny AVUS, lalambe migodàna voalohany indrindra manerantany.

* '''[[1964]]''' - Fanombohan'ny adim-pahaleovantena [[Môzambika|Mozambikana]] manoloana an'i [[Pôrtogaly]].

* '''[[2025]]''' - Fanombohan'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana 2025]] teto [[Madagasikara]] niafara amin'ny fandosiran'ny Filoha [[Andry Rajoelina]], ny Praiminisitra Ntsay Christian ary ilay matretre [[Mamy Ravatomanga]].</text>
      <sha1>kadmlo0qkwzxdq95xyvdd9ei98qat9w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151128</id>
      <parentid>1151127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T06:14:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JianJi</username>
        <id>36396</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1151128</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="601" sha1="a0at5ig0w086oatohzogj2ktx12rzod" xml:space="preserve">'''Androany [[25 Septambra|25 septambra]]''':

* '''[[1921]]''' - Fametrahana tao [[Alemaina]] ny AVUS, lalambe migodàna voalohany indrindra manerantany.

* '''[[1964]]''' - Fanombohan'ny adim-pahaleovantena [[Môzambika|Mozambikana]] manoloana an'i [[Pôrtogaly]].

* '''[[1981]]''' - Niditra ao amin'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] i [[Belizy|Belize]].

* '''[[2025]]''' - Fanombohan'ny [[Hetsi-panoherana 2025 eto Madagasikara|hetsi-panoherana 2025]] teto [[Madagasikara]] niafara amin'ny fandosiran'ny Filoha [[Andry Rajoelina]], ny Praiminisitra Ntsay Christian ary ilay matretre [[Mamy Ravatomanga]].</text>
      <sha1>a0at5ig0w086oatohzogj2ktx12rzod</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hepatita C</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>298911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151116</id>
      <parentid>1134597</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T02:17:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>1151116</origin>
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      <text bytes="9987" sha1="4c5oo4llw898y2y8s7gmfbal47oxy3b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hepatita C
|synonym          =Aretina aty vokatry ny virus
|image            =HCV EM picture 2.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Micrograph|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis C virus]] from cell culture (scale = 50&amp;nbsp;[[nanometers]])
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Matetika tsy misy&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =maharitra ela (80%)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|causes           =[[Hepatitis C virus]] matetika mifindra amin'ny alàlan'ny fifandraisana rà amin'ny rà&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mah2010/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Fitsapana rà ho an'ny [[antibodies]] or viral [[RNA]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =Clean needles, testing donated blood&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|treatment        =Medications, [[liver transplant]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2011 /&gt;
|medication       =Antivirals ([[sofosbuvir]], [[simeprevir]], others)&lt;ref name=CDC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2015 /&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =71 million (2017)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
|deaths           =399,000 (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Fact/&gt;
}}Aretina mifindra vokatry ny viriosy hepatita C (HCV) '''ny hepatita''' C izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny [[aty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan|url-access=limited|edition=4th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00ryan/page/n568 551]–52|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandritra ny aretina voalohany dia matetika ny olona no tsy mahatsapa soritr'aretina mihitsy na tsy misy mihitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=January 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121073721/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|archive-date=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray dia misy tazo, fivalanan-drano maizina, fanaintainan'ny kibo, ary hoditra mavomavo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mitoetra ao amin'ny aty ny viriosy eo amin'ny 75% ka hatramin'ny 85% eo ho eo amin'ireo olona voan'ny aretina voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Matetika tsy misy soritr'aretina ny aretina mitaiza raha vao manomboka miseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mandritra ny taona maro anefa, matetika izany no mitarika aretin'aty ary indraindray cirrhosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny tranga sasany, ireo voan'ny cirrhosis dia mety hiharan'ny fahasarotana lehibe toy ny tsy fahombiazan'ny aty, homamiadan'ny aty, na lalan-dra mivelatra ao amin'ny lalan-kanina sy ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris2004&quot; /&gt;

Ny HCV dia miely indrindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana amin'ny ra mifandraika amin'ny fampiasana fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra, fitaovana ara-pitsaboana tsy voadio tsara, ratra vokatry ny tsindrona amin'ny fitsaboana, ary ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mah2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Maheshwari|first=A|last2=Thuluvath, PJ|title=Management of acute hepatitis C|journal=Clinics in Liver Disease|date=February 2010|volume=14|issue=1|pages=169–76, x|pmid=20123448|doi=10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha ampiasaina ny fitiliana ra, dia latsaky ny iray isaky ny roa tapitrisa ny mety ho voka-dratsin'ny fampidiran-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra avy amin'ny reny voan'ny aretina mankany amin'ny zanany mandritra ny fiterahana ihany koa izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana ivelany izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 February 2016|date=July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131041006/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/|archive-date=31 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iray amin'ireo viriosy hepatita dimy fantatra izy io: A, B, C, D, ary E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis: A through E and Beyond|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=4 February 2016|date=April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083731/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis-a-through-e/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana ra no atao mba hahitana raha misy antikôra manohitra ny viriosy na ny ARN- ny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Amporisihina ny fanaovana fitiliana amin'ny olona rehetra mety ho voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] ho an'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Daniel P|last2=Klenerman|first2=Paul|last3=Dusheiko|first3=Geoffrey M|title=Hepatitis C|journal=The Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|year=2015|pages=1124–35|pmid=25687730|pmc=4878852|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny ezaka hampihenana ny fahavoazana eo amin'ireo olona mampiasa fanafody amin'ny lalan-dra sy ny fitiliana ny ra nomena.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Azo sitranina mihoatra ny 95% amin'ny fotoana ny aretina mitaiza amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny sofosbuvir na simeprevir.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis C|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|last=|first=|date=9 July 2019|website=World Health Organization|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052334/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|archive-date=2020-05-26|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ny Peginterferon sy ny ribavirin dia fitsaboana taranaka taloha izay nanana taham-pahasitranana latsaky ny 50% ary voka-dratsy lehibe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=A|title=Hepatitis C Virus|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=September 2016|volume=165|issue=5|pages=ITC33–ITC48|doi=10.7326/AITC201609060|pmid=27595226|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho lafo anefa ny fahazoana ireo fitsaboana vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay voan'ny cirrhosis na homamiadan'ny aty dia mety mila famindrana aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Ny Hepatita C no antony voalohany mahatonga ny famindrana aty, na dia matetika miverina aza ny viriosy aorian'ny famindrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=HR|title=Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-06-23|volume=364|issue=25|pages=2429–38|pmid=21696309|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1006613|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104228/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clinical-practice.-Chronic-hepatitis-C-infection.-Rosen/ee00276a6c2b5e9af4841bce7922b00b92ff20a4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tombanana ho iray amin'ny fitom-polo  tapitrisa ny olona (1%) maneran-tany no voan'ny hepatita C    &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019Fact&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2013, tranga vaovao iraika ambin'ny folo tapitrisa teo ho eo no nitranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-22-28-2015_386_9995/page/743|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika indrindra no mitranga any Afrika sy Azia Afovoany ary Atsinanana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Teo amin'ny 167.000 teo ho eo ny fahafatesana vokatry ny homamiadan'ny aty ary 326.000 ny fahafatesana noho ny cirrhosis dia nitranga tamin'ny 2015 noho ny hepatita C.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian'ny hepatita C - izay fantatra tany am-boalohany ho karazana hepatita tsy A tsy B - dia noheverina tamin'ny taona 1970 ary voaporofo tamin'ny taona 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19781804&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Houghton M|title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus|journal=Journal of Hepatology|volume=51|issue=5|pages=939–48|date=November 2009|pmid=19781804|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004|url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-07-28|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217232938/https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny olombelona sy ny rajako ihany no voan'ny hepatita C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shors|first=Teri|title=Understanding viruses|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8553-6|pages=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|edition=2nd|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515225439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk8xP5LRHr4C&amp;pg=PA535|archive-date=2016-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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      <sha1>4c5oo4llw898y2y8s7gmfbal47oxy3b</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ketrona</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10707" sha1="aslcq808ygumv2qzok4t7t7lej9y9lo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =ketrona
|synonym          =Ketrona mahazatra
|image            =Acne vulgaris on a very oily skin.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Photograph of an 18-year-old male with moderate severity acne vulgaris demonstrating classic features of whiteheads and oily skin distributed over the forehead
|caption          =Ketrona mahazatra amin'ny lehilahy 18 taona mandritra'ny [[fialantsakana]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny hoditra]]
|symptoms         =[[Teboka mainty, teboka fotsy]], [[ketrona madinika]]s, hoditra mitera-menaka, [[marika amin'ny hoditra]]&lt;ref name=Vary2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|onset            =[[Fialan-tsakana]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2005/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =
|risks            =[[Fandovana ara-tsaina sy ara-batana]]&lt;ref name=Bhate2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =[[Fivontosana na fery eo amin'ny fototry ny volo]], [[fahamenan'ny tarehy sy fivontosana]], [[fivontosana sy fery eo ambanin'ny hoditra]], [[ketrona noho ny hatsemboana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kahan |first1=Scott  |title=In a Page: Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781770354|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=46wpAUhUHjMC&amp;pg=PA412|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Fiovana amin'ny fomba fiainana, fanafody, fitsaboana manaraka ny fenitra&lt;ref name=Mahmood2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Azelaic acid]], [[benzoyl peroxide]], [[salicylic acid]], [[fanafody manohitra otrik'aretina]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], [[isotretinoin]]&lt;ref name=Titus2012/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Olona 633 tapitrisa voakasika (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny mony''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''akne vulgaris''', dia aretin-koditra maharitra izay mitranga rehefa manentsina ny follicle volo ny sela hoditra maty sy ny menaka avy amin'ny hoditra .  Ny endri-javatra mahazatra amin'ity aretina ity dia ahitana mony mainty na fotsy, [[Mony (aretina)|mony]], hoditra menaka, ary mety ho ratra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vary2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vary JC|title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=6|pages=1195–211|date=November 2015|pmid=26476248|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhate K, Williams HC|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|date=March 2013|pmid=23210645|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Dessinioti C, Feldman SR, Zouboulis CC|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=1|pages=15033|date=September 2015|pmid=27227877|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny hoditra misy fihary menaka betsaka no tena voakasik'izany, anisan'izany ny tarehy, ny tapany ambony amin'ny tratra, ary ny lamosina.  Ny fisehoana vokatr'izany dia mety hiteraka tebiteby, fihenan'ny fahatokisan-tena, ary, amin'ny tranga tafahoatra, [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]] na eritreritra hamono tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barnes LE, Levender MM, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR|title=Quality of life measures for acne patients|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=2|pages=293–300, ix|date=April 2012|pmid=22284143|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.11.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ny fototarazo no antony voalohany mahatonga ny mony amin'ny 80%-n'ny tranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava ny anjara asan'ny sakafo sy ny fifohana sigara, ary toa tsy misy ifandraisany amin'izany na ny fahadiovana na ny fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Knutsen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris: pathogenesis, treatment, and needs assessment|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–106, viii-ix|date=January 2012|pmid=22117871|doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.09.001|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schnopp2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schnopp C, Mempel M|title=Acne vulgaris in children and adolescents|journal=Minerva Pediatrica|volume=63|issue=4|pages=293–304|date=August 2011|pmid=21909065|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na lahy na vavy, toa anisan'ny antony fototra ny hormonina antsoina hoe androgens, amin'ny alàlan'ny fampitomboana ny famokarana sebum.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=James WD|title=Clinical practice. Acne|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2005-04-07_352_14/page/1463|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=14|pages=1463–72|date=April 2005|pmid=15814882|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp033487|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony iray mahazatra ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny bakteria ''Cutibacterium acnes'' be loatra, izay hita eo amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaenglein2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zaenglein AL|title=Acne Vulgaris|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=14|pages=1343–1352|date=October 2018|pmid=30281982|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1702493|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy fitsaboana ny mony, anisan'izany ny fanovana fomba fiaina, ny fanafody ary ny fomba fitsaboana. Mety hanampy ny fihinanana gliosida tsotra vitsy kokoa toy ny [[siramamy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP|title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ny fitsaboana ampiharina mivantana amin'ny hoditra voakasika, toy ny asidra azelaika, benzoyl peroxide, ary asidra salisilika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Misy [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] sy retinoida azo ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra ary raisina am-bava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra ny fanoherana ny antibiotika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B|title=Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=271–8|date=March 2014|pmid=23905540|doi=10.1111/jdv.12224|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazana pilina fanabeazana aizana maromaro manampy amin'ny fanafoanana ny mony amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titus2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pilina Isotretinoin dia mazàna natokana ho an'ny mony mafy, noho ny mety ho voka-dratsiny bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lew2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vallerand IA, Lewinson RT, Farris MS, Sibley CD, Ramien ML, Bulloch AG, Patten SB|title=Efficacy and adverse events of oral isotretinoin for acne: a systematic review|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|volume=178|issue=1|pages=76–85|date=January 2018|pmid=28542914|doi=10.1111/bjd.15668}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitsaboana mialoha sy mahery vaika dia atolotry ny sasany ao amin'ny sehatry ny fitsaboana mba hampihenana ny fiantraikany maharitra amin'ny olona tsirairay. 

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 633 eo ho eo no voan'ny mony{{Spaces}}olona an-tapitrisany maneran-tany, ka mahatonga azy io ho aretina fahavalo fahita indrindra maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hay2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray C, Naghavi M|display-authors=6|title=The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1527–1534|date=June 2014|pmid=24166134|doi=10.1038/jid.2013.446|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny mony dia miseho amin'ny fahatanorana ary tombanana ho 80–90% amin'ny zatovo any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]] no voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R|title=Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology|journal=European Journal of Dermatology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–33|date=May–June 2011|pmid=21609898|doi=10.1684/ejd.2011.1357|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP|title=Acne vulgaris|journal=BMJ|volume=346|issue=5|pages=30–33|date=May 2013|pmid=23657180|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2634|type=Review|jstor=23494950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldberg DJ, Berlin AL|title=Acne and Rosacea: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84076-150-4|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|date=October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSjauawI1FsC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq|archive-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy vondrom-piarahamonina ambanivohitra sasany mitatitra fa ambany kokoa ny tahan'ny mony raha oharina amin'ireo vondrom-piarahamonina mandroso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spen2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND|title=Diet and acne: a review of the evidence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-dermatology_2009-04_48_4/page/339|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=339–47|date=April 2009|pmid=19335417|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho voakasik'izany koa ny ankizy sy ny olon-dehibe alohan'ny sy aorian'ny fahamaotiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Admani S, Barrio VR|title=Evaluation and treatment of acne from infancy to preadolescence|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=26|issue=6|pages=462–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24552409|doi=10.1111/dth.12108|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia mihena aza ny fahazarana amin'ny mony rehefa lehibe, dia mbola mitohy amin'ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany hatramin'ny roapolo sy telopolo taona, ary mbola misy vondrona kely kokoa miatrika olana amin'ny efapolo taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhate2013&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Autiste</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="13633" sha1="mjrcvjzgu50hf618ttk3ldlf9zduqq8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Autism
|synonym          =
|image            =Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =Boy stacking cans
|caption          =Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Psychiatry]]
|symptoms         =Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=Land2008/&gt;
|onset            =By age two or three&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title= NIMH &quot; Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;
|duration         =[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|causes           =[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Ch2012/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on behavior and developmental history&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press, New York |date=9 February 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516830-3 |oclc=466433183 |lccn=2005027740 |page=72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]&lt;ref name=CCD2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|medication       =[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)&lt;ref name=Ji2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oswald DP 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prognosis        =Frequently poor&lt;ref name=Ste106/&gt;
|frequency        =24.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny autisme''' na &quot;hafakely&quot; dia fikorontanan’ny fivoaran’ny atidoha miavaka amin'ny fananana fahasarotana amin'ny fifandraisana ara-tsosialy sy ara-tserasera, ary amin'ny fitondran-tena voafetra sy miverimberina.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny ray aman-dreny no mahatsikaritra famantarana mandritra ny telo taona voalohany amin'ny fiainan'ny zanany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Landa RJ|title=Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life|journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol|volume=4|issue=3|pages=138–147|year=2008|pmid=18253102|doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0731|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Matetika ireo famantarana ireo dia miseho tsikelikely, misy olona hafakely manana fahasarotana amin'ny fahaizany mifandray amin'ny hafa mandritry ny dingana ara-dalàna amin'ny fivoarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stef2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|s2cid=34658024|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuropsychology-review_2008-12_18_4/page/305|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny autisme dia mifandray amin'ny fitambaran'ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra sy ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M|title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=14|issue=3|pages=281–292|year=2012|pmid=23226953|pmc=3513682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety mahatonga izany mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ny aretina sasany, toy ny rubella, poizina toy ny asidra valproika, alikaola, [[kôkainina]], fanafody famonoana bibikely, [[Firamainty|firaka]], ary fahalotoan'ny rivotra, fihenan'ny fitomboan'ny zaza ao am-bohoka, ary aretina &quot;autoimmune&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)|vauthors=Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=56|year=2015|pages=155–169|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007|pmid=26021712}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VohrPoggiDavis2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vohr BR, Poggi Davis E, Wanke CA, Krebs NF|title=Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings|journal=Pediatrics|year=2017|volume=139|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S38–S49|pmid=28562247|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-2828F|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SamsamAhangari2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA|title=Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.|journal=World J Gastroenterol|year=2014|volume=20|issue=29|pages=9942–9951|pmid=25110424|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942|pmc=4123375|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy adihevitra manodidina ireo antony hafa momba ny tontolo iainana naroso; ohatra, ny petra-kevitra momba ny vaksiny, izay efa voaporofo fa tsy marina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rut2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rutter M|title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2005-01_94_1/page/n3|journal=Acta Paediatr|volume=94|issue=1|pages=2–15|year=2005|pmid=15858952|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fanodinana fampahalalana ao amin'ny atidoha sy ny fomba ifandraisan'ny [[nerônina]] ny autisme; tsy mazava tsara ny fomba isehoan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lev2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT|title=Autism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_november-7-13-2009_374_9701/page/1627|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9701|pages=1627–1638|year=2009|pmid=19819542|pmc=2863325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny Boky Torolalana Diagnostika sy Statistika momba ny Aretina Ara-tsaina (DSM-5), dia mampifangaro ny hafakely sy ireo endrika malefaka kokoa amin'ity aretina ity, anisan'izany ny Asperger syndrome sy ny pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise spectrum disorder (PDD-NOS) ao anatin'ny famaritana ny autisme spectrum disorder (ASD).&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM|title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1183–1215|year=2007|pmid=17967920|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-date=8 February 2009|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fanampiana ara-pitondrantena mialoha na ny fitsaboana amin'ny fahaizana miteny dia afaka manampy ny ankizy autiste hahazo fahaiza -mikarakara tena, ara-tsosialy ary ara-pifandraisana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP|title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1162–1182|date=November 2007|pmid=17967921|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;San2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sanchack KE, Thomas CA|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles|journal=American Family Physician|volume=94|issue=12|pages=972–979|date=December 2016|pmid=28075089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia tsy misy fanafody fantatra aza,&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt; dia nisy tranganà ankizy sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helt2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D|s2cid=4317267|title=Can children with autism recover? If so, how?|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=18|issue=4|pages=339–366|date=December 2008|pmid=19009353|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9|url=https://www.academia.edu/16961306|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.2995|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017031345/https://www.academia.edu/16961306/Can_Children_with_Autism_Recover_If_So_How|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy olon-dehibe hafakely tsy afaka miaina irery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste106&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB|title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=133|issue=6|pages=445–452|date=June 2016|pmid=26763353|doi=10.1111/acps.12559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niforona ny kolontsaina autiste, misy olona mitady fanasitranana ary ny hafa mino fa ny autiste dia tokony hekena ho toy ny fahasamihafana tokony horaisina fa tsy ho sitrana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=BioSocieties|year=2008|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–341|title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum|vauthors=Silverman C|s2cid=145379758|doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frith2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|work=[[The Psychologist (magazine)|The Psychologist]]|publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]|date=October 2014|volume=27|pages=744–745|access-date=2020-08-06|archivedate=2019-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510154825/https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maneran-tany, tombanana ho 24.8 tapitrisa ny olona autiste {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2000, tombanana ho 1–2 isaky ny olona 1.000 maneran-tany ny isan'ny olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Any amin'ny firenena mandroso, eo amin'ny 1.5% eo ho eo amin'ny ankizy no voamarina fa voan'ny ASD {{as of|2017|lc=y}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C|title=The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=38|pages=81–102|date=March 2017|pmid=28068486|pmc=6566093|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318}}&lt;/ref&gt; avy amin'ny 0.7% tamin'ny taona 2000 tany Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot; /&gt; Miseho in-efatra ka hatramin'ny dimy heny ny tahan'ny fitodran'ny lehilahy azy noho ny vehivavy izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|title=ASD data and statistics|publisher=CDC.gov|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|archive-date=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo be ny isan'ny olona voamarina fa mitondra ity fikorontanana ara-pitondrantena ity nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1960, izay mety ho vokatry ny fiovan'ny fomba fanao amin'ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt; Mbola tsy voavaha ny fanontaniana hoe nitombo ve ny tahan'ny tena izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC|title=The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=28|pages=235–258|year=2007|pmid=17367287|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Diazepam</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="14336" sha1="7y5zox4sm902hpz99kjhs9f611fox05" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Verifiedfields   =changed
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =443634166
|image            =Diazepam structure.svg
|width            =200
|image2           =Diazepam ball-and-stick model.png

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|d|aɪ|ˈ|æ|z|ᵻ|p|æ|m}}
|tradename        =Valium, Vazepam, Valtoco, others&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/diazepam.htm |title=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheet- Diazepam |access-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327233605/https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/INJURY/research/job185drugs/diazepam.htm |archive-date=2017-03-27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3''H''-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =
|uses             =Anxiety, trouble sleeping, agitation&lt;ref name=MSF2020&gt;{{cite web |title=DIAZEPAM emulsion - Essential drugs |url=https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/diazepam-emulsion-16682632.html |website=medicalguidelines.msf.org |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828061903/https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/diazepam-emulsion-16682632.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|side_effects     =&lt;!-- common side effects and notable side effects --&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =C
|pregnancy_US     =D
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], [[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Rectal administration|rectal]], [[nasal spray]]&lt;ref name=&quot;valtoco&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Valtoco- diazepam spray | website=DailyMed | date=13 January 2020 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1a8bcc90-68fa-474d-832c-0df01e825f39 | access-date=13 February 2020 | archive-date=1 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111151/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1a8bcc90-68fa-474d-832c-0df01e825f39 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=10 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N05BA01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=30 August 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728190314/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N05BA01 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=High&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1= Edmunds |first1= Marilyn |last2= Mayhew |first2= Maren |date= 17 April 2013 |title= Pharmacology for the Primary Care Provider |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8FwdEsvnw8oC&amp;pg=PA545 |edition= 4th |publisher= Mosby |page= 545 |isbn= 9780323087902 |access-date= 31 July 2020 |archive-date= 1 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020420/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FwdEsvnw8oC&amp;pg=PA545 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|addiction_liability=Moderate&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Clinical Addiction Psychiatry|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139491693|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD-R7Z27UBEC&amp;pg=PA156|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135445/https://books.google.com/books?id=xD-R7Z27UBEC&amp;pg=PA156|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ries|first1=Richard K.|title=Principles of addiction medicine.|date=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781774772|page=106|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j6GGBud8DXcC&amp;pg=PA106|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135444/https://books.google.com/books?id=j6GGBud8DXcC&amp;pg=PA106|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|diazepam}}
|MedlinePlus      =a682047

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_CA         =Schedule IV
|legal_DE         =Rx-only/Anlage III
|legal_NZ         =Class C
|legal_UN         =Psychotropic schedule IV
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_UK_comment =&lt;ref name=&quot;Diazepam SmPC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Diazepam Tablets BP 10mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) | website=(emc) | date=16 September 2019 | url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4522/smpc | access-date=25 July 2020 | archive-date=25 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725234327/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4522/smpc | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|legal_US         =Schedule IV
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Diazepam
|licence_US       =Diazepam

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =76% (64–97%) by mouth, 81% (62–98%) rectal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhillon S, Oxley J, Richens A | title = Bioavailability of diazepam after intravenous, oral and rectal administration in adult epileptic patients | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-clinical-pharmacology_1982-03_13_3/page/427 | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 427–32 | date = March 1982 | pmid = 7059446 | pmc = 1402110 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01397.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|metabolism       =[[Liver]]—[[CYP2B6]] (minor route) to [[desmethyldiazepam]], [[CYP2C19]] (major route) to inactive metabolites, [[CYP3A4]] (major route) to desmethyldiazepam
|elimination_half-life=(50 hours); 20–100 hours (36–200 hours for main active metabolite desmethyldiazepam)&lt;ref name=&quot;Valium label&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Diazepam SmPC&quot; /&gt;
|excretion        =[[Kidney]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =16
|Cl               =1
|H                =13
|N                =2
|O                =1
|SMILES           =CN1C2=C(C(C3=CC=CC=C3)=NCC1=O)C=C(Cl)C=C2
|StdInChI         =1S/C16H13ClN2O/c1-19-14-8-7-12(17)9-13(14)16(18-10-15(19)20)11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h2-9H,10H2,1H3
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChIKey      =AAOVKJBEBIDNHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|urine            =Up to 30 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT) |url=https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025202836/https://www.childhealthbc.ca/media/498 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|drug_name        =Diazepam
}}

'''Diazepam''', izay namidy voalohany tamin'ny anarana hoe '''Valium''', dia fanafody avy amin'ny fianakaviana benzodiazepine izay mazàna miteraka fiantraikany mampitony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Calcaterra NE, Barrow JC|title=Classics in chemical neuroscience: diazepam (valium)|journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience|volume=5|issue=4|pages=253–60|date=April 2014|pmid=24552479|pmc=3990949|doi=10.1021/cn5000056}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika izy io no ampiasaina hitsaboana aretina isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny tebiteby, ny androbe, ny aretin'ny fihemorana vokatry ny alikaola, ny aretin'ny fihemorana vokatry ny benzodiazepine, ny fihenjanana hozatra, ny olana amin'ny torimaso, ary ny aretin'ny tongotra tsy mety sasatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Mety hampiasaina hiteraka fahaverezan'ny fitadidiana mandritra ny fitsaboana sasany ihany koa izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2006|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3016|title=Diazepam|website=[[PubChem]]|publisher=National Institute of Health: National Library of Medicine|access-date=2006-03-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630021019/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3016|archive-date=2015-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Azo raisina am-bava izy io, ampidirina ao amin'ny lava-pitombenana, tsindrona ao amin'ny hozatra, tsindrona ao amin'ny lalan-drà na ampiasaina ho toy ny famafazana orona.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Rehefa ampidirina amin'ny lalan-drà dia manomboka miasa ao anatin'ny iray ka hatramin'ny dimy minitra ary maharitra hatramin'ny adiny iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diazepam|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/diazepam.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=2015-06-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630144220/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/diazepam.html|archive-date=2015-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa avy ampiasaina amin'ny vava, dia manomboka miasa aorian'ny 15 ka hatramin'ny 60 minitra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Dhaliwal JS, Saadabadi A|chapter=Diazepam|date=2019|title=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=30725707|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201231/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537022/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana ho rendremana sy ny olana amin'ny fandrindrana ny fihetsika.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Valium label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Valium- diazepam tablet|website=DailyMed|date=8 November 2019|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=554baee5-b171-4452-a50a-41a0946f956c|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628202244/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=554baee5-b171-4452-a50a-41a0946f956c|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahalana vao misy voka-dratsy lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Anisan'izany ny famonoan-tena, ny fihenan'ny fifohana rivotra, ary ny fitomboan'ny mety hisian'ny androbe raha ampiasaina matetika loatra amin'ireo voan'ny androbe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indraindray, mety hitranga ny fientanentanana na ny tebiteby.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riss-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S|title=Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics|journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica|volume=118|issue=2|pages=69–86|date=August 2008|pmid=18384456|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Perkin|first=Ronald M.|title=Pediatric hospital medicine : textbook of inpatient management|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781770323|page=862|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&amp;pg=PA862|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013856/https://books.google.com/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&amp;pg=PA862|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fampiasana maharitra dia mety hiteraka fandeferana, fiankinan-doha ary soritr'aretina fisintahana amin'ny fampihenana ny fatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Mety hampidi-doza ny fijanonana tampoka aorian'ny fampiasana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Rehefa mijanona ny fampiasana azy dia mety haharitra enim-bolana na mihoatra ny olana ara-tsaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riss-2008&quot; /&gt; Tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka na ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ny fomba fiasany dia amin'ny fampitomboana ny fiantraikan'ny neurotransmitter &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwlg&quot;&gt;gamma&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; -aminobutyric acid (GABA).&lt;ref name=&quot;Riss-2008&quot; /&gt;

Nahazo patanty tamin'ny 1959 avy amin'i Hoffmann-La Roche ny Diazepam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA535|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020341/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA535|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Iray amin'ireo fanafody matetika indrindra omena eran-tany izy io hatramin'ny nanombohany tamin'ny 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Tany Etazonia, io no fanafody be mpividy indrindra teo anelanelan'ny taona 1968 sy 1982, izay nivarotra takelaka mihoatra ny roa lavitrisa tamin'ny taona 1978 fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-135 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny dimy tapitrisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Diazepam|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412004604/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Diazepam|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny 1985 no nifarana ny patanty, ary ankehitriny dia misy marika maherin'ny 500 azo alaina eny an-tsena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cal2014&quot; /&gt; Ao amin'ny Lisitry ny Fanafody Tena Ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izy io ho solon'ny lorazepam.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 0.01 dolara amerikana isaky ny fatra ny vidin'ny ambongadiny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;MSH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diazepam|url=https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=250&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=2 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328203935/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=250&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-date=28 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, eo amin'ny 0.40 dolara amerikana eo ho eo isaky ny fatra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra</title>
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      <text bytes="13109" sha1="la7lgs095a8n4bywa4z5xckmdovhkfo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Stroke
|synonym          =Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack
|image            =MCA Territory Infarct.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[CT scan]] of the brain showing a prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Neurology]], stroke medicine
|symptoms         =[[hemiplegia|Inability to move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=HLB2014S/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)&lt;ref name=HLB2014W/&gt;
|risks            =[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=HLB2014C/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hu2018&quot;/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding&lt;ref name=HLB2014D/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;
|differential     =[[Hypoglycemia|Low blood sugar]]&lt;ref name=HLB2014D/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Based on the type&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Average life expectancy 1 year&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;
|frequency        =42.4 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =6.3 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}Ny '''fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra''' dia [[aretina]] iray izay mahatonga ny tsy fikorianan'ny ra mankany amin'ny [[atidoha]] ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra: ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ischemic, vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fikorianan'ny ra, ary ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra hemorrhagic, vokatry ny rà mandriaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Samy mahatonga ny ampahany amin'ny atidoha tsy hiasa tsara izy roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia mety ahitana ny tsy fahafahana mihetsika na mahatsapa amin'ny ilany iray amin'ny vatana, ny olana amin'ny fahatakarana na ny fitenenana, ny fanina, na ny fahaverezan'ny fahitana amin'ny ilany iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina dia miseho avy hatrany aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Raha latsaky ny adiny iray na roa ny faharetan'ny soritr'aretina, dia antsoina hoe &quot; transient ischemic attack &quot; (TIA) ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, izay antsoina koa hoe &quot;mini-stroke&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety mifandray amin'ny aretin'andoha mafy ihany koa ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC).&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Mety haharitra ela ny soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana pnemonia sy fahaverezan'ny fifehezana ny tatavia ny fahasarotana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt;

Ny anton-javatra mampidi-doza lehibe indrindra amin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014C&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fifohana sigara, ny hatavezana, ny kolesterola avo ao amin'ny ra, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny TIA teo aloha, ny aretin'ny voa efa ho tapitra ny dingana farany, ary ny fibrillation atrial.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014C&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hu2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC ischemic) dia matetika vokatry ny fikatonan'ny lalan-dra, na dia misy ihany koa ireo antony tsy dia fahita firy.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&amp;pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&amp;pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&amp;pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&amp;pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha dia vokatry ny rà mandriaka mivantana ao amin'ny atidoha na ao amin'ny toerana eo anelanelan'ny fonon'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feigin05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_stroke_2005-12_36_12/page/2773|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitranga ny rà mandriaka noho ny fahatapahan'ny aneurysm ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fizahana ara-batana ary tohanan'ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny scan CT na MRI.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot; /&gt; Afaka manaporofo ny fisian'ny rà mandriaka ny fitiliana CT scan, saingy mety tsy voatery hanaporofo ny fisian'ny ischemia, izay matetika tsy hita amin'ny fitiliana CT scan raha vao manomboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2009-07-01_80_1/page/n40|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fitiliana hafa toy ny electrocardiogram (ECG) sy fitiliana ra atao mba hamaritana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza sy hanilihana ireo antony hafa mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany ny siramamy ambany ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fampihenana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza, ny fandidiana hanokafana ny lalan-dra mankany amin'ny atidoha ho an'ireo izay manana olana amin'ny fampihenana ny tahan'ny fo ao amin'ny carotid, ary ny fampiasana warfarin na fanafody hafa manakana ny fiforonan'ny ra ao amin'ny olona voan'ny atrial fibrillation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana [[Aspirinina|aspirine]] na statins ho fisorohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra na ny TIA dia mitaky fitsaboana maika.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra iskemika, raha hita ao anatin'ny telo ka hatramin'ny efatra ora sy sasany, dia azo tsaboina amin'ny fanafody afaka manapaka ny fivontosan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Misy ihany koa ireo fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra vokatry ny fandidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana mba hamerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fiasan'ny atidoha very dia antsoina hoe fanarenana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, ary tsara indrindra raha atao ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra; na izany aza, tsy misy izany any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena eran-tany. 

Tamin'ny taona 2013, olona 6.9 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha ary 3.4 tapitrisa no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tokony ho 42.4&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany izay efa voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra teo aloha ary mbola velona ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan'ny taona 1990 sy 2010, nihena 10% teo ho eo ny isan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra isan-taona tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] ary nitombo 10% tany amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fei2013&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no antony faharoa mahatonga fahafatesana matetika indrindra aorian'ny aretin'ny lalan-dra ao am-po, izay mitentina 6.3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana (11% amin'ny fitambarany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maty teo amin'ny 3.0 tapitrisa teo ho eo ny olona voan'ny stroke ischemic raha 3.3 tapitrisa kosa ny olona maty vokatry ny stroke hemorrhagic.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot; /&gt; Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no miaina latsaky ny herintaona.  Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny roa ampahatelon'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia nitranga tamin'ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fei2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-18-24-2014_383_9913/page/245|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>la7lgs095a8n4bywa4z5xckmdovhkfo</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Celecoxib</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10725" sha1="g937cp2cp3weu376w15i2wzxtl80qyk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
|Watchedfields    =changed
|verifiedrevid    =458612013
|drug_name        =Celecoxib
|INN              =
|image            =Celecoxib2DACS.svg
|width            =220
|alt              =Skeletal formula of celecoxib
|image2           =Celecoxib-3D-spacefill.png
|width2           =
|alt2             =Space-filling model of the celecoxib molecule
|caption          =
|type             =&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|s|ɛ|l|ɪ|ˈ|k|ɒ|k|s|ɪ|b}} {{respell|SEL|i|KOK|sib}}
|tradename        =Celebrex, Onsenal, Elyxyb, others
|synonyms         =
|IUPAC_name       =4-[5-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;
|class            =[[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID]] ([[COX-2 inhibitor]])&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|uses             =[[Pain]], [[inflammation]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|side_effects     =[[Abdominal pain]], nausea, [[diarrhea]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;
|interactions     =&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;
|pregnancy_AU     =B3
|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Celecoxib (Celebrex) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=4 May 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/celecoxib.html | access-date=5 May 2020 | archive-date=25 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125072333/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/celecoxib.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pregnancy_US     =C
|pregnancy_US_comment=up to 30 weeks;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt; D after 29 weeks&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;
|pregnancy_category=
|breastfeeding    =
|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]]
|onset            =
|duration_of_action=
|defined_daily_dose=200 mg&lt;ref name=WHO2020DDD&gt;{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AH01 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702043144/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AH01 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|typical_dose     =
|dependency_liability=
|addiction_liability=

&lt;!-- External links --&gt;
|Drugs.com        ={{drugs.com|monograph|celecoxib}}
|MedlinePlus      =a699022

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;
|legal_AU         =S4
|legal_AU_comment =
|legal_BR         =&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--&gt;
|legal_BR_comment =
|legal_CA         =Rx-only
|legal_CA_comment =
|legal_DE         =&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--&gt;
|legal_DE_comment =
|legal_NZ         =&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;
|legal_NZ_comment =
|legal_UN         =&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--&gt;
|legal_UN_comment =
|legal_UK         =POM
|legal_UK_comment =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Celebrex 100mg capsule - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) | website=(emc) | date=13 January 2020 | url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5533/smpc | access-date=5 May 2020 | archive-date=6 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222736/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5533/smpc | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|legal_US         =Rx-only
|legal_US_comment =
|legal_status     =Rx-only
|DailyMedID       =Celecoxib
|licence_US       =Celebrex
|licence_CA       =&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;
|licence_EU       =&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;
|bioavailability  =Unknown&lt;ref name=drugs&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McCormack PL | title = Celecoxib: a review of its use for symptomatic relief in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis | journal = Drugs | volume = 71 | issue = 18 | pages = 2457–89 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22141388 | doi = 10.2165/11208240-000000000-00000 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|protein_bound    =97% (mainly to [[serum albumin]])&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;
|metabolism       =Liver (mainly [[CYP2C9]])&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;
|metabolites      =
|elimination_half-life=7.8 hours; 11 hours (mild hepatic impairment); 13 hours (moderate-severe hepatic impairment)&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;
|excretion        =Faeces (57%), urine (27%)&lt;ref name = drugs/&gt;

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;
|C                =17
|F                =3
|H                =14
|N                =3
|O                =2
|S                =1
|SMILES           =O=S(=O)(c3ccc(n1nc(cc1c2ccc(cc2)C)C(F)(F)F)cc3)N
|StdInChI         =1S/C17H14F3N3O2S/c1-11-2-4-12(5-3-11)15-10-16(17(18,19)20)22-23(15)13-6-8-14(9-7-13)26(21,24)25/h2-10H,1H3,(H2,21,24,25)
|StdInChI_Ref     ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|StdInChI_comment =
|StdInChIKey      =RZEKVGVHFLEQIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|StdInChIKey_Ref  ={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
|Jmol             =
|molecular_weight =381.373
|density          =
|density_notes    =
|melting_point    =
|melting_high     =
|melting_notes    =
|boiling_point    =
|boiling_notes    =
|solubility       =
|sol_units        =
|specific_rotation=
}}
'''Ny Celecoxib''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Celebrex''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody manakana ny COX-2 ary fanafody tsy steroidal anti-inflammatoire (NSAID).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|date=11 November 2019|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520124313/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampiasaina hitsaboana ny fanaintainana sy ny fivontosana amin'ny osteoarthritis, fanaintainana mafy amin'ny olon-dehibe, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, fanaintainana mandritra ny fadimbolana, ary rheumatoid arthritis ho an'ny tanora izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ihany koa izy io mba hampihenana ny mety hisian'ny adenoma colorectal amin'ny olona manana polyposis adenomatous familial.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Atelina izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Matetika hita ao anatin'ny adiny iray ny tombontsoa azo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fanaintainan'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny voka-dratsy lehibe ny aretim-po, fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, lavaka ao amin'ny tsinay, rà mandriaka ao amin'ny tsinay, tsy fahombiazan'ny voa, ary anafilaksia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coxib2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C|title=Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-31-september-6-2013_382_9894/page/769|journal=Lancet|volume=382|issue=9894|pages=769–79|date=August 2013|pmid=23726390|pmc=3778977|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy ho an'ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny aretim-po.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA|title=Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2007-03-27_115_12/page/1634|journal=Circulation|volume=115|issue=12|pages=1634–42|date=March 2007|pmid=17325246|doi=10.1161/circulationaha.106.181424|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Consumer2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|title=Should you still take Celebrex?|website=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=August 2009|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=18 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218111927/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/05/should-you-still-take-celebrex/index.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitovy amin'ny NSAID hafa ny loza mety hitranga, toy ny [[ibuprofen]] sy naproxen .  Tsy soso-kevitra ny hampiasana azy amin'ny faramparan'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]] na mandritra ny fampinonoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; 

Nahazo patanty ny Celecoxib tamin'ny 1993 ary nanomboka nampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tamin'ny 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=522|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA522|language=en|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA522&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Latsaky ny £2 ny vidin'ny famatsiana iray volana any Royaume-Uni ho an'ny NHS tamin'ny taona 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1097–1098|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny amin'ity vola ity dia eo amin'ny $US12.90 eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2011, iray amin'ireo fanafody be mpividy indrindra avy amin'ny Pfizer izy io, miaraka amin'ny varotra 2.5 lavitrisa dolara.  Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-106 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny fito tapitrisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celecoxib - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412021206/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Celecoxib|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Famonoan-tena</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="16329" sha1="e262uaotx1sxcyihe456sxhd6pyzzno" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Famonoan-tena
| synonym       = 
| image         = Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = ''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Psychiatry]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = &gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre/&gt;
| duration      = 
| causes        = [[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008/&gt;
| risks         = [[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014/&gt;
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012/&gt;
| deaths        = 793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020/&gt;
}}

Ny '''famonoan-tena''' dia ny fanaovana fanahy iniana hahahafaty ny tena&lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo aretina ara-tsaina — anisan'izany ny [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|fahaketrahana]], ny fikorontanana bipolary, ny aotisma, ny sizofrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny toetra, ny fikorontanan'ny tebiteby, ary ny fidorohana zava-mahadomelina — anisan'izany ny fisotroan-toaka sy ny fampiasana benzôdiazepinina — dia anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-18-24-2009_373_9672/page/1372|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena sasany dia fihetsika tampoka vokatry ny adin-tsaina, toy ny olana ara-bola, olana ara-pifandraisana toy ny fisarahana, na fampijaliana&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ireo izay efa nanandrana namono tena teo aloha dia atahorana kokoa ny hanao izany amin'ny ho avy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;. Ny ezaka mahomby amin'ny fisorohana ny famonoan-tena dia ahitana ny famerana ny fidirana amin'ny fomba famonoan-tena—toy ny basy, zava-mahadomelina ary poizina; fitsaboana ny aretina ara-tsaina sy ny fampiasana tafahoatra ny zava-mahadomelina; tatitra amim-pitandremana momba ny famonoan-tena ataon'ny media ; ary fanatsarana ny toe-karena&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Na dia mahazatra aza ny laharana finday hotline amin'ny krizy, dia mbola tsy dia nodinihina tsara izy ireo&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Miovaova arakaraka ny firenena ny fomba famonoan-tena ampiasaina matetika indrindra, ary misy ifandraisany amin'ny fisian'ny fomba mahomby izany&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-23-29-2012_379_9834/page/2393|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anisan'ny fomba mahazatra amin'ny famonoan-tena ny fanantonana, ny fanapoizinana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely, ary ny basy&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nahafaty olona 828.000 maneran-tany ny famonoan-tena tamin'ny taona 2015, fitomboana raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 712.000 tamin'ny taona 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_january-10-16-2015_385_9963/page/117|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Izany no mahatonga ny famonoan-tena ho antony faha-10 mahatonga fahafatesana maneran-tany&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Manodidina ny 1.5%-n'ny olona no maty noho ny famonoan-tena&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ao anatin'ny taona iray dia eo amin'ny 12 isaky ny olona 100.000 eo ho eo izany&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt;. Amin'ny ankapobeny, avo kokoa ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena tanteraka eo amin'ny lehilahy noho ny eo amin'ny vehivavy, manomboka amin'ny in-1.5 heny any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] ka hatramin'ny in-3.5 any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena dia matetika hita indrindra amin'ireo mihoatra ny 70 taona; na izany aza, any amin'ny firenena sasany, ireo eo anelanelan'ny 15 sy 30 taona no tena atahorana ho faty&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt;. I Eoropa no nanana ny tahan'ny famonoan-tena ambony indrindra araka ny faritra tamin'ny taona 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 10 ka hatramin'ny 20 eo ho eo ny&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa isan-taona ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mety hiteraka ratra sy fahasembanana maharitra ny andrana famonoan-tena tsy mahafaty&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt;. Any amin'ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana|tontolo tandrefana]], ny andrana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny tanora sy ny vehivavy&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ny fomba fijery momba ny famonoan-tena dia voataonan'ny lohahevitra mivelatra momba ny fisiana toy ny fivavahana, ny voninahitra ary ny dikan'ny fiainana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor2-last=Stepnisky|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny [[Fivavahana abrahamika|fivavahana Abrahamika]] dia mihevitra ny famonoan-tena ho toy ny [[Fahotana|fandikan-dalàna amin'Andriamanitra]], noho ny finoana ny fahamasinan'ny aina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nandritra ny vanim-potoanan'ny samurai tany Japon, ny karazana famonoan-tena fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) dia nohajaina ho toy ny fomba fanonerana ny tsy fahombiazana na ho toy ny endrika fanoherana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny Sati, fomba fanao voararan'ny [[India Britanika|Raj Britanika]], dia nanantena fa hamono tena amin'ny afo fandevenana ny vadiny ilay mpitondratena Indiana, na an-tsitrapo izany na noho ny faneren'ny fianakaviany sy ny fiaraha-monina&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ny famonoan-tena sy ny fikasana hamono tena, na dia tsy ara-dalàna aza taloha, dia tsy toy izany intsony any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena tandrefana&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mbola heloka bevava ihany izany any amin'ny firenena sasany&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamin'ny taonjato faha-20 sy faha-21, ny famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina indraindray ho endrika fihetsiketsehana, ary ny kamikaze sy ny baomba famonoan-tena dia nampiasaina ho tetika ara-miaramila na fampihorohoroana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Loharano ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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    <title>Aretin'ny sarakaty</title>
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|name             =Aretin'ny sarakaty
|synonym          =
|image            =Illu pancrease.svg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Ny [[sarakaty]] sy ny  taova manodidina azy
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Fitsaboana ny vavony sy ny tsinay]], [[Fandidiana ankapobeany]]
|symptoms         =[[Fanaitainan'ny faritra ambony amin'ny kibo]], [[mandoa]], [[tazo]], [[Fivalanana]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =Short or long term&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|causes           =[[Gallstone]]s, heavy [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, direct trauma, certain medications, [[mumps]]&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|risks            =Smoking&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Yad2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, blood [[amylase]] or [[lipase]]&lt;ref name=Gastroenterology2007/&gt;&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluid]]s, [[pain medication]], [[antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=NID2012/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =8.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- incidence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =132,700 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny aretin'ny sarakaty''' dia aretina iray izay miavaka amin'ny fivontosan'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny sarakaty dia taova lehibe ao ambadiky ny [[vavony]] izay mamokatra anzima fandevonan-kanina sy hormonina maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe: ny pancreatitis acute, sy ny pancreatitis chronique.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny pancreatitis ny fanaintainana eo amin'ny tapany ambony amin'ny kibo, ny maloiloy ary ny mandoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fanaintainana dia mipaka any amin'ny lamosina ary mazàna mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika, mety hitranga ny tazo, ary mazàna dia mivaha ao anatin'ny andro vitsivitsy ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia mety hitranga ny fihenan-danja, ny fivalanana matavy, ary ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gastroenterology2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Witt|first=Heiko|title=Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2007-04_132_4/page/1557|journal=Gastroenterology|date=April 2007|volume=132|issue=4|pages=1557-1573|pmid=17466744|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny aretina, ny rà mandriaka, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta mellitus]], na ny olana amin'ny taova hafa. 

Ny antony roa mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny pancreatitis mahery dia ny vato ao amin'ny aty izay manakana ny lalan-drano bile rehefa avy nifandray ny lalan-drano pancreatic ; ary ny fisotroana toaka be loatra.  Ny antony hafa dia ahitana ratra mivantana, fanafody sasany, aretina toy ny mony, ary fivontosana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety hipoitra vokatry ny pancreatitis mahery vaika ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika indrindra dia vokatry ny fampiasana toaka be loatra nandritra ny taona maro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony hafa ny tavy be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny kalsioma be loatra ao amin'ny ra, ny fanafody sasany, ary ny aretina fototarazo sasany, toy ny fibrosis cystika, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny pancreatitis mahery vaika sy mitaiza ny fifohana sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lankisch|first=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_july-4-10-2015_386_9988/page/85|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=85–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yad2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yadav|first=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2013-05_144_6/page/1252|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068|pmc=3662544}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny famaritana ny pancreatitis acute dia mifototra amin'ny fitomboan'ny amylase na lipase avo telo heny ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ho ara-dalàna ireo fitiliana ireo amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ihany koa ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny ultrasound sy ny CT scan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny pancreatitis mahery dia tsaboina amin'ny ranon-javatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra, fanafody fanaintainana, ary indraindray [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] .  Matetika dia tsy azo atao ny mihinana sy misotro, ary misy fantsona nasogastric apetraka ao amin'ny vavony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny fomba fiasa fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) mba handinihana ny lakandrano bile mahazatra distal ary hanesorana vato ao amin'ny apdo raha misy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Matetika koa no esorina ny gallbladder amin'ireo manana vato ao amin'ny aty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza, ankoatra ireo voalaza etsy ambony ireo, dia azo ampiasaina ny famahanana vetivety amin'ny alalan'ny fantsona nasogastric mba hanomezana sakafo ampy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanovana maharitra ny sakafo sy ny fanoloana ny anzima ao amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ary indraindray dia misy fandidiana atao mba hanesorana ireo ampahany amin'ny sarakaty.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt;

Maneran-tany, tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tranganà pancreatitis 8.9 tapitrisa teo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana 132 700 izany, raha oharina amin'ny fahafatesana 83 000 tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–44|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia mitranga amin'ny olona 30 isaky ny 100.000 isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Misy tranga vaovao amin'ny pancreatitis mitaiza mitranga eo amin'ny 8 isaky ny 100.000 olona isan-taona ary amin'izao fotoana izao dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 50 isaky ny 100.000 olona any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy izany.  Matetika ny pancreatitis mitaiza dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny 30 sy 40 taona raha mahalana kosa amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID2012&quot; /&gt; Ny pancreatitis mahery vaika dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny alalan'ny fizahana faty tamin'ny 1882 raha ny pancreatitis mitaiza kosa dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mun204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Muniraj|first=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
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[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>43xfnwxse8mgv0jco1swtejur3uo3xo</sha1>
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    <title>Video:Tuberculosis</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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== Topimaso ==
Ny raboka (na TB) dia aretina mifindra, izay matetika vokatry ny [[bakteria]] ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|title=Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104|date=October 2015|website=WHO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823143802/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|archive-date=23 August 2012|access-date=11 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny [[havokavoka]] ny raboka, saingy mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
[[Sary:Overview_section_of_Tuberculosis_VideoWiki.webm|left|100x100px| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myupchar.com/en/disease/tuberculosis-tb|title=Tuberculosis (TB): symptoms, causes, treatment, medicine, prevention, diagnosis|website=myUpchar|access-date=2020-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
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== soritr'aretina ==
Ny ankamaroan'ny olona voan'ny raboka dia tsy mampiseho soritr'aretina, ary mihotrika ilay aretina. Antsoina hoe tioberkilaozy miafina izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ireo aretina miafina no mivoatra ho aretina mavitrika, izay, raha tsy tsaboina, dia mahafaty ny antsasaky ny olona voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
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=== Kohaka maharitra ===
Ny soritr'aretina mahazatra amin'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika dia kohaka maharitra, misy ra ny rora, tazo, hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary fihenan-danja.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
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=== Fihenan-danja ===
Ny soritr'aretina farany dia ny fihenan-danja, mety ho miharihary loatra ka nanome ny TB anarana ara-tantara hoe &quot;fihinanana&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cha1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|page=352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352|archive-date=6 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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=== Aretina hafa ===
Ny aretina amin'ny taova hafa dia mety hiteraka soritr'aretina isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny fahalemena, ny hatsembohana amin'ny alina, ary ny fivontosan'ny fihary atodinaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;ID10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dolin|first=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|page=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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== HAMPITOERANA ==
Tena mifindra ny tioberkilaozy mahavoa ny havokavoka. Raha ny marina, tena mifindra tokoa izy io ka afaka mampiely izany amin'ny alalan'ny rivotra ny olona iray, amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra tsotra toy ny kohaka, rora, fitenenana na [[Evina|fievina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012B&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Basic TB Facts|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|website=CDC|access-date=11 February 2016|date=March 13, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206032136/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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=== Tranga ahitana fahasarotany ===
Ary ny tranga ahitana fahasarotany dia mety hitranga kokoa amin'ny olona voan'ny VIH na SIDA, ireo izay manana hery fiarovana ambany, ary ireo izay mifoka sigara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
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=== TB miafina ===
Etsy ankilany, ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy miafina dia tsy mampiely ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
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== aretina ==
Ny fitiliana ny raboka mavitrika dia mifototra amin'ny taratra X-tratra, ary koa ny fizahana mikroskopika, ary ny kolontsaina amin'ny tsiranoka ao amin'ny vatana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Konstantinos A|year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis|journal=Australian Prescriber|volume=33|issue=1|pages=12–18|url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804052035/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18|archive-date=4 August 2010|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2010.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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=== Famantarana ny tioberkilaozy miafina ===
Ny fitiliana ny rà amin'ny alalan'ny fitsapana ny hoditra amin'ny alalan'ny tuberculin (izay antsoina koa hoe fitsapana ny hoditra Mantoux), na fitiliana ra, no ahafahana mamantatra ny fisian'ny tioberkilaozy miafina.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;
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== Fisorohana ==
Ny fisorohana ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny fitiliana ireo olona atahorana ho voan'izany, ny famantarana sy fitsaboana mialoha ny tranga, ary ny fanaovana vaksiny haingana amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).&lt;ref name=&quot;Haw2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, Churchyard GJ, Kublin JG, Bekker LG, Self SG|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2014-12_78_4/page/650|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|pmc=4248657|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harr2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Randall E.|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofch0000harr|date=2013|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofch0000harr/page/682 682]|ref=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&amp;pg=PA682}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&amp;pg=PA179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny tioberkilaozy dia ahitana ny olona ao an-tokantrano, any am-piasana, ary ireo olona mifandray ara-tsosialy amin'ny olona voan'ny tioberkilaozy mavitrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;TBCon2008&quot; /&gt;
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== fitsaboana ==
Mitaky ny fampiasana [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] maromaro mandritra ny fotoana maharitra ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mahatonga ny tioberkilaozy ho sarotra tsaboina ny fanoherana ny antibiotika, miaraka amin'ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody maro (antsoina hoe MDR-TB), ary ny tioberkilaozy mahatohitra fanafody betsaka (antsoina hoe XDR-TB).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt;
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Herpes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11502" sha1="6ye77uy48ddumjhso8ijj2nzyfu8nhb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Herpes
|synonym          =Cold sores, fever blisters
|image            =Herpes(PHIL 1573 lores).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Herpes labialis]] of the lower lip. Note the blisters in a group marked by an arrow.
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜɹ|p|iː|z}}
|specialty        =[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Blisters that break open and form small [[ulcer]]s, fever, swollen [[lymph node]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =2–4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;
|causes           =[[Herpes simplex virus]] spread by direct contact&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;
|risks            =[[immunosuppression|Decreased immune function]], stress, sunlight&lt;ref name=Bal2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cancer&quot;/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, [[PCR]],  [[viral culture]]&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bal2014/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Aciclovir]], [[valaciclovir]], [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), topical lidocaine&lt;ref name=CDC2014F/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bal2014/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =60–95% (adults)&lt;ref name=Peds09/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny Herpes''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''herpes simplex''', dia aretina vokatry ny viriosy herpes simplex.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Genital Herpes – CDC Fact Sheet|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/STDFact-Herpes-detailed.htm|website=cdc.gov|access-date=31 December 2014|date=December 8, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231122747/http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/STDFact-Herpes-detailed.htm|archive-date=31 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mizara ho sokajy araka ny faritra voakasiky ny vatana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|pages=362-370|edition=13th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA362&amp;dq=human&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=19. Viral diseases|access-date=2022-05-28|archive-date=2022-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604031910/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA362&amp;dq=human&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny herpes am-bava dia mahakasika ny tarehy na ny vava.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2020&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka vay kely miangona maromaro izay matetika antsoina hoe fery mangatsiaka na vay vokatry ny tazo izany, na mety hiteraka tenda maharary fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Balasubramaniam|first=R|last2=Kuperstein|first2=AS|last3=Stoopler|first3=ET|title=Update on oral herpes virus infections.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_dental-clinics-of-north-america_2014-04_58_2/page/n14|journal=Dental Clinics of North America|date=April 2014|volume=58|issue=2|pages=265–80|pmid=24655522|doi=10.1016/j.cden.2013.12.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mosby|title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323112581|pages=836–37|edition=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&amp;pg=PA836|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210724/https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&amp;pg=PA836|archive-date=2017-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny herpes amin'ny fivaviana, izay matetika fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe herpes, dia mety tsy dia misy soritr'aretina firy na mamorona vay izay vaky ka miteraka fery kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Matetika ireo dia sitrana ao anatin'ny roa ka hatramin'ny efatra herinandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ny mangidihidy na ny fanaintainana tampoka alohan'ny hisehoan'ny vay.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Miovaova ny tsingerin'ny herpes eo anelanelan'ny vanim-potoanan'ny aretina mavitrika arahin'ny vanim-potoana tsy misy soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny tranga voalohany dia mahery kokoa ary mety mifandray amin'ny tazo, fanaintainan'ny hozatra, fivontosan'ny fihary atodinaina ary aretin'andoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Rehefa mandeha ny fotoana, mihena ny hamafin'ny fisehoan'ny aretina sy ny hamafiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ireto avy ireo aretina hafa ateraky ny herpes simplex: herpetic whitlow rehefa mahakasika ny rantsantanana,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=IB|last2=Schwartz|first2=RA|title=Herpetic whitlow.|journal=Cutis|date=March 2007|volume=79|issue=3|pages=193–06|pmid=17674583}}&lt;/ref&gt; herpes amin'ny maso,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rowe|first=AM|last2=St Leger|first2=AJ|last3=Jeon|first3=S|last4=Dhaliwal|first4=DK|last5=Knickelbein|first5=JE|last6=Hendricks|first6=RL|title=Herpes keratitis.|journal=Progress in Retinal and Eye Research|date=January 2013|volume=32|pages=88–101|pmid=22944008|doi=10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.08.002|pmc=3529813}}&lt;/ref&gt; aretin'ny herpes amin'ny atidoha,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steiner|first=I|last2=Benninger|first2=F|title=Update on herpes virus infections of the nervous system.|journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|date=December 2013|volume=13|issue=12|pages=414|pmid=24142852|doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0414-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary herpes amin'ny zaza vao teraka rehefa mahakasika ny zaza vao teraka, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stephenson-Famy|first=A|last2=Gardella|first2=C|title=Herpes Simplex Virus Infection During Pregnancy.|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|date=December 2014|volume=41|issue=4|pages=601–14|pmid=25454993|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2014.08.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy karazany roa ny viriosy herpes simplex, ny karazany 1 (HSV-1) sy ny karazany 2 (HSV-2).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ny HSV-1 dia matetika kokoa miteraka aretina manodidina ny vava raha toa kosa ny HSV-2 dia matetika kokoa miteraka aretina amin'ny taovam-pananahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Mifindra amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana mivantana amin'ny tsiranoka na fery amin'ny olona voan'ny aretina izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mety mbola hisy ny fifindran'ny aretina na dia tsy misy aza ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Voasokajy ho aretina azo avy amin'ny firaisana ara-nofo ny herpes amin'ny fivaviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mety hifindra amin'ny zaza mandritra ny fiterahana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Aorian'ny aretina, dia alefa amin'ny alalan'ny ozatra sensorika mankany amin'ny vatan'ny sela nerveo ireo viriosy, izay ipetrahany mandritra ny androm-piainany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana ireto antony mahatonga ny fiverenan'ny aretina ireto: fihenan'ny hery fiarovana, adin-tsaina, ary fiposahan'ny masoandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cancer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Elad S|title=A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea|journal=Support Care Cancer|volume=18|issue=8|pages=993–1006|date=August 2010|pmid=20544224|doi=10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3|last2=Zadik Y|last3=Hewson I|display-authors=3|last4=Hovan|first4=Allan|last5=Correa|first5=M. Elvira P.|last6=Logan|first6=Richard|last7=Elting|first7=Linda S.|last8=Spijkervet|first8=Fred K. L.|last9=Brennan|first9=Michael T.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny herpes amin'ny vava sy ny taovam-pananahana dia voamarina mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina miseho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Azo hamarinina amin'ny alalan'ny kolontsaina virosy na ny fahitana ny ADN herpes ao anaty ranon-javatra avy amin'ny vay ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ny fitiliana ny ra mba hahitana hery fiarovana amin'ny viriosy dia afaka manamarina ny aretina efa nisy teo aloha saingy ho ratsy kosa ny vokany amin'ny aretina vaovao.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;

Ny fomba mahomby indrindra hisorohana ny aretina amin'ny taovam-pananahana dia ny fisorohana ny firaisana ara-nofo amin'ny fivaviana, am-bava ary lava-pitombenana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mampihena ny risika ny fampiasana kapaoty.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ny fanafody antiviral isan'andro raisin'ny olona voan'ny aretina dia afaka mampihena ny fihanaky ny aretina ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy [[vaksiny]] azo ampiasaina &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; ary rehefa voan'ny aretina dia tsy misy fanafodiny intsony.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ny Paracetamol (acetaminophen) sy ny lidocaine eo an-toerana mba hanampiana amin'ny fanalefahana ireo soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana amin'ny fanafody antiviral toy ny aciclovir na valaciclovir dia afaka mampihena ny hamafin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt;

Eo anelanelan'ny 60% sy 95% eo ho eo ny tahan'ny HSV-1 na HSV-2 maneran-tany amin'ny olon-dehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny HSV-1 dia azo mandritra ny fahazazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Mitombo ny tahan'ny roa tonta rehefa mihantitra ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 70% sy 80% ny tahan'ny HSV-1 amin'ny mponina manana fari-piainana ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena ambany ary 40% ka hatramin'ny 60% amin'ny mponina manana fari-piainana ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekarena mihatsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chayavichitsilp P, Buckwalter JV, Krakowski AC, Friedlander SF|title=Herpes simplex|journal=Pediatr Rev|volume=30|issue=4|pages=119–29; quiz 130|date=April 2009|pmid=19339385|doi=10.1542/pir.30-4-119|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c6007147e5b196be342f5881d263149ae404a32f|access-date=2020-07-11|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828105541/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Herpes-simplex.-Chayavichitsilp-Buckwalter/c6007147e5b196be342f5881d263149ae404a32f|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho 536 tapitrisa ny olona eran-tany (16%-n'ny mponina) no voan'ny HSV-2 tamin'ny taona 2003, ary ambony kokoa ny tahan'izany eo amin'ny vehivavy sy ireo any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Looker2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Looker|first=KJ|last2=Garnett, GP|last3=Schmid, GP|title=An estimate of the global prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-health-organization-bulletin_2008-10_86_10/page/805|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=October 2008|volume=86|issue=10|pages=805–12, A|pmid=18949218|pmc=2649511|doi=10.2471/blt.07.046128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny ankamaroan'ny olona voan'ny HSV-2 dia tsy mahatsapa fa voan'ny aretina izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Avy amin'ny [[Template:Lang-grc-gre|Endrika:Lang-grc-gre]] ''herpēs'' ny anarana, izay mifandray amin'ny dikan'ny hoe &quot;mivezivezy&quot;, izay manondro ny fiparitahan'ny vay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Beswick|first=TSL|title=The Origin and the Use of the Word Herpes|journal=Med Hist|volume=6|date=1962|issue=3|pages=214–232|doi=10.1017/S002572730002737X|pmid=13868599|pmc=1034725}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy manondro ny fahatarana ny anarana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reese|first=Vail|title=Countering Creeping Confusion: A Proposal to Re-Name Herpes Virus TAXONOMY|url=http://ojcpcd.com/reese-v/countering-creeping-confusion-a-proposal-to-re-name-herpes-virus-taxonomy/|website=Online Journal of Community and Person-Centered Dermatology|publisher=Dr. David Elpern|access-date=22 September 2018|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005836/http://ojcpcd.com/reese-v/countering-creeping-confusion-a-proposal-to-re-name-herpes-virus-taxonomy/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Molluscum contagiosum</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8596" sha1="eeq0hyd1gc66m6b1lbiyguojzx9bgdw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Molluscum contagiosum
|synonym          =Water warts
|image            =Molluscaklein.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Typical flesh-colored, dome-shaped and pearly lesions
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Dermatology]]
|symptoms         =Small, raised, pink lesions with a dimple in the center&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;
|onset            =Children 1 to 10 years of age&lt;ref name=CDC2015Risk/&gt;
|duration         =Usually 6-12 months, may last up to four years&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;
|causes           =''[[Molluscum contagiosum virus]]'' spread by direct contact or contaminated objects&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tran/&gt;
|risks            =[[immunosuppression|Weak immune system]], [[atopic dermatitis]], crowded living conditions&lt;ref name=CDC2015Risk/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on appearance&lt;ref name=Ramdass2015/&gt;
|differential     =[[Wart|Warts]], [[herpes simplex]], [[chickenpox]], [[folliculitis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter M|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =[[Hand washing]], not sharing personal items&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pre/&gt;
|treatment        =None, [[cryotherapy|freezing]], opening up the lesion and scraping the inside, [[laser therapy]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;
|medication       =[[Cimetidine]], [[podophyllotoxin]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =122&amp;nbsp;million / 1.8% (2010)&lt;ref name=LancetEpi2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny Molluscum contagiosum''' ( '''MC''' ), izay antsoina indraindray hoe '''&quot;water warts&quot;''', dia aretina vokatry ny virosy amin'ny [[hoditra]] izay miteraka fery kely mavokely mitsangana miaraka amin'ny lavaka eo afovoany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616211957/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/|archive-date=16 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho mangidihidy na maharary indraindray izy ireo, ary miseho tsirairay na miaraka amin'ny vondrona.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Mety ho voakasika avokoa ny faritra rehetra amin'ny hoditra, ka ny kibo, ny tongotra, ny sandry, ny vozona, ny faritra filahiana ary ny tarehy no tena fahita matetika.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Fito herinandro eo ho eo aorian'ny aretina no manomboka ny fery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramdass2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ramdass|first=P|last2=Mullick|first2=S|last3=Farber|first3=HF|title=Viral Skin Diseases|journal=Primary Care|date=December 2015|volume=42|issue=4|pages=517–67|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.006|pmid=26612372|access-date=|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika izy ireo dia afaka ao anatin'ny herintaona tsy misy holatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny aretina dia vokatry ny poxvirus antsoina hoe ''molluscum contagiosum virus'' (MCV).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Miparitaka amin'ny alalan'ny fifandraisana mivantana, anisan'izany ny firaisana ara-nofo, na amin'ny alalan'ny zavatra voaloto toy ny lamba famaohana, ny viriosy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transmission {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/transmission.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610150359/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/transmission.html|archive-date=10 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiparitaka any amin'ny faritra hafa amin'ny vatana ihany koa ity aretina ity, raha ny tenan'ilay olona mihitsy no manao izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tran&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny hery fiarovana malemy, ny dermatitis atopika, ary ny fiainana feno olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Risk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Risk Factors {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/risk.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610203738/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/risk.html|archive-date=10 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aorian'ny aretina iray dia mety ho voan'ny aretina indray ianao.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Long Term Effects {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/long-term-effects.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205755/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/long-term-effects.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny famaritana ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fisehoan'ny fery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramdass2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fanasana tanana sy ny tsy fizarana entana manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205753/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/prevention.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia tsy ilaina aza ny fitsaboana, ny sasany mety maniry ny hanesorana ireo fery noho ny antony ara-tarehy na mba hisorohana ny fiparitahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Treatment Options {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/treatment.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205751/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/treatment.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitranga amin'ny alalan'ny fampangatsiahana, fitsaboana amin'ny laser, na fanokafana ny fery sy ny fikikisana ny ao anatiny ny fanesorana azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka holatra anefa ny fikikisana ny fery.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Comp&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina ihany koa ny fanafody cimetidine atelina, na podophyllotoxin, cantharidin na crème potassium hydroxide ampiasaina amin'ny hoditra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ton|first=Joey|title=#232 Muscling out molluscum contagiosum: Which treatments work?|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp232/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=16 June 2023|date=1 April 2019|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129132507/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp232/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eo amin'ny 122 eo ho eo&amp;nbsp;Olona an-tapitrisany eran-tany no voan'ny molluscum contagiosum tamin'ny taona 2010 (1.8%-n'ny mponina).&lt;ref name=&quot;LancetEpi2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vos|first=Theo|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2163|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|last2=Flaxman|last3=Naghavi|last4=Lozano|last5=Michaud|last6=Ezzati|last7=Shibuya|last8=Salomonn|last9=Abdalla|last10=Aboyans|last11=Abraham|last12=Ackerman|last13=Aggarwal|last14=Ahn|last15=Ali|first2=Abraham D|first3=Mohsen|first4=Rafael|first5=Catherine|first6=Majid|first7=Kenji|first8=Joshua A|first9=Safa|first10=Victor|first11=Jerry|first12=Ilana|first13=Rakesh|first14=Stephanie Y|first15=Mohammed K|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2|display-authors=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika kokoa no hita amin'ny ankizy eo anelanelan'ny herintaona sy folo taona izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Risk&quot; /&gt; Niha-mahazatra kokoa ity aretina ity tany Etazonia nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Risk&quot; /&gt; Tsy antony tokony tsy andehananan'ny zaza hianatra any an-tsekoly na any amin'ny akanin-jaza ny fisian'ny aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Day Care Centers and Schools {{!}} Molluscum Contagiosum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/day_care.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en-us|date=11 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617205806/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/day_care.html|archive-date=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>eeq0hyd1gc66m6b1lbiyguojzx9bgdw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tazo tifoida</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151122</id>
      <parentid>1149497</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T02:27:09Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>1151122</origin>
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      <text bytes="11574" sha1="h7q16z8kpyu8p4dseue5pmjzx2dq8gb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Typhoid fever
|synonym          =Slow fever, typhoid
|image            =Salmonella typhi typhoid fever PHIL 2215 lores.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Rose spots]] on the chest of a person with typhoid fever
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
|symptoms         =Fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash&lt;ref name=Yellow2014/&gt;
|onset            =6–30 days after exposure&lt;ref name=Yellow2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica|''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. enterica]] (spread by food or water contaminated with [[feces]])&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2008/&gt;
|risks            =Poor [[sanitation]], poor hygiene.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Bacterial culture]], DNA detection&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Crump2010/&gt;
|differential     =Other infectious diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2013Tech/&gt;
|prevention       =[[Typhoid vaccine]], handwashing&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Mil2018/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =12.5 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =149,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}
'''Ny tazo tifoida''', fantatra ihany koa amin'ny hoe '''tifoida''', dia aretina vokatry ny bakteria vokatry ny karazana ''Salmonella'' manokana izay miteraka soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL|s2cid=2409150|title=Typhoid fever|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_march-21-27-2015_385_9973/page/1136|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|pages=1136–45|date=March 2015|pmid=25458731|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety miovaova ny soritr'aretina manomboka amin'ny malemy ka hatramin'ny mafy, ary mazàna manomboka 6 ka hatramin'ny 30 andro aorian'ny fihanaky ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt; Matetika misy fiakaran'ny tazo mahery tsikelikely mandritra ny andro maromaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Anna E.|last=Newton|title=CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book|date=2014|isbn=9780199948499|chapter=3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125517/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever|archive-date=2015-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika miaraka amin'ny fahalemena, fanaintainan'ny kibo, [[fitohanana]], aretin'andoha ary fandoavana kely izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Typhoid Fever|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/technical.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2015|date=May 14, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183317/http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/technical.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy olona sasany miteraka maimaika amin'ny hoditra misy teboka mavokely.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Typhoid Fever|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 March 2015|date=May 14, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606190251/http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html|archive-date=6 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ny tranga mafy, mety hikorontana ny sain'ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy misy fitsaboana dia mety haharitra herinandro na volana maromaro ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt; Mahalana ny aretim-pivalanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Mety hitondra ny bakteria ny olon-kafa nefa tsy voakasik'izany; na izany aza, mbola afaka mampiely ny aretina amin'ny hafa izy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire|volume=83|issue=6|pages=49–59|date=February 2008|pmid=18260212|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103504/http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karazana tazo [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|enterika]] ny tazo tifoida, miaraka amin'ny tazo paratyphoida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny antony dia ny bakteria ''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. enterica serovar Typhi mitombo ao amin'ny [[Fitaovam-pandevonan-kanina|tsinay]] sy [[Ra|ny ra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Miely amin'ny fihinanana na fisotroana sakafo na rano voaloto amin'ny [[Tay|dikin'ny]] olona voan'ny aretina ny tifoida.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny tsy fahampian'ny fahadiovana sy ny tsy fahampian'ny fahadiovana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay mandeha any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana dia tandindonin-doza ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Ny olombelona ihany no mety ho voan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Mitovy amin'ny soritr'aretin'ny aretina mifindra maro hafa ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt; Ny fitiliana dia amin'ny alalan'ny fambolena ny bakteria na ny fitadiavana ny [[Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika|ADN-]] ny ao amin'ny ra, ny fivalanana, na [[Tsoka|ny tsoka taolana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crump2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Crump JA, Mintz ED|title=Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2010-01-15_50_2/page/241|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=50|issue=2|pages=241–6|date=January 2010|pmid=20014951|pmc=2798017|doi=10.1086/649541}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho sarotra ny mamboly ny bakteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Alan J.|last=Magill|title=Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases|date=2013|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=London|isbn=9781455740437|pages=568–572|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&amp;pg=PA568|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228055647/https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&amp;pg=PA568|archive-date=2017-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fitiliana tsoka taolana no marina indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crump2010&quot; /&gt;

Afaka misoroka eo amin'ny 40 ka hatramin'ny 90% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga ny vaksiny tifoida mandritra ny roa taona voalohany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A|title=Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD001261|date=May 2018|pmid=29851031|pmc=6494485|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy fiantraikany mandritra ny fito taona ny vaksiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo olona atahorana ho voan'ny aretina na ireo olona mandeha any amin'ny faritra ahitana ity aretina ity dia asaina manao vaksiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Ny ezaka hafa hisorohana ny aretina dia ahitana ny fanomezana rano fisotro madio, ny fahadiovana tsara, ary ny fanasana tanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Raha tsy voamarina fa voa ny aretina mahazo ny olona iray dia tsy tokony hanomana sakafo ho an'ny hafa izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt; Tsaboina amin'ny [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]] toy ny azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, na cephalosporins taranaka fahatelo ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Miha-mitombo ny fanoherana ireo antibiotika ireo, izay nahatonga ny fitsaboana ny aretina ho sarotra kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, Angelo KM, Walker AT, Hatley N, Masani S, Nash J, Belko J, Ryan ET, Mintz E, Friedman CR|display-authors=6|title=Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=68|issue=1|pages=11–13|date=January 2019|pmid=30629573|pmc=6342547|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2015, tranga vaovao miisa 12.5 tapitrisa no voalaza maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fahita matetika indrindra any India ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ny ankizy no tena voa mafy indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Nihena ny tahan'ny aretina tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] tamin'ny taona 1940 vokatry ny fanatsarana ny fahadiovana sy ny fampiasana antibiotika hitsaboana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Isan-taona any Etazonia, tranga 400 eo ho eo no voalaza fa voan'ny aretina ary tombanana ho 6 000 ny olona voan'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tech&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B|title=Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=64|issue=11|pages=305–8|date=March 2015|pmid=25811680|pmc=4584884}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, dia nahafaty olona 149.000 teo ho eo maneran-tany izany - nidina avy amin'ny 181.000 tamin'ny taona 1990 (eo amin'ny 0.3% eo ho eo amin'ny fitambarany maneran-tany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD204&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hahatratra 20% ny mety hahafaty raha tsy misy fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 1 sy 4% eo ho eo ny tahan'ny fitsaboana &lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt; Aretina hafa ny tifosy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cunha BA|title=Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2004-03_18_1/page/111|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=18|issue=1|pages=111–25|date=March 2004|pmid=15081508|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, ny anarana hoe typhoid dia midika hoe &quot;mitovy amin'ny typhus &quot; noho ny fitoviana eo amin'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oxford English Dictionary (Online)|url=http://www.oed.com|access-date=28 March 2015|page=typhoid, adj. and n|quote=Resembling or characteristic of typhus|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/|archive-date=11 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Aretin'ny seliaka</title>
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      <text bytes="21171" sha1="es4xu813kptodzbo7489ixz1t1bpskq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Coeliac disease
|synonym          =Celiac sprue, nontropical sprue, endemic sprue, gluten enteropathy
|image            =Coeliac path.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Biopsy of [[small bowel]] showing coeliac disease manifested by blunting of [[intestinal villus|villi]], crypt [[hypertrophy]], and [[lymphocyte]] infiltration of crypts
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|l|i|æ|k}} {{respell|SEE|lee|ak}}
|specialty        =[[Gastroenterology]], [[internal medicine]]
|symptoms         =None or [[Signs and symptoms|non-specific]], [[abdominal distention]], [[diarrhea|diarrhoea]], [[constipation]], [[malabsorption]], weight loss, [[dermatitis herpetiformis]]&lt;ref name=Fasano2005Pediatric/&gt;&lt;ref name=SymptomsCausesNIDDK&gt;{{cite web|title=Symptoms &amp; Causes of Celiac Disease {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=24 April 2017|date=June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175500/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|archive-date=24 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|onset            =Any age&lt;ref name=Fasano2005Pediatric/&gt;&lt;ref name=ESPGHAN2012 /&gt;
|duration         =Lifelong&lt;ref name=Cic2015 /&gt;
|causes           =Reaction to [[gluten]]&lt;ref name=TovoliMasi2015/&gt;
|risks            =[[Genetic predisposition]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Family history (medicine)|Family history]], blood [[antibody]] tests, intestinal [[biopsy|biopsies]], [[genetic testing]], response to gluten withdrawal&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=VivasVaquero2015 /&gt;
|differential     =[[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[intestinal parasites]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[cystic fibrosis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter C|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Gluten-free diet]]&lt;ref name=SeeKaukinen2015/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =~1 in 135&lt;ref name=NEJM2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}
'''Ny aretin'ny seliaka''' na '''ny aretin'ny seliaka''' dia aretina maharitra ateraky ny hery fiarovana izay misy fiantraikany voalohany indrindra amin'ny tsinay kely.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Celiac Disease|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDKD|access-date=17 March 2016|date=June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313222154/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny soritr'aretina mahazatra ny olana amin'ny fandevonan-kanina toy ny aretim-pivalanana mitaiza, fivontosan'ny kibo, tsy fahatomombanan'ny fidiran'ny sakafo, tsy fahazotoan-komana, ary ny tsy fahampian'ny fitomboana ara-dalàna eo amin'ny ankizy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot; /&gt; Matetika izany dia manomboka eo anelanelan'ny enim-bolana sy roa taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot; /&gt; Ireo soritr'aretina tsy mahazatra dia mahazatra kokoa, indrindra amin'ny olona mihoatra ny roa taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPGHAN2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newnham2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/jgh.13704|doi-access=free|pmid=28244672|title=Coeliac disease in the 21st century: Paradigm shifts in the modern age|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=32|pages=82–85|year=2017|last=Newnham|first=Evan D|s2cid=46285202|quote=Presentation of CD with malabsorptive symptoms or malnutrition is now the exception rather than the rule.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TonuttiBizzaro2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tonutti E, Bizzaro N|title=Diagnosis and classification of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity|journal=Autoimmun Rev|volume=13|issue=4–5|pages=472–6|date=2014|pmid=24440147|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.043}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy soritr'aretina malemy na tsy misy mihitsy eo amin'ny tsinay, soritr'aretina maro samihafa mahakasika ny faritra rehetra amin'ny vatana na tsy misy soritr'aretina miharihary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot; /&gt; Ny aretin'ny seliaka dia voalaza voalohany tamin'ny fahazazana; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cic2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ciccocioppo R, Kruzliak P, Cangemi GC, Pohanka M, Betti E, Lauret E, Rodrigo L|title=The Spectrum of Differences between Childhood and Adulthood Celiac Disease|journal=Nutrients|volume=7|issue=10|pages=8733–51|date=22 October 2015|pmid=26506381|pmc=4632446|doi=10.3390/nu7105426|type=Review|quote=Several additional studies in extensive series of coeliac patients have clearly shown that TG2A sensitivity varies depending on the severity of duodenal damage, and reaches almost 100% in the presence of complete villous atrophy (more common in children under three years), 70% for subtotal atrophy, and up to 30% when only an increase in IELs is present. ''(IELs: intraepithelial lymphocytes)''}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPGHAN2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, Troncone R, Giersiepen K, Branski D, Catassi C, Lelgeman M, Mäki M, Ribes-Koninckx C, Ventura A, Zimmer KP,(( ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis; ESPGHAN Gastroenterology Committee; European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition))|s2cid=15029283|title=European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease|journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr|volume=54|issue=1|pages=136–60|date=January 2012|pmid=22197856|url=http://www.espghan.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidelines_pdf/Guidelines_2404/European_Society_for_Pediatric_Gastroenterology_.28__1_.pdf|doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0|type=Practice Guideline|quote=Since 1990, the understanding of the pathological processes of CD has increased enormously, leading to a change in the clinical paradigm of CD from a chronic, gluten-dependent enteropathy of childhood to a systemic disease with chronic immune features affecting different organ systems. (...) atypical symptoms may be considerably more common than classic symptoms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403065800/http://www.espghan.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidelines_pdf/Guidelines_2404/European_Society_for_Pediatric_Gastroenterology_.28__1_.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2016|access-date=19 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na izany aza, mety hitranga amin'ny sokajin-taona rehetra izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasano2005Pediatric&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fasano A|title=Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=128|issue=4 Suppl 1|pages=S68–73|date=April 2005|pmid=15825129|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.015|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPGHAN2012&quot; /&gt; Mifandray amin'ny aretina autoimmune hafa izy io, toy ny diabeta mellitus karazany 1 sy ny tiroidita, ankoatra ny hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cic2015&quot; /&gt;

Ny aretin'ny seliaka dia vokatry ny fihetsika amin'ny gluten, vondron'ny proteinina isan-karazany hita ao amin'ny [[varimbazaha]] sy amin'ny voamaina hafa toy ny [[Vary ôrza|orza]] sy ny rye.&lt;ref name=&quot;TovoliMasi2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tovoli F, Masi C, Guidetti E, Negrini G, Paterini P, Bolondi L|title=Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders|journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases|volume=3|issue=3|pages=275–84|date=March 2015|pmid=25789300|pmc=4360499|doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PenaginiDilillo2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Penagini F, Dilillo D, Meneghin F, Mameli C, Fabiano V, Zuccotti GV|title=Gluten-free diet in children: an approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet|journal=Nutrients|volume=5|issue=11|pages=4553–65|date=November 2013|pmid=24253052|pmc=3847748|doi=10.3390/nu5114553|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR|s2cid=8415780|title=Coeliac disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-25-may-1-2009_373_9673/page/1480|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9673|pages=1480–93|date=April 2009|pmid=19394538|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60254-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika azo leferina ny [[Oany|oats]] amin'ny habetsahana antonony, izay tsy misy loto avy amin'ny voamaina hafa misy gluten.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenaginiDilillo2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pinto-Sánchez MI, Causada-Calo N, Bercik P, Ford AC, Murray JA, Armstrong D, Semrad C, Kupfer SS, Alaedini A, Moayyedi P, Leffler DA, Verdú EF, Green P|title=Safety of Adding Oats to a Gluten-Free Diet for Patients With Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical and Observational Studies|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=153|issue=2|pages=395–409.e3|date=August 2017|pmid=28431885|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115341/1/FordSafety%20of%20Adding%20Oats.pdf|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2021-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129071334/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115341/1/FordSafety%20of%20Adding%20Oats.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hiankina amin'ny karazana vary orza ny fisian'ny olana.&lt;ref name=&quot;PenaginiDilillo2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CominoMoreno2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Comino I, Moreno M, Sousa C|title=Role of oats in celiac disease|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=21|issue=41|pages=11825–31|date=November 2015|pmid=26557006|pmc=4631980|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11825|quote=It is necessary to consider that oats include many varieties, containing various amino acid sequences and showing different immunoreactivities associated with toxic prolamins. As a result, several studies have shown that the immunogenicity of oats varies depending on the cultivar consumed. Thus, it is essential to thoroughly study the variety of oats used in a food ingredient before including it in a gluten-free diet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mitranga amin'ny olona manana fototarazo mora voan'izany izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Rehefa tratran'ny gluten, ny valin-kafatra tsy ara-dalàna amin'ny hery fiarovana dia mety hitarika amin'ny famokarana autoantibodies samihafa izay mety hisy fiantraikany amin'ny [[taova]] samihafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lund2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lundin KE, Wijmenga C|s2cid=24533103|title=Coeliac disease and autoimmune disease-genetic overlap and screening|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology|volume=12|issue=9|pages=507–15|date=September 2015|pmid=26303674|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.136|type=Review|quote=The abnormal immunological response elicited by gluten-derived proteins can lead to the production of several different autoantibodies, which affect different systems.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ao amin'ny tsinay kely, miteraka fivontosana izany ary mety hiteraka fihenan'ny villi mandrakotra ny tsinay kely ( atrophy villous ).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VivasVaquero2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vivas S, Vaquero L, Rodríguez-Martín L, Caminero A|title=Age-related differences in celiac disease: Specific characteristics of adult presentation|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=6|issue=4|pages=207–12|date=November 2015|pmid=26558154|pmc=4635160|doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.207|type=Review|quote=In addition, the presence of intraepithelial lymphocytosis and/or villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia of small-bowel mucosa, and clinical remission after withdrawal of gluten from the diet, are also used for diagnosis antitransglutaminase antibody (tTGA) titers and the degree of histological lesions inversely correlate with age. Thus, as the age of diagnosis increases antibody titers decrease and histological damage is less marked. It is common to find adults without villous atrophy showing only an inflammatory pattern in duodenal mucosa biopsies: Lymphocytic enteritis (Marsh I) or added crypt hyperplasia (Marsh II)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fidiran'ny otrikaina izany, izay matetika mitarika ho amin'ny tsy fahampian-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2009&quot; /&gt;

Matetika ny aretina dia atao amin'ny alalan'ny fitambaran'ny fitiliana antibody amin'ny ra sy ny biopsie amin'ny tsinay, izay ampian'ny fitiliana fototarazo manokana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Tsy mora foana ny mamantatra ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;MatthiasPfeiffer2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Matthias T, Pfeiffer S, Selmi C, Eric Gershwin M|s2cid=33661098|title=Diagnostic challenges in celiac disease and the role of the tissue transglutaminase-neo-epitope|journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol|volume=38|issue=2–3|pages=298–301|date=April 2010|pmid=19629760|doi=10.1007/s12016-009-8160-z|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika, ratsy ny autoantibodies ao amin'ny ra,&lt;ref name=&quot;LewisScott2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lewis NR, Scott BB|title=Systematic review: the use of serology to exclude or diagnose coeliac disease (a comparison of the endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody tests)|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|volume=24|issue=1|pages=47–54|date=July 2006|pmid=16803602|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02967.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AGA2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rostom A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF|title=American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=131|issue=6|pages=1981–2002|date=December 2006|pmid=17087937|url=http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2806%2902227-X/fulltext|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.004|type=Review|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2014-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318130040/http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(06)02227-X/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary olona maro no manana fiovana kely amin'ny tsinay miaraka amin'ny villi ara-dalàna.&lt;ref name=&quot;MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, Fernández-Bañares F|title=Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|volume=41|issue=9|pages=807–20|date=May 2015|pmid=25753138|doi=10.1111/apt.13155|type=Review|quote=Furthermore, seronegativity is more common in coeliac disease patients without villous atrophy (Marsh 1-2 lesions), but these ‘minor’ forms of coeliac disease may have similar clinical manifestations to those with villous atrophy and may show similar clinical–histological remission with reversal of haematological or biochemical disturbances on a gluten-free diet (GFD).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy soritr'aretina mafy ny olona ary mety hodinihina mandritra ny taona maro izy ireo alohan'ny hahitana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CichewiczMearns2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cichewicz AB, Mearns ES, Taylor A, Boulanger T, Gerber M, Leffler DA|s2cid=71143826|display-authors=etal|title=Diagnosis and Treatment Patterns in Celiac Disease|journal=Dig Dis Sci|volume=64|issue=8|pages=2095–2106|date=1 March 2019|pmid=30820708|doi=10.1007/s10620-019-05528-3|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LudvigssonCard2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ludvigsson JF, Card T, Ciclitira PJ, Swift GL, Nasr I, Sanders DS, Ciacci C|title=Support for patients with celiac disease: A literature review|journal=United European Gastroenterology Journal|volume=3|issue=2|pages=146–59|date=April 2015|pmid=25922674|pmc=4406900|doi=10.1177/2050640614562599|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mihamaro hatrany ny olona tsy manana soritr'aretina voamarina, vokatry ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;VanHeelWest&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=van Heel DA, West J|title=Recent advances in coeliac disease|journal=Gut|volume=55|issue=7|pages=1037–46|date=July 2006|pmid=16766754|pmc=1856316|doi=10.1136/gut.2005.075119|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na izany aza, tsy ampy ny porofo momba ny vokatry ny fitiliana mba hamaritana ny maha-ilaina azy.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPSTF2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Ebell M, Epling JW, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW|s2cid=205086614|title=Screening for Celiac Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement|journal=JAMA|volume=317|issue=12|pages=1252–1257|date=March 2017|pmid=28350936|doi=10.1001/jama.2017.1462}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia vokatry ny tsy fahazakana maharitra ny proteinina gluten aza ity aretina ity,&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; dia miavaka amin'ny alèjy amin'ny varimbazaha izy io, izay tsy fahita firy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burkhardt|first=J. G.|last2=Chapa-Rodriguez|first2=A.|last3=Bahna|first3=S. L.|title=Gluten sensitivities and the allergist: Threshing the grain from the husks|journal=Allergy|date=July 2018|volume=73|issue=7|pages=1359–1368|doi=10.1111/all.13354|pmid=29131356}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fitsaboana mahomby fantatra ihany dia ny fihinanana sakafo tsy misy gluten mandritra ny androm-piainana, izay mitarika amin'ny famerenana amin'ny laoniny ny rindrin'ny tsinay, manatsara ny soritr'aretina ary mampihena ny mety hisian'ny fahasarotana amin'ny ankamaroan'ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeeKaukinen2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=See JA, Kaukinen K, Makharia GK, Gibson PR, Murray JA|s2cid=20270743|title=Practical insights into gluten-free diets|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology|volume=12|issue=10|pages=580–91|date=October 2015|pmid=26392070|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.156|type=Review|quote=A lack of symptoms and/or negative serological markers are not reliable indicators of mucosal response to the diet. Furthermore, up to 30% of patients continue to have gastrointestinal symptoms despite a strict GFD.122,124 If adherence is questioned, a structured interview by a qualified dietitian can help to identify both intentional and inadvertent sources of gluten.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy voatsabo dia mety hiteraka homamiadana toy ny lymphoma amin'ny tsinay ary mety hampitombo kely ny mety ho fahafatesana aloha loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH|title=Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity|journal=BMJ|volume=351|pages=h4347|date=October 2015|pmid=26438584|pmc=4596973|doi=10.1136/bmj.h4347|quote=Celiac disease occurs in about 1% of the population worldwide, although most people with the condition are undiagnosed. It can cause a wide variety of symptoms, both intestinal and extra-intestinal because it is a systemic autoimmune disease that is triggered by dietary gluten. Patients with coeliac disease are at increased risk of cancer, including a twofold to fourfold increased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and a more than 30-fold increased risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma, and they have a 1.4-fold increased risk of death.|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miovaova arakaraka ny faritra eto amin'izao tontolo izao ny tahan'ny aretina, manomboka amin'ny 1 amin'ny 300 ka hatramin'ny 1 amin'ny 40, miaraka amin'ny salan'isa eo anelanelan'ny 1 amin'ny 100 sy 1 amin'ny olona 170.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fasano A, Catassi C|title=Clinical practice. Celiac disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-12-20_367_25/page/2419|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=367|issue=25|pages=2419–26|date=December 2012|pmid=23252527|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1113994|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho 80%-n'ny tranga no mbola tsy voamarina, matetika noho ny tsy fahampian'ny na tsy fisian'ny olana amin'ny fandevonan-kanina sy ny tsy fahampian'ny fahalalana ny soritr'aretina sy ny fepetra takiana amin'ny diagnostika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WGO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english|title=Celiac disease|date=July 2016|publisher=[[World Gastroenterology Organisation]] Global Guidelines|access-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317123604/http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english|archive-date=17 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CichewiczMearns2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LionettiGatti2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lionetti E, Gatti S, Pulvirenti A, Catassi C|title=Celiac disease from a global perspective|journal=Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Gastroenterology|volume=29|issue=3|pages=365–79|date=June 2015|pmid=26060103|doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2015.05.004|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Somary mahazatra kokoa amin'ny vehivavy ny aretin'ny seliaka raha oharina amin'ny lehilahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;His2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, Mäki M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Romano A, Troncone R, Ward R|title=Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|volume=23|issue=5|pages=559–75|date=March 2006|pmid=16480395|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tongotra kibo</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6838" sha1="rwhopzu2wfbd84hvy9om8mid88intsf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Clubfoot
|synonym          =Clubfeet, congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|image            =Pied bot, varus équin (bilateral).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Bilateral clubfeet
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]], [[podiatry]]
|symptoms         =Foot that is rotated inwards and downwards&lt;ref name=NIH2017/&gt;
|onset            =During early pregnancy&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =Unknown&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|risks            =[[Genetics]], [[Smoking and pregnancy|mother who smokes cigarettes]], males&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;
|diagnosis        =[[Physical examination]], [[prenatal ultrasound|ultrasound during pregnancy]]&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|differential     =[[Metatarsus adductus]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Moses|first1=Scott|title=Clubfoot|url=http://www.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/Peds/Clbft.htm|website=www.fpnotebook.com|access-date=15 October 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150501/http://www.fpnotebook.com/Ortho/Peds/Clbft.htm|archive-date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =[[Ponseti method]] (manipulation, casting, cutting the [[Achilles tendon]], braces), French method, surgery&lt;ref name=Gib2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Good with proper treatment&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|frequency        =1 to 4 in 1,000&lt;ref name=Dob2009/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny tongotra mikitoantoana dia kilema hatrany am-bohoka izay mahatonga ny tongotra iray na roa hihodina mankany anatiny ary hitongilana midina. [1] [2]

Mety ho kely kokoa ny haben’ny tongotra sy ny ranjo voakasika raha oharina amin’ny ilany hafa. [1] Manodidina ny 50% amin’ireo tranga no mahakasika ny tongotra roa. [1] [3]

Matetika tsy misy ifandraisany amin’ny aretina hafa izany. [1] Raha tsy tsaboina dia mitohy tsy ara-dalàna ny endriky ny tongotra, ka mandeha amin’ny sisin’ny tongotra ny olona. [4] Mety hiteraka fanaintainana sy fahasarotana amin’ny fandehanana izany. [5]

Matetika tsy fantatra ny tena antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gibbons|first=PJ|last2=Gray|first2=K|title=Update on clubfoot.|journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health|date=September 2013|volume=49|issue=9|pages=E434–7|doi=10.1111/jpc.12167|pmid=23586398}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dobbs|first=Matthew B.|last2=Gurnett|first2=Christina A.|title=Update on clubfoot: etiology and treatment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-orthopaedics-and-related-research_2009-05_467_5/page/1146|journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research|date=18 February 2009|volume=467|issue=5|pages=1146–1153|doi=10.1007/s11999-009-0734-9|pmid=19224303|issn=1528-1132|pmc=2664438}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inoana fa samy voakasik'izany na ny fototarazo na ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt; Raha [[Kambana|kambana mitovy]] iray no voakasika, dia misy ny vintana 33% ho voakasika koa ny iray hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Ny antony fototra mahatonga izany dia ny fikorontanan'ny [[hozatra]] na ny sela mampitohy ny tongotra ambany, izay mitarika amin'ny fihenjanan'ny tonon-taolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cummings|first=R. Jay|last2=Davidson|first2=Richard S.|last3=Armstrong|first3=Peter F.|last4=Lehman|first4=Wallace B.|date=February 2002|title=Congenital Clubfoot|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bone-and-joint-surgery_2002-02_84a_2/page/290|journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume|language=en-US|volume=84|issue=2|pages=290–308|issn=0021-9355|doi=10.2106/00004623-200202000-00018|pmid=11861737}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy tsy fetezana hafa mifandray amin'izany eo amin'ny 20%-n'ny fotoana, ary ny mahazatra indrindra dia ny arthrogryposis distal sy ny myelomeningocele.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt; Azo atao ny mamantatra ny aretina amin'ny alalan'ny fizahana na alohan'ny hahaterahana mandritra ny fanadinana amin'ny alalan'ny &quot;ultrasound&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia matetika amin'ny alalan'ny fomba Ponseti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Izany dia midika hoe mamindra ny tongotra amin'ny toerana tsara kokoa arahin'ny fanariana, izay averina isaky ny herinandro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Rehefa mihatsara ny fiolahana anatiny, dia matetika tapahina ny tendon'i Achilles, ary ampiasaina ny vy fanitsiana tongotra hatramin'ny faha-efatra taonany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny voalohany, ny brace dia anaovana saika tsy tapaka ary avy eo amin'ny alina fotsiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny 20% eo ho eo amin'ny tranga dia ilaina ny fandidiana fanampiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt; Azo tanterahin'ny mpitsabo isan-karazany ny fitsaboana ary amin'ny ankapobeny dia azo tanterahina any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] miaraka amin'ny loharanon-karena vitsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;

Ny tongotra mikitoantoana dia mitranga amin'ny 1 ka hatramin'ny 4 amin'ny zaza teraka 1.000, ka mahatonga azy io ho iray amin'ireo kilema mahazatra indrindra amin'ny zaza teraka izay misy fiantraikany amin'ny tongotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sm2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Smythe|first=Tracey|last2=Kuper|first2=Hannah|last3=Macleod|first3=David|last4=Foster|first4=Allen|last5=Lavy|first5=Christopher|date=March 2017|title=Birth prevalence of congenital talipes equinovarus in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health: TM &amp; IH|volume=22|issue=3|pages=269–285|doi=10.1111/tmi.12833|issn=1365-3156|pmid=28000394|url=https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3302660/6/CF%20birth%20prevalence%20systematic%20rv_REVIEW_clean.docx|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828042440/https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3302660/6/CF|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Shea|first=Ryan M.|last2=Sabatini|first2=Coleen S.|date=December 2016|title=What is new in idiopathic clubfoot?|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine|volume=9|issue=4|pages=470–477|doi=10.1007/s12178-016-9375-2|issn=1935-973X|pmc=5127955|pmid=27696325}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo amin'ny 80% eo ho eo amin'ireo tranga ireo no mitranga any amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana izay voafetra ny fahazoana fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sm2017&quot; /&gt; Ny tongotra mikitoantoana dia mahazatra kokoa amin'ny zanaka lahimatoa sy ny lahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gib2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sm2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O2016&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny vahoaka [[Vahoaka maory|Māori]] izany, ary tsy dia fahita firy amin'ny vahoaka [[Hana (vahoaka)|Sinoa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dob2009&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Disleksia</title>
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      <text bytes="9097" sha1="nxoq3811pfc0ikpahnjuncy0v5qlktu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Dyslexia
|synonym          =Reading disorder, alexia
|image            =OpenDyslexic.png
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =An example of [[OpenDyslexic]] typeface, used to try to help with common reading errors in dyslexia.&lt;ref name=Renske&gt;{{Cite journal |first=Renske |last=de Leeuw |title=Special Font For Dyslexia? |place=[[University of Twente]] |page=32 |date=December 2010 |language=English, Dutch |url=http://www.ilo.gw.utwente.nl/ilo/attachments/032_Masterthesis_Leeuw.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101034537/http://www.ilo.gw.utwente.nl/ilo/attachments/032_Masterthesis_Leeuw.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Neurology]], [[pediatrics]]
|symptoms         =Trouble [[reading (process)|reading]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ninds1&quot;/&gt;
|onset            =School age&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|duration         =
|causes           =[[genetics|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Lancet2012 /&gt;
|risks            =Family history, [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014Def/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Series memory, spelling, vision, and reading test&lt;ref name=NIH2015Diag/&gt;
|differential     =[[hearing problems|Hearing]] or [[vision problem]]s, insufficient [[Reading education|teaching]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Adjusting teaching methods&lt;ref name=ninds1/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =3–7%&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Koo2013/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny Dyslexia, fantatra koa amin’ny hoe fikorontanan’ny famakiana, dia aretina iray miavaka amin’ny fahasahiranana amin’ny famakiana na dia eo aza ny faharanitan-tsaina ara-dalàna. [1] [2] Samy hafa ny fiantraikany amin’ny olona tsirairay. [3]

Mety ahitana fahasarotana amin’ny fanoratana teny, ny famakiana haingana, ny fanoratana amin’ny tanana, ny fanononana teny an-tsaina, ny famakiana mafy, ary ny fahatakarana izay vakiana ny soritr’aretina. [3] [4] Matetika ireo fahasarotana ireo dia tsikaritra voalohany any am-pianarana. [5]

Raha very ny fahaizana mamaky teny ny olona iray izay efa nahay namaky taloha, dia antsoina hoe alexia izany. [3] Tsy vokatry ny tsy fahazotoana ireo fahasarotana ireo, ary matetika ny olona voan’ity aretina ity dia manana fahavononana hianatra ara-dalàna. [3]

Ny olona manana dyslexia dia mety ho voakasiky ny aretina hafa ihany koa, toy ny fikorontanan’ny fifantohana sy ny fihetsehana tafahoatra (ADHD), ny fikorontanan’ny fiteny eo amin’ny fivoarana, ary ny fahasahiranana amin’ny isa. [5] [6] [7]

Inoana fa vokatry ny fifandraisan'ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana ny dyslexia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Peterson|first=Robin L.|last2=Pennington|first2=Bruce F.|title=Developmental dyslexia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-26-june-1-2012_379_9830/page/1997|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9830|pages=1997–2007|date=May 2012|pmid=22513218|pmc=3465717|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60198-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy tranga sasany izay mifindra amin'ny fianakaviana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/disorders|title=What are reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|date=1 December 2016|df=dmy-all|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709004020/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/disorders|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny dyslexia izay mipoitra vokatry ny ratra amin'ny atidoha, fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, na dementia dia antsoina hoe &quot;dyslexia acquired&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ninds1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Dyslexia-Information-Page|title=Dyslexia Information Page|date=2 November 2018|publisher=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]|df=dmy-all|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004220414/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Dyslexia-Information-Page|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antony fototra mahatonga ny dyslexia dia ny olana ao amin'ny fikirakirana fiteny ao amin'ny [[atidoha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Def&quot; /&gt; Ny dyslexia dia voamarina amin'ny alalan'ny andiana fitsapana ny fitadidiana, ny fahitana, ny fanoratana ary ny fahaiza-mamaky teny.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/diagnosed.aspx|title=How are reading disorders diagnosed?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093505/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny dyslexia dia misaraka amin'ny fahasarotana mamaky teny vokatry ny olana amin'ny fandrenesana na ny fahitana na ny tsy fahampian'ny fampianarana na ny fahafahana mianatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitsaboana dia ahitana ny fanitsiana ny fomba fampianarana mba hifanaraka amin'ny filan'ny olona.&lt;ref name=&quot;ninds1&quot; /&gt; Na dia tsy manasitrana ny olana fototra aza izany, dia mety hampihena ny ambaratonga na ny fiantraikan'ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/treatment.aspx|title=What are common treatments for reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142536/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/treatment.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsy mahomby ireo fitsaboana mikendry ny fahitana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handler2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=SM|last2=Fierson|first2=WM|last3=Section on|first3=Ophthalmology|last4=Council on Children with|first4=Disabilities|last5=American Academy of|first5=Ophthalmology|last6=American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and|first6=Strabismus|last7=American Association of Certified|first7=Orthoptists|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818–56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny dyslexia no fahasembanana amin'ny fianarana mahazatra indrindra ary mitranga any amin'ny faritra rehetra eran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;UmphredLazaro2013m&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Umphred, Darcy Ann|last2=Lazaro, Rolando T.|last3=Roller, Margaret|last4=Burton, Gordon|title=Neurological Rehabilitation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVJPAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA383|year=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-26649-9|page=383|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109173020/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVJPAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA383|archive-date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahakasika ny 3–7%-n'ny mponina izany,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Koo2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kooij|first=J. J. Sandra|title=Adult ADHD diagnostic assessment and treatment|date=2013|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=9781447141389|page=83|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JM_awX-mSPoC&amp;pg=PA83|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430012545/https://books.google.com/books?id=JM_awX-mSPoC&amp;pg=PA83|archive-date=30 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na izany aza, hatramin'ny 20%-n'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny dia mety manana soritr'aretina sasany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/risk.aspx|title=How many people are affected by/at risk for reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101751/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/risk.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dia matetika kokoa aza no hita amin'ny lehilahy ny dyslexia,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; dia voalaza fa mitovy ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lehilahy sy ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;UmphredLazaro2013m&quot; /&gt; Misy mino fa ny dyslexia dia tokony hoheverina ho fomba fianarana hafa, miaraka amin'ny tombony sy ny fatiantoka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/09/dyslexic-advantage/|title=The Unappreciated Benefits of Dyslexia|date=September 2011|access-date=10 August 2016|journal=Wired|last=Venton|first=Danielle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805001607/http://www.wired.com/2011/09/dyslexic-advantage|archive-date=5 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|title=The Advantages of Dyslexia|date=August 2014|access-date=10 August 2016|website=ScientificAmerican.com|publisher=Scientific American|last=Mathew|first=Schneps|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804232616/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|archive-date=4 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aretin'ny havokavoka mitaiza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="11970" sha1="9hw9d9gmt3m2c7hj3u7e6bgkv57nfnb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|synonym          =Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary emphysema
|image            =Centrilobular emphysema 865 lores.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =[[Gross pathology]] of a lung showing [[Pneumatosis#Centrilobular emphysema|centrilobular emphysema]] characteristic of smoking. This close-up of the [[Fixation (histology)|fixed]], cut lung surface shows multiple cavities filled with heavy [[black carbon]] deposits.
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Pulmonology]]
|symptoms         =[[Shortness of breath]], [[cough]] with [[sputum]] production.&lt;ref name=GOLD2017Chp1/&gt;&lt;!--pp. 25–26--&gt;
|onset            =Over 40 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|duration         =Long term&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|causes           =[[Tobacco smoking]], [[air pollution]], [[genetics]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =[[pulmonary function test|Lung function test]]s&lt;ref name=Nathell/&gt;
|differential     =[[Asthma]]&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|prevention       =Improving indoor and outdoor [[air quality]], [[tobacco control]] measures&lt;ref name=WHO2015/&gt;
|treatment        =[[smoking cessation|Stopping smoking]], [[respiratory rehabilitation]], [[lung transplantation]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;
|medication       =[[Vaccination]]s, inhaled [[bronchodilator]]s, inhaled [[Corticosteroid|steroids]], [[oxygen therapy|long-term oxygen therapy]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=GOLD2007/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =174.5&amp;nbsp;million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =3.2&amp;nbsp;million (2019)&lt;ref name=WHO2021Fact&gt;{{cite web |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd) |website=www.who.int |access-date=28 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418080747/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}Ny aretin’ny havokavoka mitaiza (COPD) dia karazana aretin’ny havokavoka mitaiza miavaka amin’ny fahasarotana maharitra amin’ny fifohana rivotra sy ny fihenan’ny fikorianan’ny rivotra ao amin’ny lalan-drivotra. [1] [2]

Ny soritr’aretina fototra dia ahitana indrindra ny fahasemporana rehefa miaina sy ny kohaka maharitra, izay matetika miaraka amin’ny famokarana rora. [1] Ny COPD dia aretina miandalana, midika izany fa mihamafy tsikelikely ny fisehoany rehefa mandeha ny fotoana. [3]

Rehefa mandroso ny aretina dia mety hitarika fahasahiranana amin’ny fanaovana asa andavanandro izany, toy ny fandehanana an-tongotra lavitra, ny fiakarana tohatra, na ny fiakanjoana. [4]

Ny bronchitis mitaiza sy ny emphysema dia anarana nampiasaina taloha hilazana endrika samihafa amin’ny COPD. [5] [6] [7] Ny “bronchitis mitaiza” dia mbola ampiasaina amin’izao fotoana izao hilazana kohaka mamokatra (mamoaka rora) izay maharitra farafahakeliny telo volana isan-taona mandritra ny roa taona misesy. [1] Ireo olona manana io karazana kohaka maharitra io dia manana loza mitombo ho voan’ny COPD. [8]

Ny teny hoe “emphysema” kosa dia ampiasaina hilazana fahasimban’ny havokavoka izay ahitana fitangoronana rivotra na entona tsy ara-dalàna ao anatin’ny sela havokavoka. [9]

Ny antony mahazatra indrindra dia ny fifohana sigara, ary vitsy kokoa ny tranga noho ny anton-javatra toy ny fahalotoan'ny rivotra sy ny fototarazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-7-13-2012_379_9823/page/1341|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9823|pages=1341–51|date=April 2012|pmid=22314182|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|pmc=7172377|citeseerx=10.1.1.1000.1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]], ny iray amin'ireo loharanon'ny fahalotoan'ny rivotra mahazatra dia ny afo fanafanana sy fandrahoan-tsakafo tsy dia tsara rivotra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|website=WHO|access-date=4 March 2016|date=January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082716/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fiparitahana maharitra amin'ireo zavatra manelingelina ireo dia miteraka fivontosana ao amin'ny [[havokavoka]], ka miteraka fihenan'ny lalan-drivotra kely sy fahasimban'ny sela ao amin'ny havokavoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J|s2cid=20863981|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_2007-09-15_176_6/page/n41|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=176|issue=6|pages=532–55|date=September 2007|pmid=17507545|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|hdl=2066/51740|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fivezivezen'ny rivotra ratsy araka ny fandrefesana amin'ny alalan'ny fitsapana ny fiasan'ny havokavoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nathell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K|title=COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques|journal=Respiratory Research|volume=8|issue=1|pages=89|date=December 2007|pmid=18053200|pmc=2217523|doi=10.1186/1465-9921-8-89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mifanohitra amin'ny [[Sohika|asma]], ny fihenan'ny fivezivezen'ny rivotra dia tsy mihatsara firy amin'ny fampiasana bronchodilator.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WebM2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asthma vs. COPD: What's the Difference?|website=WebMD|date=2019-01-30|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226050947/https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/asthma-vs-copd|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo sorohina ny ankamaroan'ny tranga amin'ny alàlan'ny fampihenana ny fihanaky ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Piro2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pirozzi C, Scholand MB|title=Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2012-07_96_4/page/n192|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=96|issue=4|pages=849–67|date=July 2012|pmid=22793948|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiditra ao anatin'izany ny tsy fifohana sigara sy ny fanatsarana ny kalitaon'ny rivotra anatiny sy ivelany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Na dia mety hampihena ny fiharatsiana aza ny fitsaboana, dia tsy misy fanafody fantatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny fitsaboana ny fialana amin'ny fifohana sigara, ny fanaovana vaksiny, ary ny fanarenana ny taovam-pisefoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cagle SD|first=Jr|last2=Landrum|first2=LS|last3=Kennedy|first3=AM|title=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis and Management.|journal=American family physician|date=June 2023|volume=107|issue=6|pages=604-612|pmid=37327161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny bronchodilator voalohany dia matetika LAMA, miaraka amin'ny LABA sy steroïde mifoka rivotra raha ilaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Mety handray soa avy amin'ny fitsaboana oksizenina maharitra na famindrana havokavoka ny olona sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD2007&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ireo izay miharatsy haingana ny toe-pahasalamany, mety ilaina ny fampiasana fanafody, [[Antibiôtika|antibiotika]], steroïde, ary ny fampidirana hopitaly bebe kokoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dobler|first=Claudia C.|last2=Morrow|first2=Allison S.|last3=Beuschel|first3=Bradley|last4=Farah|first4=Magdoleen H.|last5=Majzoub|first5=Abdul M.|last6=Wilson|first6=Michael E.|last7=Hasan|first7=Bashar|last8=Seisa|first8=Mohamed O.|last9=Daraz|first9=Lubna|last10=Prokop|first10=Larry J.|last11=Murad|first11=M. Hassan|last12=Wang|first12=Zhen|title=Pharmacologic Therapies in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=25 February 2020|volume=172|issue=6|pages=413–422|doi=10.7326/M19-3007|pmid=32092762}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 174.5 eo ho eo no voakasiky ny COPD&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany (12% amin'ny mponina manerantany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agusti|first=A|last2=Böhm|first2=M|last3=Celli|first3=B|last4=Criner|first4=GJ|last5=Garcia-Alvarez|first5=A|last6=Martinez|first6=F|last7=Sin|first7=DD|last8=Vogelmeier|first8=CF|title=GOLD COPD DOCUMENT 2023: a brief update for practicing cardiologists.|journal=Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society|date=26 May 2023|pages=1-10|doi=10.1007/s00392-023-02217-0|pmid=37233751}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any Etazonia dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny 6%-n'ny olona izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cag2023&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io no mitranga amin'ny olona mihoatra ny 40 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Mitovy ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, niteraka 3.2&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana, mihoatra ny 90% any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015&quot; /&gt; niakatra avy amin'ny 2.4&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana tamin'ny 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vinavinaina hitombo hatrany ny isan'ny fahafatesana noho ny fiakaran'ny tahan'ny fifohana sigara any amin'ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana, ary ny fitomboan'ny isan'ny mponina mihantitra any amin'ny firenena maro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mathers CD, Loncar D|title=Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=3|issue=11|pages=e442|date=November 2006|pmid=17132052|pmc=1664601|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niafara tamin'ny tombana ho 2.1 dolara amerikana ny fandaniana ara-toekarena&amp;nbsp;trillion tamin'ny taona 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cost2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lomborg|first=Bjørn|title=Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03959-9|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|access-date=2020-07-12|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517163338/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Kilema amin'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9650" sha1="kgk9dhgmlboj19i49vaqbaxkg6fl30v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Congenital heart defect
|synonym          =Congenital heart anomaly, congenital heart disease
|image            =VSD image.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =The normal structure of the heart (left) in comparison to two common locations for a [[ventricular septal defect]] (right), the most common form of congenital heart defect.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman JI, Kaplan S | title = The incidence of congenital heart disease | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | pages = 1890–900 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12084585 | doi = 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01886-7 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Cardiology]]
|symptoms         =Rapid breathing, [[cyanosis|bluish skin]], poor weight gain, feeling tired&lt;ref name=NIH2011Sym/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Often unknown&lt;ref name=NIH2011Ca/&gt;
|risks            =[[Rubella]] infection during [[pregnancy]], [[ethanol|alcohol]] or [[tobacco]], parents being closely related, poor nutritional status or [[obesity]] in the mother&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dean2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =None, [[catheter procedure|catheter based procedures]], [[cardiac surgery|heart surgery]], [[heart transplantation]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Tx/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Generally good (with treatment)&lt;ref name=NIH2011/&gt;
|frequency        =48.9 million (2015)&lt;!-- prevalence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;
|deaths           =303,300 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;
}}Ny tsy fahatomombanan’ny fo hatrany am-bohoka (CHD), fantatra ihany koa amin’ny hoe aretim-po hatrany am-bohoka, dia fahasembanana ara-drafitra ao amin’ny fo na ao amin’ny lalan-dra lehibe, izay efa misy hatramin’ny nahaterahana. [1]

Miankina amin’ny karazana tsy fahatomombanana ny fisehoan’ny soritr’aretina, ka mety tsy misy soritr’aretina mihitsy amin’ny tranga sasany, fa amin’ny tranga hafa kosa dia mety henjana ary mety hitarika fahafatesana. [1] [2]

Rehefa miseho ny soritr’aretina dia mety ahitana fifohana rivotra haingana, fiovan’ny lokon’ny hoditra ho manga (cyanosis), fitomboan-danja tsy ampy, ary fahatsapana harerahana. [3] Tsara homarihina fa matetika ny CHD dia tsy miteraka fanaintainan’ny tratra. [3]

Amin’ny ankapobeny, ny ankamaroan’ny tsy fahatomombanan’ny fo hatrany am-bohoka dia tsy mifandray amin’ny aretina hafa. [2] Na izany aza, mety hiteraka fahasarotana lehibe izy, anisan’izany ny tsy fahombiazan’ny fo. [3]

Matetika tsy fantatra ny antony mahatonga ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Causes Congenital Heart Defects?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/causes|website=National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=10 August 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708122049/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/causes|archive-date=8 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny aretina sasany mandritra [[Fitondrana vohoka|ny fitondrana vohoka]] toy ny rubella, ny fampiasana fanafody na zava-mahadomelina sasany toy ny alikaola na [[paraky]], ny fifandraisan'ny ray aman-dreny akaiky, na ny tsy fahampian-tsakafo na ny hatavezan'ny reny.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Shanthi|last=Mendis|first2=Pekka|last2=Puska|first3=Bo|last3=Norrving|last4=World Health Organization|title=Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|pages=3, 60|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2014-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dean SV, Lassi ZS, Imam AM, Bhutta ZA|title=Preconception care: nutritional risks and interventions|journal=Reproductive Health|volume=11 Suppl 3|pages=S3|date=September 2014|pmid=25415364|pmc=4196560|doi=10.1186/1742-4755-11-s3-s3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fananana ray aman-dreny manana kilema fo hatrany am-bohoka dia anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Milunsky|first=Aubrey|title=Genetic Disorders and the Fetus: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781444358216|chapter=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222054847/https://books.google.com/books?id=yY-gIvbnRDUC&amp;pg=PT28|archive-date=2017-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy aretina ara-pandovan-toetra maromaro mifandray amin'ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo, anisan'izany ny [[Syndrome Down|Down syndrome]], Turner syndrome, ary Marfan syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt; Mizara ho vondrona roa lehibe ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka: ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo misy loko manga sy ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo misy loko manga, arakaraka ny mety ho fiovan'ny lokon'ny zaza ho manga.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt; Mety ho ny rindrin'ny fo anatiny, ny valva ao am-po, na ny lalan-dra lehibe izay mitondra mankany sy avy ao am-po no voakasik'ireo lesoka ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Are Congenital Heart Defects?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=10 August 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813182642/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/|archive-date=13 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azo sorohina amin'ny ampahany ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka amin'ny alalan'ny vaksiny rubella, ny fanampiana [[Iôda|iode]] amin'ny sira, ary ny fanampiana asidra folika amin'ny vokatra sakafo sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt; Misy lesoka sasany tsy mila tsaboina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011&quot; /&gt; Ny hafa kosa mety ho tsaboina tsara amin'ny alalan'ny fomba fitsaboana mampiasa catheter na fandidiana fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot; /&gt; Indraindray dia mety ilaina ny fandidiana maromaro,&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Are Congenital Heart Defects Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/treatment|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|access-date=10 August 2015|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727210805/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/chd/treatment|archive-date=27 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mety ilaina ny famindrana fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny ankapobeny dia tsara ny vokatra azo raha misy fitsaboana sahaza, na dia misy olana sarotra aza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011&quot; /&gt;

Ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka no tsy fahatomombanana mahazatra indrindra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-22-28-2015_386_9995/page/743|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, dia nisy olona 48.9 tapitrisa maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fiantraikany eo anelanelan'ny 4 sy 75 isaky ny fahaterahana velona 1.000 izy ireo, arakaraka ny fomba fitiliana azy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2011&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 6 ka hatramin'ny 19 isaky ny 1.000 eo ho eo no miteraka olana antonony ka hatramin'ny lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mil2011&quot; /&gt; Ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo hatrany am-bohoka no antony voalohany mahatonga ny fahafatesana mifandraika amin'ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny fo: &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt; tamin'ny taona 2015, dia nahafaty olona 303.300 izany, nidina avy amin'ny fahafatesana 366.000 tamin'ny taona 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>kgk9dhgmlboj19i49vaqbaxkg6fl30v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fahamamoana amin'ny rano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6019" sha1="kjme8b7j3q5f0unhrtuen8ljm4isebt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Water intoxication
|synonym          =Water poisoning,&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt; hypotonic hyperhydration,&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt; overhydration, water toxicity,&lt;ref name=Stat2023&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Peechakara |first1=BV |last2=Gupta |first2=M |title=Water Toxicity. |journal=StatPearls |date=January 2023 |pmid=30725916}}&lt;/ref&gt; water toxemia
|image            =Glass-half-full.jpeg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[toxicology]], [[critical care medicine]]
|symptoms         =[[polyuria|Large amounts of urine]], [[headache]], weakness, muscle cramps, nausea, confusion&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;
|onset            =
|duration         =
|causes           =Drinking excess [[water]]&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;
|risks            =[[Psychiatric conditions]], [[child abuse]], [[ecstasy]], water-drinking [[competition|contests]], excess fluids during [[exercise]]&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Noa2006/&gt;
|diagnosis        =
|differential     =
|prevention       =Drinking to thirst during sport, [[oral rehydration solutions]]&lt;ref name=Sie2015/&gt;
|treatment        =
|medication       =[[Fluid restriction|Restricting fluids]], [[intravenous hypertonic saline]]&lt;ref name=Met2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sie2015/&gt;
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =Rare&lt;ref name=Rad2012/&gt;
|deaths           =
}}Ny fahamamoana amin’ny rano (WI) dia toe-javatra ara-pahasalamana miseho rehefa misotro rano be loatra ny olona iray ka manelingelina ny fifandanjan’ny rano sy ny sira ao amin’ny vatana. [1]

Ny famantarana voalohany dia matetika ny famokarana urine be dia be. [1] Rehefa mihamafy ny toe-javatra dia mety hiseho ny soritr’aretina toy ny aretin’andoha, fahalemena, fanaintainan’ny hozatra, maloiloy, ary fahasafotofotoana ara-tsaina. [1]

Amin’ny tranga mafy kokoa, dia mety hiteraka fikorontanan-tsaina izany ary mety hitarika amin’ny aretina mahery vaika antsoina hoe osmotic demyelination syndrome. [1] [2]

Mety hitranga vokatry ny toe-pahasalamana ara-tsaina toy ny schizophrenia sy ny anorexia, [[Herisetra mianjady amin'ny ankizy|ny fanararaotana zaza]], ny fampiasana ecstasy, ny fifaninanana fisotroana rano, na ny fisotroana rano be loatra mandritra ny fanatanjahan-tena izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Radojevic|first=N|last2=Bjelogrlic|first2=B|last3=Aleksic|first3=V|last4=Rancic|first4=N|last5=Samardzic|first5=M|last6=Petkovic|first6=S|last7=Savic|first7=S|title=Forensic aspects of water intoxication: four case reports and review of relevant literature.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forensic-science-international_2012-07-10_220_1-3/page/1|journal=Forensic science international|date=10 July 2012|volume=220|issue=1-3|pages=1-5|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.021|pmid=22306188}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noa2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Noakes TD, Speedy DB|title=Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-sports-medicine_2006-07_40_7/page/567|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=40|issue=7|pages=567–72|date=July 2006|pmid=16799109|pmc=2564296|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny antony hafa dia ahitana siramamy be loatra ampidirina amin'ny lalan-dra nefa tsy ampy sira sy fomba fampijaliana izay anerena olona hisotro rano be loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt; Ny antony fototra mahatonga izany dia ny fampidirana rano mihoatra noho izay [[Voa (taovam-biby)|azon'ny voa]] esorina ka miteraka fihenan'ny sodium ao amin'ny ra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Siegel|first=AJ|title=Fatal water intoxication and cardiac arrest in runners during marathons: prevention and treatment based on validated clinical paradigms.|journal=The American journal of medicine|date=October 2015|volume=128|issue=10|pages=1070-5|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.03.031|pmid=25910792}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa miha- tsy ampy ny ra dia [[Edema ao amin'ny atidoha|mivonto ny ati-doha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt;

Ny fisorohana amin'ny fanatanjahan-tena dia ny fisotroana toaka mba hampitoniana ny hetahetan'ny olona iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot; /&gt; Mety hanampy ihany koa ny fampiasana ranoka fa tsy zava- pisotro fanatanjahan-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot; /&gt; Ho an'ny tranga malefaka, mety ho ampy ny famerana ny rano fisotro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Met2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Metheny|first=NA|last2=Meert|first2=KL|title=Water Intoxication and Child Abuse.|journal=Journal of emergency nursing|date=January 2018|volume=44|issue=1|pages=13-18|doi=10.1016/j.jen.2017.10.002|pmid=29103598}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ho an'ny tranga mafy dia azo ampiasaina ny saline hypertonic intravenous.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sie2015&quot; /&gt; Mahalana ny fahamamoana anaty rano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rad2012&quot; /&gt; Nisy fahafatesana vokatry ny fisotroana rano 6 litatra nandritra ny adiny telo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ballantyne|first=Coco|title=Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill|journal=Scientific American|date=21 June 2007|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529091314/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efa nohazavain'i Rowntree hatramin'ny taona 1923 farafahakeliny io toe-javatra io.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Joo|first=Min A|last2=Kim|first2=Eun Young|title=Hyponatremia caused by excessive intake of water as a form of child abuse|journal=Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism|date=2013|volume=18|issue=2|pages=95|doi=10.6065/apem.2013.18.2.95|pmid=24904860}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rowntree|first=Leonard G.|title=WATER INTOXICATION|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=1 August 1923|volume=32|issue=2|pages=157|doi=10.1001/archinte.1923.00110200003001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>kjme8b7j3q5f0unhrtuen8ljm4isebt</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Endometriozy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>299171</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-24T02:05:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25011</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10224" sha1="f30ujhyvg0ovlcj6j4r2epmpn9volzt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Endometriosis
|synonym          =
|image            =Endometriosis.jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Endometriosis as seen during [[laparoscopic surgery]]
|pronounce        =
|specialty        =[[Gynaecology|Gynecology]]
|symptoms         =[[Pelvic pain]], [[endometriosis and infertility|infertility]]&lt;ref name=Bulletti2010/&gt;
|onset            =30–40 years old&lt;ref name=WH2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Mc2013/&gt;
|duration         =Long term&lt;ref name=Bulletti2010/&gt;
|causes           =Unknown&lt;ref name=Bulletti2010/&gt;
|risks            =Family history&lt;ref name=WH2014/&gt;
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms, [[medical imaging]], [[tissue biopsy]]&lt;ref name=WH2014/&gt;
|differential     =[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[interstitial cystitis]], [[fibromyalgia]]&lt;ref name=Bulletti2010/&gt;
|prevention       =[[combined oral contraceptive pill|Combined birth control pills]], exercise, avoiding alcohol and caffeine&lt;ref name=WH2014/&gt;
|treatment        =[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID]]s, continuous birth control pills, [[intrauterine device with progestogen]], surgery&lt;ref name=WH2014/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =
|frequency        =10% reproductive age females&lt;ref name=WHOblue2020/&gt;
|deaths           =~100 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De&gt;{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 | author=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}Ny endometriosis dia toe-pahasalamana iray izay itomboan’ny sela mitovy amin’ny ao amin’ny endometrium—ilay sosona mandrakotra ny ao anatin’ny tranonjaza—any ivelan’ny tranonjaza. [1]

Matetika ireo sela ireo no hita eo amin’ny ovaire, ny fantson’atodinaina, ary ny sela manodidina ny tranonjaza; saingy amin’ny tranga tsy fahita firy dia mety hiseho amin’ny faritra hafa amin’ny vatana ihany koa. [2]

Ny soritr’aretina lehibe dia ny fanaintainan’ny valahana sy ny tsy fahafahana miteraka. [3] Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voan’ity aretina ity no manana fanaintainana maharitra eo amin’ny valahana, ary eo amin’ny 70% no mahatsapa fanaintainana mandritra ny fadimbolana. [3] Fahita ihany koa ny fanaintainana mandritra ny firaisana ara-nofo. [3]

Ny tsy fahafahana miteraka dia mitranga amin’ny ampahany betsaka amin’ireo vehivavy voakasika. [3] Amin’ny tranga sasany dia mety hiseho ihany koa ny soritr’aretina mifandray amin’ny fivoahan’ny urine na ny fiasan’ny tsinay. [3] Manodidina ny 25%-n’ny vehivavy voan’ny aretina no tsy mampiseho soritr’aretina. [3]

Mety hisy fiantraikany ara-tsosialy sy ara-tsaina ihany koa ny endometriosis. [4]

Tsy mazava tsara ny antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulletti2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bulletti C, Coccia ME, Battistoni S, Borini A|title=Endometriosis and infertility|journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics|volume=27|issue=8|pages=441–7|date=August 2010|pmid=20574791|pmc=2941592|doi=10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fananana tantaram-pianakaviana momba ity aretina ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis|title=Endometriosis|website=womenshealth.gov|date=13 February 2017|access-date=20 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513091846/https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/endometriosis|archive-date=13 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mivoaka rà isam-bolana ireo faritra misy endometriosis, ka miteraka fivontosana sy holatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulletti2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; Tsy homamiadana ireo fitomboana vokatry ny endometriosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny soritr'aretina miaraka amin'ny sary ara-pitsaboana ; &lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; na izany aza, ny biopsy no fomba azo antoka indrindra amin'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; Ny antony hafa mahatonga ireo soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany dia ahitana ny aretin'ny valahana, ny aretin'ny tsinay mora tezitra, ny cystitis interstitial, ary ny fibromyalgia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulletti2010&quot; /&gt; Matetika no diso ny famaritana ny endometriosis, ary matetika ny vehivavy no lazaina amin'ny fomba diso fa tsy dia misy dikany loatra na ara-dalàna ny soritr'aretiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cul2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Culley L, Law C, Hudson N, Denny E, Mitchell H, Baumgarten M, Raine-Fenning N|title=The social and psychological impact of endometriosis on women's lives: a critical narrative review|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=19|issue=6|pages=625–39|date=1 November 2013|pmid=23884896|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt027|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misy porofo vonjimaika milaza fa ny fampiasana fanafody fanabeazana aizana am-bava mitambatra dia mampihena ny mety hisian'ny endometriosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ver2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vercellini P, Eskenazi B, Consonni D, Somigliana E, Parazzini F, Abbiati A, Fedele L|title=Oral contraceptives and risk of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=17|issue=2|pages=159–70|date=1 March 2011|pmid=20833638|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmq042|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ho fisorohana ihany koa ny fanaovana fanatanjahan-tena sy ny fisorohana ny fisotroana toaka be loatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny endometriosis, fa misy fitsaboana maromaro mety hanatsara ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulletti2010&quot; /&gt; Mety ho tafiditra ao anatin'izany ny fanafody fanaintainana, fitsaboana hormonina na fandidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; Ny fanafody fanaintainana atolotra dia matetika [[Fanafody tsy steroidal manohitra ny fivontosana|fanafody tsy misy steroidal anti-inflammatoire]] (NSAID), toy ny naproxen.&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ihany koa ny fihinanana tsy tapaka ny singa mavitrika ao amin'ny pilina fanabeazana aizana na ny fampiasana fitaovana intrauterine misy progestogen.&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; Mety hanatsara ny fahafahan'ireo tsy afaka miteraka ny agonista hormonina mamoaka gonadotropin (agonista GnRH).&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt; Azo ampiasaina hitsaboana ireo izay tsy voafehin'ny fitsaboana hafa ny fanesorana ny endometriozy amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt;

Endometriose dia misy fiantraikany eo amin'ny 10% eo ho eo amin'ny vehivavy amin'ny taona fiterahana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOblue2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Female genital tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|year=2020|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon (France)|edition=5th|volume=4|isbn=978-92-832-4504-9|chapter=2. Endometriosis and related conditions|pages=170-173|access-date=2022-06-24|archive-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617072036/https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Female-Genital-Tumours-2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho 10,8 tapitrisa ny olona voakasik'izany maneran-tany {{as of|2015|lc=y}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=Vos|first=Theo|last2=Allen|first2=Christine|last3=Arora|first3=Megha|last4=Barber|first4=Ryan M.|last5=Bhutta|first5=Zulfiqar A.|last6=Brown|first6=Alexandria|last7=Carter|first7=Austin|last8=Casey|first8=Daniel C.|last9=Charlson|first9=Fiona J.|last10=Chen|first10=Alan Z.|last11=Coggeshall|first11=Megan|last12=Cornaby|first12=Leslie|last13=Dandona|first13=Lalit|last14=Dicker|first14=Daniel J.|last15=Dilegge|first15=Tina|display-authors=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tombanana ho eo amin'ny 6–10% eo ho eo amin'ny vehivavy no voakasik'izany, hoy ny loharanom-baovao hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulletti2010&quot; /&gt; Ny endometriosis dia mahazatra indrindra amin'ireo telopolo sy efapolo taona; na izany aza, mety hanomboka amin'ny zazavavy valo taona izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;WH2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=McGrath|first=Patrick J.|last2=Stevens|first2=Bonnie J.|last3=Walker|first3=Suellen M.|last4=Zempsky|first4=William T.|title=Oxford Textbook of Paediatric Pain|date=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199642656|page=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWyrAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA300|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181816/https://books.google.com/books?id=xWyrAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA300|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vitsy ny fahafatesana vokatr'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=((GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators))|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_january-10-16-2015_385_9963/page/117|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny endometriosis dia voafaritra voalohany ho aretina misaraka tamin'ny taona 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bro2012&quot; /&gt; Talohan'io fotoana io, dia noheverina ho miaraka ny endometriosis sy ny adenomyosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bro2012&quot; /&gt; Tsy mazava hoe iza no voalohany nilazalaza ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bro2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Brosens I|title=Endometriosis: Science and Practice|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781444398496|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu0gfwFUfz8C&amp;pg=PA3|access-date=2020-08-04|archive-date=2021-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227101023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu0gfwFUfz8C&amp;pg=PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tapaka lalan-dra</title>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="12933" sha1="thctwrnefukudw8qsq5upbxoidgdr3v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Stroke|synonym=Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack|image=MCA Territory Infarct.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[CT scan]] of the brain showing a prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]], stroke medicine|symptoms=[[hemiplegia|Inability to move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=HLB2014S/&gt;|onset=|duration=|causes=[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)&lt;ref name=HLB2014W/&gt;|risks=[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=HLB2014C/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hu2018&quot;/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding&lt;ref name=HLB2014D/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFP2009/&gt;|differential=[[Hypoglycemia|Low blood sugar]]&lt;ref name=HLB2014D/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Based on the type&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Average life expectancy 1 year&lt;ref name=Donnan2008/&gt;|frequency=42.4 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=6.3 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;}}

GuyNy '''fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra''' dia [[aretina]] iray izay mahatonga ny tsy fikorianan'ny ra mankany amin'ny [[atidoha]] ho faty.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy karazany roa lehibe ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra: ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ischemic, vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fikorianan'ny ra, ary ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra hemorrhagic, vokatry ny rà mandriaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Samy mahatonga ny ampahany amin'ny atidoha tsy hiasa tsara izy roa ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Ny famantarana sy soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia mety ahitana ny tsy fahafahana mihetsika na mahatsapa amin'ny ilany iray amin'ny vatana, ny olana amin'ny fahatakarana na ny fitenenana, ny fanina, na ny fahaverezan'ny fahitana amin'ny ilany iray.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny famantarana sy ny soritr'aretina dia miseho avy hatrany aorian'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Raha latsaky ny adiny iray na roa ny faharetan'ny soritr'aretina, dia antsoina hoe &quot; transient ischemic attack &quot; (TIA) ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, izay antsoina koa hoe &quot;mini-stroke&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety mifandray amin'ny aretin'andoha mafy ihany koa ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC).&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt; Mety haharitra ela ny soritr'aretin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Mety ahitana pnemonia sy fahaverezan'ny fifehezana ny tatavia ny fahasarotana maharitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014S&quot; /&gt;

Ny anton-javatra mampidi-doza lehibe indrindra amin'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia ny fiakaran'ny tosidrà.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014C&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza hafa ny fifohana sigara, ny hatavezana, ny kolesterola avo ao amin'ny ra, [[Diabeta|ny diabeta]], ny TIA teo aloha, ny aretin'ny voa efa ho tapitra ny dingana farany, ary ny fibrillation atrial.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014C&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hu2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha (AVC ischemic) dia matetika vokatry ny fikatonan'ny lalan-dra, na dia misy ihany koa ireo antony tsy dia fahita firy.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&amp;pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&amp;pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&amp;pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&amp;pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha dia vokatry ny rà mandriaka mivantana ao amin'ny atidoha na ao amin'ny toerana eo anelanelan'ny fonon'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feigin05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_stroke_2005-12_36_12/page/2773|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hitranga ny rà mandriaka noho ny fahatapahan'ny aneurysm ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014T&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny aretina dia mifototra amin'ny fizahana ara-batana ary tohanan'ny sary ara-pitsaboana toy ny scan CT na MRI.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot; /&gt; Afaka manaporofo ny fisian'ny rà mandriaka ny fitiliana CT scan, saingy mety tsy voatery hanaporofo ny fisian'ny ischemia, izay matetika tsy hita amin'ny fitiliana CT scan raha vao manomboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2009-07-01_80_1/page/n40|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misy fitiliana hafa toy ny electrocardiogram (ECG) sy fitiliana rà atao mba hamaritana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza sy hanilihana ireo antony hafa mety hitranga.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot; /&gt; Mety hiteraka soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany ny siramamy ambany ao amin'ny rà.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014D&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny fampihenana ireo anton-javatra mety hampidi-doza, ny fandidiana hanokafana ny lalan-dra mankany amin'ny atidoha ho an'ireo izay manana olana amin'ny fampihenana ny tahan'ny fo ao amin'ny carotid, ary ny fampiasana warfarin na fanafody hafa manakana ny fiforonan'ny ra ao amin'ny olona voan'ny atrial fibrillation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Mety ho soso-kevitra ny fampiasana [[Aspirinina|aspirine]] na statins ho fisorohana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra na ny TIA dia mitaky fitsaboana maika.&lt;ref name=&quot;HLB2014W&quot; /&gt; Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra iskemika, raha hita ao anatin'ny telo ka hatramin'ny efatra ora sy sasany, dia azo tsaboina amin'ny fanafody afaka manapaka ny fivontosan'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Misy ihany koa ireo fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra vokatry ny fandidiana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donnan2008&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana mba hamerenana amin'ny laoniny ny fiasan'ny atidoha very dia antsoina hoe fanarenana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra, ary tsara indrindra raha atao ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra; na izany aza, tsy misy izany any amin'ny ankamaroan'ny firenena eran-tany. 

Tamin'ny taona 2013, olona 6.9 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha ary 3.4 tapitrisa no voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny atidoha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-22-28-2015_386_9995/page/743|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015 dia nisy tokony ho 42.4&amp;nbsp;olona an-tapitrisany izay efa voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra teo aloha ary mbola velona ihany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teo anelanelan'ny taona 1990 sy 2010, nihena 10% teo ho eo ny isan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra isan-taona tany amin'ireo [[firenena mandroso]] ary nitombo 10% tany amin'ireo firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fei2013&quot; /&gt; Tamin'ny taona 2015, ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no antony faharoa mahatonga fahafatesana matetika indrindra aorian'ny [[Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo|aretin'ny lalan-dra ao am-po]], izay mitentina 6.3&amp;nbsp;tapitrisa ny fahafatesana (11% amin'ny fitambarany).&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maty teo amin'ny 3.0 tapitrisa teo ho eo ny olona voan'ny stroke ischemic raha 3.3 tapitrisa kosa ny olona maty vokatry ny stroke hemorrhagic.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot; /&gt; Manodidina ny antsasaky ny olona voan'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra no miaina latsaky ny herintaona.  Amin'ny ankapobeny, ny roa ampahatelon'ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra dia nitranga tamin'ireo mihoatra ny 65 taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fei2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8965" sha1="7ewq2l6a670vhu965u0k8rjd1zrlowk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Ulcerative colitis|synonym=|image=UC granularity.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Colonoscopy|Endoscopic]] image of a colon affected by ulcerative colitis. The internal surface of the colon is blotchy and broken in places. Mild-moderate disease.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Gastroenterology]]|symptoms=[[Abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]] mixed with [[blood]], [[weight loss]], [[fever]], [[anemia]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;|onset=15–30 years or &gt; 60 years&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;|causes=Unknown&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[Colonoscopy]] with [[tissue biopsies]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;|differential=[[Dysentery]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[ischemic colitis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Runge|first1=Marschall S.|last2=Greganti|first2=M. Andrew|title=Netter's Internal Medicine E-Book|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781437727722|page=428|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiIPDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA428|language=en|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827171209/https://books.google.com/books?id=hiIPDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA428|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Dietary changes, medication, surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;|medication=[[Sulfasalazine]], [[mesalazine]], [[corticosteroids|steroids]], [[immunosuppressants]] such as [[azathioprine]], [[Biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease|biological therapy]]&lt;ref name=NIH2014/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=Up to 5 per 1000 people&lt;ref name=Molodecky&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Barkema HW, Kaplan GG | title = Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 142 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–54.e42; quiz e30 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22001864 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=47,400 together with Crohn's (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}'''Ny kolitika mampivalana''' ( '''UC''' ) dia aretina maharitra izay miteraka fivontosana sy fery amin'ny tsinaibe sy ny lava-pitombenana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ulcerative Colitis|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ulcerative-colitis/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDK|access-date=3 August 2016|date=September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728002512/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ulcerative-colitis/Pages/facts.aspx|archive-date=28 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Hanauer SB|s2cid=14778938|title=Ulcerative colitis|journal=BMJ|volume=346|pages=f432|date=February 2013|pmid=23386404|doi=10.1136/bmj.f432}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny soritr'aretina voalohany amin'ny aretina  dia ny fanaintainan'ny kibo sy [[Piriritra|ny aretim-pivalanana]] mifangaro amin'ny [[ra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ihany koa ny fihenan-danja, [[Tazo|ny tazo]] ary ny tsy fahampian-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika, miadana ny fisehoan'ny soritr'aretina ary mety miovaova arakaraka ny anton'ny aretina, manomboka amin'ny malemy ka hatramin'ny mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Matetika mitranga tsy tapaka ireo soritr'aretina miaraka amin'ny fotoana tsy misy soritr'aretina eo anelanelan'ny fipoahan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ho anisan'ny fahasarotana ny megacolon, ny fivontosan'ny maso, ny tonon-taolana, na ny aty, ary ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wan2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wanderås MH, Moum BA, Høivik ML, Hovde Ø|title=Predictive factors for a severe clinical course in ulcerative colitis: Results from population-based studies|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=7|issue=2|pages=235–41|date=May 2016|pmid=27158539|pmc=4848246|doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.235}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy fantatra ny antony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Ny teoria dia mahakasika ny tsy fahatomombanan'ny hery fiarovana, ny fototarazo, ny fiovan'ny bakteria ara-dalàna ao amin'ny tsinay, ary ny anton-javatra ara-tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hir2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Akiho H, Yokoyama A, Abe S, Nakazono Y, Murakami M, Otsuka Y, Fukawa K, Esaki M, Niina Y, Ogino H|title=Promising biological therapies for ulcerative colitis: A review of the literature|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology|volume=6|issue=4|pages=219–27|date=November 2015|pmid=26600980|pmc=4644886|doi=10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.219}}&lt;/ref&gt; Avo kokoa ny tahan'ny aretina any amin'ny firenena mandroso, ary misy milaza fa vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fihanaky ny aretina amin'ny tsinay izany, na ny sakafo sy ny fomba fiaina tandrefana.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Danese S, Fiocchi C|title=Ulcerative colitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-11-03_365_18/page/1713|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=365|issue=18|pages=1713–25|date=November 2011|pmid=22047562|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1102942}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety ho fiarovana ny fanesorana ny appendice amin'ny fahazazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Matetika ny diagnostika dia amin'ny alalan'ny colonoscopy miaraka amin'ny biopsie amin'ny sela.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Karazana aretin'ny tsinay mamaivay (IBD) miaraka amin'ny [[aretin'i Crohn]] sy ny kolitika mikroskopika izy io.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt;

Mety hanatsara ny soritr'aretina ny fanovana ny sakafo, toy ny fihinanana sakafo be kaloria na sakafo tsy misy laktose.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Fanafody maromaro no ampiasaina hitsaboana ireo soritr'aretina sy hitondrana ary hihazonana ny fahasitranana, anisan'izany ny aminosalicylates toy ny mesalazine na sulfasalazine, steroïde, immunosuppressants toy ny azathioprine, ary fitsaboana biolojika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Mety ilaina ny fanesorana ny tsinaibe amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana raha toa ka mafy ny aretina, tsy mahomby amin'ny fitsaboana, na raha misy fahasarotana toy ny homamiadan'ny tsinaibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Ny fanesorana ny tsinaibe sy ny lava-pitombenana amin'ny ankapobeny dia manasitrana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt;

Miaraka amin'ny aretin'i Crohn, olona 11.2 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voakasik'izany {{as of|2015|lc=yes}}  &lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isan-taona dia mitranga eo amin'ny 1 ka hatramin'ny 20 isaky ny olona 100.000 izany, ary 5 ka hatramin'ny 500 isaky ny olona 100.000 no voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa any Amerika Avaratra sy Eoropa ity aretina ity raha oharina amin'ny faritra hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io dia manomboka amin'ny olona 15 ka hatramin'ny 30 taona, na eo amin'ireo mihoatra ny 60 taona &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot; /&gt; Toa mitovy ny tahan'ny fiantraikan'izany eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot; /&gt; Niha-mahazatra kokoa ihany koa izany nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt; Miaraka, ny colitis ulcerative sy ny aretin'i Crohn dia misy fiantraikany amin'ny olona iray tapitrisa eo ho eo any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elsevier Health Sciences&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Adams|first=James G.|title=Emergency Medicine E-Book: Clinical Essentials (Expert Consult – Online)|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455733941|page=304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&amp;pg=PA304|language=en|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316062011/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&amp;pg=PA304|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha voatsabo tsara dia mitovy amin'ny an'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny ny mety hisian'ny fahafatesana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wan2016&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana voalohany ny kolitika mampivaivay dia nitranga tamin'ny taona 1850 teo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2011&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
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      <text bytes="9446" sha1="rxc8idl03tb2c6afu6y8w32s2k6ltl9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Cardiac arrest|synonym=Cardiopulmonary arrest, circulatory arrest, sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), sudden cardiac death (SCD)&lt;ref name=Fie2009/&gt;|image=US Navy 040421-N-8090G-001 Hospital Corpsman 3rd Class Flowers administers chest compressions to a simulated cardiac arrest victim.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] being administered during a simulation of cardiac arrest.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Cardiology]], [[emergency medicine]]|symptoms=[[unconsciousness|Loss of consciousness]], [[respiratory arrest|abnormal or no breathing]]&lt;ref name=Fie2009/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2016Sign/&gt;|onset=Older age&lt;ref name=NIH2016Risk/&gt;|duration=|causes=[[Coronary artery disease]], [[congenital heart defect]], major [[bleeding|blood loss]], lack of oxygen, [[hypokalemia|very low potassium]], [[heart failure]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016Ca/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Finding no pulse&lt;ref name=Fie2009/&gt;|differential=|prevention=Not smoking, physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, healthy eating&lt;ref name=NIH2016Pre/&gt;|treatment=[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR), [[defibrillation]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Survival rate ~ 10% (outside of hospital) 25% (in hospital)&lt;ref name=Adam2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=JAMA2019&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=LW |last2=Holmberg |first2=MJ |last3=Berg |first3=KM |last4=Donnino |first4=MW |last5=Granfeldt |first5=A |title=In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review. |url=https://archive.org/details/jama_2019-03-26_321_12/page/1200 |journal=JAMA |date=26 March 2019 |volume=321 |issue=12 |pages=1200–1210 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.1696 |pmid=30912843|pmc=6482460 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=13 per 10,000 people per year (outside hospital in the US)&lt;ref name=AHA2015Part4/&gt;|deaths=&gt; 425,000 per year (U.S.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Meaney |first1=PA |last2=Bobrow |first2=BJ |last3=Mancini |first3=ME |last4=Christenson |first4=J |last5=de Caen |first5=AR |last6=Bhanji |first6=F |last7=Abella |first7=BS |last8=Kleinman |first8=ME |last9=Edelson |first9=DP |last10=Berg |first10=RA |last11=Aufderheide |first11=TP |last12=Menon |first12=V |last13=Leary |first13=M |last14=CPR Quality Summit Investigators, the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee, and the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and |first14=Resuscitation. |title=Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected] improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2013-07-23_128_4/page/417 |journal=Circulation |date=23 July 2013 |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=417–35 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829d8654 |pmid=23801105|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''Ny fijanonan'ny fo''' dia fahaverezan'ny fikorianan-dra tampoka vokatry ny tsy fahafahan'ny [[fo]] miasa tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728031608/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda|archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana ny fahaverezan'ny fahatsiarovan-tena sy ny fifohana rivotra tsy ara-dalàna na tsy fisian'ny fofonaina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fie2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Field|first=John M.|title=The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR|date=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=9780781788991|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaOoXdSlT9sC&amp;pg=PA11|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905133735/https://books.google.com/books?id=JaOoXdSlT9sC&amp;pg=PA11|archive-date=2017-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Sign&quot; /&gt; Mety hahatsapa fanaintainan'ny tratra, sempotra, na maloiloy ny olona sasany alohan'ny fijanonan'ny fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Sign&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827190624/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/signs|archive-date=27 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy voatsabo ao anatin'ny minitra vitsy dia matetika mitarika [[fahafatesana]] izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016What&quot; /&gt;

Ny antony mahazatra indrindra mahatonga ny fijanonan'ny fo dia [[Aretin'ny lalan-dràn'ny fo|ny aretin'ny lalan-drà ao am-po]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Ca&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny antony tsy dia fahita firy ny fahaverezan-drà be loatra, ny tsy fahampian'ny oksizenina, ny potassium ambany dia ambany, ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo, ary ny fanatanjahan-tena mafy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Ca&quot; /&gt; Mety hampitombo ny risika ihany koa ny aretina nolovaina maromaro, anisan'izany ny syndrome QT lava.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Ca&quot; /&gt; Ny gadona voalohany amin'ny fo dia matetika fibrillation ventricular.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Causes Sudden Cardiac Arrest?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728042233/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/causes|archive-date=28 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voamarina ny aretina rehefa tsy misy fitempon'ny fo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fie2009&quot; /&gt; Na dia mety ho vokatry ny aretim-po na ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo aza ny fijanonan'ny fo, dia tsy mitovy ireo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016What&quot; /&gt;

Ny fisorohana dia ahitana ny tsy fifohana sigara, ny fanaovana fanatanjahan-tena, ary ny fitazonana lanja ara-pahasalamana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Pre&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana ny fijanonan'ny fo dia ahitana ny famelomana indray ny fo (CPR) avy hatrany ary, raha misy gadona mahatohina, dia ny defibrillation.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827184130/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/treatment|archive-date=27 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amin'ireo izay tafavoaka velona, ny fitantanana ny mari-pana voafaritra tsara dia mety hanatsara ny vokatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arr2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arrich J, Holzer M, Havel C, Müllner M, Herkner H|title=Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2|pages=CD004128|date=February 2016|pmid=26878327|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004128.pub4|pmc=6516972}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azo apetraka ny &quot;implantable cardiac defibrillator&quot; mba hampihenana ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny fiverimberenan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/prevention|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827200432/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/prevention|archive-date=27 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Any [[Etazonia]], eo amin'ny 535.000 eo ho eo ny tranga mitranga isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2015Part4&quot; /&gt; Eo amin'ny 13 amin'ny olona 10.000 (326.000 na 61%) eo ho eo no tratran'ny fijanonan'ny fo ivelan'ny toeram-pitsaboana, raha 209.000 (39%) kosa no mitranga ao anatin'ny hopitaly.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHA2015Part4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kronick SL, Kurz MC, Lin S, Edelson DP, Berg RA, Billi JE, Cabanas JG, Cone DC, Diercks DB, Foster JJ, Meeks RA, Travers AH, Welsford M|title=Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality Improvement: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care|journal=Circulation|volume=132|issue=18 Suppl 2|pages=S397-413|date=November 2015|pmid=26472992|doi=10.1161/cir.0000000000000258}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miha-mahazatra ny fijanonan'ny fo rehefa mihantitra.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Risk&quot; /&gt; Matetika kokoa ny lehilahy no voan'izany noho ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Risk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Arrest?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/atrisk|website=NHLBI|access-date=16 August 2016|date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823231651/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/scda/atrisk|archive-date=23 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manodidina ny 8% eo ho eo ny isan-jaton'ireo tafavoaka velona ivelan'ny fijanonana hopitaly, na dia efa notsaboina aza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam2012&quot; /&gt; Maro amin'ireo tafavoaka velona no manana fahasembanana lehibe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam2012&quot; /&gt; Na izany aza, fandaharana amin'ny fahitalavitra amerikana maro no naneho taha-pahavelomana avo lenta tsy mitombina izay mahatratra 67%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Adams|first=James G.|title=Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials (Expert Consult – Online)|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455733941|page=1771|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&amp;pg=PA1771|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905133735/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&amp;pg=PA1771|archive-date=2017-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Sepsis</title>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="17737" sha1="lr65nkjt2g5hchyl9ikzjlz3i9p60tu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Sepsis|synonym=Septicemia, blood poisoning|image=Bloodculturetubes.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Blood culture]] bottles: orange cap for [[anaerobes]], green cap for [[aerobes]], and yellow cap for blood samples from children&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |title=Blood Culture Collection |publisher=WVUH Laboratories |date=7 April 2012 |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163301/http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|p|s|ᵻ|s}}|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[tachycardia|increased heart rate]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[hyperventilation|increased breathing rate]], [[mental confusion|confusion]]&lt;ref name=CDC2014Q&gt;{{cite web |title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=|duration=|causes=[[immune system|Immune response]] triggered by an infection&lt;ref name=Tint2011&gt;{{cite book |last1= Jui |first1= Jonathan |chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |editor-last1= Tintinalli |editor-first1= Judith E. |editor-last2= Stapczynski |editor-first2= J. Stephan |editor-last4= Cline |editor-first4= David M. |editor-last3= Ma |editor-first3= O. John |editor-last5= Cydulka |editor-first5= Rita K. |editor-last6= Meckler |editor-first6= Garth D. |display-editors= 1 | collaboration = [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= 1003–14 |year= 2011 |  chapter-url= |isbn=9780071484800 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deutschman2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Deutschman |first1= CS |last2= Tracey |first2= KJ  | title = Sepsis: Current dogma and new perspectives | journal = [[Immunity (journal)|Immunity]] | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–75 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24745331 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.001 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=Young or old age, [[cancer]],  [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[major trauma]], [[burn]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2014Q /&gt;|diagnosis=[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]] (SIRS),&lt;ref name=Tint2011 /&gt; [[SOFA score#Quick SOFA score|qSOFA]]&lt;ref name= &quot;Sepsis–3_2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801 | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluids]], [[antimicrobial]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2014Q /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;SSC–G2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=|prognosis=10 to 80% risk of death&lt;ref name= &quot;Sepsis–3_2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Jawad2012/&gt;|frequency=0.2–3 per 1000 a year (developed world)&lt;ref name=Jawad2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Martin2012&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=}}Aretina mahafaty ny '''sepsis''' izay mitranga rehefa miteraka ratra amin'ny sela sy ny taova ny fihetsiky ny vatana manoloana ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sepsis–3_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801 | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Arahin'ny fihenan'ny [[hery fiarovana]] ity dingana voalohany ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid31611560&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chao C, Muming Y, Yanfen C|title=Pathological Alteration and Therapeutic Implications of Sepsis-Induced Immune Cell Apoptosis|journal=Cell Death &amp; Disease|volume=10|issue=10|pages=782|year=2019|doi=10.1038/s41419-019-2015-1|pmc=6791888|pmid=31611560}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina mahazatra [[Tazo|ny tazo]], ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fitempon'ny fo, ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra, ary ny fisafotofotoana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Q&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety hisy ihany koa ireo soritr'aretina mifandraika amin'ny aretina manokana, toy ny kohaka miaraka amin'ny pnemonia, na fanaintainana amin'ny fipipiana miaraka amin'ny aretin'ny voa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= 1003–14 |year= 2011 |isbn=9780071484800 |last=Jui|first=Jonathan|editor2-last=Stapczynski|editor4-last=Cline|editor3-last=Ma|editor5-last=Cydulka|editor6-last=Meckler}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mety tsy hisy soritr'aretina manokana ny tanora, antitra, ary ireo olona manana hery fiarovana malemy, ary mety ho ambany na ara-dalàna ny mari-pana fa tsy [[tazo]] .  Ny sepsis mafy dia sepsis izay miteraka tsy fahatomombanan'ny fiasan'ny taova na ny fikorianan'ny rà.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R|display-authors=2|title=Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012|journal=[[Critical Care Medicine (journal)|Critical Care Medicine]]|volume=41|issue=2|pages=580–637|date=February 2013|pmid=23353941|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fisian'ny tosidrà ambany, ny haavon'ny laktate ao amin'ny rà, na ny fihenan'ny urine dia mety manondro ny fikorianan'ny rà ratsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; [[Fahatairana septika|Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra septika]] dia tosidra ambany vokatry ny sepsis izay tsy mihatsara rehefa avy nosoloina rano.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt;

Ny sepsis dia [[Hery fiarovana|valin-kery fanefitra]] vokatry ny fivontosana vokatry ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deutschman2014&quot; /&gt; Ny aretina [[Bakteria|vokatry ny bakteria]] no tena mahazatra indrindra, saingy mety hiteraka sepsis ihany koa ny aretina [[Fungi|vokatry ny holatra]], [[Virosy|viriosy]] ary [[protozoa]] .  Ny toerana mahazatra isehoan'ny aretina voalohany dia ny havokavoka, ny atidoha, ny lalan-drà, ny hoditra ary ny taova ao an-kibo .  Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fahatanorana, ny fahanterana, ny fahalemen'ny hery fiarovana vokatry ny aretina toy ny [[homamiadana]] na [[diabeta]], [[Maratra|ny ratra mafy]], na ny may.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Q&quot; /&gt; Teo aloha, ny famaritana ny sepsis dia nitaky ny fisian'ny fepetra SIRS ( systemic inflammatory response syndrome ) roa farafahakeliny raha toa ka heverina fa misy aretina.  Tamin'ny taona 2016, ny isa fohy momba ny fanombanana ny tsy fahombiazan'ny taova (SOFA score), fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe isa SOFA haingana (qSOFA), dia nisolo ny rafitra diagnostika SIRS.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sepsis–3_2016&quot; /&gt; Ny fepetra qSOFA ho an'ny sepsis dia ahitana farafahakeliny roa amin'ireto telo manaraka ireto: fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra, fiovan'ny fahatsiarovan-tena, ary tosidra ambany.  Ny torolàlana momba ny sepsis dia manoro hevitra ny hahazoana kolontsaina ra alohan'ny hanombohana antibiotika; na izany aza, ny diagnostika dia tsy mitaky ny fisian'ny aretina ao amin'ny ra .  Manampy ny fakana sary ara-pitsaboana rehefa mitady ny toerana mety hisian'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Ny antony hafa mety hisian'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany dia ahitana ny anaphylaxis, ny tsy fahampian'ny adrenal, ny habetsahan'ny ra ambany, ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo, ary ny embolism pulmonary . 

Ny sepsis dia mazàna mitaky fitsaboana haingana amin'ny alalan'ny fanafody antimikrobia sy ranoka fampidirana amin'ny lalan-dra.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Q&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC–G2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny fikarakarana mitohy dia mitohy ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana vonjy taitra .  Raha tsy ampy ny fitsapana ampy amin'ny fanoloana rano mba hihazonana ny tosidra, dia ilaina ny fampiasana fanafody izay mampiakatra ny tosidra .  Mety ilaina ny fampidirana rivotra mekanika sy ny dialyse mba hanohanana ny fiasan'ny havokavoka sy ny voa.  Azo apetraka ny catheter lalan-drà afovoany sy ny catheter arterial mba hidirana amin'ny lalan-drà sy hitarihana ny fitsaboana.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Ny fandrefesana mahasoa hafa dia ahitana ny cardiac output sy ny superior vena cava oxygen saturation.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Ireo olona voan'ny sepsis dia mila fepetra fisorohana ho an'ny trombosis amin'ny lalan-drà lalina, ny fery vokatry ny stress, ary ny fery vokatry ny pressure raha tsy misy toe-javatra hafa manakana izany fitsaboana izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Mety handray soa avy amin'ny fanaraha-maso hentitra ny tahan'ny siramamy ao amin'ny ra amin'ny alalan'ny insuline ny olona sasany.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Mampiady hevitra ny fampiasana corticosteroids, ary misy tsikera sasany mahita fa mahasoa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ann2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Annane|first=D|last2=Bellissant|first2=E|last3=Bollaert|first3=PE|last4=Briegel|first4=J|last5=Keh|first5=D|last6=Kupfer|first6=Y|last7=Pirracchio|first7=R|last8=Rochwerg|first8=B|title=Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 December 2019|volume=12|pages=CD002243|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002243.pub4|pmid=31808551|pmc=6953403}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fang2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fang F, Zhang Y, Tang J, Lunsford LD, Li T, Tang R, He J, Xu P, Faramand A, Xu J, You C|display-authors=2|title=Association of corticosteroid treatment with outcomes in adult patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine]]|volume=179|issue=2|pages=213–223|date=February 2019|pmid=30575845|pmc=6439648|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5849}}&lt;/ref&gt; ary ny hafa kosa tsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Long2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Long B, Koyfman A|title=Controversies in corticosteroid use for sepsis|journal=[[The Journal of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=53|issue=5|pages=653–661|date=November 2017|pmid=28916121|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.05.024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ny hamafin'ny aretina no mamaritra ny vokany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad2012&quot; /&gt; Mahatratra 30% ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny sepsis, raha toa ka mahatratra 50% kosa ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny sepsis mahery vaika, ary 80% ny mety ho fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny vatana vokatry ny sepsis &lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jawad I, Lukšić I, Rafnsson SB|display-authors=2|title=Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: Global estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality|journal=Journal of Global Health|volume=2|issue=1|pages=010404|date=June 2012|pmid=23198133|pmc=3484761|doi=10.7189/jogh.01.010404}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olona 49 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny sepsis tamin'ny taona 2017, ary 11 tapitrisa no maty (1 amin'ny 5 no maty maneran-tany).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rudd|first=Kristina E|last2=Johnson|first2=Sarah Charlotte|last3=Agesa|first3=Kareha M|last4=Shackelford|first4=Katya Anne|last5=Tsoi|first5=Derrick|last6=Kievlan|first6=Daniel Rhodes|last7=Colombara|first7=Danny V|last8=Ikuta|first8=Kevin S|last9=Kissoon|first9=Niranjan|last10=Finfer|first10=Simon|last11=Fleischmann-Struzek|first11=Carolin|last12=Machado|first12=Flavia R|last13=Reinhart|first13=Konrad K|last14=Rowan|first14=Kathryn|last15=Seymour|first15=Christopher W|title=Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study|journal=The Lancet|date=January 2020|volume=395|issue=10219|pages=200–211|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7|pmid=31954465|pmc=6970225}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]], eo amin'ny 0.2 ka hatramin'ny 3 isaky ny 1000 eo ho eo ny olona voan'ny sepsis isan-taona, ka miteraka tranga iray tapitrisa eo ho eo isan-taona any Etazonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitombo ny tahan'ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSCG2012&quot; /&gt; Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy ny sepsis noho ny amin'ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2011&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana ny sepsis dia efa hatramin'ny andron'i [[Hippocrate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T|title=Severe sepsis and septic shock|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2013-08-29_369_9/page/840|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=369|issue=9|pages=840–51|date=August 2013|pmid=23984731|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny teny hoe &quot;septikaemia&quot; sy &quot;fanapoizinana amin'ny ra&quot; dia efa nampiasaina tamin'ny fomba maro samihafa ary tsy soso-kevitra intsony.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1992consensus&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ|display-authors=2|title=Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis.|journal=[[Chest (journal)|Chest]]|volume=101|issue=6|pages=1644–55|date=June 1992|pmid=1303622|doi=10.1378/chest.101.6.1644|quote=Septicemia... has been used... in a variety of ways... We therefore suggest that this term be eliminated from current usage.|url=http://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505181345/https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
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    <title>Aretin'i Parkinson</title>
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      <text bytes="11362" sha1="94ycqh30njgoaa63lugsag6ta6qy6f9" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect2|Parkinson's|Parkinson's Disease|the medical journal|Parkinson’s Disease (journal)|other uses}}

{{Infobox medical condition|name=Parkinson's disease|synonym=Parkinson disease, idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy|image=Paralysis agitans (1907, after St. Leger).png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Two sketches (one from the front and one from the right side) of a man, with an expressionless face. He is stooped forward and is presumably having difficulty walking.|caption=Illustration of Parkinson's disease by [[William Gowers (neurologist)|William Richard Gowers]], first published in ''A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System'' (1886)|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=[[tremor|Shaking]], [[Spasticity|rigidity]], [[Hypokinesia#Bradykinesia|slowness of movement]], [[gait abnormality|difficulty walking]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|onset=Age over 60&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Car2016/&gt;|duration=|causes=Unknown&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;|risks=[[Pesticide]] exposure, [[head injuries]]&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|differential=[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]], [[progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[essential tremor]], [[antipsychotic]] use&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|vauthors= Ferri FF|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter P|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Exercise, medications, surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=CF2025/&gt;|medication=[[L-DOPA]], [[dopamine agonist]]s&lt;ref name=Sv2016/&gt;|prognosis=[[Life expectancy]] ~ 15 years{{medcn|date=July 2020}}&lt;ref name=Ley2018&gt;{{medcn|date=July 2020}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Golbe LI, Leyton CE |title=Life expectancy in Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |volume=91 |issue=22 |pages=991–992 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30381371 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000006560 |type= Editorial}}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=6.2 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=117,400 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;}}

'''Ny aretin'i Parkinson''' ( '''PD''' ), na '''Parkinson''' fotsiny, dia aretina maharitra  amin'ny rafi-pitatitra foibe izay misy fiantraikany indrindra amin'ny rafi-pitatitra .  Rehefa miharatsy ny aretina dia miha-mahazatra kokoa ireo soritr'aretina tsy mifandraika amin'ny fihetsehana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kalia LV, Lang AE|title=Parkinson's disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-29-september-4-2015_386_9996/page/896|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9996|pages=896–912|date=August 2015|pmid=25904081|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika dia mipoitra miadana ireo soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Amin'ny fiandohan'ny aretina ny soritr'aretina miharihary indrindra dia ny hovitrovitra, ny fihenjanana, ny fiadanam-pihetsika ary ny fahasarotana amin'ny fandehanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Mety hitranga ihany koa ny olana amin'ny fisainana sy ny fitondran-tena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sveinbjornsdottir S|title=The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|volume=139 Suppl 1|pages=318–324|date=October 2016|pmid=27401947|doi=10.1111/jnc.13691|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika no mitranga ny dementia rehefa mandroso ny dingana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt; Fahita ihany koa [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]] sy ny tebiteby izay mitranga amin'ny ampahatelon'ny olona voan'ny PD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt; Anisan'ny soritr'aretina hafa ny olana ara-pandrenesana, ny torimaso ary [[Fihetseham-po|ny fihetseham-po]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt; Ny soritr'aretina lehibe amin'ny fihetsehana dia antsoina hoe &quot; parkinsonisme &quot;, na &quot;syndrome parkinsonian&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=H. Royden|title=The Netter collection of medical illustrations. a compilation of paintings|date=2013|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781455733873|page=161|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&amp;pg=PA161|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&amp;pg=PA161|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsy fantatra ny antony mahatonga ny aretin'i Parkinson, saingy inoana fa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ireo izay manana fianakaviana voakasik'izany dia mety ho voan'ny aretina ihany koa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Misy ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny risika amin'ireo olona tratran'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely sasany sy ireo izay efa naratra loha teo aloha, raha toa kosa ka mihena ny risika amin'ireo mpifoka sigara sy ireo misotro [[Kafe (zava-pisotro)|kafe]] na [[Dite (zava-pisotro)|dite]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barranco Quintana JL, Allam MF, Del Castillo AS, Navajas RF|title=Parkinson's disease and tea: a quantitative review|journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–6|date=February 2009|pmid=19571153|doi=10.1080/07315724.2009.10719754}}&lt;/ref&gt;Anisany hisian'ny soritr'aretina dia vokatry ny fahafatesan'ny sela ao amin'ny substantia nigra, faritra iray ao amin'ny atidoha afovoany .  Izany dia miteraka tsy fahampian'ny dopamine ao amin'io faritra ao amin'ny atidoha io.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy dia fantatra loatra ny antony mahatonga ity fahafatesan'ny sela ity, saingy mahakasika ny fitomboan'ny [[Prôteinina|proteinina]] ao amin'ny vatan'i Lewy ao amin'ny [[Nerônina|neurons]] izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Ny famaritana ireo tranga mahazatra dia mifototra indrindra amin'ny soritr'aretina, miaraka amin'ny fitiliana toy ny neuroimaging ampiasaina mba hanamarinana ny fisian'ny aretina hafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny aretin'i Parkinson.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ny fitsaboana dia mikendry ny hanatsara ny soritr'aretina.   Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia mazàna amin'ny fanatanjahan-tena sy fanafody antiparkinson levodopa ( [[L-DOPA]] ), arahin'ny dopamine agonists rehefa tsy dia mandaitra intsony ny levodopa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CF2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Exner|first=Matthew|title=#382 Exercise for Parkinson’s Disease: More movement = Better movement? – CFPCLearn|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|publisher=CFPC|access-date=4 February 2025|archive-date=17 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217073101/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rehefa miharatsy ny aretina ary mbola very hatrany ny sela ao amin'ny atidoha, dia mihena ny fahombiazan'ireo fanafody ireo, sady miteraka fahasarotana miavaka amin'ny fihetsehana mihodinkodina tsy nahy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt; Nasehon'ny sakafo sy ny fomba fanarenana sasany fa mahomby amin'ny fanatsarana ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19691125&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G|title=Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=24|issue=13|pages=1881–92|date=October 2009|pmid=19691125|doi=10.1002/mds.22705|hdl=2434/67795|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neuro2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ahlskog JE|title=Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2011-07-19_77_3/page/288|journal=Neurology|volume=77|issue=3|pages=288–94|date=July 2011|pmid=21768599|pmc=3136051|doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fandidiana hametrahana microelectrodes ho an'ny fanentanana lalina ny atidoha dia nampiasaina mba hampihenana ny soritr'aretin'ny fihetsehana amin'ny tranga mafy izay tsy mahomby ny fanafody.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Tsy dia matanjaka loatra ny porofo momba ny fitsaboana ireo soritr'aretin'ny PD izay tsy mifandraika amin'ny fihetsehana, toy ny fikorontanan'ny torimaso sy ny olana ara-pihetseham-po.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 6.2 tapitrisa no voan'ny PD ary nahafaty olona 117.400 teo ho eo maneran-tany.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|last=GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny aretin'i Parkinson dia mitranga amin'ny olona mihoatra ny 60 taona ary eo amin'ny iray isan-jato eo ho eo no voakasik'izany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Car2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Carroll WM|title=International Neurology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118777367|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA188|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA188|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika kokoa ny lehilahy no voan'izany noho ny vehivavy amin'ny tahan'ny 3:2 eo ho eo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Rehefa hita amin'ny olona alohan'ny faha-50 taonany izany dia antsoina hoe PD vao manomboka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mosley|first=Anthony D.|title=The encyclopedia of Parkinson's disease|date=2010|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=9781438127491|page=89|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&amp;pg=PA89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&amp;pg=PA89|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eo anelanelan'ny 7 sy 15 taona ny salan'isan'ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainan'ny olona]] aorian'ny fitiliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sv2016&quot; /&gt;  Nomena anarana avy amin'ilay dokotera anglisy James Parkinson ity aretina ity, izay namoaka ny famaritana amin'ny antsipiriany voalohany tao amin'ny ''An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'', tamin'ny 1817.   Anisan'ny fanentanana ho an'ny daholobe ny Andro Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Parkinson ( fitsingerenan'ny andro nahaterahan'i James Parkinson, 11 Aprily) sy ny fampiasana [[Tolipàna|tulip]] mena ho mariky ny aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18175393&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lees AJ|title=Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=22 Suppl 17|issue=Suppl 17|pages=S327–34|date=September 2007|pmid=18175393|doi=10.1002/mds.21684}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ireo olona voan'ny Parkinson izay nampitombo ny fahafantaran'ny vahoaka momba ity aretina ity dia ahitana an'i [[Muhammad Ali]], ilay angano momba ny ady totohondry, ilay mpilalao sarimihetsika Michael J. Fox, ilay mpitaingina bisikileta Olaimpika Davis Phinney, ary ilay mpilalao sarimihetsika [[Alan Alda]] .    

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Glioblastoma</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5904" sha1="m58wbr1l6eudm5w4nkezq0325fmbbpn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Glioblastoma|synonym=Glioblastoma multiforme, grade IV astrocytoma|image=Glioblastoma - MR coronal with contrast.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Coronal [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] with contrast of a glioblastoma in a 15-year-old male|pronounce=|specialty=[[Oncology]], [[neurosurgery]]|symptoms=Initially nonspecific, [[headache]]s, personality changes, [[nausea]], symptoms similar to a [[stroke]]&lt;ref name=Young2015/&gt;|onset=~ 64 years old&lt;ref name=WCR2014,5.16/&gt;&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|duration=|causes=Usually unclear&lt;ref name=WCR2014,5.16/&gt;|risks=[[Genetic disorder]]s ([[neurofibromatosis]], [[Li–Fraumeni syndrome]]), previous [[radiation therapy]]&lt;ref name=WCR2014,5.16/&gt;&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|diagnosis=[[CT scan]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scan]], [[tissue biopsy]]&lt;ref name=Young2015/&gt;|differential=|prevention=Unknown&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|treatment=[[Surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy|radiation]]&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|medication=[[Temozolomide]], [[corticosteroids|steroids]]&lt;ref name=Young2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hart2013/&gt;|prognosis=[[Life expectancy]] ~ 14 months with treatment (5 year survival &lt;7%)&lt;ref name=WCR2014,5.16/&gt;&lt;ref name=Os2019/&gt;|frequency=3 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Gal2015/&gt;|deaths=}}

Tsy misy fomba fantatra hisorohana ny homamiadana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gallego O|title=Nonsurgical treatment of recurrent glioblastoma|journal=Current Oncology|volume=22|issue=4|pages=e273-81|date=August 2015|pmid=26300678|pmc=4530825|doi=10.3747/co.22.2436}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matetika ny fitsaboana dia misy fandidiana, ary aorian'izay dia ampiasaina ny chimiothérapie sy ny radiotherapy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika ampiasaina ho anisan'ny fitsaboana simika ny fanafody temozolomide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hart2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hart MG, Garside R, Rogers G, Stein K, Grant R|title=Temozolomide for high grade glioma|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=4|issue=4|pages=CD007415|date=April 2013|pmid=23633341|pmc=6457743|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007415.pub2}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Azo ampiasaina ny stéroïde avo lenta mba hampihenana ny fivontosana sy hampihena ny soritr'aretina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Young RM, Jamshidi A, Davis G, Sherman JH|title=Current trends in the surgical management and treatment of adult glioblastoma|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=3|issue=9|pages=121|date=June 2015|pmid=26207249|pmc=4481356|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.05.10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ny fanesorana ny fivontosana amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana dia mifandray amin'ny fahavelomana lava kokoa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Van Meir EG, Hadjipanayis CG, Norden AD, Shu HK, Wen PY, Olson JJ|title=Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology: the avenue to a cure for malignant glioma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ca-a-cancer-journal-for-clinicians_may-june-2010_60_3/page/166|journal=Ca|volume=60|issue=3|pages=166–93|year=2010|pmid=20445000|pmc=2888474|doi=10.3322/caac.20069}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dia eo aza ny fitsaboana tsara indrindra, dia matetika miverina indray ny homamiadana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt; Ny faharetan'ny fahavelomana mahazatra aorian'ny famaritana ny aretina dia 12 ka hatramin'ny 15 volana, ary latsaky ny 3 ka hatramin'ny 7% amin'ny olona no velona mihoatra ny dimy taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014,5.16&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 5.16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H, Patil N, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS|title=CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=21|issue=Supplement_5|pages=v1–v100|date=November 2019|pmid=31675094|pmc=6823730|doi=10.1093/neuonc/noz150}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raha tsy misy fitsaboana, dia mazàna telo volana no faharetan'ny fahavelomana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schapira|first=Anthony H.V.|title=Neurology and clinical neuroscience|date=2007|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780323070539|page=1336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwajBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1336|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729005047/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EwajBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1336|archive-date=2017-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Io no homamiadana mahazatra indrindra izay manomboka ao amin'ny atidoha ary ny fivontosan'ny atidoha faharoa mahazatra indrindra, aorian'ny meningioma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ble2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bleeker FE, Molenaar RJ, Leenstra S|title=Recent advances in the molecular understanding of glioblastoma|journal=Journal of Neuro-Oncology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=11–27|date=May 2012|pmid=22270850|pmc=3337398|doi=10.1007/s11060-011-0793-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=McNeill KA|title=Epidemiology of Brain Tumors|journal=Neurologic Clinics|volume=34|issue=4|pages=981–998|date=November 2016|pmid=27720005|doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olona 3 amin'ny 100.000 eo ho eo no voan'ity aretina ity isan-taona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt; Matetika izy io dia manomboka eo amin'ny faha-64 taonany eo ho eo ary mitranga matetika kokoa amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014,5.16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gal2015&quot; /&gt; Eo am-pikarohana ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny hery fiarovana ho fitsaboana ny homamiadana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=With Immunotherapy, Glimmers of Progress against Glioblastoma|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/research/immunotherapy-glioblastoma|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=23 December 2015|date=9 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103950/http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/research/immunotherapy-glioblastoma|archive-date=24 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oleaceae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1977" sha1="selcvg3duuvrq5a1qsxyzcnntwg3wv8" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Olive-tree-fruit-august-0.jpg|vignette|373x373px|Voan' [[Ôliva (zavamaniry)|ôliva]] (''[[Olea europaea]]'')]]
Ny '''''Oleaceae''''' dia fianakavian-javamaniry [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]], ao amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]. Ahitana karazany eo amin' ny 900 eo ho eo, izay mitsinjara amin' ny vondron-karazana miisa 25 hatramin' ny 29, ity fianakaviana ity.

== Lisitry ny vondron-karazana ==
Inty ny lisitry ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny araka ny ''[[World Flora Online]]'' (WFO) &lt;small&gt;(27 juillet 2025)&lt;/small&gt;:

* ''[[Abeliophyllum]]'' Nakai
* ''[[Cartrema]]'' Raf.
* ''[[Chengiodendron]]'' &lt;small&gt;C.B.Shang, X.R.Wang, Y.F.Duan &amp; Yong F.Li&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Chionanthus]]'' Royen
* ''[[Chrysojasminum]]'' Banfi
* ''[[Comoranthus]]'' Knobl.
* ''[[Dimetra]]'' Kerr
* ''[[Fontanesia]]'' Labill.
* ''[[Forestiera]]'' Poir.
* ''[[Forsythia]]'' Vahl
* ''[[Fraxinus]]'' L.
* ''[[Haenianthus]]'' Griseb.
* ''[[Hesperelaea]]'' A. Gray
* ''[[Jasminum]]'' L.
* ''[[Ligustrum]]'' L.
* ''[[Menodora]]'' Bonpl.
* ''[[Myxopyrum]]'' Blume
* ''[[Nestegis]]'' Raf.
* ''[[Noronhia]]'' Stadman ex Thouars
* ''[[Notelaea]]'' Vent.
* ''[[Nyctanthes]]'' L.
* ''[[Olea]]'' L.
* ''[[Osmanthus]]'' Lour.
* ''[[Phillyrea]]'' L.
* ''[[Picconia]]'' DC.
* ''[[Priogymnanthus]]'' P.S. Green
* ''[[Schrebera]]'' Roxb.
* ''[[Syringa]]'' L.
* ''[[Tetrapilus]]'' Lour.

=== Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny vondron-karazana ao amin' ny fianakaviana izay misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Chionanthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Comoranthus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Knobl&lt;/small&gt;''.''
* ''[[Jasminum]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Noronhia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Stadman ex Thouars&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Olea]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Schrebera]]'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb&lt;/small&gt;.

=== Fanamarihana ===
Misy karazana avy ao [[Afrika]] sy eto [[Madagasikara]] napetraka teo aloha tao amin' ny ''Chionanthus'' izay nafindra ao amin' ny ''Noronhia'' taorian' ny fanadihadiana filôjenetika.


[[Sokajy:Oleaceae]]</text>
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    <title>Olea</title>
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      <text bytes="4254" sha1="1ri7zakci3rucc3gh1yo1c0g1dml3w8" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Olive-tree-fruit-august-0.jpg|vignette|370x370px|Voan' ôliva (''[[Olea europaea]]'')]]
Ny '''''Olea''''' dia vondron-karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Oleaceae]]'' (ahitana koa ny [[Ôliva (zavamaniry)|ôliva]]) ao amin' ny filaharana [[Lamiales]]. Ahitana karazany 11 eken' ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' izy io, izay teratany any amin' ny faritra mafana antonony sy trôpikaly any [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Atsinanana]] [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany]], any [[Eorôpa Atsimo]], ao [[Afrika]], any [[Azia Atsimo]], ary any [[Aostralazia]]. Hazo sy hazobotry maitso ravina mandrakariva izy ireo, manana ravina feno sy kely ary mifanohitra. Karazana driopa (voa misy hoditra ivelany, nofo sy sosona mafy ao anatiny) no vokariny. Ahitana trikôsklereida na trikôsklerita (sela mafy sy lava miendrika kofehy) ny ravin' ny ''Olea''.

== Lisitry ny karazana ==
[[Sary:Olea lancea.jpg|vignette|''[[Olea lancea]]'']]
Inty ny lisitry ny karazana miisa 11 ao amin' ny ''Olea'':

* ''[[Olea capensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Olea capitellata'' &lt;small&gt;Ridl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Olea chimanimani'' &lt;small&gt;Kupicha&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Olea europaea]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- ôliva
* ''Olea exasperata'' &lt;small&gt;Jacq&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''[[Olea lancea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Olea paniculata'' &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Olea puberula'' &lt;small&gt;Ridl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Olea schliebenii'' &lt;small&gt;Knobl&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Olea welwitschii'' &lt;small&gt;(Knobl.) Gilg &amp; G.Schellenb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Olea woodiana'' &lt;small&gt;Knobl&lt;/small&gt;.

=== Karazana napetraka tao taloha ===

* ''Chionanthus foveolatus'' &lt;small&gt;(E.Mey.) Stearn&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Olea'' ''foveolata'' &lt;small&gt;E.Mey.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Ligustrum compactum'' var. ''compactum'' (← ''Olea'' ''compacta'' &lt;small&gt;Wall. ex G.Don&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Nestegis cunninghamii'' &lt;small&gt;(Hook.f.) L.A.S.Johnson&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Olea'' ''cunninghamii'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''[[Noronhia emarginata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Thouars&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Olea'' emarginata &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Osmanthus americanus'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Benth. &amp; Hook.f. ex A.Gray&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Olea'' ''americana'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Osmanthus heterophyllus'' &lt;small&gt;(G. Don) P.S.Green&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Olea'' ''aquifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Siebold &amp; Zucc.&lt;/small&gt; na ''Olea'' ''ilicifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Siebold ex Hassk.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Tetrapilus borneensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Boerl.) de Juana&lt;/small&gt; (←  ''Olea borneensis'' &lt;small&gt;Boerl&lt;/small&gt;. sy ''Olea gitingensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Elmer) Kiew&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Tetrapilus brachiatus'' &lt;small&gt;Lour&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Olea brachiata'' &lt;small&gt;(Lour.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Tetrapilus javanicus'' &lt;small&gt;Lour&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''Olea javanica'' &lt;small&gt;(Blume) Knobl.&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Tetrapilus moluccensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Kiew) de Juana&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Olea moluccensis'' &lt;small&gt;Kiew&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Tetrapilus obovatus'' &lt;small&gt;(Merr.) de Juana&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Olea luzonica'' &lt;small&gt;(Kiew)&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Tetrapilus rubrovenius'' &lt;small&gt;(Elmer) L.A.S.Johnson&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Olea rubrovenia'' &lt;small&gt;(Elmer) Kiew&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Tetrapilus tsoongii'' &lt;small&gt;(Merr.) de Juana&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Olea tsoongii'' &lt;small&gt;(Merr.) P.S.Green&lt;/small&gt; sy ''Olea yuennanensis'' &lt;small&gt;Hand.-Mazz.&lt;/small&gt;)

=== Karazana misy eto Madagasikara ===
[[Sary:Olea capensis capensis tree in flower cape town.JPG|vignette|''[[Olea capensis]]'']]
Indreto ny karazana misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:

* ''[[Olea capensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;--&lt;/small&gt; 
* ''[[Olea europaea]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; -- [[ôliva]] (karazana nampidirina avy any ivelany)
* ''[[Olea lancea]]'' &lt;small&gt;Lam&lt;/small&gt;. (← ''[[Steganthus lanceus]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Knobl.&lt;/small&gt;) -- taimbarika, vazanomby 

Indreto kosa ny karazana misy eto Madagasikara nefa nafindra vondron-karazana:

* ''Olea emarginata'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Noronhia emarginata]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Poir.&lt;/small&gt; --  laitrahazo, tsivakoditra
* ''Olea pervilleana'' &lt;small&gt;Knobl&lt;/small&gt;. → ''[[Noronhia pervilleana]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Knobl.) H.Perrier.&lt;/small&gt; -- 
* ''Olea ambrensis'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Noronhia olearia]]'' &lt;small&gt;Hong-Wa.&lt;/small&gt; -- 
* ''Olea obtusifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt; → ''[[Noronhia obtusifolia]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Lam.) Hong-Wa &amp; Besnard.&lt;/small&gt; -- 

== Jereo koa ==

* ''[[Noronhia]]''


[[Sokajy:Olea]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henri Randzavola</title>
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      <text bytes="11009" sha1="oseu88v5mslfvk0ov19s3e8jgll79w3" xml:space="preserve">'''Henri Randzavola''' dia mpitandrina protestanta, [[mpampianatra]], [[mpanoratra]] ary mpikaroka malagasy. Teraka tao [[Fianarantsoa]] tamin’ny 5 Novambra 1873 izy ary nodimandry tao [[Antananarivo]] tamin’ny 21 Desambra 1953, teo amin’ny faha-80 taonany. Nandritra ny androm-piainany izy nandray anjara tamin’ny fampianarana, ny fiainan’ny [[Prôtestantisma|Fiangonana protestanta]], ny [[Haisoratra|literatiora]] ary ny fikarohana momba ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny]] sy ny [[Kolontsaina malagasy|kolontsaina]] malagasy. Maro ny solon'anarana nentiny tamin'ny naha-mpanoratra azy, toy ny '''Andriamahefa''' '''Henri'''&lt;ref&gt;https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/pseudonyms&lt;/ref&gt;, '''Historicus''', '''Ntaolozandriny''', '''Posterior''' ary '''FNT'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://dacb.org/fr/stories/madagascar/randzavola-henri/&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fahazazana sy fianakaviana ==
'''Henri Randzavola''' dia zanak’i Andriamahefa folo voninahitra sy Rasoamihaja. Teraka tao Fianarantsoa izy ary lehibe tao anatin’ny tontolo [[Betsileo]]&lt;ref&gt;https://midi-madagasikara.mg/jubile-henri-randzavola-honore-a-lacademie-malgache/&lt;/ref&gt;. Lahy tokana tao anatin’ny valo mianadahy izy. Nanana fifandraisana akaiky tamin’ny tontolo ara-pivavahana sy ara-panabeazana izy hatramin’ny fahazazany. Izany no nanomana azy hiditra tao amin’ny sehatry ny fampianarana sy ny asa [[kristianina]] tatỳ aoriana.

== Fianarana ==
Tamin’ny taona 1880, nanomboka nianatra tao amin’ny Normal-School tao Ambalanjatovo, Fianarantsoa i Henri Randzavola. Naharitra hatramin’ny taona 1889 ny fianarany tao. Tamin’ny taona 1889 izy nifindra tany Antananarivo ary nanohy ny fianarany tao amin’ny sekolin’ny FFMA tao [[Ambohijatovo]]. Nahavita ny fianarany tao izy tamin’ny taona 1893. Nandritra ny fianarany izy nahafehy ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]]. Io fahaizana io no nanampy azy tamin’ny asa nataony taty aoriana, indrindra tamin’ny fandikana teny sy ny fifandraisana tamin’ireo misionera vahiny&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://motmalgache.org/bins/teny2/Randzavola%20Henri&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fiandohan’ny asa ==
Ny taona 1893, tamin'ny faha roapolo taonany, rehefa nahavita ny fianarany tao Ambohijatovo izy, dia nanomboka niasa ho mpandikateny tany Tsaratanàna sy Lanihay Andilamena, tanàna fitrandrahana volamena. Taty aoriana dia nisehatra tamin'ny fampianarana sy fitondrana fiangonana tany amin’ny faritr’i Betsileo izy&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny asany teo amin’ny Fiangonana ==
Ny taona 1923, lasa mpitandrina tao amin’ny fiangonana Ambonin’ampamarinana i '''Henri Randzavola'''. Tsy nandalo ny fiofanana teolojika mahazatra tao amin’ny Collège d’Ambohipotsy anefa izy, fa nandalina ny teolojia tamin’ny alalan’ny fianarana samirery, ny famakiana boky ary ny traikefa azony teo amin’ny asa pastoraly&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Ny taona 1925, voatendry ho Sekretera Jeneralin’ny Fikambanana Kristiana Tovolahy, niaraka tamin’i Beigbeder izy, izay niova ho ''Union Chrétienne de Jeunes Gens'' ''taty''. Tamin’io fotoana io ihany koa dia niasa tamin’ny fikambanana kristiana maro izy ary nandray andraikitra tamin’ny fampielezana ny Baiboly. Efa niasa ho Sekretera malagasin’ny Comité Intermissionnaire izy mandra-pahafatiny. Mpitari-draharaha tao amin’ny Isanenimbolan’Imerina sy tao amin’ny Isankerintaonan’ny LMS koa izy, ary mpitari-draharahan’ny Fikambanana Mampiely Baiboly&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Efa voatendry ho “Tonia” tao amin’ny Antenimiera nikarakara ny boky “Fihirana” izy. Mbola teo am-panatanterahana izany asa izany izy no nodimandry.

Ankoatra ny maha-mpitandrina azy dia nampianatra tao amin’ny [[École Paul Minault]] sy tao amin’ny kolejin'ny misionera [[London Missionary Society|LMS]] tao Ambohijatovo ihany koa izy&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Henri Randzavola sy ny literatiora ==
Tsy nifantoka tamin’ny [[fivavahana]] ihany ny asa soratr’i Randzavola. Nanoratra momba ny [[tantara]], ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]], ny fomba amam-panao, ny [[Haisoratra|literatiora]], ny [[tononkalo]] ary ny [[kolontsaina]] [[Betsileo]] izy. Nampiasa solon’anarana maromaro izy, ka isan’izany ny '''Andriamahefa''' '''Henri''', '''Historicus''', '''Ntaolozandriny''', '''Posterior''' ary '''FNT'''. Nandray anjara tamin’ny [[gazety]] sy [[boky]] maro izy, anisan’izany ny ''Ny Teny Soa'', ''Ny Mpamafy'', ''Ny Mpanolo-tsaina'', ''Fiainana'' ary ''Firaketana''. Ny teny gasy sy ny teny frantsay no nampiasainy tamin'ny fanoratany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Ny taona 1947 dia nanoratra momba ny literatiora malagasy tao amin’ny Encyclopédie coloniale i Henri Randzavola&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Ireo asa sorany ==
Maro araka izany ireo asa soratra nahafantarana an'i '''Henri Randzavola.''' Santionany amin'izany ireto manaraka ireto :&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== &quot;Itovohery&quot; ===
Navoaka tamin’ny 1913 ny Itovohery. Anisan’ireo asa soratra voalohany mifandray amin’ny anaran’i Randzavola izy io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

=== &quot;Teolojia tsotsotra&quot; ===
Nivoaka tamin’ny 1918 ny Teolojia tsotsotra. Natao hanazavana amin’ny fomba mora takarina ny foto-kevitra fototra momba ny teolojia kristianina izy io&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120884275.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;. Nizara ho bokikely telo ny asa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

=== &quot;Voasarin’i Namehana&quot; ===
Tamin’ny 1928 dia nandeha tany [[Jerosalema]] i '''Henri Randzavola''', nisolo tena ny Protestanta Malagasy tamin’ny fihaonambe iraisam-pirenena momba ny asa misionera. Nitsidika an’i [[Palestina|Palestine]] sy firenena eoropeanina maro (toy Frantsa, Angletera ary Soisa) izy nandritra izany dia izany. Nentiny tao amin’ny ''Voasarin’i Namehana'' ny zavatra hitany sy niainany nandritra ny diany&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Ny taona 1933 no nivoaka ny ''Voasarin’i Namehana''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;''.'' 

=== &quot;Fomba Malagasy&quot; ===
Navoaka tamin’ny 1933 ny Fomba Malagasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Miresaka momba ny fomba amam-panao sy ny fiainan’ny Malagasy izy io ary anisan’ireo [[boky]] nanan-danja teo amin’ny fandraketana ny kolontsaina malagasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

=== &quot;Diksionera amin’ny Baiboly&quot; ===
Niara-niasa tamin’i W. Evans i Randzavola tamin’ny fanomanana ny ''Diksionera amin’ny Baiboly''. Nandray anjara tamin’ny fampiroboroboana ny voambolana ara-baiboly sy ara-teolojika amin’ny teny malagasy izy tamin’izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny asa fanaovan-gazety ==
'''Henri Randzavola''' dia nanoratra lahatsoratra maro tao amin'ny gazetim-pinoana toy ny tao amin’ny ''Teny Soa, Fiangonana sy Sekoly, Mpamafy, Mpanolontsaina, Mpandinika (MPF), Ranovelona (FFMA) ary Fanilon’ny Tanora'' izy. Tao amin’ny ''Ny Mpanolo-tsaina'' indrindra no nahitana lahatsoratra maro nosoratany momba ny [[fivavahana]], ny [[tantara]], ny teny ary ny [[fiarahamonina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Ny 6 Oktobra 1928 no nananganana ny [[gazety]] “Fiainana” ka anisan'ny nanorina izany izy. Nampiasaina hampitana fampianarana sy vaovao mifandraika amin’ny fiainana [[Kristianina|kristiana]] sy ny fiangonana io gazety io&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Ny janoary 1937 dia isan’ireo mpandray anjara tamin’ny fanombohana ny &quot;''Firaketana ny fiteny sy ny zavatra malagasy''&quot;, izay natao hanangonana sy hitahirizana ny fahalalana momba ny teny sy ny [[kolontsaina malagasy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny fandalinana ny teny malagasy ==
Anisan’ny sehatra nitsorohan’i Randzavola ny teny malagasy. Nandinika ny tsipelina, ny [[voambolana]] ary ny fomba fampiasana ny teny izy. Tamin’ny 1932 dia namoaka lahatsoratra momba ny tsipelina amin’ny teny malagasy, indrindra ny fampiasana ny mpamaritra anarana voafaritra. Nampiasa ny fanoratana hoe Randzavola ihany koa izy, izay maneho ny fomba fijeriny manokana momba ny fifandraisan’ny soratra sy ny fanononana amin’ny teny malagasy. Ny fandraisany anjara tamin’ny Firaketana sy ny Diksionera amin’ny Baiboly dia nanampy tamin’ny fanangonana sy fandaminana voambolana maro tamin’ny teny malagasy&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny kolontsaina Betsileo ==
Nanokana ampahany lehibe tamin’ny asany ho an’ny kolontsaina Betsileo i Randzavola. Nandalina ny tantara, ny fomba amam-panao, ny fiteny ary ny [[Literatioran' i Madagasikara|literatiora]] [[Betsileo]] izy. Tamin’ny 1925 dia namoaka ny &quot;Spécimen de poésie betsileo&quot; tao amin’ny &quot;Bulletin de l’Académie Malgache&quot; (boky faha VIII) izy. Nandalina ihany koa ny fomba fandevenana sy ny fomban’ny [[Fiarahamonina malagasy|fiarahamonina]] Betsileo izy. Ireo asa ireo dia anisan’ny nanampy tamin’ny fandraketana an-tsoratra ireo fomba sy lova ara-kolontsaina izay nampitaina am-bava hatramin’izany&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny Akademia Malagasy ==
I '''Henri Randzavola''' dia mpikambana tao amin’ny [[Akademia Malagasy]] ary nanoratra momba ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] sy ny [[kolontsaina malagasy]] tao amin’ny gazety akademika. Noho ny fikarohana nataony momba ny teny malagasy dia novainy ny fanoratana ny anarany, ka Ranjavola lasa Randzavola&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

== Fankasitrahana sy mari-boninahitra ==
Tamin’ny 1946 dia nahazo ny mari-boninahitra &quot;Légion d’honneur&quot; i '''Henri Randzavola''' ary notendrena ho Chevalier&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. Nisy ny marika hitan'ny besinimaro ho fahatsiarovana azy dia ny nanendrena lalana mitondra ny anarany, izay hita eny Ankadibevava Andafiavaratra, 18° 55' 14&quot; S, 47° 31' 54&quot; E,  mirefy 215 metatra. Boriboritany faha-2 no misy azy&lt;ref&gt;https://mg.geoview.info/lalana_randzavola_henri,29079259w&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rues-madagascar.openalfa.com/rues/rue-henri-randzavola-anjohy-analamanga&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fahafatesany ==
Nandritra ny taona farany niainany dia mbola nanohy nandray anjara tamin’ny fiainan’ny Fiangonana sy ny asa soratra i Randzavola. Nodimandry tao [[Antananarivo]] izy ny alin'ny 21 Desambra 1953, teo amin’ny faha-80 taonany&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Nankalazaina ny taona 2023 ny faha 150 taonan'ny nahaterahany.&lt;ref&gt;https://midi-madagasikara.mg/jubile-henri-randzavola-honore-a-lacademie-malgache/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lova navelany ==
Ny lova navelan’i '''Henri Randzavola''' dia hita amin’ny sehatra maro. Teo amin’ny Fiangonana dia mpitandrina sy mpampianatra izy. Teo amin’ny fanabeazana dia nandray anjara tamin’ny fampianarana sy ny fananganana tanora kristianina izy. Teo amin’ny literatiora dia namokatra boky sy lahatsoratra maro izy. Teo amin’ny teny malagasy dia nandray anjara tamin’ny fandinihana ny tsipelina, ny voambolana ary ny fandraketana ny teny izy. Teo amin’ny kolontsaina kosa dia nanangona sy nandrakitra ny fomba amam-panao, ny tantara ary ny literatiora, indrindra ny an’ny Betsileo. Noho izany, Henri Randzavola dia anisan’ireo manam-pahaizana malagasy nampifandray ny [[fivavahana]], ny [[fanabeazana]], ny [[Literatioran' i Madagasikara|literatiora]] ary ny fandalinana ny teny sy ny [[kolontsaina]] tamin’ny tapany voalohan’ny taonjato faha-20&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.


[[Sokajy:mpitandrina]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1873]]
[[sokajy:Maty tamin'ny taona 1953]]
[[Sokajy:mpikaroka malagasy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masonjoany</title>
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    <id>302080</id>
    <redirect title="Masinjoany" />
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Xqbot</username>
        <id>802</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Rôbô : mamaha olam-pihodinana mankany amin'i [[Masinjoany]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="26" sha1="214xjrthpka8hna8zuqtuu2w94afivr" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Masinjoany]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masinjoany</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1151067</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karazana feta fanaovana haingon-tarehy</comment>
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      <text bytes="1519" sha1="ttfgp4a90wfcfxz2fvck1ulqxgwh4jx" xml:space="preserve">Ny '''masonjoany''' dia karazana feta fanaovana haingon-tarehy nentim-paharazana ampiasain' ny vehivavy atỳ amin' ny faritra sasany manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]], toy ny ao [[Kômôro]], ny ao [[Mayotte]], ny eto [[Madagasikara]], ary ny ao [[Môzambika]]. Akora fikarakarana tarehy manokana izy io ary lasa marika mampiavaka an' i Madagasikara sy i Mayotte. Ny ''thanaka'' no mitovy aminy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny [[Mony (aretina)|mony]] sy ny ketrona ary ny poizina ao amin' ny hoditra ny masonjoany, sady manana toetra mampitony sy mampiala sasatra ny [[hoditra]].

Tany am-boalohany, ity tabaky ity, iazy vita tamin' ny fangaro hazo sandalo nokosohina tamin' ny haran-dranomasina, dia ampiasain' ny vehivavy malagasy, indrindra fa ny [[Sakalava]]; niely taty aoriana tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondronosy Kômôro]] ny fampiasana azy. Na dia amidy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana]] ankehitriny aza izy io ho fikarakarana tarehy natao hanatsarana ny hoditra, ny tena tanjony tany am-boalohany dia ny hiarovana ny hoditra (amin' ny masoandro sy amin' ny [[Insecta|bibikely]]) mandritra ny asa fanao andavanandro toy ny mahandro sakafo na ny asa fambolena.

Ny masonjoany dia ilazana ny hazon' ny santaly izay kosehina mba hahazoana feta ampiasaina amin' ny fikarakarana tarehy; ampiasaina koa izy io amin' ny fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny hanitra ([[arômaterapia]]), amin' ny fanamboarana ranomanitra, ary amin' ny asa fanaovana fanaka.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1151068</id>
      <parentid>1151067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
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      <comment>Nanisy sary</comment>
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      <text bytes="1615" sha1="bb8rf2s9urg9ylb53aiq8gqvtlinn6i" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Malagasy Woman (26905387615).jpg|vignette|362x362px|Vehivavy malagasy manao masonjoany]]
Ny '''masonjoany''' dia karazana feta fanaovana haingon-tarehy nentim-paharazana ampiasain' ny vehivavy atỳ amin' ny faritra sasany manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]], toy ny ao [[Kômôro]], ny ao [[Mayotte]], ny eto [[Madagasikara]], ary ny ao [[Môzambika]]. Akora fikarakarana tarehy manokana izy io ary lasa marika mampiavaka an' i Madagasikara sy i Mayotte. Ny ''thanaka'' no mitovy aminy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny [[Mony (aretina)|mony]] sy ny ketrona ary ny poizina ao amin' ny hoditra ny masonjoany, sady manana toetra mampitony sy mampiala sasatra ny [[hoditra]].

Tany am-boalohany, ity tabaky ity, iazy vita tamin' ny fangaro hazo sandalo nokosohina tamin' ny haran-dranomasina, dia ampiasain' ny vehivavy malagasy, indrindra fa ny [[Sakalava]]; niely taty aoriana tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondronosy Kômôro]] ny fampiasana azy. Na dia amidy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana]] ankehitriny aza izy io ho fikarakarana tarehy natao hanatsarana ny hoditra, ny tena tanjony tany am-boalohany dia ny hiarovana ny hoditra (amin' ny masoandro sy amin' ny [[Insecta|bibikely]]) mandritra ny asa fanao andavanandro toy ny mahandro sakafo na ny asa fambolena.

Ny masonjoany dia ilazana ny hazon' ny santaly izay kosehina mba hahazoana feta ampiasaina amin' ny fikarakarana tarehy; ampiasaina koa izy io amin' ny fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny hanitra ([[arômaterapia]]), amin' ny fanamboarana ranomanitra, ary amin' ny asa fanaovana fanaka.</text>
      <sha1>bb8rf2s9urg9ylb53aiq8gqvtlinn6i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151069</id>
      <parentid>1151068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:14:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Thelezifor dia namindra ny pejy [[Masinjoana]] any amin'i [[Masinjoany]] ary nanitsaka fihodinana</comment>
      <origin>1151068</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1615" sha1="bb8rf2s9urg9ylb53aiq8gqvtlinn6i" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Malagasy Woman (26905387615).jpg|vignette|362x362px|Vehivavy malagasy manao masonjoany]]
Ny '''masonjoany''' dia karazana feta fanaovana haingon-tarehy nentim-paharazana ampiasain' ny vehivavy atỳ amin' ny faritra sasany manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]], toy ny ao [[Kômôro]], ny ao [[Mayotte]], ny eto [[Madagasikara]], ary ny ao [[Môzambika]]. Akora fikarakarana tarehy manokana izy io ary lasa marika mampiavaka an' i Madagasikara sy i Mayotte. Ny ''thanaka'' no mitovy aminy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny [[Mony (aretina)|mony]] sy ny ketrona ary ny poizina ao amin' ny hoditra ny masonjoany, sady manana toetra mampitony sy mampiala sasatra ny [[hoditra]].

Tany am-boalohany, ity tabaky ity, iazy vita tamin' ny fangaro hazo sandalo nokosohina tamin' ny haran-dranomasina, dia ampiasain' ny vehivavy malagasy, indrindra fa ny [[Sakalava]]; niely taty aoriana tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondronosy Kômôro]] ny fampiasana azy. Na dia amidy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana]] ankehitriny aza izy io ho fikarakarana tarehy natao hanatsarana ny hoditra, ny tena tanjony tany am-boalohany dia ny hiarovana ny hoditra (amin' ny masoandro sy amin' ny [[Insecta|bibikely]]) mandritra ny asa fanao andavanandro toy ny mahandro sakafo na ny asa fambolena.

Ny masonjoany dia ilazana ny hazon' ny santaly izay kosehina mba hahazoana feta ampiasaina amin' ny fikarakarana tarehy; ampiasaina koa izy io amin' ny fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny hanitra ([[arômaterapia]]), amin' ny fanamboarana ranomanitra, ary amin' ny asa fanaovana fanaka.</text>
      <sha1>bb8rf2s9urg9ylb53aiq8gqvtlinn6i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151071</id>
      <parentid>1151069</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:16:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rohy anatiny</comment>
      <origin>1151071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1747" sha1="a9d9lh8l8feoer1p8iy8u96pv8lixcp" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Malagasy Woman (26905387615).jpg|vignette|362x362px|Vehivavy malagasy manao masonjoany]]
Ny '''masonjoany''' na '''masonjoana''' na '''masinjoany''' na '''masinjoana''' dia karazana feta fanaovana haingon-tarehy nentim-paharazana ampiasain' ny vehivavy atỳ amin' ny faritra sasany manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]], toy ny ao [[Kômôro]], ny ao [[Mayotte]], ny eto [[Madagasikara]], ary ny ao [[Môzambika]]. Akora fikarakarana tarehy manokana izy io ary lasa marika mampiavaka an' i Madagasikara sy i Mayotte. Ny ''thanaka'' no mitovy aminy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny [[Mony (aretina)|mony]] sy ny ketrona ary ny poizina ao amin' ny hoditra ny masonjoany, sady manana toetra mampitony sy mampiala sasatra ny [[hoditra]].

Tany am-boalohany, ity tabaky ity, iazy vita tamin' ny fangaro hazo sandalo nokosohina tamin' ny haran-dranomasina, dia ampiasain' ny vehivavy malagasy, indrindra fa ny [[Sakalava]]; niely taty aoriana tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondronosy Kômôro]] ny fampiasana azy. Na dia amidy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana]] ankehitriny aza izy io ho fikarakarana tarehy natao hanatsarana ny hoditra, ny tena tanjony tany am-boalohany dia ny hiarovana ny hoditra (amin' ny masoandro sy amin' ny [[Insecta|bibikely]]) mandritra ny asa fanao andavanandro toy ny mahandro sakafo na ny asa fambolena.

Ny masonjoany dia ilazana ny hazon' ny santaly izay kosehina mba hahazoana feta ampiasaina amin' ny fikarakarana tarehy; ampiasaina koa izy io amin' ny fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny hanitra ([[arômaterapia]]), amin' ny fanamboarana ranomanitra, ary amin' ny asa fanaovana fanaka.

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Masinjoana (zavamaniry)|Masinjoany (zavamaniry)]]</text>
      <sha1>a9d9lh8l8feoer1p8iy8u96pv8lixcp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151073</id>
      <parentid>1151071</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:31:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry ampiasaina</comment>
      <origin>1151073</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2843" sha1="gwm7vlsiqzkckjuk1zmkhsutpajmijx" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Malagasy Woman (26905387615).jpg|vignette|362x362px|Vehivavy malagasy manao masonjoany]]
Ny '''masonjoany''' na '''masonjoana''' na '''masinjoany''' na '''masinjoana''' dia karazana feta fanaovana haingon-tarehy nentim-paharazana ampiasain' ny vehivavy atỳ amin' ny faritra sasany manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]], toy ny ao [[Kômôro]], ny ao [[Mayotte]], ny eto [[Madagasikara]], ary ny ao [[Môzambika]]. Akora fikarakarana tarehy manokana izy io ary lasa marika mampiavaka an' i Madagasikara sy i Mayotte. Ny ''thanaka'' no mitovy aminy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny [[Mony (aretina)|mony]] sy ny ketrona ary ny poizina ao amin' ny hoditra ny masonjoany, sady manana toetra mampitony sy mampiala sasatra ny [[hoditra]].

Tany am-boalohany, ity tabaky ity, iazy vita tamin' ny fangaro hazo sandalo nokosohina tamin' ny haran-dranomasina, dia ampiasain' ny vehivavy malagasy, indrindra fa ny [[Sakalava]]; niely taty aoriana tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondronosy Kômôro]] ny fampiasana azy. Na dia amidy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana]] ankehitriny aza izy io ho fikarakarana tarehy natao hanatsarana ny hoditra, ny tena tanjony tany am-boalohany dia ny hiarovana ny hoditra (amin' ny masoandro sy amin' ny [[Insecta|bibikely]]) mandritra ny asa fanao andavanandro toy ny mahandro sakafo na ny asa fambolena.

Ny masonjoany dia ilazana ny hazon' ny santaly izay kosehina mba hahazoana feta ampiasaina amin' ny fikarakarana tarehy; ampiasaina koa izy io amin' ny fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny hanitra ([[arômaterapia]]), amin' ny fanamboarana ranomanitra, ary amin' ny asa fanaovana fanaka.

== Zavamaniry ampiasaina ==
Indreto ny karazana zavamaniry ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny fanamboarana ilay feta masonjoany:

* ''[[Burasaia madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Burasaia crateva'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.; ''Burasaia nigrescens'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Menispermaceae]]'') -- ambarakasa, ambarasaha, ambarasaka, ambora, amboramanitra, amborasaha, amborasahamaitso, amborasahy, amborasaka, amboravaky, borasaha, faritatsy, faritsaty, hazondahy, odiandro, oditohina, ralakamisy, vodihazo
* ''[[Coptosperma madagascarensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) De Block&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Enterospermum madagascariense'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Homolle&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Rubiaceae]]'') 
* ''[[Ficus grevei]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Moraceae]]'') -- amonta, amota, fihamy
* ''[[Santalum album]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Santalaceae]]'') --  mazozana, sandaly

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Masinjoana (zavamaniry)|Masinjoany (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Coptosperma madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) De Block&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Enterospermum madagascariense'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Homolle&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Rubiaceae]]''); ''[[Brachylaena microphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;Humbert&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]'')</text>
      <sha1>gwm7vlsiqzkckjuk1zmkhsutpajmijx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151084</id>
      <parentid>1151073</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:20:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zavamaniry ampiasaina</comment>
      <origin>1151084</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3211" sha1="bdhjoqyn6k1x55hq2r5td6jy7gqk2hy" xml:space="preserve">[[Sary:Malagasy Woman (26905387615).jpg|vignette|362x362px|Vehivavy malagasy manao masonjoany]]
Ny '''masonjoany''' na '''masonjoana''' na '''masinjoany''' na '''masinjoana''' dia karazana feta fanaovana haingon-tarehy nentim-paharazana ampiasain' ny vehivavy atỳ amin' ny faritra sasany manodidina ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]], toy ny ao [[Kômôro]], ny ao [[Mayotte]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;[http://www.budget-mayotte.com/budgetonline/yt-fr/budget.nsf/c/destination_mayotte,les_masques_mahorais Les masques mahorais]&quot;, ''www.budget-mayotte.com'' [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.budget-mayotte.com%2Fbudgetonline%2Fyt-fr%2Fbudget.nsf%2Fc%2Fdestination_mayotte%2Cles_masques_mahorais Arsiva]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, ny eto [[Madagasikara]], ary ny ao [[Môzambika]]. Akora fikarakarana tarehy manokana izy io ary lasa marika mampiavaka an' i Madagasikara sy i Mayotte. Ny ''thanaka'' no mitovy aminy any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]]. Manampy amin' ny ady amin' ny [[Mony (aretina)|mony]] sy ny ketrona ary ny poizina ao amin' ny hoditra ny masonjoany, sady manana toetra mampitony sy mampiala sasatra ny [[hoditra]].

Tany am-boalohany, ity tabaky ity, iazy vita tamin' ny fangaro hazo sandalo nokosohina tamin' ny haran-dranomasina, dia ampiasain' ny vehivavy malagasy, indrindra fa ny [[Sakalava]]; niely taty aoriana tany amin' ny nosy ao amin' ny [[Tamba-nosin' i Kômôro|Vondronosy Kômôro]] ny fampiasana azy. Na dia amidy any amin' ny [[Tontolo Tandrefana]] ankehitriny aza izy io ho fikarakarana tarehy natao hanatsarana ny hoditra, ny tena tanjony tany am-boalohany dia ny hiarovana ny hoditra (amin' ny masoandro sy amin' ny [[Insecta|bibikely]]) mandritra ny asa fanao andavanandro toy ny mahandro sakafo na ny asa fambolena.

Ny masonjoany dia ilazana ny hazon' ny santaly izay kosehina mba hahazoana feta ampiasaina amin' ny fikarakarana tarehy; ampiasaina koa izy io amin' ny fitsaboana amin' ny alalan' ny hanitra ([[arômaterapia]]), amin' ny fanamboarana ranomanitra, ary amin' ny asa fanaovana fanaka.

== Zavamaniry ampiasaina ==
Indreto ny karazana zavamaniry ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny fanamboarana ilay feta masonjoany:

* ''[[Burasaia madagascariensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Burasaia crateva'' &lt;small&gt;Baill&lt;/small&gt;.; ''Burasaia nigrescens'' &lt;small&gt;Capuron&lt;/small&gt;.) (''[[Menispermaceae]]'') -- ambarakasa, ambarasaha, ambarasaka, ambora, amboramanitra, amborasaha, amborasahamaitso, amborasahy, amborasaka, amboravaky, borasaha, faritatsy, faritsaty, hazondahy, odiandro, oditohina, ralakamisy, vodihazo
* ''[[Coptosperma madagascarensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) De Block&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Enterospermum madagascariense'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Homolle&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Rubiaceae]]'') 
* ''[[Ficus grevei]]'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Moraceae]]'') -- amonta, amota, fihamy
* ''[[Santalum album]]'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Santalaceae]]'') --  mazozana, sandaly

== Jereo koa ==

* [[Masinjoana (zavamaniry)|Masinjoany (zavamaniry)]]: ''[[Coptosperma madagascariense]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) De Block&lt;/small&gt; (← ''Enterospermum madagascariense'' &lt;small&gt;(Baill.) Homolle&lt;/small&gt;) (''[[Rubiaceae]]''); ''[[Brachylaena microphylla]]'' &lt;small&gt;Humbert&lt;/small&gt; (''[[Asteraceae]]'')

== Loharano ==</text>
      <sha1>bdhjoqyn6k1x55hq2r5td6jy7gqk2hy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rivo Rakotovao</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151074</id>
      <parentid>1151057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:39:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50172-80</username>
        <id>41062</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1151074</origin>
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      <text bytes="5206" sha1="0j11xt8mtkky0yp3rnu6eq42kdyc84t" xml:space="preserve">'''Rivo Rakotovao''', teraka tamin'ny 25 Mey 1960, dia mpahay toekarena sy mpanao politika malagasy izay nitana ny andraikitry ny Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona nanomboka ny 12 Novambra 2017 ka hatramin'ny 25 Janoary 2021, ary Filohan'ny Repoblikan'i Madagasikara vonjimaika nanomboka ny volana Septambra 2018 ka hatramin'ny volana Janoary 2019. Mpikambana ao anatin'ny Antoko [[Hery Vaovao ho an' i Madagasikara|Hery Vaovaon'ny Madagasikara]] na HVM&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.madonline.com/rivo-rakotovao-porte-par-une-large-majorite-a-la-tete-du-senat/&lt;/ref&gt;, ary voatendry ho ambasadaoron'i Madagasikara any [[Bruxelles]] ny septambra 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.2424.mg/diplomatie-rivo-rakotovao-nomme-ambassadeur-de-madagascar-en-belgique-georget-mandehatsara-designe-en-inde/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://midi-madagasikara.mg/diplomatie-rivo-rakotovao-a-bruxelles-georget-mandehatsara-a-new-delhi/&lt;/ref&gt;. Manambady ary manan-janaka telo izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://www.lagazette-dgi.com/p-32589.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fianarana ==
Tany [[Mahajanga]] i Rivo Rakotovao no nianatra tamin'ny fianarany ambaratonga voalohany sy faharoa. Nianatra momba ny toekarena tao amin'ny Ivon-toerana Ambony momba ny Lalàna, ny Toekarena, ny Fitantanana ary ny Sosiolojia (EESDEGS) tao [[Antananarivo]] izy teo anelanelan'ny taona 1982 sy 1986. Nahazo ny mari-pahaizana &quot;License&quot; amin'ny siansa ara-toekarena izy ny taona 1984 ary ny &quot;Maîtrise&quot; kosa ny taona 1986.  Avy eo dia nanaraka fiofanana tao amin'ny Foibe momba ny Fianarana momba ny Vola, ny Toekarena ary ny Banky (CEFEB) tany [[Paris]] sy [[Marseille]] izy nandritra ny taona 1992–1993&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny asany talohan’ny politika ==
Talohan’ny naha-mpanao politika azy dia niasa tamina sehatra ara-toekarena sy ara-pitantanana i Rakotovao&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://senat.mg/republiqueiv/la-quatrieme-republique/&lt;/ref&gt; :

* 1986 - 1993: tompon'andraikitra ambony tao amin’ny &quot;Société d’intérêt national des produits agricoles&quot; (SINPA,) orinasa misehatra vokatra azo avy amin'ny fambolena,
* Nitana andraikitra tao amin’ny sampana tany Toliara, Antsiranana ary ny Silo National tao Antananarivo,
* 1993 - 2014 : tompon'andraikitra ambony  tao amin’ny &quot;Société industrielle et agricole du Lac Alaotra&quot; (SILAC), tao amin’ny faritra Alaotra,
* Mpitantana tao amin’ny &quot;Société d’exploitation du port de Toamasina&quot; (SEPT), izay mifandray amin’ny seranan-tsambon’i Toamasina&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iarivo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CV-Rivo-Rakotovao-Ministre-dEtat-charg%C3%A9-des-Infrastructures-de-lEquipemet-et-de-lAm%C3%A9nagement-du-Territoire.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Sehatry ny politika ==
Maro ny sehatra politika efa nahitana an'i Rivo Rakotovao. Efa minisi-panjakana nisahana ny fotodrafitrasa, ny fitaovana, ary ny fandrindrana ny faritra tamin'ny governemantan'ny Praiminisitra [[Roger Kolo|Kolo Roger]] ny taona 2014. Andraikitra izay niova avy eo, nandritra ny fotoana niasan'ireo Praiminisitra [[Jean Ravelonarivo]] sy [[Mahafaly Solonandrasana Olivier|Olivier Mahafaly]], ho Minisitra Panjakana niandraikitra ny Tetikasan'ny Filoham-pirenena, ny Fandrindrana ny Faritra, ary ny Fitaovana. Efa nanana andraikitra tao amin’ny Minisiteran’ny Varotra sy ny Fanjifana, Ministera'ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny taona 2017 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Rivo-Rakotovao-affecte-au-Senat%2C23364.html&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona ===
Tamin'ny 31 Oktobra 2017, lasa Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona izy, nandimby an'i [[Honoré Rakotomanana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Nijanona ho Filohan’ny Sénat hatramin’ny Janoary 2021 izy. I [[Herimanana Razafimahefa]] no nandimby azy&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

=== Filohan'ny Repoblika vonjimaika ===
Tamin'ny 7 Septambra 2018, nametra-pialana tamin'ny toerany maha-Filoham-pirenena azy i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]], izay teo am-pamaranana ny fe-potoam-piasany, mba hahafahany milatsaka hofidiana amin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. Natao ny 7 Novambra nanaraka izany ny fihodinana voalohany tamin'izany fifidianana izany. Nandray ny andraikitry ny Filoha mpisolo toerana avy eo i Rivo Rakotovao, araka ny voalazan'ny Andininy faha-2 amin'ny [[Lalàmpanorenan' i Madagasikara|Lalàmpanorenana]], izay mametraka hoe: &quot;Ny Filohan'ny Repoblika am-perinasa izay milatsaka hofidiana dia tsy maintsy mametra-pialana amin'ny toerany enimpolo andro mialoha ny datin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. Amin'izany tranga izany, ny Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona no miantoka ny fitantanana ny raharaha andavanandron'ny filoham-pirenena mandra-pahatongan'ny fotoana handraisan'ny filoha vaovao ny andraikiny.&quot; Filoham-pirenena vonjimaika izy ny septambra 2018 hatramin'ny janoary 2019 rehefa nianina tamin'ny maha filoham-pirenena azy i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Nirina Rajoelina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ambasadaoron'ny Madagasikara ===
Ny volana septambra 2026 dia voatendry ho ambasadaoron'ny Madagasikara any Bruxelles any [[Eoropa]], teo amin'ny fitondrana fanavaozana tarihin'i  Kolonely Michael Charles Andrianiriana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

[[Sokajy:Ambasadaoron’i Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5244" sha1="8fucbokkd1zw81um60hee1zq9khwbn8" xml:space="preserve">'''Rivo Rakotovao''', teraka tamin'ny 25 Mey 1960, dia mpahay toekarena sy mpanao politika malagasy izay nitana ny andraikitry ny Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona nanomboka ny 12 Novambra 2017 ka hatramin'ny 25 Janoary 2021, ary Filohan'ny Repoblikan'i Madagasikara vonjimaika nanomboka ny volana Septambra 2018 ka hatramin'ny volana Janoary 2019. Mpikambana ao anatin'ny Antoko [[Hery Vaovao ho an' i Madagasikara|Hery Vaovaon'ny Madagasikara]] na HVM&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.madonline.com/rivo-rakotovao-porte-par-une-large-majorite-a-la-tete-du-senat/&lt;/ref&gt;, ary voatendry ho ambasadaoron'i Madagasikara any [[Bruxelles]] ny septambra 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.2424.mg/diplomatie-rivo-rakotovao-nomme-ambassadeur-de-madagascar-en-belgique-georget-mandehatsara-designe-en-inde/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://midi-madagasikara.mg/diplomatie-rivo-rakotovao-a-bruxelles-georget-mandehatsara-a-new-delhi/&lt;/ref&gt;. Manambady ary manan-janaka telo izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://www.lagazette-dgi.com/p-32589.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fianarana ==
Tany [[Mahajanga]] i Rivo Rakotovao no nianatra tamin'ny fianarany ambaratonga voalohany sy faharoa. Nianatra momba ny toekarena tao amin'ny Ivon-toerana Ambony momba ny Lalàna, ny Toekarena, ny Fitantanana ary ny Sosiolojia (EESDEGS) tao [[Antananarivo]] izy teo anelanelan'ny taona 1982 sy 1986. Nahazo ny mari-pahaizana &quot;License&quot; amin'ny siansa ara-toekarena izy ny taona 1984 ary ny &quot;Maîtrise&quot; kosa ny taona 1986.  Avy eo dia nanaraka fiofanana tao amin'ny Foibe momba ny Fianarana momba ny Vola, ny Toekarena ary ny Banky (CEFEB) tany [[Paris]] sy [[Marseille]] izy nandritra ny taona 1992–1993&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny asany talohan’ny politika ==
Talohan’ny naha-mpanao politika azy dia niasa tamina sehatra ara-toekarena sy ara-pitantanana i Rakotovao&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://senat.mg/republiqueiv/la-quatrieme-republique/&lt;/ref&gt; :

* 1986 - 1993: tompon'andraikitra ambony tao amin’ny &quot;Société d’intérêt national des produits agricoles&quot; (SINPA,) orinasa misehatra vokatra azo avy amin'ny fambolena,
* Nitana andraikitra tao amin’ny sampana tany Toliara, Antsiranana ary ny Silo National tao Antananarivo,
* 1993 - 2014 : tompon'andraikitra ambony  tao amin’ny &quot;Société industrielle et agricole du Lac Alaotra&quot; (SILAC), tao amin’ny faritra Alaotra,
* Mpitantana tao amin’ny &quot;Société d’exploitation du port de Toamasina&quot; (SEPT), izay mifandray amin’ny seranan-tsambon’i Toamasina&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iarivo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CV-Rivo-Rakotovao-Ministre-dEtat-charg%C3%A9-des-Infrastructures-de-lEquipemet-et-de-lAm%C3%A9nagement-du-Territoire.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Sehatry ny politika ==
Maro ny sehatra politika efa nahitana an'i Rivo Rakotovao. Efa minisi-panjakana nisahana ny fotodrafitrasa, ny fitaovana, ary ny fandrindrana ny faritra tamin'ny governemantan'ny Praiminisitra [[Roger Kolo|Kolo Roger]] ny taona 2014. Andraikitra izay niova avy eo, nandritra ny fotoana niasan'ireo Praiminisitra [[Jean Ravelonarivo]] sy [[Mahafaly Solonandrasana Olivier|Olivier Mahafaly]], ho Minisitra Panjakana niandraikitra ny Tetikasan'ny Filoham-pirenena, ny Fandrindrana ny Faritra, ary ny Fitaovana. Efa nanana andraikitra tao amin’ny Minisiteran’ny Varotra sy ny Fanjifana, Ministera'ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny taona 2017 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Rivo-Rakotovao-affecte-au-Senat%2C23364.html&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona ===
Tamin'ny 31 Oktobra 2017, lasa Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona izy, nandimby an'i [[Honoré Rakotomanana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Nijanona ho Filohan’ny Sénat hatramin’ny Janoary 2021 izy. I [[Herimanana Razafimahefa]] no nandimby azy&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

=== Filohan'ny Repoblika vonjimaika ===
Tamin'ny 7 Septambra 2018, nametra-pialana tamin'ny toerany maha-Filoham-pirenena azy i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]], izay teo am-pamaranana ny fe-potoam-piasany, mba hahafahany milatsaka hofidiana amin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. Natao ny 7 Novambra nanaraka izany ny fihodinana voalohany tamin'izany fifidianana izany. Nandray ny andraikitry ny Filoha mpisolo toerana avy eo i Rivo Rakotovao, araka ny voalazan'ny Andininy faha-2 amin'ny [[Lalàmpanorenan' i Madagasikara|Lalàmpanorenana]], izay mametraka hoe: &quot;Ny Filohan'ny Repoblika am-perinasa izay milatsaka hofidiana dia tsy maintsy mametra-pialana amin'ny toerany enimpolo andro mialoha ny datin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. Amin'izany tranga izany, ny Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona no miantoka ny fitantanana ny raharaha andavanandron'ny filoham-pirenena mandra-pahatongan'ny fotoana handraisan'ny filoha vaovao ny andraikiny.&quot; Filoham-pirenena vonjimaika izy ny septambra 2018 hatramin'ny janoary 2019 rehefa nianina tamin'ny maha filoham-pirenena azy i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Nirina Rajoelina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ambasadaoron'ny Madagasikara ===
Ny volana septambra 2026 dia voatendry ho ambasadaoron'ny Madagasikara any Bruxelles any [[Eoropa]], teo amin'ny fitondrana fanavaozana tarihin'i  Kolonely Michael Charles Andrianiriana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

[[Sokajy:Ambasadaoron’i Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1960]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5275" sha1="90aszxtlvovfe7cm153vwa2eoub9txo" xml:space="preserve">'''Rivo Rakotovao''', teraka tamin'ny 25 Mey 1960, dia mpahay toekarena sy mpanao politika malagasy izay nitana ny andraikitry ny Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona nanomboka ny 12 Novambra 2017 ka hatramin'ny 25 Janoary 2021, ary Filohan'ny Repoblikan'i Madagasikara vonjimaika nanomboka ny volana Septambra 2018 ka hatramin'ny volana Janoary 2019. Mpikambana ao anatin'ny Antoko [[Hery Vaovao ho an' i Madagasikara|Hery Vaovaon'ny Madagasikara]] na HVM&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.madonline.com/rivo-rakotovao-porte-par-une-large-majorite-a-la-tete-du-senat/&lt;/ref&gt;, ary voatendry ho ambasadaoron'i Madagasikara any [[Bruxelles]] ny septambra 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.2424.mg/diplomatie-rivo-rakotovao-nomme-ambassadeur-de-madagascar-en-belgique-georget-mandehatsara-designe-en-inde/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://midi-madagasikara.mg/diplomatie-rivo-rakotovao-a-bruxelles-georget-mandehatsara-a-new-delhi/&lt;/ref&gt;. Manambady ary manan-janaka telo izy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://www.lagazette-dgi.com/p-32589.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fianarana ==
Tany [[Mahajanga]] i Rivo Rakotovao no nianatra tamin'ny fianarany ambaratonga voalohany sy faharoa. Nianatra momba ny toekarena tao amin'ny Ivon-toerana Ambony momba ny Lalàna, ny Toekarena, ny Fitantanana ary ny Sosiolojia (EESDEGS) tao [[Antananarivo]] izy teo anelanelan'ny taona 1982 sy 1986. Nahazo ny mari-pahaizana &quot;License&quot; amin'ny siansa ara-toekarena izy ny taona 1984 ary ny &quot;Maîtrise&quot; kosa ny taona 1986.  Avy eo dia nanaraka fiofanana tao amin'ny Foibe momba ny Fianarana momba ny Vola, ny Toekarena ary ny Banky (CEFEB) tany [[Paris]] sy [[Marseille]] izy nandritra ny taona 1992–1993&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

== Ny asany talohan’ny politika ==
Talohan’ny naha-mpanao politika azy dia niasa tamina sehatra ara-toekarena sy ara-pitantanana i Rakotovao&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://senat.mg/republiqueiv/la-quatrieme-republique/&lt;/ref&gt; :

* 1986 - 1993: tompon'andraikitra ambony tao amin’ny &quot;Société d’intérêt national des produits agricoles&quot; (SINPA,) orinasa misehatra vokatra azo avy amin'ny fambolena,
* Nitana andraikitra tao amin’ny sampana tany Toliara, Antsiranana ary ny Silo National tao Antananarivo,
* 1993 - 2014 : tompon'andraikitra ambony  tao amin’ny &quot;Société industrielle et agricole du Lac Alaotra&quot; (SILAC), tao amin’ny faritra Alaotra,
* Mpitantana tao amin’ny &quot;Société d’exploitation du port de Toamasina&quot; (SEPT), izay mifandray amin’ny seranan-tsambon’i Toamasina&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iarivo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CV-Rivo-Rakotovao-Ministre-dEtat-charg%C3%A9-des-Infrastructures-de-lEquipemet-et-de-lAm%C3%A9nagement-du-Territoire.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Sehatry ny politika ==
Maro ny sehatra politika efa nahitana an'i Rivo Rakotovao. Efa minisi-panjakana nisahana ny fotodrafitrasa, ny fitaovana, ary ny fandrindrana ny faritra tamin'ny governemantan'ny Praiminisitra [[Roger Kolo|Kolo Roger]] ny taona 2014. Andraikitra izay niova avy eo, nandritra ny fotoana niasan'ireo Praiminisitra [[Jean Ravelonarivo]] sy [[Mahafaly Solonandrasana Olivier|Olivier Mahafaly]], ho Minisitra Panjakana niandraikitra ny Tetikasan'ny Filoham-pirenena, ny Fandrindrana ny Faritra, ary ny Fitaovana. Efa nanana andraikitra tao amin’ny Minisiteran’ny Varotra sy ny Fanjifana, Ministera'ny fambolena sy fiompiana ny taona 2017 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Rivo-Rakotovao-affecte-au-Senat%2C23364.html&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona ===
Tamin'ny 31 Oktobra 2017, lasa Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona izy, nandimby an'i [[Honoré Rakotomanana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Nijanona ho Filohan’ny Sénat hatramin’ny Janoary 2021 izy. I [[Herimanana Razafimahefa]] no nandimby azy&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;.

=== Filohan'ny Repoblika vonjimaika ===
Tamin'ny 7 Septambra 2018, nametra-pialana tamin'ny toerany maha-Filoham-pirenena azy i [[Rajaonarimampianina Hery|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]], izay teo am-pamaranana ny fe-potoam-piasany, mba hahafahany milatsaka hofidiana amin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. Natao ny 7 Novambra nanaraka izany ny fihodinana voalohany tamin'izany fifidianana izany. Nandray ny andraikitry ny Filoha mpisolo toerana avy eo i Rivo Rakotovao, araka ny voalazan'ny Andininy faha-2 amin'ny [[Lalàmpanorenan' i Madagasikara|Lalàmpanorenana]], izay mametraka hoe: &quot;Ny Filohan'ny Repoblika am-perinasa izay milatsaka hofidiana dia tsy maintsy mametra-pialana amin'ny toerany enimpolo andro mialoha ny datin'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena. Amin'izany tranga izany, ny Filohan'ny Antenimierandoholona no miantoka ny fitantanana ny raharaha andavanandron'ny filoham-pirenena mandra-pahatongan'ny fotoana handraisan'ny filoha vaovao ny andraikiny.&quot; Filoham-pirenena vonjimaika izy ny septambra 2018 hatramin'ny janoary 2019 rehefa nianina tamin'ny maha filoham-pirenena azy i [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Nirina Rajoelina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ambasadaoron'ny Madagasikara ===
Ny volana septambra 2026 dia voatendry ho ambasadaoron'ny Madagasikara any Bruxelles any [[Eoropa]], teo amin'ny fitondrana fanavaozana tarihin'i  Kolonely Michael Charles Andrianiriana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

[[Sokajy:Ambasadaoron’i Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika malagasy]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1960]]
[[Sokajy:Diplaomaty malagasy]]</text>
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    <title>Jean-Philippe Tanguy</title>
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      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[File:JeanPhilippe Tanguy.jpg|thumb|JeanPhilippe Tanguy]] '''Jean-Philippe Tanguy''', teraka tamin'ny 25 martsa 1986, tao [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] ([[Pas-de-Calais]]), dia mpanao politika [[frantsa]]y.  Tany am-piandohana dia mpikambana mpanatanteraka tao amin'ny ''Debout la France'' (DLF) izy ary mpiara-miasa akaiky tamin'i Nicolas Dupont-Aignan teo anelanelan'ny taona 2012 sy 2020, niditra tao amin'ny Rassemblement National (RN) tamin'ny taona 2020 ary nanangan... »</comment>
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'''Jean-Philippe Tanguy''', teraka tamin'ny 25 martsa 1986, tao [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] ([[Pas-de-Calais]]), dia mpanao politika [[frantsa]]y.

Tany am-piandohana dia mpikambana mpanatanteraka tao amin'ny ''Debout la France'' (DLF) izy ary mpiara-miasa akaiky tamin'i Nicolas Dupont-Aignan teo anelanelan'ny taona 2012 sy 2020, niditra tao amin'ny Rassemblement National (RN) tamin'ny taona 2020 ary nanangana ny antoko ''L'Avenir français'' (Ny Hoavin'ny Frantsay).

Tamin'ny fifidianana isam-paritra tamin'ny taona 2021, voafidy ho mpanolotsaina isam-paritra ho an'i [[Hauts-de-France]] tao amin'ny lisitry ny [[RN]] an'i Sébastien Chenu izy.

Ho an'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin'ny taona 2022, niasa ho lefitry ny mpitantana ny fampielezan-kevitra ho an'i [[Marine Le Pen]] izy ary voafidy ho ao amin'ny Antenimieram-pirenena nisolo tena ny faritra faha-4 ao Somme tamin'ny fifidianana [[solombavambahoaka]] nanaraka.

Voafidy indray izy tamin'ny fifidianana solombavambahoaka haingana tamin'ny taona 2024.

== Jereo koa ==
{{reflist}}

{{CLEFDETRI:Tanguy, Jean-Philippe }}
[[Sokajy:Rassemblement National]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika frantsay]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1986]
[[Sokajy:solombavambahoaka frantsay]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1288" sha1="qohu8yglmvgqkkyji4o6pcrng3fw88f" xml:space="preserve">[[File:JeanPhilippe Tanguy.jpg|thumb|JeanPhilippe Tanguy]]
'''Jean-Philippe Tanguy''', teraka tamin'ny 25 martsa 1986, tao [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] ([[Pas-de-Calais]]), dia mpanao politika [[frantsa]]y.

Tany am-piandohana dia mpikambana mpanatanteraka tao amin'ny ''Debout la France'' (DLF) izy ary mpiara-miasa akaiky tamin'i Nicolas Dupont-Aignan teo anelanelan'ny taona 2012 sy 2020, niditra tao amin'ny Rassemblement National (RN) tamin'ny taona 2020 ary nanangana ny antoko ''L'Avenir français'' (Ny Hoavin'ny Frantsay).

Tamin'ny fifidianana isam-paritra tamin'ny taona 2021, voafidy ho mpanolotsaina isam-paritra ho an'i [[Hauts-de-France]] tao amin'ny lisitry ny [[RN]] an'i Sébastien Chenu izy.

Ho an'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin'ny taona 2022, niasa ho lefitry ny mpitantana ny fampielezan-kevitra ho an'i [[Marine Le Pen]] izy ary voafidy ho ao amin'ny Antenimieram-pirenena nisolo tena ny faritra faha-4 ao Somme tamin'ny fifidianana [[solombavambahoaka]] nanaraka.

Voafidy indray izy tamin'ny fifidianana solombavambahoaka haingana tamin'ny taona 2024.

== Jereo koa ==
{{reflist}}

{{CLEFDETRI:Tanguy, Jean-Philippe }}
[[Sokajy:Rassemblement National]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika frantsay]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1986]]
[[Sokajy:solombavambahoaka frantsay]]</text>
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'''Jean-Philippe Tanguy''', teraka tamin'ny 25 martsa 1986, tao [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] ([[Pas-de-Calais]]), dia mpanao politika [[frantsa]]y.

Tany am-piandohana dia mpikambana mpanatanteraka tao amin'ny ''Debout la France'' (DLF) izy ary mpiara-miasa akaiky tamin'i Nicolas Dupont-Aignan teo anelanelan'ny taona 2012 sy 2020, niditra tao amin'ny Rassemblement National (RN) tamin'ny taona 2020 ary nanangana ny antoko ''L'Avenir français'' (Ny Hoavin'ny Frantsay).

Tamin'ny fifidianana isam-paritra tamin'ny taona 2021, voafidy ho mpanolotsaina isam-paritra ho an'i [[Hauts-de-France]] tao amin'ny lisitry ny [[RN]] an'i Sébastien Chenu izy.

Ho an'ny fifidianana filoham-pirenena tamin'ny taona 2022, niasa ho lefitry ny mpitantana ny fampielezan-kevitra ho an'i [[Marine Le Pen]] izy ary voafidy ho ao amin'ny Antenimieram-pirenena nisolo tena ny faritra faha-4 ao Somme tamin'ny fifidianana [[solombavambahoaka]] nanaraka.

Voafidy indray izy tamin'ny fifidianana solombavambahoaka haingana tamin'ny taona 2024.

== Jereo koa ==
{{reflist}}

{{CLEFDETRI:Tanguy, Jean-Philippe }}
[[fr:Jean-Philippe Tanguy]]
[[Sokajy:Rassemblement National]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika frantsay]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1986]]
[[Sokajy:solombavambahoaka frantsay]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:14:37Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Thelezifor</username>
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      <comment>Thelezifor dia namindra ny pejy [[Masinjoana]] any amin'i [[Masinjoany]] ary nanitsaka fihodinana</comment>
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      <text bytes="26" sha1="214xjrthpka8hna8zuqtuu2w94afivr" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Masinjoany]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50172-80</username>
        <id>41062</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sokajy:Oleaceae]]</comment>
      <origin>1151078</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="oksr6nhhybzqppl6yz7u2paiunjehyx" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:Oleaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>oksr6nhhybzqppl6yz7u2paiunjehyx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Olea europaea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302091</id>
    <redirect title="Ôliva (zavamaniry)" />
    <revision>
      <id>1151080</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:47:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50172-80</username>
        <id>41062</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[Sokajy:Olea]] [[Sokajy:Oliva]] »</comment>
      <origin>1151080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32" sha1="1a188auty7p136nfd4qwrip1iii86jl" xml:space="preserve">[[Sokajy:Olea]]
[[Sokajy:Oliva]]</text>
      <sha1>1a188auty7p136nfd4qwrip1iii86jl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151081</id>
      <parentid>1151080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T12:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50172-80</username>
        <id>41062</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy fihodinana mankany [[Ôliva (zavamaniry)]]</comment>
      <origin>1151081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50" sha1="r7ssejyjojgy818zaq517lkfrsjm2ho" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ôliva (zavamaniry)]]

[[Sokajy:Olea]]</text>
      <sha1>r7ssejyjojgy818zaq517lkfrsjm2ho</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Script</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151087</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T17:21:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51531-55</username>
        <id>41125</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{#switch:{{{1|}}} &lt;!--scripts with dedicated templates--&gt; &lt;!-- As of 2021-12-03, ISO 15924 and Unicode:  1. This list contains *all* ISO 15924 regular script IDs. By ISO pattern alpha4 = 'Abcd'.  2. Not included: Special codes (ISO number 900-999, e.g. symbols, unk scripts, private scripts):     Qaaa..Qabx, Zinh Zmth Zsye Zsym Zxxx Zyyy Zzzz  3. Totals: 204 regular alpha4 script IDs.  4. Depending on font handling, scripts can be commented out, i.e. will use... »</comment>
      <origin>1151087</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14300" sha1="lwa1n35hucke2vym50x7z96suoa5c9d" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{{1|}}}
&lt;!--scripts with dedicated templates--&gt;
&lt;!-- As of 2021-12-03, ISO 15924 and Unicode:
 1. This list contains *all* ISO 15924 regular script IDs. By ISO pattern alpha4 = 'Abcd'.
 2. Not included: Special codes (ISO number 900-999, e.g. symbols, unk scripts, private scripts):
    Qaaa..Qabx, Zinh Zmth Zsye Zsym Zxxx Zyyy Zzzz
 3. Totals: 204 regular alpha4 script IDs.
 4. Depending on font handling, scripts can be commented out, i.e. will use regular fonts.
 5. Scripts defined in Unicode: to be documented.
 6. Scripts that have lang-specifier like 'fa-Arab': unchanged, not an ISO15924 topic --&gt;
|Adlm = {{Script/Adlam|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Afak = {{Script/Afak|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Aghb = {{Script/Caucasian Albanian|1={{{2}}}|size={{{size|16px}}}|height={{{height|2.1em}}}}}
|Ahom = {{Script/Ahom|1={{{2}}}}}
|Arab|Arabic = {{Script/Arabic|1={{{2}}}}}
|fa-Arab|az-Arab = {{Script/Nastaliq|1={{{2}}}|2=fa}}
|ps-Arab = {{Script/Nastaliq|1={{{2}}}|2=ps}}
|ur-Arab = {{Script/Nastaliq|1={{{2}}}}}
|Aran|Nastaliq = {{Script/Nastaliq|1={{{2}}}}}
|Armi = {{Script/Aramaic|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Armn = {{Script/Armenian|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Avst = {{Script/Avestan|1={{{2}}}}}
|Bali = {{Script/Balinese|1={{{2}}}}}
|Bamu = {{Script/Bamum|1={{{2}}}}}
|Bass = {{Script/Bassa Vah|1={{{2}}}}}
|Batk = {{Script/Batak|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Beng = {{Script/Bengali|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Bhks = {{Script/Bhaiksuki|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Blis = {{Script/Blissymbols|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
&lt;!--|Bopo = {{Script/Bopomofo|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Brah = {{Script/Brahmi|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Brai|Braille = (Feb 2021: ISO 15924 code; in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option) --&gt;
|Bugi = {{Script/Lontara|2={{{2}}}}}
|Buhd = {{Script/Buhid|1={{{2}}}}}
|Cakm = {{Script/Chakma|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Cans = {{Script/Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
&lt;!--|Cari = {{Script/Carian|1={{{2}}}}} supported with Segoe UI Historic font--&gt;
|Cham = {{Script/Cham|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Cher|Cherokee = (Feb 2021: ISO 15924 code; in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option) --&gt;
|Chrs = {{Script/Chorasmian|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Cirt = {{Script/Cirth|1={{{2}}}}} supported by CSUR--&gt;
|Copt = {{Script/Coptic|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Cpmn = {{Script/Cypro-Minoan|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
&lt;!--|Cprt = {{Script/Cprt|1={{{2}}}}} see below--&gt;
&lt;!--|Cyrl = {{Script/Cyrillic|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Cyrs = {{Script/Early Cyrillic|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Deva = {{Script/Devanagari|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Diak = {{Script/Dhives_Akuru|1={{{2}}}}}
|Dogr = {{Script/Dogra|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Dsrt = {{Script/Deseret|1={{{2}}}}} supported with Segoe UI Symbol font--&gt;
|Dupl = {{Script/Duployan|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Egyd = {{Script/Demotic|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
&lt;!--|Egyh = {{Script/Hieratic|1={{{2}}}}} combined with &quot;Egyptian Hieroglyphs&quot;--&gt;
|Egyp = {{Script/Egyptian_Hieroglyphs|1={{{2}}}}}
|Elba = {{Script/Elbasan|1={{{2}}}}}
|Elym = {{Script/Elymaic|1={{{2}}}}}
|Ethi = {{Script/Ethiopic|1={{{2}}}}}
|Geok = {{Script/Khutsuri|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Geor = {{Script/Georgian|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Glag = {{Script/Glagolitic|1={{{2}}}}}
|Gong = {{Script/Gunjala Gondi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Gonm = {{Script/Masaram Gondi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Goth = {{Script/Gothic|1={{{2}}}}}
|Gran = {{Script/Grantha|1={{{2}}}}}
|Grek|Greek = {{Script/Greek|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Gujr = {{Script/Gujarati|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
&lt;!--|Guru = {{Script/Gurmukhi|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
&lt;!--|Hanb = (Hanzi with bopomofo) commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
&lt;!--|Hang = {{Script/Hangul|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
&lt;!--|Hani = commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Hano|Hanunoo = {{Script/Hanunoo|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Hans = (Simplified Chinese) commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
&lt;!--|Hant = (Traditional Chinese) commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Hatr = {{Script/Hatran|1={{{2}}}}}
|Ha|Hausa|Hausawi={{Script/Hausawi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Hebr|Hebrew = {{Script/Hebrew|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Hira = (Japanese hiragana) commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Hluw = {{Script/Anatolian hieroglyphs|1={{{2}}}}}
|Hmng = {{Script/Pahawh Hmong|1={{{2}}}}}
|Hmnp = {{Script/Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Hrkt = (Japanese kana) commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Hung = {{Script/Old Hungarian|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Inds = {{Script/Indus|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Ital = {{Script/Old Italic|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Jamo = under Korean --&gt;
|Java = {{Script/Javanese|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Jpan = (Japanese) commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
&lt;!--|Jurc = {{Script/Jurchen|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Kali = {{Script/Kayah Li|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Kana = (Japanese katakana) commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Kawi = {{Script/Kawi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Khar = {{Script/Kharosthi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Khmr = {{Script/Khmer|1={{{2}}}}}
|Khoj = {{Script/Khojki|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Kitl = {{Script/Khitan Large Script|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Kits = {{Script/Khitan Small Script|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Knda = {{Script/Kannada|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Kore = {{Script/Korean|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Kpel = {{Script/Kpelle|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Krai = {{Script/Kirat Rai|1={{{2}}}}}
|Kthi = {{Script/Kaithi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Lana = {{Script/Tai Tham|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Laoo = {{Script/Lao|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, but transclusion may be needed to display Pali additional characters--&gt;
&lt;!--|Latf = {{Script/Fraktur blackletter|1={{{2}}}}} see below--&gt;
&lt;!--|en-Latf = {{Script/Textura blackletter|1={{{2}}}}} see below--&gt;
&lt;!--|it-Latf = {{Script/Rotunda blackletter|1={{{2}}}}} see below--&gt;
|Latg = {{Script/Gaelic|1={{{2}}}}}
|Latn = {{Script/Classical and Medieval Latin|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Leke = {{Script/Leke|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Lepc = {{Script/Lepcha|1={{{2}}}}}
|Limb|Limbu = {{Script/Limbu|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Lina = {{Script/Linear A|1={{{2}}}}} see below--&gt;
&lt;!--|Linb = {{Script/Linear B|1={{{2}}}}} see below--&gt;
|Lisu|Fraser = {{Script/Lisu|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Loma = {{Script/Loma|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Lyci = {{Script/Lycian|1={{{2}}}}}
|Lydi = {{Script/Lydian|1={{{2}}}}}
|Mahj|Mahajani = {{Script/Mahajani|1={{{2}}}}}
|Maka = {{Script/Makasar|1={{{2}}}}}
|Mand = {{Script/Mandaic|1={{{2}}}}} 
|Mani = {{Script/Manichaean|1={{{2}}}}} 
|Marc = {{Script/Marchen|1={{{2}}}}} 
&lt;!--|Maya = {{Script/Maya|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Medf = {{Script/Medefaidrin|1={{{2}}}}} 
|Mend = {{Script/Mende Kikakui|1={{{2}}}}} 
|Merc = {{Script/Meroitic Cursive|1={{{2}}}}} 
|Mero = {{Script/Meroitic Hieroglyphs|1={{{2}}}}} 
&lt;!--|Mlym = {{Script/Malayalam|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Modi = {{Script/Modi|1={{{2}}}}} 
&lt;!--|Mong|Mongolian = use Template:MongolUnicode --&gt;
&lt;!--|Moon = {{Script/Moon Type|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Mroo|Mru = {{Script/Mro|1={{{2}}}}} 
|Mtei|Meithei|Meetei Mayek = {{Script/Meetei Mayek|1={{{2}}}}}
|Mult = {{Script/Multani|1={{{2}}}}} 
|Mymr|Myanmar = {{Script/Myanmar|1={{{2}}}}}
|Nagm = {{Script/Nag Mundari|1={{{2}}}}}
|Nand = {{Script/Nandinagari|1={{{2}}}}}
|Narb = {{Script/Old North Arabian|1={{{2}}}}}
|Nbat = {{Script/Nabataean|1={{{2}}}}}
|Newa = {{Script/Newa|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Nkdb = {{Script/Naxi Dongba|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
&lt;!--|Nkgb = {{Script/Naxi Geba|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Nkoo|Nko = {{Script/Nko|1={{{2}}}}}
|noto = {{Script/Noto|1={{{2}}}}}
|Nshu = {{Script/Nushu|1={{{2}}}}}
|Ogam = {{Script/Ogham|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Olck = {{Script/Ol Chiki|1={{{2}}}}} supported with Nirmala UI font--&gt;
|Orkh = {{Script/Orkhon|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Orya = {{Script/Oriya|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Osge = {{Script/Osage|1={{{2}}}}} &lt;!--supported with latest Gadugi font--&gt;
|Osma = {{Script/Osmanya|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Ougr = (Feb 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option) --&gt;
|Palm = {{Script/Palmyrene|1={{{2}}}}}
|Pauc = {{Script/Pau Cin Hau|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Pcun = (Feb 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option) --&gt;
&lt;!--|Pelm = (Feb 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option) --&gt;
|Perm = {{Script/Old Permic|1={{{2}}}}}
|Phag = {{Script/Phags-pa|1={{{2}}}}}
|Phli = {{Script/Inscriptional Pahlavi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Phlp = {{Script/Psalter Pahlavi|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Phlv = {{Script/Book Pahlavi|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Phnx|Phoenician = {{Script/Phoenician|1={{{2}}}}}
|Piqd = {{Script/Klingon|1={{{2}}}}}
|Plrd|Pollard = {{Script/Pollard|1={{{2}}}}}
|Prti = {{Script/Inscriptional Parthian|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Psin = (Feb 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option) --&gt;
&lt;!--|Ranj = (Feb 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option) --&gt;
|Rjng|Rejang = {{Script/Rejang|1={{{2}}}}}
|Rohg = {{Script/Hanifi Rohingya|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Roro = {{Script/Rongorongo|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Runr = {{Script/Runic|1={{{2}}}|2={{{3}}}}}
|Samr = {{Script/Samaritan|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Sara = {{Script/Sarati|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Sarb = {{Script/Old South Arabian|1={{{2}}}}}
|Saur = {{Script/Saurashtra|1={{{2}}}}}
|serif = {{Script/Serif|1={{{2}}}}}
|Sgnw = {{Script/Sutton SignWriting|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Shaw = {{Script/Shavian|1={{{2}}}}} supported with Segoe UI Historic font--&gt;
|Shrd = {{Script/Sharada|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Shui|Sui = {{Script/Shuishu|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Sidd = {{Script/Siddham|1={{{2}}}}}
|Sind = {{Script/Khudawadi|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Sinh = {{Script/Sinhala|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion (vertical)--&gt;
|Sogd = {{Script/Sogdian|1={{{2}}}}}
|Sogo = {{Script/Old Sogdian|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Sora = {{Script/Sorang Sompeng|1={{{2}}}}} supported with Nirmala UI font --&gt;
|Soyo = {{Script/Soyombo|1={{{2}}}}}
|Sund|Sunda = {{Script/Sundanese|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Sunu = {{Script/Sunuwar|1={{{2}}}}} (Dec 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
|Sylo = {{Script/Sylheti|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Syrc = {{Script/Syriac|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion / ??? --&gt;
|Syre = {{Script/Estrangelo Syriac|1={{{2}}}}}
|Syrj = {{Script/Western Syriac|1={{{2}}}}}
|Syrn = {{Script/Eastern Syriac|1={{{2}}}}}
|Tagb = {{Script/Tagbanwa|1={{{2}}}}}
|Takr = {{Script/Takri|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Tale = {{Script/Tai Le|1={{{2}}}}} supported with Microsoft Tai Le font--&gt;
|Talu = {{Script/New Tai Lue|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Taml = {{Script/Tamil|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Tang = {{Script/Tangut|1={{{2}}}}} 
|Tavt = {{Script/Tai Viet|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Telu = {{Script/Telugu|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
&lt;!--|Teng = {{Script/Tengwar|1={{{2}}}}} supported by CSUR--&gt;
|Tfng = {{Script/Tifinagh|1={{{2}}}}}
|Tglg = {{Script/Baybayin|1={{{2}}}}}
|Thaa = {{Script/Thaana|1={{{2}}}}} 
&lt;!--|Thai = {{Script/Thai|1={{{2}}}}} commonly supported, may not need transclusion--&gt;
|Tibt|Tibetan = {{Script/Tibetan|1={{{2}}}}}
|Tirh = {{Script/Tirhuta|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Toto = {{Script/Toto|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
&lt;!--|Ugar = {{Script/Ugaritic|1={{{2}}}}} see below: by class=&quot;...&quot; --&gt;
|Vaii|Vai = {{Script/Vai|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Visp = {{Script/Visible Speech|1={{{2}}}}} supported by CSUR--&gt;
|Vith = {{Script/Vithkuqi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Wara = {{Script/Warang Citi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Wcho = {{Script/Wancho|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--|Wole = {{Script/Woleai|1={{{2}}}}} (Mar 2021: ISO 15924 code; not in Unicode. Not a {{Script}} option)--&gt;
&lt;!--|Xpeo = {{Script/Old Persian|1={{{2}}}}} see below: by class=&quot;...&quot; --&gt;
|Xsux = {{Script/Cuneiform|1={{{2}}}}}
|Yezi|Yezidi = {{Script/Yezidi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Yiii|Yi = {{Script/Yi|1={{{2}}}}}
|Zanb = {{Script/Zanabazar Square|1={{{2}}}}}
&lt;!--other scripts use standard language spans--&gt;
|#default =&lt;!--
 START SWITCH2
 (resolving the switch1-#default. switch2 does envelop outer code, templatestyles &amp; span)
 --&gt;{{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Script/styles.css&quot; /&gt;}}&lt;span {{#switch:{{{1}}}
  &lt;!-- tweaks which should be moved to global CSS classes, with fonts supported in the Universal Language Selector --&gt;
  |Cprt         = class=&quot;script-Cprt&quot;
  &lt;!-- |Hano|Hanunoo = class=&quot;script-Hano&quot; Already catched above, uses {{Script/Hanunoo}} --&gt;
  |Latf|de-Latf = class=&quot;script-Latf&quot;
  |en-Latf      = class=&quot;script-en-Latf&quot;
  |it-Latf      = class=&quot;script-it-Latf&quot;
  |Lina         = class=&quot;script-Lina&quot;
  |Linb         = class=&quot;script-Linb&quot;
  |Ugar         = class=&quot;script-Ugar&quot;
  |Xpeo         = class=&quot;script-Xpeo&quot;
  |#default     = class=&quot;Unicode&quot;&lt;!-- all-the-rest ends up here. BMP(?), use generic &quot;Unicode&quot; CSS class for all other scripts, including &quot;Latn&quot; for IPA --&gt;
 }}&gt;{{{2}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
 Tail job: analyse &amp; categorise input-1 (script ID) not recognised
 --&gt;{{#switch:{{{1|}}}|Cprt|Hano|Hanunoo|Latf|de-Latf|en-Latf|it-Latf|Lina|Linb|Ugar|Xpeo=&lt;!--
 --&gt;|#default={{Script/doc/id-unk|input1={{{1|&lt;noinclude&gt;Test&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}}}&lt;!-- end Tail job
 --&gt;}}}}&lt;!-- end switch2, switch1

--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lwa1n35hucke2vym50x7z96suoa5c9d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Script/styles.css</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151088</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T17:24:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51531-55</username>
        <id>41125</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « /* {{pp|small=yes}} */ .script-Cprt { 	font-size: 1.25em; 	font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Noto Sans Cypriot', Code2001; /* SMP, rarely supported, state font explicitly */ }  .script-Hano { 	font-size: 125%; 	font-family: 'Noto Sans Hanunoo', FreeSerif, Quivira; }  .script-Latf, .script-de-Latf { 	font-size: 1.25em; 	font-family: 'Breitkopf Fraktur', UnifrakturCook, UniFrakturMaguntia, MarsFraktur, 'MarsFraktur OT', KochFraktur, 'KochFraktur OT', Offenbache... »</comment>
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      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="1794" sha1="to9aa9qaeuqkgtop1b6xcl1wzboo9fw" xml:space="preserve">/* {{pp|small=yes}} */
.script-Cprt {
	font-size: 1.25em;
	font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Noto Sans Cypriot', Code2001; /* SMP, rarely supported, state font explicitly */
}

.script-Hano {
	font-size: 125%;
	font-family: 'Noto Sans Hanunoo', FreeSerif, Quivira;
}

.script-Latf,
.script-de-Latf {
	font-size: 1.25em;
	font-family: 'Breitkopf Fraktur', UnifrakturCook, UniFrakturMaguntia, MarsFraktur, 'MarsFraktur OT', KochFraktur, 'KochFraktur OT', OffenbacherSchwabOT, 'LOB.AlteSchwabacher', 'LOV.AlteSchwabacher', 'LOB.AtlantisFraktur', 'LOV.AtlantisFraktur', 'LOB.BreitkopfFraktur', 'LOV.BreitkopfFraktur', 'LOB.FetteFraktur', 'LOV.FetteFraktur', 'LOB.Fraktur3', 'LOV.Fraktur3', 'LOB.RochFraktur', 'LOV.RochFraktur', 'LOB.PostFraktur', 'LOV.PostFraktur', 'LOB.RuelhscheFraktur', 'LOV.RuelhscheFraktur', 'LOB.RungholtFraktur', 'LOV.RungholtFraktur', 'LOB.TheuerbankFraktur', 'LOV.TheuerbankFraktur', 'LOB.VinetaFraktur', 'LOV.VinetaFraktur', 'LOB.WalbaumFraktur', 'LOV.WalbaumFraktur', 'LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur', 'LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur', 'LOB.WieynckFraktur', 'LOV.WieynckFraktur', 'LOB.ZentenarFraktur', 'LOV.ZentenarFraktur';
}

.script-en-Latf{
	font-size: 1.25em;
	font-family: Cankama, 'Old English Text MT', 'Textura Libera', 'Textura Libera Tenuis', London;
}

.script-it-Latf {
	font-size: 1.25em;
	font-family: 'Rotunda Pommerania', Rotunda, 'Typographer Rotunda';
}

.script-Lina {
	font-size: 1.25em;
	font-family: 'Noto Sans Linear A';
}

.script-Linb {
	font-size: 1.25em;
	font-family: 'Noto Sans Linear B';
}

.script-Ugar {
	font-size: 1.25em;
	font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Noto Sans Ugaritic', Aegean;
}

.script-Xpeo {
	font-size: 1.25em;
	font-family: 'Segoe UI Historic', 'Noto Sans Old Persian', Artaxerxes, Xerxes, Aegean; /* Use Xerxes for Old Persian */
}</text>
      <sha1>to9aa9qaeuqkgtop1b6xcl1wzboo9fw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Script/doc/id-unk</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151089</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T17:42:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51531-55</username>
        <id>41125</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{Script/doc/id-unk/core |input1={{{input1|&lt;noinclude&gt;Test&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}} |alpha4={{Script/doc/id-unk/name-to-alpha4|input1={{{input1|&lt;noinclude&gt;Test&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}}} |is-alpha4={{#invoke:String|match|s=_{{Script/doc/id-unk/name-to-alpha4|input1={{{input1|&lt;noinclude&gt;Test&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}}}|pattern=^_[A-Z][a-z][a-z][a-z]$|plain=false |nomatch=}}&lt;!-- is-alpha4=empty/blank when false --&gt; |is-in-unicode={{ISO 15924 alias|alpha4={{Script/doc/id-unk/name-to-alpha4|inp... »</comment>
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      <text bytes="639" sha1="s30oei4n1mkad9094rjd2fbgvft7cux" xml:space="preserve">{{Script/doc/id-unk/core
|input1={{{input1|&lt;noinclude&gt;Test&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
|alpha4={{Script/doc/id-unk/name-to-alpha4|input1={{{input1|&lt;noinclude&gt;Test&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}}}
|is-alpha4={{#invoke:String|match|s=_{{Script/doc/id-unk/name-to-alpha4|input1={{{input1|&lt;noinclude&gt;Test&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}}}|pattern=^_[A-Z][a-z][a-z][a-z]$|plain=false |nomatch=}}&lt;!-- is-alpha4=empty/blank when false --&gt;
|is-in-unicode={{ISO 15924 alias|alpha4={{Script/doc/id-unk/name-to-alpha4|input1={{{input1|&lt;noinclude&gt;Test&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}}}|default=}}&lt;!--is-in-unicode=Unicode Alias ID when true; blank when false --&gt;
}}&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Script/doc/id-unk/core</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151090</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T17:43:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51531-55</username>
        <id>41125</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{#if:{{{is-alpha4|&lt;noinclude&gt;LAtn&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}&lt;!-- if:is-alpha4 - check is defined?:   --&gt;|{{#if:{{Script/doc/id-unk/is-iso-alpha4|alpha4={{{alpha4|&lt;noinclude&gt;Latn&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|default=}}|&lt;!-- ok --&gt;|{{Script/doc/id-unk/report|catsort={{{input1|}}}|msg=}}}}&lt;!-- else:is-alpha4 - report   --&gt;|{{Script/doc/id-unk/report|catsort={{{input1|}}}|msg=}}&lt;!-- --&gt;}}&lt;!-- --&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation|1=Template:Script/doc/id-unk/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt; »</comment>
      <origin>1151090</origin>
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      <text bytes="443" sha1="r26d11hfd295vevqxtfr1xxep14vnc5" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{is-alpha4|&lt;noinclude&gt;LAtn&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}&lt;!-- if:is-alpha4 - check is defined?:
  --&gt;|{{#if:{{Script/doc/id-unk/is-iso-alpha4|alpha4={{{alpha4|&lt;noinclude&gt;Latn&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|default=}}|&lt;!-- ok --&gt;|{{Script/doc/id-unk/report|catsort={{{input1|}}}|msg=}}}}&lt;!-- else:is-alpha4 - report
  --&gt;|{{Script/doc/id-unk/report|catsort={{{input1|}}}|msg=}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation|1=Template:Script/doc/id-unk/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>r26d11hfd295vevqxtfr1xxep14vnc5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Script/doc/id-unk/report</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151091</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T17:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51531-55</username>
        <id>41125</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « &lt;includeonly&gt;{{main other|[[Category:Pages using Template:Script with unknown input|{{{catsort|}}}_]]}}&lt;/includeonly&gt; »</comment>
      <origin>1151091</origin>
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      <sha1>alsivb9b6nxrstt8z53d3fr3cr6t5t8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Script/Khutsuri</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151092</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T17:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51531-55</username>
        <id>41125</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Script/styles_khutsuri.css&quot; /&gt;}}&lt;span class=&quot;script-khutsuri&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Script/basic documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt; »</comment>
      <origin>1151092</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="182" sha1="mj3wiekaw0i8su1s9n49c2yh3li7cxd" xml:space="preserve">{{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifsubst|1=|2=&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Script/styles_khutsuri.css&quot; /&gt;}}&lt;span class=&quot;script-khutsuri&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Script/basic documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mj3wiekaw0i8su1s9n49c2yh3li7cxd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Script/styles khutsuri.css</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151093</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T17:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51531-55</username>
        <id>41125</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « .script-khutsuri { 	font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Kelvinch', 'Noto Sans Georgian', 'Noto Serif Georgian','Segoe WP','Segoe UI','Sylfaen',Quivira,'MPH 2B Damase'; } »</comment>
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      <model>sanitized-css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="178" sha1="slrfoo79vbhl8x0qu3o4xglpsouvo7n" xml:space="preserve">.script-khutsuri {
	font-family: 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Kelvinch', 'Noto Sans Georgian', 'Noto Serif Georgian','Segoe WP','Segoe UI','Sylfaen',Quivira,'MPH 2B Damase';
}</text>
      <sha1>slrfoo79vbhl8x0qu3o4xglpsouvo7n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Script/basic documentation</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151094</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T17:46:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51531-55</username>
        <id>41125</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{Documentation  | content =  {{#if:{{{ISO 15924|}}}|{{template shortcut|Script/{{{ISO 15924}}}}}}} {{#ifexist: Template:Script/styles {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}.css | {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Script/styles {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}.css}} }} {{#ifeq: {{{script_link|}}} | no | | This template is used to mark text written in {{#if: {{{script_link|}}} | [[{{{script_link}}}]] | [[{{SUBPAGENAME}} script]] }}, using a set of specific fonts and a specific font size. }... »</comment>
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      <text bytes="864" sha1="2e07bumx9gwe9ol1ar1he8ehz7ocdok" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation
 | content =
 {{#if:{{{ISO 15924|}}}|{{template shortcut|Script/{{{ISO 15924}}}}}}}
{{#ifexist: Template:Script/styles {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}.css | {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Script/styles {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}.css}} }}
{{#ifeq: {{{script_link|}}} | no | | This template is used to mark text written in {{#if: {{{script_link|}}} | [[{{{script_link}}}]] | [[{{SUBPAGENAME}} script]] }}, using a set of specific fonts and a specific font size. }}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateData header|{{Replace|{{PAGENAME}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}|}}}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Text&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The piece of text.&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
[[Category:Script–font templates|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2e07bumx9gwe9ol1ar1he8ehz7ocdok</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endrika:Sandbox other</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>302100</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151095</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T17:47:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51531-55</username>
        <id>41125</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « &lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#if:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#invoke:String|sublength|s={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;SUBPAGENAME}}|i=0|len=7}}|sandbox|1}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|1}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#invoke:String|match|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;PAGENAME}}|/sandbox/styles.css$|plain=false|nomatch=}}|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}}}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;&lt;!--  --&gt;{{documentation}} »</comment>
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      <text bytes="441" sha1="qglmfuqapld2v7m2c8ehvpm6ympoljf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#if:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#invoke:String|sublength|s={{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;SUBPAGENAME}}|i=0|len=7}}|sandbox|1}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#ifeq:{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|1}}{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#invoke:String|match|{{safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;PAGENAME}}|/sandbox/styles.css$|plain=false|nomatch=}}|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}}}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;&lt;!--

--&gt;{{documentation}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mpikambana:Sparta Gaz</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>302101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151126</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T04:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sparta Gaz</username>
        <id>41129</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ Zah mila vola nahazok</comment>
      <origin>1151126</origin>
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      <text bytes="8" sha1="2gv9z6so01znqk6ykj9f9wwq19b0d4p" xml:space="preserve">Franklin</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>São Pedro dos Crentes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1151130</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T07:58:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50172-80</username>
        <id>41062</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « {{coord|04|57|S|47|30|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana       = São Pedro dos Crentes |velarantany   =  979 |haavo = |fanjakana      = {{Maranhao}} |isam-ponina   = 5.780&lt;ref&gt;[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ma/sao-pedro-dos-crentes/panorama IBGE 2022]&lt;/ref&gt; |firenena      = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary          = Acailandia 2.jpg |saina = Bandeira-acailandia.png }} [[File:Maranhao Municip Acailandia.svg|thumb|left|Açailândia]] '''São Pedro dos Cren... »</comment>
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      <text bytes="1072" sha1="bhbfgmja8ugoqjx146jm7np366rxn9k" xml:space="preserve">{{coord|04|57|S|47|30|W}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       = São Pedro dos Crentes
|velarantany   =  979
|haavo =
|fanjakana      = {{Maranhao}}
|isam-ponina   = 5.780&lt;ref&gt;[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ma/sao-pedro-dos-crentes/panorama IBGE 2022]&lt;/ref&gt;
|firenena      = {{Brazila}}
|ben'ny tanàna =
|sary          = Acailandia 2.jpg
|saina = Bandeira-acailandia.png
}}
[[File:Maranhao Municip Acailandia.svg|thumb|left|Açailândia]]
'''São Pedro dos Crentes''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. Izy no tanàna fahavalo lehibe indrindra ao amin'ny fanjakana.


== Jeografia ==
Ny isam-ponina dia 5780 mponina.  Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 738 km

Kaominina manamorona ny sisintany: [[Estreito]], [[São João do Paraíso (Maranhão)]], [[Sítio Novo]], [[Formosa da Serra Negra]], [[Fortaleza dos Nogueiras]], [[Feira Nova do Maranhão]] ary [[Carolina]].


== Jereo koa ==
* [[Brazila]]
** [[Maranhão]]

== Tsiahy ==
&lt;references/&gt;


{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]]</text>
      <sha1>bhbfgmja8ugoqjx146jm7np366rxn9k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151131</id>
      <parentid>1151130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T08:00:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50172-80</username>
        <id>41062</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1151131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1078" sha1="oc9bo9ndx1sxy7p6zn1hc0f9ptk28yl" xml:space="preserve">{{coord|04|57|S|47|30|W}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       = São Pedro dos Crentes
|velarantany   =  979
|haavo =
|fanjakana      = {{Maranhao}}
|isam-ponina   = 5.780&lt;ref&gt;[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ma/sao-pedro-dos-crentes/panorama IBGE 2022]&lt;/ref&gt;
|firenena      = {{Brazila}}
|ben'ny tanàna =
|sary          = São Pedro dos Crentes.JPG
|saina = 
}}
[[File:Maranhao Municip SaoPedrodosCrentes.svg|thumb|left|]]
'''São Pedro dos Crentes''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakan São Pedro dos Crentesa federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. Izy no tanàna fahavalo lehibe indrindra ao amin'ny fanjakana.


== Jeografia ==
Ny isam-ponina dia 5780 mponina.  Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 738 km

Kaominina manamorona ny sisintany: [[Estreito]], [[São João do Paraíso (Maranhão)]], [[Sítio Novo]], [[Formosa da Serra Negra]], [[Fortaleza dos Nogueiras]], [[Feira Nova do Maranhão]] ary [[Carolina]].


== Jereo koa ==
* [[Brazila]]
** [[Maranhão]]

== Tsiahy ==
&lt;references/&gt;


{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]]</text>
      <sha1>oc9bo9ndx1sxy7p6zn1hc0f9ptk28yl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151132</id>
      <parentid>1151131</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T08:00:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50172-80</username>
        <id>41062</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1151132</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1016" sha1="tit84e8l35gf697s1pcq5ewmt6tjyfm" xml:space="preserve">{{coord|04|57|S|47|30|W}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       = São Pedro dos Crentes
|velarantany   =  979
|haavo =
|fanjakana      = {{Maranhao}}
|isam-ponina   = 5.780&lt;ref&gt;[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ma/sao-pedro-dos-crentes/panorama IBGE 2022]&lt;/ref&gt;
|firenena      = {{Brazila}}
|ben'ny tanàna =
|sary          = São Pedro dos Crentes.JPG
|saina = 
}}
[[File:Maranhao Municip SaoPedrodosCrentes.svg|thumb|left|]]
'''São Pedro dos Crentes''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakan São Pedro dos Crentesa federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. 


== Jeografia ==
Ny isam-ponina dia 5780 mponina.  Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 738 km

Kaominina manamorona ny sisintany: [[Estreito]], [[São João do Paraíso (Maranhão)]], [[Sítio Novo]], [[Formosa da Serra Negra]], [[Fortaleza dos Nogueiras]], [[Feira Nova do Maranhão]] ary [[Carolina]].


== Jereo koa ==
* [[Brazila]]
** [[Maranhão]]

== Tsiahy ==
&lt;references/&gt;


{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]]</text>
      <sha1>tit84e8l35gf697s1pcq5ewmt6tjyfm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1151133</id>
      <parentid>1151132</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T08:01:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50172-80</username>
        <id>41062</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1151133</origin>
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      <text bytes="1016" sha1="hf503b3jthoz29psrpqwhm8yzrxe1ec" xml:space="preserve">{{coord|06|49|S|46|32|W}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana       = São Pedro dos Crentes
|velarantany   =  979
|haavo =
|fanjakana      = {{Maranhao}}
|isam-ponina   = 5.780&lt;ref&gt;[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ma/sao-pedro-dos-crentes/panorama IBGE 2022]&lt;/ref&gt;
|firenena      = {{Brazila}}
|ben'ny tanàna =
|sary          = São Pedro dos Crentes.JPG
|saina = 
}}
[[File:Maranhao Municip SaoPedrodosCrentes.svg|thumb|left|]]
'''São Pedro dos Crentes''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakan São Pedro dos Crentesa federaly tenan'i [[Maranhão]] ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. 


== Jeografia ==
Ny isam-ponina dia 5780 mponina.  Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[São Luís]]): 738 km

Kaominina manamorona ny sisintany: [[Estreito]], [[São João do Paraíso (Maranhão)]], [[Sítio Novo]], [[Formosa da Serra Negra]], [[Fortaleza dos Nogueiras]], [[Feira Nova do Maranhão]] ary [[Carolina]].


== Jereo koa ==
* [[Brazila]]
** [[Maranhão]]

== Tsiahy ==
&lt;references/&gt;


{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Maranhão]]</text>
      <sha1>hf503b3jthoz29psrpqwhm8yzrxe1ec</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonchus arvencis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302103</id>
    <redirect title="Sonchus arvensis" />
    <revision>
      <id>1151135</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T09:06:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Sonchus arvencis]] ho [[Sonchus arvensis]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1151135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32" sha1="fgb2qxq593e77ysxmind8psz93f7ft8" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Sonchus arvensis]]</text>
      <sha1>fgb2qxq593e77ysxmind8psz93f7ft8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonchus oleaceus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302104</id>
    <redirect title="Sonchus oleraceus" />
    <revision>
      <id>1151139</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T09:15:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thelezifor</username>
        <id>15140</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nanova ny anaran'i [[Sonchus oleaceus]] ho [[Sonchus oleraceus]] i Thelezifor</comment>
      <origin>1151139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="5bc8ylgyqrswec1r20yb9eg5mbgbscb" xml:space="preserve">#FIHODINANA [[Sonchus oleraceus]]</text>
      <sha1>5bc8ylgyqrswec1r20yb9eg5mbgbscb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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