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Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy
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[[Sary:Logo Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy.jpg|vignette|Sary sy soratra famantarana ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, ahitana ny [[Raozin' i Lotera]] sy ny foto-kevitra efatry ny [[loteranisma]]|313x313px]]
Ny '''Fiangonana''' '''Loterana''' '''Malagasy''', izay hafohezina amin' ny hoe '''FLM''', dia [[Protestantisma eto Madagasikara|fiangonana kristiana prôtestanta eto Madagasikara]] izay nateraky ny fitambaran' ny fikambanana misiônera loterana maro tamin' ny taona 1950 niasa teto [[Madagasikara]], sady miray amin' ny Fiangonana Loterana maneran-tany izay nipoitra avy tamin' ny [[Fanavaozana prôtestanta|Refôrmasiôna]] nataon-dry [[Martin Luther|Martin Lotera]]. Nanohy ny fampianaran' ny misiônera loterana tonga teto Madagasikara ity fiangonana ity nefa manana ny fahasamihafany amin' ny fiangonana loterana any ivelany, noho ny fisian' ny [[Fifohazana (kristianisma malagasy)|fifohazana]] mampiavaka ny [[prôtestantisma eto Madagasikara]], izay mandray anjara lehibe amin' ny fitaomana ny olona ho kristiana. Laharana fahatelo ny FLM raha ny habetsahan' ny mpino no jerena (eo anelanelan' ny 3 tapitrisa sy 4 tapitrisa any ho any). Maro amin' ny mpino ao aminy no misahana ny asan' ny misionera any amin' ny firenen-kafa toa an' i [[Kamerona]] sy i [[Papoa Ginea Vao|Papoa Ginea Vaovao]] ary i [[Tailandy]].
== Ny tantarany ==
=== Ny niandohany ===
[[Sary:Fourth class at the Seminary for pastoral education at Masinandraina Madagascar 1893.jpg|vignette|251x251px|Mpianatra pastora tao [[Masinandraina]] tamin' ny taona 1893 (tahirin-tsarin'ny NMS).]]
Ny fiangonana loterana teto Madagasikara dia vokatry ny [[Fitoriana ny filazantsara|fitoriana ny Filazantsara]] nataon' ny misiônera avy tamin' ny Misiona Norveziana ([[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]: ''[[Norwegian Missionary Society]]'' - NMS, na [[Fiteny nôrveziana|nôrveziana]]: ''Norsk Misjonsselskap'') nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1866 sy ny Misiona Amerikana (''[[American Lutheran Church]]'' - ALC sy ''Lutheran Board of Mission'' - LBM) nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1888. Tao [[Betafo]] no naorin' i John Engh sy i Nils Nielsen ny trano fiangonana loterana voalohany teto Madagasikara ary i [[John Engh]] no [[pastora]] loterana voalohany tao.
Ireo tanora roa lahy ireo dia nirahina taorian' ny fandehanany hanao fanadihadiana avy any [[Afrika Atsimo]], nosahanin' ilay eveka atao hoe [[Hans Schreuder]]. Tonga tao [[Antananarivo]] izy ireo tamin' ny 27 Septambra 1866 ka narakarahin' ny misionera maro hafa koa, anisan' izany ireto tanisaina manaraka ireto: [[Torkild Guttormsen Rosaas]], [[Lars Dalhe]], [[Nielsen Lund]], [[Lars Vig]], [[Arne Valen]], [[L. J. Rostvig]], [[Hans Wilhelmsen]] ary [[O. J. R. Thesen]].
Ny misionera loterana avy any [[Etazonia|Amerika]] dia tonga teto fotoana fohy taorian' izany ka nanorina stasiôna, indrindra ny tao amin' ny tapany atsimo-andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]]. Nomena ho sahanin' izy ireo io faritra io tamin' ny taona 1891 taorian' ny fangatahana nataon' izy ireo tamin' ny NMS, ka anisan' ny misionera amerikana tonga voalohany i Habstad sy i Tou.
=== Fanorenana fiangonana sy sekoly ary toeram-pitsaboana ===
[[Sary:Antsirabe-07.jpg|vignette|Ny fiangonana loterana Antsirabe-Antampotanàna, niorina tamin' ny taona 1869.]]
Raha vao tonga teto [[Madagasikara]] ny fikambanana misionera dia nanorina sekoly sy hôpitaly maro mba hampandrosoana ny [[Fitoriana ny filazantsara|fitoriana ny Filazantsara]] sy hanampiana ny fiarahamonina malagasy.
Anisan' ny fiangonana voaorin' ny misionera voalohany teto Madagasikara ireto tanisaina manaraka ireto:
* Betafo (1867)
* Masinandraina sy Antsirabe (1869)
* Loharano sy Soavina Ambohimasina ary Manandona (1870)
* Antananarivo Ambatovinaky sy Fisakana (1871)
* Ilaka sy Ambatofinandrahana ary Fihasinana (1875)
* Soatanana Fianarantsoa (1876)
* Masombahoaka Fianarantsoa (1878).
=== Mankany amin' ny fahaleovan-tena ===
Ny [[pastora]] sady evanjelista loterana malagasy voalohany dia nofanin' ny misionera nôrveziana tao [[Ambatovinaky]] ([[Antananarivo]]) tamin' ny taona 1871 hatramin' ny 1885 alohan' ny hamindrana izany any [[Masinandraina]], ao akaikin' [[Antsirabe]] (1890 - 1893), avy eo tao [[Fianarantsoa]]. Fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe "Efapolo lahy" ny sekoly fanofanana [[pastora]] sy evanjelista tao Masinandraina, izay nisy mpianatra miisa 40 tamin' ny fiandohany. Efa nisy koa ny mpampianatra zaza madinika nofanina tao Masinandraina nanomboka tamin' ny Janoary 1878 rehefa voatsangan' i [[Lars Vig]] ny sekoly fanofanana mpampianatra.
Ireo misionera samihafa ireo, taorian' izay, dia nanorina fikambanana maro niaraka tamin' ny mpino loterana malagasy. Ny fikambanana misionera telo lehibe dia nikambana ho iray tamin' ny Nôvambra 1950 ka niova anarana hoe ''Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy''. Niisa 1 800 ny fiangonana loterana efa niorina tamin' izany fotoana izany. Ny pastora [[Rakoto Andrianarijaona]] no lany ho filohan' ny FLM voalohany ny Septambra 1961 tamin' ny fanaovana Synoda Lehibe tany [[Toliara]].
== Ny FLM ankehitriny ==
=== Ny fitomboany ===
Ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy dia fiangonana tsy mitsaha-mitombo indrindra amin' ny fiangonana loterana maneran-tany, vokatry ny asan' ny [[Fifohazana (kristianisma malagasy)|Fifohazana]] indrindra indrindra. Miisa 3 000 000 any ho any ny mpino loterana eto Madagasikara araka tatitra nataon' ny [[Lutheran World Federation]] (LWF)<ref><small>[https://www.lutheranworld.org/content/malagasy-lutheran-church "Malagasy Lutheran Church", ''The lutheran world federation''] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lutheranworld.org/content/malagasy-lutheran-church |date=20200303082824 }}</small></ref> sy ny [[World Council of Churches]] <ref><small>[https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/malagasy-lutheran-church-flm "Malagasy Lotheran Chuhrch", ''World Council of Churches'']</small></ref>. Tamin' ny taona 2018 dia tombanana ho 4 tapitrisa izany. Laharana fahasivy amin' ny fiangonana loterana lehibe indrindra maneran-tany mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Lutheran World Federation]] ny FLM.
Ny FLM ankehitriny dia misy synoda miisa 25, ka anisan' izany ny Synoda FLM any Eorôpa, sy fiangonana miisa 6 000 any ho any miparitaka manerana an' i Madagasikara sy any am-pitan-dranomasina. Tamin' ny taona 2018 no nankalazana miaraka ny faha-500 taonan' ny [[Fanavaozana prôtestanta|Refôrmasiôna prôtestanta]] nataon' i [[Martin Lotera]] sy ny faha-150 taonana nahaterahan' ny Fiangonana loterana eto Madagasikara.
=== Ny Fifohazana ===
Ny [[Fifohazana (kristianisma malagasy)|Fifohazana]] dia hetsika ara-panahy, miorina amin' ny tenin' Andriamanitra<ref name=":1"><small>Bennett, Robert H. (2013). ''I Am Not Afraid: Demon Possession and Spiritual Warfare''. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. pp. xx, 6.</small></ref>, izay mirafitra koa ao amin' ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy<ref><small>Razakandriana, Rivoniaina (2009). [https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/162057/2009_Rivoniaina-MTh.pdf?sequence=1 "The Malgasy Lutheran Church (FLM) as a missional church: An analysis of past and present models of evangelization with a special focus on the contemporary movement Tafika Masina"] {{Wayback|url=https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/162057/2009_Rivoniaina-MTh.pdf?sequence=1 |date=20190209191022 }} (PDF). Misjonshøgsskolen. p. 56.</small></ref>. Nanomboka tamin' ny fiovan' i [[Rainisoalambo]] tao [[Soatanàna]] ho kristiana tamin' ny taona 1894 izany, izay nitarika olona maro atao hoe "mpiandry" [[Fitoriana ny filazantsara|hitory ny Filazantsara]] sy hitaona ny olona mbola tsy kristiana (ataony hoe "Jentilisa") sy amin' ireo izay efa kristianina nefa mbola manohy ny [[fivavahan-drazana malagasy]]<ref name=":1" />. Manerana an' i [[Madagasikara]] dia ahitana toerana mitokana atao hoe "[[Tobim-pifohazana|toby]]", izay andraisany ny olona mila fampaherezana sy [[Fahasitranana mahagaga|fahasitranana]] amin' ny alalan' ny [[vavaka]] sy [[fametrahan-tanana]] sy [[Famoahana fanahy ratsy|fandroahana devoly]] ary fampaherezana<ref><small>Daniel, Rakotojoelinandrasana (2008). [https://books.google.mg/books?id=LMMjORk3uIcC&q=the+toby&pg=PR9&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=the%20toby&f=false "Holistic and Integrated Care for Spirit, Mind, and Body as Practiced by the Fifohazana"]. In Rich, Cynthia Holder (ed.). ''The Fifohazana: Madagascar's Indigenous Christian Movement''. pp. 91–92. <nowiki>ISBN 9781604975819</nowiki>.</small></ref>. Ny foibem-pifohazana atao hoe "[[Tobilehibe|toby lehibe]]", sy ny toby madinika atao hoe "zana-toby" sy ny mpikambana ao aminy no mivodrona ao amin' ny Firaisan' ny Fifohazana Loterana (FIFIL), izay sampana ao anatin' ny FLM. Mivondrona ao amin' ny fikambanam-pifohazana lehibe kokoa iraisany amin' ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM) ny FIFIL.
=== Ny asa misiona any ivelan' i Madagasikara ===
Ankehitriny dia miara-miasa amin' ny fikambanana misionera loterana hafa ny FLM, indrindra amin' ny [[Norwegian Missionary Society]] (NMS), amin' ny fampielezana ny filazantsara sy ny loteranisma any amin' ny firenen-kafa toa an' i [[Kômôro]], i [[Kamerona]], i [[Tailandy]], i [[Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao]]. Ny ankamaroan' ireo misionera ireo dia dokotera, mpitsabo nify, [[evanjelista]] ary [[pastora]].
=== Ny fitantanam-piangonana ===
==== Rafitra sinôdaly ====
Ny [[Rafitra presbiteriana sinôdaly|rafitra synôdaly]], araka ny andraisan' ny FLM azy, dia [[Rafi-pitantanam-piangonana|rafitra]] mampanjaka ny fiombonana sy ny fiaraha-midinika eo amin' ny mino tsy anavahana sokajy (na [[pastora]] na [[laîka]]), mba handraisana fanapahan‐kevitra mikasika ny fiainan' ny Fiangonana, ka ireo mpanapa-kevitra ireo (izay mivondrona ao amin' ny atao hoe ny komity) dia solontena tendrena na fidina isaky ny ambaratonga (fiangonana, [[fitandremana]], [[fileovana]], synodam-paritany, FLM manontolo), mandritra ny fotoana voafetra, ka mitovy zo eo amin' ny fanapahan-kevitra ny samy pastora sy ny samy laîka ary ny ambaratonga mitovy tantana (izay mitovy adidy koa). Iombonana ny fitsipika sy ny [[litorjia]], iombonana koa ny asa isan' ambaratonga<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/8780/ Rafitry ny FLM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/8780/ |date=20211114092345 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref><ref><small>Tsy mahasakana ny mpitodra fivavahana sasany hanao didy jadona anefa izany noho ny tsy fahalalan' ny mpivavaka ao amin' ny fiangonana iadidiany.</small></ref>.
==== Ny ambaratonga eo amin' ny FLM ====
Ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy dia voalamina araka ny [[Rafitra presbiteriana sinôdaly|rafitra synodaly]]<ref><small>Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, ''Lalampanorenana an'ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy'', KSL-21 Toliary, Septambra 2012, p. 5.</small></ref> ka ahitana an' izao:
* ny fiangonana isan-toerana maromaro mifanakaiky no mitambatra ho "[[fitandremana]]" (atao hoe "mpitondra fitandremana" ny [[pastora]] misahana azy);
* ny "fitandremana" maromaro mifanakaiky no mivondrona ho "[[fileovana]]" (atao hoe "mpitondra fileovana" ny pastora misahana azy);
* ny "fileovana" maromaro no miray ho "synodam-paritany" (atao hoe "filohan' ny synodam-paritany" ny pastora misahana azy);
* ireo rehetra ireo no mamorona ny FLM manontolo izay tantanan' ny Synoda Lehibe (atao hoe "filohan' ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy" ny pastora misahana azy).
Pastora daholo no mitandrina ireo ambaratonga ireo afa-tsy ny fiangonana tsy renivohi-pitandremana izay sahanin' ny katekista. Fifidianana eo anivon' ny synodam-paritany nomamaritra ny fanomezana [[pastora]] ny fitandremana sy ny fileovana.
==== Ny birao foibe sy ny Sinôda lehibe ====
Ny birao foiben' ny fiangonana loterana malagasy no tompon' andraikitra voalohany amin' ny fitantanana ny FLM. Izy no birao mpanatanteraka ny Komitin' ny Sinôda lehibe (KSL) sy ny Komity Mpiandraikitra ny Sinôda Lehibe (KMSL). Toa izao ny mpikambana ao aminy: misy filoha, filoha lefitra, tonia, tonia lefitra ary mpitahiry vola.
Ny Synoda Lehibe dia fitambaran' ny synodam-paritany rehetra. Ny komitin' io Synoda Lehibe io (na KSL) dia mivory isaky ny efatra taona, ary ny Komity Mpiandraikitra ny Synoda Lehibe (KMSL) dia mivory indroa isan-taona. Ny filohan' ny FLM dia pastora fidin' ny KSL hisahana izany andraikitra izany mandritra ny efatra taona. Ny KSL dia ahitana mpikambana miisa 500 any ho any izay misolo tena ny synodam-paritany loterana rehetra eto amin' ny Nosy sy any Eorôpa.
Ireto ny pastora filohan' ny FLM enina nifandimby nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1950:
# Rakoto Andrianarijaona
# Ranaivojaona Razafimanantsoa
# Rabenorolahy Benjamin
# Rakoto Endor Modeste
# Rakotonirina Davida
# Rakotozafy Denis
Tamin' ny naha filohan' ny FLM ny pastora Rakotonirina David dia toy izao ny mpikambana tao aminy:
* Filoha: Pastora Dr. Rakotonirina David.
* Filoha Lefitra: Pastora Andrianjafy Octave Bénil, Filohan'ny SPats
* Tonia: Pastora Randrianirina Dieu Donné.
* Tonia Lefitra: Toromaree Mananato, Teolojiana.
* Mpitahirivola: Atoa Lahiniriko Jean.
==== Ny Synodam-Paritany ====
Manana Synodam-Paritany (SP) miisa 25 ny FLM ka ireto avy izy ireo: [[Synodam-Paritany Avaratrimania|SP Avaratrimania]] (SPAM), [[Synodam-Paritany Afovoany|SP Afovoany]] (SPAf), [[Synodam-Paritany Fiherenana Toliara|SP Fiherenana Toliara]] (SPFT), [[Synodam-Paritany Betioky Atsimo|SP Betioky Atsimo]] (SPBA), [[Synodam-Paritany Atsinanana|SP Atsinanana]] (SPAts), [[Synodam-Paritany Menabe|SP Menabe]] (SPM), [[Synodam-Paritany Toamasina|SP Toamasina]] (SPTm), [[Synodam-Paritany Boina Mahajanga|SP Boina Mahajanga]] (SPBM), [[Synodam-Paritany Fisakana|SP Fisakana]] (SpaFi), [[Synodam-Paritany Faradofay|SP Faradofay]] (SPFa), [[Synodam-Paritany Ambovombe Androy|SP Ambovombe Androy]] (SPAA), [[Synodam-Paritany Antsiranana|SP Antsiranana]] (SPA), [[Synodam-paritany Manakara (FLM)|SP Manakara]] (SPMa), [[Synodam-Paritany Nosivolo|SP Nosivolo]] (SPN), [[Synodam-Paritany Anala|SP Anala]] (SPAN), [[Synodam-Paritany Horombe|SP Horombe]] (SPH), [[Synodam-Paritany Antananarivo|SP Antananarivo]] (SPAnta), [[Synodam-Paritany Melaky|SP Melaky]] (SPMel), [[Synodam-Paritany Alaotra|SP Alaotra]] (SPAl), [[Synodam-Paritany Avaratra Atsinanana|SP Avaratra Atsinanana]] (SPAvA), [[Synodam-Paritany Andriry Betroka|SP Andriry Betroka]] (SPAB), [[Synodam-Paritany Sofia|SP Sofia]] (SPSofia), [[Synodam-Paritany FLM Eoropa|SP FLM Eoropa]] (SPFLME), [[Synodam-Paritany Ambodiharan' i Vondrozo|SP Ambodiharan' i Vondrozo]] (SPAV), ary [[Synodam-Paritany Atsimonimania|SP Atsimonimania]] (SPAtsim)
Ireto ny filohan' ny synodam-paritany talohan' ny fanavaozana ny birao tamin' ny taona 2020:
# SP Avaratrimania (SPAM): Pastora Ratolojanahary Andriamanampisoa.
# SP Afovoany (SPAf): Pastora Rralaivao François.
# SP Fiherenana Toliara (SPFT): Pastora Razafimahatratra Angelos Modeste.
# SP Betioky Atsimo (SPBA): Pastora Mahatoky Tsiombota.
# SP Atsinanana (SPAts): Pastora Andrianjafy Octave Bénil.
# SP Menabe (SPM): Pastora Velomahatombo.
# SP Toamasina (SPTm): Pastora Kotosoa Claire.
# SP Boina Mahajanga (SPBM): Pastora Rakoto Andriamamonjimisainasoa.
# SP Fisakana (SpaFi): Pastora Randriamandimbisoa Alfred.
# SP Faradofay (SPFa): Pastora Manarintsoa Rakotondravony Soloson.
# SP Ambovombe Androy (SPAA): Pastora Mampitohy Elia.
# SP Antsiranana (SPA): Pastora Razafinarivo Robelson.
#SP Manakara (SPMa): Pastora Ratsitintanirina Gastrien.
# SP Nosivolo (SPN): Pastora Rafamantanantsoa Zafimbelo Nelson.
# SP Anala (SPAN) Pastora Randriamanantena.
# SP Horombe (SPH): Pastora Andrianandraina Jean Josefa.
# SP Antananarivo (SPAnta): Pastora Dr. Razafindrakoto Andrianoelina Georges.
# SP Melaky (SPMel): Pastora Razafindrainiparisolo Mamy R.
# SP Alaotra (SPAl): Pastora Ramanandraibe Helson Martin.
# SP Avaratra Atsinanana (SPAvA): Pastora Razafimahatratra Jean de Dieu.
# SP Andriry Betroka (SPAB): Pastora Rasolondrazany Manoela.
# SP Sofia (SPSofia):Pastora Toto Armand.
# SP FLM Eoropa (SPFLME): Pastora Dr. Rakotondreazaka Habberstad.
# SP Ambodiharan' i Vondrozo (SPAV): Pastora Kotobesoa.
# SP Atsimonimania (SPAtsim): Pastora Randriandrina Joelson.
Tsy mitsaha-mitombo anefa ny fangatahana ny fiforonan' ny sinôdam-paritany vaovao noho ny antony maro.
=== Sampan-draharaha sy sampana velona ===
Ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy dia manana fikambanana ("sampana") mirafitra ao anatin' ny fiangonana, izay atao hoe "sampan-draharaha" sy "sampana velona".
==== Ny "sampan-draharaha" ao amin' ny FLM ====
Maromaro ihany ny sampan-draharaha ao amin' ny FLM, ka ireto ny santionany amin' izany:
*Tafika Masina Maharitra (TMM);
*Trano Printy Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy (TPFLM)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/trano-printy-flm/ Trano Printy FLM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/trano-printy-flm/|date=20211114082749}}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*Fampianarana sy Fanabeazana Loterana (FFL);
*Fampianarana sy Fanabeazana Teolojika Loterana (FFTL)<ref name=":2"><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/fampianarana-sy-fanabeazana-teolojika-loterana/ Fampianarana sy Fanabeazana Teolojika Loterana] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/fampianarana-sy-fanabeazana-teolojika-loterana/|date=20211114084335}}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*[[Sekoly Ambony Loterana momba ny Teolojia]] (SALT)<ref name=":2" />;
*Foibe Loterana momba ny Fifandraisana (FLF)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/flf-foibe-loterana-momba-ny-fifandraisana/ FLF (Foibe Loterana Momba Ny Fifandraisana)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/flf-foibe-loterana-momba-ny-fifandraisana/ |date=20211114092708 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*Sampan' Asa Loterana momba ny Fahasalamana (SALFA)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/salfa/ SALFA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/salfa/ |date=20211114091406 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*Foibe Fanabeazana ny Jamba (FOFAJA)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/fofaja/ FOFAJA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/fofaja/ |date=20211114082702 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*Foibe Fanabeazana ny Marenina (FOFAMA)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/fofama/ FOFAMA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/fofama/ |date=20211114092705 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*Fanentanana Fambolena sy Fiompiana (FAFAFI);
*Asa Misiona Loterana amin' ny Tantsambo (AMLT)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/amlt-asa-misiona-loterana-aminny-tantsambo/ AMLT – Asa Misiona Loterana Amin’ ny Tantsambo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/amlt-asa-misiona-loterana-aminny-tantsambo/|date=20211114091258}}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*Asa Fitoriana amin' ny Hasila (SHALOM)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/shalom/ SHALOM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/shalom/ |date=20211114082745 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*Fampandrosoana eo Anivon' ny Loterana (FAniLo);
*Akanin' ny Marenina (AKAMA)<ref><small>[https://www.madagate.org/reportages/photos/2208-akama-les-enfants-malentendants-dans-la-cour-des-grands-a-iavoloha.html "AKAMA : les enfants malentendants dans la cour des grands à Iavoloha] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagate.org/reportages/photos/2208-akama-les-enfants-malentendants-dans-la-cour-des-grands-a-iavoloha.html |date=20240824200754 }}", ''www.madagate.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.studiosifaka.org/magazines/question-a-ho-aho/item/5892-aka-ma-ou-akanin-ny-marenina-un-etablissement-scolaire-prive-specialise-pour-les-eleves-malentendants.html AKAMA ou "Akanin' ny Marenina": un etablissement scolaire privé spécialisé pour les eleves malentendants]", ''www.studiosifaka.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://ledefi.mg/sekoly-akama-67-ha-tsy-natokana-ho-anny-ankizy-marenina-fotsiny-ihany/ Sekoly AKAMA 67 HA: tsy natokana ho an' ny ankizy marenina fotsiny ihany] {{Wayback|url=https://ledefi.mg/sekoly-akama-67-ha-tsy-natokana-ho-anny-ankizy-marenina-fotsiny-ihany/ |date=20240521165656 }}", ''ledefi.mg''</small></ref>;
*Ivontoerana Loterana ho Fampivoarana ny Vehivavy (ILOFAV)<ref><small>"F[https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiangonana_Loterana_Malagasy&veaction=edit§ion=15 ikambanam-Behivavy Loterana]", ''www.flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*(FAFITO)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/fafito/ FAFITO] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/fafito/ |date=20211114082707 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>.
Ankehitriny ny FLM dia manana sekoly maro (miisa 300) sy toeram-pitsaboana (miisa 44 mirafitra amin' ny SALFA), sekoly ho an' ny moana-marenina sy ny jamba (miisa 6), toeram-piofanana amin' ny fambolena sy ny fiompiana ho fampandrosoana ny eny ambanivohitra. Ny SALFA dia mandray anjara amin' ny fitsaboana, ny fanampiana ny zaza tsy ampy sakafo, ny fandrindram-pianakaviana ary ny fisorohana ny VIH/SIDA.
==== Ny "sampana velona" ao amin' ny fiangonana ====
Maromaro koa ny "sampana velona" na sampam-pikambanana ao amin' ny FLM, ka ireto avy izy ireo:
* [[Sekoly Alahady Loterana Malagasy]] (SALoMa)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/saloma/ SALOMA (Sekoly Alahady LOterana MAlagasy)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/saloma/ |date=20211114082711 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
* [[Fiombonan' ny Kristiana Tanora Loterana Malagasy]] (FKTLM)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/ktlm/ KTLM (Kristiana Tanora Loterana Malagasy)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/ktlm/ |date=20211114092702 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
* [[Vokovokomanga Loterana Malagasy]] (VLM)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/vlm-vokovokomanga-loterana-malagasy/ VLM : Vokovokomanga Loterana Malagasy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/vlm-vokovokomanga-loterana-malagasy/ |date=20211114082727 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
* [[Fikambanana Skoto eto amin' ny FLM]] (FSFLM)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/fsflm/ FSFLM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/fsflm/ |date=20211114082709 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
*[[Fikambanam-Behivavy Loterana]] (FBL)<ref><small>"[http://www.flm-foibe.org/fikambam-behivavy-loterana/ Fikambanam-Behivavy Loterana] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-foibe.org/fikambam-behivavy-loterana/ |date=20211114082704 }}", in ''flm-foibe.org''</small></ref>;
* [[Fikambanan-Dehilahy Loterana]] (FDL);
* [[Firaisan' ny Fifohazana Loterana]] (FIFIL).
==== Serasera anatiny ao amin' ny FLM ====
Nanomboka ny volana Avrily 2014 dia nisokatra ny tranonkala ôfisialin' ny FLM, iarahana amin' ny zanaky ny fiangonana, eo amin' ny sahan' ny FLM. Fitoriana mampiasa fitaovan-tserasera aterineto izy io. Natao ho azo tsidihin' ny rehetra, ary ity no adiresy ahitàna azy: [http://www.loterana-malagasy.org www.loterana-malagasy.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.loterana-malagasy.org/ |date=20180122131313 }}<ref><small>{{Cite web|title=kopian'ny arisiva|url=http://www.loterana-malagasy.org/|access-date=2023-08-10|archive-date=2018-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122131313/http://www.loterana-malagasy.org/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</small></ref> Fampianarana maro, fizaram-baovao, toriteny, lahateny, hira, onjam-peo handaharana hira sy fampianarana sns no navondrona tao amin' io sehatra io mba ahafahan' ny Kristiana manovo hery sy aim-panahy. Araka izany dia fiaraha-miasa avy amin' ny rehetra izy io, ary ny FLM foibe no nanome ny fahazoan-dàlana amin' izany, rehefa nahazo tsodrano avy amin' ny filohan' ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy. Ny fototra iorenany sy ny asany dia ny an' ny fiangonana ihany: [[Sola scriptura|Soratra Masina irery ihany]], [[Sola gratia|fahasoavana irery ihany]], [[Sola fide|finoana irery ihany]], [[Solus Christus|Jesosy irery]] ihany.
=== Fifandraisan' ny FLM amin' ny fiangonana sy fikambanana hafa ===
==== Fifandraisany amin' ny fiangonana eto Madagasikara ====
Mikambana ao amin' ny [[Fiombonan'ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara|Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara]] (FFKM) izay ivondronany amin' ny [[Eglizy Katolika Apostolika Romana (Madagasikara)|Eglizy Katolika Apostolika Romana]] (EKAR) sy ny [[Fiangonan'i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara|Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM) ary ny [[Eklesia Episkopaly Malagasy]] (EEM) ny FLM. Mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Fiombonan'ny Fiangonana Protestanta eto Madagasikara|Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Protestanta eto Madagasikara]] (FFPM) koa izy miaraka amin' ny FJKM.
==== Fifandraisany amin' ny any ivelan' i Madagasikara ====
[[Sary:Second conference of the African lutheran Churches in Madagascar.jpg|vignette|Fivoriamben' ny Fiangonana Loterana aty Afrika, natao teto Madagasikara.]]
Mifandray sy mikambana ao amin' ny ''[[World Council of Churches]]'' ("Fiombonan' ny fiangonana maneran-tany") nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1966 ny FLM. Mikambana ao amin' ny ''[[Lutheran World Federation]]'' (malagasy: Fiombonan’ ny Fiangonana Loterana Eran-Tany na FFLET) sy ny ''[[All Africa Conference of Churches]]'' ("Fiombonan' ny fiangonana eran' i Afrika") koa izy.
Mifandray amin' ny ''[[Fiangonana Loterana - Sinôdan' i Missouri|Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]]'' (LCMS) ny FLM sady nankato tamin' ny alalan' ny fifidianana tamin' ny 25 Mey 2018 ny hampisy firaisana bebe kokoa amin' ny samy Kristiana loterana<ref><small>[https://ilc-online.org/2018/05/28/malagasy-lutherans-to-seek-fellowship-with-the-lcms/ "Malagasy Lutherans to seek fellowship with the LCMS, International Lutheran Council"]. [[:en:International_Lutheran_Council|International Lutheran Council]]. 28 May 2018.</small></ref>. Voaray ho mpikambana feno ao amin' ny ''[[International Lutheran Council]]'' (ILC) ny FLM tamin' ny fivoriambe natao tao Antwerp any Belzika tamin' ny 25-26 Septambra 2018<ref><small>Ny ILC dia nandray fiangonana mpikambana vaovao miisa 17 izay misy mpivavaka loterana miisa 4 150 000 eran'izao tontolo izao, [https://ilc-online.org/2018/09/26/ilc-welcomes-17-new-member-churches-representing-4-15-million-lutherans-worldwide/ International Lutheran Council Official Website, 26 Septambra 2018]</small></ref>.
Saika nanapaka ny fifandraisany amin' ny [[Fiangonana Loterana Evanjelika ao Amerika|Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] (ELCA) ny FLM noho ny naneken' io fiangonana io ny fitsofan-dranom-panambadian' ny samy lehilahy na ny samy vehivavy, sy ny fanokanana ho mpitondra fiangonana ny lehilahy manambady lehilahy na ny vehivavy manambady vehivavy<ref><small>Luo, Michael; Capecchi, Christina (August 22, 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/22/us/22lutherans.html?hpw "Lutheran Group Eases Limits on Gay Clergy"]. ''The New York Times''.</small></ref>. Tsy sahala amin' ny nataon' ny fiangonana loterana hafa toy ny fiangonana loterana etiôpiana Evangelical Mekane Yesus Fellowship in North America (ao Amerika) sy ny [[Fiangonana Evanjelika Etiôpiana Mekane Iesosy|Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus]] (ao [[Etiôpia]]) izay nanapaka ny fifandraisana izany <ref><small>[http://www.christianpost.com/news/ethiopian-church-severs-ties-with-lutherans-over-homosexuality-89745/ Ethiopian Church Severs Ties With Lutherans Over Homosexuality] (notsidihina tamin'ny 12/12/2018).</small></ref>.
== Ny finoany ==
=== Soratra Masina ===
Amin' ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy dia ny [[Kanônan' ny Baiboly|boky kanônika]] ao amin' ny [[Baiboly]] (ilay [[Baiboly prôtestanta|ampiasain' ny Prôtestanta]]), dia ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] sy ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]] no [[Soratra Masina]] anorenany ny finoany sy ny fampianarany<ref><small>Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, ''Lalampanorenana an'ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy'', KSL-21 Toliary, Septambra 2012, p. 7.</small></ref>.
=== Fampianaram-pinoana sy fanekem-pinoana ===
Ireto avy ireo boky mirakitra ny fampianaram-pinoan' ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy<ref name=":0"><small>Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, ''Lalampanorenana an'ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy'', KSL-21 Toliary, Septambra 2012, p. 7.</small></ref>:
* ny [[Boky Symbolika]],
* ny [[Kônfesiôna Aogostana]],
* ny [[Foto-pianarana kely]], nosoratan' i [[Martin Lotera|Lotera]].
Ireto ny [[fanekem-pinoana ekiomenika]] eken' ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, dia ny [[Fanekem-pinoana apôstôlika|Fanekam-pinoana apôstôlika]] sy ny [[Fanekem-pinoana nikeana]] ary ny [[Fanekem-pinoana atanaziana]]<ref name=":0" />.
==== Ny fanekem-pinoana apôstôlika ====
"Mino an' [[Andriamanitra Ray]] Tsitoha, [[Famoronana (araka ny Baiboly)|Mpanao ny lanitra sy ny tany]] aho; Ary mino an' i [[Jesoa|Jesosy Kristy]], [[Andriamanitra Zanaka|Zanaka]] lahy Tokana Tompontsika. Izay notorontoronina tamin' ny [[Fanahy Masina]], naterak' i [[Maria (renin' i Jesoa)|Maria]] [[Fiteraham-birijiny|Virijiny]], nijaly raha nanapaka i [[Pôntio Pilato|Pontio Pilato]], nohomboana tamin’ ny [[Hazo fijaliana|hazofijaliana]], maty ka nalevina, [[Fidinan' i Kristy any amin' ny fiainan-tsi-hita|nidina tany amin' ny fiainan-tsi-hita]], [[Fitsanganan' i Jesoa ho velona|nitsangana tamin’ ny maty]] tamin’ ny andro fahatelo, [[Fiakaran' i Kristy any an-danitra|niakatra ho any an-danitra]], mipetraka eo ankavanan' Andriamanitra Ray Tsitoha, avy any no [[Fiavian' i Kristy fanindroany|hihaviany]] [[Fitsarana farany|hitsara]] ny velona sy ny maty. Mino ny Fanahy Masina aho, ny Fiangonana Masina manerana izao tontolo izao, ny fiombonan' ny [[Olo-masina|olona masina]], ny [[famelan-keloka]], ny [[Fitsanganan-ko velona|fitsanganan' ny tena amin' ny maty]] ary ny [[fiainana mandrakizay]]. [[Amena]]."
Fanamarihana: Novana amin' ny hoe "Zanaka Lahy Tokana" ny hoe "Zanany Lahy Tokana" ao amin' ity fanekem-pinoana ity.
==== Ny fanekem-pinoana niseana ====
"Izaho mino an' Andriamanitra Tokana, Ray tsitoha, Mpanao ny lanitra sy ny tany ary ny zavatra rehetra, na ny hita na ny tsy hita.
Izaho mino an' i Jesosy Kristy Tompo Tokana, [[Zanak' Andriamanitra (kristianisma)|Zanak' Andriamanitra]] Lahitokana; nateraky ny [[Andriamanitra Ray|Ray]] talohan' ny fotoana rehetra; Andriamanitra avy amin' Andriamanitra; fahazavana avy amin' ny fahazavana, Andriamanitra marina avy amin' Andriamanitra marina; nateraka fa tsy noharina; miray [[Sobstansa (teôlôjia)|Sobstansa]] (Izy maha-Izy Azy) amin' ny Ray; amin' ny alalany no [[Famoronana (araka ny Baiboly)|nahariana]] ny zavatra rehetra. Noho isika [[Antrôpôlôjia kristiana|olombelona]] sy ny [[famonjena]] antsika no nidinany avy any an-danitra, ary [[Fahatongavana ho nofo (kristianisma)|tonga nofo]] notorontoronin' ny [[Fanahy Masina (kristianisma)|Fanahy Masina]] tao an-kibon' i [[Maria (renin' i Jesoa)|Maria]] [[Fiteraham-birijiny|virijina]] ka [[Fahatongavana ho nofo (kristianisma)|natao olombelona]]; [[Fanomboana an' i Jesoa|nohomboana]] tamin' ny [[hazo fijaliana]] koa hisolo antsika fony nanapaka [[Pôntio Pilato|Pontio Pilato]]; nijaly ary nalevina; ary [[Fitsanganan' i Jesoa ho velona|nitsangana]] indray tamin' ny andro fahatelo araka ny [[Soratra Masina]]; [[Fiakaran' i Kristy any an-danitra|niakatra]] ho any an-danitra; mipetraka eo ankavanan' ny Ray, ary [[Fiavian' i Kristy fanindroany|ho avy indray]] amim-boninahitra [[Fitsarana farany|hitsara]] ny velona sy ny maty, ary tsy hanam-pahataperana ny [[Fanjakan' Andriamanitra|fanjakany]].
Izaho mino ny Fanahy Masina, Izay Tompo sady Mpamelona; Izay [[Filioque|avy amin' ny Ray sy ny Zanaka]]; Izay itsaohana sy omem-boninahitra miaraka amin' ny Ray sy ny Zanaka; Izay niteny tamin' ny alalan' ny [[mpaminany]].
Izaho mino ny Fiangonana tokana, masina, apostolika, manerana izao tontolo izao. Izaho manaiky ny [[batisa]] iray ho famelan-keloka, ary miandry ny [[Fitsanganan-ko velona (kristianisma)|fitsanganan’ ny maty]] sy ny [[fiainana mandrakizay]]. [[Amena]]."<ref><small>Taorian' ny nikambanany ao amin' ny FFKM vao nanomboka niezaka nanonona ity fanekem-pinoana ity ny FLM.</small></ref>
=== Filamatra ===
Noraisin' ny FLM ho teny filamatra ny ''[[Solae dimy|Solae]]'' ("irery ihany") izay namintinana ny fototra iorenan' ny [[Fanavaozana prôtestanta|Reformasiona]], dia ny hoe: "Fahasoavana irery ihany" (''[[Sola gratia]]''), "Finona irery ihany" (''[[Sola fide]]''), "Soratra Masina irery ihany" (''[[Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'') ary "Jesosy irery ihany" (''[[Solus Christus]]''). Manampy an' io ny hoe "An' Andriamanitra irery ihany ny voninahitra" (''[[Soli Deo gloria]]'') sy ny maha [[Asam-pisoronan' ny mino rehetra|mpisorona ny mino rehetra]].
== Jereo koa ==
* '''Kristianisma maneran-tany sy eto Madagasikara:'''
** [[Synodam-paritany Manakara (FLM)]]
** [[Kristianisma]]
** [[Prôtestantisma]]
** [[Loteranisma]]
** [[Loteranisma eto Madagasikara]]
** [[Prôtestantisma eto Madagasikara]]
** [[Kristianisma eto Madagasikara]]
** [[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara|Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara (FFKM)]]
** [[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Protestanta eto Madagasikara|Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Prôtestanta eto Madagasikara (FFPM)]]
** [[Fikambanana Skoto eto amin' ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy]]
* '''Fampianaram-pinoan' ny FLM'''
** [[Baiboly]] - [[Baiboly amin' ny teny malagasy]] - [[Baiboly prôtestanta amin' ny teny malagasy]]
** ''[[Sola fide]] - [[Sola scriptura]] - [[Solus Christus]] - [[Soli Deo gloria]] - [[Sola gratia]]''
== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.loterana-malagasy.org Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.loterana-malagasy.org/ |date=20180122131313 }}
* [http://www.flm-orleans.org FLM Orléans] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flm-orleans.org/ |date=20180126160555 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304165815/http://www.flmparis.org/ FLM Malagasy eto Paris]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/flmsynodamparitanymanakaraspma/home FLM SPMa] {{Wayback|url=https://sites.google.com/site/flmsynodamparitanymanakaraspma/home |date=20201020085039 }}
*"[https://www.oikoumene.org/fr/member-churches/malagasy-lutheran-church-flm Église luthérienne malgache]", ''www.oikoumene.org''
*Conseil Œcuménique des Eglises: https://www.oikoumene.org/fr
*"[http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/?p=33113 Ny Fiangonana loterana malagasy: mila fanadiovana] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/?p=33113 |date=20210826094610 }}", ''La Gazette de la Grande Ile''.
*"[https://www.flm-foibe.org/fiangonana-loterana-malagasy/ Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.flm-foibe.org/fiangonana-loterana-malagasy/ |date=20231111235328 }}", in [https://www.flm-foibe.org/ flm-foibe.org/] {{Wayback|url=https://www.flm-foibe.org/ |date=20231129185841 }}
*"[https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2785&context=isp_collection La Gloire ou la Croix: The Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, Independent Churches, and Nouvelles Fois in Antsirabe]" in [https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/ digitalcollections.sit.edu/]
*"[https://www.fjkm.mg/index.php/2021/10/19/fiombonanny-fiangonana-protestanta-eto-madagasikara-f-f-p-m/ Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Protestanta eto-Madagasikara (FFPM)/]" in [https://www.fjkm.mg/ fjkm.mg]
== Boky azo anovozan-kevitra ==
* Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, ''Ny Fanekem-pinoan' ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy'', Antananarivo, Trano Printy Loterana Malahasy, 1972.
* Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, ''Lalampanorenana an' ny Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy'', KSL-21 Toliary, Septambra 2012.
* J. Tanner, nadikan'i F. S. Hallanger, ''Dogmatika tsotra'', Antananarivo, Trano Printy Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, 1972, edisiona 2006.
* L. Dahle, ''Symbolika na Fampianarana ny amin' izay inoana'', Antananarivo, Trano Pirinty Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, edisiona fahadimy 2004.
* Rakotonirina David, ''Taramasoandro: Fampahafantarana izay maha Loterana antsika'', Seminera Teolojikam-paritany Loterana, Atsimoniavoko, Antananarivo, 2006.
* Martin Lotera, ''Katekisma na Fotopianarana'', Trano Printy Lotarana, Antananarivo, 1971.
* Martin Lotera, ''Ny Katekisma na Fotopianarana Lehibe'', Trano Printy Loterana Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy, Antananarivo, 1970, edisiona 1993.
== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
{{reflist}}
[[Sokajy:Fiangonana ao Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Fiangonana loterana]]
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}}
I '''India''' dia firenena ao [[Azia Atsimo]], i [[New Delhi]] no renivohiny ary i [[Bombay]] no tanàn-dehibe be mponina indrindra ao. Mirefy 3 287 263 km<sup>2</sup> ny velarany ary miisa 1 429 tapitrisa ny [[mponina]] tao aminy tamin'ny taona 2023.
Avy amin' ny [[fiteny persana|teny persana]] hoe ''Sindhu'', izay anarana persanan' ny [[renirano]] [[Sindo|Indosy]] amin' ny [[fiteny sanskrity]], ny hoe ''India''. Mampiasa ny teny hoe ''Bharat'' (mpanjaka hindoa niaina tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]) ny [[anarana]] ôfisialy. Nampiasaina tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Empira Môgôly]] ny anarany fahatelo hoe ''Hindustan'' ("''tanin' ny Hindoa''" amin' ny fiteny persana), tsy ôfisialy intsony ankehitriny io teny hoe ''Hindustan'' io nefa ampiasaina matetika rehefa miresaka an' i India<ref>https://mg.globalvoices.org/2019/03/30/136653/,
[https://www.onlinescientificsresearch.com/games/word-search/ word search]</ref>.[[Sary:Inde carte.png|vignette|Sarin-tanin' i India ]]
Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7 000 km i India<ref>https://mg.globalvoices.org/2024/04/08/169061/
[https://www.rroij.com/techblog/kahoot-login/ kahoot login]</ref>. Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Pakistàna]] izy any andrefana, sy amin' i [[Sina]], amin' i [[Nepaly]], amin' i [[Botàna]] any avaratra. I [[Bangladesy|Bangladesa]] sy i [[Mianmara]] no any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] dia tsy lavitra azy ny [[Maldiva|Repoblikan' i Maldiva]] (any atsimo-andrefana) sy i [[Srilanka]] (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisin-tany amin' i [[Afganistàna]] koa i India any avaratra-atsinanana. Miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i [[Himalaya]] ([[tandavan-tendrombohitra]] avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny [[ony]] lehibe telo ny vohon-tanin' i India. Ireto ireo ony ireo: i [[Sindo|Indosy]] sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny [[Hindoisma|fivavahana hindoa]]) ary i [[Brahmaputra]]. Miavaka ny [[toetany]] noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny [[fahavaratra]]).
I India no firenena faharoa be [[Indiana (vahoaka)|mponina]] indrindra eran-tany (aorian' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]]): ny mponina ao aminy dia 17 % amin' ny mponina eran-tany. Vondrom-poko 1 600 mahery no miara-monina ao India. Miavaka ny fiarahamonina indiana noho ny fisian' ny [[sarangam-poko]] (kasta), izany hoe fandaminana ara-piarahamonina ahitana ambaratonga miankina indrindra amin' ny fandovana sy ny fivavahana.
Misy fiteny sy fitenim-paritra maherin' ny 3 000 ny ao India ka [[fiteny ôfisialy]] roapolo mahery no eken' ny lalàmpanorenana. Ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] no [[fitenim-pirenena]]. Maro ny [[fivavahana]] teraka tao amin' io zana-kôntinenta io, ka anisan' izany ny [[bodisma]], ny [[jainisma]], ny [[hindoisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]].
Ny [[fambolena]] no sehatra lehibe amin' ny asa ara-toekarena ao India, izay faharoa amin' ny famokarana [[vary]] eran-tany. Nihanivoatra be i India tamin' ny dimy ambin' ny folo taona farany teo, indrindra tamin' ny fanombohana ny fiovana demôgrafika nisy hatry ny taona 1991.
Tamin' ny 22 Janoary 2007 dia niverina avy tany amin' ny habakabaka ny kapsily indiana tsy misy olona afaka 12 andro, izany nametraka marika siantifika sy teknika lehibe ho an' i India. Hatry ny taona 2008 dia anisan' ny firenena matanjaka ara-toekarena lehibe eto an-tany i India, izay nanakaiky an' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy i [[Rosia]] ary i [[Brezila|Brezily]]; i India koa no hery ara-toekarena fahavalo eto an-tany.
Teo amin' ny tanin' i India no nisy ny [[sivilizasiôna]] tranainy indrindra eto an-tany: ny [[sivilizasiônan' i Indosy]], iray amin' ny voalohany fantatra tao amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Saikinosy Indiana]], nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2500 ka hatramin' ny 1800 tal JK. any ho any. Ny tantaran' i India dia voamariky ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny [[Ariàna (vahoaka)|Ariana]]: olona avy any [[Azia Afovoany]] niandohan' ny rafitra misy [[sarangam-poko]]. Nivoatra tsikelikely ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika, ka nipoitra ny [[repoblika]] sy ny [[fanjakà-mpanjaka]] isan-karazany. Taorian' ny Fanjakan' i Magadha, izay niandohan' ny fampiraisana an' i India, dia maro ny tarana-mpanjaka nifandimby, indrindra fa ny Maurya sy ny Gupta (izay heverina ho andro volamenan' ny kolontsaina klasika tany India). Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-11 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-17 ilay firenena no niharan' ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny [[Silamo|Mozilmana]] sy ny [[Empira Môgôly|Môgôly]]. Ny [[fanjanahantany]] eorôpeana (nataon' ny [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogey]], ny [[Hôlandy|Hôlandey]], ny [[Frantsa|Frantsay]] ary ny [[Britaina Lehibe|Britanika]]) dia nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Tamin' ny farany dia ny [[Empira Britanika]] no nahavita nifehy tanteraka ilay firenena. Mandritra ny taonjato roa i India dia [[Fanjanahantany anglisy|zanatany anglisy]]; izy no zanatany britanika ngeza indrindra. Nitranga tamin' ny taona 1849 ny andiana fikomiana voalohany nanohitra io fahefana io. Notohizan' i [[Mohandas Gandhi]] izany tamin' ny taompolo 1920 sy 1930. Nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany i India tamin' ny taona 1947. Tamin' io fotoana io dia naverina ho an' i India taorian' ny fahazoany ny fahaleovan-tena ny [[tobim-barotra]] (kôntoara) frantsay sy pôrtogey tao India. Na izany aza dia nisy ady ara-pivavahana sy ara-pizaràn-tany maro tao amin' ilay firenena.
== Tantara ==
Nipoitra tao India ny fiteny klasika roa ([[fiteny sanskrity]] sy [[fiteny tamily]]) misy eto amin' izao tontolo izao. Efa nampiasaina mandritry ny telo arivo taona ireo fiteny roa ireo. Namorona finoana antsoina hoe [[hindoisma]] ilay firenena, finoana izay mbola arahin' ny maro amin'ny Indiana amin' izao fotoana izao. Tamin' ny taona 300 tal. J.K., dia namorona ny empira sy ny Fiankohonana Maurya i Ashoka, izay nahavory ny ankamaroan' ny tanin' i [[Azia Atsimo]] ho anaty firenena iray. Tamin' ny taona 180 tal. J.K. dia voatafiky ny firenena maro samihafa i India na dia taty aoriana aza (100 – 1100), dia nipoitra ireo fiankohonana indianina hafa: izay ahitana ny Chalukya, ny Chola, ny Pallava ary ny Pandya.<ref>"South India". Suni System Ltd.. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-19.</ref> Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia nalaza tamin' ny siansa sy ny zavakanto ary ny asa soratra ny faritra atsimo ao India.
Maro ny fiankohonana nanjaka tao India nandritry ny taona arivo. Anisan' ireo ny [[Empira Môgôly|Empira Môgaly]], ny Empira Vijayanagara ary ny Empira Maratha. Tamin' ny taona 1600 dia notafihan' ny firenena eorôpeana i India, ary voazanaky ny [[Britaina Lehibe|Britanika]] tanteraka izy io nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1856 hatramin' ny taona 1947.
Taorian' ny taona 1947, i India dia nanana toekarena sôsialista voalahatra. Anisan' ny firenena mpikambana nanorina ny hetsiky ny <u>firenena tsy momba ny atsy na ny aroa</u> ary ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] i India. Niatrika ady maro izy io taorian' ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra|Fanjakana Mikambana]], anisan' izany ny ady tamin' ny taona 1957-58, 1965, 1971 ary 1999 tamin' i [[Pakistàna]] ary ny adin' ny 1962 tamin' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]]. Niady ihany koa izy io mba haka an' i Goa, izay seranana natsangan' ny [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogey]], ary tsy azon' i India raha tsy tamin' ny taona 1961. Nandà ny Pôrtogey ka voatery naka azy an-keriny ny Indiana. Nanao fanandramana nokleary ihany koa i India tamin' ny taona 1974 sy 1998, ary anisan' ny firenena vitsy manana fitaovam-piadiana nokleary. Anisan' ireo toekarena mitombo haingana indrindra eto an-tany ny toekaren' i India nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1991.
=== Taona taloha ===
=== Andron' ny reforma ===
=== India islamo ===
=== India Eoropeana ===
=== Lalan'ny fahaleovantena ===
=== Fizarana manaintaina ===
== Pôlitika ==
{| class="infobox borderless"
|+ National symbols of the Republic of India (Official)
|-
! '''National animal'''
|
| [[Image:2005-bandipur-tusker.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National bird'''
|
| [[Image:Pavo muticus (Tierpark Berlin) - 1017-899-(118).jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National tree'''
|
| [[Image:Banyan tree on the banks of Khadakwasla Dam.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National flower'''
|
| [[Image:Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National heritage animal'''
|
| [[Image:Panthera tigris.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National aquatic marine mammal'''
|
| [[Image:PlatanistaHardwicke.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National reptile'''
|
| [[Image:King-Cobra.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National heritage mammal'''
|
| [[Image:Hanuman Langur.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National fruit'''
|
| [[Image:An Unripe Mango Of Ratnagiri (India).JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''National temple'''
|
| [[Image:New Delhi Temple.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National river'''
|
| [[Image:River Ganges.JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''National mountain'''
|
| [[Image:Nanda Devi 2006.JPG|50px]]
|-
|}
== Jeôgrafia ==
Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7 000 km i India. Mirefy 3 287 263 km<sup>2</sup> ny velarany. Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Pakistàna]] izy any andrefana, sy i [[Sina]], i [[Nepaly]], i [[Botàna]] izy any avaratra. I [[Bangladesy|Bangladesa]] sy i [[Mianmara]] any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]], tsy lavitry ny [[Maldiva|Repoblikan' i Maldiva]] (any atsimo-andrefana), i [[Srilanka|Seilàna]] (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Afganistàna]] koa i India any avaratra-atsinanany. Ny vohontanin' i India dia miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i [[Himalaya]] ([[tandavan-tendrombohitra]] avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny [[ony]] lehibe telo: i [[Sindo|Indosy]] sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny [[Hindoisma|Hindoa]]) ary i Brahmaputra. Miavaka ny [[toetany]] noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny fahavaratra).
An' i India ny ampahany be amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-Kôntinenta Indianina]]. Miraikitra amin' i [[Aostralia]] ilay zana-kôntintenta amin' ny resaka plaky: ny plaky [[Indô-Aostralianina]]. Mikasika kely ny tendrombohitra [[Himalaya]] ny avaratr' i India. Eo antsimon' i Himalaya dia misy saha tena mahavokatra indrindra any India: ny tany Indô-Ganjetìka no anaran' izy io. Any andrefana, misy ny [[Tanimatin'i Thar|tanimatin' i Thar]]. Any antsimo, dia misy [[lembalemba]] voafaritra any avarany amin' ny [[Gaty Andrefana]] sy any antsinanany amin' ny [[Gaty Antsinanana]].
=== Fizaràn' ny faritany ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Anarana || Renivohitra || Teny ofisialy || Velarantany (km²) || Isam-ponina (2001) || Natsangana tamin'ny
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Hyderâbâd (India)|Hyderabad]]|| [[Fiteny telogo|Telogo]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:276754}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:76210007}} || align="right" | 1956
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Itanagar]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:83578}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:1097968}} || align="right" | 1987
|-
| [[Assam]] || [[Dispur]]|| [[Fiteny asamey|Asamey]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:78438}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:26655528}} || align="right" | 1947
|-
| [[Bengala Andrefana]]|| [[Kolkata]] || [[Fiteny bengaly|Bengaly]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:88752}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:80176197}} || align="right" | 1960
|-
| [[Bihar]] || [[Patna]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:94163}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:82998509}} || align="right" | 1947
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]|| [[Raipur]]|| [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:135133}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:20833803}} || align="right" | 2000
|-
| [[Goa]] || [[Panaji]] || [[Fiteny kônkany|Kônkany]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:3702}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:1347668}} || align="right" | 1987
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || [[Gandhinagar]] || [[Gujarati]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:196024}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:50671017}} || align="right" | 1960
|-
| [[Haryana]]|| [[Chandigarh]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:44212}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:21144564}} || align="right" | 1966
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]|| [[Shimla]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:55673}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:6077900}} || align="right" | 1971
|-
| [[Jammu-sy-Kasimira]]|| [[Srinagar]] || [[Fiteny kashmiry|Kasmiry]], [[Fiteny ordò|ordo]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:222236}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:10143700}} || align="right" | 1947
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]|| [[Ranchi]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:79714}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:26945829}} || align="right" | 2000
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || [[Bangalore]] || [[Fiteny kanada|Kanada]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:191791}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:52850562}} || align="right" | 1956
|-
| [[Kerala]] || [[Trivandrum]] || [[Fiteny malaialama|Malaialama]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:38863}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:31841374}} || align="right" | 1956
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Bhopal]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:308000}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:60348023}} || align="right" | 1956
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Fiteny maraty|Maraty]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:308000}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:96878627}} || align="right" | 1960
|-
| [[Manipur]] || [[Imphal]] || [[Fiteny manipory|manipory]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:22356}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:2166788}} || align="right" | 1972
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]|| [[Shillong]] || [[Fiteny garô|Garô]], [[Fiteny kasy|kasy]], [[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:22489}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:2318822}} || align="right" | 1972
|-
| [[Mizoram]]|| [[Aizawl]] || [[Mizo]], [[anglisy]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:21087}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:888573}} || align="right" | 1987
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || [[Kohima]] || [[Anglisy]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:16527}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:1990036}} || align="right" | 1963
|-
| [[Orissa]]|| [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Fiteny ôria|Ôria]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:155842}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:36804660}} || align="right" | 1949
|-
| [[Penjab (India)|Penjab]]|| [[Chandigarh]] || [[Fiteny penjaby|Penjaby]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:50362}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:24358999}} || align="right" | 1956
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || [[Jaipur]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:342239}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:56507188}} || align="right" | 1956
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || [[Gangtok]] || [[Fiteny nepaley|Nepaley]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:7107}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:540851}} || align="right" | 1975
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamily]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:130058}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:62405679}} || align="right" | 1956
|-
| [[Tripura]]|| [[Agartala]] || [[Fiteny bengaly|Bengaly]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:10477}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:3199203}} || align="right" | 1972
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Dehradun]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:53483}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:8489349}} || align="right" | 2000
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| [[Lucknow]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:236286}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:166197921}} || align="right" | 1950
|}
== Kolontsaina ==
=== Fiteny ===
Maro dia maro ny [[fiteny any India]] izay ao amin' ny [[fianakaviam-piteny]] maro samihafa. Ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 270, ka ny 122 dia fiteny lehibe (be mpampiasa). Manao ny 22 amin' ireo fiteny ireo ho [[fiteny ôfisialy]] ny lalàm-panorenana indiana. Miteny [[fiteny indô-ariana]] ny 77 %n' ny vahoaka indiana (ka ny be mpiteny indrindra dia ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] izay fiteny nibeazan' ny olona miisa 422 tapitrisa, izany hoe 41 %n' ny mponina, sady fiteny ôfisialin' ny governemanta foibe), ny 20 %n' ny mponina no miteny amin' ireo [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]]. Ny fianakaviam-piteny hafa hita ao India dia ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|aostrôaziatika]], ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetana]] ary ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|tai-kaday]]. Ny [[fiteny anglisy]] dia fiteny voalohany na faharoa safidîn' ny 12 %n' ny mponina.
==== Ny fiteny indô-ariana ====
Sampana ao amin' ny [[Fiteny indo-iraniana|fiteny indô-iraniana]], izay ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny indô-eorôpeanina|fianakaviam-piteny indô-eorôpeana]], ny [[fiteny indô-ariana]]. Ao [[Azia Atsimo]] no tena ahitana olona maro miteny azy ireo, isan' izany ny ao India.
[[Fitenim-pirenena|Fitenim-pirenen]]' i India ny [[fiteny hindỳ]]. Misy 480 tapitrisa eo ho eo ny isan' ny olona mampiasa azy, 360 tapitrisa amin' ireo no manao ny fiteny hindỳ ho fitenin-dreny. Amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' i India no misy ny ankabeazan' ny mpiteny hindỳ. Mitovitovy amin' ny [[fiteny hindy]] ihany ny [[fiteny ordò]].
Fiteny ampiasaina indrindra any India atsinanana ny [[fiteny bengaly]], nefa tenenina koa any [[Bangladesy]], anisan' ny fiteny ôfisialin' i India, indrindra any amin' ny faritan' i [[Bengal Andrefana]] sy any Tripura.
Fitenin' ny olona miisa 75 tapitrisa any ho any India ny [[fiteny maraty]], indrindra ao amin' ny Fanjakan' i [[Maharashtra]] sy ao [[Goa]]. Iray amin' ny fiteny ôfisialy any India ny fiteny maraty.
Anisan' ny fiteny indô-ariana be mpapiasa ao India koa ny [[fiteny gojaraty]] sy ny [[fiteny ôdià]] (na ôrià) ary ny [[fiteny penjaby]]. Fitenin' ny tompontanin' i [[Gujarat]], izay ampiasain' ny olona miisa 46 tapitrisa any India sy maneran-tany, ny [[fiteny gojaraty]].
==== Ny fiteny dravidiana ====
[[Fianakaviam-piteny]] ahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 30 any ho any izay samy avy ao India avokoa ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]], izay ampiasaina indrindra ao amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India. Ny [[fiteny telogo]], ny [[fiteny tamily]], ny [[fiteny malaialama]] ary ny [[fiteny kanada]] no tena be mpampiasa.
Fitenin' ny olona miisa 70 tapitrisa any ho any ny [[fiteny telogo]], ampiasaina indrindra any amin' ny faritra [[Andhra Pradesh]], izay manao azy ho fiteny ôfisialy. Fiteny ôfisialy ihany koa izy any amin' ny faritra [[Karnataka]] sy [[Maharashtra]] ary any Orissa. Fiteny ôfisialin' i [[Tamil Nadu]] sy ny tananan' i [[Pondicherry (tanàna)|Pondichery]] ary Karîkâl ny [[fiteny tamily]].
Anisan' ny fiteny dravidiana be mpiteny koa ny [[fiteny kanada]] sy ny [[fiteny malaialama]]. Fiteny any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India, fiteny ôfisialin' i [[Karnataka]], ampiasain' ny olona miisa 45 tapitrisa any ho any, ny fiteny kanada. Anisan' ny fiteny ampiasaina any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India koa ny fiteny malaialama, izay fiteny ôfisialin' ny faritany mizakatenan' i [[Kerala]], fiteny ôfisialy ao amin' ny faritanin' i Lakshadweep sy any [[Pondicherry (tanàna)|Pondicherry]], fiteny ôfisialin' i India ihany koa, izay misy mpiteny miisa 35,9 tapitrisa any ho any.
==== Fiteny aostrôaziatika ====
Fianakaviam-piteny any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] sy ao amin' ny faritra atsinanana any India ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|fiteny aostrôaziatika]]. Miisa 10 tapitrisa ny mpiteny aostrôaziatika any India, 6 tapitrisa ny mpiteny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetàna]], izany hoe 3 %n' ny mponina. Anisan' ny fiteny aostrôneziatika ny [[fiteny kasy]] (''khasi'') sy ny [[fiteny monda]] (''munda'') ary ny [[fiteny santaly]] (''santali''). Anisany koa ny fiteny ao amin' ny vondronosy [[Nikobara (nosy)|Nicobar]]. Ankoatry ny fiteny kasy sy ny fiteny santaly dia fiteny tandindomin-doza ny fiteny aostrôaziatika hafa ao India.
==== Fiteny sinô-tibetana ====
[[Fianakaviam-piteny]] any [[Azia Atsinanana]], any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], any [[Azia Afovoany]] ary any [[Azia Atsimo]], izay misy mpiteny koa any India ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|fiteny sinô-tibetana]].
==== Fiteny tai-kaday ====
[[Fianakaviam-piteny]] ampiasaina ao amin' ny saikanosin' i [[Indôsina]] sy any amin' ny faritra atsimo ao [[Sina]], izay misy mpampiasa koa any India, ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|fiteny tai-kaday]].
==== Fiteny andamaney ====
Vondrom-piteny ao amin' ny [[nosy Andamàna]], ampiasain' ny tompon-tany [[Andamaney (vahoaka)|andamaney]] ny [[Vondrom-piteny any Andamàna|fiteny any Andamàna]]. Misy vondrona roa ao amin' izany fianakaviam-piteny izany, dia ny fiteny andamaney lehibe sy ny fiteny andamaney avaratra.
=== Fivavahana ===
Tao India no nipoiran' ny [[hindoisma]], ny [[bodisma]], ny [[jainisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Nandray hatry ny ela ny [[jodaisma]], ny [[kristianisma]], ny [[finoana silamo]] ary ny [[zôrôastrisma]] koa io firenena io. Matetika nandray anjara lehibe ny fivavahana teo amin' ny tantaran' i India, ary eken' ny lalàna indiana ny fisian' izy ireo. Ny ankabetsahan' ny [[Indiana (vahoaka)|Indiana]] dia mpivavaka ary mandray anjara betsaka amin' ny fiainan' izy ireo ny fivavahana.
==== Ny fivavahana nipoitra tao India ====
Tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nisy mpino hindo miisa 966 tapitrisa tao India, ka 79,9 %n' ny mponina izany<ref name=":0"><small>Laurent Marchand, [http://international.blogs.ouest-france.fr/archive/2015/08/30/inde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html « Inde : 966 Millions d'Hindous, 172 M de Musulman, 27 M de Chrétiens »] {{Wayback|url=http://international.blogs.ouest-france.fr/archive/2015/08/30/inde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html |date=20210901052656 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Finternational.blogs.ouest-france.fr%2Farchive%2F2015%2F08%2F30%2Finde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html tahiry]], sur Ouest-France, 1er septembre 2015 (consulté le 28 janvier 2016).</small></ref>. Sady [[fivavahana]] sy [[filôzôfia]] ary fomba fiainana nipoitra ao amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana]] ny hindoisma. Anisan' ny fivavahana tranainy indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao izay mbola misy manaraka izy. Mampiavaka ny hindoisma ny toetrany izay ahitana fanambarana karazana finoana sy fanao avy amin' ny fivavahana samihafa ([[sinkretisma]]).
Misy mpino bodista miisa 8 400 000 (0,7 %) ny ao India. Nipoitra avy tao [[India]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. ny [[bodisma]] noho ny fifohazana ara-panahin' i [[Siddhartha Gautama]] sy ny fielezan' ny fampianarany. Azo heverina ho [[Fivavahana tsy misy andriamanitra|fivavahana tsy misy andriamanitra mpamorona]] ny bodisma; satria tsy misy firesahana momba izany ao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sampan' ny bodisma.
Misy mpino jaina miisa 4 400 000 (0,4 %) ny ao India. Ny [[jainisma]] dia mampianatra fa mitovy ny tanjon' ny fiainana ho an' ny [[hindoisma]] sy ny [[bodisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Tamin' ny andron' i Mahâvîra no tena nielezan' ny jainisma tao India. Mandala ny fisainanana tsy misy herisetra (''ahimsa'') ity fivavahana ity.
Misy mpino siky miisa 20,8 tapitrisa (1,7 %) ny ao India. Fivavahana amin' [[Mônôteisma|Andriamanitra tokana]] naorin' ny [[Gurû Nanak|Guru Nanak]] tao amin' ny tapany avaratr' i India tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 ny [[sikisma]]. Mino ny Siky fa tsy manam-petra, mandrakizay, mpamorona, anton' ny anton-javatra rehetra, tsy manam-pahavalo, ary tsy misy fankahalana Andriamanitra, izay sady ato amin' izao tontolo izao no ao ivelany sy mihoatra azy ([[Fihoa-draha|mihoa-draha]]).
==== Ny fivavahana niditra avy ety ivelany ====
Latsaky ny 20 000 ny mpino manaraka ny [[jodaisma]] ao India. Efa tany amin' ny [[Andro Taloha]] no nahitana [[Jiosy]] mpifindra monina tany India ka anisan' ny fivavahana avy ivelany niditra tao India ny jodaisma.
Misy Kristana miisa 27 800 000 (2,3 %) ny ao India<ref name=":0" />. Lazain' ny [[lovantsofina]] fa nentin' ny apôstôly [[Tômasy]] (na Tômà) tao India tamin' ny taonjato voalohany ny [[kristianisma]]. Izy no fivavahana avy any ivelany tonga voalohany tao [[India]]. Ankehitriny dia hita ao India ny [[katôlisisma]], ny [[kristianisma ôrtôdôksa]], ny [[prôtestantisma]], ny [[batisma]] ary ny [[Fiangonana Tatsinanana|fiangonana tatsinanana]] samihafa.
Misy Mozilmana miisa 172 tapitrisa (14,2 %) ny ao India ka firenena laharana fahatelo izy amin' izany ao aorian' i [[Indônezia]] sy i [[Pakistàna]]<ref name=":0" />. Efa tany amin' ny taonjato faha-7 tany no nampisy ny [[Silamo|finoana silamo]] tany India izay nentin' ny [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] mpivarotra, nefa taorian' ny fakàn-tany nataon' ny Mozilmàna tany India no nampiely azy indrindra.
Ankehitriny dia miisa 61 000 ny Zôrôastriana [[Parsỳ|parsy]] ao India. Efa nisy tao India tamin' ny vanim-potoana [[Empira Sasanida|sasanida]] ny [[zôrôastrisma]]. Nifindra monina tao India nanao andiany mifanesy ny Zôrôastriana nandritra ny vanim-potoana silamo, taorian' ny fakàn' ny Mozilmàna an' i [[Persia]], raha nihen-danja ny fivavahany tao [[Iràna Lehibe|Iràna]] sy tamin' ny firenena hafa noho ny fanenjehana. Tamin' ny vanim-potoana [[Empira Safavida|safavida]] koa dia nisy fifindrà-monina. Ao India, ankehitriny, no ahitana Zôrôastriana betsaka indrindra.
== Jereo koa ==
* '''Firenena ao Azia:''' [[Afganistàna]] - [[Arabia Saodita]] - [[Armenia]] - [[Azerbaijàna]] - [[Bangladesy]] - [[Bareina]] - [[Botàna]] - [[Broney]] - [[Emirata Arabo Mitambatra]] - [[Filipina]] - [[Iemena]] - [[India]] - [[Indônezia]] - [[Iràka]] - [[Iràna]] - [[Israely]] - [[Japàna]] - [[Jôrdania]] - [[Kambôdia]] - [[Katara]] - [[Kazakstàna]] - [[Kirgizistàna]] - [[Kôety]] - [[Kôrea Atsimo]] - [[Kôrea Avaratra]] - [[Laôsy]] - [[Libàna]] - [[Maldiva]] - [[Malezia]] - [[Mianmara]] - [[Môngôlia]] - [[Nepaly]] - [[Ômàna]] - [[Ozbekistàna]] - [[Pakistàna]] - [[Palestina (fanjakana)]] - [[Rosia]] - [[Sina]] - [[Singaporo]] - [[Siria]] - [[Srilanka]] - [[Tailandy]] - [[Taioàna]] - [[Tajikistàna]] - [[Torkia]] - [[Torkmenistàna]] - [[Vietnamy]].
* '''Foko any India''': [[Dravidiana (vahoaka)|Dravidiana]] ([[Brahoy (vahoaka)|Brahoy]] - [[Telogo (vahoaka)|Telogo]] - [[Tamily (vahoaka)|Tamily]] - [[Kanadiga (vahoaka)|Kanadiga]] - [[Malaialy (vahoaka)|Malaialy]] - [[Tolo (vahoaka)|Tolo]]) - [[Jiosy any India]] ([[Petrakevitra momba ny fananan' ny Kasmiry firazanana jiosy|Fananan' ny Kasimiry firazanana jiosy]] - [[Jiosin' i Malabar]] - [[Bene Israely]] -[[Bene Efraima]] - [[Knanaia]] - [[Bano Israily]] - [[Bney Menase]]) -
* '''Samihafa momba an' i India''': [[Fiteny any India]] - Kolontsaina any India - Tantaran' i India - [[Jeôgrafian' i India]] - Foko ao India - Toekarenan' i India - Fahantrana any India - Sarangam-poko any India - [[Fivavahana ao India]] - Kolontsain' i India - Fanabeazana any India - Nahandro indiana - [[BRICS]] - Fandaharan' asa nokleary indana - Mponina any India - Sarimihetsika indiana - Fambolena any India - Fivavahana any India - [[Karàna|Indiana eto Madagasikara]] - [[India Britanika]] - [[Indiana (vahoaka)]] - [[Halatra omby ao India]] - [[Masoivohon' i India eto Madagasikara]] - [[Fifandraisan' i India sy i Madagasikara]] - [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana]] - [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] -
* '''Kôntinenta eto an-tany:''' [[Afrika]] - [[Amerika]] ([[Amerika Avaratra]] - [[Amerika Atsimo]]) - [[Azia]] - [[Eorôpa]] - [[Ôseania]] - [[Antarktika]]
== Rohy ivaleny ==
* [https://www.vishweshwarbank.com/en/hotmail-signup.html hotmail] {{Wayback|url=https://www.vishweshwarbank.com/en/hotmail-signup.html |date=20240221171140 }}
* [https://actascientific.com/engl/hotmail-login/ hotmail] {{Wayback|url=https://actascientific.com/engl/hotmail-login/ |date=20240222075304 }}
== Topi-maso ==
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* {{citation|year=2011|title=Provisional Population Totals, Paper 1 – Census 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html|layurl=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|ref={{sfnRef|Provisional Population Totals, Census|2011}}}}
* {{citation|date=24 January 1950|title=Constituent Assembly of India—Volume XII|work=Constituent Assembly of India: Debates|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}}}
* {{citation|title=There's No National Language in India: Gujarat High Court|publisher=[[The Times Of India]]|date=6 January 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/india/28148512_1_national-language-official-language-hindi|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Times of India 2007}}|archive-date=2014-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129070149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/india/28148512_1_national-language-official-language-hindi|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|year=2011|title=Human Development Report 2011|chapter=Table 1: Human Development Index and its Components|publisher=[[United Nations]]|chapter-url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|chapter-format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|United Nations|2011}}}}
{{refend}}
'''Etimôlôjia'''
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* {{citation|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|chapter=India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|chapter-url=http://www.oed.com/|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Oxford English Dictionary}}}}
{{refend}}
'''Tantara'''
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{{refend}}
'''Jeografia'''
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{{refend}}
'''Fahasamihafan-javamiaina'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{citation|last1=Ali|first1=S.|last2=Ripley|first2=S. D.|last3=Dick|first3=J. H.|author-link=Salim Ali (ornithologist)|author2-link=S. Dillon Ripley|date=15 August 1996|title=A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=Mumbai|isbn=978-0-19-563732-8}}
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* {{cite book|title=State of Forest Report 2013|date=2013|publisher=[[Forest Survey of India]]|location=Dehradun|url=http://fsi.nic.in/details.php?pgID=mn_93|chapter=[http://fsi.nic.in/cover_2013/sfr_forest_cover.pdf Forest Cover]|ref={{sfnRef|Forest Survey of India|2013}}}}
* {{citation|last=Griffiths|first=M.|date=6 July 2010|title=The Lotus Quest: In Search of the Sacred Flower|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|isbn=978-0-312-64148-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f2cbyTCeq-EC}}
* {{citation|last=Karanth|first=K. P.|date=25 March 2006|title=Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=90|issue=6|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|pages=789–792|format=PDF|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf|accessdate=18 May 2011|archive-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411223533/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Mace|first=G. M.|date=March 1994|title=1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals|work=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]|isbn=978-2-8317-0194-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dyy0HilL9ecC&pg=PR4}}
* {{citation|title=Biosphere Reserves of India|work=C. P. R. Environment Education Centre|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://www.cpreec.org/pubbook-biosphere.htm|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Environment and Forests}}|archive-date=2011-08-21|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6174UGghb?url=http://www.cpreec.org/pubbook-biosphere.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|date=9 September 1972|title=Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972|publisher=[http://moef.nic.in/index.php Ministry of Environments and Forests], Government of India|url=http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html|accessdate=25 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Environments and Forests 1972}}}}
* {{citation|last=Puri|first=S. K.|title=Biodiversity Profile of India|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html|accessdate=20 June 2007|ref={{sfnRef|Puri}}}}
* {{citation|date=4 June 2007|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance|publisher=The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands|page=18|url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|accessdate=20 June 2007|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621011113/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|archivedate=21 June 2007|ref={{sfnRef|Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands}}}}
* {{citation|last=Tritsch|first=M. F.|date=3 September 2001|title=Wildlife of India|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|place=London|isbn=978-0-00-711062-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aNRQAAAACAAJ}}
{{refend}}
'''Politika'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{citation|last=Bhambhri|first=C. P.|date=1 May 1992|title=Politics in India, 1991–1992|publisher=Shipra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pf5HAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=20 July 2011|isbn=978-81-85402-17-8}}
* {{citation|last1=Burnell|first1=P. J.|last2=Calvert|first2=P.|date=1 May 1999|title=The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea|edition=1st|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-7146-8026-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=16 May 2009|title=Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|accessdate=13 June 2009|ref={{sfnRef|Business Standard|2009}}}}
* {{citation|last=Chander|first=N. J.|date=1 January 2004|title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-092-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA117|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last1=Dunleavy|first1=P.|last2=Diwakar|first2=R.|last3=Dunleavy|first3=C.|year=2007|title=The Effective Space of Party Competition|issue=5|publisher=[[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/government/research/resgroups/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf|accessdate=27 September 2011|format=PDF|archive-date=2007-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028005708/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/government/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Dutt|first=S.|year=1998|title=Identities and the Indian State: An Overview|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=19|issue=3|pages=411–434|doi=10.1080/01436599814325}}
* {{citation|last=Echeverri-Gent|first=J.|editor-last=Ayres|editor-first=A.|editor2-last=Oldenburg|editor2-first=P.|date=January 2002|title=Quickening the Pace of Change|chapter=Politics in India's Decentred Polity|series=India Briefing|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|place=London|pages=19–53|isbn=978-0-7656-0812-3}}
* {{citation|date=14 March 2009|title=Current Recognised Parties|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf|accessdate=5 July 2010|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Election Commission of India}}|archive-date=2018-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820162136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Gledhill|first=A.|date=30 March 1970|title=The Republic of India: The Development of its Laws and Constitution|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-8371-2813-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2011|archive-date=2011-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212162648/http://books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|date=24 December 2004|title=Narasimha Rao Passes Away|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm|accessdate=2 November 2008|ref={{sfnRef|The Hindu 2008}}|archive-date=2004-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230182813/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Mathew|first=K. M.|date=1 January 2003|title=Manorama Yearbook|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|isbn=978-81-900461-8-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jDaLQwAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2011}}
* {{citation|title=National Symbols of India|work=Know India|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php|accessdate=27 September 2009|ref={{sfnRef|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
* {{citation|last=Neuborne|first=B.|year=2003|title=The Supreme Court of India|journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law|volume=1|issue=1|pages=476–510|doi=10.1093/icon/1.3.476}}
* {{citation|last=Pylee|first=M. V.|year=2003|title=Constitutional Government in India|chapter=The Longest Constitutional Document|edition=2nd|publisher=[[S. Chand]]|isbn=978-81-219-2203-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C|ref={{sfnRef|Pylee|2003|a}}}}
* {{citation|last=Pylee|first=M. V.|year=2003|title=Constitutional Government in India|chapter=The Union Judiciary: The Supreme Court|edition=2nd|publisher=[[S. Chand]]|isbn=978-81-219-2203-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C&pg=PA314|accessdate=2 November 2007|ref={{sfnRef|Pylee|2003|b}}}}
* {{citation|last=Sarkar|first=N. I.|title=Sonia Gandhi: Tryst with India|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Atlantic|isbn=978-81-269-0744-1<!--8126907444-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=26flsWUf8fkC|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=R.|year=1950|title=Cabinet Government in India|journal=Parliamentary Affairs|volume=4|issue=1|pages=116–126}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=B. K.|date=August 2007|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|edition=4th|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|isbn=978-81-203-3246-1<!--8120332466-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA161}}
* {{citation|last=Sinha|first=A.|year=2004|title=The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India|journal=India Review|volume=3|issue=1|pages=25–63|doi=10.1080/14736480490443085}}
* {{citation|title=World's Largest Democracy to Reach One Billion Persons on Independence Day|publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|United Nations]] [[Commission on Population and Development|Population Division]]|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm|accessdate=5 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|United Nations Population Division}}|archive-date=2011-08-21|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6174XlNpl?url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Wheare|first=K. C.|date=Jona 1980|title=Federal Government|edition=4th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-22702-8}}
{{refend}}
'''Fifandraisana amin'ny any ivelany ary tafika'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{citation|last=Alford|first=P.|date=7 July 2008|title=G8 Plus 5 Equals Power Shift|publisher=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/g8-plus-5-equals-power-shift/story-e6frg6t6-1111116838759|accessdate=21 November 2009|ref={{sfnRef|Alford|2008}}}}
* {{citation|last=Behera|first=L. K.|date=7 March 2011|title=Budgeting for India's Defence: An Analysis of Defence Budget 2011–2012|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311|accessdate=4 April 2011|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033402/http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|last=Behera|first=L. K.|date=20 March 2012|title=India's Defence Budget 2012–13|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2012-13_LaxmanBehera_200312|accessdate=26 March 2012|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626132019/http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2012-13_LaxmanBehera_200312|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|date=11 February 2009|title=Russia Agrees India Nuclear Deal|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883223.stm|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{sfnRef|British Broadcasting Corporation 2009}}}}
* {{citation|last=Curry|first=B.|date=27 June 2010|title=Canada Signs Nuclear Deal with India|publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/canada-signs-nuclear-deal-with-india/article1620801/|accessdate=13 May 2011}}
* {{citation|date=8 April 2008|title=India, Europe Strategic Relations|work=Europa: Summaries of EU Legislation|publisher=[[European Union]]|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/asia/r14100_en.htm|accessdate=14 January 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Europa 2008}}}}
* {{citation|last=Ghosh|first=A.|title=India's Foreign Policy|date=1 September 2009|publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson]]|isbn=978-81-317-1025-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC}}
* {{citation|last=Gilbert|first=M.|date=17 December 2002|title=A History of the Twentieth Century|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]]|isbn=978-0-06-050594-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jhwY1j8Ao3kC&pg=PA486|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=5 October 2009|title=India, Russia Review Defence Ties|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2514142.ece|accessdate=8 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Hindu 2011}}|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007183650/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2514142.ece|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|last=Kumar|first=A. V.|date=1 May 2010|title=Reforming the NPT to Include India|work=Bulletin of Atomic Scientists|url=http://thebulletin.org/reforming-npt-include-india|accessdate=1 November 2010|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152437/http://thebulletin.org/reforming-npt-include-india|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Miglani|first=S.|date=28 February 2011|title=With An Eye on China, India Steps Up Defence Spending|publisher=Reuters|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/28/india-budget-military-idUSSGE71R02Y20110228|accessdate=6 July 2011|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151457/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/28/india-budget-military-idUSSGE71R02Y20110228|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Nair|first=V. K.|year=2007|title=No More Ambiguity: India's Nuclear Policy|url=http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf|accessdate=7 June 2007|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041401/http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2007}}
* {{citation|last=Pandit|first=R.|date=27 July 2009|title=N-Submarine to Give India Crucial Third Leg of Nuke Triad|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/28212143_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine|accessdate=10 March 2010|archive-date=2011-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811144548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/28212143_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Perkovich|first=G.|date=5 November 2001|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=25 January 2008|title=India, France Agree on Civil Nuclear Cooperation|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/25france.htm|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{sfnRef|Rediff 2008 a}}}}
* {{citation|date=13 February 2010|title=UK, India Sign Civil Nuclear Accord|publisher=Reuters|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/us-india-britain-nuclear-idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{sfnRef|Reuters|2010}}|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144413/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/us-india-britain-nuclear-idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last1=Ripsman|first1=N. M.|last2=Paul|first2=T. V.|date=18 March 2010|title=Globalization and the National Security State|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-539390-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7P87HIh9ajMC&pg=PA130|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Rothermund|first=D.|date=17 October 2000|title=The Routledge Companion to Decolonization|edition=1st|series=Routledge Companions to History|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ez37H0UPt_YC|isbn=978-0-415-35632-9}}
* {{citation|date=10 January 2011|title=India Gets Its First Homegrown Fighter Jet|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20110110/162090932.html|accessdate=1 April 2009|ref={{sfnRef|Russian International News Agency 2011}}}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=S. R.|date=1 January 1999|title=India–USSR Relations 1947–1971: From Ambivalence to Steadfastness|volume=1|publisher=Discovery|isbn=978-81-7141-486-4<!--8171414869-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC}}
* {{citation|last=Shukla|first=A.|date=5 March 2011|title=China Matches India's Expansion in Military Spending|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/china-matches-india%5Cs-expansion-in-military-spending/427365/|accessdate=6 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last1=Sisodia|first1=N. S.|last2=Naidu|first2=G. V. C.|year=2005|title=Changing Security Dynamic in Eastern Asia: Focus on Japan|publisher=Promilla|isbn=978-81-86019-52-8<!--8186019529-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jSgfLG3Ib9wC}}
* {{citation|date=8 August 2008|title=SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-954895-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EAyQ9KCJE2gC&pg=PA178|accessdate=22 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2008}}}}
* {{citation|date=19 March 2012|title=Rise in international arms transfers is driven by Asian demand, says SIPRI|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative|url=http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/rise-in-international-arms-transfers-is-driven-by-asian-demand-says-sipri|accessdate=26 March 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative 2012}}|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130113065046/http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/rise-in-international-arms-transfers-is-driven-by-asian-demand-says-sipri|archivedate=2013-01-13|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|date=11 October 2008|title=India, US Sign 123 Agreement|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/27905286_1_indian-nuclear-market-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-field|accessdate=21 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Times of India 2008}}|archive-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021602/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/27905286_1_indian-nuclear-market-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-field|dead-url=yes}}
{{refend}}
'''Toe-karena'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{citation|last=Alamgir|first=J.|date=24 December 2008|title=India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-77684-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JL7QfWJ5Yk0C|accessdate=23 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Bonner|first=B|date=20 March 2010|title=Make Way, World. India Is on the Move|publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/The-Daily-Reckoning/2010/0320/Make-way-world.-India-is-on-the-move|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Bonner|2010}}}}
* {{citation|date=18 November 2010|title=India Lost $462bn in Illegal Capital Flows, Says Report|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11782795|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 c}}}}
* {{citation|date=9 April 2010|title=India Second Fastest Growing Auto Market After China|work=[[Business Line]]|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article988689.ece|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Business Line 2010}}}}
* {{citation|year=2013|title=An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions|last1=Drèze|first1=Jean|last2=Sen|first2=Amartya|publisher=Allen Lane}}
* {{citation|date=8 October 2011|title=India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts|publisher=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21531527|accessdate=9 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Economist 2011}}}}
* {{citation|date=13 October 2009|title=Indian Car Exports Surge 36%|work=Express India|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-car-exports-surge-36/528633/|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Express India 2009}}|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130102144817/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/indian-car-exports-surge-36/528633/|archivedate=2013-01-02|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|date=April 2011|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=6&sy=1991&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=548%2C566%2C524%2C578%2C534%2C536%2C429&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{sfnRef|International Monetary Fund 2011}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Farrell|first1=D.|last2=Beinhocker|first2=E.|date=19 May 2007|title=Next Big Spenders: India's Middle Class|publisher=[[McKinsey & Company]]|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/MGI/In_the_news/Next_big_spenders_Indian_middle_class|accessdate=17 September 2011|archive-date=2011-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205035707/http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/MGI/In_the_news/Next_big_spenders_Indian_middle_class|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last=Gargan|first=E. A.|date=15 August 1992|title=India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy|publisher=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.html|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=June 2011|title=World Economic Outlook Update|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.pdf|accessdate=22 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|International Monetary Fund 2011}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Nayak|first1=P. B.|last2=Goldar|first2=B.|last3=Agrawal|first3=P.|date=10 November 2010|title=India's Economy and Growth: Essays in Honour of V. K. R. V. Rao|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N1Ho2SGXUHwC|isbn=978-81-321-0452-0}}
* {{citation|date=October 2007|title=Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf|accessdate=22 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}}|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053357/http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/39452196.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{citation|last1=Pal|first1=P.|last2=Ghosh|first2=J|title=Inequality in India: A Survey of Recent Trends|work=Economic and Social Affairs: DESA Working Paper No. 45|date=July 2007|publisher=[[United Nations]]|url=http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp45_2007.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{citation|date=January 2011|title=The World in 2050: The Accelerating Shift of Global Economic Power: Challenges and Opportunities|author=PricewaterhouseCoopers|authorlink=PricewaterhouseCoopers|url=http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/psrc/pdf/world_in_2050_jan2011.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF}}
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* {{citation|date=24 September 2010|title=Is Boxing the New Cricket?|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/1jxksEgRhUYXq0ezp1iixM/Is-boxing-the-new-cricket.html|accessdate=5 October 2010|ref={{sfnRef|Mint 2010}}}}
* {{citation|last=Nakamura|first=H.|date=1 April 1999|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|edition=12th|series=Buddhist Tradition Series|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-0272-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC}}
* {{citation|last=Puskar-Pasewicz|first=M.|date=16 September 2010|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-37556-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=scpwmjE3TWYC&pg=PA39}}
* {{citation|last=Raghavan|first=S.|date=23 October 2006|title=Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings|edition=2nd|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-0-8493-2842-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m4vvs87XiucC&pg=PA3}}
* {{citation|last=Raichlen|first=S.|date=10 May 2011|title=A Tandoor Oven Brings India's Heat to the Backyard|publisher=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/dining/a-tandoor-oven-brings-indias-heat-to-the-backyard.html|accessdate=14 June 2011}}
* {{citation|editor1-last=Rajadhyaksha|editor1-first=A.|editor2-last=Willemen|editor2-first=P.|date=22 January 1999|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|edition=2nd|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|isbn=978-0-85170-669-6|ref={{sfnRef|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999}}}}
* {{citation|last=Ramanujan|first=A. K. (translator)|author-link=A. K. Ramanujan|date=15 October 1985|title=Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|place=New York|pages=ix–x|isbn=978-0-231-05107-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC<!--|quote=These poems are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilisation. Early classical Tamil literature (c. 100 BC – AD 250) consists of the Eight Anthologies (''Eţţuttokai''), the Ten Long Poems (''Pattuppāţţu''), and a grammar called the ''Tolkāppiyam'' or the 'Old Composition.' ... The literature of classical Tamil later came to be known as ''Cankam'' (pronounced ''Sangam'') literature.-->}}
* {{citation|last=Rawat|first=Ramnarayan S|date=23 March 2011|title=Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-22262-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC&pg=PA3}}
* {{citation|title=Anand Crowned World Champion|date=29 October 2008|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/oct/29anand.htm|accessdate=29 October 2008|ref={{sfnRef|Rediff 2008 b}}}}
* {{citation|last=Roberts|first=N. W.|date=12 July 2004|title=Building Type Basics for Places of Worship|edition=1st|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0-471-22568-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hOxOAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation|last=Sarma|first=S.|date=1 January 2009|title=A History of Indian Literature|edition=2nd|volume=1|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3}}
* {{citation|last=Schoenhals|first=M.|date=22 November 2003|title=Intimate Exclusion: Race and Caste Turned Inside Out|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|isbn=978-0-7618-2697-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=922nG03giDwC&pg=PA119}}
* {{citation|last=Schwartzberg|first=J.|year=2011|title=India: Caste|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46404/Caste|accessdate=17 July 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Sen|first=A.|date=5 September 2006|title=The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity|edition=1st|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|isbn=978-0-312-42602-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=agk63AlLmIgC&pg=PA132}}
* {{citation|last=Seymour|first=S.C.|date=28 January 1999|title=Women, Family, and Child Care in India: A World in Transition|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-59884-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ClkaIF3KzLIC&pg=PA81}}
* {{citation|last=Silverman|first=S.|date=10 October 2007|title=Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-0132-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iwaryJd3fD8C&pg=PA20}}
* {{citation|last=Tarlo|first=E.|date=1 September 1996|title=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-78976-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ByoTXhXCuyAC|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{citation|date=9 August 2010|title=Sawant Shoots Historic Gold at World Championships|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/Sawant-shoots-historic-gold-at-World-Championships/articleshow/6274795.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=25 May 2011|ref={{sfnRef|The Times of India 2010}}}}
* {{citation|title=Taj Mahal|publisher=[[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]]|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252|accessdate=3 March 2012|ref={{sfnRef|United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation}}}}
* {{citation|date=11 September 2009|title=India Aims for Center Court|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502.html|accessdate=29 September 2010|ref={{sfnRef|The Wall Street Journal 2009}}}}
* {{citation|last1=Wengell|first1=D. L.|last2=Gabriel|first2=N.|date=1 September 2008|title=Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A-to-Z Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory|edition=1st|publisher=The Hunter Press|isbn=978-0-9776552-4-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BNR1KGJXX9cC&pg=PA158}}
* {{cite web|title=Intergenerational Mobility for Dalits Is Visible, Albeit Limited|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/05/05/000356161_20110505044659/Rendered/PDF/574280PUB0Pers1351B0Extop0ID0186890.pdf|work=World Bank Report 2011|accessdate=6 September 2012|doi=10.1596/978-0-8213-8689-7|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|World Bank 2011}}}}
* {{citation|last=Xavier|first1=L.|date=12 September 2010|title=Sushil Kumar Wins Gold in World Wrestling Championship|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/Sushil-Kumar-wins-gold-in-World-Wrestling-Championship/articleshow/6542488.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=5 October 2010}}
* {{citation|last1=Yadav|first1=S. S.|last2=McNeil|first2=D.|last3=Stevenson|first3=P. C.|date=23 October 2007|title=Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-1-4020-6312-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VfT6hZHpXPkC&pg=PA174<!--|quote=But it has been red lentils which have "fed the masses" particularly in the Indian subcontinent. Lentils are a staple food in many regions.-->}}
* {{citation|last=Zvelebil|first=K. V.|date=1 August 1997|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-09365-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC}}
{{refend}}
[[Sokajy:Jeografia]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena ao Azia]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena]]
[[Sokajy:Firenena ao Azia]]
[[Sokajy:Azia]]
[[Sokajy:India| ]]
<references />
pdck1zk5798o8ck9abvfutdw4nx84c7
Les Maillys
0
48390
1151505
1030218
2026-09-29T07:44:23Z
Kontributor 2K
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{{Coord|47.1378|5.3408}}
{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Les Maillys
|sary=Mairie des Maillys.JPG
|firenena={{Frantsa}}
|faritany=[[Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]]
|velarantany=29.79
|isam-ponina=817
|ben'ny tanàna=Marie-France Sordel
}}
[[sary:Blason famille fr de Mailly (Bourgogne).svg|120px|thumb|right|Mari-piandrian'i Les Maillys]]
I '''Les Maillys''' dia kaominina ao amin'ny fivondronan'i Dijon, ao amin'ny departemantan'i [[Côte-d'Or]], ao amin'ny faritr'i [[Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]], ao [[Frantsa]].
Ny INSEE dia mampiasa ny kaodim-paositra 21371.
I Marie-France Sordel no ben'ny tanàna mandritry ny taona 2008–2014. Ilay kaominina dia kaominina mpikambana amin'ny fivondronan-kaominin'i
== Jeografia ==
Ny isam-ponin'i Les Maillys dia 817 mponina araka ny fanisana natao tamin'ny taona 2008. Ny haavon'ny toerana ambany indrindra dia 180 metatra. Ny haavon'ny toerana avo indrindra dia 197 metatra. Ny fisiana ara-daharampehintany ary ara-daharanjarahasin'ilay kaominina dia 47.1378° ary 5.3408° amin'ny soratra desimaly.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT+1.
== Rohy ivelany ==
* : Tranonkala
* [http://www.communes.com/recherche/?q=Les Maillys Eo amin'i www.communes.com]
<references/>
[[Sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritr'i Côte-d'Or]]
h7e3hg7mhyv7plxozr3tkyhma0xsvyz
São Tiago
0
73588
1151487
938359
2026-09-28T21:23:47Z
~2026-50172-80
41062
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{{Coord|20|54|46|S|44|30|32|W|}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana =São Tiago
|velarantany = 572.4
|haavo = 1100
|isam-ponina = 11.517
|firenena ={{BRA}}
|fanjakana = [[Minas Gerais}}
|ben'ny tanàna = Alexandre<ref>(pt) [https://www.otempo.com.br/eleicoes/2024/candidatos/minas-gerais/sao-tiago/prefeito/alexandre-25 Eleições 2024 – Perfil do Prefeito Eleito Alexandre]</ref>
|sary =Sao_tiago.jpg
|saina =Brasao_sao_tiago.jpg
}}
I '''São Tiago''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i [[File:Bandeira de Minas Gerais.svg|20px]] [[Minas Gerais]], ao amin'i [[Campo das Vertentes]], [[Zana-paritan'i São João del-Rei|São João del-Rei]].
==Jeografia==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia 572.4 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 11.517 tamin'ny taona 2024..
{{commonscat}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Minas Gerais]]
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1151488
1151487
2026-09-28T21:25:31Z
~2026-50172-80
41062
1151488
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{{Coord|20|54|46|S|44|30|32|W|}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana =São Tiago
|velarantany = 572.4
|haavo = 1100
|isam-ponina = 11.517
|firenena ={{BRA}}
|fanjakana = {{Minas Gerais}}
|ben'ny tanàna = Alexandre<ref>(pt) [https://www.otempo.com.br/eleicoes/2024/candidatos/minas-gerais/sao-tiago/prefeito/alexandre-25 Eleições 2024 – Perfil do Prefeito Eleito Alexandre]</ref>
|sary =Sao_tiago.jpg
|saina =Brasao_sao_tiago.jpg
}}
[[File:MinasGerais Municip SaoTiago.svg|thumb|left|Sao Tiago]]
I '''São Tiago''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i [[File:Bandeira de Minas Gerais.svg|20px]] [[Minas Gerais]], ao amin'i [[Campo das Vertentes]], [[Zana-paritan'i São João del-Rei|São João del-Rei]].
==Jeografia==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia 572.4 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 11.517 tamin'ny taona 2024..
{{commonscat|São Tiago (Minas Gerais)}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Minas Gerais]]
d4vac57vk6go7yx4yjypijmn2aqotq9
1151489
1151488
2026-09-28T21:26:38Z
~2026-50172-80
41062
1151489
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{{Coord|20|54|46|S|44|30|32|W|}}
{{infobox tanàna
|anarana =São Tiago
|velarantany = 572.4
|haavo = 1100
|isam-ponina = 11.517
|firenena ={{BRA}}
|fanjakana = {{Minas Gerais}}
|ben'ny tanàna = Alexandre<ref>(pt) [https://www.otempo.com.br/eleicoes/2024/candidatos/minas-gerais/sao-tiago/prefeito/alexandre-25 Eleições 2024 – Perfil do Prefeito Eleito Alexandre]</ref>
|sary =Praça principal - panoramio.jpg
|saina =Brasao_sao_tiago.jpg
}}
[[File:MinasGerais Municip SaoTiago.svg|thumb|left|Sao Tiago]]
I '''São Tiago''' dia kaominina ao [[Brazila]], ao amin'i [[File:Bandeira de Minas Gerais.svg|20px]] [[Minas Gerais]], ao amin'i [[Campo das Vertentes]], [[Zana-paritan'i São João del-Rei|São João del-Rei]].
==Jeografia==
Ny velarantanin'ilay tanàna dia 572.4 kilometatra toradroa. Ny isam-ponina dia 11.517 tamin'ny taona 2024..
{{commonscat|São Tiago (Minas Gerais)}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao Minas Gerais]]
8b96erjjmrzb37mvf66yfjr60bbpqyf
Charles Rabemananjara
0
182475
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== NY MOMBA AZY ==
{{Infobox olona|anarana=Rabemanajara Charles|teraka=9 jiona 1947|toerana=Ampatsakana-Antananarivo|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Praiministra|sary=Original file (1,045 × 1,359 pixels, file size: 968 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)}}
I '''Charles Rabemananjara''' dia teraka ny 9 Jiona 1947 tao Ampatsakana-[[Antananarivo]]). Izy dia praiminisitry ny Repoblikan' i [[Madagasikara]] izay notendrena tamin' ny 20 janoary [[2007]].
Ny Jeneraly Charles Rabemananjara dia manambady ary manana zanaka 4. Manana ny mari-boninahitra Jeneraly de corps d'armée izy ao amin'ny Zandarmariam-pirenena, ary nandalina ny fianarana miaramila teto Madagasikara sy tany Frantsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fr.travel.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/077jY9p55XZGfKmM.html |title=kopian'ny arisiva |access-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412120435/https://fr.travel.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/077jY9p55XZGfKmM.html |archive-date=2026-04-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Izy koa dia fantatra amin'ny naha Praiminisitry ny Repoblikan'i Madagasikara azy tamin'ny taona 2007 hatramin'ny 2009 tamin'ny vanim-potoanan'ny Filoha Marc Ravalomanana.[http://fr.travel.allafrica.com/view/]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fr.travel.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/077jY9p55XZGfKmM.html |title=kopian'ny arisiva |access-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412120435/https://fr.travel.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/077jY9p55XZGfKmM.html |archive-date=2026-04-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
== TANTARANY ==
Rehefa nanomboka ny asany tao amin'ny tafi-panjakan'ny Zandarmaria izy tamin'ny taona 1970, ny Jeneraly Charles Rabemananjara dia voatendry ho lehiben'ny kômpania tany Antsirabe tamin'ny 1975, ary avy eo ho mpanampy ny Lehiben'ny Zandarmaria tamin'ny faritry Tananarive tamin'ny 1976.
Rehefa nanohy ny asany tao amin'ny Zandarmaria izy dia nifanesy tamin'ireto andraikitra ireto:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fr.travel.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/077jY9p55XZGfKmM.html |title=kopian'ny arisiva |access-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412120435/https://fr.travel.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/077jY9p55XZGfKmM.html |archive-date=2026-04-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1996: Sekretera jeneralin'ny Fiarovam-pirenena eo anivon'ny Praiminisitra.
* 1998: Tale jeneralin'ny Doany.
* 2000: Manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny miaramila (Expert Militaire) an'ny OUA tany Kaomoro.
* 2004: Talen'ny kabinetra miaramila teo anivon'ny Fiadidian'ny Repoblika.
* 28 Novambra 2005 - 19 Janovary 2007: Minisitry ny Atitany sy ny Fanavaozana ny fitantanana tao amin'ny governemantan'i Jacques Sylla.[http://fr.travel.allafrica.com]
== Jereo koa ==
== [[Madagasikara]] ==
* [[Pôlitika eto Madagasikara|Pôlitika ao Madagasikara]]
* [[Praiminisitra malagasy]]
{{vangovango}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rabemananjara, Charles}}
[[Sokajy:Praiminisitra malagasy]]
[[sokajy:Politika ao Madagasikara]]
[[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1947]]
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Williamsport, Pennsylvania
0
184235
1151510
939732
2026-09-29T10:00:37Z
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{{Coord|41.2444444444|-77.0186111111}}
{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Williamsport, Pennsylvania
|firenena={{Etazonia}}
|faritany=Pennsylvania
|velarantany=24.7
|isam-ponina=29304
|ben'ny tanàna=[[Gabriel J. Campana|Gabe Campana]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
}}
'''Williamsport, Pennsylvania''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i [[Pennsylvania]], ao [[Etazonia]]. 17701,17702,17703,17705 <ref>[http://www.city-data.com/city/Williamsport-Pennsylvania.html Williamsport, Pennsylvania (PA) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news] {{Wayback|url=http://www.city-data.com/city/Williamsport-Pennsylvania.html |date=20200203062924 }}. City-data.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.</ref>.
== Jeografia ==
Ny laharam-pehintaniny ary ny laharan-jarahasiny dia 41.2444444444 ary -77.0186111111.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT -5.
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Pennsylvania]]
* [[Etazonia]]
== Rohy ivelany ==
* [http://www.cityofwilliamsport.org/ www.cityofwilliamsport.org]
{{vangovango}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i Pennsylvania]]
ck23grz1nv7zp6lnmmjrg0ih1f7zf3a
Jewell, Kansas
0
186846
1151494
941901
2026-09-29T01:17:36Z
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{{Coord|39.6708333333|-98.1527777778}}
{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Jewell, Kansas
|firenena={{Etazonia}}
|faritany=Kansas
|velarantany=1.11
|isam-ponina=432
|ben'ny tanàna=
}}
'''Jewell, Kansas''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i [[Kansas]], ao [[Etazonia]]. 66949.
== Jeografia ==
Ny laharam-pehintaniny ary ny laharan-jarahasiny dia 39.6708333333 ary -98.1527777778.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT -6.
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Kansas]]
* [[Etazonia]]
== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120728071241/http://skyways.lib.ks.us/towns/Jewell/ City Website]
{{vangovango}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i Kansas]]
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Johnson City, Kansas
0
186847
1151495
941902
2026-09-29T01:26:59Z
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{{Coord|37.5697222222|-101.752777778}}
{{infobox tanàna
|tanàna=Johnson City, Kansas
|firenena={{Etazonia}}
|faritany=Kansas
|velarantany=5.21
|isam-ponina=1495
|ben'ny tanàna=
}}
'''Johnson City, Kansas''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i [[Kansas]], ao [[Etazonia]]. .
== Jeografia ==
Ny laharam-pehintaniny ary ny laharan-jarahasiny dia 37.5697222222 ary -101.752777778.
Ny faritr'ora dia GMT -6.
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Kansas]]
* [[Etazonia]]
== Rohy ivelany ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626014114/http://skyways.lib.ks.us/towns/Johnson/ City Website]
{{vangovango}}
[[sokajy:Tanàna ao amin'ny faritany mizaka tenan'i Kansas]]
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Fetin' ny Trinite
0
261110
1151491
1074722
2026-09-28T23:03:06Z
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[[Sary:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-compact.svg|vignette|277x277px|Ny Ampingan' ny Trinite]]
Ny [[Fetin'ny Trinite|'''Fetin' ny''' '''Trinite''']] na [[Fetin'ny Trinite|'''Alahadin' ny''' '''Trinite''']] dia fety ankalazana an' Andriamanitra tokana misy [[Persôna (teôlôjia)|persôna]] telo ([[Trinite]]), dia ny [[Andriamanitra Ray|Ray]] sy ny [[Andriamanitra Zanaka|Zanaka]] ary ny [[Fanahy Masina (kristianisma)|Fanahy Masina]].
Tao amin' ny Fiangonana voalohany dia tsy nisy fomba fivavahana manokana na andro manokana natokana ho an' ny Trinite Masina. Nefa rehefa niely ny [[Arianisma (teôlôjia)|arianisma]] (izay noheverina ho [[Fampianaran-diso (fivavahana)|fampianaran-diso]] nataon' i [[Ariosy]]) dia nanomana fankalazana omban-kira fiderana sy hira ifamaliana, hira mialoha hotononina amin' ny Alahady ny [[Rain' ny Fiangonana]].
Ankalazaina amin' ny Alahady voalohany aorian' ny [[Pentekôsta]] ny Fetin' ny Trinite ao amin' ny [[Kristianisma Tandrefana|Fiangonana Tandrefana]] ary amin' ny Alahadin' ny Pentekôsta kosa ao amin' ny [[Fiangonana Tatsinanana]]<ref><small>''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/trinity_1.shtml "Christianity: The Trinity"]. BBC. BBC''. Notsidihina tamin'ny 20/05/2016''.''</small></ref>.
Ankalazaina amin' ireo [[Kristianisma Tandrefana|Fiangonana tandrefana]] rehetra ny Alahadin' ny Trinite, dia ny [[Katôlisisma|Fiangonana katôlika]] ny [[Anglikanisma|Fiangonana anglikana]]<ref><small>[http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/uk/trinity-sunday "Trinity Sunday in United Kingdom",] Time and Date</small></ref>, ny [[Loteranisma|Fiangonana loterana]]<ref><small>[http://www.stpaulskingsville.org/trinity.htm "Questions and answers about Trinity Sunday"], St. Paul's Lutheran Church, Kingsville [https://web.archive.org/web/20130617170149/http://www.stpaulskingsville.org/trinity.htm Archived 2013-06-17] at the Wayback Machine.</small></ref>, ny [[Fiangonana nohavaozina|Fiangonana presbiteriana]]<ref><small>[http://www.presbyterianmission.org/ministries/worship/trinity-sunday/ "Trinity Sunday"], Presbyterian Mission Agency</small></ref>, ny Fiangonana Mirain' i Kristy<ref><small>[http://www.ucc.org/worship_worship-ways "Trinity Sunday"], UCC Worship Ways,</small></ref> ary ny [[Metôdisma|Fiangonana metôdista]]<ref><small>[http://www.umcdiscipleship.org/worship/lectionary-calendar/trinity-sunday-first-sunday-after-pentecost2 "Trinity Sunday/First Sunday after Pentecost"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.umcdiscipleship.org/worship/lectionary-calendar/trinity-sunday-first-sunday-after-pentecost2 |date=20160902150121 }}. United Methodist Church Discipleship Ministries. Retrieved 17 March2016.</small></ref>.
== Fankalazana ao amin' ny Fiangonana tandrefana ==
=== Ny taom-piangonana ===
Isaina (asiana laharana) manomboka amin' ny Alahadin' ny Trinite ny Alahady rehetra manaraka ny [[Pentekôsta]] hatramin' ny [[Advento]]. Araka ny fanao nolovana ao amin' ny Fiangonana katôlika dia mifanindry amin' ny datin' ny Alahady voalohany aorian' ny Pentekôsta ny Alahadin' ny Trinite<ref><small>[http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=4620#94 "Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity"], ''Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy'', §157, Vatican City, 17 December 2001</small></ref>. Ao amin' ny fombam-pivavahana rômana nasiam-panovana dia mitohy herinandro iray aloha ny fotoana tsotra, dia ny Alatsinainy manaraka ny Pentekôsta, sy ireo Alahady tafalatsaka amin' ny Pentekôsta ka ny Alahadin' ny Trinite dia dinganina amin' io taona io. Ao amin' ny [[Fiangonan' i Angletera]], taorian' ny nampiasana ny fombam-pivavahana Sarum talohan' ny [[Fanavaozana prôtestanta|Fanavaozam-piangonana]] (na [[Fanavaozana prôtestanta|Refôrma]]), ny Alahady manaraka dia atao hoe "Alahady voalohany aorian' ny Trinite", fa ankehitriny ny Fiangonana episkôpalin' i Etazonia<ref><small>[http://www.lectionarypage.net/YearC_RCL/Pentecost/CTrinity_RCL.html "First Sunday after Pentecost: Trinity Sunday"], The Lectionary Page</small></ref> dia manaraka ny fanaon' ny Katôlika, ka miantso izany hoe "Alahady faharoa aorian' ny Pentekôsta". Ny fotsy no loko litorjika ampiasaina.
=== Ny fankalazana ny Trinite ===
==== Ao amin' ny Fiangonana katôlika ====
Atao hoe "Trinite Masina Indrindra" io fetin' ny Trinite io ao amin' ny [[Eglizy katôlika rômanina|Fiangonana katôlika]]. Talohan' ny [[Kônsily Vatikàna II|Kônsily Vatikana II]] dia nanamarika ny fiafaran' ny fari-potoan' ny telo herinandro izay tsy azo anaovana fanamasinam-panambadiana ao am-piangonana izany. Ny fotsy no loko litorjika ampiasaina. Atao amin' io andro io ny [[Fanekem-pinoana atanaziana|Fiekem-pinoan' i Atanasio]] (na Atanazy), dia ilay atao amin' ny [[Fiteny latina|teny latina]] hoe ''Quicumque vult''. Fetin' ny Vatan' i Kristy (latina: ''Corpus Christi'') ny Alakamisy aorian' ny Alahadin' ny Trinite, nefa amin' ny faritra sasany toy ny any [[Etazonia]] sy [[Kanada|Kanadà]] ary [[Espaina]] dia ankalazaina amin' ny Alahady manaraka ny Vatan' i Kristy arakaraka ny fahalalahan' ny paroasiana hanatanteraka ny [[Sorona masina|lamesa]] sy afaka hankalaza izany fety izany.
==== Ao amin' ny Fiangonana anglikana ====
Ny [[Fanekem-pinoana atanaziana|fiekiem-pinoana atanaziana]], na dia tsy dia ampiasain' ny [[Anglikanisma|Fiangonana anglikana]] aza, dia tononina ao amin' ny fiangonana anglikana sasany, indrindra ireo "Fiangonana ambony" (anglisy: ''High Church''). Didian' ny ''Book of Common Prayer'' tamin' ny taona 1662 an' ny [[Fiangonan' i Angletera]] ny fampiasana azy amin' ny Alahady sasany aorian' ny fivavahana maraina, anisan' izany ny Alahadin' ny Trinite, ary hita koa amin' ny bokim-bavaka maro ao amin' ny fiangonana anglikana ankehitriny izany. Fety lehibe ao amin' ny Fiangonan' i Angletera ny Alahadin' ny Trinite sady anisan' ireo andro fety fito lehibe ao amin' ny [[Fiangonana Episkôpaliana (Etazonia)|Fiangonana episkôpaliana]]. Mitandrina ny fankalazana ny Vatan' i Kristy (''Corpus Christi'') amin' ny Alakamisy manaraka, na koa amin' ny Alahady manaraka, ny [[paroasy]] anglikana manaraka ny firehana anglô-katôlika, <ref><small>[http://anglicansonline.org/ http://anglicansonline.org] {{Wayback|url=http://anglicansonline.org/ |date=20131127113919 }}/ [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicansonline.org%2F Tahiry]] Notsidihina 13/06/2017</small></ref>.
==== Ny Fiangonana metôdista ====
Ankalazaina araka ny ''The Book of Worship for Church and Home'' (1965) ny Fetin' ny Trinite ao amin' ny [[Metôdisma|Fiangonana metôdista]]<ref><small>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ckw6vgAACAAJ The Book of Worship for Church and Home: With Orders of Worship, Services for the Administration of the Sacraments and Other Aids to Worship According to the Usages of the Methodist Church].'' Methodist Publishing House. 1964. p. 131. Notsidihina tamin'ny 25/03/2017''.''</small></ref>.
== Fiangonana tatsinanana ==
Ao amin' ny [[Fiangonana ôrtôdôksa tatsinanana]] sy ny [[Fiangonana katôlika tatsinanana]], ny Alahadin' ny Pentekôsta dia antsoina hoe Alahadin' ny Trinite (ny Alahady manaraka ny Pentekôsta dia [[Alahadin' ny Olomasina]]). Atao hoe Alatsinainin' ny Fanahy Masina ny Alatsinainy manaraka ny Petekôsta, ary ny ampitson' io no Andro fahatelo amin' ny Trinite. Na dia tsy noraiketina ao amin' ny fanao tatsinanana aza ny loko litorjika (raha tokony ho izy dia misy ny loko natokana ho an' ny fety sy ny loko manjombona na loko ho an' ny [[Karemy]]), amin' ny fiangonana sasany dia ampiasaina ny maitso amin' ny Pentekôsta ary ny fotoana aorian' ny Pentekôsta.
== Daty ==
Anisan' ny fetim-piangonana miovaova daty ny Fetin' ny Trinite. Ny Alahady aorian' ny [[Pentekôsta]] sy herinandro valo aorian' ny Alahadin' ny [[Paska]] no Alahadin' ny Trinite. Ny 17 Mey (sahala ny tamin' ny taona 1818 sy ny ho amin' ny taona 2285) no daty akaiky indrindra mety ankalazana ny Fetin' ny Trinite. Ny 20 Jona (sahala ny tamin' ny taona 1943 sy ny ho amin' ny taona 2038) no daty tratra aoriana indrindra mety hanaovana io fankalazana io.
{| class="wikitable"
|
|Tantsinanana
|Tandrefana
|-
|2014
|15 Jona
|8 Jona
|-
|2015
|31 Mey
|31 Mey
|-
|2016
|22 Mey
|19 Jona
|-
|2017
|11 Jona
|4 Jona
|-
|2018
|27 Mey
|27 Mey
|-
|2019
|16 Jona
|16 Jona
|-
|2020
|7 Jona
|7 Jona
|-
|2021
|30 Mey
|20 Jona
|}
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Taom-piangonana]]
* [[Advento]]
* [[Noely]]
* [[Epifania]]
* [[Paska]]
* [[Pentekosta]]
*[[Trinite]]
*[[Fanekem-pinoana atanaziana]]
== Loharano ==
n43yka16c7u4eoiur56h1vg7gawp7vj
Valanaretin' ny Covid 19 eto Madagasikara
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[[Sary:SARS-CoV-2 without background.png|vignette|295x295px|Ny tsimokaretina coronavirus ]]
Tamin'ny 20 Marsa 2020 vao fantatra amin'ny fomba ôfisialy ny fisian'ny '''valanaretin'ny Covid 19 eto [[Madagasikara]]''', araka ny fanambaràna nataon'ny fitondram-panjakana [[Madagasikara|malagasy]].
Tsiahivina fa tamin'ny faramparan'ny taona 2019 tany [[Sina]] no nanombohan'ilay valanaretina Covid-19 izay niteraka fahasahiranana ara-pahasalamana maneran-tany, ka ny [[otrikaretina]] niteraka izany dia ny [[SARS-CoV-2]], araka ny fanambaràn'ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana]] ([[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: ''Organisation Mondiale de la Santé'' -- OMS) tamin'ny 11 Marsa 2020.
Vehivavy telo avy any [[Frantsa]] no hita fa mararin'io aretina io rehefa nidina avy tamin'ny fiaramanidina nitondra azy ireo ka notsapaina hafanana<ref><small>"[https://www.agencemalagasydepresse.com/vaovao-samihafa/tonga-eto-madagasikara-ny-coronavirus-vehivavy-3-avy-any-frantsa-no-voany/ Tonga eto Madagasikara ny coronavirus, Vehivavy 3 avy any Frantsa no voany]", in ''Aagencemalagasydepresse.com''</small></ref>. Raikitra avy hatrany ny fandraisana fepetra toy ny fanajanonana ny sidina rehetra avy any ivelany (fanambaràna tamin'ny 17 Marsa 2020) mandritra ny 30 andro manomboka ny 20 Marsa 2020<ref><small>[http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml "Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales".] {{Wayback|url=http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml |date=20200318071426 }} {{Cite web |url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml |title=kopian'ny arisiva |access-date=2020-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml |archive-date=2020-03-18 |url-status=dead}} ''mofcom.gov.cn''. 18 Mars 2020. Notsidihina tamin' ny 30 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>, indrindra fa avy amin'ireo [[Eorôpa|firenena eorôpeana]]<ref><small>"[http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales] {{Wayback|url=http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml |date=20200318071426 }} {{Cite web |url=http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml |title=kopian'ny arisiva |access-date=2020-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml |archive-date=2020-03-18 |url-status=dead}}" [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmg2.mofcom.gov.cn%2Farticle%2Fchinanews%2F202003%2F20200302946118.shtml tahiry]], sur mofcom.gov.cn, 18 Marsa 2020 (Notsidihina ny 30 Marsa 2020)</small></ref>, ny fanentanana ny vahoaka hihiboka ao amin'ny toeram-ponenany avy<ref><small>"[https://www.mining.com/sumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar/ Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar]" [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mining.com%2Fsumitomo-halts-mines-in-bolivia-madagascar%2F tahiry]], sur MINING.COM, 26 mars 2020 (consulté le 26 MarsA 2020)</small></ref>, ny fijerena ny mari-panan'ireo olona anaty fiara mbola niala na niditra ny [[tanàn-dehibe]] toa an'[[Antananarivo]], renivohitr'i [[Madagasikara]], ny fampiatoana ny fitateram-bahoaka, ny fanakatonana ny toeram-piasana mety hahitana olona maro ary ny fanakatonana ny sekoly sy ny toeram-pivavahana. Nanomboka tamin'ny 21 Marsa sy nifarana tamin'ny 18 Ôktôbra ny hamehana ara-pahasalamana eto [[Madagasikara]] tamin'ny taona 2020.
Misy fiantraikany ara-tsôsialy ny fahatafidiran'io [[valanaretina]] io eto Madagasikara sy ireo fepetra tsy maintsy noraisin'ny fanjakana, ka isan'izany ny fisondrotry ny vidin' entana sasany, ny fahasahiran'ireo mpitrongy vao homana, ny fahaverezan'asan'ny olona maro, ny fijalian'ireo olona avy na mandalo ao [[Antananarivo]] na [[Toamasina]] ka mikasa hody any amin'ny faritra hafa, na ireo mikasa hody ao Antananarivo na ao Toamasina avy any amin'ny faritra hafa.
Ny [[Institut Pasteur eto Madagasikara]] no misahana ny fitiliana ny aretina tamin'ny voalohany, ka ny hôpitaly manara-penitra eny Andohatapenaka no misahana ny fanaraha-maso ny fivoaran'ny aretin'ireo olona tazomina ao. Rehefa nitombo ny tranga dia natsangana koa ny toerana maro hanaovana fizaham-pahasalamana sy handraisana ny mararin'ny Covid-19.
Arakaraka ny fisehon'ny olana no itadiavan'ny fitondram-panjakana paikady hamahana ny olana misy eo amin'ny fiarahamonina, isan'izany ny famelomana ny "Tsena Mora" sy ny fizarana sakafo maimaimpoana ho an'ny sokajin' olona heverina fa marefo. Nanampy ny firenena malagasy ara-tsosialy koa ny fikambanana sy ny firenena sasany avy any an-dafy.
Ho takalon'ny fiarovana ny olona tsy ho azon'ilay valanaretina dia niantraika amin'ny [[Toekaren' i Madagasikara|toekarena malagasy]] ny fepetra noraisin'ny fitondram-panjakana izay nanidy ny toeram-pivarotana sy ny orinasa mpamokatra ary ny fitaterana manerana an'i [[Madagasikara]]. Isan'ny tsy voatsinjo koa ny fianaran'ny zaza malagasy tamin'ny fanakatonana aloha loatra ny sekoly rehetra manerana an'i Madagasikara, eny na dia mbola tsy nidiran'ilay valanaretina aza ny [[Faritra eto Madagasikara|faritra]] maro raha tsy taty aoriana be.
== Ireo andro vitsy talohan'ny fidiran'ny valanaretina ==
=== Fifamoivoizana mampifandray amin'ny any ivelany ===
Ny [[fizahàn-tany]] sy [[fitaterana ana habakabaka]] sy [[Fitaterana an-dranomasina|an-dranomasina]] mampitohy an'i [[Madagasikara]] amin'ny any ivelany dia mbola nalalaka nandritra ny fotoana efa nahafantaran'ny maro fa tsy mitsaha-mitombo ny isan'ny firenena idiran'ilay valanaretina Covid-19. Nivezivezy tsy niato ny [[fiaramanidina]] mitondra vahiny sy [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] mankaty Madagasikara sy mankany ivelany. Maro ny Malagasy tsotra nitaky sy niangavy ny fanakatonan'ny fanjakana ny sisin-tanin'i Madagasikara, ka any amin'ny [[tambajotran-tserasera]] no nahitana izany fitakiana izany betsaka. Raha maro ny Malagasy natahotra ny hidiran'izany aretina izany eto Madagasikara dia misy koa ireo nihevitra fa tahotra tsy marim-pototra loatra izany fa miforona noho ny vaovao tsy marina misy mampiely<ref><small>"[https://mada-actus.info/sante-et-bien-etre/coronavirus-madagascar-peur-malgaches/ Coronavirus & Madagascar : notre crainte est plus contagieuse que le virus] {{Wayback|url=https://mada-actus.info/sante-et-bien-etre/coronavirus-madagascar-peur-malgaches/ |date=20200324092700 }}", ''Mada Actus.Info'', 11 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>.
=== Ny hevitr'ireo mpanao pôlitika ===
==== Fanairana nataon-dRavalomanana ====
Nilaza ny tokony hanidiana ny sisin-tany ny ny filohan'ny antoko [[Tiako i Madagasikara]] (TIM) sady filoha-pirenena teo aloha [[Marc Ravalomanana]] tamin'ny 11 Marsa 2020<ref><small>Hoy Ravalomana: "''Ny mpitondra no tomponandraikitra voalohany amin' ny fiarovana ny vahoaka, koa manaitra sy manao antso avo aminareo aho amin' ny maha raiamandreny ahy eto amin' ny firenena ny mba handraisana fepetra hentitra sy haingana ny tokony hanidiana ny sisintanin' i Madagasikara, indrindra ho an' ireo sidina avy amin' ireo firenena efa voakasik' ity valanaretina coronavirus ity. Marefo ny firenentsika manoloana izany zava-doza izany ka tsy maintsy hentitra ny fepetra tokony ho raisina''."</small></ref>.
==== Nanontany ny hevitry ny Governemanta ny Solombavambahoaka ====
Noho izany rehetra izany dia nampiantso ireo minisitra misahana ny fahasalamam-bahoaka, ny [[Fizahàn-tany|fizahan-tany]], ny fitaterana ary ny famantarana ny toetrandro ny Solombavambahoaka tamin'ny 12 Marsa 2020 tao [[Tsimbazaza]] mba hahazo fanazavana momba ny fomba hiarovana an'i Madagasikara tsy hidiran'ilay valanaretina<ref><small>"Coronavirus, tsy filaminana: Nampanantsoin’ny depiote ireo minisitra tompon’andraikitra" in ''La Gazette de la Grande Ile'', 12 Marsa 2020;</small> </ref>. Nanome toky ireo minisitra ireo fa voafehy tsara ilay aretina satria mbola tsy misy olona heno fa marariny hatramin'io andro io. Ny solombavam-bahoaka avy amin'ny mpanohitra (indrindra ny avy ao amin'ny antoko TIM no lohalaharana tamin'izany. Nanamafy hatrany ny fanapahan-keviny ny tsy hanidy ny sisin-tany anefa ny governemanta malagasy sady nanome toky fa hahavoafehy an'ilay valanaretina noho ny fahavononan'ny ho enti-manana amin'izany sy ny fanohanan'ny mpaiara-miombona antoka.
=== Fanakatonana amin'ny ampahany ny sisintany ===
Nanao kabary momba ny fiarovana an'i [[Madagasikara]] tsy hidiran'ny coronavirus ny filoham-pirenena [[Andry Rajoelina]] tamin'ny 14 Marsa 2020, ka isan'ny voalazany ny fampiatoana ny sidina rehetra avy any ivelany ([[Italia]], [[Espaina]], [[Frantsa]], [[Alemaina]] sy ny sisa) manomboka amin'ny 15 Marsa 2020 mandritra ny telopolo andro, nefa avela hiditra ny fiaramanidina mitondra Malagasy sy vahiny monina eto Madagasikara avy any ivelany mandra-pahatongan'ny 19 Marsa 2020, voaresaka koa ny tsy andraisana intsony ireo sambo mpitondra olona nanomboka tamin'ny 14 Marsa 2020.
Tamin'ny volana Marsa 2020 ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana]] ([[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: ''Organisation Mondiale de la Santé'' -- OMS) tamin'ny alalan-dramatoa Charlotte Faty Ndiaye, izay solontenany eto Madagasikara, dia nampita ny hafatry ny OMS fa tsotra ny fiadiana amin'ny coronavirus, dia ny tsy fitangoronan'ny olona, ary ny tsy fahampian'ny fampahalalam-baovao sy fanentanana no tena olana. Nilaza koa izy fa voaomana ny fiatrehana ny coronavirus eto Madagasikara. Nanome vola mitentina 3 700 000 dôlara (avy amin'ny [[Banky Iraisam-Pirenena]]) hiatrehana ny coronavirus ny OMS, ka isan'ny nampatoky ny fitondram-panjakana izany <ref><small>"[http://madagate.org/madagascar-informations-politiques/a-la-une/7449-andry-rajoelina-kabary-manontolo-an-tsoratra-mombanny-coronavirus.html Andry Rajoelina. Kabary manontolo an-tsoratra momban'ny coronavirus]", in ''MAdagate'', 15 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>. Nanampy koa izy fa ny mety ho vokatra ara-tsosialy sy ara-toekaren'ny fanakatonana sisin-tany no ratsy kokoa. Noho izany, araka ny hafatry ny OMS dia tsy tokony hakatona tanteraka ny seranam-piaramanidina eto Madagasikara mba tsy hampikatso ny toekarena izay hita fa mihamandroso. Izany no mbola naharesy lahatra ny fitondram-panjana namela ny fitaterana an' habakabaka mampitohy an'i Madagasikara amin'ny firenena vitsy toa an'i Frantsa.
Hatramin'ny 14 Marsa 2020 ny fitondram-panjakana dia nanao izay hampitony ny tahotry ny vahoaka fa mbola tsy tonga eto Madagasikara ny coronavirus ary manao izay ho afany hiarovana ny ain'ny Malagasy ny mpitondra amin'ny alalan'ny fandraisana fepetra isan-karazany mifandraika amin'izany miampy ny fanohanan'ireo mpiara-miombona antoka amin'i Madagasikara.
== Fidiran'ilay valanaretina eto Madagasikara ==
Ny [[fitaterana ana habakabaka]] no fitaovana nampiditra ny valanaretina coronavirus eto Madagasikara.[[Sary:Ivato Intl Airport Antananarivo Madagascar.jpg|vignette|266x266px|Ny seranam-piaramanidina iraisam-pirenena Ivato]][[Sary:COVID-19 Outbreak World Map.svg|vignette|499x499px|Sarintany maneho ny fielezan'ny aretina vokatry ny ''coronavirus'' maneran-tany tamin'ny 21 Marsa 2020. Tamin'ny 20 Marsa 2020 no nambara amin'ny fomba ôfisialy ny fisian'ny olona tratran'ilay valanaretina eto Madagasikara.]]
=== Ireo olona tratra voalohany ===
[[Sary:144dt - Air France Cargo Boeing 747-200F, F-GCBH@CDG,10.08.2001 - Flickr - Aero Icarus.jpg|vignette|278x278px|Fiaramanidin'ny Air France]]
Vehivavy telo avy any [[Frantsa]] no nolazaina tamin'ny fomba ôfisialy fa voan'ilay valanaretina vokatry ny coronavirus eto Madagasikara, araka ny fanambaràna nataon'ny filoham-pirenena malagasy [[Andry Rajoelina]] tamin'ny 20 Marsa 2020. Tsy niara-tonga ireo vehivavy ireo fa ny iray (41 taona) dia efa tonga tao amin'ny [[seranam-piaramanidina Ivato]] tamin'ny 17 Marsa 2020 niaraka tamin'ny fiaramanidina ''Air France 934'', ny iray hafa (19 taona) tonga tao tamin'ny 18 Marsa rehefa avy nandalo tao [[Maorisy]] sady niaraka tamin'ny fiaramanidina maorisiana ''Air Mauritius MK 288'', ary ny fahatelo kosa (45 taona) tonga teto tamin'ny 19 Marsa 2020 niaraka tamin'ny fiaramanidina A''ir Mad MD 051''<ref><small>"[https://actu.orange.mg/officiel-trois-premiers-cas-de-coronavirus-a-madagascar/ Officiel, trois cas de Coronavirus à Madagascar"] {{Wayback|url=https://actu.orange.mg/officiel-trois-premiers-cas-de-coronavirus-a-madagascar/ |date=20200320170440 }}, in ''Orange Madagascar''. 20 Masa 2020.</small></ref> <ref><small>[http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/a-la-une/2020/03/21/declaration-dandry-rajoelina-3-passageres-malgaches-contaminees-par-le-coronavirus/ "Déclaration d’Andry Rajoelina : 3 passagères malgaches contaminées par le Coronavirus"], ''Midi Madagasca''r, 21 Marsa 2020</small></ref>''.''
Nisy olona sivy hafa indray no fantatra tamin'ny 23 Marsa 2020 fa voan'ny coronavirus, araka ny fanambaràna ôfisialy nataon'ny filoham-pirenena, ka nampitombo roa ambin'ny folo ny isan'ny olona tratran'ilay valanaretina eto Madagasikara izany.<ref><small>"[http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/a-la-une/2020/03/23/9-nouveaux-cas-de-coronavirus-confinement-total-et-couvre-feu-pour-tana-et-tamatave/ 9 nouveaux cas de Coronavirus : Confinement total et couvre feu pour Tana et Tamatave]", ''MidiMadagascar,'' 23 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>. Ny sidina ''Air France AF934'' no nitondra azy ireo: vehivavy malagasy efatra (43, 54, 58 ary 61 taona), lehilahy malagasy roa (44 sy 60 taona), lehilahy frantsay iray monina eto Madagasikara (60 taona), lehilahy gineana iray monina eto Madagasikara (55 taona), lehilahy hafa iray koa (58 taona). Nandritra ny fotoana namelana ireo fiaramanidina samihafa amin'ny sidina avy any Frantsa ireo no nahatafiditra ireo olona ireo fa tsy indray mandeha.
Raha toa ka natoka-monina mandritra ny dimy ambin'ny folo andro ny ankamaroan'ireo mpandeha tamin'ny sidina avy any ampita dia tsy vitsy koa ireo nozahana mari-pana dia nalefa nody ka atahorana hampiely ilay aretina satria tsy fantatra na mitondra ilay [[tsimokaretina]] izy ireo na tsia na dia ambany aza ny maripanany tamin'ny andro nahatongavany.
Na dia nolazaina fa naato tanteraka ny sidina mampitohy an'i Madagasikara amin'ny any ivelany dia mbola nisy ihany ny sidina ''Air France'' nahazo alalana manokana tamin'ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy nandritra ny andro vitsy taorian'izany fanakatonana tanteraka izany<ref><small>[https://www.gvalosoa.net/2020/03/21/vaovao-farany-tafiditra-eto-madagasikara-ny-coronavirus/ "Vaovao farany – Tafiditra eto Madagasikara ny coronavirus"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.gvalosoa.net/2020/03/21/vaovao-farany-tafiditra-eto-madagasikara-ny-coronavirus/ |date=20200324140224 }}, in ''Vaovao farany'', 21 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>.
=== Fepetra noraisin'ny fanjakana ===
==== Fepetra manokana hoan'ny faritra Analamanga sy Toamasina ====
Manoloana ny fitomboan'ny isan'ny olona tratran'ilay valanaretina dia nanandray fepetra ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy ka nametraka ny tsy fahafaha-mivezivezin'ny mponina sy ny tokony hisian'ny fitokana-monina faobe (tsy mivoaboaka ny toeram-ponenana, olona iray isan-tokatrano ihany no afaka mivoaka raha tsy maintsy hanao izany) mandritrany dimy ambin'ny folo andro, ho an'ny mponina ao amin'ny [[faritra Analamanga]] sy ny tanànan'[[Antananarivo]] sy [[Toamasina]]. Nahiboka tanteraka<ref><small>[https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/madagascar-lockdown-coronavirus-intl/index.html "Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge"]. ''CNN''. 6 July 2020. Notsidihina tamin' ny 7 Jolay 2020.</small></ref> ny faritra Analamanga tamin'ny 6 hatramin'ny 20 Jolay 2020. Natsangana tao amin'ny ''Mining Business Center'' ao Ivato ny ''Centre opérationnel Covid-19'' izay natokana hanara-maso ny marary sy ireo natoka-monina. Tsy azo atao ny mivezivezy amin'ny alina manomboka amin'ny 8 ora alina ka hatramin'ny 5 ora maraina.
Tsy maintsy mijanona ao amin'ny toeram-ponenany avy ny mponina ao Toamasina sy Antananarivo, mijanona ny fitateram-bahoaka ([[taksibrosy]], [[taksibe]], [[taksy]]) ao amin'ireo tanàna roa ireo, afa-tsy ireo fiarakodia mitondra entam-barotra sy ny fiarakoadia an'ny tena manokana.
Misokatra ihany manomboka amin'ny 6 ora maraina hatramin'ny 12 ora antoandro ny toeram-pivarotana ahitana ireo zavatra ilain'ny mponina andavanandro ([[vary]], [[voamaina]], [[Solitany|solika]], [[siramamy]], sns), ka isan'izany ny mpamongady, ny mpaninjara ary ny tsenam-pokontany. Napetraka ny sakana hanaovana fizaham-pahasalamana amin'ireo lalana mivoaka sy miditra an'Antananarivo sy amin'ny tanàn-dehibe hafa, izay izahana ny hafananan'ireo olona afaka mandeha mivoaka ny tanàn-dehibe rehetra hisorohana ny fihanak' ilay valanaretina amin'ny faritra hafa.
==== Fepetra faobe ====
Notadiavina indray ireo Malagasy avy any ivelany tafiditra eto [[Madagasikara]] hatramin'ny 14 Marsa 2020, izay navela nody tamin'ny mbola tsy nahitana olona mararin'ny coronavirus. Mikatona ny sampan-draharaham-panjakana rehetra afa-tsy ireo mikarakara ny fahasalamana sy ny fitsarana ary ny filaminam-bahoaka.
Mikatona ny toeram-piasana hafa rehetra afa-tsy ireo misahana ny angovo, ny [[Solitany|solika]], ny fahadiovan'ny tanàna, ny misahana asa fampahalalam-baovao ary ny [[banky]]. Navela ihany ny fisokafan'ny orinasa tsy miankina raha toa ka hahafehy tsara ny fepetra momba ny ady atao amin'ny cornavirus ny mpampiasa (elanelana iray metatra, famerana ny isan'ny mpiasa isan'andro, sns).
Natsahatra, eran'i Madagasikara, ny fikarakarana mety hahavory olona maro (fifaninanana fanatanjahan-tena, lanonana, fivoriana, sns).
Nikatona koa ny toeram-pianarana rehetra eran'ny Nosy mandritra ny dimy ambin'ny folo andro aloha, avy eo nandritra ny fotoam-pianarana manontolo.
Taorian'ny fiaraha-midinika tamin'ny filoham-pirenena dia nanapa-kevitra ny tao amin'ny [[Fiombonan'ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara]] (FFKM) ny hanakatona ny toeram-pivavahana, ka nanomboka tamin'ny Alahady 21 Marsa 2020 dia maro ny fiangonana nampihatra izany.
=== Ny fivoaran'ny valanaretina mandritra ny volana Marsa 2020 ===
Toy izao ny fivoaran'ilay valanaretina nandritra ny volana Marsa 2020:
* 20 Marsa: olona telo mararin'ny Covid-19, io no isa voalohany.
* 22 Marsa: miampy sivy ny marary, ka lasa roa ambin'ny folo ny fitambarany amin'ny teo aloha (+ 300%).
* 23 Marsa: miampy dimy ny marary, ka lasa fito ambin'ny folo ny fitambarany amin'ny teo aloha (+ 41,7%).
* 24 Marsa: miampy roa ny marary ka lasa sivy ambin'ny folo ny fitambarany amin'ny teo aloha (+ 11,8%).
* 26 Marsa: miampy dimy ka lasa efatra amby roapolo ny fitambarany amin'ny teo aloha (+ 26%).
* 27 Marsa: miampy telo ka lasa enina amby roapolo ny fitambarany amin'ny teo aloha (+ 8.3%).
* Tsy nisy ny aina nafoy araka ny tatitra ôfisialin'ny fitondram-panjakana nandritra ny volana Marsa 2020.
=== Tsikera ===
Taorian'ny fanapahan-kevitry ny fanjakana hanakatona ny sisintany dia mbola nisy ny [[Sinoa]] miisa 38 tonga teto Madagasikara tamin'ny 19 Martsa 2020, dia ireo hanamboatra ny [[Kianjan' i Mahamasina|Kianjan'i Mahamasina]] (na Kianja Barea), ka nampametra-panontaniana sy nampatahotra ny olona sasany izany, noho ilay aretina avy any Sina, nefa ny fitondram-panjakana dia nanamafy fa tsy misy atahorana ny amin'izy ireo. Voalaza fa natoka-monina nandritra ny 15 andro tao [[Addis-Abeba]] mialoha ny nahatongavany eto Madagasikara izy ireo ary tsy avy any [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] avokoa fa misy avy ao [[Afrika]]. Noho ny resa-be naterak' izany fahatongavan'ny Sinoa eto Madagasikara izany dia tapa-kevitra ny hamerina azy ireo any amin'ny toerana niaviany ny fitondram-panjakana.
Tsy azon'ny olona koa ny fanapahan-kevitry ny fanjakana momba ny famelana ny mpiasan'ny orinasa tsy miankina hanohy hiasa nefa tsy avela hiasa ny mpitatitra olona. Tsy ireo te hamonjy ny faritra niaviany na ireo te hanohy ny asa madinika fivelomany andavanandro ihany no mimenomenona momba izany, fa ao koa ireo mitrongy vao homana, na ireo mitady anio ny hohanina rahampitso.
Voatsikera ny toa fitanilana nataon'ny fitondrana malagasy raha nanome fotoana ampy hampodiana ny Malagasy avy any ampitan-dranomasina sy namela azy ireo hitaingina fiaramanidina, nefa tsy navelany handeha fiara ny Malagasy eto an-toerana tokony hody any amin'ny faritra misy azy avy.
== Ny fiatrehana ny Covid-19 eto Madagasikara ==
=== Fisehon'ny ady amin'ny Covid-19 ===
===== Fandraisana andraikitry ny fanjakana =====
Manao sakana ara-pahasalamana ny fanjakana amin'ireo olona mandeha fiara mivoaka an'[[Antananarivo]] sy [[Toamasina]]. Miitatra amin'ny faritra hafa koa izany taty aoriana. Nilaza ho mandray an-tanana ny fanaraha-maso ireo ahiahina ho marary atoka-monina sy ireo tena marary ny fanjakana malagasy. Misy ny fanondrahana fanafody ny toerana sasany (indrindra ny tsena) sy ny fiara mpitatitra navela hiaasa. Manao fampianarana sy fanentanana ny olona amin'ny fihetsika tokony na tsy tokony hatao ny ministera maromaro mba tsy hifindran'ny aretina sy hanaparitaka izany. No rarana ny fivezivezena amin'ny alina manomboka amin'ny 8 ora hariva ka hatramin'ny 5 ora maraina. Manaraha-maso ny fitaovam-pitataterana sy mijerena ny isan'ny olona mitaingina aminy ny mpitandro filaminana amin'ny tanàn-dehibe sasany (ny isan'ny olona mandeha fiara na môtô iray dia tsy tokony hihoatra ny roa).
==== Fandraisana andraikitry ny tsirairay ====
[[Sary:Apothecary wearing a surgical mask (cropped).jpg|vignette|309x309px|Mpitsabo manao aro vava-orona]]
Araka ny fanentanan'ny fitondram-panjakana dia ilaina ny fahadiovan'ny vatana (fanasan-tanana amin'ny [[savony]]), ny fampiasa takom-bava, ny tsy fivoaboahana ivelan'ny toeram-ponenany avy ([[Fihibohana (fahasalamana)|fihibohana]]), ny fiantsoana ny tompon'andraikitra amin'ny laharan-telefônina 910 na 913 raha misy olona ahiahina ho tratran'ny aretina.
=== Ny olana momba ny fiatrehana ny Covid-19 ===
Tamin'ny voalohany dia nitaraina ny olona noho ny halafosan'ny sarom-bava sy ny tsy fahafantarana ny fomba fampiasana izany. Olana koa ny tsy fahampian'ny fandrarahana [[fanafody]] amin'ny toerana tsy maintsy voakasiky ny olona eny amin'ny tanàna na eny amin'ny toeram-piasana, ny tsy maintsy ampiasana ny fitaovam-pifanakalozana ([[vola]]) sy ny fifanolorana ny entam-barotra amin'ny mpivarotra sy ny mpividy. Olana amin'ny ady amin'ny Covid-19 koa ny tsy fanajan'ny olona ny elanelana iray metatra rehefa milahatra eny amin'ny toeram-pivarotana sasany (magazay, fivarotam-panafody, ...) na mandeha eny an-tsena.
== Ny tranga ara-tsôsialy ateraky ny fepetra momba ny Covid-19 ==
=== Fahasahiranan'ireo tsy manan-kialofana ===
Betsaka ny Malagasy amin'ny tanàn-dehibe, indrindra ny ao [[Antananarivo]] sy [[Toamasina]], no mandositra mankany ambanivohitra na mody any amin'ny faritra niaviany izay mbola tsy ahenoana trangan'io aretina io. Eo koa ireo [[4Mi (Madagasikara)|4 Mi]] mpatory an-tsena izay efa tsy manana trano fonenana rahateo<ref><small>[https://www.koolsaina.com/video-grosse-problematique-confinement-4mi-antananarivo-pauvrete-madagascar/ "La grosse problématique du confinement des 4mi d'Antananarivo"], ''KoolSaina.com'', 23 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>.
====== Tsy fisian'ny fiara mpitatitra olona ======
Nanapa-kevitra somary tampoka ny fitondram-panjakana momba ny fampiatoana ny fifamoivoizana mampitohy an'Antananarivo amin'ny faritra hafa, na an'i Toamasina amin'ny faritra hafa, hany ka betsaka ny olona ianjadian'ny fahasahiranana ao amin'ireo tanàna roa ireo satria tsy afaka mody any amin'ny faritra niaviany, ary ireo any amin'ny faritra hafa izay tsy afaka mody any Antananarivo na any Toamasina; misy ny mitaraina lany vatsy, tsy mahita toerana honenana na hanatanterahana fidiovana.
=== Fiakaran'ny vidin-javatra ===
Nahazo vahana ny fanararaotana ataon'ny mpivarotra izay mampakatra ny vidin' entana ilain'ny mponina andavanandro (indrindra ny [[vary]]) sy ireo zavatra hafa heverin'ny maro fa mety miaro amin'ilay valanaretina ([[voasary makirana]], [[tongolo gasy]], sns). Niezaka nanara-maso ny tsena amin'ny tanàn-dehibe (indrindra ny ao [[Antananarivo]]) ny fitondram-panjakana mba hifehezana ny fihoa-pampan'ny vidin-javatra. Betsaka amin'ny toerana sasany ny olona milahatra eny amin'ny toeram-pivarotam-panafody mba hividy ireo fanafody izay heveriny fa afaka miaro amin'ny Covid-19.
[[Sary:A surgical mask (2017).jpg|vignette|Aro vava-orona]]
=== Olana eny amin'ny orinasa tsy miankina ===
Betsaka very asa ny mpiasa amin'ny orinasa tsy miankina. Amin'ny orinasa tsy miankina izay mbola manohy mamokatra dia indraindray tsy voahaja ny fepetra fihibohana isan-toerana ao amin'ny toeram-piasana tsy miankina sasany (tsy voahaja ny elanelana iray metatra noho ny tsy maintsy ahatongavan'ny mpiasa rehetra hiasa), tsy misy na tsy ampy ny sarom-bava.
=== Fanagadrana ===
Naiditra am-ponja tamin'ny 4 Avrily 2020 i Arphine Rahelisoa, talen'ny famoahana ny [[gazety]] ''Ny Valosoa'', raha nivoaka tao ny fitsikerana ny fomba fintantanan'ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy ny ady amin'ny valanaretina coronavirus<ref><small>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/04/16/coronavirus-a-madagascar-une-journaliste-en-prison-pour-avoir-critique-la-gestion-de-l-epidemie_6036761_3212.html "Coronavirus : à Madagascar, une journaliste en prison pour avoir critiqué la gestion de l’épidémie"], ''Le Monde'', 16 Avrily 2020.</small></ref>. Nampanahy ny [[Reporters sans frontières]] (RSF) ny tsy hisian'ny fahalalahan'ny asa fanaovan-gazety eto Madagasikara noho izany<ref><small>[https://ewa.mg/news/news-afrika-tatitra-sy-filaharana-taona-2020-manahy-ny-hoavinny-fahalalahanny-asa-fanaovan-gazety-ny-rsf/ "Afrika – Tatitra sy filaharana taona 2020: manahy ny hoavin’ny fahalalahan’ny asa fanaovan-gazety ny RSF"], ''ewa.mg'', 22 Avrily 2020.</small></ref>.
=== Olana eo amin'ny tontolon'ny fanabeazana ===
Nanapakevitra ny hanakatona ny toeram-pampianarana rehetra ny fanjakana malagasy, ka voakasik' izany na ny an-tanàn-dehibe na ny any ambanivohitra lavitra, na ny [[faritra eto Madagasikara]] efa ahitana olona mitondra ny tsimokaretina, na ny faritra tsy mbola tratran'izany. Nisy tanàna tsy mbola nahenoana olona tratran'ny coronavirus nefa nakatona ny sekoliny. Ahina hidina ambany dia ambany ny fari-pahaizan'ny zaza malagasy vokatr'izany. Tsy mitovy tanteraka anefa ny fiantraikan'ny [[Fihibohana (fahasalamana)|fihibohana]] amin'ny fianaran'ny zaza malagasy<ref><small>[https://www.newsmada.com/2020/11/03/tao-anatinny-fihibohana-nisongadina-ny-tsy-fitoviana-teo-aminny-fampianarana/ "Tao anatin' ny fihibohana; nisongadina ny tsy fitoviana teo amin' ny fampianarana"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.newsmada.com/2020/11/03/tao-anatinny-fihibohana-nisongadina-ny-tsy-fitoviana-teo-aminny-fampianarana/ |date=20201117221625 }}, ''NewsMada'', 3 Novambra 2020.</small></ref>.
Nisy fiantraikany amin'ny fampidiram-bolan'ny sekoly tsy miankina sy amin'ny fandoavana ny karaman'ny mpampianatra ao aminy ny fihibohana lavareny<ref><small>[https://www.newsmada.com/2020/11/04/sekoly-tsy-miankina-aile-30-nny-mpianatra-sisa-nijanona-nanohy-taom-pianarana/ "Sekoly tsy miankina (Aile) 30%-n'ny mpianatra sisa nijanona nanohy taom-pianarana"], ''NewMada'', 4 Novambra 2020.</small></ref>.
== Ny fiantraikan'ny Covid-19 amin'ny toekarena ==
Toy ny any amin'ny firenena maro dia voa mafy ny asa momba ny fizahan-tany<ref><small>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-madagascar-tourism/tourists-departure-leaves-madagascar-forlorn-as-coronavirus-fears-bite-idUSKBN2171QM "Tourists' departure leaves Madagascar forlorn as coronavirus fears bite"] [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-health-coronavirus-madagascar-tourism%2Ftourists-departure-leaves-madagascar-forlorn-as-coronavirus-fears-bite-idUSKBN2171QM tahiry]], sur Reuters, 20 mars 2020 (notsidihina tamin’ ny 26 Marsa 2020)</small></ref>. Niato ny fitrandrahana [[harena an-kibon' ny tany|harena an-kibon'ny tany]] ao [[Ambatovy (orinasa)|Ambatovy]]. Nampitosaka vola ana hetsy tapitrisa ny [[Banky Foiben' i Madagasikara|Banky Foiben'i Madagasikara]] mba hanalefahana ny fahavoazana ara-toekarena vokatry ny Covid-19<ref><small>[https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-madagascar-economy/madagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1 "Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus]" [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fhealth-coronavirus-madagascar-economy%2Fmadagascars-central-bank-injects-cash-to-support-economy-due-to-virus-idUSL8N2BH6J1 tahiry]], sur Reuters, 24 mars 2020 (notsidihina tamin' ny 26 Marsa 2020)</small></ref>.
=== Ny vahaolana ===
==== Ny vahaolana aroson'ny fitondram-panjakana ====
Mitsinjo manokana ireo sokajin' olona sasany heveriny fa marefo ara-pivelomana ny fitondram-panjakana ka nikasa ny hizara sakafo sy vola amin'izy ireo: ny mpamily fiara fitateram-bahoaka sy ny mpanampy azy, ny mpamily [[fiarakaretsaka]], ny mpanasa lamba, ny beantitra, ny mpivarotra tsy afaka mivarotra, ny mpivaro-tena. Ny fitondram-panjakana koa dia nampanantena ny tsy hampandoavana ny faktioran'ny [[Jiro sy Rano Malagasy]], ny handray an-tanana ny famahana ny olan'ireo olona nindram-bola tany amin'ny banky, ny famahana ny olan'ny fandoavan-ketra hiarovana ny orinasa tsy miakina. Ankoatra izany dia nampanantena ny filoham-pirenena ny amin'ny fitohizan'ny "vary mora". Amin'ny toerana sasany dia ilaharana ny "Tsena Mora" karakarain'ny fitondram-panjaka. Manara-maso ny vidin' entana ny tomponandraiki-panjakana mba hisakanana ny fanararaotana ataon'ny mpivarotra sasany. Nangonina amin'ny toerana iray ny [[4Mi (Madagasikara)|4Mi]]. Taty aoriana dia nisy ny fizaràna vola nomena ny anarana hoe "Tosika fameno" ho an'ireo olona monina amin'ny tanàn-dehibe sasany heverin'ny fanjakana fa marefo na very asa.
== Ny fitsaboana ny olona tratran'ny Covid-19 ==
=== Ireo zavatra heverin'ny olon-tsotra ho fiarovana amin'ny coronavirus ===
Maro ny olon-tsotra milaza ho mahita fanafody na fomba hiarovana na hitsaboana ny aretina vokatry ny coronavirus ka ny sasany amin’ izany dia [[fanafody nentim-paharazana]] ary ny sasany fanafody avy amin’ ny [[fitsaboana môderna]]. Tsy misy anefa tompon’ andraikitry ny fahasalamana manamarina ampahibemaso ny fahombiazan'izany rehetra izany.
==== Zavamaniry ====
Misy ny [[Evoka|mievoka]] amin’ ny ravin-[[Kininina (zavamaniry)|kininina]], indrindra amin’ ny ravin-[[Kininina fotsy (zavamaniry)|kininina fotsy]], mievoka amin’ ny ravin’ ny [[ravintsara]]. Izany hoy izy ireo dia atao mba hamonoana ny [[otrikaretina]] noho ny hafanana sy ny herin’ ireo zavamaniry ireo. Ao koa ny mampiasa [[Sakamalao|sakarivo]] (na [[sakamalao]]) potehina dia afangaro amin’ ny rano mafana (na ampangotrahina) hatao fisotro, ny [[voasary]] (indrindra ny [[Voasarimakirana|voasary makirana]]) afangaro na tsy afangaro amin’ ny rano mafana (na nampangotrahina) ka atao fisotro. Ao ny fampiasana [[mandravasarotra]] potehina ampangotrahina. Ao ireo manoro hevitra amin’ ny fihinanana [[goavy]]. Ao koa ireo mamporisika amin'ny fisotroana dite [[tongolo gasy]] (na tongolo lay).
==== Fanafody vazaha ====
Misy koa ireo milaza fa ny [[paracétamol]] sy ny [[chloroquine]] dia miaro na itsaboana ilay valanaretina. Ao koa ny [[vitaminina C]]. Miitatra amin'ireo fantatra na lazaina fa miaro na manasitrana ny [[gripa]] na mampihena hafanana na [[antibiôtika]] izany.
==== Zavatra hafa ====
Misy ireo olona manoro anaran-t[[savony]] manokana hisasana, ohatra ny ''Savony Nosy''. Ao koa ireo manoro hevitra amin'ny fanontsanam-bava sy ny fanaovana gararàka ary ny fanadiovana ny aty orona amin’ ny [[rano]] misy [[sira]]. Misy ny manoro hevitra amin'ny fampiasana ny [[tantely]] sy ny [[sakamalaho]] nototoina. Miitatra amin'ireo zavatra fantatra na heverina fa mahafaka aretin-tenda izany.
=== Ny fitsaboana ôfisialy ny Covid-19ː ny ''Covid Organics'' (CVO) ===
[[Sary:Covid Organics By Garreth Brown.jpg|vignette|Tavoahangy misy [[Covid Organics|CVO]]]]
Ankoatry ny fitiliana ataon'ny ivontoerana maro ny olona mety ho tratran'ny Covid-19 sy ny fandraisana an-tanana amin'ny ampahany na manontolo ny marary dia nilaza ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy fa nahita fanafody hitsaboana amin'ilay [[valan' aretina|valan'aretina]] ny mpikaroka malagasy. Tamin'ny 08 Avrily 2020 ny filoham-pirenena malagasy [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]] dia nanao fanambaràna momba ny fahitana tambavy fisorohana tsy ho voan'ny Covid-19 sy fanasitranana ny marary, dia ny [[Covid Organics|tambavy]] nohatsaraina vokarin'ny ''[[Institut Malgache de Recherche Appliquée]]'' (IMRA), nomena ny anarana hoe [[Covid Organics]] na Tambavy-CVO, izay fifangaroan-tsinga avy amin'ny zavamaniry ''[[Artemisia annua]]'' sy zavamaniry hafa (anisan'izany ny [[ravintsara]]) fanao [[tambavy]] koa<ref><small>"[https://www.lci.fr/international/coronavirus-covid-19-le-president-de-madagascar-affirme-connaitre-un-remede-a-base-de-plantes-2150496.html Coronavirus : le président de Madagascar affirme connaître un remède à base de plantes]" [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lci.fr%2Finternational%2Fcoronavirus-covid-19-le-president-de-madagascar-affirme-connaitre-un-remede-a-base-de-plantes-2150496.html tahiry]], in ''LCI'' (Notsidihina ny 08 Jona 2020)</small></ref> <ref><small>"[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/937000/societe/tribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache/ <nowiki>[Tribune] Artemisia et plantes médicinales</nowiki> : le « Covid-Organics », symbole de la recherche malgache – Jeune Afrique]" [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F937000%2Fsociete%2Ftribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache%2F tahiry]], sur ''JeuneAfrique.com'', 30 Avrily 2020 (Notsidihina ny 08 Jona 2020)</small></ref>. Tamin'ny 20 Avrily 2020 ny fitondrana malagasy no nanomboka nampiasa ny CVO<ref><small>"[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/931620/societe/madagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus/ Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus – Jeune Afrique]" [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F931620%2Fsociete%2Fmadagascar-andry-rajoelina-lance-son-remede-contre-le-coronavirus%2F tahiry]], sur ''JeuneAfrique.com'', 21 Avrily 2020 (Notsidihina ny 08 Jona 2020)</small></ref>.
Mandeha anefa ny tsikera izay milaza fa tsy nanaovana andrana ara-tsiansa amin'ny antsipiriany ilay tambavy sady manalasala ny filazana azy ho manasitrana ny Covid-19<ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/05/19/coronavirus-a-madagascar-le-president-defend-son-remede-miracle_6040069_3212.html Tisane anticoronavirus : le coup de poker du président malgache]" [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2020%2F05%2F19%2Fcoronavirus-a-madagascar-le-president-defend-son-remede-miracle_6040069_3212.html Tahiry]], ''Le Monde'', 19 mai 2020 (Notsidihina ny 08 Jona 2020)</small></ref> <ref><small>Linda Nordling: ''[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/unproven-herbal-remedy-against-covid-19-could-fuel-drug-resistant-malaria-scientists Unproven herbal remedy against COVID-19 could fuel drug-resistant malaria, scientists warn]''. In: ''Science''. 6. Mai 2020, doi:10.1126/science.abc6665 .</small></ref>. Tsy fantatra ny tena taharon'ilay tambavy raha nolazaina fa ny ''Artemisia annua'' no taharo lehibe mibahan-toerana indrindra ao. Nanafatra koa ny filoham-pirenena ny tokony hampisotroana ny mpianatra izany tambavy izany isan'andro. Ny ''[[Académie nationale de médecine de Madagascar]]'' (ANAMEM) anefa nanohitra ny fampiasana izany tambavy amin'ny mpianatra izany. Satria ny singa azo avy amin'ny ''Artemisia'' (ny artemizininina) dia taharo fototry ny fitsaboana ny [[tazomoka]], ny manam-pahaizana ara-tsiansa dia naneho ny fanahiany momba ny fisotroana matetika ilay tambavy, izay mety hiteraka fahasarotam-pitsaboana ny [[tazomoka]] <ref><small>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure]'.'' BBC News, 22. April 2020, notsidihina tamin'ny 12 Mey 2020.</small></ref>. Ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana]] ([[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: ''Organisation Mondiale de la Santé'' -- OMS) koa dia nampitandrina noho ny tsy fisian'ny porofo azo antoka momba ny fahombiazan'ny CVO.
Nalefan'ny fitondram-panakana ny tafika mba hizara ny CVO; ny kôlônely Willy Ratovondrainy dia nanambara tamin'ny fahitalavi-pirenena fa ny tambavy dia manamafy ny hery fiarovana <ref><small>Straitstimes, ''[https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown].'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown tahiry])</small></ref>.
Ny [[Vondrona Afrikana]] koa dia nifanakalo hevitra tamin'ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy momba ny fanaovana andrana ilay tambavy, indrindra ny tsy fananan'ilay tambavy hery mety hanimba sy ny fahombiazany<ref><small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 "Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure' "]. ''BBC News''. 22 April 2020. ([https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 Tahiry tamin' ny 30 Avrily 2020]). Notsidihina tamin' ny 7 Mry 2020.</small></ref>.
Na dia teo aza izany fampitandremana izany dia naneho ny fahalianany momba ilay tambavy ny mpitondra firenena afrikana. I [[John Magufuli]] (filohan'i [[Tanzania]]) sy i [[Idriss Déby]] (filohan'i [[Tsady]]) dia samy nandefa fiaramanidina haka ny tambavy malagasy <ref><small>Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban: ''[https://www.africanews.com/2020/05/10/covid-organics-tanzania-comoros-opt-for-madagascar-virus-cure/ Chad takes delivery of Madagascar virus cure, COVID-Organics].'' Africa News, 10. Mai 2020, notsidihina tamin'ny 12 Mey 2020.</small></ref>. Nahazo fanomezana tamin'ilay tambavy koa ny [[Repoblikan'i Kôngô]] sy ny [[Repoblika Demôkratikan'i Kôngô]], izay notarihin'ny filohan'izy ireo [[Félix Tshisekedi]] sy i [[Denis Sassou-Nguesso]] <ref><small>Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban: ''[https://www.africanews.com/2020/05/06/congo-orders-covid-organics-the-madagascar-herbal-cure/ Congo receives COVID-Organics donation from Madagascar].'' Africa News, 6. Mai 2020, notsidihina tamin'ny 12 Mey 2020.</small></ref>.
Araka ny filazan'i Zely Arivelo Andriamanantany, tale jeneralin'ny fampitaovana ny fitsaboana ao amin'ny Ministeran'ny Fahasalamana tamin'ny fahitalavi-pirenena malagasy, dia miaro mandritra ny roa hatramin'ny telo herinandro ny CVO<ref><small>[https://www.france24.com/fr/20200722-covid-19-%C3%A0-madagascar-le-nombre-de-cas-explose-mais-les-autorit%C3%A9s-pr%C3%B4nent-un-rem%C3%A8de-miracle "Covid-19 à Madagascar le nombre de cas explose mais les autorités prônent un remède miracle"], ''France 24.com'' ([http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20200722-covid-19-%25C3%25A0-madagascar-le-nombre-de-cas-explose-mais-les-autorit%25C3%25A9s-pr%25C3%25B4nent-un-rem%25C3%25A8de-miracle tahiry])</small></ref>.
=== Ny ''Covax Facility'' ===
Na dia maro aza ireo te hamporisika an'i [[Madagasikara]] mba hanaiky ny [[Covax Facility]], izay hetsika maneran-tany natao hahafahan'ny [[firenena mahantra]] miisa 92 hahazo ny [[vaksiny]] hiarovana amin'ny Covid-19 amin'ny sarany ambany dia ambany, dia nanambara ampahibemaso tsy handray izany ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy tamin'ny 26 Novambra 2020, satria mbola miandry ny fahombiazan'izany vaksiny izany any amin'ireo firenena nandray ilay fanefitra. Nanao izany fanambaràna izany ny minisitry ny Serasera, Lalatiana Rakotondrazafy Andriatongarivo, tao amin'ny ''[[Radio France International]]'' <ref><small>"[https://www.msn.com/fr-fr/actualite/monde/covid-19-c3-a0-madagascar-le-gouvernement-refuse-les-vaccins-et-pr-c3-a9f-c3-a8re-les-rem-c3-a8des-locaux/ar-BB1bpjxi Covid-19 à Madagascar: le gouvernement refuse les vaccins et préfère les remèdes locaux]", msn.com</small></ref> <ref><small>"[https://lexpress.mg/30/11/2020/overdose-de-vaccin/ Overdose de vaccin]", ''L'Express de Madagascar''</small></ref> <ref><small>"[https://fr.africanews.com/2020/11/27/madagascar-un-remede-traditionnel-plutot-que-le-vaccin// Madagascar : un remède traditionnel plutôt que le vaccin] {{Wayback|url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/11/27/madagascar-un-remede-traditionnel-plutot-que-le-vaccin// |date=20201217040615 }}", ''Africanews.fr,'' notsidihina tamin' ny 21/12/2020</small></ref> <ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/12/15/covid-19-l-etrange-strategie-sanitaire-de-madagascar_6063506_3212.html Covid-19 : l’étrange stratégie sanitaire de Madagascar]", ''Le Monde.fr,'' notrsidihina tamin' ny 21/12/2020</small></ref>.
Tamin'ny volana Marsa 2021, na dia tsy ampy ny mpitsabo sady ratsy ny fitaovana, dia tsy taitra amin'ny vaksiny hiadiana amin'ny Covid-19 ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy ka tsy nanao fangatahana amin'ny ''Covax'' fa mijery fotsiny ny fivoaran'ny fanaovam-baksin'ny firenena any ivelany<ref><small>"[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210319-covid-19-madagascar-en-pleine-seconde-vague-de-la-pand%C3%A9mie Covid-19 à Madagascar: en pleine seconde vague, le gouvernement en attente sur les vaccins]", https://www.rfi.fr</small></ref>. Tamin'ny 31 Marsa 2021 vao naneho ny fanapahan-keviny hanafatra vaksiny hiadiana amin'ny Covid-19 ny filoham-pirenena. Nanao fangatahana tamin'ny [[Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization]] (GAVI) mba hisitrahan'ny vahoaka malagasy ny fanampiana avy amin'ny ''Covax'' ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy tamin'ny alalan'ny ministeran'ny fahasalamana<ref><small>"[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210326-madagascar-andry-rajoelina-consent-%C3%A0-l-introduction-de-vaccins-anti-covid Madagascar: Andry Rajoelina consent à l'introduction de vaccins anti-Covid]", https://www.rfi.fr/</small></ref>.
Ny fanaovana vaksiny dia nanomboka tamin'ny 10 Mey 2021. Ny miisitry ny fahasalamam-bahoaka Jean Louis Rakotovao no nisantarana izany, niaro ny fampiasana ny CVO isan'andro ihany izy na dia eo aza izany<ref><small>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210510-covid-19-la-vaccination-a-d%C3%A9marr%C3%A9-%C3%A0-madagascar?ref=tw_i "Covid-19: la vaccination a démarré à Madagascar"], ''[https://www.rfi.fr/ RFI]'', 10 mai 2021</small></ref>.
=== Ny fanafody avy amin'ny mpikaroka momba ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana ===
Tamin'ny taona 2021 dia nisy fanafody avy amin'ny zavamaniry izay natolotry ny mpikaroka momba ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana, ka isan'izany ny ED1 noforonin'ny dokotera Edmond Rakotomalala izay nolazain'ny ministeran'ny fahasalamana fa tsy nahazo alalana tamin'ny fanjakana hamidy amin'ny vahoaka<ref><small>[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Le-nouveau-remede-Ed1-plebiscite-par-les-autorites.html "Le nouveau rémède Ed1 plébiscité par les autorités ?"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Le-nouveau-remede-Ed1-plebiscite-par-les-autorites.html |date=20210508005420 }}, Tribune de Madagascar, 19/04/2021</small></ref>. Tamin'ny 18 Avrily 2021 ny filoham-pirenena [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]] dia nanambara fa hanaovana sedra fanandramana ny ED1 ary ho tohanan'ny fanjakana raha tsara ny vokatra<ref><small>[http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2021/04/19/ed1-tests-de-toxicite-et-essais-cliniques/ "ED1 : Tests de toxicité et essais cliniques"], MidiMadagascar, 19/04/2021</small></ref>.
== Fampiasam-bola iadiana amin'ny Covid-19 ==
=== Fanampiana avy any ivelany ===
==== Fanampiana avy amin'ny Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana ====
Nanome vola mitentina 3 700 000 dôlara ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana]] ([[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: ''Organisation Mondiale de la Santé'' -- OMS), dia ilay vola nahatonga ny fitondram-panjakana nilaza ny fahavononany hiatrika ny Covid-19 sy tsy hanakatona ny sisintany.
==== Fanampiana avy amin'ny firenena hafa ====
Nanome [[vary]] milanja 600 taonina ny [[India|fitondram-panjakana indiana]]. Nanome fitaovam-pitiliana haingam-piasa kokoa ny [[Repoblika Entim-bahoakan'i Sina|Sinoa]] tamin'ny alalan'ilay lehilahy mpanan-karena sinoa.
=== Ny olana momba ny fitantanana ny ady amin'ny Covid-19 ===
==== Fangaraharana tsy mahafa-po ====
Mitaky ny hisian'ny fangaraharana sy ny fitantanana madio ny vola ampiasaina mandritra ny fahamehana ara-pahasalamana vokatry ny Covid-19 ny olom-pirenena malagasy<ref><small>[http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/politique/2020/06/13/aides-liees-au-covid-19-le-gouvernement-accule-sur-la-transparence/ "Aides liées au Covid-19 : Le gouvernement acculé sur la transparence"], ''MidiMadagascar'', 13 Jona 2020.</small></ref>, indrindra ireo mpanao pôlitika mpanohitra mivondrona ao amin'ny [[Rodoben' ny Mpanohitra ho an' ny Demokrasia eto Madagasikara|Rodoben'ny Mpanohitra ho an'ny Demokrasia eto Madagasikara]] (RMDM) tarihin'ny filoha teo aloha [[Ravalomanana Marc|Marc Ravalomanana]]<ref><small>[https://madagascar-tribune.com/Gestion-Covid-19-Tirs-croises-a-l-endroit-du-regime-26023.html "Gestion Covid-19 : Tirs croisés à l’endroit du régime"] {{Wayback|url=https://madagascar-tribune.com/Gestion-Covid-19-Tirs-croises-a-l-endroit-du-regime-26023.html |date=20210226093724 }}, ''MadagascarTribune'', 25 Jolay 2020.</small></ref>.
Mitaky ny hisian'ny mangarahara momba ny fitantanana ny vola enti-miady amin'ny Covid-19 ny fiarahamonim-pirenena<ref><small>[https://www.newsmada.com/2020/08/21/vondronny-fiarahamonim-pirenena-covid-19-takinay-ny-mangarahara-nampiasana-ny-vola/ "Vondron' ny fiarahamonim-pirenena - COVID-19: "Takinay ny mangarahara nampiasana ny vola""] {{Wayback|url=https://www.newsmada.com/2020/08/21/vondronny-fiarahamonim-pirenena-covid-19-takinay-ny-mangarahara-nampiasana-ny-vola/ |date=20210121000255 }}, ''NewsMada'', 21 Aogositra 2020.</small></ref>. Anisan'ireo nangataka fangaraharana ny ''Plate-forme nationale des organisations de la société civile de Madagascar'' (PFNOSCM)<ref><small>[http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/covid-19/2020/04/04/gestion-de-crise-sanitaire-la-pfnoscm-reclame-de-la-transparence-sur-lutilisation-des-fonds-mobilises/ "Gestion de crise sanitaire : La PFNOSCM réclame de la transparence sur l’utilisation des fonds mobilisés"], ''MidiMadagacar'', 4 Avrily 2020.</small></ref>.
==== Fanatanterahana tsenam-baro-panjakana toa tsy manara-dalàna ====
Nitranga ilay "[[Raharaha Bobons sucettes|raharaha ''Bobons sucettes'']]" izay niampangana ny minisitry ny fanabeazam-pirenena, tamin'ny fividianana [[vatomamy]] mitentina 80 000 tapitrisa Ariary hoentin'ny mpianatra hanala ny fangidin'ny CVO izay nasaina nosotroin'izy ireo, ka nahatonga ny fanesorana azy tsy hitarika intsony ilay ministera<ref><small>[https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-52954768 "Une ministre malgache limogée pour des bonbons-sucettes"], ''BBC News Afrique'', 7 Jona 2020.</small></ref> <ref><small>[https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/madagascar/a-madagascar-la-ministre-de-leducation-limogee-pour-une-affaire-de-bonbons_4000753.html " A Madagascar, la ministre de l’Education limogée pour une "affaire" de bonbons" "], ''Franceinfo'', 8 Jona 2020.</small></ref>.
Tao koa ny "[[Raharaha Ecran plat|raharaha ''Ecran plat'']]": fanomezana avy amin'ny [[Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoana|Fandaharan'asan'ny Firenena Mikambana ho an'ny Fampandrosoana]] ([[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: ''Programme des Nations unies pour le développement'' -- PNUD) namidy an'ilay "Ecran plat" izay mitentina 200 tapitrisa Ar <ref><small>[https://www.madaplus.info/Madagascar-Polemique-autour-des-achats-ou-de-don-obtenu-par-le-CCOC_a13561.html "Madagascar : Polémique autour des achats ou de don obtenu par le CCOC"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madaplus.info/Madagascar-Polemique-autour-des-achats-ou-de-don-obtenu-par-le-CCOC_a13561.html |date=20250527200455 }}, ''Madaplus'', 19 Aogositra 2020.</small></ref> <ref><small>[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/covid-19/raharaha-ecran-plat-cco-tonga-ny-valin-kafatry-ny-pnud-45019.php "Raharaha “écran plat CCO” Tonga ny valin-kafatry ny PNUD"], ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 19 Aogositra 2020.</small></ref>. Nametraka fitoriana teny amin'ny [[Pôle Anti-Corruption]] (PAC) ny Vovonana Malagasy Manarina ny Firenena (VMMF), satria vadin'ny minisitry ny Atitany ihany (izay filohan'ny CCO nanatanteraka ny fifvidianana) ny talem-barotr'ilay tranombarotra nanao ilay fivarotana. Nanao fanadihadiana ny [[Birao Mahaleotena Miady amin' ny Kolikoly|Birao Mahaleotena Miady amin'ny Kolikoly]] (''Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption'' -- BIANCO)<ref name=":0"><small>[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Affaire-ecran-plat-le-Bianco-ouvre-une-enquete.html "Affaire écran plat : le Bianco ouvre une enquête"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Affaire-ecran-plat-le-Bianco-ouvre-une-enquete.html |date=20210126224038 }}, ''MadagascarTribune'', 3 Septambra 2020.</small></ref><ref name=":0" />.
== Fivoaran'ny aretina Covid-19 eto Madagasikara ==
=== Fivoaran'ny aretina Covid-19 nandritra ny taona 2020 ===
==== Janoary -- Marsa 2020 ====
Tamin'ny 12 Janoary 2020 ny [[Fikambanana Maneran-Tany momba ny Fahasalamana]] ([[Fiteny frantsay|frantsay]]: ''Organisation Mondiale de la Santé'' -- OMS) dia nanamafy fa ny novek coronavirus no fototry ny fahararian'ny fiseoan'ny olona vitsivitsy any amin'ny tanànan'i [[Wuhan]] ao amin'ny faritanin'i [[Hubei]] any [[Sina]], izay efa nambara tamin'ny 31 Desambra 2019<ref><small>Elsevier. [https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center "Novel Coronavirus Information Center"]. ''Elsevier Connect''. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200130171622/https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center Tahiry tamin' ny 30/01/2020] ). Notsidihina tamin' ny 15 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>. Ny taham-pahafatesan'ny olona voan'ny Covid-19 dia ambany raha mitaha amin'ny an'ny SARS tamin'ny taona 2003, nefa ny fomba fifindany no haingana kokoa, ka miteraka fahafatesana maro<ref><small>[https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/196137/crunching-numbers-coronavirus/ "Crunching the numbers for coronavirus"]. ''Imperial News''. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200319084913/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/196137/crunching-numbers-coronavirus/ Tahiry tamin' ny 19 Masa 2020]). Notsidihina tamin' ny 15 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>.
Tsy nisy ny filazana avy amin'ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy ny amin'ny fisian'ny olona voan'ny coronavirus eto Madagasikara, na dia efa niparitaka tany amin'ny firenena maro any ivelany mifandray am-pitaterana amin'i [[Madagasikara]] aza ilay aretina, na dia tsy mbola voahidy aza ny sisin-tanin'i Madagasikara, ary na dia tsy mbola nisy nieritreritra ny handray fepetra hisakanana izany toy ny fitiliana na ny fanibohana ny mpandeha avy any ivelany miditra eto Madagasikara. Tamin'ireo roa volana voalohany amin'ny taona 2020 izany dia tsy nisy olona voamarina fa tratran'ny Covid-19 teto Madagasikara.
Tamin'ny 20 Marsa 2020 dia olona telo no voamarina fa tratran'ny Covid-19 tao [[Antananarivo]] renivohitr'i [[Madagasikara]]. Vehivavy daholo izy ireo<ref><small>"[https://actu.orange.mg/officiel-trois-premiers-cas-de-coronavirus-a-madagascar/ Officiel trois premiers cas de Coronavirus à Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://actu.orange.mg/officiel-trois-premiers-cas-de-coronavirus-a-madagascar/ |date=20200320170440 }}". ''Orange Madagascar''. 20 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>. Nandritra ny volana Marsa dia nitotaly 57 ny olona voamarina fa tratran'ny Covid-19<ref><small>"[https://actu.orange.mg/officiel-trois-premiers-cas-de-coronavirus-a-madagascar/ Officiel trois premiers cas de Coronavirus à Madagasca] {{Wayback|url=https://actu.orange.mg/officiel-trois-premiers-cas-de-coronavirus-a-madagascar/ |date=20200320170440 }}r". ''Orange Madagascar'' . 20 Marsa 2020.</small></ref>. Tsy mbola nisy ny maty. Marihina fa nanomboka tamin'ny 21 Marsa 2020 ny fahamehana ara-pahasalamana teto Madagasikara izay nasesy ho fari-potoana 15 andro.
==== Avrily -- Jona 2020 ====
Tamin'ny 22 Avrily any ho any dia niisa 121 ny totalin'ny olona nahitana ny tsimokaretin'ny Covid-19. Tsy nisy ny maty. Nandritra ny volana Avrily dia 71 ny olona voamarina fa mitondra ilay tsimokaretina ka nampakatra ny totaly ho 128. Ny isan'ny olona voamarina fa nitondra ny otrikaretina tamin'ny faran'ny volana Avrily dia 36, ka fihenana 37 % izany raha mitaha amin'ny an'ny volana Marsa<ref><small>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure]'". BBC News. 22 Avrily 2020. [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 Tahiry] tamin'ny 30 Avrily 2020. Notsidihina ny 07 Mey 2020.</small></ref>.
Tamin'ny 05 Mey 2020 dia nahatratra 149 ny totalin'ny olona nitondra ilay tsimokaretina<ref><small>Qazi, Shereena; Uras, Umut (5 May 2020). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142707/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/world-coronavirus-death-toll-exceeds-250000-live-updates-200504231301555.html UK coronavirus death toll rises above 30,000: Live updates]". ''Al Jazeera''. Tahiry tamin' ny 5 Mey 2020.</small></ref>. Tamin'ny 16 Mey vao nisy ny olona iray matin'ny Covid-19, izay mpiasan'ny fahasalamana 57 taona izay sady mararin'ny diabeta koa sy miakatra tosi-dra<ref><small>"[https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL8N2CZ0DG Madagascar records its first COVID-19 death -official] {{Wayback|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL8N2CZ0DG |date=20200604233023 }}". Reuters. 17 May 2020. Notsidihina tamin' ny 17 Mey 2020.</small></ref>. Nandritra ny volana Mey dia 643 ny isan'ny olona voamarina fa nitondra ilay tsimokaretina. Nahatratra 771 ny isan'ny olona mitondra ny tsimokaretina hamin'ny fidirany ofisialy teto [[Madagasikara]]. Tamin'ny faran'ny volana Mey dia nahatratra 597 ny isan'ny olona mararin'ny Covid-19, ka niampy 561 izany ny isan'ny olona voa raha amoitahaina amin'ny iisa tamin'ny volana Avrily. Enina no maty tamin'io volana Mey io<ref><small>"[https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200601-covid-19-sitrep-133.pdf?sfvrsn=9a56f2ac_4 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation report 133]" (PDF). World Health Organization. 1 June 2020. p. 7. Notsidihina tamin' ny 1 Jolay 2020.</small></ref>.
Tamin'ny volana Jona dia 1 443 ny isan'ny olona voamarina fa mitondra ny tsimokaretin'ny Covid-19, ka tafakatra 2 214 ny totaly hatramin'ny fanombohana tamin'ny volana Marsa. Tamin'ny faran'ny volana Jona dia 1 200 no isan'ny olona voamarina fa mitondra ilay tsimokaretina, ka indroan'ny tamin'ny an'ny faran'ny volana Mey izany. Niakatra 20 ny isan'ny olona namoy ny ainy<ref><small>[https://2424.mg/news/epidemie-76-nouveaux-cas-confirmes-positifs-au-coronavirus-sur-148-tests-annonces-ce-mardi/ "Epidémie - 76 nouveaux cas confirmés positifs au coronavirus sur 148 tests annoncés ce mardi]". 2424. 30 Jone 2020. Notsidihina tamin' ny 1 Jolay 2020.</small></ref>.
==== Jolay -- Septambra 2020 ====
Tamin'ny 12 Jolay 2020 dia olona miisa 4 867 no voamarina fa nitondra ny tsimokaretin'ny Covid-19, ka mihoatra ny indroan'ny totaly tamin'ny faran'ny volana Jona izany. Tamin'ny 07 Jolay dia natao indray ny fihibohana tao amin'ny [[faritra Analamanga]]<ref><small>"[https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/madagascar-reimposes-lockdown-in-capital-as-coronavirus-cases-surge/ar-BB16oFAR Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge]". www.msn.com. Notsidihina tamin' ny 12 Jolay 2020.</small></ref>. Tamin'io volana Jolay io dia 8 654 ny isan'ny olona vaovao mitondra ny tsimokaretina, ka tahakatra 10 868 noho izany ny totalin'ny voa hatramin'ny nidiran'ilay aretina teto Madagasikara. Niakatra 106 ny isan'ny olona maty. Nahatratra 7 807 ny isan'ny olona sitrana raha mbola niisa 2 955 ny olona mbola marary tamin'ny faran'ny volana Jolay<ref><small>"[https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200801-covid-19-sitrep-194.pdf?sfvrsn=401287f3_2 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation report 194]" (PDF). World Health Organization. 1 August 2020. p. 4. Notsidihina tamin' ny 4 Aogositra 2020.</small></ref>.
Nisy olona miisa 3 995 vaovao voan'ny Covid-19 tamin'ny volana Aogositra, ka nampakatra ny totalin'ny olona nitondra ny tsimokaretina ho 14 863 izay. Niisa 192 ny maty ary 839 ny isan'ireo mbola tsy sitrana tamin'ny faran'io volana io<ref><small>"[https://africacdc.org/download/outbreak-brief-33-covid-19-pandemic-1-september-2020/?ind=1598972030109&filename=DRAFT_AfricaCDC_COVIDBrief_1SEPT20_EN.pdf&wpdmdl=6077&refresh=5f644a65263931600408165 Outbreak brief 33: COVID-19 pandemic – 1 September 2020]". CDC Africa. 1 September 2020. p. 3. Notsidihina tamin' ny 18 Septambra 2020.</small></ref>.
Nahatratra 1 514 ny olona vaovao nnitondra ny tsimokaretina tamin'ny volana Septambra, ka nampakatra ny isan'ny olona tratran'ny Covid-19 ho 16 377 araka ny tarehimarika ôfisialy. Tamin'ny faran'ny volana dia niisa 1 009 ny olona mbola tsaboina<ref><small>"[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/335766/SITREP_COVID-19_WHOAFRO_20200930-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y COVID-19 situation update for the WHO African region]" (PDF). World Health Organization. 30 September 2020. p. 4. Notsidihnatamin' ny 5 Oktobra 2020.</small></ref>.
==== Ôktôbra -- Desambra 2020 ====
Nisy tranga 734 vaovao tamin'ny volana Ôktôbra, ka mitotaly 17 111 ny olona voan'ny aretina. Ny totalin'ny maty dia tafakatra 244. Miisa 458 ny mbola mararary mafy tamin'ny faran'ny volana<ref><small>"[https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---3-november-2020 COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update]". 3 Novambra 2020. p. 13. Notsidihina tamin' ny 8 Novambra 2020.</small></ref>. Nifarana tamin'ny 18 Ôktôbra 2020 ny hamehana ara-pahasalamana izay nozarazaraina ho 15 andro in-15.
Tamin'ny volana Nôvambra dia nisy 230 ny olona mitondra ny tsimokaretina ka nampiakatra ny totaly ho 17 341. Niakatra 251 ny isan'ny olona maty. Olona 433 no mbola marary tamin'ny faran'ny volana<ref><small>"[https://africacdc.org/download/outbreak-brief-46-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-pandemic/?ind=1606890369755&filename=FINAL_AfricaCDC_COVIDBrief_1DEC20_EN.pdf&wpdmdl=7110&refresh=5fc855a2160dc1606964642 Outbreak brief 46: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic]". Africa CDC. 1 Desambra 2020. p. 3. Notsidihina tamin' ny 3 Desambra 2020''.''</small></ref>. Tafakatra 16 657 ny isan'ny sitrana<ref><small>https://www.agenceecofin.com/sante/2711-82939-covid-19-madagascar-refuse-d-adherer-au-processus-mondial-sur-les-vaccins-et-prefere-miser-sur-ses-remedes-locaux [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agenceecofin.com%2Fsante%2F2711-82939-covid-19-madagascar-refuse-d-adherer-au-processus-mondial-sur-les-vaccins-et-prefere-miser-sur-ses-remedes-locaux tahiry]]</small></ref>.
Nisy tranga vaovao miisa 373 tamin'ny volana Desambra ka nahatonga ny fitambaran'ny olona tratran'ilay aretina ho tafakatra 17 714 nandritra ny taona 2020. Ny fitambaran'ny olona maty dia 261. Miisa 225 ireo olona mbola tsaboina tamin'ny faran'ny volana Desambra 2020<ref><small>[https://africacdc.org/download/outbreak-brief-50-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-pandemic/?ind=1609429697906&filename=AfricaCDC_COVIDBrief_29DEC20_EN.pdf&wpdmdl=7335&refresh=5ff0f34949e161609626441 "Outbreak brief 50: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic"] {{Wayback|url=https://africacdc.org/download/outbreak-brief-50-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-pandemic/?ind=1609429697906&filename=AfricaCDC_COVIDBrief_29DEC20_EN.pdf&wpdmdl=7335&refresh=5ff0f34949e161609626441 |date=20210624160946 }}. Africa CDC. 29 December 2020. p. 3. Nitsidihina tamin' ny 2 Janoary 2021.</small></ref>.
Betsaka ireo olona tsongoim-bolo eto Madagasikara no tratran'ny Covid-19, anisan'izany ny ao amin'ny Antenimiera tamin'ny taona 2020<ref><small>[https://www.agencemalagasydepresse.com/vaovao-samihafa/antenimiera-sy-ny-coronavirus-senatera-14-sy-depiote-11-no-voa/ "Antenimiera sy ny Coronavirus Senatera 14 sy Depiote 11 no voa"], ''Agence Malagasy de Presse.'', 13 Jolay 2020.</small></ref>. Nindaosin'ny fahafatesana ny sasany amin'ny solombavambahoaka sy ny loholona<ref><small>[https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-53385824 "Madagascar : deux parlementaires morts du Covid-19"], ''BBC News'', 13 Jolay 2020.</small></ref>. Tsy namelany koa ny mpitondra fivavahana (anisan'izany ny filohan'ny [[Fiombonan'ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara|FFKM]] izay niafara tamin'ny fahafatesana <ref><small>[https://lexpress.mg/13/07/2020/eglises-chretiennes-le-coronavirus-emporte-le-leader-de-la-ffkm/ "Eglises chrétiennes - Le corona virus emporte le leader de la FFKM"], ''lexpress.mg'', 13 Jolay 2020.</small></ref>).
Ny fanadihadiana nataon'ny [[Institut Pasteur de Madagascar]] sy ny Ministeran'ny Fahasalamana dia nampibaribary tamin'ny volana Desambra 2020 fa ny 40 % n'ny mponina eto [[Madagasikara]] no efa voan'ilay [[virosy]] ka tokony efa tratra ny fananan'ny mponina amin'ny ankapobeny hery fiarovana<ref><small>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20201216-covid-19-%C3%A0-madagascar-r%C3%A9surgence-des-contaminations-mais-un-taux-de-mortalit%C3%A9-faible "Covid-19 à Madagascar résurgence des contaminations mais un taux de mortalité faible"], ''RFI.fr'' ([http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F20201216-covid-19-%25C3%25A0-madagascar-r%25C3%25A9surgence-des-contaminations-mais-un-taux-de-mortalit%25C3%25A9-faible tahiry])</small></ref>.
=== Fivoaran'ny aretina Covid-19 nandritra ny taona 2021 ===
==== Janoary -- Marsa 2021 ====
Nisy olona miisa 1 351 vaovao voan'ny Covid-19 nandritra ny volana Janoary 2021. Tafakatra 19 065 noho izany ny isan'ny olona efa tratran'io valanaretina io eto [[Madagasikara]] hatramin'ny nidirany. Ny totalin'ny olona maty dia 281. Mbola nisy 569 ny olona narary tamin'ny faran'ny volana Janoary.
Nisy tranga vaovao miisa 766 nandritra ny volana Febroary 2021 ka nampiakatra ho 19 831 ny isan'ny olona efa nitondra ilay tsimokaretina. Tafakatra 297 ny totalin'ny maty ary mbola miisa 238 ny isan'ireo mbola tsaboina tamin'ny fiafaran'ny volana<ref><small>[https://africacdc.org/download/outbreak-brief-59-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-pandemic/ "Outbreak brief 59: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic"]. Africa CDC. 2 March 2021. p. 3.</small></ref>.
Nisy tranga vaovao miisa 4 865 nandritra ny volana Marsa 2021 ka nampiakatra ho 24 696 ny isan'ny olona efa nitondra ilay tsimokaretina. Tafakatra 433 ny totalin'ny maty ary mbola miisa 2 131 ny isan'ireo mbola tsaboina tamin'ny fiafaran'ny volana<ref><small>[https://madagascar-tribune.com/Covid-19-Bilan-epidemiologique-26669.html "Covid-19 : Bilan épidémiologique"]. Tribune de Madagascar. 2 April 2021.</small></ref>.
==== Avrily -- Jona 2021 ====
Nisy tranga vaovao miisa 12 318 nandritra ny volana Avrily 2021 ka nampiakatra ho 37 014 ny isan'ny olona efa nitondra ilay tsimokaretina. Tafakatra 643 ny totalin'ny maty ary mbola miisa 4 801 ny isan'ireo mbola tsaboina tamin'ny fiafaran'ny volana<ref><small>[https://guardian.ng/news/madagascar-cracks-down-on-virus-reporting-rights-group/ "Madagascar cracks down on virus reporting: rights group"] {{Wayback|url=https://guardian.ng/news/madagascar-cracks-down-on-virus-reporting-rights-group/ |date=20210430165110 }}. The Guardian Nigeria. 30 April 2021.</small></ref>.
Nahazo fatram-[[Vaksiny Oxford–AstraZeneca|baksiny Oxford–AstraZeneca]] miisa 250 000 tamin'ny 8 Mey 2021 avy amin'ny programa [[Covax Facility|COVAX]] ho fiarovana amin'ny aretina Covid-19. Roa andro taorian'izay ny fanombohan'ny fanaovam-bakisiny. Nandritra io volana Mey io dia niisa 4 328 ny tranga vaovao ka nampakatra ny totalin'ny tranga voamarina ho 41 342. Niakatra 840 ny isan'ny maty. Niisa 140 ny olona mbola notsaboina tamin'ny faran'io volana io<ref><small>[https://africacdc.org/download/outbreak-brief-72-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-pandemic/ "Outbreak brief 72: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic"]. Africa CDC. 1 June 2021. p. 5.</small></ref>.
Nandritra ny volana Jona 2021 dia nisy tranga vaovao miisa 42 302. Tafakatra 918 ny fitambaran'ny isan'ny maty. Niisa 674 ny olona mbola notsaboina tamin'ny faran'ny volana<ref><small>[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Covid-19-Bilan-epidemiologique-26891.html "Covid-19 : Bilan épidémiologique"]. Madagascar Tribune. 2 Juillet 2021.</small> </ref>.
==== Jolay -- Septambra 2021 ====
Nahatratra 433 ny tranga vaovao tamin'ny volana Jolay, ka 42 735 ny fitambaran'ny tranga voamarina. Niakatra ho 947 ny isan'ny maty. Nahatratra 577 ny tranga mavitrika tamin'ny faran'ny volana.
Nahatratra 134 ny tranga vaovao tamin'ny volana Aogositra, ka 42,869 ny fitambaran'ny tranga voamarina. Niakatra ho 956 ny isan'ny maty. Nahatratra 619 ny tranga mavitrika tamin'ny faran'ny volana.
Nahatratra 728 ny tranga vaovao tamin'ny volana Septambra, ka 43 597 ny fitambaran'ny tranga voamarina. Nitombo ho 960 ny isan'ny maty. Nitombo ho 42 637 ny isan'ny marary sitrana, ka tsy nisy tranga mavitrika tamin'ny faran'ny volana.
==== Ôktôbra -- Desambra 2021 ====
Nahatratra 29 ny tranga vaovao tamin'ny volana Ôktôbra, ka 43 626 ny fitambaran'ny tranga voamarina. Niakatra ho 963 ny isan'ny maty. Nitombo ho 42 663 ny isan'ny marary sitrana, ka tsy nisy tranga mavitrika tamin'ny faran'ny volana.
Nahatratra 704 ny tranga vaovao tamin'ny Nôvambra, ka 44 330 ny fitambaran'ny tranga voamarina. Niakatra ho 967 ny isan'ny maty. Nitombo ho 42 915 ny isan'ny marary sitrana, ka 448 ny tranga mavitrika tamin'ny faran'ny volana.
Nahatratra 8 104 ny tranga vaovao tamin'ny volana Desambra, ka tafakatra 52 434 ny fitambaran'ny tranga voamarina. Nahatratra 1 067 ny isan'ny maty. Nitombo ho 45 985 ny isan'ny marary sitrana, ka 5 382 ny tranga mavitrika tamin'ny faran'ny volana
=== Fivoaran'ny aretina Covid-19 nandritra ny taona 2022 ===
==== Janoary -- Marsa 2022 ====
==== Avrily -- Jona 2022 ====
==== Jolay -- Septambra 2022 ====
==== Ôktôbra -- Desambra 2022 ====
=== Fivoaran'ny aretina Covid 19 nandritra ny taona 2023 ===
==== Janoary -- Marsa 2023 ====
==== Avrily -- Jona 2023 ====
== Jereo koa ==
=== Rohy anatiny ===
* [[Covid Organics]]
* [[Covax Facility]]
=== Rohy ivelany ===
* [https://www.madacamp.com/Coronavirus_Madagascar "Coronavirus Madagascar]", MadaCamp.com
== Loharano ==
<references />
[[Sokajy:Covid 19 eto Madagasikara]]
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Ny '''lolovokatra''' na '''lolo vokatra''' dia olona nifoha ka velona indray aorian' ny [[Fahafatesana|fahafatesany]], indrindra aorian' ny nandevenana azy<ref><small>[[Rajemisa-Raolison Régis]], "Lolovokatra", ''Rakibolana malagasy'', Ambozontany. 1985.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.septcollines.com/decouvrez-lolo-vokatra-zombies-magagascar/ Découvrez les “lolo vokatra”, les zombies de Magagascar]", ''www.septcollines.com''</small></ref>, araka ny [[lovantsofina]] sy ny honohono eo amin' ny [[fiarahamonina malagasy]]. Tsy mitovy amin' ny [[Matoatoa|angatra]] na [[matoatoa]] izy ireo ary manana toerana manokana koa eo amin' ny fiheverana malagasy momba ny fahafatesana sy ny tsy fanajana ny [[Fady (malagasy)|fady]] ary ny lamina eo amin' ny fiarahamonina<ref name=":0"><small>Dominique Somda, "[https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/1666? Étrangers, esclaves, morts-vivants : des rumeurs et des secrets au Sud de Madagascar]", ''journals.openedition.org'', 2014</small></ref>. Mitondra ny famantaran' ny fandevenana izy: hatsatra, maimbo fofon-tany, mitafy akanjom-paty ary maneho fihetsika hafahafa, miafinafina, manao izay tsy hahafantarana azy, ary misy zavatra mampifandray azy foana amin' ny fahafatesana. Amin' ny ankapobeny, araka ny lovantsofina sy ny honohono, dia roahin' ny havany handeha lavitra ny lolovokatra<ref name=":0" />.
== Famaritana ==
Ny teny hoe "lolovokatra" dia manondro olona efa maty nefa mipoitra avy any anaty tany sy manana vatana azo tsapain-tanana sady mahay maneho fihetsika amin' ny velona<ref name=":0" />. Faheno indrindra amin' ny fitantarana sy ny angona [[lovantsofina]] ankehitriny ny teny hoe "[[tanalasosa]]", izay indraindray ampiasaina amin' ny hevitra mitovy amin' ny hoe "lolovokatra"<ref name=":2"><small>Randriamialy, "[https://randriamialy.mondoblog.org/2014/07/05/legendes-de-madagascar-les-monstres Légendes de Madagascar : les monstres] {{Wayback|url=https://randriamialy.mondoblog.org/2014/07/05/legendes-de-madagascar-les-monstres |date=20240401131025 }}", ''randriamialy.mondoblog.org'', 2014</small></ref>. Manantitrantitra ny loharanom-baovao etnôlôjika fa tsy [[fanahy]] mirenireny ny lolovokatra fa vatana sy fanahy, tsy toy ny [[angatra]] na ny [[matoatoa]] izay fanahy ao amin' ny tontolo tsy azo tsapain-tanana<ref name=":0" />. Miovaova arakaraka ny fitantarana ny fanoritsoritana ny lolovokatra: misy ny milaza fa faty efa lo no mitsangana, ny sasany kosa milaza fa mitovitovy endrika amin' ny olona ihany izy ireo nefa misy famantarana mampanahy ny eny aminy. Izany rehetra izany dia maneho ny fahasamihafan' ny lovantsofina arakaraka ny toerana<ref name=":0" />.
== Antony mahatonga ny maty ho lasa lolovokatra ==
Aaraka ny finoana eo amin' ny [[fiarahamonina malagasy]] maro dia tsy tapaka avy hatrany noho ny fahafatesana ny fifandraisan' ny maty amin' ny velona fa mifindra tsikelikely mankany amin' ny satan' ny [[razana]], ka izany tetezamita izany dia miankina amin' ny fanajana ny fombafombam-pandevenana sy ny [[fady]]<ref name=":1"><small>Raymond Decary, "[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1964_num_166_1_8625 La mort et les coutumes funéraires à Madagascar]", ''www.persee.fr'', 1964</small></ref>. Maneho zavatra tsy ara-dalàna manerana ny tany aman-danitra eo anelanelan' ny fiainana sy ny fahafatesana ny lolovokatra, ary maneho ny fikorontanan' ny lamina ara-môraly sy ara-pombafomba<ref name=":0" />.
=== Tsy fanajan' ny maty ny fady fony fahavelony ===
Ny antony tena voaresaka matetika mahatonga ny maty hifoha dia ny tsy fanajana ny [[fady]] lehibe ara-piarahamonina sy ara-pivavahana mandritra ny androm-piainana, izay manakana ny fahafatesana tsy ho feno tanteraka ara-pombafomba. Anisan' ireo fady ireo ny fifoterana amim-pady<ref name=":0" />. Inoana noho izany fa azo antoka ny hahalasa lolovokatra ny fianakaviana na ny fokom-pianakaviana mankasitraka ny fifanambadian' ny olona mpifady<ref name=":0" />.
=== Tsy fahafalian' ny maty ===
Araka ny lovantsofina sasany, rehefa tsy hajain' ny fianakaviana na ny fiarahamonina ny fady lehibe iray dia mety haneho ny tsy fahafaliany ny fanahin' ny maty izay tsy mionona amin' ny fisehoana ho [[Angatra (lolo)|angatra]], ka mitsangana ho lolovokatra mba ho fampitandremana na famaizana mafy.
=== Fahafatesana tsy ara-drariny sy tampoka ===
Mety tsy hahita fiadanana ny maty raha toe-javatra heverina ho tsy rariny (famonoana, ody, famadihana) no nahafaty azy. Noho izany ny lolovokatra dia fanehoana fitakiana ny rariny sy fanarenana. Tsy ampy azy ny miseho ho [[Angatra (lolo)|angatra]].
=== Fombam-pandevenana tsy mety ===
Heverina ihany koa ho antony lehibe hisakana ny fidiran' ny maty ao amin' ny tontolon' ny razana ka hiteraka ny fitsanganan' ny maty ny tsy fisiana na ny tsy fahampiana na ny tsy fahombiazan' ny fombafomba tokony hatao amin' ny fandevenana, ka hampiverina ny maty ho any amin' ny tontolon' ny velona indray tsy araka ny tokony ho izy, araka ny fitantarana voangon' ny etnôlôga<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />, anisan' izany ny tsy fisian' ny lanonana, hadisoana teo am-panatanterahana ny fombafomba, ny tsy fitandremana. Amin' ny fomban-drazana maro dia heverina fa tokony ho mendrika koa ny toerana misy ny fasana. Koa raha eo amin' ny toerana heverina ho maloto na nifanolanana no misy ny toeram-pandevenana, dia mety handà tsy hijanona ao ny maty.
=== Ozon' ny razana sy lova ===
Amin' ny lovantsofina malagasy sasany, ny lolovokatra dia heverina ho vokatry ny ozon' ny razana<ref name=":3"><small>François Benolo, ''[https://theses.fr/1992PA040186 Le Lolo, ou le problème de la reviviscence des morts dans l'Androy (l'extrême-sud de Madagascar)": essai anthropologique pour une contribution de la Résurrection]'', thèse de doctorat, Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), 1992.</small></ref><ref name=":0" />. Rehefa tsy nohajaina ny razana iray fony fahavelony — ohatra, tamin' ny alalan' ny fanevatevana, ny tsy fankatoavana, na ny fandaozana rehefa antitra — dia nanozona ny taranany izy. Ity ozona ity dia manakorontana ny fifandraisan' ny velona sy ny maty, ary mety ho lasa lolovokatra ny olona sasany na izy rehetra ao amin' ilay [[fianakaviana]] na [[fokom-pianakaviana]]<ref name=":3" />. Matetika da lazaina fa amin' ny alalan' ny reny no andovana ny mety haha lolovokatra, nefa misy koa ny milaza fa mifindra avy amin-dray izany.
== Faritra ara-jeôgrafia voakasika ==
Ny fanadihadiana ataon' ny antrôpôlôga dia ahitana fitaterana fitantarana lolovokatra any amin' ny faritra atsimo sy atsimo-atsinanana amin' i [[Madagasikara]], indrindra any [[Faritra Anosy|Anosy]]<ref name=":0" /> sy [[Androy]]<ref name=":3" />, fitantarana misy miovaova arakaraka ny toerana amin' ny faritra manodidina<ref name=":0" />. Ahenoana fitantarana lolovokatra ihany koa ny faritra afovoany ([[Antananarivo]] sy ny manodidina) sy ny faritra atsinanana ([[Toamasina]] sy ny manodidina) ary ny faritra avaratra-andrefana ([[Mahajanga]] sy ny manodidina). Hamafisin' ny mpikaroka fa tsy mitovy ny finoana momba ny lolovokatra eto Madagasikara izay tsy ranoray no tsy iraisan' ny Malagasy rehetra koa: misy foko na vondrom-piarahamonina manasongadina bebe kokoa ny fisian' ny maty mifoha miaraka amin' ny vatany, ny hafa kosa manantitra ny fisian' ny fanahy mirenireny<ref name=":1" />.
== Fomba famantarana azy ==
=== Bika aman' endriny ===
Tsy toy ny fanahy tsotra ny lolovokatra fa manana endrika ara-batana azo tsapain-tanana. Mitazona ny bika aman' endriny ankapobeny talohan' ny nahafatesany izy, ka mahatonga azy ho toy ny olombelona tsotra raha tazanin-davitra. Na izany aza dia maro ny toetra amantarana azy fa efa avy nalevina. Matetika izy no mitafy ny fitafiana nampanaovina azy tamin' ny fandevenana, indrindra fa ny [[lambamena]] na ny lambam-paty hafa. Mety hsy loto na vovoka na rovitra izany fitafiana izany, izay heverina fa vokatry ny nitoerany tao am-pasana. Hatsatra na toa misy savoka na mangana ny hodiny, vokatry ny tsy fisian' ny hafanan' ny rany. Mety manana ny lokon' ny tany koa ny hodiny ary indraindray henjana, mampahatsiahy ny fihenjan' ny faty. Misy ny fofona mampiavaka azy: fofon-tany na na somary fofom-biby lo. Misy tany na vovoka ny eo ambanin' ny hohony na eo amin' ny fitafiany, izay famantarana ny nitoerany tao am-pasana. Misy koa ny milaza fa misy fery vokatry ny fahalovana tao am-pasana izy.
Misy koa ny mifanohitra amin' izany izay lazaina fa tsy misy ahafantarana azy fa lolovokatra noho ny fitoviany tsy misy valaka amin' ny olombelona mbola tsy nandalo fahafatesana na ny hatsaran-tarehiny. Mety hahazo vady any amin' ny tanàna nonenany vaovao izy ireny.
=== Fihetsika sy fomba fiaina ===
Miavaka sy mandeha hoazy fihetsiky ny lolovokatra sady manana ireto toetra manaraka reto izy araka ny finoan' ny olona. Misy ny milaza fa somary mitsingevana tsy manitsaka tany izy raha mandeha nefa misy koa ny mitantara fa mandia tany ihany izy. Vitsy na mahalan-teny izy ary mety tsy miteny mihitsy. Raha sendra miteny izy dia mila tsy ho heno ny feony izay toa feo avy lavitra, na misohika indraindray. Tsy mijery manatrika izy, sahala amin' ny hoe matahotra sao hampiseho ny fahafatesana ny masony. Ao amin' ny fitantara sasany, ny lolovokatra ankapobeny dia milamina sy tsy mampidi-doza, tsy toy ny zômby ao amin' ny lovantsofina tandrefana sasany. Ny fisian' izy ireo anefa dia miteraka tahotra.
Matetika amin' ny alina no ahitana azy, mandehandeha eny amin' ny fasana na miezaka mitady ny trano fonenany taloha. Indraindray izy dia manandrana miverina amin' ny toerany taloha tao amin' ny fianakaviany na tao amin' ny tanànany, nefa ny fihetsiny hafahafa dia miteraka ahiahy eo amin' izay mahita azy. Matetika ny lolovokatra dia manakaiky ny tanàna, indrindra raha misy fahafatesana. Mandritra ny fiandrasam-paty na ny famadihana, dia voalaza fa mety hanjavona ny zavatra azo hanina natao fanatitra toy ny vary masaka sy ny voankazo. Ny sisa dia miparitaka avy eo dia adikan’ ny olona ho mariky ny fandalovan’ ny lolovokatra. Amin' ny fitantarana sasany dia lazaina fa manana hery ara-bataba lehibe tsy araka ny mahazatra izy, na dia eo aza ny vatany toa marefo. Tsy tena mihinana izy ireo, na miseho ho mihinana fotsiny, ary tsy tena matory raha matory. Misy lovantsofina milaza fa mandao ny tanàna niaviany izy ireo ka lasa hipetraka any an-kafa mba tsy ho fantatry ny havany sy ny mpiray tanàna aminy.
=== Famantarana hafa ahalalana azy ireo ===
Mamaritra fomba fitsapana isan-karazany izay amantarana lolovokatra ny lovantsofina malagasy. Ao ny tsy fisian' ny aloka amin' ny masoandro na ny jiro, ny tsy fisin' ny sariny eo amin' ny fitaratra na ny fanjavozavon' izany izay indraindray mampiseho endrik' olona efa maty. Ao koa ny tsy fitiavany mahita [[sira]] na [[ody]] sasany, izay lazaina fa miteraka fanaintainana ao aminy. Ahafahana manavaka ny lolovokatra amin' ny olombelona tena izy ireo famantarana ireo.
== Fiainan' ny lolovokatra ==
=== Fizotran' ny fivokarana ===
Ao amin' ny fitantarana nangonin' ny etnôlôga sy ny misiônera tamin' ny taonjato faha-19 sy tamin' ny fiandohan' ny taonjato faha-20 dia mivoaka avy ao am-pasana amin' ny alalan' ny fanosehana ny tany hiakatra ny lolovokatra. Matetika misy ny filazalazana fa miala hoazy ny tany, toa misy hery tsy hita maso manampy ny maty hivoaka nefa tsy misy ezaka manokana mifandanja amin' izany ataony. Lazaina indraindray fa voatosika na mitresaka ny vato na ny vatam-paty (raha misy) amin' ny fotoana fitsanganana amin' ny maty<ref><small>Astuti, Rita, ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/childrens-understanding-of-death/death-ancestors-and-the-living-dead-learning-without-teaching-in-madagascar/B83DEBE63CD0A36BF6C31FC0D4C7FB21 Death, Ancestors and the Living Dead]'', Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 45‑48.</small></ref><ref><small>Piveteau, Jean, ''Les croyances funéraires à Madagascar'', Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 1937.</small></ref>.
=== Fitsapana an' ilay lolovokatra ===
Ny fitantarana eny amin' ny fiarahamonina dia miresaka momba ny fitsapana toy ny fanoloran' ny havany hena manta na masaka ho an' ilay lolovokatra mba hahafantarana raha mbola manakaiky ny toetran' ny olombelona izy na tsia. Tsy voamarin' ny etnôgrafia anefa izany. Miombon-kevitra ny loharanom-baovao fa tsy raisin' ny fianakaviana ho voninahitra velively ny fiverenan' ny maty amin' ny endrika lolovokatra, fa henatra na loza mitaky fombafomba hampanjavonana azy na hampanalavirana azy<ref name=":0" />.
=== Fampitahorany ny velona ===
Misy ny olona mitantara fa ampitahorin' ny lolovokatra eny an-dalana ny olona raha mody alina. Tia mitaingin-t[[sarety]] koa, hoy ny sasany, ny lolovokatra. Matetika no miady amin' izay sendra azy izy. Menatra izy raha mahafantatra azy ilay olona sakanany. Tsy sahy mody izy ireny ka lasa olon-dia.
=== Fiafarana ===
Ny lovantsofina sasany dia miresaka ny amin' ny tsingerim-piainan' ny lolovokatra izay velona imbetsaka (indraindray miisa fito: maty impito<ref name=":0" />) alohan' ny hahafatesany tanteraka amin' ny farany; izany dia adikan' ny mpikaroka ho angano fa tsy zava-misy hitan' izy ireo<ref name=":2" />.
== Fiheverana ankehitriny ==
=== Fiheverana ao amin' ny fitaovan-tserasera ===
Ankehitriny dia mitombo hatrany ny anjara toerana sahanin' ny fitaovan-tsarasera toy ny [[Facebook]] sy ny [[WhatsApp]], ary ny sehatra fifampizaràna isan-karazany, amin' ny fanaparitahana ny fiheverana momba ny lolovokatra. Na dia tsy loharanom-pahalalana akademika aza ireo sehatra ireo dia mandray anjara amin' ny fanaparitahana sy ny fanovana ary ny fandrakofam-baovao momba ny fitantarana sy ny finoana ny fisian' ny lolovokatra. Ny fijoroana vavolombelona sy ny fanehoan-kevitra ary ny fifanakalozan-kevitra eo amin' ny tambajotran-tserasera dia maneho ny fahaveloman' ny finoam-bahoaka momba ny maty sy ny matoatoa ary ny lolovokatra, na dia tsy porofo mivaingana aza ireo.
=== Fiheveran' ny antrôpôlôga ===
Asehon' ny fanadihadiana maro, anisan' izany ny an' i [[Raymond Decary]], fa indraindray dia mifandray amin' ny taranjam-pirazanana [[Andevo|nandevozina]] na amin' ny vondrona natao an-jorom-bala teo aloha ny tantaran' ny olona lazaina fa mifoha avy maty. Izany dia maneho ny fisian' ny ambaratonga tsy mitovy eo amin' ny fiarahamonina izay mbola maharitra ao amin' ny fisainan' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] maro<ref name=":1" />. I Dominique Somda koa dia mandika ireo fitantarana ireo ho fanoharana mahakasika ny fiarahamonina, fanehoana ny disadisa mifandray amin' ny tantaran' ny fanandevozana sy ny fanilikilihana ary ny fahasarotan' ny fampidirana ny vondrona sasany ho anisan' ny fiarahamonina<ref name=":0" />.
Mihevitra koa ny antrôpôlôga fa ny fitantarana lolovokatra dia fitaovana natao hifehezana ny fitondran-tena sy hampahatsiahivana ny vokatry ny fandikana ny [[fady]] ary hanamafy ny maha zava-dehibe ny fanajana ny fitsipi-piarahamonina<ref name=":0" />. Manampy amin' ny fanehoana ety ivelany ny disadisa eo amin' ny samy vondrona koa ireo fitantarana ireo, sady natao hanazava ny anton' ny loza mitranga eo amin' ny fiarahamonina, ary manondro an' ohatra ny tompon' andraikitra amin' izany, nefa tsy mampiasa herisetra mivantana<ref name=":1" />.
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Angatra]]
* [[Fanahy]]
* [[Zômby]]
* [[Kinaoly]]
* [[Matoatoa]]
* [[Famadihana]]
* [[Fanahin' ny vatana]]
* [[Fivavahana amin' ny razana]]
* [[Fitsanganan-ko velona]] na [[Fitsanganan-ko velona|fitsanganana amin' ny maty]]
* [[Anatsosa]] - [[Ntantotobato]] - [[Tanalasosa]]
== Rohy ivelany ==
* "[https://generationvoyage.fr/lolo-vokatra-walking-dead-madagascar/ Les « lolo vokatra », les « walking dead » de Madagascar"], ''generationvoyage.fr''
* "[https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/1666?lang=en Étrangers, esclaves, morts-vivants : des rumeurs et des secrets au Sud de Madagascar]", ''journals.openedition.org''
* "[https://www.madamagazine.com/en/the-walking-dead-madagaskars-zombies/ The Walking Dead: Madagascar’s Zombies]", ''www.madamagazine.com''
* "[https://www.septcollines.com/decouvrez-lolo-vokatra-zombies-magagascar/ Découvrez les “lolo vokatra”, les zombies de Magagascar]", ''www.septcollines.com''
* "[https://agir-avec-madagascar.over-blog.com/2015/06/legende-tanalasosa.html Légende: Tanalasosa]", ''agir-avec-madagascar.over-blog.com''
* "[http://randriamialy.unblog.fr/2009/04/17/atlantide/ Atlantide]", ''randriamialy.unblog.fr''
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20240401131024/https://forum.serasera.org/forum/message/m484e1b53265d9 Lolo vokatra]", ''forum.serasera.org''
* "[https://tanikomadagascar.com/croyances-sakalava/ Croyances sakalava]", ''tanikomadagascar.com''
* "[http://razafimahazo.free.fr/Descendants/Angano/Ranoro.htm Ranoro]", ''razafimahazo.free.fr''
* "[https://forum.serasera.org/forum/message/m454a411708eec Lolo vokatra ! efa nisy nahita ve?]", ''forum.serasera.org''
== Boky azo anovozan-kavitra ==
* François Benolo, ''[https://theses.fr/1992PA040186 Le Lolo, ou le problème de la reviviscence des morts dans l'Androy (l'extrême-sud de Madagascar)": essai anthropologique pour une contribution de la Résurrection]'', thèse de doctorat, Dir. Michel Meslin, Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), 1992.
* François Benolo, ''Certains morts reviennent à la vie (LOLO) : Selon la culture de l'Androy (Sud de Madagascar)'', 2025.
* Raymond Decary, ''[https://books.google.mg/books/about/La_mort_et_les_coutumes_fun%C3%A9raires_%C3%A0_M.html?id=AjMJAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y La mort et les coutumes funéraires à Madagascar],'' G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1962.
* Pierre‑Loïc Pacaud, [https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/catalogue/livre/un-culte-dexhumation-des-morts-a-madagascar-le-famadihana/59681 ''Un culte d'exhumation des morts à Madagascar: le Famadihana'']'','' Collection : Espaces théoriques, 2003.
* Rita Astuti (dir.), ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/childrens-understanding-of-death/death-ancestors-and-the-living-dead-learning-without-teaching-in-madagascar/B83DEBE63CD0A36BF6C31FC0D4C7FB21 Death, Ancestors, and the Living Dead: Learning without Teaching in Madagascar],'' Cambridge University Press, 2011.
* Dominique Somda, "[https://journals.openedition.org/terrain/4240 Odeur des morts et esprit de famille (Anôsy, Madagascar)]", journals.openedition.org
* Hélène Giguère, [https://www.pulaval.com/livres/des-morts-des-vivants-et-des-choses-ethnographie-d-un-village-de-pecheurs-au-nord-de-madagascar ''Des morts, des vivants et des choses: ethnographie d’un village de pêcheurs au nord de Madagascar''], 2006.
* Domenichini, J.P. (2014). ''Vazimba et esprits helo: la profondeur chronologique''. Études Océan Indien. PDF
* Somda, D. (2014). ''Étrangers, esclaves, morts-vivants: des rumeurs et des secrets au Sud de Madagascar''. Études Océan Indien. PDF
* Renel, C. (1923). ''Ancêtres et dieux''. Imp. Pitot de la Beaujardière.
* Faublée, J. (1968). ''Le fait religieux à Madagascar''. Paris: Institut d’Ethnologie.
* Bloch, M. (1971). ''La sorcellerie et la société malgache''. Paris: Mouton.
* Ralambomanana, V. (2001). ''Esprits et rituels à Madagascar''. Antananarivo: Presses Universitaires.
* Campbell, G. (2012). ''The ghosts of Madagascar: folklore and social order''. Journal of Malagasy Studies, 15(2), 33–57.
* Chaboud, C. (1990). ''Croyances populaires à Madagascar: fantômes et revenants''. Paris: Karthala.
== Loharano ==
[[Sokajy:Finoanoampoana]]
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'''Ny manetôterapia''' dia iray amin' ny fomba fitsaboana tsy mahazatra. Ny mpitsabo manetôterapista dia milaza fa mahay manasitrana aretina isan-karazany amin'ny alalan' ny [[andriamby]]. Ny manetôterapia dia heverina ho tsy ara-tsiansa amin'ny asa ara-pahasalamana satria maro ny fanadihadiana ara-pitsaboana dia maneho fa tsy afaka naneho fahombiazana mihoatra ny effet placebo. Ny manetôterapia no lohahevitry ny tsena lehibe, tombanana ho 252 tapitrisa euro manerantany. Ny manetôterapia dia tsy tokony hafangaro amin'ny teknika fanelanelanana ara-pahasalamana mahazatra izay mampiasa sahan'andriamby toy ny stimulation magnetic transcranial (TMS).
== Ara-tantara ==
Ny fampiharana ara-pitsaboana voalohany ny andriamby dia miverina amin'ny fitsaboana taloha. Ny lahatsoratra sasany dia mitanisa ny [[Kaldea|Kaldeana]], ny [[Ejipta tamin' ny Andro Taloha|Egiptianina]] na ny Sinoa, saingy tsy misy andinin-tsoratra matotra hanamafisana izany. Ny sanganasa tranainy indrindra izay ananana dia misy ifandraisany amin'ny fahalianana momba ny [[andriamby]] amin'ny sehatry ny fiterahana. I Hipôkraty dia manoro hevitra momba ny andriamby mba hampiroborobo ny fahavokarana na ny fanadiovana. I [[Plinio Zokiny|Plinio]] koa dia mampahatsiany matetika ny fampiasana andriamby amin'ny fitsaboana, ary i Marcel mpanao raokandro dia manandratra ny fahamendrehany amin'ny fitsaboana aretina an-doha.
Any [[Eorôpa|Eoropa]], ny manam-pahaizana hafa dia mamaritra ny fampiasana andriamby ho an'ny fitsaboana toa an'i Paracelsus, dokotera soisa fahenina ambin'ny folo izay nanao tonon-tsiahy izany tamin'ny asa sorany.
Tamin'ny taonjato faha-17 sy faha-18 (sy ny fanavaozana ny metalorjia izay nanamora ny fanamboarana andriamby) no nanamboarana ny andriamby ho an'ny fitsaboana. Amin'izao fotoana hazavaina izao no miverina ny loharano tena misy tahirin-kevitra momba ny vokatry ny andriamby. Tamin'ny 1777, Abbé Le Noble dia nanoratra fahatsiarovana ny vokatry ny magnet izay natolony ny Royal Society of Medicine. Tamin'ny 1779, ny dokotera Audry sy Thouret, izay nanoratan'ny Royal Society of Medicine tatitra momba izany, dia namoaka memoir pejy roa hetsy izay misy kaonty amin'ny antsipiriany. Fitsarana iray tena feno momba ny fampiharana ny [https://magnetic-vitality.com/ magneto-therapy] {{Wayback|url=https://magnetic-vitality.com/ |date=20210130224833 }} (ao anatin'izany ny fampiasana rano manetsaka) dia navoakan'ny Doctor of Harsu, mpandidy soisa8 tamin'ny 1782. Miaraka amin'ny Tolom-Piavotana Frantsay tamin'ny 1789, dia nihena indray ny fahalianana tamin'ity fikarohana ity. Angamba koa ny fampiasana ny andriamby dia nohamarinin'ny fampahalalam-baovaon'i Mesmer, izay nandao tsikelikely ny fampiasana ny andriamby mba hampivelatra ny teôlikan'izy ireo momba ny biby, mba hampiavaka azy amin'ny mineraly na ny fitsaboana manetika.
Tamin'ny tapany faharoa tamin'ny taonjato faha-19 vao nahita ny soritry ny famoahana andriamby tamin'ny gazety ara-pitsaboana manokana. Azo atao ny mampahatsiahy ny asan'i Laennec (izay mitsabo aretin-kozatra amin'ny lalan-drà na nevraljia ao amin'ny avokavoka amin'ny andriamby), ny asan'i Blundell (fanaintainan'ny tarehy), ny asan'i Charles Schmidt (izay manavaka ny fitovizan'ny biby sy ny manetisma mineraly), ny asan'i Beydler (fampiasana ny andriamby amin'ny firaiketam-po).
Tamin'ny fiandohan'ny taonjato faha-20, miaraka amin'ny fivoarana ara-teknolojia amin'ny elektronika, novolavolaina ihany koa ny fampiasana angovo manetika mitepo, endrika iray hafa amin'ny manetôterapia izay natao hanana fiatraikany manokana kokoa amin'ny alalan'ny fisafidianana ny matetika. Ny Anglisy atao hoe Smith (1869) sy ny Frantsay atao hoe d'Arsonval (1893) dia nanatanteraka ny asa voalohany amin'ny fanentanana andriamby. Ny Amerikana atao hoe Matijaca (1917) sy ny Danoà atao hoe Hansen (1938) dia nanomboka nampiasa sahan'andriamby mitepo tamin'ny fitsaboana aretina isan-karazany, anisan'izany ny anemia, ny arteriosklerozy, ny kôrea, ny fikorontanana, ny histeria, ny tsy fahitan-tory, ny aretina an-doha, ny nevraljia, ny neorastenia, ny neoritisy, ny romatisma ary ny fanaintainana.
Tamin'ny taona 1920, i Lakhovsky, mpahay siansa rosiana nifindra monina tany [[Paris]], dia nanao sary an-tsaina fa ny [[sela]] tsirairay dia manana ny faharetan'ny mpanamafy feo, ary ovaina io feo io rehefa marary ny sela. Avy eo dia namorona mpamokatra angovo manetika izy mba "hamela ny sela voakasik'izany hiverina indray ny fahita voajanahary niainany."
Famerenana indray ny sela, Lakhovsky
Mino izy fa ity famerenana voajanahary ny sela ity dia ny fanoloana sela simba na rava amin'ny sela vaovao sy mitovy aminy. Araka ny voalazan'i Lakhovsky, ny vatana dia manao an'io famerenana sela io ho azy, fa ny sahan'andriamby kosa dia manampy amin'ny fanafainganana io fomba io. Ho an'izany dia namorona fitaovana afaka mamokatra sahan'andriamby mitepo izay tsy maintsy niainany tao amin'ny Hopitaly Pitié-Salpêtrière any Paris amin'ny marary marobe izy, tamin'ny taona 1920. Tsy dokotera anefa izy.
Ity haitao môtôly magnetika mamontsina ity dia nohalalinina aorian'ny taona 1945, indrindra fa ny mpikaroka japoney, rosiana, romaniana ary tseky.
== Fitsaboana amin' ny andriamby maharitra ==
Ireo andriamby ampiasaina amin'ny [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127112227/https://www.histoire-de-bracelet.com/ manetoterapia] amin'ny ankapobeny dia manana endrika poeta boribory na mahitsizoro. Izy io koa dia mety ho vongan-tsolika manify, lovia na ravina mihitsy. Ny andriamby rehetra dia misy tendro roa (antsoina hoe avaratra sy atsimo). Miankina amin'ny vokatra tiana, ny iray amin'ireo tendro roa dia apetaka amin'ny hoditra. Manetsety marobe koa no azo apetraka amin'ny hoditra misy ny faritra hokarakaraina, miaraka amin'ny elanelam-potoana miovaova arakaraka ny faritra misy ny herin'ny andriamby, ary ny fanajana ny todiky ny tendro. Mahalana ny lafy avaratra sy ny atsimo no ampiharina miaraka.
Ny sahan'andriamby an'ny andriamby ampiasaina amin'io fomba io dia manodidina ny 3.500 gauss ho an'ny keramika ary 14 500 gauss ho an'ny matanjaka indrindra amin'ny [[tany hamatra]]. Ny toetra ara-pitsaboana izay heverna fa ananan' izy ireo dia asa tsy ahenoana sy mampihena fanaintainana izay ataon'ny tendro atsimo, ary asa mampihetsi-po amin'ny hozatra omena ny tendro avaratra. Ny manam-pahaizana manokana amin'ity sehatra ity dia ny profesora J-B. Baron, talen'ny fikarohana ao amin'ny CNRS ary tompon'andraikitra amin'ny "biomagnetism certificate" avy amin'ny Faculty of Medicine of Paris-Nord.
Ny Vidal dia tsy milaza ny fampiasana andriamby ho an'ny olona manana pacemaker, satria ny andriamby dia miteraka sahan'andriamby izay mety hanakorontana ny fiasan'ity fitaovana ity. Toy izany koa ny vehivavy bevohoka latsaky ny telo volana.
Ny tranga iray manokana dia ny fampiasana andriamby maharitra (ho an'ny hery manosika / manintona azy ireo) amin'ny ôrtôpedika dentôfasialy.
== Raha te hamantatra bebe kokoa ==
* Jean-José Boutaric, ''[http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1994x028x003/HSMx1994x028x003.pdf Les applications médicales de l'aimant de l'Antiquité au] {{s-|XIX}}'' [http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1994x028x003/HSMx1994x028x003.pdf in ''Histoire des Sciences Médicales'', Organe Officiel de la Société Française d'Histoire de la Médecine]'','' ISSN 0440-8888, Trimestriel, Tome {{XXVIII}}, {{N°|3}}, 1994.
* Gauquelin, M. 1966. ''Effets biologiques des champs magnétiques''. 316. Annales de Biologie, Ser 4, 5, No 11-12, 595.
* {{de}} Dinculescu T, Macelariu A. « Recherche sur l'efficacité thérapeutique des champs électromagnétiques de basse fréquence » ''Studii e Cercep fizioterapie'', {{Vol.|{{V}}}}, Bucarest, 1963.
* Dan Constantinescu, « La Magnothérapie pulsée » ''La Vie Médicale'' 1979;(21).
* Rocard Y, Constantinescu D, Wagner HJ. « Le magnétisme, une application thérapeutique chez l'homme » ''Annales de Kinésithérapie'' 1981;8(4).
* Tomus L, Opreau R, Cordea J, Gavrus AL. « Contribution à l'action stimulatrice du champ magnétique constant et homogène sur l'activité phagocytaire » ''Revue Roumaine de Physiologie'', 3(2):133.
* Dubois R. « Influence du magnétisme sur l'orientation des colonies microbiennes » ''Compte-Rendu de Séance de la Société de Biologie'' 1886;8(3):127.
* Delhez R. « L'influence du champ magnétique sur les transformations physico-chimiques » ''Bulletin de la Société Royale (Belge) des Sciences'', Liège 1957;26(2):83.
* Bouaboula M. Casellas P « Récepteurs cannabioïdes, fonctions cellulaires » ''Douleur et analgésie'' 2001;14-207-11.
* Le Chapellier JM. ''Le magnétisme antidouleur, une approche électrobiologique.'' Services des soins palliatifs et antidouleur / Centre Hospitalier de Soissons, 2003.
* Hinsenkamp M. ''Stimulation électromagnétique de l'ostégénèse et consolidation des fractures.'' Académie Royale de Médecine. Bruxelles, 1994
* Navratil P, Jerabek J. {{et al.}} « Le champ magnétique pulsé dans la thérapie de la prostatite » ''{{Lang|en|Clinic of Urology}} FN Hradec Kralove'', NIPH, 2002-2003
* {{en}} {{Lang|en|Becker Robert O, Andrew A. Marino. ''Electromagnetism and Life'', State University of New York Press, Albany}}, 1982. {{ISBN|0-87395-561-7}}.
* {{en}} {{Lang|en|Becker Robert O. ''The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life'', William Morrow & Co}}, 1985. {{ISBN|0-688-00123-8}}.
* {{en}} {{Lang|en|Becker Robert O. ''Cross Currents: The Promise of Electromedicine, the Perils of Electropollution'', Tarcher}}, 1989. {{ISBN|0-87477-536-1}}.
* {{en}} Binhi VN. {{Lang|en|''Magnetobiology: Underlying Physical Problems'', San Diego, Academic Press}}, 2002. {{ISBN|0-12-100071-0}}.
* {{en}} Paul Brodeur, {{Lang|en|''Currents of Death'', Simon & Schuster}}, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7432-1308-4}}.
* {{en}} {{Lang|en|Carpenter David O, Sinerik Ayrapetyan. ''Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields'', Volume 1 : ''Sources and Mechanisms'', Academic Press}}, 1994. {{ISBN|0-12-160261-3}}.
* {{en}} {{Lang|en|Carpenter, David O, Sinerik Ayrapetyan. ''Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields : Beneficial and Harmful Effects'' (Vol 2), Academic Press}}, 1994. {{ISBN|0-12-160261-3}}.
* {{en}} {{Lang|en|Chiabrera A. (Editor) ''Interactions Between Electromagnetic Fields and Cells''}}, Springer, 1985. {{ISBN|0-306-42083-X}}.
* {{en}} Riadh WY Habash, {{Lang|en|''Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation: Human Bioeffects and Safety'', Marcel Dekker}}, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8247-0677-3}}.
* {{en}} {{Lang|en|Horton William F, Saul Goldberg. ''Power Frequency Magnetic Fields and Public Health'', CRC Press}}, 1995. {{ISBN|0-8493-9420-1}}.
* {{en}} Ho Mae-Wan {{et al.}} {{Lang|en|''Bioelectrodynamics and Biocommunication'', World Scientific}}, 1994. {{ISBN|981-02-1665-3}}.
* {{en}} Malmivuo Jaakko, {{Lang|en|Robert Plonsey. ''Bioelectromagnetism: Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields'', Oxford University Press}}, 1995. {{ISBN|0-19-505823-2}}.
* {{en}} O'Connor, Mary E. (Editor) {{et al.}} ''Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine'', Springer, 1990. {{ISBN|0-387-97224-2}}.
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Nikoly (kaominina)
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I '''Nikoly''' dia [[Kaominina ao Madagasikara|kaominina]] ambanivohitra eto [[Madagasikara]], ao amin' ny [[Distrikan' i Tsiombe|Distrikan' i Tsihombe]], [[Faritra Androy]], [[Faritanin' i Toliara]]. Tamin' ny 12 Septambra 2003 no niforonan' ity kaominina ity. Ny [[Antandroy]] no vahoaka maro anisa ao izay mitsinjara ao anatin' ny fokontany miisa 69, ary ny [[fambolena]] sy ny [[fiompiana]] no asa fiveloman' ny akamaroan' ny mponina. Anisan' ireo kaominina any amin' ny tapany tsimon' ny Nosy ianjadian' ny [[haintany]] sy ny [[Mosary|kere]] matetika ity kaominina ity.
== Jeôgrafia ==
=== Ny toerana misy ilay kaominina ===
Eo amin' ny tendrony atsimon’ i [[Madagasikara]] no ahitana ny kaominina Nikoly, 12 km miala avy eo amin’ ny tanànan' i [[Tsihombe]], 78 km miala ny tanànan' [[Ambovombe]] ary 1 297 km miala an' [[Antananarivo]] raha arahina ny lalam-pirenena faha-7 mihazo ny lalam-pirenena faha-10 (740,9 km kosa raha lalana mahitsy). 25° 23’ Atsimo, 45° 25’ Atsinanana ny fangitra ara-jeôgrafiany.
Ny kaominina Nikoly dia voafaritr' ireto kaominina manaraka ireto: ao avarany ny kaominina [[Tsihombe]] sy ny kaominina [[Behazomanga]], ao atsimony ny kaominina [[Betanty]] ([[Faux Cap|Faux-Cap]] teo aloha), ao andrefany sy ao atsimony ny kaominina [[Marovato (Tsihombe)|Marovato]], ary ao atsinanany ny kaominina [[Anjampaly]] sy ny kaominina [[Antaritarika]].
=== Ny toetany ===
Ao amin' ny faritra manana toetany maina ny kaominina Nikoly, ka ny [[haintany]] izay manenika ny [[Faritra Androy]] manontolo, dia mamely an' ilay kaominina koa. Tsy ahafahan’ ny mponina mizaka tena ara-tsakafo izany rehefa matetika sy mihalava ny fotoana isehoany. Mahalana dia mahalana ny fotoana ilatsahan' ny [[orana]]. I [[Manambovo]] no renirano lehibe mandalo any.
=== Ny zavamaniry sy ny biby ===
[[Sary:Astrochelis radiata1.jpg|vignette|271x271px|[[Sokatra]]]]
Na dia anjakan' ny toetany maina ny faritra misy ny kaominina Nikoly dia ahitana toerana misy [[ala]] sy biby mivelona anaty ala toy ny [[sifaka]] (''[[Propithecus verreauxi]]''), ny [[Hira (maky)|hira]] (''[[Lemur catta]]''), ny [[sokatra]] (''[[Astrochelys radiata]]''), sy ny maro hafa.
Misy ivon-toerana fikarakarana ny sokatra tratra saika haondrana an-tsokosoko ny ao amin’ ny kaominina Nikoly, antsoina hoe "Ala Mahavelo" izay tantanan’ ny ONG ''Turtle Survival Alliance'' miorina ao amin’ ny fokontany Tamonto Sud sy ao Besakoa. Izany toerana izany dia tsy azo anaovana fitrandrahana ala tsy ara-dalàna sady arovana ny biby miaina ao anatiny amin’ ny alalan’ ny dinam-pokonolona. Tandindomin-doza ny biby arovana (indrindra ny sifaka sy ny hira ary ny sokatra) sy ny ala sisa noho ny [[doro ala]] sy ny fanaovana hatsake ary ny fakana kitay.
== Fitantanan-draharaha ==
=== Ny fokontany ===
Fokontany miisa 69 no mandrafitra ny kaominina Nikoly, dia ireto avy izany: Abejeba Ankililiry, Ambasia Centre, Ambasia II, Ambasia III, Ambovotoka, Ampilofilo, Ampozibe, Ananakirihitse Centre, Ananakirihitse I, Anatsosa Beronono, Anatsosa Centre, Anatsosa Lambovola, Anatsosa Maromainte, Andagoa Sud, Anja Tanambao, Anja Tanambao I, Ankatsakala, Ankililire Agnalasoa, Ankililire Ankilemasy, Ankilimigahy, Antanamalangy Centre, Behasy Ambaro, Behasy Ampihamy, Behasy Anatomasy, Behasy Ankiletelo, Behasy Centre, Berene, Besakoa, Firambagna, Katapoly, Katapoly Tanambao, Lohalambo Andranoagnala, Marakalo Agnavoha, Marakalo Andranomainte, Marakalo Ouest, Marakalo Sihanadampy, Marakalo Sud, Marakalo Zanavo, Namoia, Namoia Centre Keleia, Nikoly Ntehodo, Nikoly Centre, Nikoly I, Nikoly II, Nikoly Maromainte, Sahanogne, Sarelagnitse, Sivora Agnadily, Tamonto Ankamena, Tamonto Ankilemasy, Tamonto Nord, Tamonto Sud, Tampototse Ambitike I, Tampototse Ambitike, Tampototse Ampihamy, Tampototse Andrenentane, Tampototse Androvaela, Tampototse Antanamiary, Tampototse Antanamiary II, Tampototse Bekinagna, Tampototse Betamboho, Tampototse Emonto, Tampototse Marobe, Tampototse Maromainte I, Tampototse Maromainte II, Tampototse Nord, Tampototse Ouest, Tampototse Sud, ary Tsiagnafo.
=== Ny fanabeazana ===
''Zone Administratif et Pedagogique'' (ZAP) roa no mitantana ny fampianarana manerana ny kaominina Nikoly, dia ny ZAP Atsinanana izay ahitana sekoly fanabazana fototra (''école primaire publique'' -- EPP) miisa 20 sy kôlejy (''collège d'enseignement général'' -- CEG) miisa 3, sy ny ZAP Andrefana ahitana sekoly fanabazana fototra miisa 19. Ny ankabetsahan’ ny fokontany dia saika ahitana EPP avokoa (misa 51) saingy ny fotodrafitrasa no tena olana. Ankoatr’ izany dia azo heverina fa misy ifandraisany amin’ ny olana sedrain' ny fampianarana ny olana iainan’ ny mponina. Olana koa ny fahabetsahan' ny mpampianatra iantohan’ ny [[Fikambanan' ny Raiamandrenin' ny Mpianatra]] (FRAM), izay tsy voaloa fivelomana, sy ny tsy faharisihan' ny mpianatra noho ny kere.
=== Ny fahasalamana ===
Tamin' ny taona 2022 dia ''Centre de santé de base'' (CSB II) iray monja miorina an-tampon-tanan' i Nikoly no misahana ny fitsaboana manerana ilay kaominina. Noho ny habetsahan’ ny fokontany ao anatin’ ny kaominina Nikoly sy ny halaviran-dalana ary ny havitsian' ny mpiasan' ny fahasalamana, dia tsy afaka mamaly tanteraka ny filan’ ny mponina ara-pahasalamana ity CSBII ity.
== Mponina sy fiarahamonina ==
=== Ny mponina ===
Ny kaominina Nikoly dia onenan' ny 4,7 % amin' ny mponina ao amin’ ny [[Faritra Androy]], izany hoe mponina miisa 30 845 (tamin' ny taona 2021), manana hakitroka 21 mp/km<sup>2</sup>, ka ny lehilahy dia miisa 13 716 (44 %) fa ny vehivavy kosa 17 129 (56 %). Ny vondrom-poko [[Antandroy]], izay mitsinjara ho zana-poko Marakalo (Tahandrefa) sy Tampototse/Lamitihy (Tatignana) ary Tahandrefa Limerae, no maro anisa sy tompontany ao.
=== Ny fandriam-pahalemana ===
Kaominina anisan' ny mandry fahalemana tanteraka i Nikoly, ankoatry ny fisian' ny hala-botry madinidinika, noho ny mbola fandalan' ny mponina ny kolontsaina eo an-toerana sy ny fitandroana ny fiarahamonina. Ny fisian' ny dina isaky ny kaominina no anisan' ny ahafahana mihazona izany. Ny malaza amin' izany dina izany dia ny Dinan' Androy.
=== Ny fivavahana ===
Na dia be mpanaraka kokoa aza ny [[Fivavahan-drazana malagasy|fivavahan-drazana]] dia tsy vitsy ireo izay nandray ny fivavahana kristiana, indrindra ny ao amin' ny [[Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy]] (FLM) toy izay hita ao Nikoly, ao Namoia, ao Beronono ary ao Ambovotoka. Ao koa ireo mpivavaka ao amin' ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina (Madagasikara)|Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina]] (EKAR) toy ny ao Namoia sy ny ao Ambovotoka.
=== Ny rano ===
Mahalana dia mahalana ny fotoana ilatsahan' ny [[orana]], ary heverina ho fitahiana avy amin’ ny [[Zanahary]] sy ny [[razana]] izany ka matetika dia alaina ho sotroina, eny na avy eny amin’ ny arabe aza no iangonany. Misy ny olona manangona rano avy amin’ ny tafon-trano, avy eny amin' ny [[kamory]] (sihanake) ary avy amin' ny dobo fitahirizan-dranon' orana (''impluviums'').
Mizaka olana goavana ny mponina ao amin' ny kaominina Nikoly amin' ny resaka rano fisotro madio. Lavitra ny reniranon’ i [[Manambovo]] sady tsy misy ny fitaovana fitateran-drano. Lasa fidiram-bola ny fivarotana rano. Tamin' ny taona 2020, ohatra, dia nahatratra 3 000 Ariary hatramin' ny 4 000 Ariary ny vidin’ ny rano 20 litatra, izay rano avy any Manambovo izay sady somary masira no maloto.
[[Sary:Rivers of southern Madagascar OSM.png|vignette|282x282px|Renirano ao amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Madagasikara]]
Ny rano an-kamory (sihanake) no miantoka indrindra ny filan' ny mponina rano, ka ao ireo tsy azo idiovana fa fakana rano hosotroina fotsiny, ao ireo atao fisoatroan’ ny biby fiompy sy azo idiovana na anasana. Ao koa ny rano amin' ny lava-drano. Tsy maharaka anefa izany rano izany rehefa tonga ny hain-tany. Amin' ny main-tany, izay mahamaina ireo fantsakan-drano ireo, dia mandeha lalana kilômetatra maromaro any an-drenirano ny vehivavy isaky ny tokatrano mba hitady rano any amin’ ny reniranon’ i [[Manambovo]].
=== Ny kere ===
Mandritra ny fotoana mampisy ny kere, izay tena tsy ahitana sakafo hohanina, dia ny ravin-d[[raketa]] (raketa sonjo) na voan-draketamena no ataon’ ny olona sakafo; ao koa ny fangitse, ny bontagne (voan-[[kily]] afangaro [[lavenona]]), ary misy ireo sahy mihinana ravin-kazo tsy dia fihinana matetika na mihitsy.
Manoloana izany dia ny tetikasa ''[[Fandaharan' Asa maneran-Tany momba ny Sakafo|Programme Alimentaire Mondial]]'' (PAM) no mamatsy sakafo ny tokatrano marefo sy miantoka ny fisakafoanana an-tsekoly (cantine scolaire) mba hahatonga ny mpianatra hanohy ny fianarany. Eo ihany koa ireo fandaharan’ asa hafa tsy miankina amin’ ny fanjakana izay miara-misalahy amin’ ny famahana ny olana toy ''[[Catholic Relief Services]]'' (CRS) manoloana ny fiatrehana ny haintany. Ao koa ny ''[[Bureau National pour la Gestion des Risques et Catastrophes]]'' (BNGRC), ny ONG ''[[Direct Aid]]'', ny [[Gret Madagascar|''Gret'' ''Madagascar'']] sy ny maro hafa.
== Toekarena ==
Ny [[fambolena]] sy [[fiompiana]] no tena foto-piveloman’ ny mponina ao amin’ ny kaominina Nikoly.
=== Ny fambolena ===
[[Sary:Ipomoea batatas - Tubers.jpg|vignette|211x211px|[[Vomanga]] na bageda]]
Ny voly [[mangahazo]] na balahazo (''Manihot esculenta'') no mitana laharana voalohany (indrindra ao amin' ny fokontany miisa 19 andrefana sy afovoany), nefa ao koa ny voly [[vomanga]] (''Ipomoea batatas'') na bageda sy ny [[katsaka]] na tsako (''Zea mays'') ary ny [[voamaina]] isan-karazany toy ny [[antaka]] (''Lablab purpureus''), ny [[tsaramaso]] (''Phaseolus vulgaris''), ny [[voanjobory]] (''Vigna subterranea''), ny [[voanemba]] (''Vigna sinensis''), sy ny [[voanjo]] (''Arachis hypogaea''). Ny fambolena vomanga sy mangahazo araka izany no be mpanao (70 % – 90 %) noho izy mahazaka hain-tany mifanaraka amin’ ny toetrandro any Androy. Ny mponina manamorona ny reniranon’ i [[Manambovo]] dia mamboly [[kabaro]] (''Phaseolus lunatus'') sy [[voatabia]] (''Solanum lycopersicum'') na tamatesa ary [[fary]] (''Saccharum officinarum'') koa. Mamatsy an’ i [[Tsihombe]] ity kaominina ity rehefa tonga ny fotoam-piotazam-bokatra.
[[Sary:Opuntia ficus-indica (Indian Fig) at Secunderabad, AP W IMG 6674.jpg|vignette|256x256px|Raketa]]
Misy koa ny voly avotra izay mampiavaka ilay kaominina, anisan' izany ny [[vomanga]] na bageda, ny [[voanketsihetsy]] na [[voazavo]] (''Citrullus lanatus''), ny [[voatango]] (''Cucumis parvifolius''), ary ny [[taboara]] (''Cucurbita maxima''). Ankehitriny dia mamboly [[Paraky (zavamaniry)|paraky]] (''Nicotiana tabacum'') sy [[kinana]] (''Ricinus communis'') ary [[raketa]] (''Opuntia ficus-indica'') koa ny mponina.
=== Ny fiompiana ===
Miompy [[omby]] (miisa 18 500) sy [[osy]] (miisa 20 100) ary [[ondry]] (miisa 11 200) ny mponna ao amin' ny kaominina Nikoly. Ny vehivavy no misahana ny fiompiana [[akoho amam-borona]] (misia 32 000). Tsy ny resaka filana ara-tsakafo ihany no sahanin’ ny fiompiana fa indrindra ny lafiny fiarahamonina (fikarakarana fandevenana sy fanambadiana). Misy ihany koa ny fiompiana [[tantely]].
=== Ny lalalana sy ny fifandraisana ===
Lalan-tany no mampifandray ny kaominina Nikoly amin’ ny kaominina mifanila aminy, sy mampifandray ny fokontany ao aminy. Olana ny habetsahan' ny fasika izay manahirana ny fifamoivoizan' ny fiara vaventy, ka manahirana amin' ny famoaham-bokatra izany.
=== Ny varotra ===
Manana tsena telo ny kaominina dia ny tsena Nikoly Centre amin’ ny andro Alakamisy, sy ny tsena Bekinagna amin’ ny andro Asabotsy, ary ny tsena Berene amin’ ny andro Alarobia. Eo amin’ ny tsena no misy ny fifanakalozana ara-barotra ataon’ ny tantsaha.
Amin' ny fotoana mampisy ny vokatra dia samy mivarotra ny vokany eny amin’ ny tsenam-pokonolona ny tantsaha amin’ ny vidim-bokatra ambany izay vidin’ ny mpanangom-bokatra (indrindra ny mpanangom-bokatra avy amin’ ny kaominina [[Tsihombe]] sy [[Marovato (Tsihombe)|Marovato]]). Amin’ ny fotoana main-tany tsy mampisy ny vokatra kosa dia raisin’ ny tantsaha amin’ ireo mpivarotra sakafo manta indray ny vokatra amin’ ny vidiny lafo, ka izany no mahatonga ny faritra atsimo ho mosary.
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Faritanin' i Toliara]]
* [[Faritra Androy]]
* [[Distrikan' i Tsiombe|Distrikan' i Tsihombe]]
* [[Antandroy]]
== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
'''Tahirin-kevitra nanankinana ny fanoratana'''
* ''Drafitra fampandrosoana ifotony tsy manavaka mpandray anjara ny rehetra, Kaominina Ambanivohitra Nikoly (2021 – 2026)'', tamin' ny taona 2023, notarihin' ny ben' ny tanàna Andriamaharizo Samuel.
'''Rohy ivelany'''
* "[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/sosialy/krizin-drano-sy-kere-any-tsihombe-mamerina-mamatsy-rano-ny-unicef-53114.php Krizin-drano sy kere any Tsihombe Mamerina mamatsy rano ny UNICEF]", ''Tia Tanindrazana'', 24 Oktobra 2022.
* "[https://www.tsidika.mg/2021/05/14/mampitaraina-ny-mponina-ny-andiam-balala-tao-nikoly/ Mampitaraina ny mponina ny andiam-balala tao Nikoly] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tsidika.mg/2021/05/14/mampitaraina-ny-mponina-ny-andiam-balala-tao-nikoly/ |date=20230117134034 }}", ''Tsidika'', 14 Mey 2021.
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230117134045/https://fdl.mg/sites/default/myfiles/MIONJO/MIONJO_CGES_2021.pdf Projet de soutien à des moyens de substance dans le sud de Madagascar, cadre de gestion environnementale et sociale]'', Projet Mionjo, Octobre 2020.
* Rahasinirina Claire, ''[http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/rahasinirinaClaire_ECO_M2_11.pdf Processus participatif dans la Gestion des Risques et Catastrophes - Cas d’un projet du PNUD opérationnalisé par Catholic Relief Service dans la Commune rurale d’Anjapaly, Région Androy] {{Wayback|url=http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/rahasinirinaClaire_ECO_M2_11.pdf |date=20221230124850 }},'' mémoire de maîtrise, 2011.
* Turtle Survival Alliance, "[https://turtlesurvival.org/ We protect Turtle]"
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Ratefy Tolotra
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'''Ratefy Tolotra''' dia [[Pastora|mpitandrina]] na pastora, [[Teôlôjia|teôlôjiana]] malagasy, mahay [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]], izay lazaina koa fa nianatra [[Fiteny (heviny mivelatra)|fiteny]] roa ambin' ny folo. Izy no [[Malagasy]] voalohany [[Ôrdinasiôna|nanokana]] ho pastora tao amin' ny [[Fiangonana Refôrme Loterana Alemana]]<ref name=":0"><small>"[https://www.deliremadagascar.com/conference-internationale-sur-les-origines-juives-a-madagascar/ Conférence internationale sur les origines juives à Madagascar]", in [https://www.deliremadagascar.com/ deliremadagascar.com]</small> </ref>. Nianatra ny fitsaboana alemana koa izy.<ref name=":4"><small>"[https://tanikomadagascar.wordpress.com/2017/06/26/pasteur-tolotra-ratefy-jiosy-sy-malagasy/ Pasteur Tolotra Ratefy: Jiosy ny Malagasy]", in ''[https://tanikomadagascar.wordpress.com/ tanikomadagascar.wordpress.com]''</small></ref> [[Daniel Ratefy|Ratefy Daniel]] no rainy ary Razafindramasy Christine no reniny <ref name=":5"><small>"[https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~aviavy/misc/ged2web/people/p00004qy.htm Ancestor of Tolotra Ratefy]" in [https://freepages.rootsweb.com/ freepages.rootsweb.com/]</small></ref>. Ratefy Tolotra dia nanao fikarohana ny mety ho fifandraisan' ny [[fiteny malagasy]] sy ny [[fiteny hebreo]]. Ny fianarany tany [[Alemaina]] koa dia nandray anjara tamin' ny fahaizany. Nanoratra boky amin' ny [[Fiteny alemàna|teny alemana]] mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''[[Sind die Madagassische Juden?|Sind die Madagassische Juden ?]]'', izay azo adika hoe "Jiosy ve ny Malagasy?" izy, izay anohanany ny [[Jiosy malagasy|maha Jiosy na Jody ny fiavian' ny Malagasy]] sy ny [[Fiteny malagasy|fiteniny]] aman-[[Kolontsaina malagasy|kolontsainy]]<ref name=":0" />.
== Zotram-pianany ==
[[Daniel Ratefy|Ratefy Daniel]] no rain-dRatefy Tolotra ary Razafindramasy Christine no reniny <ref name=":5" />. I Daniel Ratefy rainy dia [[Pastora|mpitandrina]] nanana ny maha izy azy. Nitombo tao anatin’ ny tontolon' ny [[fivavahana]] sy fiezahana amin' ny fandrantoana fianarana Ratefy Tolotra. Ny fahitany an-drainy no tena nahatapa-kevitra azy tamin' ny safidiny ho lasa pasitera sy teôlôjiana. Ny fahalianany amin’ ny fahalana fiteny maro, indrindra fa ny [[fiteny hebreo]], dia niseho hatramin' ny fahazazany.
Mpitandrina i Ratefy Tolotra, mpitarika ara-pivavahana eo anivon' ny fiangonana kristiana. Teôlôjiana koa izy, izany hoe nianatra sy nanambara ny hevitry ny [[foto-pampianarana]] sy finoana ara-pivavahana. Voalaza fa izy no Malagasy voalohany notendrena ho mpitandrina tao amin’ ny [[Fiangonana Loterana Reforme Alemana]].
Ratefy Tolotra dia nalaza noho ny fahaizany fiteny maro, indrindra fa ny [[fiteny hebreo]]. Voalaza aza fa nahay fiteny roa ambin’ ny folo izy. Izany fahalalana momba ny fiteny izany no nahatonga azy handinika ny mety ho fifandraisan' ny [[fiteny malagasy]] sy ny fiteny hafa, indrindra fa ny [[fiteny hebreon' ny Baiboly]]. Heverina ho Malagasy mpandalina tantara izy.
Ankoatr' i [[Joseph Briant]] sy [[Rabarioelina Ndriana]] i Ratefy Tolotra dia nandray anjara tamin' ny fikarohana momba ny niandohan' ny fiteny malagasy. Nodinihin' izy ireo manokana ny [[petra-kevitra]] momba fiantraikan' ny fiteny hebreo teo amin' ny fiteny malagasy, ka nilaza fa misy teny malagasy azo avy amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreon' ny Baiboly|teny hebreon' ny Baiboly]]. Nanohana ny fisian' ny teny malagasy betsaka hita ao amin’ ny [[Tanakh|Baiboly hebreo]].
Ratefy Tolotra dia nanao fikarohana isan-karazany nandritra ny telopolo taona mahery tao amin' ny [[Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität]] any [[Münster]], any [[Alemaina|Alemaine]]. Tany no nampitomboany ny fahalalany fiteny sy ny [[teôlôjia]]. Voalaza fa nianatra momba ny fitsaboana alemàna koa izy<ref name=":4" />. Izy dia mpianatr' i [[Ernst-Gunther Bauckmann]], izay manam-pahaizana manokana momba ny [[Testamenta Taloha]], sy mpianatr' i [[Willi Marxsen]] izay manam-pahaizana momba ny [[Famakafakana ny Baiboly|famakafakana]] ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]], ary mpianatr' i [[Kurt Aland]], izay mpadalina ny Testamenta Vaovao<ref name=":0" />.
Marihina fa ny teôria momba ny niandohan' ny fiteny malagasy sy ny fifandraisany amin' ny fiteny hebreo dia iadian-kevitra sady tsy eken' ny fiarahamonina siantifika. Na izany aza, ny sanganasan-dRatefy Tolotra dia mampiseho ny fahalianany amin' ny tantara sy ny fiteny malagasy.
== Jiosy ve ny Malagasy ? ==
Ao amin' ny asasorany amin' ny [[Fiteny alemàna|teny alemana]] mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''Sind die Madagassische Juden ?'' izay azo adika hoe "Jiosy ve ny Malagasy?" no anohanany ny maha [[Jiosy]] na Jody ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1"><small>"[http://rol-benzaken.centerblog.net/16350-les-juifs-de-madagascar Les Juifs de Madagascar]", in [http://rol-benzaken.centerblog.net/ rol-benzaken.centerblog.net/]</small> </ref><ref name=":2"><small>"[http://www.darnna.com/phorum/read.php?6,175964 Les Juifs de Madagascar]" in ''[http://www.darnna.com/ darnna.com]''</small></ref>. Araka io boky io dia betsaka ny zavatra hitany taorian' ny fikarohana nataony mandritra ny telopolo taona mahery. Anisan' izany ny ankamaroan' ny [[Anarana|anaran]]-javatra eto [[Madagasikara]] (anaran' olona, anaran-tendrombohitra, anarana lohasaha, anaran-drenirano, anara-tanàna, sns) dia avy amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|tenin' ny Jiosy]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />. Toraka izany koa ny fomba amam-panaon' ny ankamaroan' ny mponina izay avy amin' ny [[Jodaisma|fomba jiosy]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />. Anisan' izany ny [[famorana]]<ref><small>"[https://www.chauffeur-guide-madagascar-lga.com/decouvrir-madagascar/presentation/histoire/ L’histoire de Madagascar]", in ''[https://www.chauffeur-guide-madagascar-lga.com/ chauffeur-guide-madagascar-lga.com]''</small></ref>.
Milaza koa Ratefy Tolotra fa ahitana soritra arkeôlôjika sy [[Abidy prôtô-hebreo|soratra prôtô-hebreo]] saika manerana an' i Madagasikara, izay efa tamin' ny andron' ny mpanjaka [[Sôlômôna]] (na Salômôna)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />. Ny filazan' ilay misiônera lazarista [[Joseph Briant]] fa nisy ny andiam-pifidrà-monina jiosy mankaty [[Madagasikara]] -- ka ny voalohany tamin' ireo fifindrà-monina ireo dia tamin' ny andron' i Sôlômôna, manodidina ny taona 900 tal. J.K. - dia noraisin' i Tolotra Ratefy ary nohamafisin' i [[Rabarioelina Ndriana|Ndriana Rabarioelina]] tao amin' ny tsangan-kevitra ara-teôlôjia notohanany<ref name=":3"><small>"[https://www.histoireindianoceanie.fr/IMG/pdf/sur_le_nouvel_an_malgache.pdf Sur le nouvel an malgache]" (pdf) in [https://www.histoireindianoceanie.fr/ histoireindianoceanie.fr/] {{Wayback|url=https://www.histoireindianoceanie.fr/ |date=20230420164850 }}</small></ref>.
I [[Joseph Briant]] dia efa niezaka nanamarina fa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] ary nanamafy izany koa Ratefy Tolotra sy i [[Rabarioelina Ndriana|Ndriana Rabarioelina]] <ref name=":3" />. Tohanan-dRatefy Tolotra koa fa betsaka ny teny malagasy hita ao amin' ny [[Baiboly hebreo]].
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Fifindra-monina jiosy aty Madagasikara]]
* [[Jodaisma eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Rabarioelina Ndriana]]
* [[Foko folo very]]
* [[Jiosy malagasy]]
* [[Tudor Parfitt]]
* [[Jiosy]]
* [[Ôfira]]
* [[Zecharia Sitchin]]
* [[Baiboly sy tantara]]
== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
* Briant, Joseph, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20241220202410/https://forum.serasera.org/forum/message/m52287cf73625b L'hébreu à Madagascar]''.
* Ferrand, Gabriel (1905). [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1667374 ''Les migrations musulmanes et juives à Madagascar''. Paris]: Revue de l'histoire des religions.
* Kasanga, Fernand (1990), ''Fifindra-monina'', Librairie FLM, Antananarivo.
* Rabarioelina, Ndriana (Rev. Dr.) (2011), "''Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar''", Doctoral Dissertation, Ph.D in Theology, SAHTS, États-Unis, 2010, 458 pages. Abstract in Saint-Alcuin House Journal, Volume 8, N<sup>o</sup> 1, États-Unis, And in Library of Congress, number (ISSN 1548-4459), États-Unis
* Ramilison, Emmanuel (1951), ''[https://books.google.mg/books/about/Ny_Loharanon_ny_Andriana_nanjaka_teto_Im.html?id=LfxmQwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Andriantomara-Andriamamilazabe. Loharanon' ny Andriana nanjaka eto Imerina]'', Imprimerie Ankehitriny.
* Ramilison, Emmanuel (1962), ''Ny Baiboly sy Andrianampoinimerina'', Librarie Iarivo, Antananarivo, 66 pejy.
* Kasanga, Fernand (1963), ''Ny Antemoro Anakara voasoratra tamin' ny taona 1506,'' Imprimerie Iarivo, Antananarivo.
* Ratefy, T. (2005), "Jiosy ve ny malagasy ?" ("Les Malgaches sont-ils juifs ?"), Conférence, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
* Ratefy, T. (2005), "[https://tanikomadagascar.com/2015/06/13/jiosy-ve-ny-malagasy/ Jiosy ve ny malagasy ?]", ''tanikomadagascar.com''
* Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1963), ''[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ierii_1764-8319_1978_ant_9_1_984 Tantaran-drazana Antemoro-Anteony]'', Antananarivo, Imprimerie LMS.
* Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1970), ''[https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=097789631 Fomban-drazana antemoro-usages et coutumes antemoro] {{Wayback|url=https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=097789631 |date=20241220155652 }}'', Ambozontany, Fianarantsoa.
* "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CarRysqdhlM Pastora Tolotra Ratefy: Jiosy ny Malagasy !]", ''youtube.com''
== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
[[Sokajy:Pastora malagasy]]
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{{Infobox olona|anarana=Rabarioelina Ndriana|teraka=1963|firenena=Madagasikara|asa=Mpahay tantara|asa hafa=Mpikaroka
Teôlôjiana|sary=Rabarioelina Ndriana01}}
'''Rabarioelina''' '''Ndriana''' dia [[Teôlôjia|teôlôjiana]] [[Prôtestantisma eto Madagasikara|prôtestanta malagasy]], teraka tamin' ny taona 1963, ao amin' ny fokon' [[andriana]] [[merina]] avy ao [[Ambohimalaza]], ao [[Antananarivo]], renivohitr' i [[Madagasikara]], mpanindrahindra ny fitondra-mpanjaka. Zanaky ny profesora sy dokotera Lala Rabarioelina izy<ref name=":2"><small>"[https://tanikomadagascar.com/2023/02/18/faculte-de-medecine-dantananarivo-deces-du-professeur-lala-rabarioelina/ Faculté de médecine d’Antananarivo – Décès du professeur Lala Rabarioelina]", ''Taniko Madagasikara'', publié le 18 février 2023, mis à jour le 16 septembre 2024,</small> </ref>. Milaza izy fa voahosotra sy nohamasinina ho mpanjakan' Imerina sy mpanjakan' i Madagasikara tamin' ny taona 2015 ary mikatroka amin' ny tokony hamerenana ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]] indray<ref name=":6"><small>"[https://www.koolsaina.com/royaume-de-madagascar-monarchie-interview-ndriana-rabarioelina-ibc-television/#comments Les solutions proposées par Ndriana Rabarioelina à travers le retour à la monarchie]", ''www.koolsaina.com''</small></ref><ref name=":3"><small>"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnzKEvBocnA&t=1s Les solutions proposées par Ndriana Rabarioelina à travers le retour à la monarchie]" (Video), ''Youtube''</small></ref><ref><small>[[FANJAKAN’ I MADAGASIKARA|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]], ''mg.wikipedia.org''</small></ref>.
Nanohanana tsangan-kevitra nampitondrainy ny lohateny hoe ''[[Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar]]'' izy<ref><small>"[https://stalcuinhouseseminary.academia.edu/RevDrNdrianaRABARIOELINA?utm_source=chatgpt.com Prince Dr. Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''stalcuinhouseseminary.academia.edu''</small></ref>, izay miompana amin' ny fifandraisana ara-[[Baiboly]] eo amin' i [[Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra)|Israely]] sy i [[Madagasikara]], ary koa amin' ny niandohan' ny olombelona, ka nikarohany ny fifandraisan' ny [[sivilizasiôna]] maro fahiny sy ny [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara|tantara malagasy]]. Filoha mpanorina sy mpikambana ao amin' ny ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar'' izy<ref name=":8" />.
== Zotram-piainany ==
=== Ny ray aman-dreniny ===
Teraka tamin' ny taona 1963 izy, zanaky ny profesora Lala Rabarioelina sy Rajerison Victorine<ref><small>"[https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=es&n=rabarioelina&p=ndriana Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''gw.geneanet.org''</small></ref>, izay samy [[andriana]]<ref><small>"[https://mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com/2020/12/tantaran-ny-andriana-eto-madagasikara.html? Tantaran' ny Andriana eto madagasikara]", ''mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>. I Lala Rabarioelina dia Docteur en Médecine (nianatra tany amin' ny Faculté de Médecine de [[Montpellier]]) sy mpandidy<ref><small>"[https://tanikomadagascar.com/2023/02/18/faculte-de-medecine-dantananarivo-deces-du-professeur-lala-rabarioelina/ Faculté de médecine d’Antananarivo – Décès du professeur Lala Rabarioelina]", ''tanikomadagascar.com''</small></ref>. Rajerison Victorine renin' i Ndriana Rabarioelina kosa dia manana ny diplôma ambony amin' ny haizaitra (diplôme de Haute Couture de Paris).
=== Ny fianarana norantoviny ===
Nahazo ny diplôma ''baccalauréat série C'' tao amin' ny [[Académie d' Aix-Marseille]] ('''''[[:fr:Académie_d'Aix-Marseille|fr]]''''') tany [[Frantsa]] i Rabarioelina Ndriana, sy ny ''Licence en Théologie'' ary nahavita ''Master en Théologie'' tao amin' ny [[Faculté Libre de Théologie Réformée na Faculté Jean-Calvin]] ('''''[[:fr:Faculté_Jean-Calvin|fr]]''''') tao Aix-en-Provence any [[Frantsa]].
Nandalina fitantanana orinasa tao amin' ny [[Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Paris]] (ESCP-Senior, Paris, 1994) ('''''[[:fr:ESCP_Business_School|fr]]''''') ary nandalim-pahaizana momba ny [[vatosoa]] tao amin' ny [[Gemological Institute of America]] (GIA, 2003, 2005) ('''''[[:en:Gemological_Institute_of_America|en]]''''').
[[Teôlôjia|Teôlôjiana]] i Ndriana Rabarioelina<ref><small>"[https://stalcuinhouseseminary.academia.edu/RevDrNdrianaRABARIOELINA? Prince Dr. Ndriana Rabarioelina]", S''t Alcuin House Seminary Academia''</small></ref> sady mpikaroka tantara koa<ref name=":9"><small>"[https://royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2017/11/iii-members-of-royal-academy-of.html Some members of the Royal Academy of Science of Madagascar]", ''royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com''</small></ref>. Nanao fikarohana izy ka nahazo ny diplôma ''PhD in Theology'' tamin' ny fanohanany ny [[tsangan-kevitra]] hoe "''[[Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar]]''" na "Ny fifandraisana ara-Baiboly eo amin' i Israely sy i Madagasikara" (''PhD'', Doctoral Dissertation, Saint Alcuin House Theological Seminary, USA, 2010, 458 pejy) mikasika ny "Tantara miafin' i Madagasikara nandritra ny telo arivo taona mahery" ary nahazo ny diplôma ''Doctor of Theology'' tamin' ny fanohanany ny tsangan-kevitra mitondra ny lohateny hoe "''[[Madagascar in the Last Vestiges of the Birthplace of Humanity]]''" na "I Madagasikara, ao amin' ny sisa tavela amin' ny toerana nahaterahan' ny olombelona" (''D.Theol''., Doctoral Dissertation, Saint Alcuin House Seminary, USA, 2016, 638 pejy).
Nianatra sy nampitaha tenim-pirenena mihoatra ny roa ambin' ny folo koa izy ([[Fiteny malagasy|malagasy]], [[Fiteny hebreo|hebreo]], [[Fiteny arameana|arameana]], [[Fiteny grika|grika]], [[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]], [[Fiteny alemàna|alemana]], [[Fiteny tamily taloha|tamily tranainy]], [[Fiteny sanskrity|sanskrity]], [[Fiteny someriana|someriana]], [[Fiteny malaiô-pôlineziana|malaiô-pôlineziana]], [[Vondrom-piteny amerindiana|amerindiana]], [[Fiteny aty Afrika|afrikana]], sns)<ref name=":9" />.
Anisan' ny mpampianatra azy ireto profesora manaraka ireto:
* i [[Pierre Berthoud]] (FLTR, [[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Frantsa]]), manam-pahaizana momba ny [[Testamenta Taloha]];
* i [[Peter R. Jones]] (Harvard, Princeton, [[Etazonia]]), manampahaizana momba ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]];
* i Jean Marc Daumas de Cornilhac (FLTR, Aix-en-Provence, Frantsa) momba ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] sy ny [[Tantaran' ny kristianisma|tantaram-piangonana]];
* i Maurice Carrez (FTP, [[Paris]], Frantsa) momba ny [[Fiteny grika|teny grika]] sy ny [[Testamenta Vaovao]];
* i Edmund Clowney ([[Westminster, Kalifornia|Westminster]], WTS, Etazonia) momba ny [[teôlôjia biblika]];
* i Roger Greenway (Westminster, WTS, Etazonia), momba ny [[World Missiology|World Missiolog]][[World Missiology|y]];
* i J<nowiki/>ean Brun (Oniversite, Dijon) momba ny [[filôzôfia kristiana]];
* i Pierre Courthial (FLTR, Aix-en-Provence, Frantsa) momba ny [[teôlôjia pratika]] sy ny [[apôlôjetika]];
* i Olivier Clément (Institut Orthodoxe Saint Serge, Paris, Frantsa) momba ny [[teôlôjia ôrtôdôksa]];
* ary i [[Pierre Chaunu]], manampahaizana momba ny [[Tantara]].
=== Faharesen-dahatra ara-pivavahana ===
Nilaza ho nahazo teny fikasana avy amin' Andriamanitra sy tsodrano avy amin' ny raiamandreny ara-panahy izy, dia ireto: ny mpitandrina [[Daniel Ratefy]]<ref><small>Ny mpitandrina [[Daniel Ratefy]], mpanorina ny [[Fiangonana Protestanta Malagasy aty Andafy]] (FPMA) tao [[Montpellier]] tamin' ny taona 1946, mpiaraka nanorina ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]] (FJKM) tamin' ny taona 1968, mpiaraka nanorina ny [[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara]] (FFKM) teny Ambohimalaza, Antananarivo, tamin' ny taona 1950, efa tonian' ny Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Protestanta eto Madagasikara (FFPM) tamin' ny taona 1986-1992, solontenan' i Madagasikara tamin' ny fanorenana ny [[Filankevitra Ekiomenikan' ny Fiangonana|Filankevitry ny Fiangonana eran-Tany]] na [[Filankevitra Ekiomenikan' ny Fiangonana|World Council of Churches]] (WCC) tany [[Amsterdam]] tamin' ny taona 1947-1948.</small></ref> (taona 1981), ny mpitandrina Razafindrakoto Gabriel (taona 1986), i Mama [[Volahavana Germaine]]<ref><small>I Mama [[Volahavana Germaine]] (na Nenilava), mpiandry zokiolona (1941), raiamandreny nanorina ny [[Tobilehibe Ankaramalaza]] tamin' ny taona 1941, izay miombona amin' ny FFPM, efa nihaona tamin' i [[Olav V]], mpanjakan' i [[Nôrvezy]], tany amin' ny Lapan' Andriamanjaka tany [[Oslo]] any tamin' ny taona 1973, mpitory Filazantsara, mpiahy marary sy kamboty ary olona sahirana an-jatony, izay heverin' ny ao amin' ny hetsika [[Fifohazana (kristianisma malagasy)|Fifohazana]] ho mpaminany. ary mahay tenim-pirenena roa ambin' ny folo.</small></ref> (taona 1996), ny kardinaly [[Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra]]<ref><small>Ny kardinaly [[Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra|Armand Gaetan Razafindratandra]], ao amin' ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina (Madagasikara)|Eglizy Katôlika Apôstôlika Rômanina]] (EKAR) eto Madagasikara, mpiaraka nanorina ny Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara (FFKM) tao Ambohimalaza tamin' ny taona 1950.</small></ref> (taona 2007), i Mama Ravolazaimanga Bernadette (taona 2009), i Mama Rasoazanakolona Hèlene (taona 2012), i Dada Manase (taona 2018) ao anatin' ny [[Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy]], ny [[Fiangonan' i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara]]<ref name=":5">[http://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/ <small>http://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/</small>]</ref>. Anisan' ny raiamandrany mpiahy azy koa ny mpitandrina [[Daniel Ralibera]]<ref><small>Ny mpitandrina [[Daniel Ralibera]], mpitandrina FJKM Ambavahadimitafo, mpampianatra tantaram-piangonana (FTP) ao Antananarivo, mpiaraka nanorina ny FJKM tamin' ny taona 1968, mpiaraka nanorina ny FFKM tao Ambohimalaza tamin' ny taona 1950, mpiaraka nanorina ofisialy ny FPMA tany Paris tamin' ny taona 1959.</small></ref> sy ny profesora [[Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga]]<ref><small>I [[Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga]], Docteur en Médecine, Docteur ès Sciences, ambasadaoron' i Madagasikara tamin' ny taona 1960-1972, manampahaizana, tale amin' ny Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) any [[Paris]], akademisiana amin' ny firenena maro, mpikambana ao amin' ny Institut any Paris, ary nahazo loka siantifika iraisam-pirenena maro.</small></ref>.
I Ndriana Rabarioelina dia kristiana prôtestanta. [[Fifohazana (kristianisma malagasy)|Mpiandry]] izy nanomboka amin' ny taona 1991, zanaky ny [[Tobilehibe Ankaramalaza]] ([[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara|FFPM]]). Izy dia efa filohan' ny [[Fiangonana Protestanta Malagasy aty Andafy]] (FPMA Aix-Marseille)<ref><small>Ny [[Fiangonana Protestanta Malagasy aty Andafy]] (FPMA Aix-Marseille) tamin' ny taona 1986-1988, izay mpikambana ao amin' ny [[Fikambanana Mampiely Baiboly Malagasy|Fikambanana Mampiely Baiboly]] eto Madagasikara (FMBM), ao amin' ny [[Fédération protestante de France]] (FPF), ao amin' ny [[Alliance nationale des églises luthériennes de France]] (ANELF), ao amin' ny [[Lutheran World Federation]] (WLF), ao amin' ny [[Alliance réformée mondiale]] (ARM) ary ao amin' ny [[Conseil oecuménique de églises]] (COE).</small> </ref> tamin' ny taona 1986-1988.
Izy no nahitana ny Lycée Gardanne, Département Bouche-du-Rhône, Région Provence (PACA), izay toerana nanaovana ny Fivoriambe Isankerintaona Fifohazana voalohany teo anivon' ny Fiangonana Protestanta Malagasy aty Andafy (FPMA, 1989).
== Ny tsangan-keviny ==
=== Jiosy na Israelita ny Malagasy ===
Ny tsangan-kevitra nahazoan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina ny diplôma ''PhD in Theology'' dia mitondra ny lohateny hoe ''[[Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar]]'' ("Fifandraisana ara-Baiboly eo amin' i Israely sy i Madagasikara")<ref name=":0"><small>"[https://www.deliremadagascar.com/conference-internationale-sur-les-origines-juives-a-madagascar/ Conférence internationale sur les origines juives à Madagascar]", in [https://www.deliremadagascar.com/ deliremadagascar.com]</small></ref>. Izany [[tsangan-kevitra]] izany dia anohanany ny maha [[Jiosy]] na Jody ny [[Malagasy]].
Nilaza ny tenany fa ny mpitandrina [[Ravelojaona (mpitandrina)|Ravelojaona]] no efa nanoratra fa [[Jiosy]] ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] (1909). Taty aoriana, araka ny fitantarany ihany, dia nanamafy izany i Mama [[Volahavana Germaine]] (1941). Izany tsangan-kevitra izany dia efa naelin' ny ilay misiônera [[lazarista]] atao hoe [[Joseph Briant]] (1946) izay niezaka nanamarina fa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]]. Toraka izany koa i [[Roger Andriatsiratahina]] (1976) sy ny mpitandrina [[Ratefy Tolotra]] (1979) izay nanamafy fa Jiosy ny Malagasy<ref name=":1"><small>Rabarioelina, Ndriana (Rev. Dr.) (2011), "''Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar''", États-Unis, 2010.</small></ref>. Ny filazan' i Joseph Briant fa nisy koa ny andiam-pifidrà-monina jiosy mankaty Madagasikara -- ka ny voalohany tamin' ireo fifindrà-monina ireo dia tamin' ny andron' i [[Sôlômôna]], manodidina ny taona 900 tal. J.K. -- dia nohamafisin' i Tolotra Ratefy (1976) sy i Ndriana Rabarioelina (2010) tao amin' ny fikarohana ara-teôlôjia sy ara-tantara nataon' izy ireo nandritra ny efapolo taona mahery<ref name=":1" />.
=== Avy amin' ny teny hebreo ny teny malagasy ===
Izao koa no anisan' ny hevitra tohanan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina: ny [[fiteny malagasy]] dia avy amin' ny [[fiteny hebreo]], ny [[kolontsaina malagasy]] dia avy amin' ny [[Jodaisma|kolontsaina jiosy]], ary nisy ny fifindrà-monina jiosy nankaty [[Madagasikara]], izay toherin' ny manam-pahaizana maro<ref><small>Sophie Goedefroit et Albert Roca (2021), "[https://publicacions.antropologia.cat/quaderns/article/download/371/199/1378 La "plus belle énigme du monde" ne veut pas être résolue. Le besoin de mémoire multiple à Madagascar]", ''publicacions.antropologia.cat''</small></ref>.
Nisy ny "Fihaonana iraisam-pirenena mikasika ny Fiaviana Jiosy eto Madagasikara" na ''Conférence Internationale sur les Origines Juives à Madagascar'' izay niarahan' ny profesora [[Tudor Parfitt]] sy ny pastora [[Ratefy Tolotra|Tolotra Ratefy]] ary ny Ndriana Rabarioelina, teo anatrehan' ny [[Raby]] dimy avy any [[Etazonia]], [[Kanada]], [[Marôka]], [[Frantsa]] ary [[Aostralia]], tao [[Antananarivo]] tamin' ny volana Mey 2017<ref name=":8"><small>Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar, 2017.</small></ref>.
=== Madagasikara: tokony ho fanjakà-mpanjaka teôkratika sy kristôkratika ===
Anisan' ny tohanan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina koa ny tokony hahatonga an' i Madagasikara ho fanjakana [[Teôkrasia|teôkratika]] sy [[Kristôkrasia|kristôkratika]], sady hiverenana amin' ny fanjakà-mpanjaka manandratra indray ny rafitra ara-piarahamonina sy ara-pôlitika mankato an' [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] sy manaja ny [[soatoavina]] malagasy, ary ny fandravana ny rafitra [[Repoblika|repoblikana]]<ref><small>"[[FANJAKAN’ I MADAGASIKARA|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]]" in ''[https://mg.wikipedia.org/ mg.wikipedia.org]''</small></ref><ref><small>"[http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/index.php/component/content/article/5-societe/2933-declaration--les-malagasy-descendants-de-juifs Déclaration : Les Malagasy, descendants de juifs]" in ''[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/ midi-madagasikara.mg] {{Wayback|url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/ |date=20230430165033 }}''</small></ref><ref><small>"[http://www.tonga-soa.com/for/ecrire.php3?nume=3949&repid=31423&th= Déclaration: les Malagasy dscendants des juifs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tonga-soa.com/for/ecrire.php3?nume=3949&repid=31423&th= |date=20230430172043 }}", in ''[http://www.tonga-soa.com/ tonga-soa.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tonga-soa.com/ |date=20250616035827 }}''</small></ref>. Tsy mijanona ho tsangan-kevitra fotsiny ny famerenana ny fitondra-mpanjaka fa raha [[andriana]] na printsy fotsiny i Ndriana Rabarioelina tany am-panombohana dia narahiny fanambaràn-tena ho mpanjaka izany<ref><small>"[http://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2019/ Royal house of Madagascar]", in [http://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/ royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/]</small></ref>.
== Mpanjakan' ny Merina sy mpanjakan' i Madagasikara ==
=== Ny fototry ny fanjakany ===
==== Taranaka mpanjaka ====
Nilaza i Ndriana Rabarioelina fa avy amin' ny mpanjaka [[Andriantomara]], ny mpanjaka [[Andrianerinerina]], ny mpanjaka [[Andriamanelo]], ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]], ny mpanjaka [[Andriantompokoindrindra]], tompon' ny Tranomanara, Tranofohiloha, Tranomasina, izay nolovany avy amin' ny mpanjaka [[Andriamamilazabe]] razambeny, sy avy amin' ny mpanjaka [[Andrianjaka]], ny mpanjaka [[Andriantsitakatrandriana]], ny mpanjaka [[Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe]] ary ny mpanjaka [[Andrianampoinimerina]]. Ny ''Geneanet'' no ahitana tetiarana momba an' i Ndriana Rabarioelina, fa saingy tsy ahafaha-mahafantatra ny fifandraisany amin' ny mpanjaka merina teo aloha izany<ref><small>"[[Ndriana Rabarioelina]]", ''Geneanet''</small></ref>. Toa mamerina ny fiadiana ny toeran' ny mpanjaka teo amin' [[Andrianjaka]] sy Andriantompokoindrindra izany, izay nandresen' iry voalohany iry an' ilay "[[Fanorona#Ny fanorona sy ny faminaniana|mbola hamono ny telo noho ny dimy]]".
Araka ny voalazan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia izao ny hafatry ny mpanjaka razambeny:<blockquote>An' [[Andriamanelo]] ny Alakamisy ary an' [[Andriamananintany]] ny Zoma. Raha manary fanjakana ny Terak' Andriamananintany dia miverina amin' Andriamanelo ny fanjakana. Vokany: ny hafatra napetraky ny mpanjaka [[Ralambo]] sy [[Andriantompokoindrindra]] ary [[Andrianjaka]] izay nisy fifanarahana fito dia manjaka aloha Andriantompokoindrindra avy amin' Andriamanelo, avy eo manjaka [[Andrianjaka]] avy amin' [[Andriamananintany]], ary ny Andriandahy avy amin' ny Terak' Andrianjaka manana reny mivantana [[Andriantompokoindrindra (foko)|Andriantompokoindrindra]] (foko) ihany no mahazo manjaka sy mahazo Tranomasina. Ny [[Ranavalona|vehi]][[Rasoherina|vavy]] tsy mahazo manjaka. Ary rehefa tsy manaja na very fanjakana ny Terak' Andrianjaka dia miverina amin' Andriantompokoindrindra Lahimatoan' Imerina, avy amin' Andriamanelo, ny fanjakana. (Ndriana Rabarioelina) </blockquote>
==== Tendry avy amin' Andriamanitra ====
Araka ny filazan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia mpaminany miisa fito, raiamandreny andriana sy ireo zokiolona fotsy volo amin' ny tany, raiamandreny ara-panahy (ny pastora [[Daniel Ratefy]] avy ao [[Ambohimalaza]], ny pastora Razafindrakoto Gabriel avy ao [[Antanamalaza]], i [[Volahavana Germaine|Mama Volahavana Germaine]] avy amin' ny [[Tobilehibe Ankaramalaza|Toby Ankaramalaza]], i Dada Manasé avy amin' ny Toby Ankaramalaza, ny Andriambavy Rasoazanakolona Hélène na Mamafara avy amin' ny [[Toby Namahanambasy]] Imerinatsimo, ny Kardinaly [[Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra]] avy ao Ambohimalaza, ny Andriambavy Ravolazaimanga Bernadette<ref><small>Ravolazaimanga Bernadette dia voalaza fa mpiandry zokiolona indrindra (1955) amin' ny Toby Lehibe Ankaramalaza sy ny Toby Lehibe Manolotrony (FFPM). Raimandreny ny Toby Masina Itaitso (FLM, FFPM). Nampianarin' i Mama Volahavana Germaine Nenilava (Toby Amkaramalaza) sy Neny Ravelonjanahary (Toby Manolotrony). Anisan' ny olona manana vina kristiana ho an' i Madagasikara manontolo izy ary miasa ho amin' izany, satria araka ny Hafatr' i Jesosy Kristy tamin' i Mama Nenilava dia ho lasa ivon' ny [[fitoriana ny filazantsara]] maneran-tany i Madagasikara.</small> </ref> avy amin' ny [[Toby Itaitso]]) no nampilazain' [[Andriamanitra (tokana)|Andriamanitra]] mialoha nanomboka ny taona 1981, ny maha mpanjaka mpandova fanjakana sy nanome tsodrano an' i Ndriana Rabarioelina.
=== Ny fanjakany ===
==== Fanosorana niteraka resabe ====
Araka ny filazana nataon' i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia tamin' ny volana Septambra 2015 no nanosorana sy nanamasinina azy ho mpanjaka tamin' ny lanonana ara-panahy teny [[Ambohidrabiby]]. Mitantara izy fa nisy fahazavana avy any an-danitra nidina sy nipetraka naharitra ela teo aminy, ary fahazavana avo zato heny noho ny fahazavan' ny masoandro niposaka vao maraina avy any atsinanana tamin' io fotoana fanosorana mpanjaka sy fitsofandrano azy io teny Ambohidrabiby, izay heverny fa mariky ny fanatrehan' Andriamanitra sy ny fankatoavany ary ny fitahiany. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano]</sup> Na dia teo aza izany fanosorana izany dia efa taty amin' ny taona 2020 no nahenoana ny filazany ny maha mpanjaka azy, raha andriana na printsy no nahalalana azy hatramin' izay. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano]</sup>
Nilaza anefa ny andriana [[Ralitera Jaques]] fa tsy fanosorana azy ho mpanjaka tamin' io andro io fa fotoana nanendrena azy hitantana vonjimaika ara-panjakana ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara (TAMIMA) satria efa tsy salama Ralitera Étienne rain' i Ralitera Jaques, izay lehiben' io fikambanana io tamlin' izany fotoana izany. Tsy fanosorana azy tamin' io andro io, hoy i Ralitera, fa tso-drano hahafahany miasa tsara. Araka ny filazan' io andriana io ihany dia tsy hankatoavin' izy ireo ny maha mpanjakan' i Madagasikara azy satria tsy manaraka ny soatoavina sy ny rafitra ary ny fomba malagasy izy<ref><small href="Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra">"[https://web.facebook.com/groups/616012189011168/posts/1250031802275867/?_rdc=1&_rdr# Toherin' ireo taranak' andriana ny fanandratan-tenan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina ho mpanjaka]", ''web.facebook.com''</small></ref>.
==== Ny anaram-boninahitra entiny ====
Izao ny anaram-boninahitra isalorany amin' ny maha mpanjaka azy, izay matetika adika amin' ny tenim-pirenena samihafa: "''Mpanjaka, avy amin' ny Lahimatoan' Imerina, Lehiben' ny Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana Merina, Lehiben' ny Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara''".
==== Mbola mitaky ny tena fanjakana ====
Na dia efa voahosotra sy nohamasinina ho mpanjaka aza i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia mbola miasa momba ny hamerenana ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]] sy ny handravana ny Repoblikan' i Madagasikara, izay lazainy fa naorin' ny mpanjanatany frantsay, mba hametrahany ny fanjakana [[Teôkrasia|teôkratika]] sy [[Kristôkrasia|kristôkratika]].
=== Fidirana an-tsehatra amin' ny raharaham-pirenena ===
Rabarioelina Ndriana dia nahazo fiofanana pôlitika nandritra ny dimy taona (1995-2000) tamin' i Blaise Rabetafika, ambasadaoron' i Madagasikara tany amin' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] (ONU)<ref><small>Ny Andriana Blaise Rabetafika dia ambasadaoron' i Madagasikara tany amin' ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] (ONU) sady zokiolona indrindra amin' ireo ambasadaoro erantany (1969-1992) tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana, efa filohan' ny [[Filankevi-Pilaminan' ny Firenena Mikambana|Filankevitry ny Fandriampahalemana]] indroa (1985,1986) tao amin' ny Firenena Mikambana ary efa nahazo ny "Prix International Mercure d'Or" izay natokana ho an' ny filoham-pirenena avo lenta indrindra sy olona sangany sy mendrika indrindra eran-tany</small></ref>. Mandray anjara momba ny raharaha [[Pôlitika eto Madagasikara|pôlitika]] sy [[Fiarahamonina malagasy|sôsialy]] eto Madagasikara izy.
Nanome toromarika stratejika ara-tafika in-telo ho an' ny Ministry ny Fiarovam-pirenena Mamizara Jules sy Jeneraly miisa folo izy tao amin' ny biraon' ny Ministra ny Fiarovam-pirenena hampitsaharana ny [[ady an-trano]] niaraka amin' ny basy aman-tafondro sy ny hanavotana ny takalonaina sivily an-jatony tao Brickaville sy hamonjena ny vahoaka an-tapitrisa nijaly tamin' ny raharaha 2002. Tanteraka soa aman-tsara izany. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano ahafahana manamarina izany]</sup>
Nanohitra ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna sy ny [[Hosoka amin' ny fifidianana|hala-bato]] goavana ary nanao [[fampielezan-kevitra]] ho an' ny "Tsia" tamin' ny [[fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka]] tamin' ny taona 2010. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano ahafahana manamarina izany]</sup>
Nisakana ny fanotofana [[tanimbary]] arivo hektara mahery tamin' ny kaominina miisa enina ([[Ambohitrimanjaka]], [[Ambohidrapeto]], [[Fiombonana]], [[Ankadimanga]], [[Anosibe Zaivola]], [[Itaosy]]) ary niaro ny tantsaha enina alina mahery voan' ny tsindray hazo lena sy nampijalina. Ireo tanimbary ireo dia mirefy arivo hektara, mamelona vahoaka enina hetsy mahery eto [[Antananarivo]] sy ny manodidina. Nanoro hevitra izy mba hakisaka amin' ny toerana hafa ny [[tetikasa Tanamasoandro]] (2019). Vokany: nafindra tany amin' ny toerankafa ny tetikasa Tanamasoandro. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano ahafahana manamarina izany]</sup>
Nanome hevitra mba handanian' ny [[Antenimierandoholona (Madagasikara)|Antenimierandoholona]] ny [[volavolan-dalàna]] manamafy fa an' i Madagasikara ny [[Nosy Miparitaka|nosy]] dimy manodidina an' i Madagasikara ([[Bassas da India]], [[Nosy Europa|Europa]], [[Nosy Glorieuses|Glorioso]], [[Juan de Nova]], [[Nosy Tromelin|Tromelin]]). Ramatoa Arlette Ramaroson, mpitsara iraisam-pirenena, sy ny mpiaradia manampahaizana no nandrafitra ilay volavolan-dalàna ary nankatoavina sy nolanian' ny Antenimierandoholona tamin' ny 18 Desambra 2020. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano ahafahana manamarina izany]</sup>
=== Fitsipahana ny maha mpanjaka azy ===
Tsy voarakitra loatra amin' ny literatiora akademika ny fanakianana ataon' ny mpitsikera an' i Ndriana Rabarioelina momba ny maha "Mpanjakan' Imerina" na "Mpanjakan' i Madagasikara" azy, fa avy amin' ny adihevitra ampahibemaso, amin' ny hevitry ny mpampiasa [[aterineto]], amin' ny fanadihadiana ara-tantara ivelan' ny sehatra akademika, ary amin' ny hevitra avoakan' ny antokon' olona samy mpandala ny fitondrà-mpanjaka ([[Mônarsisma|mônarsista]]) sy amin' ny mpanao pôlitika sasany<ref><small>"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0T_sFcuEODI "Mpanjaka" Ndriana Rabarioelina Tsipahan'ny Vovonan'ny Andriana]", ''www.youtube.com''</small></ref><ref name=":10"><small>"[https://newsmada.com/2026/03/16/taranaky-ny-andriamanjaka-eto-imerina-mitsipaka-ani-ndriana-rabarioelina-ho-mpanjaka/ Taranaky ny Andriamanjaka eto Imerina : Mitsipaka an’i Ndriana Rabarioelina ho mpanjaka]", ''NewsMada'', 16 mars 2026</small></ref>.
==== Fanoherana ny maha mpajakan' Imerina azy ====
Lazain' ny taranak' andriana sasany ho misandoka ho mpanjakan' Imerina i Ndriana Rabarioelina. Anisan' ireo izay manohitra azy amin' izany ny andriana [[Ralitera Jaques]] izay nilaza izao teny manaraka izao<ref><small href="Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra">"[https://web.facebook.com/groups/616012189011168/posts/1250031802275867/?_rdc=1&_rdr# Toherin' ireo taranak' andriana ny fanandratan-tenan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina ho mpanjaka]", ''web.facebook.com''</small></ref>:<blockquote>Tompony Aho fa tsy mpindrana. Izaho Andriambe Ralitera Jacques, nandimby ny raiko ny Andriambe [[Ralitera Étienne]] lehiben' ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara, dia manao izao fanitsiana manaraka izao ho an' i Andriana Rabarioelina Ndriana:
Miangavy anao aho tsy hamoaka intsony vaovao diso sy ny sary misy ny Masina Ralitera Étienne (Efa nanarin' i Masina Violette Ralitera ianao tamin' io fihetsikao io fa tsy mendrika ary tokony hiera aloha).
Ireo sary avoakanao ireo dia fotoana nanendrena anao hitantana vonjimaika (administratif) ara-panjakana ny TAMIMA satria efa tsy salama ny Masina Ralitera Étienne. Tsy fanosorana anao na inona na inona tamin' io andro io fa tso-drano hahafahanao miasa tsara.
Koa averiko etoana fa fanimbazimbana ny Masina Ralitera Étienne izao ataonao izao ary tsy hankatoavinay ny maha mpanjakan' i Madagasikara anao, Tompoko, satria tsy manaraka ny soatoavina sy ny rafitra sy ny fomba malagasy ianao.</blockquote>Izao koa no nolazain' ireo ao amin' ny Vovonan' ny Taranaky ny Andriamanjaka eto Imerina raha nitsidika ny Rovan' Antananarivo izy ireo<ref name=":10" />:<blockquote>"Mahakasika ny taranaky ny andriamanjaka ihany koa ny fanadiovana. Ilaina ny hahafantaran' ny vahoaka eto Imerina fa izahay taranaka andriana mivondrona ato amin' ny vovonan' ny taranaky ny andriamanjaka eto Imerina, mahasolo tena ny andriana isan-tokony, dia tsy mbola nanendry olona ho lasa mpanjakan' Imerina, na mpanjakan' i Madagasikara. Noho izany, tsy eken' ny taranaka andriana, tsy nahazo ny tsodranon' Andriamanitra Andriananahary ary tsy nahazo ny tsodranon' ny razana sy ny zava-masina ambony i Ndriana Rabarioelina. Fisolokiana sy fisandohana ny fiziriziriany ho mpanjaka, ary fisandohana andraikitra koa ny maka ny toeran' ny vondrona amin' ny fandravana ny Colisée"</blockquote>
==== Fitsipahana ny maha ara-dalàna ny tetiarana ====
Maro no milaza fa tsy voamarina ampahibemaso sy tsy misy fomba azo amarinana azy ny [[tetiarana]] anohanana ny sata maha mpandova fanjakana an' i Ndriana Rabarioelina. Ampahampahany na tsy hita amin' ny fomba ampy ao amin' ny arisiva ara-tantara azo jerena ny fampahalalana momba ny tetiarany.
Tsy namela taranaka handova fanjakana amin' ny fomba mazava ny mpanjaka merina farany, [[Ranavalona III]], taorian' ny fanjavonan' ny taranany. Amin' ity toe-javatra ity dia sarotra porofoina amin' ny fomba azo antoka ny fitakiana fandovana fanjakana aty aorina. Tsy nanana afa-tsy zanakavavy iray ity mpanjakavavy ity, dia i Marie-Louise (1894-1948) izay tsy nanambady sy tsy nanan-janaka<ref><small>I Marie-Louise (1894-1948) izay teraka nandritra ny sesitany taorian' ny fanafoanan' i Frantsa ny Fanjakan' i Madagasikara tamin' ny 1897. Tsy nanambady sy tsy nanan-janaka izy. Maty tamin' ny taona 1948 izy. Noho izany dia tapitra teo aminy ny taranaka mivantana avy amin-dRanavalona III.</small></ref>.
Misy ny miaiky fa mety ho anisan' ny fianakavian' andriana i Rabarioelina, nefa tsy avy hatrany dia manome zo ho eo amin' ny seza fiandrianana ny maha andriana.
==== Olana momba ny fitsipiky ny fifandimbiasana ====
Nomarihin' ny sasany fa tsy nanaraka rafitra henjana momba ny maha lahimatoa ny fandovana ny seza fiandrianan' ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]], tsy toy ny fitondram-panjaka eorôpeana sasany. Araka ny tantara dia niankina amin' ny lafin-javatra maro ny fifandimbiasana: ny fanendren' ny mpanjaka ny handimby azy (amin' ny alalan' ny hafatra sy ny kabary), ny fanohanan' ny fianakavian' andriana malaza, ny fifandanjana ara-pôlitika anatiny, ary ny fankatoavan' ny mpitana ny fomban-drazana<ref><small>Lantosoa Volaniaina Irina Andrianjafitrimo, ''[https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/DB=2.1/SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=076593061 La femme malgache en Imerina au début du XXIe siècle]'', Karthala ; Paris : Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, 2003, www.sudoc.abes.fr</small></ref>. Izany dia manasarotra ny famantarana mandeha hoazy ny mpandova aty amin' ny taranaka maromaro taorian' ny naharavan' ilay fanjakana. Milaza ireo mpitsikera ireo fa tsy misy fitsipika voarakitry ny tantara azo anondroana mazava ny mpandimby tokana.
==== Tsy fahampian' ny fankatoavana iombonana ====
Amin' ny fanao ara-pôlitika merina, ny fikarana eo amin' ny seza fiandrianana amin' ny ankapobeny dia mitaky ny fisian' ny marimaritra iraisana eo amin' ny taranaka [[andriana]] lehibe, sy ny fankatoavan' ny manam-pahefana nentim-paharazana, ary ny fanatanterahana ny fombafomba mifandray amin' izany. Tsy nisy anefa izany fankatoavana iombonana izany na tao [[Faritra Analamanga|Analamanga]] na tany amin' ny faritra hafa eto Madagasikara. Maro ny mpanjaka, ny lehibe ara-drazana, ny taranak' andriana sns izay tsy manaiky ny maha mpanjaka an-dRabarioelina, na ho an' ny [[Merina]] na ho an' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] rehetra. Koa satria ahitana andriana sy taranaka mpanjaka isan-karazany sy isam-paritra eto Madagasikara, dia tsy hisy olon-tokana hekena amin' ny alalan' ny marimaritra iraisana ho mpanjaka. Ao koa ny fisian' ny firazanana na vondrona maro ao amin' ny Merina izay samy milaza tena fa afaka na tokony ho eo amin' ny toeran' ny mpanjaka. Izany no mahasarotra ny fahazoana olona iray eken' ny taranaka mpanjaka merina na malagasy ho mpanjakany.
==== Fanakianana ara-pôlitika sy ara-pivavahana ====
Misy koa tsikera maromaro mifantoka amin' ny tsy tena maha zava-dehibe ara-pôlitika ny famerenana ny [[fanjakà-mpanjaka]]. [[Repoblika]] i [[Madagasikara]] ankehitriny ka tsy manaiky fisiana fanjakà-mpanjaka ny andrim-panjakana misy ao aminy. Mety hampifandraisina amin' ny fanjakazakana ara-pôlitikan' ny Merina tamin' ny faritra hafa teto amin' ny Nosy ny [[Fanjakan' Imerina]] teo aloha, ka mety hiteraka fanoherana eo amin' ny toe-draharaham-pirenena mandala ny fahasamihafana ny fikasana hamerina ny fitondrà-mpanjaka. Maro koa ny mihevitra fa efa nilaozan' ny toetrandro na tsy mifanentana amin' ny zava-misy ara-pôlitika ankehitriny ny fiheverana ny fiverenana amin' ny fanjakà-mpanjaka. Araka io fomba fijery io dia tetikasa ideôlôjika na an' ohatra ny fitakiana ny maha mpanjaka fa tsy safidy ara-pôlitika mifanentana amin' ny zava-misy.
Anisan' ny fanakianana ihany koa ny momba ny fiheverana ara-pôlitika sasany voizin-dRabarioelina, indrindra ny fikasany hametraka fahefana ara-pôlitika eo amin' ny fototra ara-pivavahana. Milaza ny mpanohitra izany hevitra izany fa ny fanandratana ny fahefana [[Teôkrasia|teôkratika]] dia tsy mifanaraka amin' ny foto-kevitra momba ny [[Sekiolarisma|maha laîka]] ny fanjakana sy ny fandalana ny fahasamihafan' ny [[Fivavahana eto Madagasikara|atokom-pivavahana]].
==== Kely ny fankatoavan' ny besinimaro sy ny fitondram-panjakana malagasy ====
Mpandinika maro no manamarika fa toa tsy miteraka hetsi-bahoaka miely patrana ho amin' ny famerenana ny fanjakà-mpanjaka ny hetsika sy ny hevitra voizin' i Ndriana Rabarioelina. Ny asany dia fantatra indrindra ao anatin' ny faribolan' ny mpandala ny famerenana ny fanjakà-mpanjaka sasany, sy ampahany amin' ny zanaka am-pielezana, ary vondrona manam-pahaizana sy ara-pivavahana voafetra isa. Izany dia manamafy ny fiheveran' ny mpanohitra azy fa mipetraka ho tsinontsinoavina ny fitakiana ataony eo amin' ny adihevitra pôlitika eto [[Madagasikara]].
Ankoatra izany dia saika tsy misy na kely dia kely ny fankatoavan' ny fitondram-panjakana sy ny andrim-panjakana malagsy ny maha mpanjaka azy raha ampitahaina amin' ny mpanjaka any amin' ny faritra hafa eto Madagasikara (any amin' ny [[Sakalava]] sy ny [[Antankarana]], ohatra).
== Ny zava-bitany ==
=== Ny boky nosoratany ===
Amin' ny asasorany dia ireto no azo tanisaina:
* ''[[Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar]]'' (2010)<ref name=":4"><small>"[https://royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2017/11/iii-members-of-royal-academy-of.html Some members of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar]", ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar''</small></ref>;
* ''[[The King and High Priest Andriantompokoindrindra]]'' (2012)<ref name=":4" />;
* ''[[The New Kingdom of Madagascar]]'' (2014)<ref name=":4" />;
* ''[[Madagascar in the Last Vestiges of the Birthplace of Humanity]]'' (2016)<ref name=":4" />.
Ireo boky ireo dia maneho ny fahavononany hikaroka ny fifandraisan' ny [[Tantaran' i Madagasikara|tantara malagasy]] sy ny ara-panahy ary ny sivilizasiôna fahiny<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref><small>"[https://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2012/07/interview-du-prince-rev-dr-ndriana.html? Interview de S.A.R. le Prince Rev. Dr. Ndriana Rabarioelina: " La christocratie est la solution durable de l'Eternel pour Madagascar]", ''Royal House of Madagascar'', 26 juillet 2012.</small></ref>.
=== Ny zavatra natsangany ===
==== Momba ny hira sy mozika ====
Mpitendry [[gitara klasika]] iraisam-pirenena i Ndriana Rabarioelina sady lehiben' ôrkesitra. Izy no filoha mpanorina ny fikambanana ''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar'' (ONG-CNSMM) sy ny ''Orchestre Philharmonique Amontana,'' nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1996'','' izay natao hanomezam-boninahitra an' Andriamanitra sy hanomezana lanja ny haimozika malagasy avo lenta, ary efa nanao fampisehoana maro, anisan' izany ny fampisehoana impito ny ''oratorio'' "''Messiah''" ([[George Frideric Handel|G.F. Hande]]<nowiki/>l) amin' ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny malagasy]] niaraka amin' ny mpihira miisa 90 ao amin' ny antoko mpihira Zanak' Ambohimalaza (ZAMA) sy mpitendry mozika iraisam-pirenena miisa 20, ny "''Messe en Si mineur''" ([[Johann Sebastian Bach|J.S. Bach]]) niaraka tamin' ny ''CNSMM Choir'' sy ny ''Orchestre Philharmonique Amontana'', ary ny "Haleloia" (G.F. Handel) niaraka tamin' ny antoko mpihira malagasy maro izay nisy mpihira niisa 600 teo anoloan' ny Lapan' ny Tanàna Antananarivo<ref name=":4" /><ref><small>"[https://conservatoire-cnsmm-madagascar.blogspot.com/2020/05/blog-post_17.html Maestro Étienne Ramboatiana (1930-2007): Orchestra for Orchestra for 40 Guitars]",</small> <small>''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar''.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://conservatoire-cnsmm-madagascar.blogspot.com/2011/01/realisations-du-conservatoire-cnsmm.html? Achievements of the Superior Royal Conservarory of Music in Madagascar - CNSMM]", ''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar''</small></ref>.
Filoha mpanorina ny ''Festival International de Musique Classique'' voalohany teto Madagasikara, nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1998, ary nikarakara [[kônseritra]] ampolony maro, izay nandraisan' ny mpitendry zavamaneno anjara avy eto [[Madagasikara]], any [[Etazonia]], any [[Alemaina]], [[Fanjakana Mitambatra|United Kingdom]], [[Frantsa]], [[Nôrvezy]], [[Brezila]], [[Italia]], [[Rosia]], [[Afrika Atsimo]], nosy [[La Réunion|La Reunion]] sy firenena hafa. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano hanamarinana izany rehetra izany]</sup>
Filoha mpanorina ny ''Festival International de Jazz'' ''à Madagascar'', izay nanao fampisehoana mihoatra ny zato ary nandraisan' ny mpitendry zavamaneno anjara avy eto Madagasikara, Etazonia, Alemana, [[Soisa]], [[Belzika]], United Kingdom, Nôrvezy, Brezila, Italia, [[Afrika Atsimo]], Frantsa, nosy La Reunion, nosy [[Maorisy]] sy firenena hafa. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano hanamarinana izany rehetra izany]</sup>
==== Akademia ====
Filoha mpanorina ny ''International Royal Academy of Theology'' i Ndriana Rabarioelina nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2010, izay misy <u>manampahaizana mikasika ny [[teôlôjia]] eto Madagasikara sy maneran-tany</u> <sup>[Omeo ny loharano]</sup>. Filoha mpanorina ny ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar'' koa izy nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2016, izay misy Malagasy manampahaizana amin' ny taranja maro (teôlôjia, siansa teôrika, siansa ampiharina, kolontsaina sy haikanto, siansa mikasika ny olombelona, tantara sy lalàna ary pôlitika, siansan' ny fampandrosoana). <sup>[Omeo ny loharano]</sup>
==== Fikambanana ====
Izy dia nanorina ny Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana Merina, ny Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana eto Madagasikara, ny Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara, ny Fiombonamben' ny Ampanjaka eto Madagasikara ary niaraka nanorina ny fiombonamben' ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara (TAMIMA) niaraka tamin' ny mpitandrina [[Ratefy Tolotra|Tolotra Ratefy]] taorian' ny 06 Novambra 1995.
=== Ny blaogy ampiasainy ===
Ity ny topimaso momba ny [[blaogy]] na [[vohikala]] izay anehoan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina tsy tapaka ny tenany. Ireo blaogy ireo dia manasongadina ny maha andriana azy sy ny fiheverany ny tenany ho mpanjaka hatrany na dia misy isan-karazany aza ny lohahevitra hita ao amin' izy ireo. Indreto ny sasany amin' izy ireo:
==== Blaogy momba ny tantara, ny siansa, ny zavakanto, sns ====
* ''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar''<ref><small>"[https://conservatoire-cnsmm-madagascar.blogspot.com/ Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar"], ''conservatoire-cnsmm-madagascar.blogspot.com''</small></ref><ref><small>Ny ''Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Madagascar'' dia miompana amin' ny [[kolontsaina]] sy ny [[mozika]] izay namoahany ny asany amin' ny maha lehiben' [[ôrkesitra]] sy mpitendry [[gitara klasika]] azy. Ato amin' ity blaogy ity dia manambara ny fomba fijeriny ara-javakanto sy ara-panabeazana izy, manasa amin' ny fampisehoana kôseritra, mitantara ny fiaraha-miasany iraisam-pirenena ary manome voninahitra ny lafiny ara-panahy amin' ny mozika.</small></ref>;
* ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar''<ref><small>Ity blaogy ity dia manolotra ny asany amin' ny maha filohan' ny ''Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar'' azy. Hita ny tantaram-piainany, ny andraikitra akademika sahaniny, ary ny seha-pikarohana andraisany anjara ([[Teôlôjia]], [[Jeôpôlitika]], [[Fiandohan'_ny_olombelona]], sns.). Ity blaogy ity koa dia mamintina ny fizotran' ny fianarana sy fikarohana nataon' i Ndriana Rabarioelina, ny mari-pahaizana momba ny teôlôjia sy ny fikarohana momba ny fisian' ny fifandraisana ara-[[Baiboly]] eo amin' i Madagasikara sy i [[Fanjakan' i Israely (mitambatra)|Israely]], ny fiheverany ny anajara toeran' i [[Madagasikara]] eo amin' ny fiandohan' ny olombelona.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/ Royal Academy of Sciences of Madagascar]", ''royal-academy-of-madagascar.blogspot.com''</small></ref>;
==== Blaogy momba pôlitika, ny sôsialy, ny fanjakana sns ====
Ireo blaogy ireo dia sehatra miompana amin' ny mpanjaka ara-drazana, ka izy no mpandray anjara lehibe amin' izany. Mamoaka lahatsoratra sy sary ary manambara hetsika ao izy.
* ''Fanjakan' i Madagasikara''<ref><small>Ao amin' ity blaogy ''Fanjakan' i Madagasikara'' ity no itantarany ny fitarihany lanonana miaraka amin' ny tarana-mpanjaka antemoro sy merina, sy ny maro hafa, manamafy ny fifandraisan' ny samy [[Foko eto Madagasikara|foko]] [[Foko eto Madagasikara|malagasy]] sy ny tarana-mpanjaka manerana an' i Madagasikara. Asehony ny fanomezana — anisan' izany ny "Boky Masina" mirakitra ny 6 000 taona nisian' ny tantaran' ny [[Merina]] sy ny [[Antemoro]] — nandritra ireo fivoriana ireo. Takiany ny hananganana fanjakana kristiana araka ny "Sitrapon' Andriamanitra", tsy araka ny [[Repoblika|lamina repoblikana]], izay heveriny fa mifanohitra amin' ny soatoavina' ny razambe malagasy. Manohana am-pahavitrihana ny [[teôkrasia]] kristiana izy, miara-miasa amin' ny Fiangonana eto Madagasikara ([[Fiombonan' ny Fiangonana Kristiana eto Madagasikara|FFKM]]), amin' ny sendikan' ny oniversite, ary amin' ny mpisehatra ara-tsôsialy, ho fototry ny fitantanana ny firenena.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://fanjakana-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]", ''fanjakana-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>;
* ''Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana Merina''<ref><small>Ato amijn' ity blaogy ity no ahitana ny fiantsoan' i Ndriana Rabarioelina, tamin' ny 14–15 Desambra 2022, ny mpanjaka sy ny andriana mba hanavotra ny firenena malagasy. Tsikerainy ny kolikoly mirongatra, ny fanitsakitsahana ny [[Zon' olombelona|zon']] [[Zon' olombelona|olombelona]] ary ny hosoka amin' ny fifidianana, ny fanimbana ny [[Tontolo iainana eto Madagasikara|tontolo iainana]] sy ny fahantran' ny 81,6% amin' ny vahoaka malagasy. Hamafisiny ny maha zava-dehibe ny [[soatoavina]] malagasy, ny fanajana ny fomba amam-panao ary ny firaisankinan' ny tarana-mpanjaka.</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ ''Fianakaviamben' ny Andriana Merina''], ''mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>;
* ''Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara''<ref><small>Ao amin' ity blaogy ity no iresahany ny lanjan' ny Fiambonamben' ny Ampanjaka eto Madagasikara. Ao no ahitana ny fanambaràna ataony, ny fanosorana azy ho mpanjaka, ny zava-mitranga amin' ny taranaka mpanjaka. Mampivondrona ny Raiamandreny ara-drazana (mpanjaka sy andriana) avy amin' ny [[Foko eto Madagasikara|foko malagasy]] rehetra izy. Resahiny ny fivoriana miaraka amin' ny mpanjaka solontena amin' ny lanonana nentim-paharazana (taombaovao, fanosorana ho mpanjaka, sns).</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://ampanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara]", ''ampanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>;
* ''Fiombonamben' ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara'' (''TAMIMA'')<ref><small>Ny blaogy ''Fiombonambe Taranaka Andriana Miray (TAMIMA)'' dia iresahany momba ny fivondronan' ny Andriana, anisan' izany ny fihaonana tamin' ny taona 2021 sy 2022 izay niompana amin' ny tantara sy ny firaisankinan' ny taranaka mpanjaka. Ato amin' ity blaogy ity izy no mankalaza ny fety toy ny [[Taom-baovao malagasy|Taombaovao]] [[Taom-baovao malagasy|Malagasy]], izay angatahany ny fitahian' Andriamanitra ho an' ny tarana-mpanjaka.</small> </ref><ref><small>"[https://tamima-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ Fiombonamben' ny Taranaka Andriana Miray eto Madagasikara (TAMIMA)]", ''tamima-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>;
* ''Ny Andriantompokoindrindra''<ref><small>Ity blaogy ''Ny Andriantompokoindrindra'' ity dia mifantoka amin' ny Fanjakana Merina sy ny andraikitra maha mpitarika ny Fiombonamben' ny Andriana eto Madagasikara azy. Ao amin' ity blaogy ity koa i Ndriana Rabarioelina dia manazava ny maha taranaky ny "mpanjaka-mpisorona" [[Andriantompokoindrindra|Andrianatompokoindrindra]] azy (1600–1610 tany ho any) sy ny mpanjaka tao [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Imerina]], itantarany ny fanosorana azy ho Mpanjaka tamin' ny taona 2015. Asehony ihany koa ny fototra ara-pivavahana sy ara-drazana momba ny maha ara-dalàna ny maha Mpanjaka azy sy ny fanoloran-tenany amin' ny hamerina indray ny Fanjakana Masina miorina amin' ny soatoavina malagasy sy kristiana .</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://andriantompokoindrindra.blogspot.com/ Ny Andriantompokoindrindra]", ''andriantompokoindrindra.blogspot.com''</small></ref>;
* ''Ny Jiosy eto Madagasikara''<ref><small>Ato no iresahany fa misy ifandraisany amin' ny [[Israelita]] fahiny ny razamben' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]], nanomboka amin' ny fifindra-monina ara-[[Baiboly]] teto [[Madagasikara]] tany amin' ny 3 000 taona lasa izay. Milaza koa izy fa avy amin' ny [[Fiteny hebreo|teny hebreo]] ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny]] sy ny [[Kolontsaina malagasy|kolontsaina]] ary ny [[Fomban-drazana malagasy|fomban-drazana]] sasany eto Madagasikara, araka ny fikarohana nataony nandritra ny telopolo taona. Miezaka mampiseho ny fitoviana misy eo amin' ny tantara malagasy sy ny fitantarana ao amin' ny [[Testamenta Taloha]] izy, indrindra amin' ny filazany fa eto Madagasikara ilay toerana atao hoe [[Ôfira]] .</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://jiosy-eto-madagasikara.blogspot.com/ Jiosy eto Madagasikara]", ''jiosy-eto-madagasikara.blogspot.com''</small></ref>;
* ''Royal House of Madagascar''<ref><small>Io no blaogy ôfisialin' ny ''Royal House of Madagascar'', izay mirakitra hafatra ara-[[pôlitika]] sy ara-[[kolontsaina]], indrindra momba ny famerenana indray [[Fanjakan' Imerina|Fanjakan' i Madagasikara]] miorina amin' ny soatoavina malagasy, ny fanolorana lalàmpanorenana vaovao eo ambany fahefan' ny mpanjaka, ary momba ny fifandraisana amin' ny fikambanana maneran-tany (ny [[Firenena Mikambana]], ny [[Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoana|Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoan]]<nowiki/>a (PNUD), sns.). Ity blaogy ity koa dia itakiany ny tokony hiverenana amin' Andriamanitra.</small></ref><ref name=":7"><small>"[https://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/ Royal House of Madagascar]", ''royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com''</small></ref>.
Anisan' ny anehoany hevitra koa ny blaogy ''Taniko Madagasikara'' ([https://tanikomadagascar.com/ Jereo eto]) sy blaogy maro hafa izay matetika manana anarana ahitana ny teny hoe "''Royal''".
== Fikambanana sy hetsika iraisam-pirenena ==
=== Fikambanana iraisam-pirenen' ny mpanjaka ===
I Ndriana Rabarioelina dia mpikambana miaraka amin' ny [[mpanjaka]] notsongaina eran-tany ao anatin' ny ''Delphic Royal Society'', nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2011 tao [[Berlin]] any [[Alemaina]], izay miaraka amin' ny ''Delphic International Council'' manome lanja ny kolontsaina sy haikanto avo lenta eran-tany. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano]</sup>
=== Fifandraisana amin' ny samy mpanjaka maneran-tany ===
I Ndriana Rabarioelina dia nampita "Hafatr' Andriamanitra" manohitra ny fiarahan' ny olona mitovy fananahana na ''Message of the Lord Adonai Elohim to All Churches in the World on the Homosexuality'' ary nalefa tamin' ny mpitarika fiangonana lehibe maneran-tany (ny [[Eglizy Katôlika Rômanina|Eglizy Katolika Apostolika Romana]] any [[Vatikàna]], ny [[Fiombonambe Anglikana|Anglican Communion]], ny [[Alliance réformée mondiale|World Reformed Alliance]], ny [[Fiangonana Loterana Eran-Tany|World Lutheran Federation]], ny [[Filankevitra Ekiomenikan' ny Fiangonana|World Council of Churches]], ...) tamin' ny taona 2010 sy 2011. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano]</sup>
Lehiben' ny delegasiona malagasy misy ny mpanjaka malagasy notsongaina, tamin' ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-Pirenenan' ny Mpanjaka sy Zanakandriana ary Mpitarika ara-drazana, indroa miantoana, tany [[Tripoli]] sy [[Benghazi]] any [[Libia]] tamin' ny taona 2008 sy 2009. Ary notendrena ho lehiben' ny delegasiona mitarika ny mpanjaka rehetra avy amin' ny firenena miisa dimampolo mahery raha nihaona tamin' ny filoham-pirenena miisa folo mahery avy any [[Amerika]], [[Eorôpa]], [[Afrika]] ary [[Atsinanana Afovoany|Afovoany Atsinanana]] tany Libia tamin' ny taona 2009. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano]</sup>
I Ndriana Rabarioelina koa dia solontenan' ny ampanjaka rehetra eto Madagasikara tamin' ny Fihaonambe Iraisam-Pirenenan' ny Mpanjaka sy Zanakandriana ary Mpitarika ara-drazana, ary nihaona tamin' ny filoham-pirenena maro tany [[Pretoria]] atsy [[Afrika Atsimo]] tamin' ny taona 2011. <sup>[Omeo ny loharano]</sup>
Nahazo ny mariboninahitra ''Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom'' any [[Oganda]] izy<ref name=":7" />.
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Andriana]]
* [[Jiosy malagasy]]
* [[Ratefy Tolotra]]
* [[Joseph Briant]]
* [[Vahoaka milaza fa taranaky ny Israelita]]
* [[Richard Brothers]]
* [[Anglô-israelisma]]
* [[Fanorona]]
* [[Fiavian' ny Malagasy]]
* [[Fanjakan' Imerina]]
== Fanovozan-kevitra ==
'''Boky sy lahatsoratra'''
* Briant, Joseph, ''[https://www.google.com/search?q=Briant%2C+Joseph%2C+L%27h%C3%A9breu+%C3%A0+Madagascar&sca_esv=c7c67eb20f0b5775&sxsrf=ADLYWIKaeaF1lxKCRhfWaMtjxkig_QiHCw%3A1734705771500&ei=a4JlZ6CmHoHOhbIPxdK5gAE&ved=0ahUKEwjgh7PKyraKAxUBZ0EAHUVpDhAQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=Briant%2C+Joseph%2C+L%27h%C3%A9breu+%C3%A0+Madagascar&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiJ0JyaWFudCwgSm9zZXBoLCBMJ2jDqWJyZXUgw6AgTWFkYWdhc2NhcjIIEAAYgAQYogQyCBAAGIAEGKIEMggQABiABBiiBDIIEAAYgAQYogRItRBQ4AZYlwpwBHgBkAEAmAHHA6ABxwOqAQM0LTG4AQPIAQD4AQH4AQKYAgWgAv4DqAIKwgIKEAAYsAMY1gQYR8ICDRAAGIAEGLADGEMYigXCAgcQIxgnGOoCmAMN8QWSdHSb40MGMYgGAZAGCpIHBTQuNC0xoAeGAw&sclient=gws-wiz-serp L'hébreu à Madagascar]''.
* Ferrand, Gabriel (1905). ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1667374 Les migrations musulmanes et juives à Madagascar]''. Paris: Revue de l'histoire des religions.
* Rabarioelina, Ndriana (Rev. Dr.) (2011), "''Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar''", Doctoral Dissertation, Ph.D in Theology, SAHTS, États-Unis, 2010, 458 pages. Abstract in Saint-Alcuin House Journal, Volume 8, N<sup>o</sup> 1, États-Unis, And in Library of Congress, number (ISSN 1548-4459), États-Unis.
* Ramilison, Emmanuel (1951), ''[https://books.google.mg/books/about/Ny_Loharanon_ny_Andriana_nanjaka_teto_Im.html?id=LfxmQwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Andriantomara-Andriamamilazabe. Loharanon' ny Andriana nanjaka eto Imerina]'', Imprimerie Ankehitriny.
* Ramilison, Emmanuel (1962), ''Ny Baiboly sy Andrianampoinimerina'', Librarie Iarivo, Antananarivo, 66 pejy.
* Kasanga, Fernand (1963), ''Ny Antemoro Anakara voasoratra tamin' ny taona 1506,'' Imprimerie Iarivo, Antananarivo.
* Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1963), ''[https://www.bulac.fr/image/tantaran-drazana Tantaran-drazana Antemoro-Anteony]'', Antananarivo, Imprimerie LMS.
* Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1970), ''[https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=097789631 Fomban-drazana antemoro-usages et coutumes antemoro] {{Wayback|url=https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=097789631 |date=20241220155652 }}'', Ambozontany, Fianarantsoa.
* [[Ratefy Tolotra|Ratefy, Tolotra]] (1986), ''"Sind die Madagassichen Juden"'' na "Jiosy ve ny malagasy ?", Munster-Antananarivo, 600 pejy.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20241220155652/https://forum.serasera.org/forum/message/m4f91363e6aa74/m4f914d7409e95 Lahatsoratra tao amin' ny ''Midi Madagascar'' tamin' ny 20 Avrily 2012] (rohy maty: http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/index.php/component/content/article/5-societe/2933-declaration--les-malagasy-descendants-de-juifs)
* "[https://www.madagate.org/politique-madagascar/dossier/1752-ndriana-rabarioelina--des-propositions-pertinentes.html Ndriana Rabarioelina : des propositions pertinentes…] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagate.org/politique-madagascar/dossier/1752-ndriana-rabarioelina--des-propositions-pertinentes.html |date=20241220163037 }}", ''www.madagate.org''
* "[https://www.malagasynews.com/info-breves/le-prince-ndriana-rabarioelina-appelle-les-dirigeants-a-demolir-toutes-nouvelles-constructions-dans-le-rova-dantananarivo/ Le prince Ndriana Rabarioelina appelle les dirigeants à démolir toutes nouvelles constructions dans le Rova d’Antananarivo].", ''www.malagasynews.com''
* International Royal Academy of Theology (2010): ''Message of the Lord Adonai Elohim to All Churches in the World on the Homosexuality,'' http://academy-of-theology.blogspot.com/2011/06/message-of-the-lord-adonai-elohim-to-all.html
* "[https://gw.geneanet.org/kingofmada_w?lang=fr&pz=king+ndriana&nz=ndriana Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''gw.geneanet.org''
* "[https://web.facebook.com/ndriana.rabarioelina?_rdc=1&_rdr Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''web.facebook.com''
* "[https://fanjakana-madagasikara.blogspot.com/2020/? Fanosorana mpanjaka sy tsodrano ny Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina, avy amin' ny Lahimatoan' Imerina, Lehiben' ny Fianakaviamben' ny Mpanjaka eto Madagasikara (Taona 2015)]", ''fanjakana-madagasikara.blogspot.com''
* "[https://royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/2020/09/? The anointing and the consecration of HRM King Ndriana Rabarioelina (in 2015)]", ''royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com''
* "[https://mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com/2020/? Famindrana zakaka sy famindrana fahefana ho an' ny Mmpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina avy amin' ny Lahimatoan' Imerina (taona 2015)]", ''mpanjaka-madagasikara.blogspot.com''
* "[https://www.geneanet.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=276352&start=15 Bouteille à la mer (recherche avec lieu inconnu)]", ''www.geneanet.org'' (08 juin 2010 - 16 juillet 2010)
'''Sary mihetsika'''
* "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeFJAOfucqs Ny Jiosy eto Madagasikara, ny Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina]", ''youtube.com''
* "[https://tanikomadagascar.com/2019/10/05/tantara-sy-fiainam-pirenena-prince-dr-ndriana-rabarioelina/ Tantara sy Fiainam-pirenena]" (''youtube''), ''tanikomadagascar.com''
* "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6UVnBc0dgE Ndriana Rabarioelina: Manandratra Fanjakan' ny Mpisorona]", ''youtube.com''.
* "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A+Teny+Gasy Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina: "Teny Gasy"]", 06 Novambra 2021, Madagascar24TV, youtube.com: "(66) Ny Mpanjaka Ndrian<nowiki/>a Rabarioelina, "Tena Gasy" 01 Oktobra 2022, Madagascar24TV - YouTube".
* "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A+Dinika Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina: "Dinika"]", MBSTV, 03 Oktobra 2022, youtube.com: "Ny Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina, "Dinika" 03oktobra2022, MBS TV".
* "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A%22Antso+ho+an%27+ny+firenena Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina:''"Antso ho an' ny firenena'']''"''', 13 Oktobra 2022, youtube.com: "Antso ho an' ny Firenena, Ny Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina".
* "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%2C+Fanjakan%27+i+Madagasikara Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina, ''Fanjakan' i Madagasikara'']''"'', 21/07/2023, Le 20H15, Madagascar24Redaction: youtube.com: "(66) Le 20H15 - 2023 07 21 - Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina- YouTube".
* "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%C2%A0%3A+%22Fanjakam-Pisorona%2C+Fanjakan%27i+Madagasikara Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina : "''Fanjakam-Pisorona, Fanjakan'i Madagasikara'']''""'', 22/07/2023, youtube.com".
* "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A+%22Mijoro+ny+Fianakaviambe+eto+Madagasikara%22 Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina: "''Mijoro ny Fianakaviambe eto Madagasikara"'']''"'', 05 Aogositra 2023, youtube.com".
* "[https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Mpanjaka+Ndriana+Rabarioelina%3A+%22Ny+Jiosy+eto+Madagasikara%22 Mpanjaka Ndriana Rabarioelina: "''Ny Jiosy eto Madagasikara"'']''"'', TV I-BC, 2023, youtube.com".
== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
[[Sokajy:Mpanao malagasy]]
tohycuofs3b5az0224yrg0cpmznke2b
Cenchrus americanus
0
284220
1151475
1134202
2026-09-28T15:03:30Z
~2026-52101-21
41170
Nandamina lahatsoratra
1151475
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Sary:Grain millet, early grain fill, Tifton, 7-3-02.jpg|vignette|377x377px|''Cenchrus americanus'']]
Ny '''''Cenchrus americanus''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] maniry isan-taona ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]'', karazana [[voamadinika]]. Anisan' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Panicoideae]]'', izay ao amin' ny fokon-javamaniry ''Paniceae'', izy io. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''bajiry''', '''bajirà''' na '''horompotsy'''. ''Cenchrus americanus'' <small>(L.) Morrone</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anarana nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Pennisetum spicatum'' sy ''Pennisetum glaucum''.
Volena hahazoana ny voany azo hanina ity zavamaniry ity. Azon' ny olona sy ny biby fiompy hanina ny voany. Io no ambolena be indrindra amin' ny karazana [[Ampemba|ampemby]] sy [[Ampembambazaha|ampembimbazaha]].
== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Cenchrus]]''
* ''[[Pennisetum]]''
* [[Horompotsy]]: ''Pennisetum pseudotriticoides'' <small>A. Camus</small> (''Poaceae''); ''Pennisetum typhoideum'' <small>Rich.</small> <small>Nom illégitime</small> (''Poaceae'') = ''Pennisetum spicatum'' <small>(L.) Körn</small>. (''Poaceae''); ''Sporobolus africanus'' <small>(Poir.) Robyns & Tournay</small> (''Poaceae''); ''Sporobolus pyramidalis'' <small>P.Beauv.</small> (''Poaceae'')
2xsvlyp80vklccpf99vpw6esd4x9cgt
1151476
1151475
2026-09-28T15:04:49Z
Thelezifor
15140
nanova ny anaran'i [[Bajiry]] ho [[Cenchrus americanus]] i Thelezifor
1151475
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Sary:Grain millet, early grain fill, Tifton, 7-3-02.jpg|vignette|377x377px|''Cenchrus americanus'']]
Ny '''''Cenchrus americanus''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry mamony]] maniry isan-taona ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]'', karazana [[voamadinika]]. Anisan' ny zana-pianakaviana ''[[Panicoideae]]'', izay ao amin' ny fokon-javamaniry ''Paniceae'', izy io. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''bajiry''', '''bajirà''' na '''horompotsy'''. ''Cenchrus americanus'' <small>(L.) Morrone</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anarana nahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Pennisetum spicatum'' sy ''Pennisetum glaucum''.
Volena hahazoana ny voany azo hanina ity zavamaniry ity. Azon' ny olona sy ny biby fiompy hanina ny voany. Io no ambolena be indrindra amin' ny karazana [[Ampemba|ampemby]] sy [[Ampembambazaha|ampembimbazaha]].
== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Cenchrus]]''
* ''[[Pennisetum]]''
* [[Horompotsy]]: ''Pennisetum pseudotriticoides'' <small>A. Camus</small> (''Poaceae''); ''Pennisetum typhoideum'' <small>Rich.</small> <small>Nom illégitime</small> (''Poaceae'') = ''Pennisetum spicatum'' <small>(L.) Körn</small>. (''Poaceae''); ''Sporobolus africanus'' <small>(Poir.) Robyns & Tournay</small> (''Poaceae''); ''Sporobolus pyramidalis'' <small>P.Beauv.</small> (''Poaceae'')
2xsvlyp80vklccpf99vpw6esd4x9cgt
Horona
0
287729
1151474
1151414
2026-09-28T14:47:46Z
Thelezifor
15140
Nandamina lahatsoratra
1151474
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Sary:Loudetia simplex, bloeiwyse-segment, Skeerpoort, a.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''[[Loudetia simplex]]'']]Ny '''horona''' na '''horo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa, indrindra ao amin' ny fianakaviana sy ''[[Poaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Poales]].
== Zavamaniry antsoina hoe ''horona'' ==
[[Sary:Alloteropsis_semialata_flowers.jpeg|vignette|205x205px|''Alloteropsis semialata'']]
Indreto ny karazana zavamaniry atao amin' ny teny malagasy hoe ''horona'':
* ''[[Alloteropsis semialata]]'' <small>(R.Br.) Hitchc.</small><ref name=":1"><small>""[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/horona?w=horona Horona]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref> -- ahitomendry, ahitrakanga, horona, tongolonakanga<ref><small>" [https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Alloteropsis Alloteropsis]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>
* ''[[Aristida rufescens]]'' <small>Steud</small>.<ref name=":1" /> -- herombavy, horona
* ''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'' <small>(L.) P.Beauv.</small> (← Imperata arundinacea, ''Lagurus cylindricus'' L.<ref name=":1" />) -- antsoro, bozaka, fakatenina, fehana, horona, manevika, saingona, tenina, tenona, tsevoka
* ''[[Loudetia simplex]]'' <small>(Nees) C.E.Hubb.</small> (← ''Loudetia madagascariensis'' <small>(Baker) Bosser</small>) -- horo, horona
** [[Loudetia simplex|''Loudetia simplex'' subsp''. stipoides'']] <small>Bosser</small><ref name=":1" /> -- berambo, hara, harabo, haravola, haravolavavy, horona, kilailay, raboka
* ''[[Trachypogon spicatus]]'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small> <ref><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=horo Horo]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>-- danga, horo, horondahy
== Zavamaniry manana anarana ahitana ny teny hoe ''horo''- ==
[[Sary:Imperata cylindrica tigaya colony.jpg|vignette|206x206px|''Imperata cylindrica'']]Indreto ny karazan-javamaniry manana anarana malagasy manomboka amin' ny teny hoe ''horo''-:
* ''[[Evolvulus alsinoides]]'' <small>(L.) L.</small> (''[[Convolvulaceae]]'') -- handrinamboa, <u>horompetaka</u>, vahimpasika
* ''[[Rhytachne rottboellioides]]'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> (← ''Rhytachne caespitosa'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- forona, horondrano, kifafadrano, kifafarano, kifoforano
* ''[[Cenchrus pseudotriticoides]]'' <small>(A.Camus) ined.</small> (← ''Pennisetum pseudotriticoides'' <small>A. Camus</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- horompotsy, kifafarano, lohahorompotsy, tohiambazaha, toiambazaha
* ''[[Cenchrus americanus]]'' <small>(L.) Morrone</small> (← ''Pennisetum spicatum'' <small>(L.) Körn.</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- [[horompotsy]]
* ''[[Sporobolus africanus]]'' <small>(Poir.) Robyns & Tournay</small> (''[[Pinaceae|Poaceae]]'') -- horomainty, horompotsy
* ''[[Sporobolus pyramidalis]]'' <small>P.Beauv.</small> (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- ahikongona, [[horompotsy]], kitaratasy, merakapaha, tohiana, toiana, tsiana, tsindrodrotra, tsindrota, tsodrodrotra
== Jereo koa ==
[[Sary:Aristida purpurea form.jpg|vignette|''[[Aristida purpurea]]'' |208x208px]]
* [[Ihorombe]]
* ''[[Alloteropsis paniculata]]'' <small>(Benth.) Stapf</small>
* ''[[Aristida adscensionis]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Aristida purpurea]]'' <small>Nutt.</small>
* ''[[Aristida similis]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''[[Loudetia filifolia]]'' <small>Schweick.</small>
* ''[[Alloteropsis]]''
* ''[[Aristida]]''
* ''[[Cenchrus]]''
* ''[[Evolvulus]]''
* ''[[Imperata]]''
* ''[[Loudetia]]''
* ''[[Pennisetum]]''
* ''[[Rhytachne]]''
* ''[[Sporobolus]]''
* ''[[Trachypogon]]''
== Loharano ==
c45lxr982qmgnssnksaf4tmvnohpzml
1151512
1151474
2026-09-29T11:54:01Z
Thelezifor
15140
1151512
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Sary:Loudetia simplex, bloeiwyse-segment, Skeerpoort, a.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''[[Loudetia simplex]]'']]Ny '''horona''' na '''horo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa, indrindra ao amin' ny fianakaviana sy ''[[Poaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Poales]].
== Zavamaniry antsoina hoe ''horona'' ==
[[Sary:Alloteropsis_semialata_flowers.jpeg|vignette|205x205px|''[[Alloteropsis semialata]]'']]
Indreto ny karazana zavamaniry atao amin' ny teny malagasy hoe ''horona'':
* ''[[Alloteropsis semialata]]'' <small>(R.Br.) Hitchc.</small><ref name=":1"><small>""[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/horona?w=horona Horona]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref> -- ahitomendry, ahitrakanga, horona, tongolonakanga<ref><small>" [https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Alloteropsis Alloteropsis]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>
* ''[[Aristida rufescens]]'' <small>Steud</small>.<ref name=":1" /> -- herombavy, horona
* ''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'' <small>(L.) P.Beauv.</small> (← Imperata arundinacea, ''Lagurus cylindricus'' L.<ref name=":1" />) -- antsoro, bozaka, fakatenina, fehana, horona, manevika, saingona, tenina, tenona, tsevoka
* ''[[Loudetia simplex]]'' <small>(Nees) C.E.Hubb.</small> (← ''Loudetia madagascariensis'' <small>(Baker) Bosser</small>) -- horo, horona
** [[Loudetia simplex|''Loudetia simplex'' subsp''. stipoides'']] <small>Bosser</small><ref name=":1" /> -- berambo, hara, harabo, haravola, haravolavavy, horona, kilailay, raboka
* ''[[Trachypogon spicatus]]'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small> <ref><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=horo Horo]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>-- danga, horo, horondahy
== Zavamaniry manana anarana ahitana ny teny hoe ''horo''- ==
[[Sary:Imperata cylindrica tigaya colony.jpg|vignette|206x206px|''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'']]Indreto ny karazan-javamaniry manana anarana malagasy manomboka amin' ny teny hoe ''horo''-:
* ''[[Evolvulus alsinoides]]'' <small>(L.) L.</small> (''[[Convolvulaceae]]'') -- handrinamboa, <u>horompetaka</u>, vahimpasika
* ''[[Rhytachne rottboellioides]]'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> (← ''Rhytachne caespitosa'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- forona, horondrano, kifafadrano, kifafarano, kifoforano
* ''[[Cenchrus pseudotriticoides]]'' <small>(A.Camus) ined.</small> (← ''Pennisetum pseudotriticoides'' <small>A. Camus</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- horompotsy, kifafarano, lohahorompotsy, tohiambazaha, toiambazaha
* ''[[Cenchrus americanus]]'' <small>(L.) Morrone</small> (← ''Pennisetum spicatum'' <small>(L.) Körn.</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- [[horompotsy]]
* ''[[Sporobolus africanus]]'' <small>(Poir.) Robyns & Tournay</small> (''[[Pinaceae|Poaceae]]'') -- horomainty, horompotsy
* ''[[Sporobolus pyramidalis]]'' <small>P.Beauv.</small> (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- ahikongona, [[horompotsy]], kitaratasy, merakapaha, tohiana, toiana, tsiana, tsindrodrotra, tsindrota, tsodrodrotra
== Jereo koa ==
[[Sary:Aristida purpurea form.jpg|vignette|''[[Aristida purpurea]]'' |208x208px]]
* [[Ihorombe]]
* ''[[Alloteropsis paniculata]]'' <small>(Benth.) Stapf</small>
* ''[[Aristida adscensionis]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Aristida purpurea]]'' <small>Nutt.</small>
* ''[[Aristida similis]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''[[Loudetia filifolia]]'' <small>Schweick.</small>
* ''[[Alloteropsis]]''
* ''[[Aristida]]''
* ''[[Cenchrus]]''
* ''[[Evolvulus]]''
* ''[[Imperata]]''
* ''[[Loudetia]]''
* ''[[Pennisetum]]''
* ''[[Rhytachne]]''
* ''[[Sporobolus]]''
* ''[[Trachypogon]]''
== Loharano ==
308pilpwzujsx57iylnd52i0x486mha
1151513
1151512
2026-09-29T11:56:13Z
Thelezifor
15140
Nandamina lahatsoratra
1151513
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[[Sary:Loudetia simplex, bloeiwyse-segment, Skeerpoort, a.jpg|vignette|387x387px|''[[Loudetia simplex]]'']]Ny '''horona''' na '''horo''' dia zavamaniry samihafa, indrindra ao amin' ny fianakaviana sy ''[[Poaceae]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Poales]].
== Zavamaniry antsoina hoe ''horona'' ==
[[Sary:Alloteropsis_semialata_flowers.jpeg|vignette|205x205px|''[[Alloteropsis semialata]]'']]
[[Sary:Aristida purpurea form.jpg|vignette|''[[Aristida purpurea]]'' |208x208px]]Indreto ny karazana zavamaniry atao amin' ny teny malagasy hoe ''horona'':
* ''[[Alloteropsis semialata]]'' <small>(R.Br.) Hitchc.</small><ref name=":1"><small>""[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2/horona?w=horona Horona]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref> -- ahitomendry, ahitrakanga, horona, tongolonakanga<ref><small>" [https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=Alloteropsis Alloteropsis]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>
* ''[[Aristida rufescens]]'' <small>Steud</small>.<ref name=":1" /> -- herombavy, horona
* ''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'' <small>(L.) P.Beauv.</small> (← Imperata arundinacea, ''Lagurus cylindricus'' L.<ref name=":1" />) -- antsoro, bozaka, fakatenina, fehana, horona, manevika, saingona, tenina, tenona, tsevoka
* ''[[Loudetia simplex]]'' <small>(Nees) C.E.Hubb.</small> (← ''Loudetia madagascariensis'' <small>(Baker) Bosser</small>) -- horo, horona
** [[Loudetia simplex|''Loudetia simplex'' subsp''. stipoides'']] <small>Bosser</small><ref name=":1" /> -- berambo, hara, harabo, haravola, haravolavavy, horona, kilailay, raboka
* ''[[Trachypogon spicatus]]'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small> <ref><small>"[https://tenymalagasy.org/bins/teny2?w=horo Horo]", ''tenymalagasy.org''</small></ref>-- danga, horo, horondahy
== Zavamaniry manana anarana ahitana ny teny hoe ''horo''- ==
[[Sary:Imperata cylindrica tigaya colony.jpg|vignette|206x206px|''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'']]Indreto ny karazan-javamaniry manana anarana malagasy manomboka amin' ny teny hoe ''horo''-:
* ''[[Evolvulus alsinoides]]'' <small>(L.) L.</small> (''[[Convolvulaceae]]'') -- handrinamboa, <u>horompetaka</u>, vahimpasika
* ''[[Rhytachne rottboellioides]]'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> (← ''Rhytachne caespitosa'' <small>Baker</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- forona, horondrano, kifafadrano, kifafarano, kifoforano
* ''[[Cenchrus pseudotriticoides]]'' <small>(A.Camus) ined.</small> (← ''Pennisetum pseudotriticoides'' <small>A. Camus</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- horompotsy, kifafarano, lohahorompotsy, tohiambazaha, toiambazaha
* ''[[Cenchrus americanus]]'' <small>(L.) Morrone</small> (← ''Pennisetum spicatum'' <small>(L.) Körn.</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- [[horompotsy]]
* ''[[Sporobolus africanus]]'' <small>(Poir.) Robyns & Tournay</small> (''[[Pinaceae|Poaceae]]'') -- horomainty, horompotsy
* ''[[Sporobolus pyramidalis]]'' <small>P.Beauv.</small> (''[[Poaceae]]'') -- ahikongona, [[horompotsy]], kitaratasy, merakapaha, tohiana, toiana, tsiana, tsindrodrotra, tsindrota, tsodrodrotra
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Ihorombe]]
* ''[[Alloteropsis paniculata]]'' <small>(Benth.) Stapf</small>
* ''[[Aristida adscensionis]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Aristida purpurea]]'' <small>Nutt.</small>
* ''[[Aristida similis]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''[[Loudetia filifolia]]'' <small>Schweick.</small>
* ''[[Alloteropsis]] -'' ''[[Aristida]] -'' ''[[Cenchrus]] -'' ''[[Evolvulus]] -'' ''[[Imperata]] -'' ''[[Loudetia]] -'' ''[[Pennisetum]] -'' ''[[Rhytachne]] -'' ''[[Sporobolus]] -'' ''[[Trachypogon]]''
== Loharano ==
mt7oy0qi5ggb8di4yje1csk09jowf3x
REAL TV
0
287775
1151502
1078878
2026-09-29T06:21:37Z
InternetArchiveBot
25011
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Ny '''''REAL TV''''' dia fahitalavitra sy onjam-peo eto Madagasikara, noforonon' i [[Onitiana Realy]].<ref>[https://lgdi-madagascar.com/2023/07/15/politique/gascar-fenosoa-harifidy-ramanandraibe-arrestation-imminente/ La Gazette de la Grande Ile]</ref>
==Pejy fandraisana==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240629020138/https://www.realtvfm.com/ REAL TVFM]]
==Canal Youtube==
* [https://www.youtube.com/@RealtvOnline/videos RealTV]]
= Jereo koa =
*[[Lisitry ny fahitalavitra ao Madagasikara]]
*[[Lisitry ny onjam-peo ao Madagasikara]]
{{reflist}}
[[sokajy:Fahitalavitra ao Madagasikara]]
[[sokajy:Onjam-peo ao Madagasikara]]
7jn7nf077n162s9ua4if1f0xtrtrkup
Rhytachne rottboellioides
0
288354
1151471
1081991
2026-09-28T14:38:06Z
Thelezifor
15140
Nanitatra votoatiny
1151471
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[[Sary:Rhytachne rottboellioides imported from iNaturalist photo 105329127 on 3 January 2024.jpg|vignette|485x485px|Horondrano (''Rhytachne rottboellioides'')]]
Ny '''''Rhytachne rottboellioides''''' dia zavamaniry ahitra ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''forona''', '''horondrano''', '''kifafadrano''', '''kifafarano''' na '''kifoforano'''. ''Rhytachne rottboellioides'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anisan' ny anarana ahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Rhytachne caespitosa'' <small>Baker</small>. Ity ahitra ity dia maniry mivondrona eo amin' ny [[tanimbary]].
Eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra any afovoan-tany, izy ity dia ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny fanaovana tafon-trano. Fampiasana amin' ny fandrariana sy ny fanaovana borosim-bolo, kifafa. Tsy mety atao vilona ho sakafom-biby ity zavamaniry ity.
== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Rhytachne]]''
* [[Horona]]: ''[[Alloteropsis semialata]]'' <small>(R.Br.) Hitchc.</small> (← ''Panicum semialata'' <small>R. Br.</small>); ''[[Aristida rufescens]]'' <small>Steud</small>.; ''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'' <small>(L.) P.Beauv.</small> (← ''Imperata arundinacea'', ''Lagurus cylindricus'' L.); ''[[Loudetia simplex]]'' <small>(Nees) C.E.Hubb.</small> (← ''Loudetia madagascariensis'' <small>(Baker) Bosser</small>); [[Loudetia simplex|''Loudetia simplex'' subsp''. stipoides'']] <small>Bosser</small>; ''[[Trachypogon spicatus]]'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small> (''[[Poaceae]]'')
* [[Forona (zavamaniry)]]: ''Rhytachne rottboellioides'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> (← ''Rhytachne caespitosa'' <small>(Baker) Bosser</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]''); ''[[Rhynchospora corymbosa]]'' <small>(L.) Britton</small> (← ''Scirpus corymbosus'' <small>L.</small>) (''[[Cyperaceae]]''); ''[[Bulbostylis junciformis]]'' <small>(Kunth) C.B.Clarke</small> (← ''Scirpus juncoides'' <small>Roxb.</small>) (''Cyperaceae'')
* [[Kifafarano]]: ''[[Cenchrus pseudotriticoides]]'' <small>(A.Camus) ined.</small> (← ''Pennisetum pseudotriticoides'' <small>A. Camus</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]''); ''Rhytachne rottboellioides'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> (← ''Rhytachne caespitosa'' <small>(Baker) Bosser.</small>) (''Poaceae'')
i343du3ifj51zkz79lwm5h4t1k00777
1151472
1151471
2026-09-28T14:38:32Z
Thelezifor
15140
nanova ny anaran'i [[Horondrano]] ho [[Rhytachne rottboellioides]] i Thelezifor
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[[Sary:Rhytachne rottboellioides imported from iNaturalist photo 105329127 on 3 January 2024.jpg|vignette|485x485px|Horondrano (''Rhytachne rottboellioides'')]]
Ny '''''Rhytachne rottboellioides''''' dia zavamaniry ahitra ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]''. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''forona''', '''horondrano''', '''kifafadrano''', '''kifafarano''' na '''kifoforano'''. ''Rhytachne rottboellioides'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Anisan' ny anarana ahafantarana azy koa ny hoe ''Rhytachne caespitosa'' <small>Baker</small>. Ity ahitra ity dia maniry mivondrona eo amin' ny [[tanimbary]].
Eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra any afovoan-tany, izy ity dia ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny fanaovana tafon-trano. Fampiasana amin' ny fandrariana sy ny fanaovana borosim-bolo, kifafa. Tsy mety atao vilona ho sakafom-biby ity zavamaniry ity.
== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Rhytachne]]''
* [[Horona]]: ''[[Alloteropsis semialata]]'' <small>(R.Br.) Hitchc.</small> (← ''Panicum semialata'' <small>R. Br.</small>); ''[[Aristida rufescens]]'' <small>Steud</small>.; ''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'' <small>(L.) P.Beauv.</small> (← ''Imperata arundinacea'', ''Lagurus cylindricus'' L.); ''[[Loudetia simplex]]'' <small>(Nees) C.E.Hubb.</small> (← ''Loudetia madagascariensis'' <small>(Baker) Bosser</small>); [[Loudetia simplex|''Loudetia simplex'' subsp''. stipoides'']] <small>Bosser</small>; ''[[Trachypogon spicatus]]'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small> (''[[Poaceae]]'')
* [[Forona (zavamaniry)]]: ''Rhytachne rottboellioides'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> (← ''Rhytachne caespitosa'' <small>(Baker) Bosser</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]''); ''[[Rhynchospora corymbosa]]'' <small>(L.) Britton</small> (← ''Scirpus corymbosus'' <small>L.</small>) (''[[Cyperaceae]]''); ''[[Bulbostylis junciformis]]'' <small>(Kunth) C.B.Clarke</small> (← ''Scirpus juncoides'' <small>Roxb.</small>) (''Cyperaceae'')
* [[Kifafarano]]: ''[[Cenchrus pseudotriticoides]]'' <small>(A.Camus) ined.</small> (← ''Pennisetum pseudotriticoides'' <small>A. Camus</small>) (''[[Poaceae]]''); ''Rhytachne rottboellioides'' <small>Desv. ex Ham.</small> (← ''Rhytachne caespitosa'' <small>(Baker) Bosser.</small>) (''Poaceae'')
i343du3ifj51zkz79lwm5h4t1k00777
Kolikoly eto Madagasikara
0
290102
1151496
1151261
2026-09-29T02:14:11Z
InternetArchiveBot
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[[Sary:Countries by Corruption Perceptions Index (2022).svg|vignette|359x359px|Sarintany maneho ny tondro maneran-tany momba ny fahitana kolikoly tamin' ny taona 2022 araka ny ''[[Transparency International]]''. Anisan' ny firenena be kolikoly indrindra i Madagasikara.]]
Ny '''kolikoly eto Madagasikara''' dia olana goavana mahazo ny sehatra rehetra eo amin' ny fiarahamonina malagasy, manomboka amin' ny fanaovana [[Pôlitika eto Madagasikara|pôlitika]] sy amin' ny [[Toekaren' i Madagasikara|toekarena]] ka hatrany amin' ny [[fitsarana]]<ref><small>"[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230220-madagascar-les-dysfonctionnements-au-sein-de-la-justice-pr%C3%A9occupent-le-secteur-priv%C3%A9? Madagascar: les dysfonctionnements au sein de la justice préoccupent le secteur privé]", ''www.rfi.fr'' (20/02/2023)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Des-elus-locaux-et-des-agents.html? Corruption : des élus locaux et des agents publics en première ligne]", ''www.madagascar-tribune.com'' (14/05/2025)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.orange.mg/actu-orange-mg/fr/le-phenomene-de-la-corruption-a-madagascar-persiste-a-un-niveau-eleve.html? Le phénomène de la corruption à Madagascar persiste à un niveau élevé] {{Wayback|url=https://www.orange.mg/actu-orange-mg/fr/le-phenomene-de-la-corruption-a-madagascar-persiste-a-un-niveau-eleve.html? |date=20250422103856 }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.orange.mg/actu-orange-mg/fr/le-phenomene-de-la-corruption-a-madagascar-persiste-a-un-niveau-eleve.html |date=20250422103856 }}", ''www.orange.mg'' (19/08/2024)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/457692/politique/madagascar-corruption-pressions-magistrats-se-rebiffent/ Madagascar : corruption, pressions…les magistrats se rebiffent]", www.jeuneafrique.com (6/07/2017)</small></ref>. Tamin' ny taona 2023 ny [[Transparency International|''Transparency International'']] dia nanakilasy an' i [[Madagasikara]] ao amin' ny laharana faha-145 amin' ny firenena miisa 180 ary nanome tondrom-pahitana kolikoly 25/100 an' ity firenena ity<ref><small>"[https://www.transparency.mg/ipc/ Indice de Perception de la Corruption 2023] {{Wayback|url=https://www.transparency.mg/ipc/ |date=20241213204129 }}", ''www.transparency.mg''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-investment-climate-statements/madagascar/ 2024 Investment Climate Statements: Madagascar]", ''www.state.gov''</small></ref>. Maro ny antony mahatonga ny [[kolikoly]] eto [[Madagasikara]], izay ahitana antony ara-tantara, ara-tsôsialy, ara-toekarena, ara-pôlitika ary ara-panjakana<ref name=":2"><small>"[https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluations/world-bank-group-madagascar/chapter-1-background-and-country-context? Chapter 1 | Background and Country Context]", ''ieg.worldbankgroup.org''</small> </ref><ref name=":3"><small>"[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2017/224/article-A001-en.xml? Republic of Madagascar: Selected Issues - Governance and Corruption]", ''www.elibrary.imf.org'' (18/07/2017)</small></ref>.
Tamin' ny taona 2024 dia nahazo naoty 26/100 i Madagasikara ao amin' ny tondrom-pahitana kolikoly, laharana faha-140 amin' ny firenena 180. Ity filaharana ity dia taratry ny olana maharitra toy ny tsy fanasaziana ny manampahefana mpanao kolikoly, ny maha voafetra ny fahazoana fitsarana, tsy fahampian' ny fiarovana ny mpampaneno lakolosy ary ny famatsiam-bola ara-pôlitika tsy mazava<ref><small>"[https://www.transparency.mg/ipc/ Indice de perception de la corruption 2024, Modeste avancée de Madagascar, entre une lutte timide et des moyens limités] {{Wayback|url=https://www.transparency.mg/ipc/ |date=20241213204129 }}", ''www.transparency.mg''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.transparency.mg/actualites/presentation-des-resultats-du-diagnostic-des-risques-et-de-perception-de-la-corruption-dans-les-processus-de-securisation-fonciere/ Corruption foncière à Madagascar: 43% des répondants en sont victimes]", ''www.transparency.mg''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/06/19/madagascar-et-predator-le-contrat-a-5-millions-d-euros_6241427_3212.html Madagascar et Predator, le contrat à 5 millions d’euros]", ''www.lemonde.fr''</small></ref>.
Manimba ny tombontsoan' ny daholobe izany. Misy vokany ratsy eo amin' ny fampandrosoana ny firenena sy ny fiadanan' ny vahoaka malagasy ity olana ity.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />. Amin' ny heviny ankapobeny dia [[fanararaotam-pahefana]] atao mba hahazoana tombontsoa manokana tsy ara-dalàna ny kolikoly<ref><small>"[https://www.u4.no/topics/anti-corruption-basics/basics? Anti-corruption basics]", ''www.u4.no'' (18/06/2025)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/anti-corruption/module-1/key-issues/corruption---baseline-definition.html? Corruption: a baseline definition]", ''www.unodc.org'' (1997)</small></ref>.
Sarotra ny miady amin' ny [[kolikoly]] eto Madagasikara noho ny tsy fahampian' ny finiavana pôlitika izay tokony hatanjaka sy haharitra<ref name=":4"><small>"[https://uncaccoalition.org/new-civil-society-report-on-madagascar-momentum-built-on-anti-corruption-initiatives-requires-concrete-legal-action-and-increased-political-will-to-advance-efforts/ New Civil Society Report on Madagascar: Momentum built on anti-corruption initiatives requires concrete legal action and increased political will to advance efforts]", ''uncaccoalition.org'' (13/08/2021)</small></ref>. Manampy trotraka koa ny fanoherana ataon' ny tambajotra mpanao kolikoly amin' ny alalan' ny fametrahany paikady fiarovan-tena sy fitazonany ny tombontsoany<ref name=":8"><small>"[https://www.u4.no/publications/madagascar-overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption? Madagascar: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption] {{Wayback|url=https://www.u4.no/publications/madagascar-overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption |date=20250419123551 }}", ''www.u4.no'' (9/03/2021)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://weafrica24.com/2025/02/12/madagascars-anti-corruption-efforts-show/ Madagascar’s Anti-Corruption Efforts Show Slow Progress, Says Transparency International]", ''weafrica24.com'' (12/02/2025)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://environmental-corruption.org/news/the-true-cost-of-corruption-inside-madagascar-s-32? The true cost of corruption: Inside Madagascar’s endangered tortoise trade]", ''environmental-corruption.org''</small></ref>. Na dia izany aza dia hetsika maro no efa natao hiadiana amin' ny kolikoly, ka mahakasika ny rafi-pitsarana sy ny [[lalàna]] ary ny andrim-panjakana sy ny fiaraha-miasa iraisam-pirenena izany<ref><small>"[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2017/225/article-A001-en.xml? Republic of Madagascar - Economic Development Document]", ''www.elibrary.imf.org'' (18/07/2017)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2023/117/article-A001-en.xml? Republic of Madagascar: 2022 Article IV Consultation, Third Review Under The Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Requests for A Waiver of Nonobservance of Performance Criteria and Modification of Performance Criteria-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Republic of Madagascar]", ''www.elibrary.imf.org'' (21/03/2023)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/100268.html? Supporting Madagascar’s authorities in the fight against corruption]", ''www.giz.de''</small></ref>.
== Antony mahatonga ny kolikoly ==
Maro ny antony mahatonga ny [[kolikoly]] eto [[Madagasikara]], anisan' izany ny antony ara-tantara, ara-tsôsialy, ara-toekarena, ara-pôlitika ary ara-panjakana<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />.
=== Antony ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarena ===
==== Fahantrana sy tsy fitoviana ====
Manosika ny olona hanao [[kolikoly]] ny [[fahantrana]] izay mahazo saika ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|Malagasy]] rehetra, toraka izany koa ny tsy fitoviana ara-tsôsialy sy ara-toekarena izay mitombo hatrany. Manosika ny olona hanao kolikoly, mba hahazoana izay ilainy na hanatsarana bebe kokoa ny fidiram-bolany, ny faharefoana ara-toekarena<ref><small>"[https://hal.science/hal-01826884v1/document Corruption et croissance économique à Madagascar]", ''hal.science''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar/publication/madagascar-afe-poverty-assessment-navigating-two-decades-of-high-poverty-and-charting-a-course-for-change Madagascar Poverty Assessment: Navigating Two Decades of High Poverty and Charting a Course for Change]", ''www.worldbank.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2024/02/21/world-banks-assessment-warns-of-rising-urban-poverty-in-afe-madagascar-and-recommends-broad-based-and-sustained-growth World Bank’s Assessment Warns of Rising Urban Poverty in Madagascar and Recommends Broad-Based and Sustained Growth]", ''www.worldbank.org''</small></ref>.
==== Tsy fananana asa sy fahasahiranana ara-bola ====
Lehibe loatra ny tahan' ny tsy fisian' asa eto [[Madagasikara]], indrindra eo amin' ny tanora, sy ny tsy fadraisana anjara eo amin' ny [[toekarena]], ka mahatonga ny olona sasany hihevitra fa fomba mahomby amin' ny fitadiavana asa na amin' ny fampidiram-bola ny fanaovana [[kolikoly]]<ref><small>"[https://www.afrobarometer.org/publication/ad999-plus-instruits-les-jeunes-malgaches-sont-pourtant-plus-touches-par-le-chomage/ AD999: Plus instruits, les jeunes malgaches sont pourtant plus touchés par le chômage]", ''www.afrobarometer.org'' (16/06/2025)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://observatoiredelajeunesse.wordpress.com/2025/01/21/lemploi-des-jeunes-a-madagascar-un-defi-persistant-malgre-les-efforts/ L’emploi des jeunes à Madagascar : un défi persistant malgré les efforts]", ''observatoiredelajeunesse.wordpress.com'' (21/01/2025)</small></ref>. Ao anatin' ny tontolon' ny fahasahiranana ara-toekarena dia mitombo ny kolontsaina manao zavatra tsy araka ny lalàna sy ny fifandaminana ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna ivelan' ny fitsarana, izay indraindray tsy ara-dalàna, nefa heverin' ny maro fa ilaina<ref><small>"[https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d52a4b97-a00a-5eaa-8993-698910223a1b Making Work Pay in Madagascar : Employment, Growth, and Poverty Reduction]", ''openknowledge.worldbank.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/closed-circles-of-mistrust-envy-aspirations-and-urban-sociality-in-coastal-madagascar/ED169CCEE4AB90D77466D99DC27E9535? Closed circles of mistrust: envy, aspirations and urban sociality in coastal Madagascar]", ''www.cambridge.org'' (23/03/2018)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.u4.no/publications/corruption-informality-and-social-norms? Corruption, informality and social norms]", ''www.u4.no''</small></ref>.
==== Tsy fahampian' ny karaman' ny mpiasam-panjakana ====
Manosika ny mpiasam-panjakana hanaiky [[tsolotra]], mba hamenoany ny fidiram-bolany, ny tsy fahampian' ny karamany<ref name=":0"><small>"[https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Country-Profile-Madagascar-2019.pdf Overview of corruption and anticorruption in Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Country-Profile-Madagascar-2019.pdf |date=20250107154531 }}", ''knowledgehub.transparency.org''</small></ref><ref><small>Razanajatovo Hajatiana, "[https://fr.scribd.com/document/730497721/La-corruption-dans-l-administration-publique-RazanajatovoHajatiana-ECO-M1-12 La corruption dans l'administration publique]", ''fr.scribd.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No71/No71_21PA_Ravalomanda.pdf Corruption control in criminal justice: the Madagascar situation, problems and solutions and corruption cases]", ''www.unafei.or.jp''</small></ref>.
=== Antony ara-pôlitika sy miankina amin' ny andrim-panjakana ===
==== Fahalemen' ny fanjakana tan-dalàna ====
Mampirisika ny fanaovana [[kolikoly]] ny fahalemen' ny [[fanjakana tan-dalàna]], izay ahitana fitsarana miadam-piasa sy tsy mahomby, ahitana [[tsimatimanota]] miely patrana sy tsy fanajana ny lalàna. Ao koa ny tsy fahampian' ny sazy mandaitra izay tokony tsy haha te hanao kolikoly<ref name=":0" />.
==== Fitondrana tsy marin-toerana ====
Tsy mahazo antoka ny hoaviny ny Malagasy vokatry ny fisian' ny [[tsimatimanota]], hany ka mirongatra ny [[kolikoly]] sy ny tsy fahamarin-toeran' ny fitondrana. Izany toe-javatra izany dia lasa aretina lavareny sy miteraka tetezamita pôlitika mitranga matetika izay mampirongatra ny kolikoly<ref name=":0" />.
==== Fahalemen' ny andrim-panjakana mpanara-maso ====
Matetika tsy manana fitaovana sy loharanom-bola ary fahaleovan-tena ho enti-miasa amim-pahombiazana ny andrim-panjakana isan-karazany tompon' andraikitra amin' ny ady amin' ny [[kolikoly]] eto Madagasikara, toy ny rafitra mpanara-maso sy ny fisafoana ary ny fitsarana<ref name=":0" />.
==== Kiantranoantrano sy fizahan-tavan' olona ====
Mampiroborobo ny [[kolikoly]] sy ny fisitrahana tsy ara-dalàna ny volam-panjakana sy ny fitaovam-panjakana, ny fizahan-tavan' olona sy ny [[kiantranoantrano]], izay anomezana toerana sy tombontsoa mifototra amin' ny fahitahitana (relation personnelle) sy ara-pôlitika fa tsy mifototra amin' ny fahaiza-manao<ref><small>"[https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/kproducts/Overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption-in-Madagascar-2021_U4-reviewed_PR.pdf? Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/kproducts/Overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption-in-Madagascar-2021_U4-reviewed_PR.pdf? |date=20211221170452 }} {{Wayback|url=https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/kproducts/Overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption-in-Madagascar-2021_U4-reviewed_PR.pdf |date=20211221170452 }}", ''knowledgehub.transparency.org''</small></ref><ref name=":5"><small>"[https://publications.ut-capitole.fr/id/eprint/25089/1/SerreBastien2017.pdf? La lutte contre la corruption à Madagascar (PDF)]" (thèse de doctorat), ''publications.ut-capitole.fr''</small></ref>.
==== Tsy fahampian' ny mangarahara sy ny tamberin' andraikitra ====
Manosika amin' ny fanaovana [[kolikoly]] eto Madagasikara ny tsy fahampian' ny mangarahara amin' ny fitantanana ny raharaham-panjakana. Ao koa ny tsy fahampian' ny fampahalalam-baovao sy ny tsy fisian' ny rafitra mahomby momba ny [[tamberin' andraikitra]]<ref><small>"[https://tradingeconomics.com/madagascar/cpia-transparency-accountability-and-corruption-in-the-public-sector-rating-1-low-to-6-high-wb-data.html Madagascar - CPIA Transparency, Accountability, And Corruption In The Public Sector Rating (1=low To 6=high)]", ''tradingeconomics.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.CPA.TRAN.XQ CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high)]", ''data.worldbank.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://uncaccoalition.org/new-civil-society-report-on-madagascar-momentum-built-on-anti-corruption-initiatives-requires-concrete-legal-action-and-increased-political-will-to-advance-efforts/ New Civil Society Report on Madagascar: Momentum built on anti-corruption initiatives requires concrete legal action and increased political will to advance efforts]", ''uncaccoalition.org'' (13/08/2021)</small></ref>.
==== Fiarovana ny tombontsoan' antoko pôlitika ====
Matetika dia leferina, na misy mamporisika mihitsy aza, ny [[kolikoly]] eto [[Madagasikara]], hany ka mahazo vahana ny [[tsimatimanota]] eo amin' ny fanaovana kolikoly. Manana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny fanaovana kolikoly ny tambajotra pôlitika miaro ny mpanao kolikoly mampandroso ny tombontsoan' antoko<ref name=":9"><small>"[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/madagascan-presidents-ex-aide-guilty-offering-mining-licence-bribes-2024-02-20/ Madagascan president's ex-aide convicted of offering mining licence for bribes]", ''www.reuters.com'' (20/02/202)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://freedomhouse.org/country/madagascar/freedom-world/2024?utm_source=PANTHEON_STRIPPED Madagascar]", ''freedomhouse.org''</small></ref>.
=== Antony ara-kolontsaina ===
==== Lova navelan' ny vanim-potoana faha mpanjaka ====
Amin' ny fiarahamonina malagasy sasany, ny rafi-pahefana nentim-paharazana, toy ny fitondran' ny lehibem-poko na filoham-poko, na ny rafitra ahitana [[sarangam-poko]] ([[andriana]], [[Andevo (teto Madagasikara)|andevo]], sns), dia nisy fiantraikany lehibe teo amin' ny fiainana ara-[[pôlitika]] sy ara-[[toekarena]]<ref name=":10"><small>"[https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2024_MDG.pdf? BTI 2024 Country Report - Madagascar]", ''bti-project.org''</small></ref>. Indraindray ireo rafitra ireo dia miaraka amin' ny fanao misy [[fizahan-tavan' olona]] sy [[kiantranoantrano]] ary [[kolikoly]], izay ahitana fitsinjaràna ny loharanon-karena mifototra amin' ny fifandraisan' ny tena manokana na ny maha iray vondrona ([[fianakaviana]], [[saranga]], [[Vondrom-poko|foko]])<ref name=":4" /><ref><small>"[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/configurable/content/book$002f9781513584058$002fCH009.xml?t:ac=book%24002f9781513584058%24002fCH009.xml Chapter 9: Madagascar: Institution-Building in a Fragile State]", ''www.elibrary.imf.org'' (18/03/2022)</small></ref>. Misy fiantraikany amin' ny fanao sasany sy mandrisika ny endrika kolikoly sasany eto [[Madagasikara]] ny fifamatorana misy eo amin' ny fahefana nentim-paharazana sy ny fahefana ara-pôlitika<ref name=":5" /><ref><small>"[https://ocindex.net/country/madagascar? Madagascar]", ''ocindex.net'' (2023)</small></ref><ref><small>Jean Frémigacci, [https://books.openedition.org/pur/62386 ''État moderne et culture politique nationale à Madagascar''], ''books.openedition.org''</small></ref>.
==== Lova napetraky ny fanjanahan-tany ====
Namela lova eo amin' ny fitantananan-draharaham-panjakana ny tantaran' ny [[Zanatanin' i Madagasikara sy ny tany miankina|fanjanahantany teto Madagasikara]]<ref name=":6"><small>"[https://www.mexicohistorico.com/paginas/the-impact-of-colonialism-on-madagascar-wars-0a001a7d.html? The Impact of Colonialism on Madagascar Wars]", ''www.mexicohistorico.com''</small></ref><ref name=":7"><small>"[https://www.aehnetwork.org/blog/the-colonial-legacy-of-corruption-among-local-elites-in-africa/ The Colonial Legacy of Corruption Among Local Elites in Africa]", ''www.aehnetwork.org''</small></ref>. Nanjakan' ny [[didy jadona]] sy ny tsy fisian' ny [[tamberin' andraikitra]] amin' ny mponina eo an-toerana indraindray ny rafitra fanjanahantany sy ny fitrandrahana ny loharanon-karena ho tombontsoan' i [[Frantsa]]<ref name=":7" /><ref><small>"[https://www.cdsafrica.org/reclaiming-justice-madagascars-rightful-fight-for-the-scattered-islands/ Reclaiming Justice: Madagascar’s Rightful Fight for the Scattered Islands]", ''www.cdsafrica.org''</small></ref>. Namela takaitra teo amin' ny toe-tsain' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|vahoaka malagasy]] sy teo amin' ny fomba fitondrana ny andrim-panjakana rehetra izany fanao izany, ka nahatonga ny fandeferana manoloana ny [[fanararaotam-pahefana]] sy ny fandaminana tsy ara-pitsarana<ref name=":6" />. Nahatonga fampivangongoana fahefana sy fitantanan-draharaha tsy mangarahara indraindray ny vanim-potoan' ny fanjanahantany frantsay, izay nanamora ny karazana [[kolikoly]] sasany<ref><small>"[https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/MDG? Madagascar Country Report 2024]", ''bti-project.org''</small></ref>.
==== Kolontsaina ankehitriny ====
Miorim-paka lalina ao anatin' ny [[kolontsaina malagasy]] ny [[kiantranoantrano]], izay manamora ny tambajotra mifototra amin' ny [[kolikoly]]. Manampy izany koa ny fanomezana lanjany ny tsiambaratelo sy ny fahanginana ka mahatonga ny Malagasy tsy ho zatra na harisika amin' ny filazana ny zava-misy tsy ara-dalàna<ref name=":8" /><ref><small><nowiki>''</nowiki>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629823001518? (Re)Interpreting corruption in local environments: Disputed definitions, contested conservation, and power plays in Northern Madagascar]", ''www.sciencedirect.com''</small></ref>.
Manamafy ny fanaovana kolikoly eto Madagasikara ny fahitana fa toa manamora ny fahazoana tolotra avy amin' ny sampan-draharaham-panjakana ny kolikoly. Tsy ampy ny fanabeazana ho olom-banona sy ny fahazoam-baovao ka tsy afaka mitory momba ny fisian' ny kolikoly ny ankamaroan' ny olom-pirenena<ref name=":1"><small>"[https://www.afrobarometer.org/publication/ad302-les-malgaches-deplorent-lampleur-de-la-corruption-mais-craignent-de-la-signaler/ AD302: Les Malgaches déplorent l’ampleur de la corruption, mais craignent de la signaler]", ''www.afrobarometer.org''</small></ref>.
=== Antony mifandray amin' ny fitantanana ny harena voajanahary ===
==== Habetsahan' ny harena voajanahary ====
Ny [[Loharanon-karena voajanahary|harena voajanahary]] eto [[Madagasikara]], toy ny [[ala]] sy ny [[Harena an-kibon' ny tany|harena ankibon' ny tany]] ary ny harena momba ny [[jono]], izay mety hiteraka fikirakirana vola be, dia misarika ny fitsiriritana, ka mahatonga ny kolikoly, indrindra eo amin' ny sehatry ny fitrandrahana [[Hazo (akora)|hazo]] sy ny [[Fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany eto Madagasikara|fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany]] ary ny jono<ref><small>"[https://globalwitness.org/en/press-releases/illegal-malagasy-timber-trade-worth-up-to-460000-a-day/ Illegal Malagasy timber trade worth up to $460,000 a day]", ''globalwitness.org'' (02/12/2009)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://eia.org/press-releases/unless-domestic-rosewood-and-ebony-trade-in-madagascar-are-tightly-regulated-the-countrys-rainforests-are-still-in-jeopardy/ Unless domestic rosewood and ebony trade in Madagascar are tightly regulated, the country’s rainforests are still in jeopardy]", ''eia.org'' (4/02/2025)</small></ref>.
==== Fahalemen' ny arofanina ====
Mampiroborobo ny [[kolikoly]] ny fahalemena na ny fahabangan' ny andrim-panjakana mifehy ny fitrandrahana ny harena voajanahary na ny tsy fampiharana ny arofanina ara-dalàna. Indraindray, na matetika mihitsy aza, no tsy mahomby sady tsy mangarahara ny fomba fiasan' ny sampan-draharaham-panjakana misahana ny harena voajanahary<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref><small>"[https://www.u4.no/publications/the-gold-sector-in-madagascar-at-the-heart-of-illicit-practices? The gold sector in Madagascar: at the heart of illicit practices]", ''www.u4.no'' (28/11/2022)</small></ref>.
== Sehatra anjakan' ny kolikoly ==
Betsaka ny sehatra anjakan' ny kolikoly eto [[Madagasikara]], ka anisan' izany ny fitsarana, ny fitandroana ny filaminana, ny hetra, ny fadin-tseranana, ny fananan-tany, ny varotra, ny indostria, ny tontolo iainana, ny [[Fanabeazana eto Madagasikara|fanabeazana]] ary ny fahasalamana<ref><small>"[https://www.privacyshield.gov/ps/article?id=Madagascar-corruption Madagascar - Corruption]", ''www.privacyshield.gov''</small></ref>.
=== Sehatr' asam-panjakana amin' ny ankapobeny ===
Mamely ny sehatra maro amin' ny asam-panjakana eto [[Madagasikara]] ny [[kolikoly]]. Araka ny fahitan' ny besinimaro sy ny fanadihadiana dia tsy mitovy ny halalin' ny fisian' ny kolikoly eo amin' ny sehatra isan-karazany. Asehon' ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny ''[[Afrobaromètre]]'' ny fijerin' ny [[Malagasy]] fa mahery vaika ny firongatry ny kolikoly<ref name=":1" />.
==== Fitandroana ny filaminana sy fitsarana ====
Voasokajy ho anisan' ny mpanao kolikoly lehibe indrindra eto Madagasikara ny ao amin' ny fitandroana filaminana<ref name=":1" />, izay ahitana ny pôlisy sy ny zandarimariam-pirenena. Izany dia miseho amin' ny alalan' ny fitakiana tsolotra mba tsy hampiharana lamandy, amin' ny alalan' ny fisamborana tsy ara-dalàna na ny tsy fanohizana intsony ny fanadihadiana momba ny raharaha izay efa natakalo vola. Heverina ho tena ahitana mpanao kolikoly be ihany koa ny rafi-pitsarana<ref name=":1" />. Misy fiantraikany amin' ny [[didim-pitsarana]] sy amin' ny fanapahan-kevitra momba ny fanamelohana na ny famotsorana ny olona tsaraina izany<ref name=":0" /><ref><small>"[https://www.u4.no/publications/madagascars-specialised-anti-corruption-court-the-quest-to-end-impunity Madagascar’s specialised anti-corruption court: The quest to end impunity]", www.u4.no (21/10/2019)</small></ref>.
==== Fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana ====
Ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana amin' ny ankapobeny eto [[Madagasikara]] dia ahitana kolikoly. Ohatra, ny fahazoana antontan-taratasy ara-panjakana (fahazoan-dalana, [[kara-panondro]], sns.) dia mety hitarazoka na hitsahatra mihitsy raha tsy misy ny fandoavana [[tsolotra]]. Maro ny mpiasam-panjakana voarohirohy amin' ny fanodinkodinam-bola na fizahan-tavan' olona momba ny fanomezana [[tsenam-baro-panjakana]]<ref><small>"[https://www.pplaaf.org/cases/misappropriation-of-public-health-funds-in-madagascar.html? Misappropriation of Public Health Funds in Madagascar]", ''www.pplaaf.org''</small></ref>.
==== Fananan-tany ====
Mazàna no manjavozavo ny fifampiraharahana momba ny [[fananan-tany]] izay mora andairan' ny kolikoly, ka miteraka ady tany sy fakana tanin' olona an-keriny tsy ara-dalàna ary fanaovana hosoka ny antontan-taratasy<ref><small>"[https://engoo.com/app/daily-news/article/small-farmers-in-madagascar-say-chinese-investors-forced-them-to-sell-their-land-for-dirt-cheap/yfdCAEt8Eee8IAOR5NT5Ww? Small Farmers in Madagascar Say Chinese Investors Forced Them to Sell Their Land for Dirt Cheap]", ''engoo.com'' (15/06/2017)</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://globalvoices.org/2017/06/05/land-grabs-chinese-investors-madagascar/ Small Farmers in Madagascar Say Chinese Investors Forced Them to Sell Their Land for Dirt Cheap]", ''globalvoices.org'' ('''5/06/2017''')</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://mg.globalvoices.org/2017/06/06/101469/ Shinoa Mpampiasa Vola Manery Tantsaha Malagasy Hivarotra ny Taniny Amin'ny Ariary Fito]", ''mg.[[Global Voices amin'ny teny Malagasy|globalvoices]].org''</small></ref>. Mety ho sarotra sy andoavam-bola be ny fahazoana taratasin-tany noho ny kolikoly<ref><small>"[https://gret.org/en/the-challenges-of-land-governance-in-west-africa-and-madagascar/ The challenges of land governance in West Africa and Madagascar]", ''gret.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.privacyshield.gov/ps/article?id=Madagascar-corruption& Madagascar - Corruption]", ''www.privacyshield.gov''</small></ref>. Ny fanadihadiana nataon' ny [[Transparency International Initiative Madagascar]] tamin' ny taona 2023 no nahafantarana fa ny 43 % amin' ny olona nandray fepetra hiaro ny fananan-taniny dia niharan' ny kolikoly<ref><small>"[https://www.transparency.org/en/news/beautiful-land-corruption-discrimination-land-rights-sub-saharan-africa? This beautiful land; corruption, discrimination and land-rights in Sub-Saharan-Africa]", ''www.transparency.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/24.04.09_LO-RES-REV-THIS-BEAUTIFUL-LAND-LCD-REPORT.pdf? THIS BEAUTIFUL LAND Corruption, discrimination and land rights in Sub-Saharan Africa]", ''images.transparencycdn.org''</small></ref><ref name=":11" />. Anisan' ny fanao amin' izany ny [[tsolotra]], ny [[fanararaotam-pahefana]] ary ny fanodikodinam-pahefana ataon' ny mpiasan' ny [[fananan-tany]] sy ao amin' ny [[Kaominina eto Madagasikara|kaominina]] ary ny [[fokontany]]<ref name=":11"><small>"[https://www.transparency.mg/actualites/presentation-des-resultats-du-diagnostic-des-risques-et-de-perception-de-la-corruption-dans-les-processus-de-securisation-fonciere/ Corruption foncière à Madagascar: 43% des répondants en sont victimes]", ''www.transparency.mg''</small></ref>.
==== Fadintseranana ====
Ny kolikoly eny amin' ny [[fadintseranana]] dia miseho amin' ny alalan' ny fanombanana ambany ny entana, sy fanambaràna diso na fandoavam-bola tsy ara-dalàna, mba hanamorana ny fampidirana na fanondranana entana tsy ara-dalàna na tsy nanaovana fanambaràna<ref><small>"[https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp9489.pdf? Corruption in Customs]", ''www.ifo.de''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/detecting-tariff-evasion-low-income-countries-new-evidence-matched-transaction-level? Detecting tariff evasion in low-income countries: New evidence from matched transaction-level data]", ''cepr.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/developmenttalk/five-operational-lessons-new-research-corruption-customs? Five operational lessons from new research on corruption in customs]", ''blogs.worldbank.org''</small></ref>.
==== Fitrandrahana ny harena voajanahary ====
Ahitana fitrandrahana tsy ara-dalàna ny sehatry ny [[Loharanon-karena voajanahary|harena voajanahary]], toy ny fanapahana [[andramena]] sy ny fitrandrahana [[vatosoa]] ary ny [[Jono|fanjonoana]]. Izany dia matetika mifandray amin' ny kolikoly ataon' ny mpitondra fanjakana<ref><small>"[https://washmatters.wateraid.org/blog/mineral-rights-to-human-rights-capturing-madagascars-resource-wealth? Mineral rights to human rights: capturing Madagascar’s resource wealth to end water and sanitation poverty]", ''washmatters.wateraid.org''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://e360.yale.edu/features/madagascar-rosewood-singapore-trafficking? How Traffickers Got Away with the Biggest Rosewood Heist in History]", ''e360.yale.edu''</small></ref>. Na dia eo aza ny fandaniana [[fehezan-dalàna]] vaovao momba ny harena ankibon' ny tany tamin' ny taona 2023 izay mikendry ny hampitombo ny mangarahara, dia mbola simba ihany ny sehatra noho ny fahazoan-dalana tsy mazava sy ny kolikoly, izay manakivy ny mpampiasa vola matotra<ref name=":9" /><ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2024/06/28/a-madagascar-un-nouveau-code-d-extraction-miniere-pour-relancer-un-secteur-fige_6245091_3234.html A Madagascar, un nouveau code d’extraction minière pour relancer un secteur figé]", ''www.lemonde.fr''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2024/06/28/a-madagascar-ke-rafitoson-promue-nouvelle-vigie-de-l-extraction-miniere_6245070_3234.html? A Madagascar, Ke Rafitoson promue nouvelle vigie de l’extraction minière]", ''www.lemonde.fr''</small></ref>.
==== Fonja ====
Araka ny fanadihadiana natao tamin' ny taona 2024 dia manjaka ny kolikoly any amin' ny raharahan' ny fonja malagasy. Mitatitra ny voafonja fa tsy maintsy mandoa tsolotra mba hahazoana sakafo, famindrana fonja na fitsidihan' ny fianakaviana. Manamarina ireo fanao ireo ny mpiambina noho ny tsy fahampian' ny loharanon-karena sy ny faharatsian' ny tontolon' ny asa<ref><small>"[https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/mayotte/une-etude-sur-la-corruption-dans-les-prisons-a-madagascar-publiee-par-transparency-international-1483535.html Une étude sur la corruption dans les prisons à Madagascar publiée par Transparency International]", ''la1ere.francetvinfo.fr''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2024/03/22/predator-une-plainte-deposee-en-france-concernant-l-utilisation-du-logiciel-espion-a-madagascar_6223552_4408996.html Predator : une plainte déposée en France concernant l’utilisation du logiciel espion à Madagascar]", ''www.lemonde.fr''</small></ref>.
=== Sehatra tsy miankina ===
Eto [[Madagasikara]] dia miseho ao amin' ny sehatra tsy miankinahany koa ny [[kolikoly]], izay miteraka tsy rariny eo amin' ny fifaninanana sy mampihisatra ny fampiasam-bola ary manimba ny fitokisan' ny mpisehatra ara-toekarena<ref><small>"[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/madagascar-market-challenges? Madagascar market challenges]", ''www.trade.gov''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://baselgovernance.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/NCPA%20Paper%20Edition%202%20Update.pdf? Engaging the private sector in Collective Action against corruption]", ''baselgovernance.org''</small></ref>.
==== Kolikoly amin' ny samy tsy miankina ====
Mahazo ny orinasa tsy miankina ny [[kiantranoantrano]] sy ny fiangarana. Hita izany amin' ny fampidirana olona avy amin' ny fianakaviana na havan' ny olona manam-pahefana, ho mpiasa, izay tsy misy fijerena fahaiza-manao. Mazàna ny tompon' andrakitra sasany amin' ny orinasa eto Madagasikara no manao izany mba hahazoana tombony tsy ara-drariny<ref><small>"[https://www.transparency.org/en/press/transparency-international-calls-for-accountability-in-madagascars-lychee-market? Transparency International calls for accountability in Madagascar’s lychee market]", ''www.transparency.org'' (10/11/2022)</small></ref>. Mahazo ny sehatra ara-bola koa ny kolikoly, ohatra amin' izany ny [[famotsiam-bola]], ny fampindramam-bola misy hosoka na ny fanodinkodinana ny fitanana kaonty<ref name=":4" /><ref><small>"[https://pwyp.org/deep-concern-about-the-possible-prosecution-of-ketakandriana-rafitoson-in-madagascar/ Deep concern about the possible prosecution of Ketakandriana Rafitoson in Madagascar]", ''pwyp.org''</small></ref>.
==== Kolikoly miaraka amin' ny mpiasam-panjakana ====
Mety hiseho amin' ny fifampiraharahana ara-barotra ny [[kolikoly]], ohatra amin' ny alalan' ny fanondrotana ny vola voasoratra anaty faktiora, ny fanaovana faktiora sandoka na fandoavam-bola tsy ara-dalàna. Mety hotombanana ambany ny vidin' entany na hisy hosoka ny taratasin' ny [[fadintseranana]] mba hahatonga ny orinasa mpanafatra sy mpanondrana entana tsy handoa haban-tseranana. Mety hiakatra anefa ny saran' ny fandraharahana noho izany fanao izany, izay mety hiteraka fatiantoka.
Mety handoa [[tsolotra]] amin' ny mpiasam-panjakana ny orinasa mba hahazoana fifanarahana, fahazoan-dàlana na fanomezan-dàlana. Azon' izy ireo atao ihany koa ny mandoa vola miafina amin' ny mpifaninana mba hanodinana ny antso ho an' ny tolo-bidy na ho fizaràna ny tsena. Miteraka tsy fampiharana ny fitsipiky ny fifaninanana sady manimba ny orinasa tsy mampiasa fomba tsy ara-dalàna izany kolikoly izany.
== Vokatry ny kolikoly ==
Miteraka fanodinkodinana ny harem-bahoaka, izay tokony hampiasaina hamatsiana ny tetikasa fampandrosoana eto Madagasikara, ny [[kolikoly]]. Mampitombo ny tsy fitoviana ara-tsôsialy ity fanao mamohehatra ity satria mampitombo ny haren' olom-bitsy izay mampahantra ny sarambabem-bahoaka. Miteraka fahapotehan' ny asa sahanin' ny fanjakana ho an' ny daholobe ny kolikoly, anisan' ireo asa ireo ny fahasalamana, ny [[Fanabeazana eto Madagasikara|fanabeazana]] ary ny famatsiana [[angovo]] sy [[rano]]. Ity fanao ity koa dia mampikorosy fahana ny [[fanjakana tan-dalàna]] ary mampihena ny fitokisan' ny olom-pirenena ny fanjakana sy ny andrim-panjakana ao aminy.
=== Fiantraikany eo amin' ny toekarena ===
==== Vato misakana ny fitomboana ara-toekarena ====
Eto Madagasikara dia manakivy ny fampiasam-bola avy any ivelany sy eto an-toerana ny [[kolikoly]] satria miteraka tontolo tsy azo antoka sy tsy azo atokisana. Ny orinasa dia misalasala hampiasa ny volany amin' ny sehatra tsy ahitana fitsipi-dalao mazava fa matetika mitaky fanaovana kolikoly mba hahazoana fifanarahana na fahazoan-dalana. Araka ny fanadihadiana natao dia mety hihena 0,5 % hatramin' ny 1 % isan-taona ny fitomboan' ny [[toekaren' i Madagasikara]] vokatry ny kolikoly.
==== Fanodinkodinana ny fampiasam-bolam-panjakana ====
Ny volam-panjakana natao hanomezana tolotra tena ilaina ho an' ny [[Malagasy (vahoaka)|vahoaka malagasy]] ([[fanabeazana]], [[fahasalamana]], [[fotodrafitrasa]]) dia lasa tombontsoa samirerin' ny mpanao kolikoly. Miteraka fiharatsian' ny asam-panjakana sy tsy fahampian' ny fampiasam-bola amin' ny [[fotodrafitrasa]] ilaina amin' ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena izany.
==== Fidangan' ny fandaniana ====
Ny kolikoly dia miteraka fandaniana fanampiny ho an' ny orinasa eto Madagasikara, izay tsy maintsy mandoa [[tsolotra]] na mizaka fatiantoka mifandray amin' ny kolikoly. Miantraika amin' ny vidin' ny entana sy amin' ny tolotra izany fandaniana fanampiny izany, izay misy fiantraikany amin' ny fahefa-mividin' ny mpanjifa.
==== Fanodinkodinana ny fifaninanana ====
Ny kolikoly dia mandiso ny fitsipika mifehy ny tsena ary manimba ny orinasa manao ny marina izay tsy mampiasa fomba tsy ara-dalàna. Miteraka tontolom-pandraharahana anjakan' ny fanahiana sy ny tsy rariny izany ary manimba ny fahafahan' ny [[Toekaren' i Madagasikara|toekarena malagasy]] hiatrika fifaninanana.
==== Fihenan' ny vola miditra amin' ny fanjakana ====
Mampihena ny fidiram-bolan' ny fanjakana malagasy ny kolikoly, indrindra ny fampidiram-bola amin' ny alalan' ny [[fadintseranana]] sy ny [[hetra]]. Izany dia mampihena ny loharanon-karena azo amatsiana ny fandaniam-bolam-panjakana sy ny fandaharan' asam-pampandrosoana.
=== Fiantraikany eo amin' ny lafiny ara-tsôsialy ===
==== Fahantrana sy tsy fitoviana ====
Ny kolikoly dia mampitombo ny [[Fahantrana eto Madagasikara|fahantran' ny vahoaka malagasy]] sy ny tsy fitoviana ara-tsôsialy noho io fanao io miteraka fanodikodinana ny loharanon-karena natokana ho an' ny marefo indrindra ary mametra ny fidirana amin' ny tolotra fototra ([[Fanabeazana eto Madagasikara|fanabeazana]], [[fahasalamana]], [[fotodrafitrasa]]).
==== Fiharatsian' ny asam-panjakana ====
Eto Madagasikara, ny kolikoly dia misy fiantraikany amin' ny kalitao sy ny fahafaha-misitraka ny asa atolotry ny fanjakana ho an' ny daholobe, toy ny [[Fanabeazana eto Madagasikara|fanabeazana]], ny [[fahasalamana]], ny fampanjakana ny rariny ary ny fahazoana [[rano]] sy [[herinaratra]]. Ny faraidiny indrindra sy ny any ambanivohitra no tena iharan' izany fomba fiasa ratsy izany.
==== Fahasimban' ny fahatokisana ny andrim-panjakana ====
Manimba ny fitokisan' ny olom-pirenena malagasy ny andrim-panjakana sy ny tompon' andraiki-panjakana ny kolikoly. Mampihena ny [[demôkrasia]] izany sady mampitombo ny tsy fahamarinan-toerana ara-pôlitika sy ara-tsôsialy. Miteraka fahakiviana noho ny fahatsapana tsy rariny sy tsimatimanota ny kolikoly, satria matetika no tsy voasazy ny mpanao kolikoly. Manakivy ny olom-pirenena tsy hanao tatitra momba ny kolikoly izany toe-javatra izany.
=== Fiantraikany ara-pôlitika ===
Lalina ny voka-dratsin' ny kolikoly eto Madagasikara ary miteraka tsy fahamarinan-toeran' ny fitondram-panjakana sy fahalemen' ny andrim-panjakana demôkratika.
==== Tsy fahamarinan-toeran' ny fitondrana sy krizy pôlitika ====
Mety hiteraka krizy pôlitika lehibe ny kolikoly, indrindra rehefa olona ambony mpanao pôlitika no voasaringotra. Manimba ny fitokisan' ny vahoaka ny mpitondra sy ny andrim-panjakana ny tantara manafintohina momba ny kolikoly, izay mety hitarika amin' ny fanaovana fihetsiketsehana ara-pôlitika sy ara-tsôsialy, eny fa hatramin' ny fanovana fitondrana aza. Nisongadinan' ny tsy fahamarin-toeran' ny fitondrana mifandray amin' ny raharaha kolikoly ny [[tantaran' i Madagasikara]].
==== Fihalemen' ny fanjakana tan-dalàna ====
Manimba ny fototry ny [[fanjakana tan-dalàna]] ny kolikoly. Rehefa tsy ampiharina araka ny tokony ho izy ny lalàna, ary rehefa ny andrim-panjakana tompon' andraikitra amin' ny fampiharana ny lalàna no manao kolikoly, dia voahitsakitsaka ny filaminana ara-pitsarana. Manamafy an' izany toe-javatra izany ny [[tsimatimanota]] sitrahin' ny mpanao kolikoly sady mampaharitra an' ilay fomba fanao eto Madagasikara.
==== Tsy fanekena ny maha ara-dalàna ny fahefam-panjakana ====
Mampihena ny fahatokisan' ny [[Zom-pirenena malagasy|olom-pirenena]] ny andrim-panjakana sy ny solontenam-panjakana ny [[kolikoly]]. Rehefa hitan' ny olom-pirenena malagasy fa miasa ho an' ny tombontsoany manokana ny mpitondra fa tsy ho an' ny tombontsoa iombonana, dia miseho ny tsy fatokiana ny maha ara-dalàna ny fitondrana. Izany dia mety hitarika amin' ny tsy fandraisana anjaran' ny olom-pirenena amin' ny raharaham-pirenena, amin' ny fahakelezan' ny taham-pahavitrihana amin' ny fiifidianana, ary amin' ny tsy fahatokisana ny mpano pôlitika.
==== Kiantranoantrano sy fizahan-tavan' olona ====
Ny [[kolikoly]] dia mampiroborobo ny fomba fanao misy [[kiantranoantrano]] sy ny [[fizahan-tavan' olona]], izay miteraka fitsinjarana toerana sy tombontsoa mifototra amin' ny fifandraisana amin' ny tena manokana sy ny fifanohanana ara-pôlitika fa tsy amin' ny fahaiza-manao sy ny fahamendrehan' ilay olona omena toerana. Manimba ny fahombiazan' ny fitantanan-draharaham-panjakana eto Madagasikara izany ary manamafy ny tsy fitovian-jon' ny olom-pirenena malagasy.
==== Fiantraikany amin' ny zotram-pifidianana ====
Misy fiantraikany amin' ny fifidianana ny kolikoly, ohatra amin' ny alalan' ny fividianana vato, fanodinkodinana ny lisi-pifidianana na fampiasana ny volam-bahoaka mba hanaovana [[fampielezan-kevitra]]. Manimba ny fahamarinan' ny fifidianana sy tsy maha marina ny fisoloan-tena [[Demôkrasia|demôkratika]] izany.
==== Fanjakana lasa fitaovan' olom-bitsy ====
Amin' ny tranga ratsy indrindra, ny [[kolikoly]] dia mety haha lasa fananan' olom-bitsy (orinasa matanjaka, vondron' olona manan-karena, sns) ny fanjakana, izay ampiasan' ny vondron' olona ho amin' ny tombotsoany manokana amin' ny alalan' ny fifehezany ny andrim-panjakana sy ny pôlitikam-panjakana. Manimba ny ezaka ho amin' ny fiarovana ny tombontsoanm-bahoaka izany ary manimba ny fampandrosoana ny firenena malagasy.
==== Fahasarotan' ny fampiharana ny pôlitikam-panjakana ====
Manakana ny fampiharana mahomby ny pôlitikam-panjakana ny kolikoly. Voahodinkodina ny vola atokana ho an' ny tetikasa fampandrosoana; azo amin' ny fomba tsy ara-dalàna ny fifanarahana arak' asa amin' ny fanjakana, ary tsy mahomby ny asa ataon' ny sampan-draharaham-panjakana anjakan' ny kolikoly eto Madagasikara.
=== Fiantraika eo amin' ny tontolo iainana ===
Misy fiantraikany ratsy eo amin' ny [[tontolo iainana eto Madagasikara]] ny kolikoly satria ny fahazoana tombony amin' ny fotoana fohy no laharam-pahamehana ho an' ny mpanao kolikoly fa tsy ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana sy ny fampandrosoana maharitra.
==== Fandripahana ala sy fanondranana tsy ara-dalàna ny hazo sarobidy ====
Manamora ny famoronana fanomezan-dàlana tsy ara-dalàna hitrandraka hazo any anaty ala ny kolikoly eto Madagasikara, ka ahafahan' ny orinasa na olon-tsotra manao fitrandrahana tafahoatra, indrindra ny [[andramena]], izay karazan-kazo tena sarobidy. Mahatonga ny fandrobana ny loharanon-karena ao anaty ala ny tsy fahampian' ny fanaraha-maso sy ny firaisana tsikombakomba ataon' ny mpanao kolikoly.
Mahatonga ny faharavan' ny toeram-ponenan' ny karazam-biby tsy fahita raha tsy eto [[Madagasikara]] ny [[fandripahana ala]], izay matetika mahazo alalana noho ny fanaovana kolikoly, izany dia mandrahona ny fisian' ny karazan-javamananaina miavaka sy tsy manam-paharoa eto amin' ny Nosy. Matetika koa ny kolikoly no manam-pifandraisana amin' ny [[doro tanety]] an-tsitrapo izay atao mba hanadiovana ny tany hanaovana [[fambolena]] na hanamora ny [[fitrandrahana ala]] tsy ara-dalàna. Misy fiantraikany lehibe eo amin' ny [[tontolo iainana]] izany fandoroana ala izany ary manampy trotraka [[fiovan' ny toetany]].
==== Fanondranana karazan-javamananaina arovana ====
Ny kolikoly dia mamela ny fihazana tsy ara-dalàna ny biby sy ny zavamaniry arovana, toy ny [[sokatra]], ny [[gidro]] sy ny [[varika]] ary ny karazan-javamaniry tsy fahita firy maro samihafa eto Madagasikara. Manome tsolotra ho an' ny mpiasan' ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana, ny mpiasan' ny [[fadintseranana]] ary ny manampahefana eny ifotony ny tambajotran' ny mpanondrana entana tsy ara-dalàna mba hanamora ny fivarotana ireo karazam-biby ireo. Loza mitatao ho an' ny fahaveloman' ny karazan-javamananaina maro izany fanondranana sy fivarotana tsy ara-dalàna izany.
==== Fitrandrahana tsy ara-dalàna ====
Ny kolikoly dia mampiroborobo ny fitrandrahana tsy ara-dalàna ny [[Fitrandrahana harena an-kibon' ny tany eto Madagasikara|harena an-kibon' ny tany eto Madagasikara]], toy ny [[volamena]], tsy misy fanajana ny fenitra ara-tontolo iainana. Manimba ny [[tontolo iainana]] sy mandoto ny [[Nofon-tany|tany]] sy ny [[rano]] ary miteraka vokatra ratsy (tsy fahasalamana, sns) ho an' ny mponina akaiky an' ilay toeram-pitrandrahana izany toe-javatra izany.
==== Fahalemen' ny fepetra fiarovana ny tontolo iainana ====
Misy fiantraikany amin' ny andrim-panjakana isan-karazany miandraikitra ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana eto Madagasikara ny kolikoly, amin' ny alalan' ny fanodinkodinam-bola, ny fanalefahana ny fanaraha-maso ary ny fampahazoana laka ny [[tsimatimanota]]. Misy fiantraikany amin' ny fanapahan-kevitra ara-pôlitika sy ara-pitantanana momba ny tontolo iainana koa ny kolikoly, amin' ny alalan' ny fanomezana tombontsoa ho an' ny olom-bitsy sy tsy firaharahana ny tombontsoam-bahoaka ary tsy fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.
== Ady amin' ny kolikoly ==
Sarotra ny miady amin' ny [[kolikoly]] eto [[Madagasikara]] noho ny tsy fahampian' ny finiavana pôlitika izay tokony hatanjaka sy haharitra. Manampy trotraka koa ny fanoherana ataon' ny tambajotra mpanao kolikoly amin' ny alalan' ny fametrahany paikady fiarovan-tena sy fitazonany ny tombontsoany. Na dia izany aza dia hetsika maro no efa natao hiadiana amin' ny kolikoly, ka mahakasika ny rafi-pitsarana sy ny [[lalàna]] ary ny andrim-panjakana sy ny fiaraha-miasa iraisam-pirenena izany.
=== Fanamafisana ny lalàna sy ny andrim-panjakana ===
==== Fandaniana lalàna sy famoahana fitsipi-pifehezana ====
Lalàna maro no nolanin' ny [[Antenimieran' i Madagasikara|Antenimiera malagas]]<nowiki/>y ho fisorohana sy ho famaizana ny [[kolikoly]]. Anisan' izany ny [[lalàna]] momba ny ady amin' ny kolikoly sy amin' ny [[famotsiam-bola]] ary amin' ny famatsiam-bola ny [[Fampihorohoroana|asa fampihorohoroana]]. Mikendry ny hanasokajiana ny fanaovana kolikoly ho heloka bevava ireo lalàna ireo, hanamafisana ny fahefan' ny andrim-panjakana tompon' andraikitra amin' ny ady amin' ny kolikoly ary hametraka rafi-piaraha-miasa iraisam-pirenena.
Ankoatra ireo lalàna voalaza etsy ambony ireo (ady amin' ny kolikoly, famotsiam-bola, sns.), dia zava-dehibe ny anasongadinana ny fandraisana rijantenin-dalàna manokana momba ny [[tsenam-baro-panjakana]] sy ny fitantanana ny volam-panjakana ary ny fahazoan' ny olom-pirenena vaovao. Mikendry ny handamina ny fomba fiasa sy hanamafisana ny mangarahara ireo rijanteny ireo.
==== Famoronana andrim-panjakana manokana ====
Andrim-panjakana maromaro no natsangana eto Madagasikara mba hiadiana amin' ny kolikoly, anisan' izany ny [[Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption]] (na [[BIANCO]]), ny [[Cour des Comptes]] ary ny [[Cellule de Renseignement Financier]] (CRF) na [[Cellule Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières]] (CENTIF). Ny BIANCO no fototra ao amin' ny rafitra miady amin' ny kolikoly. Nohamafisina ny andraikiny nandritra ny taona maro, izany dia nanome azy fahefana hanao fanadihadiana sy fanenjehana. Na izany aza dia mbola olana hatrany ny tsy tena fananany fahaleovan-tena sy ny tsy fahampian' ny ho enti-manana hampandehanany ny asany.
Mitana anjara toerana lehibe eo amin' ny fanaraha-maso ny volam-panjakana ny Cour des Comptes, ka noho izany dia zava-dehibe amin' ny fisorohana ny kolikoly eo amin' ny fitantanana ny volam-panjakana ny fanamafisana sy ny fahaleovan-tenany. Tompon' andraikitra amin' ny ady amin' ny [[famotsiam-bola]] sy ny famatsiam-bola ny fampihorohoroana ny CENTIF, koa zava-dehibe ny hetsika ataony amin' ny famantarana ny vola tsy ara-dalàna mifandray amin' ny kolikoly.
=== Paikadim-pirenena sy pôlitika isan-tsehatra ===
==== Paikady nasionaly hiadiana amin' ny kolikoly (''Stratégie Nationale de Lutte Contre la Corruption'', SNLCC) ====
Namaritra paikady lehibe ny [[Paikady Nasionaly hiadiana amin' ny kolikoly]] 2015-2025, anisan' izany ny fisorohana, ny famaizana, ny fanentanana ary ny fiaraha-miasa iraisam-pirenena. Niteraka fandrosoana izany, indrindra amin' ny fametrahana ny fenitra ara-dalàna sy andrim-panjakana hisahana ny ady amin' ny kolikoly eto Madagasikara. Ny SNLCC (2024-2028), izay novolavolaina ankehitriny miaraka amin' ny fanohanan' ny [[Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoana|Programme des Nations unies pour le développement]] ([[PNUD]]), dia mikendry ny hanambatra ny zava-bita sy hanamafy ny fahombiazan' ny ady amin' ny kolikoly.
==== Pôlitika isan-tsehatra ====
Maro ny ezaka natao teto Madagasikara hampidirana ny ady amin' ny kolikoly ao amin' ny pôlitika isan-tsehatra, indrindra eo amin' ny sehatry ny [[tsenam-baro-panjakana]], ny [[fadintseranana]], ny fitantanam-bolam-panjakana ary ny fitantanana ny harena voajanahary. Izany dia notanterahina amin' ny fametrahana fomba fiasa [[Fangaraharana|mangarahara]] sy rafitra fanaraha-maso ary fitsipi-pitondrantena.
=== Fametrahana mangaraharana sy tamberin' andraikitra ===
==== Fanambaràm-pananana ====
Fitaovana lehibe amin' ny fisorohana ny [[kolikoly]] sy ny fanodinkodinana ny volam-panjakana ny adidy momba ny fanambaràm-pananana izay tokony hataon' ny mpiasam-panjakana malagasy ambony. Na izany aza dia mbola sarotra ny fampiharana izany sy ny fanaraha-maso ny fanambaràna.
==== Fanajana ny zo hahazo vaovao ====
Nahitana fandrosoana ny fanajana ny zon' ny olom-pirenena hahazo vaovao, saingy mila ezaka fanampiny mba hiantohana ny tena [[fangaraharana]] amin' ny fitantanana ny raharaham-panjakana.
==== Fandraisana anjaran' ny fiarahamonim-pirenena ====
Manana anjara toerana lehibe amin' ny ady amin' ny kolikoly ny [[fiarahamonim-pirenena]] eto Madagasikara. Amporisihina ny fandraisany anjara amin' ny alalan' ny fifampidinihana sy ny fanaraha-maso ary ny fitorohana.
=== Fiaraha-miasa iraisam-pirenena ===
==== Fiaraha-miasa iraisam-pirenena ====
Ny tetikasa toa izay natomboky ny [[United States Agency for International Development]] ([[USAID]]) tamin' ny taona 2021 dia nikendry ny hiady amin' ny [[kolikoly]] sy amin' ny fanondranana an-tsokosoko ny karazam-biby avy eto Madagasikara mankany ivelany<ref><small>"[https://www.usaid.gov/madagascar/press-release/nov-15-2021-us-government-launches-new-project-combat-corruption-and-wildlife-trafficking-madagascar U.S. Government Launches New Project to Combat Corruption and Wildlife Trafficking in Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://www.usaid.gov/madagascar/press-release/nov-15-2021-us-government-launches-new-project-combat-corruption-and-wildlife-trafficking-madagascar |date=20250107154529 }}", ''<nowiki>https://www.usaid.gov</nowiki>''</small></ref>. Manohana an' i [[Madagasikara]] amin' ny ady amin' ny kolikoly ny mpiara-miombona antoka iraisam-pirenena maro, anisan' izany ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] (amin' ny alalan' ny [[Fandaharan' Asan' ny Firenena Mikambana ho an' ny Fampandrosoana|PNUD]] sy ny [[Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime]] ([[ONUDC]])), ny [[Vondrona Afrikana]] (''Union Africaine''), ny [[Banky Maneran-Tany]] (''Banque Mondiale''), ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana]] (''Union Européenne'') ary ny [[Fikambanana Iraisam-Pirenen' ny Frankôfônia|Vondron-Tany Miteny Frantsay]] (''[[Organisation internationale de la francophonie]]'' na ''[[OIF]]''). Manome fanohanana ara-teknika sy ara-bola ireo mpiara-miombona antoka ireo mba hanamafisana ny fahaiza-manaon' ny andrim-panjakana sy hampiharana ny hetsika enti-miady amin' ny kolikoly. Ny OIF, ohatra, dia nanangana tetikasa "Ady amin' ny kolikoly mampiasa fomba fiasa mifototra amin' ny Zon' Olombelona" ("''Lutte contre la corruption selon une approche basée sur les Droits de l'Homme"'').
==== Fikambanana ao amin' ny fifanarahana iraisam-pirenena ====
Nanatevin-daharana amin' ny fifanarahana iraisam-pirenena miady amin' ny [[kolikoly]] i [[Madagasikara]], toy ny [[Fifanarahan' ny Firenena Mikambana Miady amin' ny Kolikoly]] (''Convention des Nations unies contre la corruption'') sy ny [[Fifanarahan' ny Vondrona Afrikanina momba ny Fisorohana sy ny Ady amin' ny Kolikoly]] (''Convention de l'Union africaine sur la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption''). Izany dia manery ny fanjakana malagasy hampihatra ny fepetra voalazan' ireo fifanarahana ireo sy hiara-miasa amin' ny firenena hafa amin' ny ady amin' ny kolikoly.
=== Mbola betsaka ny fanamby lehibe ===
==== Ho enti-manana sy fahaleovan-tenan' ny andrim-panjakana ====
Indraindray dia tsy ampy ny vola sy ny olona tokony hampiasain' ny [[BIANCO]] sy ny [[Cour des Comptes]] ka tsy ahafahany manatanteraka an-tsakany sy an-davany ny iraka ampanovina azy eto Madagasikara. Tokony hohamafisina noho izany ny fahaleovan-tenan’ izy ireo mba tsy hibaikoan' ny fahefana ara-pôlitika azy.
==== Fitarazohan' ny fitsarana sy tsy fahombiazany ====
Sakana lehibe amin' ny ady amin' ny kolikoly sy amin' ny fisian' ny [[tsimatimanota]] eto Madagasikara ny fitarazohan' ny fomba fiasan' ny fitsarana sy ny tsy fahampian' ny ho enti-manana ao aminy. Tsy voatsara ara-potoana ny raharaha misy kolikoly ary zara raha mihatra ny sazy ka mahatonga ny [[fiarahamonina]] hahatsapa ny fanjakan' ny tsimatimanota.
==== Kolontsaina zatra tsimatimanota sy fandeferan' ny fiarahamonina ====
Mbola mitohy ny fandeferan' ny fiarahamonina malagasy ny endrika [[kolikoly]] sasany sy ny kolontsaina zatra ny fisian' ny [[tsimatimanota]], ka manasarotra ny fitorohana sy fanasaziana ny fanaovana kolikoly.
== Jereo koa ==
* [[Kolikoly]] - [[tsolotra]]
* ''[[Françafrique]]''
* [[Halatra omby eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Kolikoly an-dalambe eto Madagasikara]]
* [[Transparency International|''Transparency International'']]
* [[Fitsarana]]
* [[Fanjakana tan-dalàna]] - [[tamberin' andraikitra]] - [[fangaraharana]] -
* [[Fanararaotam-pahefana]] - [[tsimatimanota]] - [[fizahan-tavan' olona]] - [[kiantranoantrano]] - [[famotsiam-bola]] -
* [[Didim-pitsarana]]
* [[Tsenam-baro-panjakana]]
* [[Fananan-tany]]
* [[Andramena]] (''[[Dalbergia]]'') - [[angonoka]] - [[tanalahy]] - [[Harena voajanahary]] - [[Valan-javaboarim-pirenena]] - [[Faritra arovana]]
* [[Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption]] (na [[BIANCO]]) - [[Cour des Comptes]] - [[Cellule de Renseignement Financier]] (CRF) na [[Cellule Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières]] (CENTIF) - [[Pôles Anti-Corruption]] (PAC)
* [[Stratégie Nationale de Lutte Contre la Corruption]] -
* [[Programme des Nations unies pour le développement]] ([[PNUD]]) - ny [[United States Agency for International Development]] ([[USAID]]) - [[Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime]] ([[ONUDC]]) -
* [[Fifanarahan' ny Firenena Mikambana Miady amin' ny Kolikoly]] (''Convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption'') - [[Fifanarahan' ny Vondrona Afrikanina momba ny Fisorohana sy ny Ady amin' ny Kolikoly]] (''Convention de l'Union Africaine sur la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption'').
== Rohy ivelany ==
* "[https://www.u4.no/publications/tude-de-la-corruption-et-des-mesures-anti-corruption-madagascar Étude de la corruption et des mesures anti-corruption à Madagascar]", ''www.u4.no,'' 9 March 2021.
* "[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/mg/MG2022_Tolotsoa_Guide-LCC-pour-les-jeunes-VF.pdf Guide de la lutte contre la corruption pour les jeunes à Madagascar]", ''www.undp.org''
* "[https://www.presidence.gov.mg/19-a-la-une/63-la-lutte-contre-la-corruption.html La lutte contre la corruption] {{Wayback|url=https://www.presidence.gov.mg/19-a-la-une/63-la-lutte-contre-la-corruption.html |date=20241213102520 }}", ''www.presidence.gov.mg'', 06-12-2024
* "[[google:corruption+à+Madagascar&oq=corruption+à+Madagascar&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyCQgAEEUYORiABDIICAEQABgWGB4yCAgCEAAYFhgeMggIAxAAGBYYHjIICAQQABgWGB4yCAgFEAAYFhgeMggIBhAAGBYYHjIICAcQABgWGB4yCAgIEAAYFhgeMggICRAAGBYYHtIBCDg0NjBqMGo5qAIAsAIB&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|Evaluation de lutte contre corruption]]", ''www.undp.org'', 11 juin 2012
* "[https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/Factsheet%20SFF%20Bianco%20frz%20100276.html.pdf Renforcement des Institutions de Lutte contre la Corruption à Madagascar]", ''www.giz.de''
* "[https://actu.orange.mg/bilan-negatif-de-la-lutte-contre-la-corruption-a-madagascar/ Bilan négatif de la lutte contre la corruption à Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://actu.orange.mg/bilan-negatif-de-la-lutte-contre-la-corruption-a-madagascar/ |date=20241213125554 }}", ''actu.orange.mg'', 26 octobre 2024
* "[https://actu.orange.mg/le-phenomene-de-la-corruption-a-madagascar-persiste-a-un-niveau-eleve/ Le phénomène de la corruption à Madagascar persiste à un niveau élevé] {{Wayback|url=https://actu.orange.mg/le-phenomene-de-la-corruption-a-madagascar-persiste-a-un-niveau-eleve/ |date=20240908023722 }}", ''actu.orange.mg'', 19 aout 2024.
* "[https://newsmada.com/2024/08/06/kolikoly-eto-madagasikara-lohalisitra-ireo-minisitera-fototra/ Kolikoly eto Madagasikara: lohalisitra ireo minisitera fototra]", ''newsmada.com'', 6 août 2024
* "[https://www.moov.mg/actualite/91972-ady-aminny-kolikoly-hiara-hiasa-ny-antenimierampirenena-sy-ny-bianco Ady amin’ ny kolikoly: Hiara-hiasa ny Antenimierampirenena sy ny BIANCO]", ''www.moov.mg'', 31 octobre 2024
* "[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/actualites/kolikoly-eto-madagasikara-manapotika-ny-toekarena-sy-sosialim-bahoaka-15827.php Kolikoly eto Madagasikara Manapotika ny toekarena sy sosialim-bahoaka] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/actualites/kolikoly-eto-madagasikara-manapotika-ny-toekarena-sy-sosialim-bahoaka-15827.php |date=20241213104615 }}", ''www.tiatanindrazana.mg'', 30 décembre 2014
* "[https://www.moov.mg/article/87159-jalcc-manam-piniavana-hiady-aminny-kolikoly-i-madagasikara JALCC: Manam-piniavana hiady amin’ ny kolikoly i Madagasikara]", ''www.moov.mg'', 11 juillet 2024
* "[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/mg/MG2022_Tolotsoa_Guide-LCC-pour-les-jeunes-VM.pdf-.pdf Torohay ho an’ ny tanora mikasika ny ady amin’ ny kolikoly eto Madagasikara]" (pdf), ''www.undp.org''
* "[https://newsmada.com/2023/12/26/ady-aminny-kolikoly-olana-ny-toe-tsaina-sy-ny-fisianny-tsy-maty-manota-hoy-i-hanitrantenaina/ Ady amin’ ny kolikoly: olana ny toe-tsaina sy ny fisian’ ny tsy maty manota, hoy i Hanitrantenaina]", ''newsmada.com'', 26 décembre 2023
* "[http://mtp.gov.mg/ny-momba-ny-kolikoly Ny momba ny kolikoly] {{Wayback|url=http://mtp.gov.mg/ny-momba-ny-kolikoly |date=20241213142223 }}", ''mtp.gov.mg''
* "[https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/politique/repoblikan-ny-tsolotra-19657.php Repoblikan' ny tsolotra] {{Wayback|url=https://www.tiatanindrazana.mg/politique/repoblikan-ny-tsolotra-19657.php |date=20241213124933 }}", ''www.tiatanindrazana.m''g, 01 octobre 2015
* "[https://midi-madagasikara.mg/isotry-vehivavy-roa-md-saika-hanome-tsolotra/ Isotry: Vehivavy roa MD, saika hanome tsolotra]", ''midi-madagasikara.mg'', 21 décembre 2023
* "[https://newsmada.com/2024/07/17/tsy-maintsy-vola-ve/ Tsy maintsy vola ve ?]", ''newsmada.com'', 17 juillet 2024
* "[https://www.malina.mg/Mlg/mpanamboatra-pasipaoro-belza-iray-nandoa-tsolotra-hahazahoana-tsenambarompanjakana-teto-madagasikara/ Mpanamboatra pasipaoro belza iray nandoa tsolotra hahazahoana tsenambarompanjakana teto Madagasikara] {{Wayback|url=https://www.malina.mg/Mlg/mpanamboatra-pasipaoro-belza-iray-nandoa-tsolotra-hahazahoana-tsenambarompanjakana-teto-madagasikara/ |date=20220706164405 }}", ''www.malina.mg'', 10 September 2020
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20250624032241/https://forum.serasera.org/forum/message/m3f3e591494066?page=2 Tsolotra]", ''forum.serasera.org'', 14/12/2003
* "[https://www.madagate.org/politique-madagascar/chronique/7648-madagascar-corruption-plus-on-en-parle-plus-elle-persiste-et-se-multiplie.html Madagascar Corruption. Plus on en parle, plus elle persiste et se multiplie] {{Wayback|url=https://www.madagate.org/politique-madagascar/chronique/7648-madagascar-corruption-plus-on-en-parle-plus-elle-persiste-et-se-multiplie.html |date=20241213232450 }}", ''www.madagate.org'', 18 Novembre 2020
* "[https://www.lagazette-dgi.com/p-4313.html Inty sy Nday: Tena madio ve ... ?]", ''www.lagazette-dgi.com'', 20 février 2018
* "[https://www.transparency.mg/ipc/ Indice de Perception de la Corruption 2023] {{Wayback|url=https://www.transparency.mg/ipc/ |date=20241213204129 }}", ''www.transparency.mg''
* "[https://www.zinfos974.com/un-milliardaire-malgache-dans-le-viseur-du-pnf/ Un milliardaire malgache dans le viseur du PNF]", ''www.zinfos974.com''
== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
[[Sokajy:Kolikoly]]
[[Sokajy:Kolontsaina malagasy]]
3vdwlutajq5fe0vv8nz3d4dhhvw9cnl
Sansevieria
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Karazana Sansevieria misy eto Madagasikara
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[[Sary:Sansevieria_trifasciata_Colombia.jpg|thumb|''Sansevieria trifasciata'' na ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]''|398x398px]]
Ny '''''Sansevieria''''' dia vondron-karazan-javamaniry mamony, ao amin' ny filaharana [[Asparagales]], izay efa lany andro.
== Fanasokajiana ==
Anisan' ny fianakaviana ''[[Liliaceae]]'' teo aloha (na ny fianakaviana ''[[Dracaenaceae]]'' izay lasa zana-pianakavian' ny ''[[Convallarioideae]]'' ankehitriny) ny ''Sansevieria'' araka ny [[Fanasokajiana klasika]]. Araka ny [[fanasokajiana filôjenetika]], ity karazana ity dia voasokajy ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Ruscaceae]]'', saingy tamin' ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]] (2009) dia nanjary tsy manan-kery ity fianakaviana ity. Ao amin' ny [[fanasokajiana APG III]], ny ''Sansevieria'' dia napetraka ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Asparagaceae]]''. Teratany aty [[Afrika]], indrindra fa eto [[Madagasikara]], ary any [[Azia Atsimo]], izy io, tafiditra ao anatin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Dracaena]]'' noho ny fandalinana molekiola filôjenetika.
== Karazana ==
=== Lisitra notsongaina ===
[[Sary:Sansevieria ehrenbergii clusters.jpg|vignette|''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' ]]
Vondrona efa tsy manan-kery ny ''Sansevieria'' na dia mbola misy ny mpanoratra mampiasa ireto anarana tanisaina manaraka ireto:
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' <small>Cornu ex Gérôme & Labroy</small> → ''Dracaena arborescens'' <small>(Cornu ex Gérôme & Labroy) Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' <small>Carrière</small> → ''Dracaena bagamoyensis'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' → ''Dracaena ballyi''
* ''Sansevieria carnea'' <small>Andrews</small> → ''Reineckea carnea'' <small>(Andrews) Kunth</small>
* ''Sansevieria cylindrica'' <small>Bojer ex Hook.</small> → ''Dracaena angolensis'' <small>(Welw. ex Carrière) Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' <small>Schweinf. ex Baker</small> → ''Dracaena hanningtonii'' <small>Baker</small>
* ''Sansevieria eilensis'' <small>Chahin.</small> → ''Dracaena eilensis'' <small>(Chahin.) Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''Sansevieria fischeri'' <small>Baker</small> → ''Dracaena fischeri''
* ''Sansevieria kirkii'' <small>Baker</small> → ''Dracaena pethera'' <small>Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''Sansevieria masoniana'' <small>Chahin</small> → ''Dracaena masoniana'' <small>(Chahin.) Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''Sansevieria pinguicula'' <small>P.R.O.Bally</small> → ''Dracaena pinguicula'' <small>(P.R.O.Bally) Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''Sansevieria stuckyi'' <small>God.-Leb. ex Gérôme & Labroy</small> → ''Dracaena stuckyi'' <small>(God.-Leb.) Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''Sansevieria suffruticosa'' <small>N.E.Br.</small> → ''Dracaena suffruticosa'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''Sansevieria trifasciata'' <small>Prain</small> → ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' <small>(Prain) Mabb.</small>
=== Lisitra fenon' ny karazana ===
* ''Sansevieria aethiopica'' Thunb.
* ''Sansevieria arborescens'' Cornu ex Gérôme & Labroy
* ''Sansevieria ascendens'' L.E.Newton
* ''Sansevieria aubrytiana'' Carrière
* ''Sansevieria bacularis'' Pfennig ex A.Butler & Jankalski
* ''Sansevieria bagamoyensis'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria ballyi'' L.E.Newton
* ''Sansevieria bella'' L.E.Newton
* ''Sansevieria braunii'' Engl. & Krause
* ''Sansevieria burdettii'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria burmanica'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria canaliculata'' Carrière
* ''Sansevieria caulescens'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria concinna'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria conspicua'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria cylindrica'' Bojer ex Hook.
* ''Sansevieria dawei'' Stapf
* ''Sansevieria dooneri'' N.E.Br.,
* ''Sansevieria downsii'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria dumetescens'' L.E.Newton
* ''Sansevieria ebracteata'' (Cav.) Suresh
* ''Sansevieria ehrenbergii'' Schweinf. ex Baker
* ''Sansevieria eilensis'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria erythraeae'' Mattei
* ''Sansevieria fasciata'' Cornu ex Gérôme & Labroy
* ''Sansevieria fischeri'' (Baker) Marais
* ''Sansevieria forskaliana'' (Schult. & Schult.f.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood
* ''Sansevieria francisii'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria frequens'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria gracilis'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria gracillima'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria hallii'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria hargeisana'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria humiflora'' D.J.Richards
* ''Sansevieria hyacinthoides'' (L.) Druce
* ''Sansevieria kirkii'' Baker
* ''Sansevieria liberica'' Gérôme & Labroy
* ''Sansevieria longiflora'' Sims
* ''Sansevieria longistyla'' la Croix
* ''Sansevieria masoniana'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria metallica'' Gérôme & Labroy
* ''Sansevieria nilotica'' Baker
* ''Sansevieria nitida'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria parva'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria patens'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria pearsonii'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria pedicellata'' la Croix
* ''Sansevieria perrotii'' Warb.
* ''Sansevieria pfisteri'' D.J.Richards
* ''Sansevieria phillipsiae'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria pinguicula'' P.R.O.Bally
* ''Sansevieria powellii'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria powysii'' L.E.Newton
* ''Sansevieria raffillii'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria roxburghiana'' Schult. & Schult.f.
* ''Sansevieria sambiranensis'' H.Perrier
* ''Sansevieria scimitariformis'' D.J.Richards
* ''Sansevieria senegambica'' Baker
* ''Sansevieria sinus-simiorum'' Chahin.
* ''Sansevieria sordida'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria stuckyi'' God.-Leb.
* ''Sansevieria subspicata'' Baker
* ''Sansevieria subtilis'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria suffruticosa'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria sulcata'' Bojer ex Baker
* ''[[Dracaena trifasciata|Sansevieria trifasciata]]'' Prain
* ''Sansevieria varians'' N.E.Br.
* ''Sansevieria volkensii'' Gürke
* ''Sansevieria zeylanica'' (L.) Willd.
=== Karazana ''Sansevieria'' misy eto Madagasikara ===
Indreto ny karazana ''Sansevieria'' misy eto [[Madagasikara]]:
* ''[[Sansevieria sambiranensis]]'' <small>H.Perrier</small> → ''[[Dracaena sambiranensis]]'' <small>(H.Perrier) Byng & Christenh.</small>
* ''[[Sansevieria canaliculata]]'' <small>Carrière</small> → ''[[Dracaena canaliculata]]'' <small>(Carrière) Byng & Christenh.</small>
Ireto kosa dia karazana ao amin' ny ''[[Dracaena]]'' nefa tsy tao amin' ny ''Sensevieria'' fa tao amin' ny vondron ahafa:
* ''[[Dracaena reflexa]]'' <small>Lam.</small> (← ''Pleomele reflexa'', ''Draco reflexa'' et ''Cordyline reflexa''.)
* ''[[Dracaena cincta]]'' <small>Baker</small> (← ''Pleomele cincta'')
* ''[[Dracaena umbraculifera]]'' <small>Jacq</small>. (← ''Cordyline umbraculifera'' , ''Draco umbraculifera'' , ''Pleomele umbraculifera'' , ''Lomatophyllum umbraculiferum'')
* ''[[Dracaena xiphophylla]]'' <small>Baker</small> (← ''Pleomele xiphophylla'')
==Jereo koa==
* ''[[Cordyline]]''
* ''[[Dracaena]]''
* ''[[Draco]]''
* ''[[Lomatophyllum]]''
* ''[[Pleomele]]''
*''[[Reineckea]]''
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I '''Nosy Satrana''' dia nosy kely tsy misy olona monina, any atsimon' [[Anakao]], izay azo aleha an-tongotra rehefa midina ny ranomasina. Indraindray dia tonga eny miaraka amin' ny [[omby]] ny mpiompy avy ety Anakao<ref name=":0"><small>"[https://www.madacamp.com/Nosy_Satrana Nosy Satrana]", ''[[MadaCamp]]''</small></ref><ref name=":1"><small>"[https://www.petitfute.co.uk/v57513-anakao/c1173-visites-points-d-interet/c974-site-naturel/636628-nosy-satrana.html? Nosy Satrana]", ''www.petitfute.co.uk''</small></ref>.
== Jeôgrafia sy tontolo iainana ==
I Nosy Satrana dia eo amin' ny 7 km any atsimo andrefan' ny tanànan' i [[Anakao]] any atsimo andrefan' i [[Madagasikara]]<ref name=":0" />. Mirefy 1,3 km² eo ho eo izy io. Na dia kely aza izy io, dia voaaron' ny haran-dranomasina sady malaza noho ny zavamananaina an-dranomasina miavaka any aminy<ref name=":2"><small>"[https://www.madagascartravel.com/guide-madagascar/destination/anakao? Anakao: A unique Malagasy tourist destination]", ''www.madagascartravel.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.svudapodji.com/en/madagascar-21/ Madagascar 2020, part 21 (Anakao, Nosy Ve)]", ''www.svudapodji.com''</small></ref>. Manana [[Torapasika|tora-pasika]] fotsy sy ny [[riakasia]] mangamanga ilay nosy. Any anaty rano dia ahitana andohalambo sy tonelina voajanahary ary lava-bato, izay ahitana karazan-javamaniry an-dranomasina<ref><small>"[https://ndaoitravel.com/madagascar/en/excursions/nosy-satrana-eng/ Visiting Nosy Satrana near Anakao]", ''ndaoitravel.com''</small></ref>.
Ny faritra sasany amin' io nosy io dia feno potik' atodin' ny [[vorompatrana]] efa lany tamingana ''[[Vorompatrana|Aepyornis]]'' (vorona goavambe lany tamingana efa ho 1 000 taona lasa izay)<ref><small>"[https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2023/02/28/ancient-eggshell-fragments-crack-giant-elephant-birds-life-secrets/ Ancient Eggshell Fragments Crack Giant Elephant Bird’s Life Secrets]", ''news.climate.columbia.edu''</small></ref><ref>"[https://www.sci.news/paleontology/elephant-bird-eggshells-11702.html? 1,000-Year-Old Fossil Eggshells Provide Rare Glimpse into Evolution of Madagascar’s Elephant Birds]", </ref>. Toerana mety tsara ho an' ireo izay maniry ny hitsidika zavaboary tsy dia fantatra loatra any atsimo andrefan' i Madagasikara i Nosy Satrana<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />.
Ny anarana hoe "Nosy Satrana" dia avy amin' ny zavamaniry [[satrana]] eo an-toerana (''Bismarckia nobilis''), izay betsaka ao amin' ilay nosy<ref><small>"[https://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/Bismarckia_nobilis? Bismarckia nobilis]", ''www.palmpedia.net''</small></ref>.
Nosy tsy misy mponina izy io, vano no matetika betsaka eny, ary azo aleha an-tongotra rehefa midina ny rano, ary afaka miampita ny omby sy ny mpiandry azy ireo mba hiraoka ahitra<ref name=":0" />. Ny tany dia misy potika fosily izay mampahatsiahy ny atodin' ny [[Vorompatrana|vorompatra]] (''Aepyornis maximus''), sisa tavela tamin' ny zava-nisy tamin' ny lasa efa lavitra<ref name=":0" /><ref><small>"[https://www.safari-memories.com/en/destinations/madagascar/explore/the-most-beautiful-beaches-in-madagascar? The Most Beautiful Beaches in Madagascar]", ''www.safari-memories.comom''</small></ref>. Na dia tsy misy olombelona monina aza ilay nosy, dia ahitana fasana amin’ ny toerana sasany izay manaporofo ny fisian' ny olona nonina tao tamin' ny andro taloha<ref name=":1" /><ref><small>"[https://madagascar-hotels-online.com/guide/anakao/ Anakao - Madagascar] {{Wayback|url=https://madagascar-hotels-online.com/guide/anakao/ |date=20250806142018 }}", ''madagascar-hotels-online.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://tourismer.mg/anakao/ Anakao]", ''tourismer.mg''</small></ref>.
== Hetsika atao ao amin' ilay nosy ==
I Nosy Satrana dia toerana tsara fanaovana amin' ny ''snorkeling'' sy antsitrika. Misy matetika ny fitsangatsanganana karakarain' ny mpitari-dalana na trano fandraisam-bahiny eo an-toerana, toa ny Lalandaka, izay manolotra fitsangatsanganana amin' ny lakana mandeha amin' ny môtera na sambo haingam-pandeha<ref><small>"[https://lalandaka.com/nosy-satrana? Nosy Satrana, sensation de bout du monde]", ''lalandaka.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.anakaooceanlodge.com/fr/les-activites? Activités] {{Wayback|url=https://www.anakaooceanlodge.com/fr/les-activites? |date=20251016145530 }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.anakaooceanlodge.com/fr/les-activites |date=20251016145530 }}", ''www.anakaooceanlodge.com''</small></ref>. Ny firafitry ny nosy dia mahatonga azy ho toerana tsara fanaovana ''kitesurfing'' <ref><small>"[https://www.spots4kite.com/spots/anakao-camaleonte/ Anakao - Camaleonte]", ''www.spots4kite.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://cozywilderness.com/anakao-madagascar-explorer-guide Anakao Madagascar – Explorer guide]", ''cozywilderness.com''</small></ref>.
Ny fikambanana Fanamby, miara-miasa amin’ ny fanjakana malagasy, dia manohana ny fandaharan’ asa momba ny fiarovana ny zavaboary ao amin’ ny vondronosy<ref><small>"[https://fanamby.wordpress.com/about/ Qui Sommes-Nous ?]", ''fanamby.wordpress.com''</small></ref><ref><small>"[https://www.programmeppi.org/beneficiaire/fanamby/ Fanamby]", ''www.programmeppi.org''</small></ref>.
== Jereo koa ==
* ifanolanana amin' i [[Frantsa]]: [[Nosy Ampela]] (na [[Nosy Europa]]) - [[Nosy Bedimaky]] (na [[Bassas da India]]) - [[Nosy Kely]] (na [[Nosy Juan de Nova]]) - [[Nosy Sambatra]] (na [[Nosy Glorieuses]]) - [[Nosy Tromelin]]
* Nosy sasantsasany: [[Nosy Antanimora]] - [[Nosy Be]] - [[Nosy Berafia]] - [[Nosy Boraha]] - [[Nosy Chesterfield]] - [[Nosy Faly]] - [[Nosy Fanihy]] - [[Nosy Iranja]] - [[Nosy Kalakajoro]] - [[Nosy Komba]] - [[Nosy Lava]] - [[Nosy Madame]] - [[Nosy Mangabe]] - [[Nosy Marotia]] - [[Nosy Mitsio]] - [[Nosy Nato]] - [[Nosy Piraty]] - [[Nosy Radama]] - [[Nosy Satrana]] - [[Nosy Valiha]] - [[Nosy Ve]]
* [[Lisitry ny nosy eto Madagasikara]]
== Loharano sy fanamarihana ==
==Jereo koa==
[[Sokajy:Nosy Malagasy]]
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Thiago de Joaldo
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[[sary:2026 THIAGO DE JOALDO CANDIDATO DEPUTADO FEDERAL SE (260002533083).jpg|thumb|Thiago de Joaldo]]
'''Jose Thiago Alves de Carvalho''' (teraka ny 20 Jona 1982 tao [[São Paulo]]) dia [[mpisolovava]] sady [[mpanao politika]] [[Brezila|breziliana]], izay mpikambana ao amin'ny antoko [[Republicanos (Brasil)|Repoblika]] (REP)<ref>(pt) [https://republicanos10.org.br/arco/republicanos-sergipe-filia-os-deputados-federais-thiago-de-joaldo-e-icaro-de-valmir/ Republicanos de Sergipe filia os deputados Thiago de Jaoldo et Icaro de Valmir]</ref>.<ref>(pt) [https://divulgacandcontas.tse.jus.br/divulga/#/candidato/2022/2040602022/SE/260001633055?hidemenu=true Contas eleitrorais] {{Wayback|url=https://divulgacandcontas.tse.jus.br/divulga/#/candidato/2022/2040602022/SE/260001633055?hidemenu=true |date=20250222104209 }}</ref>
Tamin'ny fifidianana tamin'ny taona 2022, voafidy ho [[solombavambahoaka]] federaly ho an'i {{Sergipe}} izy tamin'ny vato 45.698 (0.72% amin'ny vato manankery).
==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat}}
{{CLEFDETRI:Joaldo, Thiago de}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika breziliana]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 2001]]
[[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka breziliana]]
[[Sokajy:Progressistas]]
[[Sokajy:Republicanos (Brasil)]]
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Fahavalo, Madagasikara 1947
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{{Infobox Cinéma (film)|langue du titre=|titre=Fahavalo, Madagascar 1947|image=|légende=|titre québécois=|titre original=Fahavalo, Madagascar 1947|réalisation=Marie-Clémence Andriamonta-Paes|scénario=|acteur=|production=|pays={{France}}<br/>{{Madagascar}}|genre=documentaire|durée=90 minutes|année de sortie=2019|précédent=|suivant=|date précédent=|date suivant=}}Fahavalo, Madagasikara
[[Sary:Types_Fahavalos,_prisonniers_aux_fers_(PH72-66).jpg|vignette|Sary iray an'ny Fahavalo]]
'''''Fahavalo, Madagascar 1947''''' is a Franco-Malagasy documentaire film made in 2019.
,,
== Famintinana ==
Tamin'ny 1947, ireo miaramila Malagasy izay niady ho an'ny tafika frantsay tamin'ny fiandohan'ny [[Ady Lehibe Faharoa]], satria nino fa tsy notanterahina ny fampanantenana fahaleovantena voalaza fa natao ho an'i [[Madagasikara]], taorian'ny tsy fahombiazan'ny ezaka ara-dalàna tamin'ny alalan'ny [[Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache|Hetsika Fanavaozana Demokratika Malagasy]], dia nikomy tamin'ny fanjakana mpanjanaka nanomboka ny alin'ny faha-29 ka hatramin'ny...30 mars <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean-Marie Chazeau |date=30 janvier 2019 |title=« Fahavalo, Madagascar 1947 » : un massacre oublié |url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/fahavalo-madagascar-1947-massacre-oublie-674907.html |access-date=25 octobre 2025 |website=Outre-mer la 1ère |language=fr-FR}}.</ref> , <ref name="BPI">{{Cite web |last=Isabelle Grimaud |date=28 janvier 2019 |title=Fahavalo, Madagascar 1947 de Marie-Clémence Andriamonta-Paes |url=https://pro.bpi.fr/ark:/34201/tx10032955t |publisher=[[Bibliothèque publique d'information]] |language=fr}}.</ref> .
Tsara homarihina fa ny antony nahatonga ny fikomiana malaza dia hita voalohany indrindra amin'ny lesoka ara-drafitra tao amin'ny rafitra fanjanahantany izay naorina tamin'ny faran'ny taonjato faha-19 toy ny asa an-tery na ny fehezan-dalàna indigénat sy ny fitsarana indizeny, tsy manadino ny fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra faratampony amin'ny fifandraisana andavanandro amin'ny fanjanahantany <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monde |first=TV5 |date=2022-03-31 |title="Fahavalo, Madagascar 1947" : une mémoire oubliée |url=https://lesfrancais.press/fahavalo-madagascar-1947-une-memoire-oubliee/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=LesFrancais.press |language=fr-FR}}</ref> .
Le film retrace cette insurrection, qui dura près de deux ans, contre les autorités coloniales françaises, et sa brutale répression, à travers les récits de témoins, des photos et films d'archives<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Film-documentaire.fr |title=Fahavalo, Madagascar, 1947 |url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/46385?utm |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.film-documentaire.fr |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064636/http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/46385?utm |archive-date=2025-12-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>,<ref name="BPI"/>.
== Fepetra ara-teknika ==
* Fahatanterahan-javatra : Marie-Clémence Andriamonta-Paes
* Tantara : Marie-Clémence Andriamonta-Paes
* Famokarana Laterit Productions
* Toerana nanaovana ny horonantsary: Madagasikara [https://fahavalo-film.com/post/179933872336/la-tourn%C3%A9e-%C3%A0-madagascar-retour-en-images-sur-la]
* Sary Cesar Paes
* FIVORIAMBE : Paul Pirritano, Gabriel Paes
* ny Gabriel Mathé
* MOZIKA Régis Gizavo
* lahy sy ny vavy fanadihadiana
* Faharetana 90 minitra
* Lohahevitra fototra : ny fikomian'ny Malagasy tamin'ny 1947, fahatsiarovana ny fanjanahantany, arisiva, fijoroana vavolombelona <ref>{{Cite web |last=Film-documentaire.fr |title=Fahavalo, Madagascar, 1947 |url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/46385?utm |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.film-documentaire.fr |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212064636/http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/46385?utm |archive-date=2025-12-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> .
== valisoa ==
* Loka ho an'ny Dokambarotra Iraisam-pirenena - Fetiben'ny Sarimihetsika Iraisam-pirenena ao Montréal
* Filazana manokana - JCC Carthage
== Reference ==
,,{{Reflist}}
== Rohy ivelany ==
* Ressources relatives à l'audiovisuel :
** Africultures
** Allociné
** Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée
** IMDb
** LUMIERE
** The Movie Database
** Unifrance
* [https://fahavalo-film.com/ site officiel]
Portail Madagascar{{Portail|cinéma français|Madagascar|années 2010|monde colonial}}
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Lantosoa Rakotomalala
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'''Lantosoa Rakotomalala''', izay antsoina amin’ny anarany feno hoe '''Solo Andry Lantosoa Rakotomalala''', dia vehivavy Malagasy manana traikefa amin’ny fitantanam-bola<ref name=":1">https://rocketreach.co/lantosoa-rakotomalala-email_136865094</ref>, fampandrosoana ara-toekarena, fitantanana orinasa, politika ary [[Diplômasia|diplaomasia]]. [[Mpandraharaha]] sy tompona orinasa ihany ko ny tenany<ref name=":1" />. Teraka tao [[Antananarivo]] izy ary manana traikefa mihoatra ny 25 taona amin’ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana miisa 15. [[Vehivavy]] voalohany nitana ny toeran’ny Masoivohon’i [[Madagasikara]] any [[Etazonia]]. Manambady i Lantosoa Rakotomalala ary manan-janaka roa<ref name=":2">https://storage.googleapis.com/wzukusers/user-33779234/documents/f84f70b6657844d4af70878593393ef8/BIO%20Ambassador%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Madagascar.pdf</ref>.
== Fianarana ==
Nanaraka fiofanana maro mifandraika amin’ny fitantanam-bola, fandraharahana ary fifandraisana iraisam-pirenena izy. Anisan’ireo fianarana sy fiofanana norantoviny ireto manaraka ireto<ref name=":1" />:
* Université de Bordeaux IV / Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV, izay nianarany momba ny fitantanana tetikasa.
* Institut de la Francophonie pour l’Entrepreneuriat, izay nifantoka tamin’ny fandraharahana.
* Centre d’Études Diplomatiques et Stratégiques, izay nianarany momba ny diplaomasia sy ny fifandraisana iraisam-pirenena (2006 - 2007)<ref>https://www.ceds-madagascar.com/IMG/pdf_Admission2006-2007.pdf</ref>.
* École des sciences de la gestion de l’Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), izay nanohizany fianarana momba ny fitantanana.
* Manana ny Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA) izy ary manana mari-pahaizana Certified Management Accountant (CMA) tany Kanada<ref name=":1" />.
== Ny asany talohan’ny politika ==
Talohan’ny nidirany tao amin’ny [[governemanta Malagasy]] dia efa nanana traikefa iraisam-pirenena nandritra ny taona maro i '''Lantosoa Rakotomalala'''. Efa niasa tamin’ny World Bank Group, International Finance Corporation (IFC), Fivondronan'ny firenena miteny frantsay na ny "Organisation internationale de la Francophonie" OIF, Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). Teo ihany koa ny sehatry ny banky tao Madagasikara, tany Maorisy, ary tany Kanada izy<ref name=":2" />. Niasa tany amin’ny firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana miisa 15 izy nandritra ny asa aman-draharahany, ka nifantoka indrindra tamin’ny fampandrosoana ara-toekarena sy ny sehatra tsy miankina<ref name=":2" />.
== Politika : mpikambana tao amin’ny governemanta Malagasy ==
Ny taona 2019, voatendry ho Minisitry ny Indostria, ny Varotra ary ny Asa-tanana tao amin’ny governemanta notarihin’i [[Christian Ntsay]], teo ambany fitondran’ny filoha [[Rajoelina Andry|Andry Rajoelina]] i '''Lantosoa Rakotomalala'''<ref>https://lexpress.mg/26/02/2019/lantosoa-rakotomalala-les-industries-locales-doivent-avoir-un-plan-dinvestissement-et-dexpansion/</ref>. Izay tao anatin'ny tranga [[COVID 19|Covid19]]<ref name=":3">https://www.latribune.fr/think-tank/entretiens/2020-09-25/lantosoa-rakotomalala-la-pandemie-a-bouscule-les-schemas-traditionnels-a-la-faveur-des-circuits-courts-858173.html</ref>.
Nandritra ny fotoam-piasany dia niandraikitra sehatra lehibe toy ny fampiroboroboana ny sehatra tsy miankina, ny tontolon’ny fampiasam-bola, ary politika na paikady hampandrosoana ny indostria Malagasy. sy ny fanatsarana ny fifandraisana eo amin’ny fanjakana sy ny sehatra tsy miankina. Ohatra amin'izany ireto<ref name=":3" /> :
* Fampitomboana ny fahafaha-mamokatra ireo vokatra ilaina andavanandro, toy ny menaka, lafarinina, siramamy, paty ary simenitra.
* Fametrahana sy fampandrosoana ireo Zones d’Émergence Industrielle (ZEI), faritra agro-indostrialy ary Zones d’Investissement Industrielles (ZII).
* Famatsiam-bola sy cofinancement ho an’ireo mpandraharaha, TPE, PME ary startups<ref name=":3" />.
Tamin’ny Aogositra 2021, nisy fanovana governemanta ary nifarana ny naha-minisitra an’i Lantosoa Rakotomalala. Tamin’ny 17 Aogositra 2021 no notanterahina ny fifamindram-pahefana teo aminy sy Edgard Razafindravahy, izay nandimby azy teo amin’ny sehatry ny Indostria, Varotra ary Fanjifana<ref>https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202108180419.html</ref>.
== Sehatra iraisam-pirenena ==
Tao anatin’ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena, nandray anjara tamin’ny fifampiraharahana ara-barotra izy, anisan’izany ny fifampiraharahana momba ny African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Voalaza ihany koa fa nitana andraikitra teo amin’ny sehatry ny COMESA izy, anisan’izany ny fitantanana ny asan’ny Filankevitry ny Minisitra<ref name=":2" />.
== Niverina tamin’ny sehatra tsy miankina ==
Taorian’ny naha-minisitra azy dia niverina tamin’ny sehatry ny fandraharahana sy torohevitra stratejika izy. Izy no nitarika ny "Headline Strategic Consulting Group", orinasa mpanome torohevitra mifantoka indrindra amin’ny fitantanana orinasa, paikady ara-barotra, fanatsarana ny asan’ny filankevi-pitantanana, ary fampandrosoana ny sehatra tsy miankina<ref name=":1" />.
=== Mpitantana tao amin’ny Banky Foiben’i Madagasikara ===
Tamin’ny 31 Martsa 2022, araka ny [[didim-panjakana]] n°2022-438, dia voatendry ho "Administrateur non-exécutif" tao amin’ny [[Banky Foiben' i Madagasikara|Banky Foiben’i Madagasikara]] i '''Lantosoa Rakotomalala''', ho solontenan’ny Fiadidiana ny Repoblikan’i Madagasikara. Naharitra dimy taona izy no nitana izany andraikitra izany<ref>https://cnlegis.gov.mg/uploads/D2022-438-VF.pdf</ref>.
=== Filohan’ny EDBM ===
Tamin’ny Febroary 2023, dia voatendry ho Filohan’ny Filankevi-pitantanan’ny Economic Development Board of Madagascar (EDBM) izy<ref name=":4">https://new.moov.mg/article/95639-maison-blanche-la-nouvelle-ambassadrice-lantosoa-rakotomalala-recue-par-joe-biden#body2</ref>. Ny EDBM dia manana andraikitra lehibe amin’ny fampiroboroboana ny fampiasam-bola sy ny tontolon’ny fandraharahana eto Madagasikara. Nandritra ny naha-filohan’ny filankevi-pitantanana azy dia nifantoka tamin’ny fanatsarana ny fahafahan’i Madagasikara misarika mpampiasa vola sy ny fanohanana ny fandraharahana izy, araka ny tatitra momba ny fiafaran’ny fotoam-piasany. Nifarana izany andraikitra izany tamin’ny Desambra 2024, rehefa nandimby azy i Joël Randriamandranto<ref>https://www.2424.mg/promotion-des-investissements-lantosoa-rakotomalala-nommee-pca-de-leconomic-development-board-of-madagascar/</ref><ref>[https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/12/entreprise-joel-randriamandranto-la.html? https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/12/entreprise-joel-randriamandranto-la.html?]</ref>.
=== Voatendry ho Masoivohon’i Madagasikara any Etazonia ===
Tamin’ny Novambra 2024 dia voatendry ho Masoivohon’i Madagasikara any Etazonia i '''Lantosoa Rakotomalala'''<ref>https://newsmada.com/2024/12/07/ambassade-de-madagascar-aux-usa-lantosoa-rakotomalala-prend-ses-fonctions/</ref>. Tamin’ny 6 Desambra 2024, dia nandray tamin’ny fomba ofisialy ny asany tao amin’ny Masoivoho Malagasy any Washington, D.C. izy. Io fanendrena io dia dingana lehibe teo amin’ny asany satria nifindra avy amin’ny sehatra ara-toekarena sy [[Pôlitika|politika]] anatiny ho amin’ny diplaomasia iraisam-pirenena izy. Tamin’ny 13 Janoary 2025, dia nanolotra tamin’ny fomba ofisialy ny taratasy fanendrena azy tamin’i [[Joe Biden]], filohan’i Etazonia tamin’izany fotoana izany, i Lantosoa Rakotomalala tao amin’ny lapa-panjakana amerikana "White House"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ledefi.mg/lambassadrice-lantosoa-rakotomalala-recue-par-le-president-joe-biden/ |title=kopian'ny arisiva |access-date=2026-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260916221037/https://ledefi.mg/lambassadrice-lantosoa-rakotomalala-recue-par-le-president-joe-biden/ |archive-date=2026-09-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Izy no vehivavy voalohany voatendry ho Masoivohon’i Madagasikara any Etazonia. Nandritra io fihaonana io dia nifantoka tamin’ny fifandraisana sy fiaraha-miasa eo amin’i Madagasikara sy Etazonia ny resaka, indrindra ireo sehatra stratejika iraisan’ny firenena roa tonta<ref name=":4" />.
Amin’ny maha-Masoivoho azy any [[Washington]]<ref>https://www.2424.mg/lantosoa-rakotomalala-quand-on-dit-transactionnelle-cest-quil-y-a-des-benefices-mutuels-entre-les-deux-economies/</ref>, dia misahana ny fifandraisan’i [[Madagasikara]] amin’i Etazonia izy. Anisan’ny sehatra lehibe mifandray amin’ny asany ny diplaomasia, ny varotra iraisam-pirenena, ny fampiasam-bola, ny fiaraha-miasa ara-toekarena, ny fifandraisana amin’ny governemanta Amerikana, ary ny fampiroboroboana ny tombontsoa Malagasy eo amin’ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena<ref name=":4" />.
=== Komity AGOA ===
Tamin’ny Febroary 2026, voatendry fanindroany ho Filoha lefitry ny komity AGOA ao anatin’ny fikambanan’ireo iraka diplomatika Afrikana any Etazonia izy. Ny komity dia miresaka momba ny varotra sy ny fampiasam-bola eo amin’i [[Afrika]] sy [[Etazonia]]<ref>https://gefp.mg/lantosoa-rakotomalala-reconduite-a-la-copresidence-du-comite-agoa-lambassadrice-de-madagascar-aux-etats-unis-lantosoa-rakotomalala-a-ete-reconfirmee-comme-copresidente-du-sous-comite-agoa-a/</ref><ref>https://ecoaustral.com/lantosoa-rakotomalala-reconduite-co-presidente-du-sous-comite-agoa/</ref>.
== Fiteny hainy ==
'''Lantosoa Rakotomalala''' dia mahafehy ny [[Fiteny malagasy|teny Malagasy]], [[Fiteny frantsay|Frantsay]], ary [[Fiteny anglisy|Anglisy]]<ref name=":2" />.
== Jereo koa ==
* EDBM
* COMESA
* OIF
* AGOA
* [[Banky Foiben' i Madagasikara|Banky Foiben’i Madagasikara]]
* [[COVID 19|Covid19]]
== Loharano ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
== Rohy ivelany ==
{{Liens}}{{Liens}}{{Portail|politique|Madagascar}}
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{{Infobox drug}}
'''Lorazepam''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Ativan''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody benzodiazepine.<ref name="AHSP2016">{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lorazepam.html|website=drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 July 2016|date=June 29, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605073500/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/lorazepam.html|archive-date=5 June 2016|df=}}</ref> Ampiasaina hitsaboana ny aretin'ny tebiteby, [[Mahita tory|ny olana amin'ny torimaso]], ny fikorontanan'ny saina, anisan'izany ny status epilepticus, ny fisintahana amin'ny alikaola, ary ny maloiloy sy mandoa vokatry ny chimiothérapie.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Ampiasaina mandritra ny fandidiana ihany koa izy io mba hanelingelina ny famoronana fahatsiarovana sy hampitoniana ireo izay ampidirana rivotra amin'ny alalan'ny milina.<ref name="AHSP2016" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam: MedlinePlus Drug Information|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682053.html#why|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=16 July 2016|date=1 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819014154/https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682053.html#why|archive-date=19 August 2016|df=}}</ref> Na dia azo ampiasaina amin'ny fikororohana mafy aza izy io, dia matetika no aleo kokoa ny midazolam.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Ampiasaina ihany koa izy io, miaraka amin'ny fitsaboana hafa, ho an'ny aretin'ny fo vokatry ny fampiasana [[kôkainina]].<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Azo omena am-bava na tsindrona amin'ny hozatra na lalan-drà izany.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Rehefa omena amin'ny alalan'ny tsindrona dia eo anelanelan'ny iray sy telopolo minitra ny fiatombohan'ny vokany ary maharitra hatramin'ny iray andro ny vokany.<ref name="AHSP2016" />
Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahalemena, ny fahatsapana ho rendremana, ny tosidra ambany, ary ny fihenan'ny fiezahana miaina.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Rehefa ampidirina amin'ny lalan-drà ilay olona dia tokony ho arahi-maso akaiky.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Mety hitombo ny mety hisian'ny [[famonoan-tena]] eo amin'ireo izay [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ketraka]].<ref name="AHSP2016" /><ref name="Doc2017">{{Cite journal|last=Dodds|first=Tyler J.|date=2017-03-02|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|issn=2155-7780|pmid=28257172}}</ref> Raha ampiasaina maharitra, mety ilaina ny fatra lehibe kokoa mba hahazoana vokatra mitovy.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Mety hitranga ihany koa ny fiankinan -doha ara-batana sy ara-tsaina.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Raha ajanona tampoka aorian'ny fampiasana maharitra, dia mety hitranga ny "benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome".<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Matetika kokoa ny zokiolona no mahatsapa voka-dratsy.<ref name="Riss-2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S|title=Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics|journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica|volume=118|issue=2|pages=69–86|year=2008|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x|pmid=18384456}}</ref> Amin'ity sokajin-taona ity, ny lorazepam dia mifandray amin'ny fianjerana sy ny tapaka amin'ny andilana.<ref name="Mets-2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mets MA, Volkerts ER, Olivier B, Verster JC|title=Effect of hypnotic drugs on body balance and standing steadiness|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|year=2010|volume=14|issue=4|pages=259–267|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.008|pmid=20171127}}</ref> Noho ireo ahiahy ireo, ny fampiasana lorazepam dia matetika atolotra mandritra ny roa ka hatramin'ny efatra herinandro ihany.<ref name="Altrx2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/017794s034s035lbl.pdf|title=Ativan (lorazepam) Tablets Rx only|date=March 2007|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|quote=In general, benzodiazepines should be prescribed for short periods only (e.g. 2–4 weeks). Extension of the treatment period should not take place without reevaluation of the need for continued therapy. Continuous long-term use of product is not recommended.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917064143/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/017794s034s035lbl.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-17|df=}}</ref> Azo antoka tsara ho an'ny zaza ny fampiasana azy mandritra ny fampinonoana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/lorazepam.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 September 2021|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812163847/https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/lorazepam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Nahazo patanty voalohany ny Lorazepam tamin'ny 1963 ary namidy tany Etazonia tamin'ny 1977.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shorter|first=Edward|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-BXE-838|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-029201-0|chapter=B|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328043221/https://books.google.com/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|archive-date=2017-03-28}}</ref> Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.<ref name="AHSP2016" /> Eo anelanelan'ny 0.02 sy 0.21 dolara amerikana eo ho eo ny vidin'ny fanafody 1 mg avoaka amin'ny [[firenena an-dalam-pandrosoana]] tamin'ny taona 2015.<ref name="MSH">{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=483&searchYear=2015|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503173719/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=483&searchYear=2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Io vola io any Royaume-Uni dia mitentina eo amin'ny £0.14 eo ho eo ho an'ny NHS.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=336|edition=76}}</ref> Any Etazonia, tamin'ny taona 2015, latsaky ny 25 dolara amerikana ny famatsiana isam-bolana.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=437}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-60 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny roa ambin'ny folo tapitrisa.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Lorazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lorazepam|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412004606/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lorazepam|url-status=live}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
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{{Infobox medical condition|name=Sepsis|synonym=Septicemia, blood poisoning|image=Bloodculturetubes.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Blood culture]] bottles: orange cap for [[anaerobes]], green cap for [[aerobes]], and yellow cap for blood samples from children<ref>{{cite web |url=http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |title=Blood Culture Collection |publisher=WVUH Laboratories |date=7 April 2012 |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163301/http://d2xk4h2me8pjt2.cloudfront.net/webjc/attachments/74/c6e3e84-blood-culture-and-isolator-collection-instructions.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|p|s|ᵻ|s}}|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[tachycardia|increased heart rate]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[hyperventilation|increased breathing rate]], [[mental confusion|confusion]]<ref name=CDC2014Q>{{cite web |title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}</ref>|onset=|duration=|causes=[[immune system|Immune response]] triggered by an infection<ref name=Tint2011>{{cite book |last1= Jui |first1= Jonathan |chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |editor-last1= Tintinalli |editor-first1= Judith E. |editor-last2= Stapczynski |editor-first2= J. Stephan |editor-last4= Cline |editor-first4= David M. |editor-last3= Ma |editor-first3= O. John |editor-last5= Cydulka |editor-first5= Rita K. |editor-last6= Meckler |editor-first6= Garth D. |display-editors= 1 | collaboration = [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |url= https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi/page/1003 1003]–14 |year= 2011 | chapter-url= |isbn=9780071484800 }}</ref><ref name="Deutschman2014">{{cite journal |last1= Deutschman |first1= CS |last2= Tracey |first2= KJ | title = Sepsis: Current dogma and new perspectives | journal = [[Immunity (journal)|Immunity]] | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–75 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24745331 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>|risks=Young or old age, [[cancer]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[major trauma]], [[burn]]s<ref name=CDC2014Q />|diagnosis=[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]] (SIRS),<ref name=Tint2011 /> [[SOFA score#Quick SOFA score|qSOFA]]<ref name= "Sepsis–3_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801 | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}</ref>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous fluids]], [[antimicrobial]]s<ref name=CDC2014Q /><ref name= "SSC–G2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}</ref>|medication=|prognosis=10 to 80% risk of death<ref name= "Sepsis–3_2016" /><ref name=Jawad2012/>|frequency=0.2–3 per 1000 a year (developed world)<ref name=Jawad2012/><ref name=Martin2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}</ref>|deaths=}}Aretina mahafaty ny '''sepsis''' izay mitranga rehefa miteraka ratra amin'ny sela sy ny taova ny fihetsiky ny vatana manoloana ny aretina.<ref name="Sepsis–3_2016">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC |display-authors=2 | title = The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2016-02-23_315_8/page/801 | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 315 | issue = 8 | pages = 801–10 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26903338 | pmc = 4968574 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 }}</ref> Arahin'ny fihenan'ny [[hery fiarovana]] ity dingana voalohany ity.<ref name="pmid31611560">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chao C, Muming Y, Yanfen C|title=Pathological Alteration and Therapeutic Implications of Sepsis-Induced Immune Cell Apoptosis|journal=Cell Death & Disease|volume=10|issue=10|pages=782|year=2019|doi=10.1038/s41419-019-2015-1|pmc=6791888|pmid=31611560}}</ref> Anisan'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina mahazatra [[Tazo|ny tazo]], ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fitempon'ny fo, ny fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra, ary ny fisafotofotoana.<ref name="CDC2014Q">{{Cite web|title= Sepsis Questions and Answers |url= https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |website= cdc.gov |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date= 28 November 2014 |date= 22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083832/http://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html |archive-date= 4 December 2014 }}</ref> Mety hisy ihany koa ireo soritr'aretina mifandraika amin'ny aretina manokana, toy ny kohaka miaraka amin'ny pnemonia, na fanaintainana amin'ny fipipiana miaraka amin'ny aretin'ny voa.<ref name="Tint2011">{{Cite book|chapter= Ch. 146: Septic Shock |title= Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |url= https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi |edition= 7th |location= New York |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/tintinallisemerg0000unse_7edi/page/1003 1003]–14 |year= 2011 |isbn=9780071484800 |last=Jui|first=Jonathan|editor2-last=Stapczynski|editor4-last=Cline|editor3-last=Ma|editor5-last=Cydulka|editor6-last=Meckler}}</ref> Mety tsy hisy soritr'aretina manokana ny tanora, antitra, ary ireo olona manana hery fiarovana malemy, ary mety ho ambany na ara-dalàna ny mari-pana fa tsy [[tazo]] . Ny sepsis mafy dia sepsis izay miteraka tsy fahatomombanan'ny fiasan'ny taova na ny fikorianan'ny rà.<ref name="SSCG2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R|display-authors=2|title=Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012|journal=[[Critical Care Medicine (journal)|Critical Care Medicine]]|volume=41|issue=2|pages=580–637|date=February 2013|pmid=23353941|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ny fisian'ny tosidrà ambany, ny haavon'ny laktate ao amin'ny rà, na ny fihenan'ny urine dia mety manondro ny fikorianan'ny rà ratsy.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> [[Fahatairana septika|Ny fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra septika]] dia tosidra ambany vokatry ny sepsis izay tsy mihatsara rehefa avy nosoloina rano.<ref name="SSCG2012" />
Ny sepsis dia [[Hery fiarovana|valin-kery fanefitra]] vokatry ny fivontosana vokatry ny aretina.<ref name="Tint2011" /><ref name="Deutschman2014" /> Ny aretina [[Bakteria|vokatry ny bakteria]] no tena mahazatra indrindra, saingy mety hiteraka sepsis ihany koa ny aretina [[Fungi|vokatry ny holatra]], [[Virosy|viriosy]] ary [[protozoa]] . Ny toerana mahazatra isehoan'ny aretina voalohany dia ny havokavoka, ny atidoha, ny lalan-drà, ny hoditra ary ny taova ao an-kibo . Anisan'ny mety hampidi-doza ny fahatanorana, ny fahanterana, ny fahalemen'ny hery fiarovana vokatry ny aretina toy ny [[homamiadana]] na [[diabeta]], [[Maratra|ny ratra mafy]], na ny may.<ref name="CDC2014Q" /> Teo aloha, ny famaritana ny sepsis dia nitaky ny fisian'ny fepetra SIRS ( systemic inflammatory response syndrome ) roa farafahakeliny raha toa ka heverina fa misy aretina. Tamin'ny taona 2016, ny isa fohy momba ny fanombanana ny tsy fahombiazan'ny taova (SOFA score), fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe isa SOFA haingana (qSOFA), dia nisolo ny rafitra diagnostika SIRS.<ref name="Sepsis–3_2016" /> Ny fepetra qSOFA ho an'ny sepsis dia ahitana farafahakeliny roa amin'ireto telo manaraka ireto: fitomboan'ny tahan'ny fifohana rivotra, fiovan'ny fahatsiarovan-tena, ary tosidra ambany. Ny torolàlana momba ny sepsis dia manoro hevitra ny hahazoana kolontsaina ra alohan'ny hanombohana antibiotika; na izany aza, ny diagnostika dia tsy mitaky ny fisian'ny aretina ao amin'ny ra . Manampy ny fakana sary ara-pitsaboana rehefa mitady ny toerana mety hisian'ny aretina.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Ny antony hafa mety hisian'ny famantarana sy soritr'aretina mitovy amin'izany dia ahitana ny anaphylaxis, ny tsy fahampian'ny adrenal, ny habetsahan'ny ra ambany, ny tsy fahombiazan'ny fo, ary ny embolism pulmonary .
Ny sepsis dia mazàna mitaky fitsaboana haingana amin'ny alalan'ny fanafody antimikrobia sy ranoka fampidirana amin'ny lalan-dra.<ref name="CDC2014Q" /><ref name="SSC–G2016">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP | display-authors = 2 | title = Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 | journal = [[Intensive Care Medicine (journal)|Intensive Care Medicine]] | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 304–377 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28101605 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 |doi-access= free }}</ref> Matetika ny fikarakarana mitohy dia mitohy ao amin'ny sampana fitsaboana vonjy taitra . Raha tsy ampy ny fitsapana ampy amin'ny fanoloana rano mba hihazonana ny tosidra, dia ilaina ny fampiasana fanafody izay mampiakatra ny tosidra . Mety ilaina ny fampidirana rivotra mekanika sy ny dialyse mba hanohanana ny fiasan'ny havokavoka sy ny voa. Azo apetraka ny catheter lalan-drà afovoany sy ny catheter arterial mba hidirana amin'ny lalan-drà sy hitarihana ny fitsaboana.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Ny fandrefesana mahasoa hafa dia ahitana ny cardiac output sy ny superior vena cava oxygen saturation.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Ireo olona voan'ny sepsis dia mila fepetra fisorohana ho an'ny trombosis amin'ny lalan-drà lalina, ny fery vokatry ny stress, ary ny fery vokatry ny pressure raha tsy misy toe-javatra hafa manakana izany fitsaboana izany.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Mety handray soa avy amin'ny fanaraha-maso hentitra ny tahan'ny siramamy ao amin'ny ra amin'ny alalan'ny insuline ny olona sasany.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Mampiady hevitra ny fampiasana corticosteroids, ary misy tsikera sasany mahita fa mahasoa,<ref name="Ann2019">{{Cite journal|last=Annane|first=D|last2=Bellissant|first2=E|last3=Bollaert|first3=PE|last4=Briegel|first4=J|last5=Keh|first5=D|last6=Kupfer|first6=Y|last7=Pirracchio|first7=R|last8=Rochwerg|first8=B|title=Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=6 December 2019|volume=12|pages=CD002243|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002243.pub4|pmid=31808551|pmc=6953403}}</ref><ref name="Fang2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fang F, Zhang Y, Tang J, Lunsford LD, Li T, Tang R, He J, Xu P, Faramand A, Xu J, You C|display-authors=2|title=Association of corticosteroid treatment with outcomes in adult patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine]]|volume=179|issue=2|pages=213–223|date=February 2019|pmid=30575845|pmc=6439648|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5849}}</ref> ary ny hafa kosa tsy.<ref name="Long2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Long B, Koyfman A|title=Controversies in corticosteroid use for sepsis|journal=[[The Journal of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=53|issue=5|pages=653–661|date=November 2017|pmid=28916121|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.05.024}}</ref>
Ny hamafin'ny aretina no mamaritra ny vokany.<ref name="Jawad2012" /> Mahatratra 30% ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny sepsis, raha toa ka mahatratra 50% kosa ny mety ho fahafatesana vokatry ny sepsis mahery vaika, ary 80% ny mety ho fahatapahan'ny lalan-dra ao amin'ny vatana vokatry ny sepsis <ref name="Jawad2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jawad I, Lukšić I, Rafnsson SB|display-authors=2|title=Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: Global estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality|journal=Journal of Global Health|volume=2|issue=1|pages=010404|date=June 2012|pmid=23198133|pmc=3484761|doi=10.7189/jogh.01.010404}}</ref> Olona 49 tapitrisa eo ho eo no voan'ny sepsis tamin'ny taona 2017, ary 11 tapitrisa no maty (1 amin'ny 5 no maty maneran-tany).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rudd|first=Kristina E|last2=Johnson|first2=Sarah Charlotte|last3=Agesa|first3=Kareha M|last4=Shackelford|first4=Katya Anne|last5=Tsoi|first5=Derrick|last6=Kievlan|first6=Daniel Rhodes|last7=Colombara|first7=Danny V|last8=Ikuta|first8=Kevin S|last9=Kissoon|first9=Niranjan|last10=Finfer|first10=Simon|last11=Fleischmann-Struzek|first11=Carolin|last12=Machado|first12=Flavia R|last13=Reinhart|first13=Konrad K|last14=Rowan|first14=Kathryn|last15=Seymour|first15=Christopher W|title=Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study|journal=The Lancet|date=January 2020|volume=395|issue=10219|pages=200–211|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7|pmid=31954465|pmc=6970225}}</ref> Any amin'ny [[firenena mandroso]], eo amin'ny 0.2 ka hatramin'ny 3 isaky ny 1000 eo ho eo ny olona voan'ny sepsis isan-taona, ka miteraka tranga iray tapitrisa eo ho eo isan-taona any Etazonia.<ref name="Jawad2012" /><ref name="Martin2012">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Martin GS | title = Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes | journal = [[Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy]] | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 701–6 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22734959 | pmc = 3488423 | doi = 10.1586/eri.12.50 }}</ref> Nitombo ny tahan'ny aretina.<ref name="SSCG2012" /> Fahita kokoa amin'ny lehilahy ny sepsis noho ny amin'ny vehivavy.<ref name="Tint2011" /> Ny famaritana ny sepsis dia efa hatramin'ny andron'i [[Hippocrate]].<ref name="NEJM2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T|title=Severe sepsis and septic shock|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2013-08-29_369_9/page/840|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=369|issue=9|pages=840–51|date=August 2013|pmid=23984731|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ny teny hoe "septikaemia" sy "fanapoizinana amin'ny ra" dia efa nampiasaina tamin'ny fomba maro samihafa ary tsy soso-kevitra intsony.<ref name="NEJM2013" /><ref name="1992consensus">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ|display-authors=2|title=Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis.|journal=[[Chest (journal)|Chest]]|volume=101|issue=6|pages=1644–55|date=June 1992|pmid=1303622|doi=10.1378/chest.101.6.1644|quote=Septicemia... has been used... in a variety of ways... We therefore suggest that this term be eliminated from current usage.|url=http://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505181345/https://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1584|url-status=live}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
q2oh334wf0yv3uxyur40wm2g3my0o6f
Quetiapine
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{{Infobox drug}}'''Ny Quetiapine''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''Seroquel''' ankoatra ny hafa, dia fanafody antipsychotic tsy mahazatra ampiasaina amin'ny fitsaboana ny schizophrenia, ny fikorontanan'ny bipolar, ary [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fikorontanan'ny fahaketrahana lehibe]].<ref name="Cochrane2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, Kissling W, Leucht S|title=Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=12|pages=CD008121|date=December 2010|pmid=21154393|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008121.pub2}}</ref> Na dia ampiasaina betsaka ho fanampiana amin'ny torimaso aza noho ny fiantraikany mampitony, dia toa tsy dia mihoatra ny voka-dratsiny loatra ny tombontsoa azo avy amin'izany fampiasana izany. Atelina izy io.<ref name="AHFS2017" />
Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny fahatsapana rendremana, [[fitohanana]], fitomboan'ny lanja, ary vava maina . Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny hafa ny tosidrà ambany rehefa mitsangana, ny fikorontanan-tsaina, ny [[Priapisma|fananganana maharitra]], ny siramamy ambony ao amin'ny ra, ny dyskinesia tara, ary ny neuroleptika maligna syndrome.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Ho an'ny zokiolona voan'ny dementia, ny fampiasana azy dia mampitombo ny mety hisian'ny fahafatesana.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Ny fampiasana azy amin'ny [[Fitondrana vohoka|telo volana fahatelo]] amin'ny [[fitondrana vohoka]] dia mety hiteraka fikorontanan'ny fihetsehan'ny zaza mandritra ny fotoana kelikely aorian'ny fiterahana.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Inoana fa miasa amin'ny fanakanana mpandray maromaro ny Quetiapine, anisan'izany ny serotonin sy dopamine.<ref name="AHFS2017" />
Noforonina tamin'ny 1985 ny Quetiapine ary nekena ho ampiasaina ara-pitsaboana any Etazonia tamin'ny 1997.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel M, Müller N, Strassnig M, Spellmann I, Severus E, Möller HJ|title=Quetiapine in the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=3|issue=2|pages=219–35|date=April 2007|pmid=19300555|pmc=2654633|doi=10.2147/nedt.2007.3.2.219}}</ref> Ao amin'ny lisitry ny fanafody tena ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izany.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io.<ref name="BNF74" /> Any Etazonia, ny vidin'ny ambongadiny dia eo amin'ny 12 {{US$}} isam-bolana amin'ny taona 2017. Any Royaume-Uni, ny famatsiana iray volana dia mitentina £60 eo ho eo ho an'ny NHS tamin'ny taona 2017.<ref name="BNF74">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join/page/383 383]|edition=74}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-76 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny folo tapitrisa.
== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
pmvj5p8pju3zfkmm5dqrnfj6t8seuau
Aretin'i Parkinson
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{{Redirect2|Parkinson's|Parkinson's Disease|the medical journal|Parkinson’s Disease (journal)|other uses}}
{{Infobox medical condition|name=Parkinson's disease|synonym=Parkinson disease, idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy|image=Paralysis agitans (1907, after St. Leger).png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Two sketches (one from the front and one from the right side) of a man, with an expressionless face. He is stooped forward and is presumably having difficulty walking.|caption=Illustration of Parkinson's disease by [[William Gowers (neurologist)|William Richard Gowers]], first published in ''A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System'' (1886)|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=[[tremor|Shaking]], [[Spasticity|rigidity]], [[Hypokinesia#Bradykinesia|slowness of movement]], [[gait abnormality|difficulty walking]]<ref name=NIH2016/>|onset=Age over 60<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=Car2016/>|duration=|causes=Unknown<ref name=Lancet2015/>|risks=[[Pesticide]] exposure, [[head injuries]]<ref name=Lancet2015/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms<ref name=NIH2016/>|differential=[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]], [[progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[essential tremor]], [[antipsychotic]] use<ref>{{cite book|vauthors= Ferri FF|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url= https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter P|edition=2nd}}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=Exercise, medications, surgery<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=CF2025/>|medication=[[L-DOPA]], [[dopamine agonist]]s<ref name=Sv2016/>|prognosis=[[Life expectancy]] ~ 15 years{{medcn|date=July 2020}}<ref name=Ley2018>{{medcn|date=July 2020}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Golbe LI, Leyton CE |title=Life expectancy in Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |volume=91 |issue=22 |pages=991–992 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30381371 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000006560 |type= Editorial}}</ref>|frequency=6.2 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=117,400 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>}}
'''Ny aretin'i Parkinson''' ( '''PD''' ), na '''Parkinson''' fotsiny, dia aretina maharitra amin'ny rafi-pitatitra foibe izay misy fiantraikany indrindra amin'ny rafi-pitatitra . Rehefa miharatsy ny aretina dia miha-mahazatra kokoa ireo soritr'aretina tsy mifandraika amin'ny fihetsehana.<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="Lancet2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kalia LV, Lang AE|title=Parkinson's disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-29-september-4-2015_386_9996/page/896|journal=Lancet|volume=386|issue=9996|pages=896–912|date=August 2015|pmid=25904081|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3}}</ref> Matetika dia mipoitra miadana ireo soritr'aretina.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Amin'ny fiandohan'ny aretina ny soritr'aretina miharihary indrindra dia ny hovitrovitra, ny fihenjanana, ny fiadanam-pihetsika ary ny fahasarotana amin'ny fandehanana.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Mety hitranga ihany koa ny olana amin'ny fisainana sy ny fitondran-tena.<ref name="Sv2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sveinbjornsdottir S|title=The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|volume=139 Suppl 1|pages=318–324|date=October 2016|pmid=27401947|doi=10.1111/jnc.13691|doi-access=free}}</ref> Matetika no mitranga ny dementia rehefa mandroso ny dingana.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Fahita ihany koa [[Fahakiviana lalina (psychiatrie)|ny fahaketrahana]] sy ny tebiteby izay mitranga amin'ny ampahatelon'ny olona voan'ny PD.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Anisan'ny soritr'aretina hafa ny olana ara-pandrenesana, ny torimaso ary [[Fihetseham-po|ny fihetseham-po]].<ref name="NIH2016" /><ref name="Sv2016" /> Ny soritr'aretina lehibe amin'ny fihetsehana dia antsoina hoe " parkinsonisme ", na "syndrome parkinsonian".<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=H. Royden|title=The Netter collection of medical illustrations. a compilation of paintings|date=2013|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781455733873|page=161|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&pg=PA161|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&pg=PA161|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref>
Tsy fantatra ny antony mahatonga ny aretin'i Parkinson, saingy inoana fa misy ifandraisany amin'ny fototarazo sy ny tontolo iainana.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ireo izay manana fianakaviana voakasik'izany dia mety ho voan'ny aretina ihany koa.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Misy ihany koa ny fitomboan'ny risika amin'ireo olona tratran'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely sasany sy ireo izay efa naratra loha teo aloha, raha toa kosa ka mihena ny risika amin'ireo mpifoka sigara sy ireo misotro [[Kafe (zava-pisotro)|kafe]] na [[Dite (zava-pisotro)|dite]].<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barranco Quintana JL, Allam MF, Del Castillo AS, Navajas RF|title=Parkinson's disease and tea: a quantitative review|journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–6|date=February 2009|pmid=19571153|doi=10.1080/07315724.2009.10719754}}</ref>Anisany hisian'ny soritr'aretina dia vokatry ny fahafatesan'ny sela ao amin'ny substantia nigra, faritra iray ao amin'ny atidoha afovoany . Izany dia miteraka tsy fahampian'ny dopamine ao amin'io faritra ao amin'ny atidoha io.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Tsy dia fantatra loatra ny antony mahatonga ity fahafatesan'ny sela ity, saingy mahakasika ny fitomboan'ny [[Prôteinina|proteinina]] ao amin'ny vatan'i Lewy ao amin'ny [[Nerônina|neurons]] izany.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Ny famaritana ireo tranga mahazatra dia mifototra indrindra amin'ny soritr'aretina, miaraka amin'ny fitiliana toy ny neuroimaging ampiasaina mba hanamarinana ny fisian'ny aretina hafa.<ref name="NIH2016" />
Tsy misy fanafody ho an'ny aretin'i Parkinson.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Ny fitsaboana dia mikendry ny hanatsara ny soritr'aretina. Ny fitsaboana voalohany dia mazàna amin'ny fanatanjahan-tena sy fanafody antiparkinson levodopa ( [[L-DOPA]] ), arahin'ny dopamine agonists rehefa tsy dia mandaitra intsony ny levodopa.<ref name="Sv2016" /><ref name="CF2025">{{Cite web|last=Exner|first=Matthew|title=#382 Exercise for Parkinson’s Disease: More movement = Better movement? – CFPCLearn|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|publisher=CFPC|access-date=4 February 2025|archive-date=17 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217073101/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp382/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rehefa miharatsy ny aretina ary mbola very hatrany ny sela ao amin'ny atidoha, dia mihena ny fahombiazan'ireo fanafody ireo, sady miteraka fahasarotana miavaka amin'ny fihetsehana mihodinkodina tsy nahy.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Nasehon'ny sakafo sy ny fomba fanarenana sasany fa mahomby amin'ny fanatsarana ny soritr'aretina.<ref name="pmid19691125">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G|title=Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=24|issue=13|pages=1881–92|date=October 2009|pmid=19691125|doi=10.1002/mds.22705|hdl=2434/67795|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Neuro2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ahlskog JE|title=Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2011-07-19_77_3/page/288|journal=Neurology|volume=77|issue=3|pages=288–94|date=July 2011|pmid=21768599|pmc=3136051|doi=10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66}}</ref> Ny fandidiana hametrahana microelectrodes ho an'ny fanentanana lalina ny atidoha dia nampiasaina mba hampihenana ny soritr'aretin'ny fihetsehana amin'ny tranga mafy izay tsy mahomby ny fanafody.<ref name="NIH2016" /> Tsy dia matanjaka loatra ny porofo momba ny fitsaboana ireo soritr'aretin'ny PD izay tsy mifandraika amin'ny fihetsehana, toy ny fikorontanan'ny torimaso sy ny olana ara-pihetseham-po.<ref name="Lancet2015" />
Tamin'ny taona 2015, olona 6.2 tapitrisa no voan'ny PD ary nahafaty olona 117.400 teo ho eo maneran-tany.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|last=GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators}}</ref><ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|last=GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}</ref> Matetika ny aretin'i Parkinson dia mitranga amin'ny olona mihoatra ny 60 taona ary eo amin'ny iray isan-jato eo ho eo no voakasik'izany.<ref name="Car2016">{{Cite book|vauthors=Carroll WM|title=International Neurology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118777367|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Matetika kokoa ny lehilahy no voan'izany noho ny vehivavy amin'ny tahan'ny 3:2 eo ho eo.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Rehefa hita amin'ny olona alohan'ny faha-50 taonany izany dia antsoina hoe PD vao manomboka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mosley|first=Anthony D.|title=The encyclopedia of Parkinson's disease|date=2010|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=9781438127491|page=89|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&pg=PA89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tE6VgburpxkC&pg=PA89|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Eo anelanelan'ny 7 sy 15 taona ny salan'isan'ny [[Fanantenam-pahela velona|androm-piainan'ny olona]] aorian'ny fitiliana.<ref name="Sv2016" /> Nomena anarana avy amin'ilay dokotera anglisy James Parkinson ity aretina ity, izay namoaka ny famaritana amin'ny antsipiriany voalohany tao amin'ny ''An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'', tamin'ny 1817. Anisan'ny fanentanana ho an'ny daholobe ny Andro Iraisam-pirenena ho an'ny Parkinson ( fitsingerenan'ny andro nahaterahan'i James Parkinson, 11 Aprily) sy ny fampiasana [[Tolipàna|tulip]] mena ho mariky ny aretina.<ref name="pmid18175393">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lees AJ|title=Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday|journal=Movement Disorders|volume=22 Suppl 17|issue=Suppl 17|pages=S327–34|date=September 2007|pmid=18175393|doi=10.1002/mds.21684}}</ref> Ireo olona voan'ny Parkinson izay nampitombo ny fahafantaran'ny vahoaka momba ity aretina ity dia ahitana an'i [[Muhammad Ali]], ilay angano momba ny ady totohondry, ilay mpilalao sarimihetsika Michael J. Fox, ilay mpitaingina bisikileta Olaimpika Davis Phinney, ary ilay mpilalao sarimihetsika [[Alan Alda]] .
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
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Glioblastoma
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{{Infobox medical condition|name=Glioblastoma|synonym=Glioblastoma multiforme, grade IV astrocytoma|image=Glioblastoma - MR coronal with contrast.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Coronal [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] with contrast of a glioblastoma in a 15-year-old male|pronounce=|specialty=[[Oncology]], [[neurosurgery]]|symptoms=Initially nonspecific, [[headache]]s, personality changes, [[nausea]], symptoms similar to a [[stroke]]<ref name=Young2015/>|onset=~ 64 years old<ref name=WCR2014,5.16/><ref name=Gal2015/>|duration=|causes=Usually unclear<ref name=WCR2014,5.16/>|risks=[[Genetic disorder]]s ([[neurofibromatosis]], [[Li–Fraumeni syndrome]]), previous [[radiation therapy]]<ref name=WCR2014,5.16/><ref name=Gal2015/>|diagnosis=[[CT scan]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scan]], [[tissue biopsy]]<ref name=Young2015/>|differential=|prevention=Unknown<ref name=Gal2015/>|treatment=[[Surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy|radiation]]<ref name=Gal2015/>|medication=[[Temozolomide]], [[corticosteroids|steroids]]<ref name=Young2015/><ref name=Hart2013/>|prognosis=[[Life expectancy]] ~ 14 months with treatment (5 year survival <7%)<ref name=WCR2014,5.16/><ref name=Os2019/>|frequency=3 per 100,000 per year<ref name=Gal2015/>|deaths=}}
Tsy misy fomba fantatra hisorohana ny homamiadana.<ref name="Gal2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gallego O|title=Nonsurgical treatment of recurrent glioblastoma|journal=Current Oncology|volume=22|issue=4|pages=e273-81|date=August 2015|pmid=26300678|pmc=4530825|doi=10.3747/co.22.2436}}</ref> Matetika ny fitsaboana dia misy fandidiana, ary aorian'izay dia ampiasaina ny chimiothérapie sy ny radiotherapy.<ref name="Gal2015" /> Matetika ampiasaina ho anisan'ny fitsaboana simika ny fanafody temozolomide.<ref name="Gal2015" /><ref name="Hart2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hart MG, Garside R, Rogers G, Stein K, Grant R|title=Temozolomide for high grade glioma|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=4|issue=4|pages=CD007415|date=April 2013|pmid=23633341|pmc=6457743|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007415.pub2}}</ref> Azo ampiasaina ny stéroïde avo lenta mba hampihenana ny fivontosana sy hampihena ny soritr'aretina.<ref name="Young2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Young RM, Jamshidi A, Davis G, Sherman JH|title=Current trends in the surgical management and treatment of adult glioblastoma|journal=Annals of Translational Medicine|volume=3|issue=9|pages=121|date=June 2015|pmid=26207249|pmc=4481356|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.05.10}}</ref> Ny fanesorana ny fivontosana amin'ny alalan'ny fandidiana dia mifandray amin'ny fahavelomana lava kokoa.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Van Meir EG, Hadjipanayis CG, Norden AD, Shu HK, Wen PY, Olson JJ|title=Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology: the avenue to a cure for malignant glioma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ca-a-cancer-journal-for-clinicians_may-june-2010_60_3/page/166|journal=Ca|volume=60|issue=3|pages=166–93|year=2010|pmid=20445000|pmc=2888474|doi=10.3322/caac.20069}}</ref>
Na dia eo aza ny fitsaboana tsara indrindra, dia matetika miverina indray ny homamiadana.<ref name="Gal2015" /> Ny faharetan'ny fahavelomana mahazatra aorian'ny famaritana ny aretina dia 12 ka hatramin'ny 15 volana, ary latsaky ny 3 ka hatramin'ny 7% amin'ny olona no velona mihoatra ny dimy taona.<ref name="WCR2014,5.16">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 5.16}}</ref><ref name="Os2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H, Patil N, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS|title=CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=21|issue=Supplement_5|pages=v1–v100|date=November 2019|pmid=31675094|pmc=6823730|doi=10.1093/neuonc/noz150}}</ref> Raha tsy misy fitsaboana, dia mazàna telo volana no faharetan'ny fahavelomana.<ref name="Sch2007">{{Cite book|last=Schapira|first=Anthony H.V.|title=Neurology and clinical neuroscience|date=2007|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780323070539|page=1336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwajBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1336|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729005047/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EwajBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1336|archive-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> Io no homamiadana mahazatra indrindra izay manomboka ao amin'ny atidoha ary ny fivontosan'ny atidoha faharoa mahazatra indrindra, aorian'ny meningioma.<ref name="Ble2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bleeker FE, Molenaar RJ, Leenstra S|title=Recent advances in the molecular understanding of glioblastoma|journal=Journal of Neuro-Oncology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=11–27|date=May 2012|pmid=22270850|pmc=3337398|doi=10.1007/s11060-011-0793-0}}</ref><ref name="Mc2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=McNeill KA|title=Epidemiology of Brain Tumors|journal=Neurologic Clinics|volume=34|issue=4|pages=981–998|date=November 2016|pmid=27720005|doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.014}}</ref> Olona 3 amin'ny 100.000 eo ho eo no voan'ity aretina ity isan-taona.<ref name="Gal2015" /> Matetika izy io dia manomboka eo amin'ny faha-64 taonany eo ho eo ary mitranga matetika kokoa amin'ny lehilahy noho ny vehivavy.<ref name="WCR2014,5.16" /><ref name="Gal2015" /> Eo am-pikarohana ny fitsaboana amin'ny alalan'ny hery fiarovana ho fitsaboana ny homamiadana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With Immunotherapy, Glimmers of Progress against Glioblastoma|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/research/immunotherapy-glioblastoma|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=23 December 2015|date=9 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103950/http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/research/immunotherapy-glioblastoma|archive-date=24 December 2015}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
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{{Infobox drug}}
Cetrorelix, fantatra amin'ny anarana marika Cetrotide, izay fanafody ampiasaina amin'ny fitsaboana ny fahavokarana. Izy io dia manakana ny ovulation aloha loatra amin'ny vehivavy mahazo fanentanana ny ovaire. Omena amin'ny alalan'ny tsindrona eo ambanin'ny hoditra ity fanafody ity.
Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny aretin'ny ovaire hyperstimulation, maloiloy, ary aretin'andoha.<ref name="AHFS2022">{{Cite web|title=Cetrorelix Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cetrorelix.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=3 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204163758/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cetrorelix.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mety ahitana voka-dratsy hafa koa ny anafilaksia sy ny olana amin'ny aty.<ref name="AHFS2022" /> Mety hanimba ny zaza ny fampiasana azy mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka.<ref name="AHFS2022" /> Sakana amin'ny famokarana hormonina gonadotropine (GnRH) izy io.<ref name="AHFS2022" />
Nekena ho ampiasaina ara-pitsaboana tany Eoropa ny Cetrorelix tamin'ny taona 1999 ary tany Etazonia tamin'ny taona 2000.<ref name="EPAR2022">{{Cite web|title=Cetrotide|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/cetrotide|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516222648/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/cetrotide|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2022" /> Any Royaume-Uni, mitentina £27 eo ho eo ho an'ny NHS ny 250 mikrograma amin'ny taona 2021.<ref name="BNF81">{{Cite book|title=BNF 81: March-September 2021|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf81marchseptem0000unse|date=2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0857114105|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf81marchseptem0000unse/page/778 778]}}</ref> Mitentina 250 dolara amerikana eo ho eo io vola io any Etazonia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cetrorelix Prices, Coupons & Savings Tips - GoodRx|url=https://www.goodrx.com/cetrorelix?dosage=1-vial-of-0.25mg&form=carton&label_override=Cetrotide&quantity=1&sort_type=popularity|website=GoodRx|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]
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Oksikodona
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'''Ny ''Oxycodone''''', amidy amin'ny anarana marika '''''OxyContin,''''' dia fanafody ampiasaina hitsaboana fanaintainana antonony ka hatramin'ny mafy.<ref>Drugs.com. (2018). Oxycodone: Monograph for professionals. AHFS. Retrieved December 28, 2018.</ref> Matetika izy io no raisina am-bava, ary misy amin'ny endrika famoahana eo noho eo sy famoahana voafehy. Matetika dia manomboka ao anatin'ny 15 minitra ny fanamaivanana ny fanaintainana ary maharitra hatramin'ny adiny enina miaraka amin'ny fanafody afaka mivoaka avy hatrany. Any Royaume-Uni, azo atao tsindrona izy io.<ref name="BNF74">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 74|url=https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0857112989|page=[https://archive.org/details/bnf74september200000join/page/442 442]|edition=74}}</ref> Misy ihany koa ireo vokatra mitambatra miaraka amin'ny ''paracetamol'' (acetaminophen), ''ibuprofen, naloxone, ary aspirine.<ref name="AHFS2018" />''
Anisan'ny voka-dratsiny mahazatra ny [[fitohanana]], maloiloy, rendremana, fanina, mangidihidy, vava maina ary hatsembohana . Mety ahitana ny fiankinan-doha, ny fihenan'ny fifohana rivotra , ary ny tosidra ambany ny voka-dratsiny.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ireo izay mahazaka ''codeine'' dia mety ho mahazaka ''oxycodone'' ihany koa.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Toa azo antoka ihany ny fampiasana ''oxycodone'' amin'ny fiandohan'ny fitondrana vohoka.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Mety hitranga ny fisintahana amin'ny opioid raha ajanona haingana.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Miasa amin'ny alàlan'ny fampandehanana ny mpandray ''μ-opioid ny Oxycodone''.<ref name="TalleyFrankum2015">{{Cite book|last=Nicholas J Talley|last2=Brad Frankum|last3=David Currow|title=Essentials of Internal Medicine 3e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zq9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|date=10 February 2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7295-8081-6|pages=491–|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803114730/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zq9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|url-status=live}}</ref> Rehefa raisina am-bava dia manana fiantraikany eo amin'ny in-1.5 eo ho eo noho ny ''morphine'' mitovy habe aminy izy io.
Ny ''Oxycodone'' dia vita voalohany tany [[Alemaina]] tamin'ny 1916 avy amin'ny thebaine.<ref name="Oxysynthesis2005">{{Cite book|last=Sneader, W.|title=Drug discovery: a history|url=https://archive.org/details/drugdiscoveryhis0000snea|publisher=Wiley|year=2005|location=Hoboken, NJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/drugdiscoveryhis0000snea/page/119 119]|isbn=978-0-471-89980-8}}</ref> Ao amin'ny Lisitry ny Fanafody Tena Ilaina ao amin'ny Fikambanana Iraisam-pirenena Momba ny Fahasalamana izy io ho solon'ny morphine.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Azo alaina amin'ny endrika fanafody tsy misy fangarony izy io. Any Etazonia, latsaky ny 0.30 dolara amerikana ny vidin'ny ambongadiny isaky ny fatra tamin'ny taona 2018. Tamin'ny taona 2017, io no fanafody faha-52 be mpampiasa indrindra any Etazonia, miaraka amin'ny fanafody mihoatra ny 15 tapitrisa. Zava-mahadomelina mahazatra ampiasaina ny Oxycodone.<ref name="Per2018" /> Misy karazana fanafody fisorohana ny fanararaotana maro azo ampiasaina, toy ny miaraka amin'ny naloxone.<ref name="Per2018">{{Cite journal|last=Pergolizzi JV|first=Jr|last2=Taylor R|first2=Jr|last3=LeQuang|first3=JA|last4=Raffa|first4=RB|title=Managing severe pain and abuse potential: the potential impact of a new abuse-deterrent formulation oxycodone/naltrexone extended-release product.|journal=Journal of Pain Research|date=2018|volume=11|pages=301–311|doi=10.2147/JPR.S127602|pmid=29445297|pmc=5810535}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dart|first=RC|last2=Iwanicki|first2=JL|last3=Dasgupta|first3=N|last4=Cicero|first4=TJ|last5=Schnoll|first5=SH|title=Do abuse deterrent opioid formulations work?|journal=Journal of Opioid Management|date=2017|volume=13|issue=6|pages=365–378|doi=10.5055/jom.2017.0415|pmid=29308584}}</ref>
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Arthur Henrique
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[[sary:2024 ARTHUR HENRIQUE CANDIDATO PREFEITO RR BOA VISTA TSE (230002024201).jpg|thumb|Arthur Henrique]]
'''Arthur Henrique Brandão Machado''' dia [[mpanao politika]] mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i {{Brazila}} teraka ny 19 Aogositra 1981 tao Boa Vista<ref>(pt) [https://www.folhabv.com.br/politica/pl-filia-prefeito-de-boa-vista-em-evento-com-valdemar-na-sexta-feira-17/ PL filia prefeito de Boa Vista em evento com Valdemar]</ref>.
Ben'ny tanàna lefitra, sekretera monisipaly ary ben'ny tanànan'i [[Boa Vista]], renivohitry ny fanjakan'i {{Roraima}}, voafidy tamin'ny 2020 ary voafidy indray tamin'ny 2024 ho an'ny fe-potoana vaovao.
Tamin'ny Aprily 2026, nametra-pialana tamin'ny maha ben'ny tanàna azy izy mba hahafahany ho kandidà amin'ny fifidianana ny volana oktobra amin'io taona io ihany.<ref>(pt) [https://boavista.rr.gov.br/prefeitura Prefeitura Boa Vista] {{Wayback|url=https://boavista.rr.gov.br/prefeitura |date=20260410195526 }}</ref>
== Fiainana manokana ==
Niasa tao amin'ny multinationals [[Siemens]] sy [[Capgemini]] izy. Manambady izy ary manan-janaka 4 vavy<ref>(pt) [https://roraimaemtempo.com.br/cidades/primeira-dama-de-boa-vista-e-homenageada-em-evento-para-mulheres-cristas-na-camara-municipal/ Primeira-dama de Boa Vista é homenageada em evento para mulheres cristãs] {{Wayback|url=https://roraimaemtempo.com.br/cidades/primeira-dama-de-boa-vista-e-homenageada-em-evento-para-mulheres-cristas-na-camara-municipal/ |date=20260910202511 }}</ref>
==Jereo koa ==
{{commonscat|Arthur Henrique Machado}}
[[Sokajy:Partido Liberal]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika ao Roraima]]
[[Sokajy:Ben'ny tanànan'i Roraima]]
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika breziliana]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1982]]
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Dayany Bittencourt
0
302170
1151464
2026-09-28T14:17:29Z
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Pejy noforonina tamin'ny « [[File:Depdayany (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dayany Bittencourt]] '''Dayany Bittencourt Santil''', antsoina hoe ''Dayany do Capitão'', dia mpanao politika mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i {{Brazila}} teraka ny 13 Septambra 1981 tao [[Fortaleza]]<ref>(pt) [https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/220659/biografia www.camara.leg.br]</ref>. [[Solombavambahoaka]] federaly ho an'i {{Ceará}} izy, voafidy tamin'ny 2022 tamin'ny vato 54.526<ref>(pt) [https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoe... »
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[[File:Depdayany (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dayany Bittencourt]]
'''Dayany Bittencourt Santil''', antsoina hoe ''Dayany do Capitão'', dia mpanao politika mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i {{Brazila}} teraka ny 13 Septambra 1981 tao [[Fortaleza]]<ref>(pt) [https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/220659/biografia www.camara.leg.br]</ref>.
[[Solombavambahoaka]] federaly ho an'i {{Ceará}} izy, voafidy tamin'ny 2022 tamin'ny vato 54.526<ref>(pt) [https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/apuracao/1turno/ceara/ Noticias.uol.com.br: Eleiçoes 2022]</ref>. Izy no filohan'ny birao monisipalin'i [[União Brasil]] (UNIÃO) tao Fortaleza tamin'ny 2024.
Manambady an'i [[Capitão Wagner]] lefitra izy.
==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat}}
[[pt:Dayany do Capitão]]
[[fr:Dayany Bittencourt ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bittencourt, Dayana}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika ao Ceará]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1981]]
[[Sokajy:União Brasil]]
[[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka breziliana]]
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1151466
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2026-09-28T14:28:02Z
~2026-50172-80
41062
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[[File:Depdayany (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dayany Bittencourt]]
'''Dayany Bittencourt Santil''', antsoina hoe ''Dayany do Capitão'', dia mpanao politika mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i {{Brazila}} teraka ny 13 Septambra 1981 tao [[Fortaleza]]<ref>(pt) [https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/220659/biografia www.camara.leg.br]</ref>.
[[Solombavambahoaka]] federaly ho an'i {{Ceará}} izy, voafidy tamin'ny 2022 tamin'ny vato 54.526<ref>(pt) [https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/apuracao/1turno/ceara/ Noticias.uol.com.br: Eleiçoes 2022]</ref>. Izy no filohan'ny birao monisipalin'i [[União Brasil]] (UNIÃO) tao Fortaleza tamin'ny 2024.
Manambady an'i [[Capitão Wagner]] lefitra izy.
==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat|Dayany do Capitão}}
[[pt:Dayany do Capitão]]
[[fr:Dayany Bittencourt ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bittencourt, Dayana}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika ao Ceará]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1981]]
[[Sokajy:União Brasil]]
[[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka breziliana]]
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1151467
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2026-09-28T14:28:17Z
~2026-50172-80
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[[File:Depdayany (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dayany Bittencourt]]
'''Dayany Bittencourt Santil''', antsoina hoe '''Dayany do Capitão''', dia mpanao politika mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i {{Brazila}} teraka ny 13 Septambra 1981 tao [[Fortaleza]]<ref>(pt) [https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/220659/biografia www.camara.leg.br]</ref>.
[[Solombavambahoaka]] federaly ho an'i {{Ceará}} izy, voafidy tamin'ny 2022 tamin'ny vato 54.526<ref>(pt) [https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/apuracao/1turno/ceara/ Noticias.uol.com.br: Eleiçoes 2022]</ref>. Izy no filohan'ny birao monisipalin'i [[União Brasil]] (UNIÃO) tao Fortaleza tamin'ny 2024.
Manambady an'i [[Capitão Wagner]] lefitra izy.
==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat|Dayany do Capitão}}
[[pt:Dayany do Capitão]]
[[fr:Dayany Bittencourt ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bittencourt, Dayana}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika ao Ceará]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1981]]
[[Sokajy:União Brasil]]
[[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka breziliana]]
l446yel0v3694k27etriisaizw1gz3d
Capitão Wagner
0
302171
1151465
2026-09-28T14:25:29Z
~2026-50172-80
41062
vaovao
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[[File:Deputado Federal Capitão Wagner (cropped).jpg|thumb|Capitão Wagner]]
'''Wagner Sousa Gomes''', fantatra kokoa amin'ny hoe '''Capitão Wagner''' ([[Fiteny malagasy|malagasy:''Kapiteny Wagner''), dia teraka ny 21 Janoary 1979 tao [[São Paulo]], dia kapitenin'ny fitahirizana ny polisy miaramila ao amin'ny fanjakana {{Ceará}} ary [[mpanao politika]] [[Brezila|breziliana]] avy amin'ny antoko [[União Brasil]]<ref>(pt) [https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/204487 Profil : www.camara.leg.br (Page de la Camara dos Deputados)]</ref> (UNIÃO)[]
Manambady depiote federaly [[Dayany Bittencourt]] (UNIÃO) izy ary lefitra federaly tao Ceará teo anelanelan'ny taona 2019 sy 2023.
.
==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat}}
[[pt:Capitão Wagner]]
[[fr:Capitão Wagner]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wagner, Capitao}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika ao Ceará]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1979]]
[[Sokajy:União Brasil]]
[[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka breziliana]]
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~2026-50172-80
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[[File:Deputado Federal Capitão Wagner (cropped).jpg|thumb|Capitão Wagner]]
'''Wagner Sousa Gomes''', fantatra kokoa amin'ny hoe '''Capitão Wagner''' ([[Fiteny malagasy|malagasy:''Kapiteny Wagner''), dia teraka ny 21 Janoary 1979 tao [[São Paulo]], dia kapitenin'ny fitahirizana ny polisy miaramila ao amin'ny fanjakana {{Ceará}} ary [[mpanao politika]] [[Brezila|breziliana]] avy amin'ny antoko [[União Brasil]]<ref>(pt) [https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/204487 Profil : www.camara.leg.br (Page de la Camara dos Deputados)]</ref> (UNIÃO)<ref>(pt) [https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/apuracao/1turno/ceara/ Eleiçoes 2022]</ref>
Manambady depiote federaly [[Dayany Bittencourt]] (UNIÃO) izy ary lefitra federaly tao Ceará teo anelanelan'ny taona 2019 sy 2023.
.
==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat}}
[[pt:Capitão Wagner]]
[[fr:Capitão Wagner]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wagner, Capitao}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika ao Ceará]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1979]]
[[Sokajy:União Brasil]]
[[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka breziliana]]
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2026-09-28T14:31:44Z
~2026-50172-80
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[[File:Deputado Federal Capitão Wagner (cropped).jpg|thumb|Capitão Wagner]]
'''Wagner Sousa Gomes''', fantatra kokoa amin'ny hoe '''Capitão Wagner''' ([[Fiteny malagasy|malagasy:''Kapiteny Wagner''), dia teraka ny 21 Janoary 1979 tao [[São Paulo]], dia kapitenin'ny fitahirizana ny polisy miaramila ao amin'ny fanjakana {{Ceará}} ary [[mpanao politika]] [[Brezila|breziliana]] avy amin'ny antoko [[União Brasil]]<ref>(pt) [https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/204487 Profil : www.camara.leg.br - Camara dos Deputados)]</ref> (UNIÃO)<ref>(pt) [https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/apuracao/1turno/ceara/ Eleiçoes 2022]</ref>
Manambady depiote federaly [[Dayany Bittencourt]] (UNIÃO) izy ary lefitra federaly tao Ceará teo anelanelan'ny taona 2019 sy 2023.
.
==Jereo koa==
{{commonscat}}
[[pt:Capitão Wagner]]
[[fr:Capitão Wagner]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wagner, Capitao}}
[[Sokajy:Mpanao politika ao Ceará]]
[[sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1979]]
[[Sokajy:União Brasil]]
[[Sokajy:Solombavambahoaka breziliana]]
2by7t2cefkm9cp0xl6lhv91r1om378h
Horondrano
0
302172
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2026-09-28T14:38:32Z
Thelezifor
15140
nanova ny anaran'i [[Horondrano]] ho [[Rhytachne rottboellioides]] i Thelezifor
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#FIHODINANA [[Rhytachne rottboellioides]]
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Bajiry
0
302173
1151477
2026-09-28T15:04:49Z
Thelezifor
15140
nanova ny anaran'i [[Bajiry]] ho [[Cenchrus americanus]] i Thelezifor
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#FIHODINANA [[Cenchrus americanus]]
6h5hus51gsph6x904rro3rvx745wdnc
Evolvulus alsinoides
0
302174
1151508
2026-09-29T09:31:33Z
Thelezifor
15140
Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Convolvulaceae
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[[Sary:(Evolvulus alsinoides) Dwarf Morning-glory at Bhongir 01.jpg|vignette|370x370px|''Evolvulus alsinoides'']]
Ny '''''Evolvulus alsinoides''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Convolvulaceae]]''; miparitaka manerana ny faritra trôpikaly maneran-tany izy io ary azo inoana fa avy any [[Amerika]] ny fiaviany. Amin' ny teny malagasy ozy dia atao hoe '''handrinamboa''', '''horompetaka''', na '''vahimpasika'''. Ahitra izy io, izay mety ho velona herintaona na maharitra taona maro, manana tahony manify sady somary misy rantsana sady manana vony miloko manga. Ampiasain' ny vahoaka samihafa any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly ho fanafody io zavamaniry io, indrindra fa any [[India]], izay ampiasana azy io amin' ny fitsaboana ''Ayurveda''<ref><small>V.G.Indhumol, H.R.Pradeep, C.K.Sushrutha, T.Jyothi & Dr.M.M.Shavas5, "[http://soushrutam.com/010202.pdf Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical, and Therapeutic applications of ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' Linn."]" (PDF), – ''A Review Soushrutam - An International Research Journal of Pharmacy and Plant science'', vol. 1, no 2, Janoary/Febroary 2013 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsoushrutam.com%2F010202.pdf Arsiva]]).</small></ref>.
== Famariparitana ==
Ny ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' dia ahitra velona mandritra ny taona iray na mihoatra, manana tahony manify sy lava izay mety hipetraka amin' ny tany na hianika, izay mety ho maro na betsaka, sady rakotra volo.
=== Ravina ===
Manana tangozany kely na saika tsy misy tangozany ny raviny, ka eo anelanelan' ny 0,7 sy 2,5 sm ny halavany ary 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 mm ny sakany.
=== Vony ===
Mety ho irery ny voniny na mirindra ho vondrona vitsivitsy, eo amin' ny tangozany manify toy ny kofehy izay manana halava mirefy 2,5 hatramin' ny 3,5 sm. Ny [[vondron-dravimbony]] (kalisy) dia ahitana [[ravimbony]] miendrika lefona sady misy volo malefaka, manana halava 3 hatramin' ny 4 mm. Ny [[vondrom-pelambony]] (kôrôla), izay boribory sy misy felany dimy, dia miloko manga, na fotsy indraindray, ary mirefy 7 hatramin' ny 10 mm ny savaivony. Ny [[lahimbony]], izay manana tahony manify toy ny kofehy, dia miraikitra amin' ny fototr' ilay ampahany miendrika fantsona amin' ny vondrom-pelambony. Eo an-tampon' ny fihary atodinaina izay tsy misy volo no misy ny [[tahom-bavimbony]] roa misaraka.
=== Voa ===
Boribory toy ny baolina ny voany sady karazana kapsily misy fizaràna efatra, ary matetika dia ahitana vihim-boa mainty sady malama efatra ao anatiny.
== Taksônômia ==
I Linné no nanao ny famaritana voalohany an' ity karazana ity tamin' ny anarana hoe ''Convolvulus alsinoides'' ary navoaka tamin' ny taona 1753 tao amin' ny bokiny ''Species Plantarum'' 1: 157 (1753)<ref><small>"[https://www.ipni.org/n/265796-1 ''Convolvulus alsinoides'' L., Sp. Pl. 1: 157 (1753)]", ''International Plant Names Index'' (IPNI) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fn%2F265796-1 Arsiva]]. Notsidihina tamin' ny 25 Janoary 2020</small></ref>. I Linné ihany koa no namindra azy tatỳ aoriana ho ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Evolvulus]]'' tamin' ny taona 1762 (''Evolvulus alsinoides'' (L.) L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 392)<ref><small>"[https://www.ipni.org/n/102555-2 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. , Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 392]" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fn%2F102555-2 Arsiva]], ''International Plant Names Index'' (IPNI) (Notsidihina tamin' ny 25 Janoary 2020).</small></ref>.
=== Anarana hafa ===
Indreto ny anarana hafa nahafantarana ny araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' <small>(25</small> <small>Janoary 2020)</small><ref name=":1"><small>''The Plant List : [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-8500038 Evolvulus alsinoides]'' [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-8500038 (L.) L]. [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Ftro-8500038 Arsiva]] (loharano: ''[https://www.tropicos.org/name/8500038 Tropicos.org]'' [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tropicos.org%2Fname%2F8500038 Arsiva]) (Notsidihina tamin' ny 25Janoary 2020)</small></ref>:
* ''Convolvulus alsinoides'' <small>L.</small> (anarany voalohany indrindra)
* ''Convolvulus linifolius'' <small>L.</small>
* ''Convolvulus valerianoides'' <small>Blanco</small>
* ''Evolvulus albiflorus'' <small>M. Martens & Galeotti</small>
* ''Evolvulus chinensis'' <small>Choisy</small>
* ''Evolvulus debilis'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''Evolvulus filiformis'' <small>Willd. ex Steud.</small>
* ''Evolvulus hirsutulus'' <small>Choisy</small>
* ''Evolvulus pilosissimus'' <small>M. Martens & Galeotti</small>
* ''Evolvulus ramiflorus'' <small>Boj. ex Choisy in DC</small>
=== Lisitry ny ovan-karazana ===
Inty ny lisitry ny ovan-karazan' ny araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' <small>(25</small> <small>Janoary 2020)</small><ref name=":1" />:
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''adscendens'' <small>(House) Ooststr.</small>
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''angustifolia'' <small>Torr</small>.
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''decumbens'' <small>(R. Br.) Ooststr.</small>
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''hirsutus'' <small>(Lam.) Ooststr.</small>
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''javanicus'' <small>(Blume) Ooststr.</small>
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''rotundifolius'' <small>Hayata ex Ooststr.</small>
== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Convolvulus]]''
* ''[[Evolvulus]]''
== Loharano ==
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1151509
1151508
2026-09-29T09:45:25Z
Thelezifor
15140
Fampiasana
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[[Sary:Evolvulus alsinoides 1DS-II 3-3470.jpg|vignette|456x456px|''Evolvulus alsinoides'']]
Ny '''''Evolvulus alsinoides''''' dia karazana [[Angiospermae|zavamaniry]] [[Angiospermae|mamony]] [[roa ravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Convolvulaceae]]''; miparitaka manerana ny faritra trôpikaly maneran-tany izy io ary azo inoana fa avy any [[Amerika]] ny fiaviany. Amin' ny teny malagasy ozy dia atao hoe '''handrinamboa''', '''horompetaka''', na '''vahimpasika'''. Ahitra izy io, izay mety ho velona herintaona na maharitra taona maro, manana tahony manify sady somary misy rantsana sady manana vony miloko manga. Ampiasain' ny vahoaka samihafa any amin' ny faritra trôpikaly ho fanafody io zavamaniry io, indrindra fa any [[India]], izay ampiasana azy io amin' ny fitsaboana ''Ayurveda''<ref><small>V.G.Indhumol, H.R.Pradeep, C.K.Sushrutha, T.Jyothi & Dr.M.M.Shavas5, "[http://soushrutam.com/010202.pdf Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical, and Therapeutic applications of ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' Linn."]" (PDF), – ''A Review Soushrutam - An International Research Journal of Pharmacy and Plant science'', vol. 1, no 2, Janoary/Febroary 2013 [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsoushrutam.com%2F010202.pdf Arsiva]]).</small></ref>.
== Famariparitana ==
Ny ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' dia ahitra velona mandritra ny taona iray na mihoatra, manana tahony manify sy lava izay mety hipetraka amin' ny tany na hianika, izay mety ho maro na betsaka, sady rakotra volo.
=== Ravina ===
[[Sary:Evolvulus alsinoides at Masinagudi (1).jpg|vignette|214x214px|''Evolvulus alsinoides'']]
Manana tangozany kely na saika tsy misy tangozany ny raviny, ka eo anelanelan' ny 0,7 sy 2,5 sm ny halavany ary 5 ka hatramin' ny 10 mm ny sakany.
=== Vony ===
[[Sary:(Evolvulus alsinoides) Dwarf Morning-glory at Bhongir 01.jpg|vignette|210x210px|''Evolvulus alsinoides''|ankavia]]
Mety ho irery ny voniny na mirindra ho vondrona vitsivitsy, eo amin' ny tangozany manify toy ny kofehy izay manana halava mirefy 2,5 hatramin' ny 3,5 sm. Ny [[vondron-dravimbony]] (kalisy) dia ahitana [[ravimbony]] miendrika lefona sady misy volo malefaka, manana halava 3 hatramin' ny 4 mm. Ny [[vondrom-pelambony]] (kôrôla), izay boribory sy misy felany dimy, dia miloko manga, na fotsy indraindray, ary mirefy 7 hatramin' ny 10 mm ny savaivony. Ny [[lahimbony]], izay manana tahony manify toy ny kofehy, dia miraikitra amin' ny fototr' ilay ampahany miendrika fantsona amin' ny vondrom-pelambony. Eo an-tampon' ny fihary atodinaina izay tsy misy volo no misy ny [[tahom-bavimbony]] roa misaraka.
=== Voa ===
Boribory toy ny baolina ny voany sady karazana kapsily misy fizaràna efatra, ary matetika dia ahitana vihim-boa mainty sady malama efatra ao anatiny.
== Taksônômia ==
[[Sary:Evolvulus alsinoides. AJT Johnsingh.jpg|vignette|241x241px|''Evolvulus alsinoides'']]
I Linné no nanao ny famaritana voalohany an' ity karazana ity tamin' ny anarana hoe ''Convolvulus alsinoides'' ary navoaka tamin' ny taona 1753 tao amin' ny bokiny ''Species Plantarum'' 1: 157 (1753)<ref><small>"[https://www.ipni.org/n/265796-1 ''Convolvulus alsinoides'' L., Sp. Pl. 1: 157 (1753)]", ''International Plant Names Index'' (IPNI) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fn%2F265796-1 Arsiva]]. Notsidihina tamin' ny 25 Janoary 2020</small></ref>. I Linné ihany koa no namindra azy tatỳ aoriana ho ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''[[Evolvulus]]'' tamin' ny taona 1762 (''Evolvulus alsinoides'' (L.) L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 392)<ref><small>"[https://www.ipni.org/n/102555-2 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. , Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 392]" [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fn%2F102555-2 Arsiva]], ''International Plant Names Index'' (IPNI) (Notsidihina tamin' ny 25 Janoary 2020).</small></ref>.
=== Anarana hafa ===
Indreto ny anarana hafa nahafantarana ny araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' <small>(25</small> <small>Janoary 2020)</small><ref name=":1"><small>''The Plant List : [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-8500038 Evolvulus alsinoides]'' [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-8500038 (L.) L]. [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Ftro-8500038 Arsiva]] (loharano: ''[https://www.tropicos.org/name/8500038 Tropicos.org]'' [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tropicos.org%2Fname%2F8500038 Arsiva]) (Notsidihina tamin' ny 25Janoary 2020)</small></ref>:
* ''Convolvulus alsinoides'' <small>L.</small> (anarany voalohany indrindra)
* ''Convolvulus linifolius'' <small>L.</small>
* ''Convolvulus valerianoides'' <small>Blanco</small>
* ''Evolvulus albiflorus'' <small>M. Martens & Galeotti</small>
* ''Evolvulus chinensis'' <small>Choisy</small>
* ''Evolvulus debilis'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''Evolvulus filiformis'' <small>Willd. ex Steud.</small>
* ''Evolvulus hirsutulus'' <small>Choisy</small>
* ''Evolvulus pilosissimus'' <small>M. Martens & Galeotti</small>
* ''Evolvulus ramiflorus'' <small>Boj. ex Choisy in DC</small>
=== Lisitry ny ovan-karazana ===
[[Sary:Dwarf Morning-glory (Evolvulus alsinoides) in Hyderabad W IMG 7978.jpg|vignette|''Evolvulus alsinoides'']]
Inty ny lisitry ny ovan-karazan' ny araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[The Plant List]]'' <small>(25</small> <small>Janoary 2020)</small><ref name=":1" />:
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''adscendens'' <small>(House) Ooststr.</small>
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''angustifolia'' <small>Torr</small>.
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''decumbens'' <small>(R. Br.) Ooststr.</small>
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''hirsutus'' <small>(Lam.) Ooststr.</small>
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''javanicus'' <small>(Blume) Ooststr.</small>
* ''Evolvulus alsinoides'' var. ''rotundifolius'' <small>Hayata ex Ooststr.</small>
== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
[[Sary:(Evolvulus alsinoides) Dwarf Morning-glory at Bhongir 04.JPG|vignette|''Evolvulus alsinoides'']]
Hita amin' ny karazana tontolo iainana maro samihafa ity karazana zavamaniry ity, manomboka amin' ny faritra mando sy ala mando ka hatramin' ny tany efitra.
== Fampiasana ==
Ampiasaina amin' ny fitsaboana nentim-paharazana any [[Azia Atsinanana]] ity zavamaniry ity noho ny toetra ananany izay lazaina fa misy fiantraikany amin' ny saina sy manatsara ny fiasan' ny atidoha, na dia tsy mbola voamarina ara-pitsaboana aza izany filazana izany. Anisan' ireo zavamaniry tafiditra ao anatin' ny "''Dasapushpam''", voninkazo masina folo ao [[Kerala]] ([[India]]), izy io.
== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Convolvulus]]''
* ''[[Evolvulus]]''
== Loharano ==
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Cenchrus pseudotriticoides
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Karazan-javamaniry ao amin' ny fianakaviana Poaceae
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Ny '''''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides''''' dia karazana [[zavamaniry mamony]] [[tokan-dravin-tsimoka]] ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Poaceae]]'', izay tsy fahita afa-tsy eto [[Madagasikara]]. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy dia atao hoe '''horompotsy''', '''kifafarano''', '''lohahorompotsy''', '''tohiambazaha''' na '''toiambazaha'''. ''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides'' <small>(A.Camus) Voronts.</small> no anarany ara-tsiansa feno. Fantatra amin' ny anarana hoe ''Pennisetum pseudotriticoides'' <small>A. Camus</small> koa izy io. Ampiasaina indrindra eo amin' ny lafiny tontolo iainana sy ny fiompiana ny ''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides'', na dia voafetra ihany aza izany fampiasana amin' ny fiompiana izany noho ny toetran' ilay zavamaniry.
== Famariparitana ==
Ny ''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides'' dia ahitra maniry maharitra taona maro, izay mitombo amin' ny endrika fehezany matevina sy makitroka. Raha oharina amin' ny karazana mitovitovy aminy dia somary fohy na antonony ny haavony, izay matetika eo anelanelan' ny 50 sy 80 sm eo ho eo. Mitsangana mahitsy na somary miakatra ny tahony, izay mipoitra avy amin' ny rafi-paka matanjaka sy mafy tsara, natao hahazaka ny fanitsakitsahana.
=== Ravina ===
Tahaka ny zavamaniry hafa ao amin' ny vondron-karazana ''Cenchrus'' dia miendrika tsipika lava ny ravin' ny ''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides'' izay mihaety mankany amin' ny tendrony, manify, ary somary henjana ny firafiny. Mamihina mafy ny taho ny fototry ny ravina.
=== Vony ===
Ny rafi-bonin' ny ''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides'' dia tahaka ny sampahom-bony mivondrona sy miendrika varingarina eo amin' ny tendron' ny tahony, ka mitovitovy endrika amin' ny salohim-bary matevina na borosin-tavoahangy (izany no nahatonga ny mpamarira anarana hoe ''pseudotriticoides''). Ny vondrom-bony madinika tsirairay dia misy rafi-piarovana eo amin' ny fotony, izay ahitana volovolo henjana vitsivitsy kokoa raha ampitahaina amin' ny karazana mitovitovy endrika aminy, toy ny ''Cenchrus hohenackeri''). Ireo volovolo henjana ireo dia mihintsana miaraka amin' ilay vondrom-bony madinika rehefa tonga amin' ny dingana fahamatoy.
=== Voa ===
Tahaka ny zavamaniry rehetra ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''Poaceae'' dia mitambatra tanteraka ny hoditry ny voan' ny ''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides'' sy ny vihim-boany (kariôpsa). Io voa io dia mijanona ao anatin' ny ravin-kely fiarovana anatin' ilay vondron-bony kely (izay mafy toy ny taolan-karepoka na toy ny hoditra). Rehefa matoy ny voa, dia misaraka amin' ny tangozan' ny sampahom-bony ilay vondrom-bony mpiaro manontolo miaraka amin' ny volo fiarovana manodidina azy, ka manamora ny fiparitahany amin' ny alalan' ny rivotra sy ny ny rano na ny biby.
== Faritra sy toerana aniriany ==
Tsy fahita afa-tsy ao amin' ny faritra avo afovoan' i [[Madagasikara]], indrindra fa ao amin' ny faritanin' [[Antananarivo]] sy [[Fianarantsoa]], ny ''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides''. Maniry indrindra izy amin' ny haambo eo anelanelan' ny 1 000 sy 2 000 m. Hita eny amin' ny sisin' ny renirano na sakeli-drano misy fasika na fotaka, eny amin' ny kijana malalaka sy ny faritra fiandrasana biby fatratra, ary koa eny amin' ny sisin-dalana voahitsakitsaka mafy. Zavamaniry mahatanty ny fisian' ny afo matetika sy ny fiandrasana biby tafahoatra izy io.
== Fampiasana ==
=== Fiarovana amin' ny fikao-tany ===
Noho ny rafi-paka matanjaka sy mafy ananan' ny ''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides'', dia ampiasaina indrindra amin' ny fanamafisana ny tany izy io. Manana anjara toerana lehibe eo amin' ny tontolo iainana izy amin' ny alalan' ny fitazonana ny sisin-drano misy fasika na tanimanga eny amin' ny renirano mba tsy ho ravan' ny tondra-drano, sady miaro ny tany any amin' ny faritra avo eto Madagasikara. Tena mahatanty afo ity karazana bozaka ity izay mandrakotra maharitra ny tany sady afaka maniry haingana indray aorian' ny doro tanety miverimberina, ka amin' izany dia miaro ny tany tsy voarakotra mba tsy ho simba.
=== Sakafom-biby ===
Na dia heverina ho ahitra tsy dia tsara kalitao ara-tsakafo aza ny ''Cenchrus pseudotriticoides'', dia tena tian' ny biby fiompy hohanina (indrindra ny omby) any amin' ny faritra misy fiompiana avela hiraoka malalaka, noho ny habetsahany sy ny fahafahany manohitra ny fanitsakitsahan' ny biby.
== Jereo koa ==
* ''[[Cenchrus]]''
* ''[[Pennisetum]]''
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