Wikipedia mgwiki https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fandraisana MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Rakitra Manokana Dinika Mpikambana Dinika amin'ny mpikambana Wikipedia Dinika amin'ny Wikipedia Sary Dinika amin'ny sary MediaWiki Dinika amin'ny MediaWiki Endrika Dinika amin'ny endrika Fanoroana Dinika amin'ny fanoroana Sokajy Dinika amin'ny sokajy TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 3913 1151766 1151493 2026-10-07T22:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1151766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_pays| nom_local1=भारत गणराज्य|langue1=hi| nom_local2=Bhārat Ganarājya|langue2=hi| nom_local3=Republic of India |langue3=en| nom_malgache=Repoblikan' India| image_drapeau=Flag of India.svg | lien_drapeau=Sainan' India | image_blason=Emblem of India.svg | lien_blason=Fanevan' India| image_carte=India_in_its_region_(disputed).svg| devise= ''सत्यमेव जयते'' (Satyamēva Jayatē)<br />(avy amin'ny [[Sanskrity]] : Ny Marina ihany no izy) | langues_officielles=[[fiteny hindi]], [[fiteny anglisy]], ary <br />[[Lisitry ny teny ofisialy ny India|fiteny hafa miisa 21]] <small>¹</small> | capitale=[[New Delhi]] | coordonnées_capitale=28° 34' N, 77° 07' E | lien_villes=Tanànan'i India | titre_plus_grande_ville=Tanàna ngeza indrindra | plus_grande_ville=[[Mombay]] | type_gouvernement=[[Repoblika]] [[hafederaly|federaly]] |titres_dirigeants=[[Filoham-pirenena]]<br />&nbsp;- [[Praiminisitra]] | noms_dirigeants=Droupadi Murmu <br />[[Narendra Modi]] | superficie_rang=7 | superficie_totale=3&nbsp;287&nbsp;590 | pourcentage_eau=9,5 % | population_rang=2 | population_totale=1 147 995 898 | population_année=2008| densité=349 | type_indépendance=Daty<br />&nbsp;- République | pays_indépendance=Avy amin'ny [[Onaiteda Kingdoma]] | date_indépendance=15 Aogositra 1947<br />Febroary 1950 | pays frontaliers={{CHN}}{{-}}{{PAK}}{{-}}{{MYA}}{{-}}{{BAN}}{{-}} {{NEP}}{{-}}{{BHU}}| gentilé=Indianina | IDH={{augmentation}} 0,611 | IDH_année=2006 | IDH_catégorie=anelanelany | IDH_rang=faha 126 | monnaie=[[Ropia]] | code_monnaie=INR | fuseau_horaire=+ 5,30 | hymne_national=[[Jana-Gana-Mana]] | Religion(s)=[[hindoisma]] | domaine_internet=.in | indicatif_téléphonique=91 | }} I '''India''' dia firenena ao [[Azia Atsimo]], i [[New Delhi]] no renivohiny ary i [[Bombay]] no tanàn-dehibe be mponina indrindra ao. Mirefy 3&nbsp;287&nbsp;263 km² ny velarany ary miisa 1&nbsp;429 tapitrisa ny [[mponina]] tao aminy tamin'ny taona 2023. Avy amin' ny [[fiteny persana|teny persana]] hoe ''Sindhu'', izay anarana persanan' ny [[renirano]] [[Sindo|Indosy]] amin' ny [[fiteny sanskrity]], ny hoe ''India''. Mampiasa ny teny hoe ''Bharat'' (mpanjaka hindoa niaina tamin' ny [[Andro Taloha]]) ny [[anarana]] ôfisialy. Nampiasaina tamin' ny vanim-potoan' ny [[Empira Môgôly]] ny anarany fahatelo hoe ''Hindustan'' ("''tanin' ny Hindoa''" amin' ny fiteny persana), tsy ôfisialy intsony ankehitriny io teny hoe ''Hindustan'' io nefa ampiasaina matetika rehefa miresaka an' i India<ref>https://mg.globalvoices.org/2019/03/30/136653/, [https://www.onlinescientificsresearch.com/games/word-search/ word search]</ref>.[[Sary:Inde carte.png|vignette|Sarin-tanin' i India ]] Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7&nbsp;000 km i India<ref>https://mg.globalvoices.org/2024/04/08/169061/ [https://www.rroij.com/techblog/kahoot-login/ kahoot login]</ref>. Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Pakistàna]] izy any andrefana, sy amin' i [[Sina]], amin' i [[Nepaly]], amin' i [[Botàna]] any avaratra. I [[Bangladesy|Bangladesa]] sy i [[Mianmara]] no any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]] dia tsy lavitra azy ny [[Maldiva|Repoblikan' i Maldiva]] (any atsimo-andrefana) sy i [[Srilanka]] (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisin-tany amin' i [[Afganistàna]] koa i India any avaratra-atsinanana. Miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i [[Himalaya]] ([[tandavan-tendrombohitra]] avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny [[ony]] lehibe telo ny vohon-tanin' i India. Ireto ireo ony ireo: i [[Sindo|Indosy]] sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny [[Hindoisma|fivavahana hindoa]]) ary i [[Brahmaputra]]. Miavaka ny [[toetany]] noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny [[fahavaratra]]). I India no firenena faharoa be [[Indiana (vahoaka)|mponina]] indrindra eran-tany (aorian' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]]): ny mponina ao aminy dia 17 % amin' ny mponina eran-tany. Vondrom-poko 1&nbsp;600 mahery no miara-monina ao India. Miavaka ny fiarahamonina indiana noho ny fisian' ny [[sarangam-poko]] (kasta), izany hoe fandaminana ara-piarahamonina ahitana ambaratonga miankina indrindra amin' ny fandovana sy ny fivavahana. Misy fiteny sy fitenim-paritra maherin' ny 3&nbsp;000 ny ao India ka [[fiteny ôfisialy]] roapolo mahery no eken' ny lalàmpanorenana. Ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] no [[fitenim-pirenena]]. Maro ny [[fivavahana]] teraka tao amin' io zana-kôntinenta io, ka anisan' izany ny [[bodisma]], ny [[jainisma]], ny [[hindoisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Ny [[fambolena]] no sehatra lehibe amin' ny asa ara-toekarena ao India, izay faharoa amin' ny famokarana [[vary]] eran-tany. Nihanivoatra be i India tamin' ny dimy ambin' ny folo taona farany teo, indrindra tamin' ny fanombohana ny fiovana demôgrafika nisy hatry ny taona 1991. Tamin' ny 22 Janoary 2007 dia niverina avy tany amin' ny habakabaka ny kapsily indiana tsy misy olona afaka 12 andro, izany nametraka marika siantifika sy teknika lehibe ho an' i India. Hatry ny taona 2008 dia anisan' ny firenena matanjaka ara-toekarena lehibe eto an-tany i India, izay nanakaiky an' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] sy i [[Rosia]] ary i [[Brezila|Brezily]]; i India koa no hery ara-toekarena fahavalo eto an-tany. Teo amin' ny tanin' i India no nisy ny [[sivilizasiôna]] tranainy indrindra eto an-tany: ny [[sivilizasiônan' i Indosy]], iray amin' ny voalohany fantatra tao amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Saikinosy Indiana]], nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2500 ka hatramin' ny 1800 tal JK. any ho any. Ny tantaran' i India dia voamariky ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny [[Ariàna (vahoaka)|Ariana]]: olona avy any [[Azia Afovoany]] niandohan' ny rafitra misy [[sarangam-poko]]. Nivoatra tsikelikely ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika, ka nipoitra ny [[repoblika]] sy ny [[fanjakà-mpanjaka]] isan-karazany. Taorian' ny Fanjakan' i Magadha, izay niandohan' ny fampiraisana an' i India, dia maro ny tarana-mpanjaka nifandimby, indrindra fa ny Maurya sy ny Gupta (izay heverina ho andro volamenan' ny kolontsaina klasika tany India). Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-11 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-17 ilay firenena no niharan' ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny [[Silamo|Mozilmana]] sy ny [[Empira Môgôly|Môgôly]]. Ny [[fanjanahantany]] eorôpeana (nataon' ny [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogey]], ny [[Hôlandy|Hôlandey]], ny [[Frantsa|Frantsay]] ary ny [[Britaina Lehibe|Britanika]]) dia nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Tamin' ny farany dia ny [[Empira Britanika]] no nahavita nifehy tanteraka ilay firenena. Mandritra ny taonjato roa i India dia [[Fanjanahantany anglisy|zanatany anglisy]]; izy no zanatany britanika ngeza indrindra. Nitranga tamin' ny taona 1849 ny andiana fikomiana voalohany nanohitra io fahefana io. Notohizan' i [[Mohandas Gandhi]] izany tamin' ny taompolo 1920 sy 1930. Nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany i India tamin' ny taona 1947. Tamin' io fotoana io dia naverina ho an' i India taorian' ny fahazoany ny fahaleovan-tena ny [[tobim-barotra]] (kôntoara) frantsay sy pôrtogey tao India. Na izany aza dia nisy ady ara-pivavahana sy ara-pizaràn-tany maro tao amin' ilay firenena. == Tantara == Nipoitra tao India ny fiteny klasika roa ([[fiteny sanskrity]] sy [[fiteny tamily]]) misy eto amin' izao tontolo izao. Efa nampiasaina mandritry ny telo arivo taona ireo fiteny roa ireo. Namorona finoana antsoina hoe [[hindoisma]] ilay firenena, finoana izay mbola arahin' ny maro amin'ny Indiana amin' izao fotoana izao. Tamin' ny taona 300 tal. J.K., dia namorona ny empira sy ny Fiankohonana Maurya i Ashoka, izay nahavory ny ankamaroan' ny tanin' i [[Azia Atsimo]] ho anaty firenena iray. Tamin' ny taona 180 tal. J.K. dia voatafiky ny firenena maro samihafa i India na dia taty aoriana aza (100 – 1100), dia nipoitra ireo fiankohonana indianina hafa: izay ahitana ny Chalukya, ny Chola, ny Pallava ary ny Pandya.<ref>"South India". Suni System Ltd.. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-19.</ref> Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia nalaza tamin' ny siansa sy ny zavakanto ary ny asa soratra ny faritra atsimo ao India. Maro ny fiankohonana nanjaka tao India nandritry ny taona arivo. Anisan' ireo ny [[Empira Môgôly|Empira Môgaly]], ny Empira Vijayanagara ary ny Empira Maratha. Tamin' ny taona 1600 dia notafihan' ny firenena eorôpeana i India, ary voazanaky ny [[Britaina Lehibe|Britanika]] tanteraka izy io nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1856 hatramin' ny taona 1947. Taorian' ny taona 1947, i India dia nanana toekarena sôsialista voalahatra. Anisan' ny firenena mpikambana nanorina ny hetsiky ny <u>firenena tsy momba ny atsy na ny aroa</u> ary ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] i India. Niatrika ady maro izy io taorian' ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny [[Fanjakana Mitambatra|Fanjakana Mikambana]], anisan' izany ny ady tamin' ny taona 1957-58, 1965, 1971 ary 1999 tamin' i [[Pakistàna]] ary ny adin' ny 1962 tamin' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]]. Niady ihany koa izy io mba haka an' i Goa, izay seranana natsangan' ny [[Pôrtogaly|Pôrtogey]], ary tsy azon' i India raha tsy tamin' ny taona 1961. Nandà ny Pôrtogey ka voatery naka azy an-keriny ny Indiana. Nanao fanandramana nokleary ihany koa i India tamin' ny taona 1974 sy 1998, ary anisan' ny firenena vitsy manana fitaovam-piadiana nokleary. Anisan' ireo toekarena mitombo haingana indrindra eto an-tany ny toekaren' i India nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1991. === Taona taloha === === Andron' ny reforma === === India islamo === === India Eoropeana === === Lalan'ny fahaleovantena === === Fizarana manaintaina === == Pôlitika == {| class="infobox borderless" |+ National symbols of the Republic of India (Official) |- ! '''National animal''' | | [[Image:2005-bandipur-tusker.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National bird''' | | [[Image:Pavo muticus (Tierpark Berlin) - 1017-899-(118).jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National tree''' | | [[Image:Banyan tree on the banks of Khadakwasla Dam.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National flower''' | | [[Image:Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National heritage animal''' | | [[Image:Panthera tigris.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National aquatic marine mammal''' | | [[Image:PlatanistaHardwicke.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National reptile''' | | [[Image:King-Cobra.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National heritage mammal''' | | [[Image:Hanuman Langur.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National fruit''' | | [[Image:An Unripe Mango Of Ratnagiri (India).JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National temple''' | | [[Image:New Delhi Temple.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National river''' | | [[Image:River Ganges.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National mountain''' | | [[Image:Nanda Devi 2006.JPG|50px]] |- |} == Jeôgrafia == Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7&nbsp;000 km i India. Mirefy 3&nbsp;287&nbsp;263 km² ny velarany. Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Pakistàna]] izy any andrefana, sy i [[Sina]], i [[Nepaly]], i [[Botàna]] izy any avaratra. I [[Bangladesy|Bangladesa]] sy i [[Mianmara]] any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny [[Ranomasimbe Indiana|Ranomasimbe Indianina]], tsy lavitry ny [[Maldiva|Repoblikan' i Maldiva]] (any atsimo-andrefana), i [[Srilanka|Seilàna]] (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisintany amin' i [[Afganistàna]] koa i India any avaratra-atsinanany. Ny vohontanin' i India dia miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i [[Himalaya]] ([[tandavan-tendrombohitra]] avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny [[ony]] lehibe telo: i [[Sindo|Indosy]] sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny [[Hindoisma|Hindoa]]) ary i Brahmaputra. Miavaka ny [[toetany]] noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny fahavaratra). An' i India ny ampahany be amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana|Zana-Kôntinenta Indianina]]. Miraikitra amin' i [[Aostralia]] ilay zana-kôntintenta amin' ny resaka plaky: ny plaky [[Indô-Aostralianina]]. Mikasika kely ny tendrombohitra [[Himalaya]] ny avaratr' i India. Eo antsimon' i Himalaya dia misy saha tena mahavokatra indrindra any India: ny tany Indô-Ganjetìka no anaran' izy io. Any andrefana, misy ny [[Tanimatin'i Thar|tanimatin' i Thar]]. Any antsimo, dia misy [[lembalemba]] voafaritra any avarany amin' ny [[Gaty Andrefana]] sy any antsinanany amin' ny [[Gaty Antsinanana]]. === Fizaràn' ny faritany === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Anarana || Renivohitra || Teny ofisialy || Velarantany (km²) || Isam-ponina (2001) || Natsangana tamin'ny |- | [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Hyderâbâd (India)|Hyderabad]]|| [[Fiteny telogo|Telogo]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:276754}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:76210007}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Itanagar]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:83578}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:1097968}} || align="right" | 1987 |- | [[Assam]] || [[Dispur]]|| [[Fiteny asamey|Asamey]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:78438}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:26655528}} || align="right" | 1947 |- | [[Bengala Andrefana]]|| [[Kolkata]] || [[Fiteny bengaly|Bengaly]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:88752}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:80176197}} || align="right" | 1960 |- | [[Bihar]] || [[Patna]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:94163}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:82998509}} || align="right" | 1947 |- | [[Chhattisgarh]]|| [[Raipur]]|| [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:135133}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:20833803}} || align="right" | 2000 |- | [[Goa]] || [[Panaji]] || [[Fiteny kônkany|Kônkany]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:3702}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:1347668}} || align="right" | 1987 |- | [[Gujarat]] || [[Gandhinagar]] || [[Gujarati]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:196024}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:50671017}} || align="right" | 1960 |- | [[Haryana]]|| [[Chandigarh]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:44212}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:21144564}} || align="right" | 1966 |- | [[Himachal Pradesh]]|| [[Shimla]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:55673}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:6077900}} || align="right" | 1971 |- | [[Jammu-sy-Kasimira]]|| [[Srinagar]] || [[Fiteny kashmiry|Kasmiry]], [[Fiteny ordò|ordo]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:222236}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:10143700}} || align="right" | 1947 |- | [[Jharkhand]]|| [[Ranchi]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:79714}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:26945829}} || align="right" | 2000 |- | [[Karnataka]] || [[Bangalore]] || [[Fiteny kanada|Kanada]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:191791}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:52850562}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Kerala]] || [[Trivandrum]] || [[Fiteny malaialama|Malaialama]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:38863}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:31841374}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Bhopal]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:308000}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:60348023}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Maharashtra]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Fiteny maraty|Maraty]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:308000}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:96878627}} || align="right" | 1960 |- | [[Manipur]] || [[Imphal]] || [[Fiteny manipory|manipory]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:22356}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:2166788}} || align="right" | 1972 |- | [[Meghalaya]]|| [[Shillong]] || [[Fiteny garô|Garô]], [[Fiteny kasy|kasy]], [[Fiteny anglisy|anglisy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:22489}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:2318822}} || align="right" | 1972 |- | [[Mizoram]]|| [[Aizawl]] || [[Mizo]], [[anglisy]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:21087}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:888573}} || align="right" | 1987 |- | [[Nagaland]] || [[Kohima]] || [[Anglisy]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:16527}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:1990036}} || align="right" | 1963 |- | [[Orissa]]|| [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Fiteny ôria|Ôria]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:155842}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:36804660}} || align="right" | 1949 |- | [[Penjab (India)|Penjab]]|| [[Chandigarh]] || [[Fiteny penjaby|Penjaby]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:50362}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:24358999}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Rajasthan]] || [[Jaipur]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:342239}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:56507188}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Sikkim]] || [[Gangtok]] || [[Fiteny nepaley|Nepaley]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:7107}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:540851}} || align="right" | 1975 |- | [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamily]] || align="right" | {{formatnum:130058}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:62405679}} || align="right" | 1956 |- | [[Tripura]]|| [[Agartala]] || [[Fiteny bengaly|Bengaly]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:10477}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:3199203}} || align="right" | 1972 |- | [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Dehradun]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:53483}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:8489349}} || align="right" | 2000 |- | [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| [[Lucknow]] || [[Fiteny hindỳ|Hindy]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum:236286}} || align="right" | {{formatnum:166197921}} || align="right" | 1950 |} == Kolontsaina == === Fiteny === Maro dia maro ny [[fiteny any India]] izay ao amin' ny [[fianakaviam-piteny]] maro samihafa. Ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 270, ka ny 122 dia fiteny lehibe (be mpampiasa). Manao ny 22 amin' ireo fiteny ireo ho [[fiteny ôfisialy]] ny lalàm-panorenana indiana. Miteny [[fiteny indô-ariana]] ny 77&nbsp;%n' ny vahoaka indiana (ka ny be mpiteny indrindra dia ny [[Fiteny hindỳ|fiteny hindy]] izay fiteny nibeazan' ny olona miisa 422 tapitrisa, izany hoe 41 %n' ny mponina, sady fiteny ôfisialin' ny governemanta foibe), ny 20&nbsp;%n' ny mponina no miteny amin' ireo [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]]. Ny fianakaviam-piteny hafa hita ao India dia ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|aostrôaziatika]], ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetana]] ary ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|tai-kaday]]. Ny [[fiteny anglisy]] dia fiteny voalohany na faharoa safidîn' ny 12&nbsp;%n' ny mponina. ==== Ny fiteny indô-ariana ==== Sampana ao amin' ny [[Fiteny indo-iraniana|fiteny indô-iraniana]], izay ao anatin' ny [[Fiteny indô-eorôpeanina|fianakaviam-piteny indô-eorôpeana]], ny [[fiteny indô-ariana]]. Ao [[Azia Atsimo]] no tena ahitana olona maro miteny azy ireo, isan' izany ny ao India. [[Fitenim-pirenena|Fitenim-pirenen]]' i India ny [[fiteny hindỳ]]. Misy 480 tapitrisa eo ho eo ny isan' ny olona mampiasa azy, 360 tapitrisa amin' ireo no manao ny fiteny hindỳ ho fitenin-dreny. Amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' i India no misy ny ankabeazan' ny mpiteny hindỳ. Mitovitovy amin' ny [[fiteny hindy]] ihany ny [[fiteny ordò]]. Fiteny ampiasaina indrindra any India atsinanana ny [[fiteny bengaly]], nefa tenenina koa any [[Bangladesy]], anisan' ny fiteny ôfisialin' i India, indrindra any amin' ny faritan' i [[Bengal Andrefana]] sy any Tripura. Fitenin' ny olona miisa 75 tapitrisa any ho any India ny [[fiteny maraty]], indrindra ao amin' ny Fanjakan' i [[Maharashtra]] sy ao [[Goa]]. Iray amin' ny fiteny ôfisialy any India ny fiteny maraty. Anisan' ny fiteny indô-ariana be mpapiasa ao India koa ny [[fiteny gojaraty]] sy ny [[fiteny ôdià]] (na ôrià) ary ny [[fiteny penjaby]]. Fitenin' ny tompontanin' i [[Gujarat]], izay ampiasain' ny olona miisa 46 tapitrisa any India sy maneran-tany, ny [[fiteny gojaraty]]. ==== Ny fiteny dravidiana ==== [[Fianakaviam-piteny]] ahitana [[fiteny]] miisa 30 any ho any izay samy avy ao India avokoa ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny dravidiana|fiteny dravidiana]], izay ampiasaina indrindra ao amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India. Ny [[fiteny telogo]], ny [[fiteny tamily]], ny [[fiteny malaialama]] ary ny [[fiteny kanada]] no tena be mpampiasa. Fitenin' ny olona miisa 70 tapitrisa any ho any ny [[fiteny telogo]], ampiasaina indrindra any amin' ny faritra [[Andhra Pradesh]], izay manao azy ho fiteny ôfisialy. Fiteny ôfisialy ihany koa izy any amin' ny faritra [[Karnataka]] sy [[Maharashtra]] ary any Orissa. Fiteny ôfisialin' i [[Tamil Nadu]] sy ny tananan' i [[Pondicherry (tanàna)|Pondichery]] ary Karîkâl ny [[fiteny tamily]]. Anisan' ny fiteny dravidiana be mpiteny koa ny [[fiteny kanada]] sy ny [[fiteny malaialama]]. Fiteny any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India, fiteny ôfisialin' i [[Karnataka]], ampiasain' ny olona miisa 45 tapitrisa any ho any, ny fiteny kanada. Anisan' ny fiteny ampiasaina any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India koa ny fiteny malaialama, izay fiteny ôfisialin' ny faritany mizakatenan' i [[Kerala]], fiteny ôfisialy ao amin' ny faritanin' i Lakshadweep sy any [[Pondicherry (tanàna)|Pondicherry]], fiteny ôfisialin' i India ihany koa, izay misy mpiteny miisa 35,9 tapitrisa any ho any. ==== Fiteny aostrôaziatika ==== Fianakaviam-piteny any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]] sy ao amin' ny faritra atsinanana any India ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny aostrôaziatika|fiteny aostrôaziatika]]. Miisa 10 tapitrisa ny mpiteny aostrôaziatika any India, 6 tapitrisa ny mpiteny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|sinô-tibetàna]], izany hoe 3&nbsp;%n' ny mponina. Anisan' ny fiteny aostrôneziatika ny [[fiteny kasy]] (''khasi'') sy ny [[fiteny monda]] (''munda'') ary ny [[fiteny santaly]] (''santali''). Anisany koa ny fiteny ao amin' ny vondronosy [[Nikobara (nosy)|Nicobar]]. Ankoatry ny fiteny kasy sy ny fiteny santaly dia fiteny tandindomin-doza ny fiteny aostrôaziatika hafa ao India. ==== Fiteny sinô-tibetana ==== [[Fianakaviam-piteny]] any [[Azia Atsinanana]], any [[Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana]], any [[Azia Afovoany]] ary any [[Azia Atsimo]], izay misy mpiteny koa any India ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny sinô-tibetana|fiteny sinô-tibetana]]. ==== Fiteny tai-kaday ==== [[Fianakaviam-piteny]] ampiasaina ao amin' ny saikanosin' i [[Indôsina]] sy any amin' ny faritra atsimo ao [[Sina]], izay misy mpampiasa koa any India, ny [[Fianakaviam-piteny tay-kaday|fiteny tai-kaday]]. ==== Fiteny andamaney ==== Vondrom-piteny ao amin' ny [[nosy Andamàna]], ampiasain' ny tompon-tany [[Andamaney (vahoaka)|andamaney]] ny [[Vondrom-piteny any Andamàna|fiteny any Andamàna]]. Misy vondrona roa ao amin' izany fianakaviam-piteny izany, dia ny fiteny andamaney lehibe sy ny fiteny andamaney avaratra. === Fivavahana === Tao India no nipoiran' ny [[hindoisma]], ny [[bodisma]], ny [[jainisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Nandray hatry ny ela ny [[jodaisma]], ny [[kristianisma]], ny [[finoana silamo]] ary ny [[zôrôastrisma]] koa io firenena io. Matetika nandray anjara lehibe ny fivavahana teo amin' ny tantaran' i India, ary eken' ny lalàna indiana ny fisian' izy ireo. Ny ankabetsahan' ny [[Indiana (vahoaka)|Indiana]] dia mpivavaka ary mandray anjara betsaka amin' ny fiainan' izy ireo ny fivavahana. ==== Ny fivavahana nipoitra tao India ==== Tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nisy mpino hindo miisa 966 tapitrisa tao India, ka 79,9 %n' ny mponina izany<ref name=":0"><small>Laurent Marchand, [http://international.blogs.ouest-france.fr/archive/2015/08/30/inde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html « Inde : 966 Millions d'Hindous, 172 M de Musulman, 27 M de Chrétiens »] {{Wayback|url=http://international.blogs.ouest-france.fr/archive/2015/08/30/inde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html |date=20210901052656 }} [[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Finternational.blogs.ouest-france.fr%2Farchive%2F2015%2F08%2F30%2Finde-religion-recensement-catholiques-musulmans-14609.html tahiry]], sur Ouest-France, 1er septembre 2015 (consulté le 28 janvier 2016).</small></ref>. Sady [[fivavahana]] sy [[filôzôfia]] ary fomba fiainana nipoitra ao amin' ny [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana]] ny hindoisma. Anisan' ny fivavahana tranainy indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao izay mbola misy manaraka izy. Mampiavaka ny hindoisma ny toetrany izay ahitana fanambarana karazana finoana sy fanao avy amin' ny fivavahana samihafa ([[sinkretisma]]). Misy mpino bodista miisa 8&nbsp;400&nbsp;000 (0,7&nbsp;%) ny ao India. Nipoitra avy tao [[India]] tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. ny [[bodisma]] noho ny fifohazana ara-panahin' i [[Siddhartha Gautama]] sy ny fielezan' ny fampianarany. Azo heverina ho [[Fivavahana tsy misy andriamanitra|fivavahana tsy misy andriamanitra mpamorona]] ny bodisma; satria tsy misy firesahana momba izany ao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sampan' ny bodisma. Misy mpino jaina miisa 4&nbsp;400&nbsp;000 (0,4&nbsp;%) ny ao India. Ny [[jainisma]] dia mampianatra fa mitovy ny tanjon' ny fiainana ho an' ny [[hindoisma]] sy ny [[bodisma]] ary ny [[sikisma]]. Tamin' ny andron' i Mahâvîra no tena nielezan' ny jainisma tao India. Mandala ny fisainanana tsy misy herisetra (''ahimsa'') ity fivavahana ity. Misy mpino siky miisa 20,8 tapitrisa (1,7&nbsp;%) ny ao India. Fivavahana amin' [[Mônôteisma|Andriamanitra tokana]] naorin' ny [[Gurû Nanak|Guru Nanak]] tao amin' ny tapany avaratr' i India tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 ny [[sikisma]]. Mino ny Siky fa tsy manam-petra, mandrakizay, mpamorona, anton' ny anton-javatra rehetra, tsy manam-pahavalo, ary tsy misy fankahalana Andriamanitra, izay sady ato amin' izao tontolo izao no ao ivelany sy mihoatra azy ([[Fihoa-draha|mihoa-draha]]). ==== Ny fivavahana niditra avy ety ivelany ==== Latsaky ny 20&nbsp;000 ny mpino manaraka ny [[jodaisma]] ao India. Efa tany amin' ny [[Andro Taloha]] no nahitana [[Jiosy]] mpifindra monina tany India ka anisan' ny fivavahana avy ivelany niditra tao India ny jodaisma. Misy Kristana miisa 27&nbsp;800&nbsp;000 (2,3&nbsp;%) ny ao India<ref name=":0" />. Lazain' ny [[lovantsofina]] fa nentin' ny apôstôly [[Tômasy]] (na Tômà) tao India tamin' ny taonjato voalohany ny [[kristianisma]]. Izy no fivavahana avy any ivelany tonga voalohany tao [[India]]. Ankehitriny dia hita ao India ny [[katôlisisma]], ny [[kristianisma ôrtôdôksa]], ny [[prôtestantisma]], ny [[batisma]] ary ny [[Fiangonana Tatsinanana|fiangonana tatsinanana]] samihafa. Misy Mozilmana miisa 172 tapitrisa (14,2&nbsp;%) ny ao India ka firenena laharana fahatelo izy amin' izany ao aorian' i [[Indônezia]] sy i [[Pakistàna]]<ref name=":0" />. Efa tany amin' ny taonjato faha-7 tany no nampisy ny [[Silamo|finoana silamo]] tany India izay nentin' ny [[Arabo (vahoaka)|Arabo]] mpivarotra, nefa taorian' ny fakàn-tany nataon' ny Mozilmàna tany India no nampiely azy indrindra. Ankehitriny dia miisa 61&nbsp;000 ny Zôrôastriana [[Parsỳ|parsy]] ao India. Efa nisy tao India tamin' ny vanim-potoana [[Empira Sasanida|sasanida]] ny [[zôrôastrisma]]. Nifindra monina tao India nanao andiany mifanesy ny Zôrôastriana nandritra ny vanim-potoana silamo, taorian' ny fakàn' ny Mozilmàna an' i [[Persia]], raha nihen-danja ny fivavahany tao [[Iràna Lehibe|Iràna]] sy tamin' ny firenena hafa noho ny fanenjehana. Tamin' ny vanim-potoana [[Empira Safavida|safavida]] koa dia nisy fifindrà-monina. Ao India, ankehitriny, no ahitana Zôrôastriana betsaka indrindra. == Jereo koa == * '''Firenena ao Azia:''' [[Afganistàna]] - [[Arabia Saodita]] - [[Armenia]] - [[Azerbaijàna]] - [[Bangladesy]] - [[Bareina]] - [[Botàna]] - [[Broney]] - [[Emirata Arabo Mitambatra]] - [[Filipina]] - [[Iemena]] - [[India]] - [[Indônezia]] - [[Iràka]] - [[Iràna]] - [[Israely]] - [[Japàna]] - [[Jôrdania]] - [[Kambôdia]] - [[Katara]] - [[Kazakstàna]] - [[Kirgizistàna]] - [[Kôety]] - [[Kôrea Atsimo]] - [[Kôrea Avaratra]] - [[Laôsy]] - [[Libàna]] - [[Maldiva]] - [[Malezia]] - [[Mianmara]] - [[Môngôlia]] - [[Nepaly]] - [[Ômàna]] - [[Ozbekistàna]] - [[Pakistàna]] - [[Palestina (fanjakana)]] - [[Rosia]] - [[Sina]] - [[Singaporo]] - [[Siria]] - [[Srilanka]] - [[Tailandy]] - [[Taioàna]] - [[Tajikistàna]] - [[Torkia]] - [[Torkmenistàna]] - [[Vietnamy]]. * '''Foko any India''': [[Dravidiana (vahoaka)|Dravidiana]] ([[Brahoy (vahoaka)|Brahoy]] - [[Telogo (vahoaka)|Telogo]] - [[Tamily (vahoaka)|Tamily]] - [[Kanadiga (vahoaka)|Kanadiga]] - [[Malaialy (vahoaka)|Malaialy]] - [[Tolo (vahoaka)|Tolo]]) - [[Jiosy any India]] ([[Petrakevitra momba ny fananan' ny Kasmiry firazanana jiosy|Fananan' ny Kasimiry firazanana jiosy]] - [[Jiosin' i Malabar]] - [[Bene Israely]] -[[Bene Efraima]] - [[Knanaia]] - [[Bano Israily]] - [[Bney Menase]]) - * '''Samihafa momba an' i India''': [[Fiteny any India]] - Kolontsaina any India - Tantaran' i India - [[Jeôgrafian' i India]] - Foko ao India - Toekarenan' i India - Fahantrana any India - Sarangam-poko any India - [[Fivavahana ao India]] - Kolontsain' i India - Fanabeazana any India - Nahandro indiana - [[BRICS]] - Fandaharan' asa nokleary indana - Mponina any India - Sarimihetsika indiana - Fambolena any India - Fivavahana any India - [[Karàna|Indiana eto Madagasikara]] - [[India Britanika]] - [[Indiana (vahoaka)]] - [[Halatra omby ao India]] - [[Masoivohon' i India eto Madagasikara]] - [[Fifandraisan' i India sy i Madagasikara]] - [[Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana]] - [[Ranomasimbe Indiana]] - * '''Kôntinenta eto an-tany:''' [[Afrika]] - [[Amerika]] ([[Amerika Avaratra]] - [[Amerika Atsimo]]) - [[Azia]] - [[Eorôpa]] - [[Ôseania]] - [[Antarktika]] == Rohy ivaleny == * [https://www.vishweshwarbank.com/en/hotmail-signup.html hotmail] {{Wayback|url=https://www.vishweshwarbank.com/en/hotmail-signup.html |date=20240221171140 }} * [https://actascientific.com/engl/hotmail-login/ hotmail] {{Wayback|url=https://actascientific.com/engl/hotmail-login/ |date=20240222075304 }} == Topi-maso == {{refbegin|33em}} * {{citation|title=India|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html|accessdate=4 October 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Central Intelligence Agency}}|archive-date=2008-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html|dead-url=yes}} * {{citation|date=December 2004|title=Country Profile: India|edition=5th|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|accessdate=30 September 2011|format=PDF|ref={{sfnRef|Library of Congress|2004}}}} * {{citation|last1=Heitzman|first1=J.|last2=Worden|first2=R. 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Misy any amin' ny 2&nbsp;000 any ho any ny karazana ao amin' ity fianakaviana ity, izay mitsinjara amin' ny vondron-karazana miisa 127, ka ny ankabetsahany dia maniry amin' ny faritra manana [[Toe-tany|toetany]] karankaina. Misy nofony azo atao sakafo sy ranony azo atao fisotro ny voany. Ny sasany amin' ny karazana ao aminy dia antsoin' ny Malagasy hoe [[raketa]]. Misy tahony be tsilo (izay antsoin' ny olona hoe "raviny") sy fakany ny ankamaroan' ny karazana. Tsy dia tena misy taova azo lazaina hoe "[[Ravina (zavamaniry)|ravina]]" ny raketa, raha ny tena marina, ka matetika kely dia kely na lasa tsilo amin' ny ankapobeny ny tokony hantsoina toy izany. Mibontsina sady nofosana noho izy mitahiry rano ny tahony. Misandrahaka saika manakaiky ny ety ivelan' ny tany aniriany ny fakany na dia misy ny faka mahatakatra lalindalina kokoa ka ahafahany mifikitra mafy amin' ny tany. Any amin' ny [[Tanimaty|tany hay]] izy ireo dia maniry mifanelanelana lavitra. [[Sary:Opuntia humifusa0.jpg|vignette|Raketa ''Opuntia humifusa'' ]] Ny fisian' ny faritra ivoahan' ny tsilo no tena mampiavaka ny ''Cactaceae'' amin' ny zavamaniry hafa. Tsy misy tsilo ny sasany fa karazana volovolo na zavatra mampalailay izay mitombo eo amin' ireo faritra tokony hanirian' ny tsilo no misolo ny tsilo. Matetika mahafinaritra jerena nefa tsy maharitra ny [[Vony|voni]]<nowiki/>n' ny ''Cactaceae''. Maro ny [[Lahimbony|lahimboni]]<nowiki/>ny. Matetika ny voany no miloko marevaka sady be nofony. Volen' ny olona mba hanaingo tanàna ny ankamaroan' ny karazana ka ireo izay tsy dia mitombo firy no tena tian' ny olona atao an' izany. == Fanasokajiana == === Zana-pianakaviana === Mizara ho zana-pianakaviana efatra ny ''Cactaceae''; * ''[[Pereskioideae]]'' <small>K. Schumann</small> (mizara ho vondron-karazana roa: ''Rhodocactus'' sy ''Pereskia''); * ''[[Leuenbergerioideae]]'' (izay tsy ahitana afa-tsy vondon-karazana tokana: ''[[Leuenbergeria]]''); * ''[[Opuntioideae]]'' <small>K. Schumann</small> (mizara ho vondron-karazana 15, anisany ny vondron-karazana ''[[Opuntia]]'' izay ahitana ny [[raketa]]); * ''[[Maihuenioideae]]'' <small>P. Fearn</small> (tsy ahitana afa-tsy ny vondron-karazana tokana ''[[Maihuenia]]'', misy karazana roa: ''Maihuenia patagonica'' sy ''Maihuenia poeppigii''); * ''[[Cactoideae]]'' (mizara ho foko sivy: ''Blossfeldieae'', ''Fraileeae'', ''Cereeae'', ''Cacteae'', ''Echinocereeae'', ''Hylocereeae'', ''Lymanbensonieae'', ''Notocacteae'', ''Rhipsalideae''): * ary vondrona tsy azo antoka (''incertae sedis'') iray ahitana ny vondron-karazana ''[[Cremnocereus]]''. === Vondron-karazana === Manana vondron-karazana 153 ny ''Cactaceae'' araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' (misy karazany 2 500). Inty ny lisitra manaraka abidy: ==== A ==== * ''Acanthocalycium'' * ''Acanthocereus'' * ''Acharagma'' * ''Airampoa'' * ''Aporocactus'' * ''Ariocarpus'' * ''Armatocereus'' * ''Arrojadoa'' * ''Arthrocereus'' * ''Astrophytum'' * ''Austrocactus'' * ''Austrocylindropuntia'' * ''Aylostera'' * ''Aztekium'' ==== B ==== * ''Bergerocactus'' * ''Blossfeldia'' * ''Borzicactus'' * ''Brachycereus'' * ''Brasilicereus'' * ''[[Brasiliopuntia]]'' * ''Browningia'' ==== C ==== * ''Calymmanthium'' * ''Carnegiea'' * ''Castellanosia'' * ''Cephalocereus'' * ''[[Cereus]]'' * ''Chamaecereus'' * ''Chichimecactus'' * ''Cipocereus'' * ''Cleistocactus'' * ''Cochemiea'' * ''Coleocephalocereus'' * ''Consolea'' * ''Copiapoa'' * ''Corryocactus'' * ''Coryphantha'' * ''Cremnocereus'' * ''Cumarinia'' * ''Cumulopuntia'' * ''[[Cylindropuntia]]'' ==== D ==== * ''Deamia'' * ''Discocactus'' * ''Disocactus'' ==== E ==== * [[Sary:Echinocactus texensis 2.jpg|vignette|''Echinocactus texensis'']]''Echinocactus'' * ''Echinocereus'' * ''Echinopsis'' * ''[[Epiphyllum]]'' * ''Epithelantha'' * ''Eriosyce'' * ''Escontria'' * ''Espostoa'' * ''Espostoopsis'' * ''Eulychnia'' ==== F ==== * [[Sary:Ferocactus-echidne01.jpg|vignette|''Ferocactus-echidne'']]''Facheiroa'' * ''Ferocactus'' * ''Frailea'' ==== G ==== * ''Geohintonia'' * ''Grusonia'' * ''Gymnocalycium.'' ==== H ==== * ''Haageocereus'' * ''Harrisia'' * ''Hatiora'' * ''Homalocephala'' * ''[[Hylocereus]]'' ==== I ==== * ''Isolatocereus'' ==== J ==== * ''Jasminocereus'' ==== K ==== * ''Kadenicarpus'' * ''Kimnachia'' * ''Kroenleinia'' ==== L ==== * ''Lasiocereus'' * ''Lemaireocereus'' * ''Leocereus'' * ''Lepismium'' * ''Leptocereus'' * ''Leuchtenbergia'' * ''Leucostele'' * ''Leuenbergeria'' * ''Lobivia'' * ''Lophocereus'' * ''Lophophora'' * ''Loxanthocereus'' * ''Lymanbensonia'' ==== M ==== * [[Sary:Mammillariaviperina.JPG|vignette|''Mammillaria viperina'']]''Maihuenia'' * ''Maihueniopsis'' * ''Mammillaria'' * ''Marshallocereus'' * ''Matucana'' * ''Melocactus'' * ''Micranthocereus'' * ''Micropuntia'' * ''Mila'' * ''Miqueliopuntia'' * ''Mitrocereus'' * ''Morangaya'' * ''Myrtillocactus'' ==== N ==== * ''Neoraimondia'' * ''Neowerdermannia'' * ''Nyctocereus'' ==== O ==== * [[Sary:Opuntia ficus-indica.jpg|vignette|''[[Opuntia ficus-indica]]'']]''Obregonia'' * ''[[Opuntia]]'' * ''Oreocereus'' * ''Oroya'' ==== P ==== * ''Pachycereus'' * ''Parodia'' * ''Pediocactus'' * ''Pelecyphora'' * ''Peniocereus'' * ''Pereskia'' * ''Pereskiopsis'' * ''Perucactus'' * ''Pfeiffera'' * ''Pilosocereus'' * ''Polaskia'' * ''Praecereus'' * ''Pseudorhipsalis'' * ''Pterocactus'' * ''Pterocereus'' * ''Punotia'' * ''Pygmaeocereus'' ==== Q ==== * ''Quiabentia'' ==== R ==== * ''Rapicactus'' * ''Rauhocereus'' * ''Rebutia'' * ''Reicheocactus'' * ''Rhipsalidopsis'' * ''[[Rhipsalis]]'' * ''Rimacactus'' ==== S ==== * ''Salmonopuntia'' * ''Samaipaticereus'' * ''Schlumbergera'' * ''Sclerocactus'' * ''[[Selenicereus]]'' * ''Serrulatocereus'' * ''Setiechinopsis'' * ''Soehrensia'' * ''Stenocactus'' * ''Stenocereus'' * ''Stetsonia'' * ''Strombocactus'' * ''Strophocactus'' ==== T ==== * ''Tacinga'' * ''Tephrocactus'' * ''Thelocactus'' * ''Trichocereus'' * ''Turbinicarpus'' ==== U ==== * ''Uebelmannia'' ==== V ==== * ''Vatricania'' ==== W ==== * ''Weberbauerocereus'' * ''Weberocereus'' * ''Weingartia'' ==== X ==== * ''Xiquexique'' ==== Y ==== * ''Yavia'' * ''Yungasocereus'' === Vondron-karazana misy eto Madagasikara === [[Sary:Rhipsalis baccifera 02 ies.jpg|vignette|''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'']] Ny ''[[Rhipsalis]]'', izay epifita hita matetika any amin' ny ala mando no hany vondron-karazana teratany eto [[Madagasikara]] izay ahitana karazana iray maniry hoazy fara-fahavitsiny: ''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'' (na ''Rhipsalis cassytha''). Ny antoko (vondron-karazana) hafa rehetra ao amin' ny ''Cactaceae'' dia nampidirin' ny olombelona fa tsy teratany eto Madagasikara (ohatra: ''[[Opuntia]]'', ''[[Echinopsis]]'', ''[[Mammillaria]]'', sns.). * ''[[Brasiliopuntia]]'' * ''[[Cereus]]'' * ''[[Cylindropuntia]]'' * ''[[Echinopsis]]'' * ''[[Epiphyllum]]'' * ''[[Mammillaria]]'' * ''[[Opuntia]]'' * ''[[Pereskia]]'' * ''[[Rhipsalis]]'' * ''[[Schlumbergera]]'' * ''[[Selenicereus]]'' (anisany ny ''[[Hylocereus]]'') == Jereo koa == * [[Raketa]] kzfi34p38vwztj9y9pdur4kim0az96v 0 285826 1151773 1076974 2026-10-08T11:40:19Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1151773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Bandeira do Distrito Federal (Brasil).svg|150px|Sain'i Distrito Federal|thumb|right]] [[Sary:Distrito Federal in Brazil.svg|200px|right|thumb|Saritanin'i Distrito Federal]] I '''Distrito Federal (Brazila)''' dia fanjakana mizaka-tena ao [[Brazila]]. Ny renivohiny dia [[Brasília]]. Ny velarantanin'ilay faritany dia {{formatnum:5802}} kilometatra toradroa ary ny isam-poniny dia {{formatnum:3548438}}. Governora: [[Celina Leão]] ([[Progressistas|PP]]= Senatera (3): * [[Damares Alves]] - [[Republicanos (Brasil)|REP]] * [[Michelle Bolsonaro]] - [[Partido Liberal|PL]] * [[Bia Kicis]] - [[Partido Liberal|PL]] [[sokajy:Faritany mizaka-tena ao Brazila]] [[sokajy:Brazila]] 3tho9mb8nzan6v36zzise9lh5p80msi 1151774 1151773 2026-10-08T11:40:39Z ~2026-53342-25 41238 1151774 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Bandeira do Distrito Federal (Brasil).svg|150px|Sain'i Distrito Federal|thumb|right]] [[Sary:Distrito Federal in Brazil.svg|200px|right|thumb|Saritanin'i Distrito Federal]] I '''Distrito Federal (Brazila)''' dia fanjakana mizaka-tena ao [[Brazila]]. Ny renivohiny dia [[Brasília]]. Ny velarantanin'ilay faritany dia {{formatnum:5802}} kilometatra toradroa ary ny isam-poniny dia {{formatnum:3548438}}. Governora: [[Celina Leão]] ([[Progressistas|PP]]) Senatera (3): * [[Damares Alves]] - [[Republicanos (Brasil)|REP]] * [[Michelle Bolsonaro]] - [[Partido Liberal|PL]] * [[Bia Kicis]] - [[Partido Liberal|PL]] [[sokajy:Faritany mizaka-tena ao Brazila]] [[sokajy:Brazila]] b338xzalrmiw8j0trlzfudsgvxwbtdf 0 291203 1151761 1097230 2026-10-07T14:35:41Z Kontributor 2K 31390 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Xambioá.gif]] → [[File:Bandeira de Xambioá, TO.gif]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) 1151761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|06|25|S|48|32|W}} {{infobox tanàna |anarana = Xambioá |velarantany = 1.160 |faritany = {{Tocantins}} |isam-ponina = 10.517 |firenena = {{Brazila}} |ben'ny tanàna = |sary =Balsa São Geraldo do Araguaia - PA e TO - panoramio (23).jpg |saina= Bandeira de Xambioá, TO.gif }} [[File:Tocantins Municip Xambioa.svg|thumb|left|Xambioá]] '''Xambioá''' dia tanàna ao amin'ny fanjakana federaly tenan'i {{Tocantins}} ao amin'ny [[Brazila]]. == Jeografia == Ny isam-ponina dia 10.517 mponina. Ny halavirana mankany an-drenivohitra ([[Palmas]]): 507 km ==Renirano== * [[Rio Araguaia]] == Jereo koa == * [[Brazila]] ** [[Tocantins]] == Tsiahy == <references/> {{commonscat}} [[sokajy:Tanàna ao Tocantins]] hgysvs6yndtn6fx2vj5nq816fcl5lm1 0 297405 1151769 1151760 2026-10-08T05:00:07Z Thelezifor 15140 Nanitatra votoatiny 1151769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Melia azedarach 01434.jpg|vignette|405x405px|Voandelaka (''Melia azedarach'')]] Ny '''''Melia azedarach''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Meliaceae]]'', teratany any [[India]], sy any amin' ny faritra atsimon' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] ary any [[Aostralia]]. nefa efa miparitaka any amin' ny faritra maro hafa koa. Hazo mihintsan-dravina izy io. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''voandelaka'''. ''Melia azedarach'' <small>L.</small> no anarany feno ara-tsiansa. Mangidy avokoa ny faritra rehetra amin' io hazo io, izay ahitana akora antsoina hoe [[limônôida]], ka maro amin' ireo akora ireo no toa manana toetra mahasoa amin' ny fitsaboana. == Fanasokajiana sy anarana == Ny ''Melia azedarach'' dia karazana ao amin' ny vonron-karazana, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Meliacea]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Sapindales]]. Avy amin' ny anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] hoe "lilac" (izay vakina hoe lailak) ny anarana malagasy hoe "voandelaka". Karazana nampidirina eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io nefa efa tafapetraka tsara sy miaina toy ny zavamaniry teratany. Nambolena voalohany ho haingon-tanàna izy io, saingy vetivety dia niparitaka tamin' ny alalan' ny voany. Nanana ireto anarana siantifika manaraka ireto koa io karazana io taloha: * ''Melia angustifolia'' <small>Schumach</small>. * ''Melia arguta'' <small>DC</small>. * ''Melia australasica'' <small>Juss</small>. * ''Melia australis'' <small>Sweet</small> * ''Melia birmanica'' <small>Kurz</small> * ''Melia bogoriensis'' <small>Koord. & Valeton</small> * ''Melia candollei'' <small>Juss</small>. * ''Melia cochinchinensis'' <small>M.Roem.</small> * ''Melia commelinii'' <small>Medik</small>. * ''Melia composita'' <small>Willd</small>. * ''Melia dubia'' <small>Cav. ex M.Roem.</small> * ''Melia floribunda'' <small>Carrière</small> * ''Melia florida'' <small>Salisb</small>. * ''Melia guineensis'' <small>G.Don</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>G.Don</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk</small>. * ''Melia javanica'' <small>M.Roem</small>. * ''Melia orientalis'' <small>M.Roem.</small> * ''Melia robusta'' <small>Roxb. ex G.Don</small> * ''Melia sambucina'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Melia superba'' <small>Roxb</small>. * ''Melia toosendan'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> == Famariparitana == [[Sary:苦楝 Melia azedarach 20210202105638 01.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Voandelaka amin' ny ririnina]] [[Sary:Melia azedarach écorce 170208.jpg|vignette|169x169px|Hoditry ny voandelaka]] Ity hazo ity, izay manana vatany mahitsy sy tampony boribory, dia matetika mahatratra haavo 10 ka hatramin' ny 12 m, na dia misy aza ireo izay mahatratra 25 ma any amin' ny faritra mety tsara ho an' ny faniriany. Manana rafi-paka mivelatra be nefa tsy lalina izy. Ny hodiny, izay manana loko manja somary volondavenona sady misy triatra mitsangana, dia mampiharihary ny sosona miloko mavo hatsatra eo ambaniny. === Ravina === [[Sary:Melia azedarach from the Capão da Imbuia 4.jpg|vignette|189x189px|Ravim-boandelaka]] Mifandimby ny ravina ary lava ny tangozany, ka eo anelanelan' ny 20 sm sy 60 sm mahery ny halavany. Mizara ho zana-dravina maro izy ireo, ka ny ravina tsirairay dia ahitana zana-dravina tsiroaroa kely miisa in-2 ka hatramin' ny in-5 izay toa mifanandrify toerana, ary misy zana-dravina iray eo amin' ny tendrony farany. Mihintsana ny ravina any amin' ny faritra misy vanim-potoana antonony fa mijanona ho maitso mandrakariva kosa any amin' ny faritra mafana. Manana halava eo amin' ny 2 ka hatramin' ny 8 sm ny zana-dravina. Miendrika lela lefona izy ireo sady misy nifinifiny ny sisiny, ary manana tendrony maranitra sy fotony miendrika misy zoro. Mety ho somary misy volo malefaka na malama tsy misy volo izy ireo; maitso antitra sady mamirapiratra ny lafiny ambony ary mivadika mavo rehefa tonga ny fararano, fa ny lafiny ambany kosa dia miloko mazava kokoa ary matetika misy volovolo malefaka eo amin' ny kiran-dravina. Rehefa potehina ny ravina dia mamoaka fofona mahery sady mangidy ny tsirony. Misy volo malefaka sy matevina ny tsimoka tanora. === Vony === [[Sary:1A-M.azedarach-003.jpg|vignette|225x225px|Vonim-boandelaka]] Mipoitra amin' ny volana Mey sy Jona eo amin' ny rantsana vao nitsimoka tamin' io taona io ny vondrom-bony; endrika sampaho malaladalaka sy mipoitra avy eo amin' ny fihaonan' ny tangozan-dravina sy ny rantsana izy ireo, ka mirefy 10 ka hatramin' ny 20 sm ny halavany. Kely sy miendrika fantsona ary manana taovam-pananahana lahy sy vavy miaraka ny vony; mavokely manopy volomparasy tanora ny lokony rehefa mivelatra fa antitra kokoa kosa rehefa mbola vao tsimo-bony, ary mirefy 1 ka hatramin' ny 2,5 sm ny savaivony sady manana felambony dimy. Ahitana tahon-dahimbony miisa 10 ka hatramin' ny 12 izay mitambatra ka mamorona fantsona eo afovoany ny vony tsirairay. Tsy dia manintona ny tantely sy ny lolo ireo vony ireo, saingy indraindray dia manintona karazam-borona sasany ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Trochilidae]]''. === Voa === [[Sary:Melia azedarach kz02.jpg|vignette|Voam-bondelaka masaka]] [[Sary:Fruits immatures, noyau et graines de melia.jpg|vignette|128x128px|Voam-boandelaka manta]] Karazana diriopa boribory ny voan' ny voandelaka, manana sosona ivelany manify sady nofosana, mirefy 1–3 sm ny savaivony. Maitso ny lokony eo am-piandohana, avy eo miova ho mavo rehefa matoy, ary mijanona eo amin' ny hazo mandritra ny ririnina sy hatramin' ny fotoana mpampamony indray ny hazo, sady mihamikentrona sy lasa saika fotsy ny lokony. Ny voa mafy ao anatiny dia miloko fotsy somary manopy mavo, sady misy lavaka kely eo afovoan' ny tendrony. Misy vihim-boa kely telo ka hatramin' ny enina ao anatiny, izay mitovitovy endrika amin' ny vihim-boan' ny paoma. Mampidi-doza ho an' ny olombelona ny voany, ary mety hahafaty mihitsy raha hanina betsaka. Aparitaky ny vorona sy ny ramanavy ary ny biby mampinono sasany ny vihim-boany, anisany fa ny kisoadia any [[Kaledônia-Vaovao|Nouvelle-Calédonie]], izay mihinana ny voa. == Faritra asy toerana aniriany ary ekôlôjia == === Faritra sy toerana aniriany === Maniry hoazy amin' ny haavo 500 ka hatramin' ny 2&nbsp;100 m, na any anaty ala na any amin' ny faritra malalaka any [[Azia]] sy ny faritra [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika|Pasifika]], manomboka any [[Nepaly]] ka hatrany amin' ny [[Vondronosy Solomon|Vondro-nosy Solomon]] sy ny faritra trôpikalin' i [[Aostralia]]. Efa maniry tsara any [[Iràna]] sy [[Torkia]] izy io, ary hita maniry hoazy (na dia tsy teratany aza) any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Etazonia]] sy ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' i [[Afrika]]. Hita any amin' ny [[Antilia|Vondronosy Antilia]] ihany koa izy io, ary toa efa tafapetraka tsara any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany eto [[Madagasikara]]. Nampidirina tany [[Etazonia]] (tao [[South Carolina]] sy Georgia) io zavamaniry io tokony ho tamin' ny taona 1830 mba hatao haingon-tanàna, ary nambolena betsaka tany amin' ny fanjakana any atsimo; tany no nampiasana ny raviny mba handroahana bibikely, fa ny voany kosa nampiasaina hanaovana toaka whisky sy savony tao an-trano. Efa tafapetraka sy maniry hoazy any amin' ny faritra manana toetany mafana sy antonony any Amerika izy io, ary ambolena any amin' ny faritra manana toetany mitovy amin' izany manerana izao tontolo izao. Hazo haingo izy io any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Kôrea. === Ekôlôjia === [[Sary:Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris) eating Bakain (Melia Azadirachta) berries at Roorkee, Uttarakhand W IMG 9016.jpg|vignette|Vorona (''Ocyceros birostris'') mihinana voam-boanelaka any [[Uttarakhand]] ([[India]])]] [[Sary:Egyptian Rousette, 2293. Sk., Muratpaşa, Анталья ил, TR imported from iNaturalist photo 187450355.jpg|vignette|Ramanavy (''Rousettus aegyptiacus'') mihinana voam-boandelaka]]Misy karazana vorona kely mpisotro mamim-bony, toy ny ''[[Amazilia lactea]]'' sy ny ''[[Chlorostilbon lucidus]]'' ary ny ''[[Phaethornis pretrei]]'', mihinana ny mamim-bony sy manampy amin' ny famidrana vovobony amin' ny vonin' ny voandelaka, na dia tsy matetika aza izany. Tsy mampiasa ny vonin' io hazo io (na ny mamim-bony ao anatiny) ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]] sy ny [[Lolo (bibikely)|lolo]], ka tsy manampy amin' ny faminrana vovobony any amin' ny toerana nampidirana azy toy ny any [[Etazonia]]. Fantatra fa ny bibikely mpanimba toy ny olitry ny ''[[Leptocneria reducta]]'' dia manapaka tanteraka ny ravin' ilay hazo ary miteraka fahasimbana goavana amin' ny vondron' io karazana hazo io any [[Aostralia]]. Hita eo amin' ny ravin' ilay hazo ihany koa ny holatra ''[[Pseudocercospora subsessilis]]'', izay miteraka pentina eo amin' ny ravina. Afaka miaina anaty tontolo samihafa ny voandelaka efa lehibe, ka mahazaka maripana ambany hatramin' ny -5°C sy ambony hatramin' ny 39°C. Araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[United States Department of Agriculture]]'' (USDA) dia hita hatrany amin' ny faritra avaratra any [[New York]] io hazo io. === Zavamaniry manafika === Fantatra fa mamokatra voa be dia be izy io; any [[Aostralia]] dia efa niparitaka sy naniry hoazy ivelan' ny faritra niaviany izy ka lasa zavamaniry manafika indrindra any amin' ny Northern Territory sy any Western Australia. Heverina ho ahi-dratsy izy any amin' io faritra farany voalaza io sy any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], satria afaka miparitaka sy manjakazaka amin' ny faritra iray (amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa entin' ny vorona) raha tsy fehezina. Nampidirina tao [[Hawaii]] io zavamaniry io tamin' ny taona 1840. Heverina ho karazana zavamaniry manafika izy io any [[Texas]] sy [[Oklahoma]] ary hatrany avaratra any [[Virginia]]. Na izany aza, mbola manohy mivarotra ireo hazo ireo ny toeram-pambolena sy fivarotana zana-kazo any Etazonia, ary mora azo ihany koa ny vihim-boany. == Fampiasana == === Fandrafetana === [[Sary:Melia azedarach00.jpg|vignette|Hazo fisaka azo avy amin' ny voandelaka]]Ampiasaina indrindra ity zavamaniry ity noho ny nofon-kazony, izay manana [[hakitroka]] antonony sady manana loko eo anelanelan' ny volontsôkôlà sy ny mena antitra. Raha jerena ivelany dia mora afangaro amin' ny nofon-kazon' ny karatsaka na teka (''[[Tectona grandis]]'') izy io. Tahaka ny karazana maro hafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Meliaceae]]'', ny ''Melia azedarach'' dia mamokatra nofon-kazo tsara kalitao izay mahatohitra ny bibikely mpandavaka hazo sady ampiasaina amin' ny asa hazo kanto sy amin' ny fanamboarana [[zavamaneno]]; kanefa, tsy toy ny karazana ''Meliaceae'' maro hafa any amin' ny tany mafana izay efa ho lany tamingana, dia mbola tsy dia ampiasaina loatra ity karazana hazo ity. Tsotra ny fanamainana azy: tsy vakivaky na miolana ny hazo rehefa maina, sady mahatohitra [[holatra]]. === Fanafodim-bibikely === [[Sary:Melia azedarach Drupe.JPG|vignette|Voan' ny voandelaka]]Misy poizina avokoa ny faritra rehetra amin' io hazo io noho ny fisian' ny akora antsoina hoe [[azadiraktinina]] ao aminy. Noho izany dia tsy azo hanina izy ireo ireo noho ny fisian' ny poizina mahery vaika. Afaka mamokatra voa eo amin' ny 15 kg eo ho eo isan-taona ny hazo voandelaka iray efa lehibe. Ny akora azo avy amin' ny ravina na ny voan' ny voandelaka, amin' ny alalan' ny fandomana azy amin' ny [[Alikaola (simia)|alikôla]] na [[rano]], dia misy fiantraikany isan-karazany amin' ny fanakanana ny [[Insecta|bibikely]] tsy hihinana na amin' ny fanapoizinana azy ireo; mihatra amin' ny ankamaroan' ny bibikely izany, na inona na inona sokajy misy azy. Ny fisian' ny hazo voandelaka amin' ny faritra iray dia manampy amin' ny fifehezana amin' ny fomba voajanahary ny isan' ny bibikely mandritra ny fotoana mahabetsaka azy ireo tampoka. Ampiasaina ho fanafody famonoana bibikely amin'ny fomba voajanahary ny raviny, indrindra rehefa mitahiry sakafo. Ny fametrahana rantsana misy ravina ao anaty trano fambolena mampihiboka hafanana fotsiny dia efa fomba tena mahomby handroahana bibikely. Ny fametrahana ny voany miaraka amin' ny paoma (ohatra, rehefa manamaina paoma amin' ny masoandro) sy ny fanodinkodinana azy ireo, nefa tsy manimba ny hoditry ny voan' ny voandelaka, dia manakana ny fivoaran' ny olitry ny bibikely ao anatin' ny paoma maina. === Zavakanto sy taozavatra === [[Sary:Trou dans le fruit du margousier.jpg|vignette|199x199px|Vihim-boan' ny voabelak]] Taloha ny vihim-boa, izay misy lavaka, dia nampiasaina taloha hanaovana vakana sy zavatra hafa ampiasana vakana (sapile), saingy amin' izao vanim-potoana ankehitriny izao dia matetika no nosoloina [[plastika]] ireo vihim-boa ireo. Ny menaka azo avy amin' ny vihim-boany dia ampiasaina amin' ny fanamboarana [[savony]] sy [[savoka]] ary akora fanosotra fitaovana vita amin' ny metaly, sady azo ampiasaina ho solika fanaovan-jiro sy fanafanana koa. Amidy amin' ny mpivarotra voninkazo sy mpanaingo tanàna ny rantsana misy voany masaka, indrindra fa ho an' ny haingon-trano ivelany mandritra ny fety. Maharitra elaela ireo voa ireo alohan' ny hampiraraka azy avy amin' ny rantsana na hahavasoka ny lokony; haingana anefa izany fiovan' ny loko izany raha tratran' ny hatsiaka be (mari-pana ambanin' ny 0°C) na dia vetivety monja aza. === Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana === Ahitana [[triterpena]] (antsoina hoe [[zedionenina]]) ao amin' ny hodiny sy ny fakany, izay ampiasaina handroahana kankana an-tsinay (tsy maintsy tandremana anefa mba tsy hihoarana ny fatra tokony hampiasaina). Ao Afrika, ampiasaina hanadiovana nify ny tahony. Taloha dia nampiasaina ny rano nandomana ny ravina mba hampitony ny hozatry ny [[tranonjaza]]. Manana toetra mahasoa iadiana amin' ny [[homamiadana]] sy ny [[tazomoka]] ny [[limônôida]] ao amin' io hazo io. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Melia (zavamaniry)|Melia]]'' 1i8644b441n64rp0so9e35f8ekpmplz 1151770 1151769 2026-10-08T05:01:25Z Thelezifor 15140 Nandamina sary 1151770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sary:Melia azedarach 01434.jpg|vignette|405x405px|Voandelaka (''Melia azedarach'')]] Ny '''''Melia azedarach''''' dia karazana zavamaniry mamony ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Meliaceae]]'', teratany any [[India]], sy any amin' ny faritra atsimon' i [[Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina|Sina]] ary any [[Aostralia]]. nefa efa miparitaka any amin' ny faritra maro hafa koa. Hazo mihintsan-dravina izy io. Amin' ny teny malagasy izy io dia atao hoe '''voandelaka'''. ''Melia azedarach'' <small>L.</small> no anarany feno ara-tsiansa. Mangidy avokoa ny faritra rehetra amin' io hazo io, izay ahitana akora antsoina hoe [[limônôida]], ka maro amin' ireo akora ireo no toa manana toetra mahasoa amin' ny fitsaboana. == Fanasokajiana sy anarana == Ny ''Melia azedarach'' dia karazana ao amin' ny vonron-karazana, ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Meliacea]]'', ao amin' ny filaharana [[Sapindales]]. Avy amin' ny anarana amin' ny [[Fiteny anglisy|teny anglisy]] hoe "lilac" (izay vakina hoe lailak) ny anarana malagasy hoe "voandelaka". Karazana nampidirina eto [[Madagasikara]] izy io nefa efa tafapetraka tsara sy miaina toy ny zavamaniry teratany. Nambolena voalohany ho haingon-tanàna izy io, saingy vetivety dia niparitaka tamin' ny alalan' ny voany. Nanana ireto anarana siantifika manaraka ireto koa io karazana io taloha: * ''Melia angustifolia'' <small>Schumach</small>. * ''Melia arguta'' <small>DC</small>. * ''Melia australasica'' <small>Juss</small>. * ''Melia australis'' <small>Sweet</small> * ''Melia birmanica'' <small>Kurz</small> * ''Melia bogoriensis'' <small>Koord. & Valeton</small> * ''Melia candollei'' <small>Juss</small>. * ''Melia cochinchinensis'' <small>M.Roem.</small> * ''Melia commelinii'' <small>Medik</small>. * ''Melia composita'' <small>Willd</small>. * ''Melia dubia'' <small>Cav. ex M.Roem.</small> * ''Melia floribunda'' <small>Carrière</small> * ''Melia florida'' <small>Salisb</small>. * ''Melia guineensis'' <small>G.Don</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>G.Don</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk</small>. * ''Melia javanica'' <small>M.Roem</small>. * ''Melia orientalis'' <small>M.Roem.</small> * ''Melia robusta'' <small>Roxb. ex G.Don</small> * ''Melia sambucina'' <small>Blume</small> * ''Melia superba'' <small>Roxb</small>. * ''Melia toosendan'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> == Famariparitana == [[Sary:苦楝 Melia azedarach 20210202105638 01.jpg|ankavia|vignette|Voandelaka amin' ny ririnina]] [[Sary:Melia azedarach écorce 170208.jpg|vignette|169x169px|Hoditry ny voandelaka]] Ity hazo ity, izay manana vatany mahitsy sy tampony boribory, dia matetika mahatratra haavo 10 ka hatramin' ny 12 m, na dia misy aza ireo izay mahatratra 25 ma any amin' ny faritra mety tsara ho an' ny faniriany. Manana rafi-paka mivelatra be nefa tsy lalina izy. Ny hodiny, izay manana loko manja somary volondavenona sady misy triatra mitsangana, dia mampiharihary ny sosona miloko mavo hatsatra eo ambaniny. === Ravina === [[Sary:Melia azedarach from the Capão da Imbuia 4.jpg|vignette|189x189px|Ravim-boandelaka]] Mifandimby ny ravina ary lava ny tangozany, ka eo anelanelan' ny 20 sm sy 60 sm mahery ny halavany. Mizara ho zana-dravina maro izy ireo, ka ny ravina tsirairay dia ahitana zana-dravina tsiroaroa kely miisa in-2 ka hatramin' ny in-5 izay toa mifanandrify toerana, ary misy zana-dravina iray eo amin' ny tendrony farany. Mihintsana ny ravina any amin' ny faritra misy vanim-potoana antonony fa mijanona ho maitso mandrakariva kosa any amin' ny faritra mafana. Manana halava eo amin' ny 2 ka hatramin' ny 8 sm ny zana-dravina. Miendrika lela lefona izy ireo sady misy nifinifiny ny sisiny, ary manana tendrony maranitra sy fotony miendrika misy zoro. Mety ho somary misy volo malefaka na malama tsy misy volo izy ireo; maitso antitra sady mamirapiratra ny lafiny ambony ary mivadika mavo rehefa tonga ny fararano, fa ny lafiny ambany kosa dia miloko mazava kokoa ary matetika misy volovolo malefaka eo amin' ny kiran-dravina. Rehefa potehina ny ravina dia mamoaka fofona mahery sady mangidy ny tsirony. Misy volo malefaka sy matevina ny tsimoka tanora. === Vony === [[Sary:1A-M.azedarach-003.jpg|vignette|225x225px|Vonim-boandelaka]] Mipoitra amin' ny volana Mey sy Jona eo amin' ny rantsana vao nitsimoka tamin' io taona io ny vondrom-bony; endrika sampaho malaladalaka sy mipoitra avy eo amin' ny fihaonan' ny tangozan-dravina sy ny rantsana izy ireo, ka mirefy 10 ka hatramin' ny 20 sm ny halavany. Kely sy miendrika fantsona ary manana taovam-pananahana lahy sy vavy miaraka ny vony; mavokely manopy volomparasy tanora ny lokony rehefa mivelatra fa antitra kokoa kosa rehefa mbola vao tsimo-bony, ary mirefy 1 ka hatramin' ny 2,5 sm ny savaivony sady manana felambony dimy. Ahitana tahon-dahimbony miisa 10 ka hatramin' ny 12 izay mitambatra ka mamorona fantsona eo afovoany ny vony tsirairay. Tsy dia manintona ny tantely sy ny lolo ireo vony ireo, saingy indraindray dia manintona karazam-borona sasany ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Trochilidae]]''. === Voa === [[Sary:Melia azedarach kz02.jpg|vignette|Voam-bondelaka masaka]] [[Sary:Fruits immatures, noyau et graines de melia.jpg|vignette|128x128px|Voam-boandelaka manta|ankavia]] Karazana diriopa boribory ny voan' ny voandelaka, manana sosona ivelany manify sady nofosana, mirefy 1–3 sm ny savaivony. Maitso ny lokony eo am-piandohana, avy eo miova ho mavo rehefa matoy, ary mijanona eo amin' ny hazo mandritra ny ririnina sy hatramin' ny fotoana mpampamony indray ny hazo, sady mihamikentrona sy lasa saika fotsy ny lokony. Ny voa mafy ao anatiny dia miloko fotsy somary manopy mavo, sady misy lavaka kely eo afovoan' ny tendrony. Misy vihim-boa kely telo ka hatramin' ny enina ao anatiny, izay mitovitovy endrika amin' ny vihim-boan' ny paoma. Mampidi-doza ho an' ny olombelona ny voany, ary mety hahafaty mihitsy raha hanina betsaka. Aparitaky ny vorona sy ny ramanavy ary ny biby mampinono sasany ny vihim-boany, anisany fa ny kisoadia any [[Kaledônia-Vaovao|Nouvelle-Calédonie]], izay mihinana ny voa. == Faritra asy toerana aniriany ary ekôlôjia == === Faritra sy toerana aniriany === Maniry hoazy amin' ny haavo 500 ka hatramin' ny 2&nbsp;100 m, na any anaty ala na any amin' ny faritra malalaka any [[Azia]] sy ny faritra [[Ranomasimbe Pasifika|Pasifika]], manomboka any [[Nepaly]] ka hatrany amin' ny [[Vondronosy Solomon|Vondro-nosy Solomon]] sy ny faritra trôpikalin' i [[Aostralia]]. Efa maniry tsara any [[Iràna]] sy [[Torkia]] izy io, ary hita maniry hoazy (na dia tsy teratany aza) any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i [[Etazonia]] sy ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' i [[Afrika]]. Hita any amin' ny [[Antilia|Vondronosy Antilia]] ihany koa izy io, ary toa efa tafapetraka tsara any amin' ny Faritra Afovoany eto [[Madagasikara]]. Nampidirina tany [[Etazonia]] (tao [[South Carolina]] sy Georgia) io zavamaniry io tokony ho tamin' ny taona 1830 mba hatao haingon-tanàna, ary nambolena betsaka tany amin' ny fanjakana any atsimo; tany no nampiasana ny raviny mba handroahana bibikely, fa ny voany kosa nampiasaina hanaovana toaka whisky sy savony tao an-trano. Efa tafapetraka sy maniry hoazy any amin' ny faritra manana toetany mafana sy antonony any Amerika izy io, ary ambolena any amin' ny faritra manana toetany mitovy amin' izany manerana izao tontolo izao. Hazo haingo izy io any amin' ny faritra atsimo amin' i Kôrea. === Ekôlôjia === [[Sary:Indian Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris) eating Bakain (Melia Azadirachta) berries at Roorkee, Uttarakhand W IMG 9016.jpg|vignette|Vorona (''Ocyceros birostris'') mihinana voam-boanelaka any [[Uttarakhand]] ([[India]])]] [[Sary:Egyptian Rousette, 2293. Sk., Muratpaşa, Анталья ил, TR imported from iNaturalist photo 187450355.jpg|vignette|Ramanavy (''Rousettus aegyptiacus'') mihinana voam-boandelaka]]Misy karazana vorona kely mpisotro mamim-bony, toy ny ''[[Amazilia lactea]]'' sy ny ''[[Chlorostilbon lucidus]]'' ary ny ''[[Phaethornis pretrei]]'', mihinana ny mamim-bony sy manampy amin' ny famidrana vovobony amin' ny vonin' ny voandelaka, na dia tsy matetika aza izany. Tsy mampiasa ny vonin' io hazo io (na ny mamim-bony ao anatiny) ny [[Tantely (bibikely)|tantely]] sy ny [[Lolo (bibikely)|lolo]], ka tsy manampy amin' ny faminrana vovobony any amin' ny toerana nampidirana azy toy ny any [[Etazonia]]. Fantatra fa ny bibikely mpanimba toy ny olitry ny ''[[Leptocneria reducta]]'' dia manapaka tanteraka ny ravin' ilay hazo ary miteraka fahasimbana goavana amin' ny vondron' io karazana hazo io any [[Aostralia]]. Hita eo amin' ny ravin' ilay hazo ihany koa ny holatra ''[[Pseudocercospora subsessilis]]'', izay miteraka pentina eo amin' ny ravina. Afaka miaina anaty tontolo samihafa ny voandelaka efa lehibe, ka mahazaka maripana ambany hatramin' ny -5°C sy ambony hatramin' ny 39°C. Araka ny voalazan' ny ''[[United States Department of Agriculture]]'' (USDA) dia hita hatrany amin' ny faritra avaratra any [[New York]] io hazo io. === Zavamaniry manafika === Fantatra fa mamokatra voa be dia be izy io; any [[Aostralia]] dia efa niparitaka sy naniry hoazy ivelan' ny faritra niaviany izy ka lasa zavamaniry manafika indrindra any amin' ny Northern Territory sy any Western Australia. Heverina ho ahi-dratsy izy any amin' io faritra farany voalaza io sy any [[Zelandy Vaovao]], satria afaka miparitaka sy manjakazaka amin' ny faritra iray (amin' ny alalan' ny vihim-boa entin' ny vorona) raha tsy fehezina. Nampidirina tao [[Hawaii]] io zavamaniry io tamin' ny taona 1840. Heverina ho karazana zavamaniry manafika izy io any [[Texas]] sy [[Oklahoma]] ary hatrany avaratra any [[Virginia]]. Na izany aza, mbola manohy mivarotra ireo hazo ireo ny toeram-pambolena sy fivarotana zana-kazo any Etazonia, ary mora azo ihany koa ny vihim-boany. == Fampiasana == === Fandrafetana === [[Sary:Melia azedarach00.jpg|vignette|Hazo fisaka azo avy amin' ny voandelaka]]Ampiasaina indrindra ity zavamaniry ity noho ny nofon-kazony, izay manana [[hakitroka]] antonony sady manana loko eo anelanelan' ny volontsôkôlà sy ny mena antitra. Raha jerena ivelany dia mora afangaro amin' ny nofon-kazon' ny karatsaka na teka (''[[Tectona grandis]]'') izy io. Tahaka ny karazana maro hafa ao amin' ny fianakaviana ''[[Meliaceae]]'', ny ''Melia azedarach'' dia mamokatra nofon-kazo tsara kalitao izay mahatohitra ny bibikely mpandavaka hazo sady ampiasaina amin' ny asa hazo kanto sy amin' ny fanamboarana [[zavamaneno]]; kanefa, tsy toy ny karazana ''Meliaceae'' maro hafa any amin' ny tany mafana izay efa ho lany tamingana, dia mbola tsy dia ampiasaina loatra ity karazana hazo ity. Tsotra ny fanamainana azy: tsy vakivaky na miolana ny hazo rehefa maina, sady mahatohitra [[holatra]]. === Fanafodim-bibikely === [[Sary:Melia azedarach Drupe.JPG|vignette|Voan' ny voandelaka]]Misy poizina avokoa ny faritra rehetra amin' io hazo io noho ny fisian' ny akora antsoina hoe [[azadiraktinina]] ao aminy. Noho izany dia tsy azo hanina izy ireo ireo noho ny fisian' ny poizina mahery vaika. Afaka mamokatra voa eo amin' ny 15 kg eo ho eo isan-taona ny hazo voandelaka iray efa lehibe. Ny akora azo avy amin' ny ravina na ny voan' ny voandelaka, amin' ny alalan' ny fandomana azy amin' ny [[Alikaola (simia)|alikôla]] na [[rano]], dia misy fiantraikany isan-karazany amin' ny fanakanana ny [[Insecta|bibikely]] tsy hihinana na amin' ny fanapoizinana azy ireo; mihatra amin' ny ankamaroan' ny bibikely izany, na inona na inona sokajy misy azy. Ny fisian' ny hazo voandelaka amin' ny faritra iray dia manampy amin' ny fifehezana amin' ny fomba voajanahary ny isan' ny bibikely mandritra ny fotoana mahabetsaka azy ireo tampoka. Ampiasaina ho fanafody famonoana bibikely amin'ny fomba voajanahary ny raviny, indrindra rehefa mitahiry sakafo. Ny fametrahana rantsana misy ravina ao anaty trano fambolena mampihiboka hafanana fotsiny dia efa fomba tena mahomby handroahana bibikely. Ny fametrahana ny voany miaraka amin' ny paoma (ohatra, rehefa manamaina paoma amin' ny masoandro) sy ny fanodinkodinana azy ireo, nefa tsy manimba ny hoditry ny voan' ny voandelaka, dia manakana ny fivoaran' ny olitry ny bibikely ao anatin' ny paoma maina. === Zavakanto sy taozavatra === [[Sary:Trou dans le fruit du margousier.jpg|vignette|199x199px|Vihim-boan' ny voabelak]] Taloha ny vihim-boa, izay misy lavaka, dia nampiasaina taloha hanaovana vakana sy zavatra hafa ampiasana vakana (sapile), saingy amin' izao vanim-potoana ankehitriny izao dia matetika no nosoloina [[plastika]] ireo vihim-boa ireo. Ny menaka azo avy amin' ny vihim-boany dia ampiasaina amin' ny fanamboarana [[savony]] sy [[savoka]] ary akora fanosotra fitaovana vita amin' ny metaly, sady azo ampiasaina ho solika fanaovan-jiro sy fanafanana koa. Amidy amin' ny mpivarotra voninkazo sy mpanaingo tanàna ny rantsana misy voany masaka, indrindra fa ho an' ny haingon-trano ivelany mandritra ny fety. Maharitra elaela ireo voa ireo alohan' ny hampiraraka azy avy amin' ny rantsana na hahavasoka ny lokony; haingana anefa izany fiovan' ny loko izany raha tratran' ny hatsiaka be (mari-pana ambanin' ny 0°C) na dia vetivety monja aza. === Fitsaboana nentim-paharazana === Ahitana [[triterpena]] (antsoina hoe [[zedionenina]]) ao amin' ny hodiny sy ny fakany, izay ampiasaina handroahana kankana an-tsinay (tsy maintsy tandremana anefa mba tsy hihoarana ny fatra tokony hampiasaina). Ao Afrika, ampiasaina hanadiovana nify ny tahony. Taloha dia nampiasaina ny rano nandomana ny ravina mba hampitony ny hozatry ny [[tranonjaza]]. Manana toetra mahasoa iadiana amin' ny [[homamiadana]] sy ny [[tazomoka]] ny [[limônôida]] ao amin' io hazo io. == Jereo koa == * ''[[Melia (zavamaniry)|Melia]]'' tbvuy75x2mtsw7zwyewkrbwxnrsssln 4 297414 1151763 1151629 2026-10-07T19:00:05Z Bot-Jagwar 2168 +Vaovao androany 7 Oktobra 2026 1151763 wikitext text/x-wiki ; 7 Oktobra 2026 * Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:kn:|kn.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}. * Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:wikt:mni:|mni.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}. ; 3 Oktobra 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:bm:|bm.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:900}}. * Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:chr:|chr.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:900}}. * Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:chy:|chy.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:700}}. * Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:gan:|gan.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}. ; 26 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:bm:|bm.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}. ; 19 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:rw:|rw.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}. ; 18 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:nah:|nah.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000}}. ; 17 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:w:chy:|chy.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}. * Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:isv:|isv.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000}}. ; 16 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:nah:|nah.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}. ; 15 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:wikt:ar:|ar.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}. ; 14 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:ppl:|ppl.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}. ; 12 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:koi:|koi.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:10000}}. ; 7 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:av:|av.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}. ; 1 Septambra 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:nah:|nah.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000}}. ; 10 Martsa 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:su:|su.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:100000}}. ; 21 Febroary 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejim-botoatiny ao amin'i [[:wikt:tr:|tr.wiktionary]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}. ; 8 Febroary 2026 * Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:my:|my.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}. ; 17 Janoary 2026 * Ny isan'ny mpikambana ao amin'i [[:w:sv:|sv.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}. ; 10 Janoary 2026 * Ny isan'ny pejy rehetra ao amin'i [[:w:vi:|vi.wikipedia]] dia tafidina ho latsaka ny {{formatnum:9000000}}. ; 7 Janoary 2026 * Ny isan'ny fiovana ao amin'i [[:w:new:|new.wikipedia]] dia mihoatra ny {{formatnum:1000000}}. nvdb09ljib2n8nzl01z5kn5a96n3g7o 4 298707 1151771 1133956 2026-10-08T05:45:01Z JianJi 36396 1151771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Androany [[10 Oktobra|10 oktobra]]''': * 680 – Maty nandritra ny adin'i Karbala ny zafikelin'i Muhammad antsoina hoe Husayn ibn Ali, noho ny tsy faneken'ny tadik'i Yazid I, whom Husayn had refused to recognize as caliph. * '''[[732]]''' - Voatosik'i Charles Martel sy ireo mpiaradia taminy nandritra ny ady tao [[Tours]] ny tafika Omaiada (Miozolomana Umayyad) izay nandroso nianavaratra. * '''[[1911]]''' - Fetim-pirenen'ny [[Repoblikan'i Sina|Repoblikan'i Shina]]. * '''[[1964]]''' - Nosokafana tao [[Tokyo]], [[Japàna|Japana]], ny [[Lalao Olaimpika]] faha-18; io no fotoana voalohany nandefasana mivantana manerantany tamin'ny alalan'ny zanabolana ny Lalao Olaimpika. a3af02bgvm68hx62rtk7ewa4x6u4s3p 1151772 1151771 2026-10-08T06:09:48Z JianJi 36396 1151772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Androany [[10 Oktobra|10 oktobra]]''': * '''[[680]]''' – Maty nandritra ny adin'i Karbala ny zafikelin'i [[Mohamady|Mohamady]] antsoina hoe Husayn ibn Ali, noho ny tsy fanekeny an'i Yazid I ho kalifa. * '''[[732]]''' - Voatosik'i Charles Martel sy ireo mpiaradia taminy nandritra ny ady tao [[Tours]] ny tafika Omaiada (Miozolomana Umayyad) izay nandroso nianavaratra. * '''[[1911]]''' - Fetim-pirenen'ny [[Repoblikan'i Sina|Repoblikan'i Shina]]. * '''[[1954]]''' - Nahaterahan'ny FLN, Front de Liberation Nationale, tao [[Alzeria]]. * '''[[1964]]''' - Nosokafana tao [[Tokyo]], [[Japàna|Japana]], ny [[Lalao Olaimpika]] faha-18; io no fotoana voalohany nandefasana mivantana manerantany tamin'ny alalan'ny zanabolana ny Lalao Olaimpika. * '''[[1970]]''' - Fahaleovantenan'i [[Fijy|Fiji]]. * '''[[1975]]''' - Niditra ao amin'ny [[Firenena Mikambana]] i [[Papoazia-Ginea-Vaovao|Papoazia Ginea Vaovao]]. 4xjqmbyr1aa7kb0x41rdj7bn2dguew0 0 302204 1151768 1151691 2026-10-08T03:00:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1151768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox olona}} '''Vanessa Koutouan''', teraka tamin'ny 1988, dia mpikatroka [[Zon'ny vehivavy|ho an'ny zon'ny vehivavy]] Ivoariana. Izy no talen'ny Foibe Ambanivohitr'i Ilomba, hetsika iray mampiroborobo ny fanabeazana ny zazavavy, any amin'ny tanànan'i M'Batto Bouaké ville, Bingerville any [[Kôtidivoara|Côte d'Ivoire]] .imbetsaka no nahazo fankasitrahana, manokana ka tena ao. == Fahatanorany == Teraka tao [[Abidjan]] i Vanessa Koutouan.Kristianina ny ray aman-dreniny ary mpivavaka lalina, izy no zandriny indrindra amin'ny izy fito mpiray tampo <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harambee.es%2F2015%2F02%2F17%2Fpremio-harambee-espana-2015-a-la-promocion-e-igualdad-de-la-mujer-africana%2F |title=Wikiwix Archives |access-date=2015-03-22 |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150323000000/http://www.harambee.es/2015/02/17/premio-harambee-espana-2015-a-la-promocion-e-igualdad-de-la-mujer-africana/ |archive-date=2015-03-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nahazo ny mari-pahaizana lisansa momba ny siansan'ny fifandraisana tao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Félix-Houphouët-Boigny any [[Abidjan]] izy, ary avy eo nahazo mari-pahaizana maîtrise momba ny fitantanana hotely tany [[Italia]].<ref name="umoya.org">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Premio Harambee España 2015 a Vanessa Koutouan por su promoción de la mujer africana - UMOYA |url=http://umoya.org/2015/03/05/premio-harambee-espana-2015-a-vanessa-koutouan-por-su-promocion-de-la-mujer-africana/ |access-date=10 novembre 2017 |website=umoya.org}}</ref> <nowiki>;</nowiki> == Asa == Izy no talen'ny Foibe Ambanivohitr'i Ilomba, hetsika fanabeazana any Bingerville, [[Kôtidivoara|Côte d'Ivoire]]. Mampiroborobo ny [[fanabeazana]] ho an'ny zazavavy ity foibe ity ao amin'ny faritra iray izay nankasitrahan'ny fianakaviana hatramin'izay ny fanabeazana ny zanany lahy. Nampirisika ny vondrom-piarahamonina teo an-toerana mba hamorona toeram-pivarotana fanafody [[Álvaro del Portillo|i Álvaro del Portillo]] tamin'ny 1989. Nanomboka teo, vehivavy 100 eo ho eo no efa nianatra tao, ary nifantoka manokana tamin'ny fiofanana arak'asa sy ny fahaizana mamaky teny sy manoratra. Manome fiofanana momba ny fahasalamana any ambanivohitra ihany koa ity toeram-pitsaboana ity, indrindra ho an'ny vehivavy. djtr frs sorato Tamin'ny taona 2015, nanana dokotera iray, mpitsabo mpanampy roa ary [[mpampivelona]] iray ny toeram-pitsaboana mba hitsabo olona 700 isan-kerinandro. Ny oniversite sy ny sampana fanabeazana mitohy dia ahafahana mampiofana tanora izay tsy manam-bola. Mino i Vanessa Koutouan fa azo foanana ao anatin'ny taona vitsivitsy [[Fahantrana|ny fahantrana]] any Côte d'Ivoire raha toa ka manana fahafahana hianatra fa tsy hiasa eny an-tsaha mandritra ny androm-piainany ireo zazavavy. Manameloka ny toe-javatra misy ny vehivavy any amin'ny [[Ambanivohitra|faritra ambanivohitr'ny]] firenena izy, izay vokatry ny tsy fahampian'ny fahadiovana sy ny sakafo. fahantrana lalina, [[Fahaizana mamaky sy manoratra|tsy fahaizana mamaky teny sy manoratra]], fahasarotana amin'ny fahazoana sakafo ampy, fiterahana aloha loatra ary SIDA,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-02-26 |title=Vanessa Koutouan, Premio Harambee 2015 visita el colegio Tierrallana |url=http://www.huelvahoy.com/vanessa-koutouan-premio-harambee-2015-visita-el-colegio-tierrallana/ |journal=HuelvaHoy |language=es-ES |access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-03-03 |title="Las niñas africanas son muy listas, faltan oportunidades" |url=http://www.europapress.es/epsocial/cooperacion-desarrollo/noticia-premio-harambee-hay-ninas-africanas-muy-listas-trabajaran-toda-vida-tierra-falta-oportunidades-20150303123427.html |journal=Europa Press |language=es-ES |access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref> == Fankasitrahana == Tamin'ny 3 mars 2015, i Vanessa Koutouan dia nandray ny loka isan-taona Harambee-Spain ho an'ny fampiroboroboana sy ny fitovian'ny vehivavy Afrikana, nandritra ny lanonana natao tao [[Madrid]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Spain. 2015 Harambee “African Woman” Award Goes to Vanessa Koutouan of the Ivory Coast |url=http://www.harambee-africa.org/en/2015/02/25/spain-2015-harambee-african-woman-award-goes-to-vanessa-koutouan-of-the-ivory-coast.html |access-date=10 novembre 2017 |website=harambee-africa.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129011045/http://www.harambee-africa.org/en/2015/02/25/spain-2015-harambee-african-woman-award-goes-to-vanessa-koutouan-of-the-ivory-coast.html |archive-date=2019-01-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Loharano == {{Reflist}} == Rohy ivelany == {{Liens}}{{Portail|droits de l'homme|femmes|Côte d'Ivoire}} [[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1988]] a4jd0hjtnbvuk8t5vwab8ceeyp0pmto 0 302217 1151764 1151740 2026-10-07T20:33:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1151764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2}}'''Colette Ursula''' '''Solomon''' dia mpikaroka momba ny politika ho an'ny daholobe [[Afrika Atsimo|any Afrika Atsimo]] sady mpikatroka [[Zon'ny vehivavy|ho an'ny zon'ny vehivavy]] . Izy no mitarika ny fikambanana tsy miankina amin'ny fanjakana feminista Women on Farms Project (WFP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Niémah |date=26 July 2023 |title=Four distinguished South Africans receive UCT hon docs |url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2023-07-26-four-distinguished-south-africans-receive-uct-hon-docs |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=[[University of Cape Town]] |language=en}}</ref> == FAMPIANARANA == Monina any [[Windhoek]] i Solomon. Mianatra ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Western Cape izy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Colette Solomon |url=https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/team/colette-solomon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054953/https://www.worldbenchmarkingalliance.org/team/colette-solomon/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=World Benchmarking Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> Manana PhD avy amin'ny Institute for Development Studies ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Sussex <ref name=":1" /> izy, ho an'ny disertasiona doctorat azony tamin'ny taona 2003 ''mitondra ny lohateny hoe Giving Women Choices: Development Interfaces - Women and Credit in Tamale, Avaratr'i Ghana''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Horton |first=Lynn |date=2017-12-28 |title=Women and Microfinance in the Global South: Empowerment and Disempowerment Outcomes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vq5CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 |language=en |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-31127-4}}</ref> Nahazo mari-pahaizana doctorat honorary avy amin'ny Oniversiten'i Cape Town ihany koa izy.<ref name=":0" /> == Asa sy fikatrohana == Manao fikarohana momba ny politika any [[Namibia]], [[Malaoỳ|Malawi]], [[Etiôpia|Etiopia]] ary [[Ganà|Ghana]] i Solomon, anisan'izany ny fiantraikan'ny fidirana an-tsehatra amin'ny fampandrosoana any ambanivohitra eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy.<ref name=":1" /> Miasa ao amin'ny Diviziona Siansa Sosialy ao amin'ny Foibe Fikarohana Marolafy ao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Namibia ihany koa izy <sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><nowiki><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé en February 2025) ; voir l'aide."><span typeof="mw:Entity">[</span></nowiki> ref.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ilaina <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">]</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki></sup> . [[Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire]] Tamin'ny taona 2006, i Soloman dia lasa talen'ny Tetikasa Vehivavy any amin'ny Toeram-pambolena (WFP).<ref name=":1" /> Miara-miasa amin'ireo vehivavy miasa any amin'ny toeram-pambolena divay any amin'ny [[Western Cape|faritra Andrefan'i Cape]] sy Avaratra any [[Afrika Atsimo]] ity fikambanana ity ary manohana azy ireo amin'ny fahatakarana sy fampiharana ny zony.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Snapshot series on stakeholder engagement |url=https://forumbhr2024.sched.com/event/1iIu0/snapshot-series-on-stakeholder-engagement-nothing-without-us-about-us-putting-rightsholders-representation-at-the-heart-of-human-rights-due-diligence-in-food-supply-chains |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=13th United Nations Forum on Business and Human Rights |language=en}}</ref> Mpiara-miasa amin'ny Oxfam <ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Duncan |date=26 March 2013 |title=Strikes, Spookytown, and a traumatic exit from feudalism: Women on Farms in South Africa {{!}} From Poverty to Power |url=https://frompoverty.oxfam.org.uk/strikes-spookytown-and-a-traumatic-exit-from-feudalism-women-on-farms-in-south-africa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054708/https://frompoverty.oxfam.org.uk/strikes-spookytown-and-a-traumatic-exit-from-feudalism-women-on-farms-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=From Poverty to Power, Oxfam}}</ref> ity fikambanana ity. Miara-miasa amin'ny WFP, i Solomon dia mampitombo ny fahatsiarovan-tenan'ny mpihaino nasionaly sy iraisam-pirenena momba ny olana atrehin'ireo vehivavy mpiasa amin'ny fambolena. Anisan'ny olana asongadiny ny elanelan'ny karama eo amin'ny vehivavy sy ny lehilahy, ny fanajana ny karama farany ambany indrindra sy ny lalàna momba ny asa, ny fepetra momba ny asa sy ny tambin-karama ho an'ny mpiasa ara-potoana,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hlati |first=Okuhle |title=Women's rights in SA: 'Promises, but no action' |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/womens-rights-in-sa-promises-but-no-action-e58d5540-a366-4c31-9e3c-9a74c1d28791 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327073417/https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/womens-rights-in-sa-promises-but-no-action-e58d5540-a366-4c31-9e3c-9a74c1d28791 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Independent Online (IOL) |language=en}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maliti |first=Soyiso |date=15 July 2017 |title=Spike in illegal evictions at Western Cape farms |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/spike-in-illegal-evictions-at-western-cape-farms-10300536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208235131/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/spike-in-illegal-evictions-at-western-cape-farms-10300536 |archive-date=2024-12-08 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Weekend Argus |language=en}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bratton |first=Laura |date=4 September 2017 |title=South Africa: Women Farm Workers Protest Labour Law Violations |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201709050080.html |journal=allAfrica.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502013501/https://allafrica.com/stories/201709050080.html |archive-date=2019-05-02 |access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gontsana |first=Mary-Ann |date=2018-01-30 |title=Unions fed-up with new minimum wage for farm workers - South Africa Today |url=https://southafricatoday.net/south-africa-news/unions-fed-up-with-new-minimum-wage-for-farm-workers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054832/https://southafricatoday.net/south-africa-news/unions-fed-up-with-new-minimum-wage-for-farm-workers/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=South Africa Today |language=en-US}}</ref> ny fiarovana ny asa,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Human |first=Liezl |date=2022-10-31 |title=Farm workers march to Parliament to demand major reform |url=https://groundup.org.za/article/farm-workers-march-to-parliament-to-demand-agrarian-reform/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054753/https://groundup.org.za/article/farm-workers-march-to-parliament-to-demand-agrarian-reform/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=GroundUp News |language=en}}</ref> ny fiarovana ny sakafo ao an-tokantrano,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-12 |title=Empowering women to curb hunger: Colette Solomon |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/radionational-breakfast/empowering-women-to-curb-hunger-corlette-solomon/4065416 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054803/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/radionational-breakfast/empowering-women-to-curb-hunger-corlette-solomon/4065416 |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=ABC listen |language=en-AU}}</ref>,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Wuchold |first=Eva |date=2021-05-18 |title=Exploitation and Gender Discrimination in South Africa's Wine Mines |url=https://rosalux-geneva.org/de/exploitation-and-gender-discrimination-in-south-africas-wine-mines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054812/https://rosalux-geneva.org/de/exploitation-and-gender-discrimination-in-south-africas-wine-mines/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=[[Rosa Luxemburg Foundation]] |language=de-DE}}</ref> ny fepetra momba ny trano fonenana,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=16 mars 2021 |title=South Africa: Labour Department to Probe 'Poor Conditions' On Cape Farm |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202103160618.html |journal=allAfrica.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419135136/https://allafrica.com/stories/202103160618.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref> ny fahazoana rano fisotro sy trano fidiovana any amin'ny tanimboaloboka,<ref name=":3" /> ny tsy fahampian'ny fiarovana amin'ny fanafody famonoana bibikely mampidi-doza,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baro |first=Joylean M. |date=2015-07-01 |title=A colonial hangover: big profits, massive exploitation in the Cape winelands |url=https://www.equaltimes.org/colonial-hangover-big-profits?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516003802/https://www.equaltimes.org/colonial-hangover-big-profits?lang=en |archive-date=2024-05-16 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Equal Times |language=en}}</ref> ny fiantraikan'ny fiovan'ny toetr'andro sy ny hain-tany eo amin'ny sehatry ny fambolena,<ref name=":3" /> ny fampiasana milina,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ishmail |first=Sukaina |date=16 October 2019 |title=World Food Day: Plight of farmworkers in the spotlight |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/world-food-day-plight-of-farmworkers-in-the-spotlight-35009501 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Cape Argus |language=en}}</ref> ary ny fifandraisana misy eo amin'ny herisetra mifototra amin'ny maha-lahy na maha-vavy sy ny fisotroana toaka.<ref name=":3" /> Tamin'ny taona 2015, nanohitra ny famotsorana vonjimaika an'ilay olona ahiahiana ho voasambotra noho ny famonoana an'i Deoline Demas, zatovo iray izay nihaonany tamin'ny alalan'ny Programa ho an'ny Tanora Vehivavy WFP,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Booysen |first=Chevon |title=Teenage girl's murder suspect known to family |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/teenage-girls-murder-suspect-known-to-family-15778961 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221012834/https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/teenage-girls-murder-suspect-known-to-family-15778961 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Cape Times |language=en}}</ref> i Solomon. Nandritra ny valan'aretina Covid-19, nanohana ny fampitomboana ny fanampiana ara-bola avy amin'ny governemanta ho an'ny vehivavy tantsaha i Solomona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Human |first=Liezl |date=2021-08-19 |title=R350-a-month Covid grant is too low, say speakers at Women on Farms meeting |url=https://groundup.org.za/article/r350-month-covid-grant-too-low-say-speakers-women-farms-meeting/?fbclid=IwAR0oerT3pI5jQ7y4pfyE_devRREAeJHdqMQmyvXVJrRSKFvUYJTH3LPA4B0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054828/https://groundup.org.za/article/r350-month-covid-grant-too-low-say-speakers-women-farms-meeting/?fbclid=IwAR0oerT3pI5jQ7y4pfyE_devRREAeJHdqMQmyvXVJrRSKFvUYJTH3LPA4B0 |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=GroundUp News |language=en}}</ref> Nosamborina i Solomon raha nipetraka teny an-dalana nihira hiran'ny fihetsiketsehana nandritra ny fihetsiketsehana fanoherana ny fandroahana teo akaikin'i Simondium, faritanin'i Western Cape, tamin'ny taona 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Payne |first=Suné |date=2020-02-26 |title=Farmworker activist arrested in winelands as family of six is evicted |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-02-27-farmworker-activist-arrested-in-winelands-as-family-of-six-is-evicted/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619163756/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-02-27-farmworker-activist-arrested-in-winelands-as-family-of-six-is-evicted/ |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Niseho teo anatrehan'ny Fitsarana Ambaratonga Faharoa [[Paarl|tao Paarl]] izy noho ny fiampangana herisetra ampahibemaso, izay nesorina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maregele |first=Barbara |date=2020-02-27 |title=Charges against Women on Farms director withdrawn |url=https://groundup.org.za/article/charges-against-women-farms-director-withdrawn/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=GroundUp News |language=en}}</ref> Misolo tena azy i Seeham Samaai, talen'ny Foibe Ara-dalàna ho an'ny Vehivavy Afrikana Tatsimo. [ ref. ilaina ] . Niresaka momba ny fandroahana ireo tantsaha tamin'ireo solombavambahoaka ihany koa izy nandritra ny Komitin'ny Fandinihana ny Lalàm-panorenana tamin'ny taona 2018,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 octobres 2018 |title=South Africa: Land - Call for Moratorium On Evictions Until After Parly Process Is Complete |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201810260237.html |journal=allAfrica.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026110329/https://allafrica.com/stories/201810260237.html |archive-date=2018-10-26 |access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref> ary nanome porofo tamin'ny raharaham-pitsarana momba ireo tantsaha voaroaka tsirairay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title=Farm worker challenges authorities in court over housing. Municipality and province accused of not meeting constitutional obligations. |url=https://evictionlawyerssouthafrica.co.za/eviction-news/farm-evictions/farm-worker-in-court-over-eviction/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054743/https://evictionlawyerssouthafrica.co.za/eviction-news/farm-evictions/farm-worker-in-court-over-eviction/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Eviction Lawyers South Africa}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2023, niditra tao amin'ny fikambanana fiarahamonim-pirenena maromaro i Solomon nanohitra ny rafitra hetra naroson'ny Tahirimbolam-panjakana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slack |first=Justin |date=2023-03-10 |title=Civil society calls on Parliament to support progressive taxation and halt proposed regressive measures |url=https://budgetjusticesa.org/media/progressive-taxation/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Budget Justice Coalition South Africa |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220054727/https://budgetjusticesa.org/media/progressive-taxation/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nandray anjara tamin'ny diabe nataon'ireo mpiasan'ny fambolena nankany amin'ny Parlemanta ihany koa izy mba hangataka fihaonana amin'ny Minisitry ny Fambolena, ny Fanavaozana ny Tany ary ny Fampandrosoana ny Ambanivohitra, Thoko Didiza, mba hiresahana momba ny olana momba ny fandriampahalemana ara-tsakafo, ny fizarana indray ny tany ary ny fambolena.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Human |first=Liezl |date=2023-11-10 |title=South Africa: Women Farm Workers Demand Meeting With Minister of Agriculture |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202311100034.html |journal=GroundUp News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114224547/https://allafrica.com/stories/202311100034.html |archive-date=2023-11-14 |access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref> Mandray anjara amin'ny fihetsiketsehana manohitra ny fanapahan-kevitra hanafoana ny fampanantenany hanafoana tsikelikely ny fanafody famonoana bibikely manimba any Afrika Atsimo i Solomon, izay voarara any amin'ny [[Vondrona Eorôpeana|Vondrona Eoropeana]] noho ny loza ateraky ny fahasalamana sy ny tontolo iainana aterak'izany,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harrisberg |first=Kim |date=2 October 2023 |title='Double standards': South Africans exposed to EU-banned pesticides |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-10-02-double-standards-south-africans-exposed-to-eu-banned-pesticides/ |journal=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812020703/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-10-02-double-standards-south-africans-exposed-to-eu-banned-pesticides/ |archive-date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-02-10}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Nicola |date=14 November 2024 |title=State accountability urged amid pesticide-related child deaths |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/state-accountability-urged-amid-pesticide-related-child-deaths-f0706e52-5b4e-4768-bb5c-b7ceb1c0b7d6 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Cape Times |language=en}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Payi |first=Bulelwa |date=2 September 2023 |title=UN official raps SA for continued use of banned toxic pesticides |url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/un-official-raps-sa-for-continued-use-of-banned-toxic-pesticides-4432cd8a-86ff-40d3-95e4-05d41ad01934 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221005747/https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/un-official-raps-sa-for-continued-use-of-banned-toxic-pesticides-4432cd8a-86ff-40d3-95e4-05d41ad01934 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Weekend Argus |language=en}}</ref> Ireo fikambanana toa ny SOLIDAR Foundation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Just Transition: Not Just for (E)U |url=https://www.solidar.org/campaign/global-just-transition-not-just-for-eu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218101301/https://www.solidar.org/campaign/global-just-transition-not-just-for-eu/ |archive-date=2025-02-18 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=SOLIDAR Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Case Study {{!}} Exported Toxicity:The EU's Banned Pesticides in South Africa |url=https://www.solidar.org/publications-page/case-study-exported-toxicitythe-eus-banned-pesticides-in-south-africa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323230739/https://www.solidar.org/publications-page/case-study-exported-toxicitythe-eus-banned-pesticides-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=2025-03-23 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=SOLIDAR Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> dia manonona ny fanamarihany momba ny fomba mety hiteraka fiantraikany ratsy eo amin'ny tontolo iainana sy ny fiaraha-monina any amin'ireo firenena any Atsimo noho ny fiovan'ny tontolo iainana eoropeanina. == Zavatra vita an-tsoratra sy fihaonambe == Mandray anjara amin'ny toko ao amin'ny boky sy gazety i Solomona, toy ny " Ireo endrika maro samihafan'ny feminisma ao Namibia » ao amin'ny ''The Challenge of Local Feminisms'' (1993) miaraka amin'i Dianne Hubbard,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Amrita |date=2018-02-02 |title=The Challenge Of Local Feminisms: Women's Movements In Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTlMDwAAQBAJ&dq=Colette+Solomon&pg=PT149 |language=en |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-97255-3}}</ref> ary ''ny Organizing Women Workers in the Informal Economy: Beyond the Weak Weak'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kabeer |first=Naila |last2=Sudarshan |first2=Ratna |last3=Milward |first3=Kirsty |date=2013-03-14 |title=Organizing Women Workers in the Informal Economy: Beyond the Weapons of the Weak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WpjDgAAQBAJ&dq=Colette+Solomon&pg=PT46 |language=en |publisher=Zed Books Ltd. |isbn=978-1-78032-454-8}}</ref> Manoratra lahatsoratra ho an'ny masoivohom-baovao Afrikana Tatsimo ''GroundUp'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Author: Colette Solomon |url=https://groundup.org.za/author/456/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220055244/https://groundup.org.za/author/456/ |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=GroundUp News |language=en}}</ref> ihany koa izy. Tamin'ny taona 2011, nanolotra lahatsoratra tao amin'ny fihaonambe momba ny Fiarovana Ara-tsosialy ho an'ny Rariny Ara-tsosialy izay natao tao amin'ny oniversite nianarany, ny Institute of Development Studies any Brighton, i Solomon. Tamin'ny taona 2024, izy no nitarika fivoriana momba ny fandraisan'anjaran'ireo mpandray anjara, ny fanitsakitsahana ny zon'olombelona ary ny fandinihana tsara ny rojo famatsiana sakafo tao amin'ny Sehatra [[Firenena Mikambana|Iraisam-pirenena]] faha-13 momba ny Raharaham-barotra sy ny Zon'olombelona tao [[Geneva|Genève]].<ref name=":2" /> == Fanamarihana sy Referansa == === Fanamarihana === {{Traduction/Référence|lang1=en|art1=Colette Solomon|id1=1372625514|type=note}} [[Sokajy:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] j5z2tw806zntvk523nnujaznj23lpnt 0 302219 1151765 1151750 2026-10-07T21:51:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1151765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox}} Ny '''Fikambanan'ny Vehivavy Silamo Aljeriana''' ( '''AFMA''' ) dia vondrona mpiady ho an'ny fahaleovantena naorin'i Mamia Chentouf sy Nafissa Hamoud tamin'ny taona 1947. == Tantarany == Tamin'ny 24 juin 1947 Mamia Chentouf sy Nafissa Hamoud, vehivavy roa izay efa nandray anjara tamin'ny tolona ho amin'ny fahaleovantenan'i [[Aljeria]] tao anatin'ny Antoko Vahoaka [[Aljeria]], dia nanangana ny Fikambanan'ny Vehivavy Msilamo Aljeriana, izay niaraka tamin'ireo mpikatroka Fatima Zekkal, Nassima Hablal ary [[Izza Bouzekri]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Feriel Lalami |year=2012 |title=Les Algériennes contre le code de la famille |url={{google Livres|m9ruBgAAQBA}} |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=[[Presses de Sciences Po]] |pages=362 |isbn=978-2-7246-1254-7}}.</ref> Roa sosona ny tanjon'ity fikambanana ity. Voalohany, ilaina ny mandresy lahatra ny vehivavy Alzeriana hanohana ireo vondrona mpiaro ny fahaleovantena. Faharoa, ny fikambanana dia mikatsaka ny hanome fanohanana ara-bola ho an'ireo vehivavy izay nosamborina ny vadiny noho ny fandraisany anjara ara-politika.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesoirdalgerie.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F11%2F24%2Fprint-41-126311.php |title=Wikiwix Archives |access-date=2015-07-18 |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150719011744/http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2011/11/24/print-41-126311.php |archive-date=2015-07-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Fanamarihana sy referansa == {{Reflist}} == Rohy ivelany == == Jereo koa == * Feminisma any Alzeria lstt0nlngojkrfr7y67oqkszgeb97g8 0 302221 1151767 1151755 2026-10-08T00:40:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25011 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1151767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox olona}}'''Nebila Abdulmelik''', teraka tamin'ny taona 1987 tao [[Addis-Abeba|Addis Abeba]], dia vehivavy mpiaro ny zon'ny vehivavy [[Etiôpia|Etiopiana]] sady mpanoratra . Lehiben'ny fifandraisana ho an'ny fikambanana tsy miankina amin'ny fanjakana [[Panafrikanisma|pan-Afrikana]] Femnet azy nandritra ny taona maro, dia nitarika fanentanana hanoherana ny herisetra atao amin'ny vehivavy izy, izay misehatra hatramin'ny iraisam-pirenena. == tantaram-piainany == Teraka tamin'ny 1987 izy tao amin'ny fianakaviana iray manan-janaka vavy telo, izay ezahin'ny ray aman-dreniny omena ny fanabeazana tsara indrindra azo atao. Maty ny rainy tamin'ny faha 13 taonany. Amin'ny maha-vehivavy tanora silamo avy any Harari azy, dia nilaza izy fa niharan'ny fanavakavahana, izay niandohan'ny fanoloran-tenany amin'ny maha-mpitolona azy. Nahazo vatsim-pianarana ho an'ny fianarana ambony any [[Etazonia]] izy, ary nianatra tao amin'ny Oniversiten'i Kalifornia ao Los Angeles, momba ny Fianarana Afrikana, niaraka tamin'ny fikarohana akademika momba ny zo hahazo sakafo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni. Nebila Abdulmelik |url=http://web.international.ucla.edu/institute/alumni |website=UCLA |language=en}}</ref> Rehefa niverina tany Afrika izy dia nianatra teny frantsay, nanomboka nanoratra tononkalo, nanao asa an-tsitrapo tao amin'ny [[Fandaharan' Asa eran-Tany momba ny Sakafo|Programa Momba ny Sakafo Maneran-tany]] ary niasa tao amin'ny gazetin'ny Alliance Française ihany koa. Avy eo dia niasa ho mpisolovava mpiara-miasa tao amin'ny Femnet izy, ONG iray ho an'ny vehivavy Afrikana. Avy eo, tamin'ny taona 2014, dia lasa talen'ny fifandraisana tao amin'ny ONG Femnet izy, ary nifindra tany [[Nairobi]] izay misy ny foiben'ny fikambanana. Amin'izany andraikitra izany, mitarika fanentanana iraisam-pirenena izy hanamelohana ny fanitsakitsahana ny zo fototra sy ny herisetra atao amin'ny vehivavy ao amin'ny kaontinanta Afrikana<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.international.ucla.edu%2Finstitute%2Falumni |title=Wikiwix Archives |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20171126192919/http://web.international.ucla.edu/institute/alumni |archive-date=2017-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>. Ohatra, miditra an-tsehatra amin'ny tranga fakana an-keriny zazavavy kely ho andevo any Nizeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2014 |title=L’enlèvement de jeunes filles à Chibok, Nigeria - Déclaration de Femnet |url=http://sisyphe.org/spip.php?article4764 |journal=Sisyphe |language=fr}}</ref> Saingy ny iray amin'ireo fanentanana izay nahombiazany tamin'ny fanomezana sain'ny maro, izay nanery ny mpampihatra lalàna Kenyana handinika indray ny fomba fitondrana malemy ny mpanao heloka bevava, dia ny fanafihana sy fanolanana zatovo Kenyana iray tamin'ny taona 2013, izay naratra sy kilemaina mandra-maty. Mba hisarihana ny sain'ny olona momba ity fanafihana tsy voasazy ity, dia nampiarahan'i Nebila Abdulmelik ny fanentanana teo an-toerana sy ny fampiasana tambajotra sosialy, tamin'ny alàlan'ny [[Twitter]] ary indrindra ny Avaaz.org, ka nanangona sonia maherin'ny iray tapitrisa manerantany tamin'ny alalan'ny fanangonan-tsonia an-tserasera, notohanan'ny Avvaz sy ny Nation Media Group izay nanomboka antso ho an'ny fanomezana ho an'ny fitsaboana izay nilain'ilay niharam-boina. Nampitombo ny fifandraisany tamin'ireo fampitam-baovao izay nandrakotra ity fanentanana ity ihany koa izy tany Kenya, fa koa tany amin'ny sehatra iraisam-pirenena niaraka tamin'ny ''Jeune Afrique'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mathieu Olivier |year=2013  |title=Kenya : Liz, adolescente violée à 16 ans, symbole de la lutte contre l’impunité |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/167574/politique/kenya-liz-adolescente-viol-e-16-ans-symbole-de-la-lutte-contre-l-impunit/ |journal=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=AFP |year=2013  |title=Kenya: des centaines de manifestants réclament justice pour les victimes de viols |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/28140/politique/kenya-des-centaines-de-manifestants-reclament-justice-pour-les-victimes-de-viols/ |journal=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr}}</ref> ny ''[[BBC]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2013 |title=Kenyans demand gang-rape justice in police petition |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24755318 |journal=[[BBC]] |language=en}}</ref> ny ''New York Daily News'', ny fampielezam-peo finlandey ''Yle'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lotte Ktrank-Van de Burgt |year=2013 |title=Våld vardag för kvinnor i Kenya |url=https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2013/11/06/vald-vardag-kvinnor-i-kenya |journal=[[Yle]] |language=sv}}</ref> sns. Naneho hevitra momba ity raharaha ity i Kimberly Brown avy amin'ny Equality Now « Manana lalàna tena tsara momba ny herisetra ara-nofo i Kenya. Ny fanamby dia mipetraka amin'ny fampiharana ity lalàna ity. Antenaina fa hanomboka hiova ny zava-drehetra, ho an'ity zazavavy ity sy ho an'ny olona an'arivony hafa. […] Tsy olana Kenyana na olana Afrikana fotsiny ity; olana manerantany ihany koa. ».<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tracy McVeigh |year=2015 |title=Teenage victim in landmark Kenya rape case forced to leave village after threat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/02/victim-kenya-rape-conviction-forced-leave-village-liz |journal=[[The Observer]] |language=en}}</ref> Tamin'ny alalan'ny fanerena ny manampahefana, dia nahazo ny fisamborana, fitsarana ary fanamelohana indray tamin'ny taona 2015 ho an'ny sasany tamin'ireo mpanafika izy, izay fantatra haingana saingy navotsotra avy tao amin'ny paositry ny polisy tamin'ny taona 2013 niaraka tamin'ny sazy ara-panoharana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daniel Boese |year=2015 |title=Justice for Liz. Cutting the grass or jail? How people power got justice for a 16-year-old girl after she was brutally raped in Kenya |url=https://storify.com/danielboese/justice-for-liz |journal=Storify |language=en}}</ref> Nandritra io vanim-potoana io ihany, dia naka hevitra tamin'ny mpanao gazety momba ny olana isan-karazany izy, toy ny ''The Guardian'' tamin'ny juin 2015 momba ny fiantraikan'ny tanjona fampandrosoana maharitra napetraky ny firenena mpikambana ao amin'ny Firenena Mikambana, mba hampihenana ny tsy fitoviana eo amin'ny lahy sy ny vavy, ary ireo soso-kevitra azo atao.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anna Leach |year=2015 |title=21 ways the SDGs can have the best impact on girls |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/jun/02/21-ways-the-sdgs-can-have-the-best-impact-on-girls |journal=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Tamin'ny taona 2016, nandao [[Nairobi|an'i Nairobi]] sy ny andraikiny ho mpitantana ny fifandraisana tao amin'ny Femnet izy, ary niverina tany amin'ny tanàna niaviany, nanokan-tena tamin'ny fakana sary sy fanoratana tononkalo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 février 2016 |title=Nebila Abdulmelik |url=http://badilishapoetry.com/events/ |website=Badilishapoetry |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Jereo koa == === Lahatsoratra mifandraika === * Cissé Hadja Mariama Sow * [[Jeannine Mukanirwa]] * Mercy Akuot * Kagendo Murungi * Bibata Ouédraogo * [[Beatrice Mukansinga]] [[Sokajy:Teraka tamin'ny taona 1987]] lc271kjiscoi9o1yk143l2pue5rcnih